THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 58VS7 
 
 1$IS 
 
 umn 
 
 HlSTURY 
 
MANUAL OF BOTANY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 NORTHERN AND MIDDLE 
 STATES. 
 
 PJRT I. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 GENERIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PLANTS TO THE 
 
 NORTH OF VIRGINIA, WITH REFERENCES TO 
 
 THE NATURAL ORDERS OF LINXJEUS 
 
 AND JUSSIEU. 
 
 TART II. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OF THE INDIGENOUS 
 
 PLANTS, WHICH ARE WELL DEFINED 
 
 AND ESTABLISHED ; AND OF THE 
 
 CULTIVATED EXOTICS. 
 
 BY AMOS EATON, A. M. 
 
 Lecturer on Botany, Mineralogy and Chemistry. 
 
 Corresponding Member of the Lyceum of Natural 11151017 
 
 of New-York. 
 
 Second Edition, corrected and enlargeck 
 
 ALBANY : 
 
 MISTED A3JD PUBLISHED BY WEBSTEHS ASD SKJSKIB?. 
 
 1818. 
 
.YORTHERX DISTRICT OF NEW-YORK, s*. 
 
 BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twelfth day of 
 May, in the forty-first year of the Independence of the 
 United States of America, Websters and Skihners, of the 
 said district, have deposited in this office, the title of a 
 book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, in the 
 Words £ .-llowing, to wit : 
 
 " A Manual of Botany for the Northern and Middle 
 " States. Part I Containing Generic Descriptions of the 
 *' Plants to the North of Virginia, with references to the 
 *' Natural Orders of Linnaeus and -Ju^sieu. Part H. Con- 
 " taining Specific Descriptions of the Indigenous Plants, 
 " which are well defined and established ; and of the culti- 
 n vated Exotics. By Amos Eaton, A. M. Lecturer on Bota- 
 " ny, Mineralogy and Chemistry ; Corresponding Member 
 " of the Lyceum of Natural History of New- York. Second 
 " edition, corrected and enlarged." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United 
 States, entitled " an act for the encouragement of learning, 
 by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the 
 authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times 
 therein mentioned," and also to an act entitled " an act 
 supplementary to an act entitled an act for the encourage- 
 ment of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, 
 and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, 
 during the times therein mentioned, and extending the 
 benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and 
 etching historical and other prints." 
 
 RICHARD R. LANSING, 
 
 Ckrk sftte *V. District ofNetO'York. 
 
"EaS 
 
 /v.. 
 
 TO THE REVEREND 
 
 ZEPHANIAH SWIFT MOORE, D. D. 
 
 PRESIDENT OP 
 
 WILLIAMS COLLEGE, (Mass.) 
 
 REVEREND 
 
 CHESTER DEWEY, A. M. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF MATHEMATICS, 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY AND CHEMISTRY : 
 
 AND THE REVEREND 
 
 EBENEZER KELLOGG, A. M. 
 
 PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES. 
 
 The Science of Botany is indebted to you for 
 its first introduction into the interior of the Nor- 
 thern States. And I am indebted to you for a 
 passport into the scientific world ; after that pro- 
 tracted series of misfortunes, which sunk me to 
 the lowest ebb of human misery. 
 
 Permit me, therefore, 
 
 TO INSCRIBE TO YOU 
 
 THIS MANUAL, 
 
 AS A TESTIMONY OF THAT GRATITUDE 
 AND ESTEEM, WHICH IS DUE 
 
 TO THE PATRONS OF SCIENCE, 
 
 AND OF SUFFERING HUMANITY. 
 YOUR GRATEFUL 
 
 HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 AMOS EATON. 
 
 
m&&¥A.c£. 
 
 A preface is unnecessary to a work which comes out un- 
 der the authority of a great name ; more especially if it be 
 the name of an European. But when a native American pre- 
 sents to his countrymen a book, purporting to be a work re- 
 lating to science, he must be very particular to tell us, " by 
 what authority he does these things.* 1 
 
 The first edition of the Manual was published by the stu- 
 dents of Williams College, for their own private use. As they 
 struck off about five hundred copies, the work became con- 
 siderably known. Orders were received by Messrs. Web- 
 sters and Skinners, in the course of the last season, for more 
 than could be supplied. I was consequently solicited by the 
 teachers of botany from almost every part of the Northern 
 States, to enlarge the wor k, and publish another edition. In 
 compliance with these requests this edition was undertaken. 
 
 I have now included all the species of indigenous plants, 
 growing in the United States, to the north of Virginia ; whose 
 characters are clear and settled. I have not followed those 
 botanists, however, who are so enthusiastically devoted to 
 cutting up and new-naming. Where the division of a genus 
 seemed to be founded in nature, I have adopted it ; provided 
 I had specimens before me sufficient to enable me to judge. 
 The reader is not to suppose, that I have seen all the plants 
 described in this Manual. I have in my collection but about 
 sixteen hundred of them. But I have been very cautious to 
 adopt nothing without the highest authority. 
 
 To make a proper selection of exotics, I found to be the 
 most difficult task. The rule, which I adopted, was ; to in- 
 clude every species, which I could learn to have been culti- 
 
 A 2 
 
t 6 3 
 
 vat ed in the interior of New-England and New-York. Bu€ 
 I presume there are many, which have not fallen under my 
 observation. 
 
 The genera are arranged according to fche Linnean artifi- 
 cial system, improved by Smith and Persoon. Nothing can 
 be more interesting, than the study of the natural affinities 
 of plants. But there has been no natural arrangement yet 
 devised by which we can find out the names of plants to 
 which we are strangers. We must therefore follow the Lin- 
 nean system, as the only safe guide to direct our steps among 
 strangers in the vegetable kingdom * 
 
 The species of cryptogamous plants, excepting the ferns, 
 are not complete. No botanist has hitherto settled their 
 locaities in our district of country, to any considerable ex- 
 tent. I have included all which have been examined by Dr. 
 Bigelow, Professor Dewey, and myself. But our researches 
 an this department have been very limited. Some species I 
 have taken from Dr. Muhlenberg ; others have been adopted 
 on very slight unsatisfactory examination. The generic cha- 
 racters are chiefly from Sprenger, in the first, second and 
 third orders — from Linneus in the fourth and sixtli — from 
 Smith's translation of Acharius in the fifth. On the whole, 
 I have reason to hope, that the generic characters of the 
 cryptogamous plants will be pretty satisfactory. 
 
 The generic descriptions of the phenogamous plants, are 
 chiefly a mere translation of so much of Persoon, as come 
 within the compass of my design. The specific descriptions, 
 
 * Mr. Rafinesque, and several other learned botanists, con- 
 sider a natural classification, alone, adequate to the purpose 
 •of investigating plants. In a letter, which I received from 
 that gentleman, he says : "I hope to be able, at some future 
 period, to convince you, and many more, that you have not 
 yet a correct idea of the natural classification." I am sure, no 
 botanist will hesitate to receive Mr. R's natural classifica- 
 tion, when he shall have so far perfect ed it, that our pupils 
 can dispense with the artificial arrangement. But I fear* 
 this great desideratum is very distant. 
 
[ r ] 
 
 where there are but few species in a genus, are also mostly 
 from Pcrsoon. But where the specie* are numerous, andof 
 course longer descriptions than Persoon gives are required, 
 I have generally given a translation of Willdenow's descrip- 
 tions, taken from Pursh. 
 
 In giving English names and popular characters, I have 
 been governed by the best authorities, which I could procure.* 
 But these names are so variable and so different in different 
 neighborhoods, they are never to be relied on, without test- 
 ing the plants by their essential characters. As we always 
 remember a plant better by an English, than by a Latin name, 
 it is advisable for students to name all plants in English. 
 A mere translation of the specific name, after the manner of 
 Muhlenberg, does not appear to be of much use. Students 
 may better assume the most common English name of the 
 genus, and prefix to it an adjective, descriptive of its most 
 striking character. Take for example the Aster novae-an- 
 gliae. I would not call it the Xew- England star-flower ; be- 
 cause more than twenty species would be entitled to the 
 same appellation. But I would fix upon some of its most 
 t triking characters, drawn from an inspection of the plant ; 
 as ear-leaf star-flower, gay star-flower, &c. 
 
 I have given neither synonyms nor authorities, except- 
 ing in cases where they appeared indispensable. To have 
 given them partially would have been of very little use ; and 
 to have given them complete would have greatly encrcased 
 the size of the book. To know the various synonyms and 
 the author of every discovery, is never interesting to students 
 in botany at the first outset. But after making sucli progress, 
 as to begin to extend their researches to larger works, syno- 
 nyms and authorities become interesting, and even necessary. 
 It may be proper to inform such persons, that Mr. Edwin 
 James, of Albany, is preparing a list of synonyms and au- 
 thorities for publication ; which will serve as a key to all 
 
 * See note to page 96, 
 
[ 8 ] 
 
 works on American botany, as well as to Dispensatories and 
 Works on Materia Medica. 
 
 In technical descriptions, where errors cannot be detected 
 by the sense, perfect accuracy cannot be expected. 
 
 In Persoon's Synopsis, which is so celebrated for its accu- 
 racy, he has himself discovered and noted ninety -nine er- 
 rors. And I have found about sixty errors in it, while engag- 
 ed in this work, which he overlooked. In this Manual all 
 the essential errors will either be found corrected in the er- 
 rata, or they maybe corrected by comparing different parts. 
 For example, some of the references to the natural or- 
 ders are set down wrong. These may be corrected by look- 
 ing over the enumeration of the genera, under Jussieu's or- 
 ders, &c. 
 
 I have ventured upon my own opinion in but very few cas- 
 es. A great proportion of this work was translated two 
 years ago, under the immediate inspection of professor Ives, 
 of Yale College. The plan of the work, and a great propor- 
 tion of the materials were examined by Dr. James McBride, 
 of South-Carolina ; while he was at New-Haven, in the sum- 
 mer of 1816- Several questions and doubts having arisen 
 in my mind since that time, I made a long list of queries, 
 which I presented to Dr. Jacob Bigelow, of Boston, last win- 
 ter. Most of these he answered in a very satisfactory man- 
 ner ; and added many interesting remarks, which have been 
 highly useful to me. During the last two years, I have been 
 in the habit of corresponding with Dr. John Torrey, of New- 
 York, upon all questions of doubt and difficulty. This gen- 
 tleman's situation, joined to his habit of accurate observa- 
 tion, enabled him to answer all enquiries of this nature in a 
 very satisfactory manner. He has free access to the best col- 
 lections in this country, and to the best American and Euro- 
 pean authorities. But what renders his opinions of still high- 
 er authority, he enjoys the advantage of a regular corres- 
 pondence with Mr. Elliot, of South Carolina (who is a second 
 Muhlenberg) and is in the habit of conferring with allosack, 
 
t 9 I 
 
 a Mitchill, a Lc Contc, an Eddy, Mr. Ilafinesque, and otneu 
 experienced naturalists. 
 
 Notwithstanding these and other checks, T may still have 
 misjudged, and shall need much puhlic indulgence. The 
 new species, which I have giren as my own discoveries, have 
 been particularly examined hy others, and their advice de- 
 liberately taken. The new species of Messrs. L.e Conte, Ed- 
 dy and Torrey, were obligingly sent to me by Mr. Torrey. 
 
 In a work of this kind, which is expressly designed for 
 those, who are not adepts in botany, some remarks upon 
 the adventages of the study of this science might be expect- 
 ed. The annexed letter, which I received from Dr. IIo- 
 sack, while I was giving" a course of lectures at Catskill 
 academy, gives such an excellent and concise view < f this 
 branch of learning; that I venture to publish it, though with- 
 out the author's consent or knowledge. 
 
 Xe-iv-1'ork, jttgwti 3Qth, 1310. 
 Dear Sih, 
 
 I received yours of the 8th instant, and am happy to be 
 informed of the progress of the Botanical Institution at Cats- 
 kill under your direction. You have set an example that, I 
 do not doubt, will be followed by many, if not most, of the 
 academies throughout the state. I am satisfied, thire is no 
 study so well calculated to occupy the young mind, as the 
 study of natural history. It affords an agreeable exercise to 
 the memory, at the same time that it teaches us the habit of 
 attentively observing those objects which otherwise we pass 
 by with careless indifference. We acquire by this study a 
 habit of analysis, or investigation, that cannot be attained by 
 those pursuits, that are usually made the subjects of educa- 
 tion at this early age. 
 
 Since my acquaintance with the principles upon which the 
 subject of natural history are arranged, I certainly h>ok with 
 very different eyes upon every object that falls under my 
 view, whether it be the production of nature or of ait. 
 
t 10 1 
 
 In early life, before our external senses are completely 
 envolved ; when we are, in truth, endeavoring to bring them 
 into exercise and use ; it has always appeared to me a very 
 absurd practice in our schools, to occupy children with stu- 
 dies of an abstract nature, and which require faculties to 
 comprehend them, that are not yet unfolded. 
 
 You have adopted, in my opinion, the true system of ed- 
 ucation; and very properly address yourself to the senses 
 and to the memory, instead of the faculties of judgment and 
 of reason, which are comparatively of slow growth. By this 
 system of instruction their minds will be stored with truths, 
 that cannot fail to prove useful : not only as they exercise 
 their faculties in acquiring them ; but from the information 
 which they also thereby receive upon a very interesting 
 subject of human learning. 
 
 But this is not all. In proportion as the mind attaches 
 itself to subjects of this sort, it is diverted from those vi- 
 cious propensities and pursuits, which otherwise attract at- 
 tention at their early period of life. Studies of this nature 
 too are no less calculated to improve the morals of youth 5 
 inasmuch as the mind is naturally led from the contempla- 
 tion of the beauties of creation to that intelligence and pow- 
 er which gave them birth. Thereby improving their virtue, 
 as well as their wisdom ; which should always be kept in 
 view, inasmuch as happiness is the great end of all our pur- 
 suits. 
 
 Lord Kaimes, in his Elements of Criticism, has very pro- 
 perly observed, that " among the many branches of educa, 
 ** tion^ that, which tends to make deep impressions of virtue, 
 * ought to be a fundamental object in a well regulated gov- 
 " ernment. For depravity of maimers will render inefFectu- 
 " al the most salutary laws ; and in the midst of opulence, 
 " what other means to prevent such depravity, but early and 
 *' virtuous discipline." 
 
 Such is the system you are pursuing, independent of the 
 wide field to which you will hereafter lead your pupils^ 
 
I II ] 
 
 wherein thev will learn the uses of plants as articles of med- 
 icine, of agriculture, and of the arts. At the same time they 
 will acquire a knowledge of the native productions of our 
 own soil and country, which are ye unexplored. 
 
 The state of New-Yo-k having passed an act for the pur- 
 chase of the Botanic garden in the neighborhood of this city, 
 I hope to see among its fruits the establishment of many sim- 
 ilar institutions throughout the state ; as so many scions from 
 this parent stock. By the diffusion of botanical knowledge, 
 I anticipate the discovery of many ^cJuable plants; which 
 are this moment trodden under foot as unworthy of regard. 
 
 To your pupils and their teacher, as first on the field, much 
 praise is due. I doubt not they will reap both pleasure and 
 profit, ae the reward of their enterprise. If I can contri- 
 bute to either, I shall be happy to do it, in any manner that 
 you may suggest. 
 
 You have stated to me, that it is the intention of the trus- 
 tees of your academy to set apart two or three acres for the 
 cultivation of plants, to be made the subjects of instruction ; 
 and to erect a green-house for the more valuable exotics. 
 If these be effected, I shall have it in my power to supply 
 you with the necessary plants from the Botanic garden here. 
 Its produce will be sufficient in a short time to furnish 
 plants for a small garden, connected with every academy 
 throughout the state. 
 
 I sincerely wish your example may be followed. Noth- 
 ing could so effectually tend to the investigation of the native 
 products of our country. 
 
 I am yours , respectfully, 
 
 D. HOSACK. 
 Akos Evrew, Esq. 
 
 In confirmation of the opinion of Dr. Hosack, that subjects 
 of natural history, when taught familiarly and practically, 
 axe well adapted to the capacities of those who have not 
 
r 12 j 
 
 been liberally educated ; it may not be improper to subjoin 
 the following-. It is only the last paragraph, which can be 
 interesting to the public. 
 
 Northampton, (Mass.) Nov. 24th, 18 17. 
 To all, whom it may concern : 
 
 On the recommendation of the president and faculty of 
 Williams College, together with that of professors Silli- 
 man and Ives, of Yale College, and professor Mitchill, of 
 New- York ; Mr. Amos Eaton was employed in tliis town to 
 deliver a course of lectures on botany, and a course of even- 
 ing lectures on the elements of chemistry, mineralogy and 
 geology. He has now closed his course, to the entire satis- 
 faction of his employers, and, we think, much to the advan- 
 tage of his pupils. 
 
 As his class consisted chiefly of ladies, and as these 
 branches of learning have not hitherto generally engaged 
 the atteniion of that sex ; we take the liberty to state, that, 
 from this experiment, we feel authorised to recommend 
 these branches as a very useful part of female education. 
 
 CALEB STRONG, 
 
 [late Governor of the state of Massachusetts ] 
 
 SOLOMON WILLIAMS, 
 [D. D. Pastor of the Presbyterian church in Northampton J 
 
 EBENEZER HUNT, [Physician.] 
 JOSIAH DW1GHT, [County clerk.] 
 
 ELIJAH H. MILLS, 
 
 [Representative in Congress.} 
 
 DAVID HUNT, [Physician.] 
 
INTRODUCTION. 1 
 
 UKTNEAN SYSTEM OF VEGETABLES. 
 
 All Vegetables are divided into twenty-two* classes. 
 These classks are divided into orrers. Oriikus are <.li\ ided 
 into genera. Gkxer.a are divided into sr-EciEs. SPEciKsare 
 frequently changed into varieties. Varieties, however, are 
 more properly within the province of the Gardner, than of 
 the Botanist ; at least the method of procuring varieties. 
 
 When a Botanist sees a plant, which he never saw before, 
 and wishes to know its name and uses ; he proceeds as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 1. He takes the unknown flower in his hand (no unknown 
 plant can be ascertained without the flower) and compares 
 its parts with the description of each class, until he finds the 
 class to which it belongs. 
 
 2. He then goes to the orders of that class and finds its 
 order in the same way. 
 
 3. Next he goes to the genera of that order, and reads 
 their descriptions, until he finds the genus to which it be- 
 longs. 
 
 <*. At last looks over the species of that genus, until he 
 finds the exact description of his plant. 
 
 5. Thus he finds the Apple to be Class 12, Order, 5, Ge- 
 wus Pyrus, Species Malus. 
 
 * Linneus divided them into 24 classes. But farther dis- 
 coveries, since his death, have proved the classes Polyadel* 
 phia and Polygamia to be too uncertain and variable to be 
 any longer retained. Person, therefore, and oiher eminent 
 Botanists, have rejected thtm. 
 
 B 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LINXEAN CLASSES. 
 
 1. Mokaspria, 1 stamen, or one sessile anther in the flower. 
 
 2. Diaxihua, 2 stamens, or 2 sessile anthers. 
 
 3. Thiaxdria, 5 stamens, or 3 sessile anthers. 
 
 4. Tetraxdria, 4 stamens, or 4 sessile anthers. 
 
 5. Pextaxdria, 5 stamens, or 5 sessile anthers. 
 
 6. Hexaxdria, 6 stamens, or 6 sessile anthers. 
 
 7. Heptaxrria, 7 stamens, or 7 sessile anthers. 
 
 8. Octandria, 8 stamens, or 8 sessile anthers. 
 
 9. Exxeaxdria, 9 stamens, or 9 sessile anthers. 
 
 10. Decaxdria, 10 stamens, or 10 sessile anthers. 
 
 11. Dobecaxdria, 12 to 19 stamens, or sessile anthers. 
 
 12. Icos*axbiua, about 20 or more, standing- on the calyx. 
 
 13. Poeyaxbria, always 20 or more, on the receptacle. 
 
 14. Diryxamia, 4 stamens, 2 of them uniformly the longest. 
 
 15. Tetrabyxamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly the 
 
 longest. 
 
 16. Moxabelphia, stamens united by their filaments in one 
 
 set, anthers remaining separate. 
 1?. Diadelfhia, stamens united by their filaments in two 
 sets (sometimes in one set) flowers papilionaceous. 
 
 18. Syxgexesia, stamens 5, united by their anthers in one 
 set, flowers compound. 
 
 19. Gyxaxbria, stamens stand on the germ, style, or stigma, 
 
 separate from the base of the calyx and corol. 
 
 20. Moxoecia, stamens and pisiils in separate flowers, on the 
 same plant. 
 
 21. Dioecia, stamens and pistils on separate plants. 
 
 62. Cryptogamia, stamens and pistils so obscure that the 
 plants can only be classed by natural families. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 n 
 
 CO 
 
 < 
 •J 
 
 o 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 < 
 - 
 
 En 
 o 
 
 tO 
 
 o 
 »s 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 00 
 
 <3 
 
 
 c p 
 
 ■s-s | * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■A 
 
 X 
 
 
 M 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •A 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 « K M c 
 
 O 3 
 
 _> 
 
 T3 
 ;-< 
 O 
 
 •5 
 
 — ^Inrl U 
 
 S C C S 
 
 » ^ « -^ 
 
 2- — — -* 
 
 i o 
 
 CO 5* 2-1 P"< )J <U 
 
 O D (y D ii 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 
 r - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 o 
 
 -,-> -*-> {.jrj 
 1) i> ,5} 
 
 c- 1 r 1 < 
 
 r< r« 
 
 h — 
 
 r 1 r- 1 — i f 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 OB 
 
 
 
 • 7* 
 
 P 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 r* 
 
 fe 
 
 .-.• •- c- ° 
 
 u, u u 
 
 HHB 
 
 — < Tl 
 
 ^3 
 
 5^ &/; bi br bib fcb bb &b 
 
 3 S 3 5 3 55 5 q 
 
 b3 'cC 
 
 
 C- rt rt « - 
 
 3 • - 
 
 da Q £ « S 
 
 £i rt 
 
 .teascceBscs'cdcCu 
 
 c* 5 o 
 
 Pq 3 55 
 
 „, 1-^^-<T-flH^^r-»r-ll~1r-lr-lCNC•^C^} 
 
 Ci 
 
 -a 
 H 
 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Explanations for the preceding page. 
 Mon. Monogynia, 1 style, or 1 sessile stigma. 
 Dig. Digynia, 2 styles, &c. 
 Tri. Trigynia, 3 styles, &c. 
 Tet. Tetragynia, 4 styles, &c. 
 Pen. Pentagynia, 5 styles, &c. 
 Hex. Hexagynia, 6 styles, &c. 
 Hep. Heptagynia, 7 styles, &c. 
 Dec. Decagynia, 10 styles, &c. 
 Pol. Polygynia, more than 10 styles, &c. 
 Gym. Gymnospermia, seeds naked. 
 Ang. Angiospermia, seeds in capsules. 
 Silic. Siliculosa, having pods whose length and breadth are 
 
 nearly equal. 
 Siliq. Siliquosa, having pods whose lengths are more than 
 double their breadths. 
 
 In the 16th, 17th, 19th, 20th, 21st classes, the names and 
 characters of preceding classes, are taken for orders. In 
 which, Mon. Monandria. Dia. Diandria. Tri. Triandria. 
 Tet. Tctrandria. Pen. Pentandria. Hex. Hexandria. Oct. 
 Octandria. Dec. Decandria. Pol. Polyandria. Mon. Mon- 
 adelphia. 
 
 In the 18th class. 1. JEq. Polygamia JEqualis. 2. Sup. 
 Pclygumia Superflua. 3. Frus. Polygamia Frustranea. 4, 
 Ncc Polygamia Necessaria. 5. Seg. Polygamia Segregata. 
 
 The 1st order in the 18th class is distinguished by having 
 all the forets perfect. The 2d, by having those of the ilisk 
 perfect, while those of the ray are pistillate. The 3d, by 
 having those of the disk perfect, while those of the ray are 
 neutral. The 4th, by having those of the disk sraminate, 
 while those of the ray are pistillate. The 5th, by having the 
 florets all perfect, while each floret has a perianth of its own. 
 
 In the 22d class, the orders are distinguished by natural 
 family characters. 1. Fi/ices, (ferns) which bear fruit on 
 the back of the leaves, or in which, some part of the leaves 
 seem as it were metamorphosed into a kind of fruit-bearing- 
 
INTRODUCTION 1 ". 5 
 
 spike. The appendix to this order includes the Ptcriodes, 
 which bear fruit on a peculiar appendage. 2. JWusci, (mos- 
 ses) which bear, on leafy stems and branches, one-celled 
 capsules, opening- at the top, where they are covered by a 
 peculiar lid. 3. Sepaiieae, (liverworts) which bear, on 
 herbaceous fronds, four-celled capsules opening" with four 
 valves. 4. Algae, (seaweeds, &c.) which bear in an aqua- 
 tic or gelatinous frond, vesiculous or filamentous fruit. 5. 
 Liclienes, (lichens) which bear fruit, on fibrous, compact or 
 gelatinous fronds ; contained in clefts, spangles, puff's, but- 
 tons, tubercles, hollows, cellules, globules, shields, targets, 
 orbs, or knobs. 6. Fungi, (mushroom, &c.) which are des- 
 titute of herbage, consisting of a spungy, pulpy, leathery or 
 woody substance, and bear fruit in a naked dilated mem- 
 brane, or within the substance of the plant* 
 
 EXPLANATIONS OF THE CHARACTERS ANNEXED TO THE GEN- 
 ERIC DESCRIPTIONS. 
 
 IXitJirst number following the generic description is the 
 number of the natural order of Linneus, to which the genus 
 belongs ; the second number is that of Jussieu. By refening 
 to the subjoined natural orders of Linneus, the qualities of 
 plants may be so far ascertained, as they depend on these 
 natural affinities. 
 
 (*) Placed before one or more generic names, at the end of 
 an order, indicates that these genera sometimes vary from 
 the classes and orders to which they belong, and are found 
 to possess the characters of the class and order under which 
 their names are thus set down. 
 
 B 2 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
 
 1. Palm:e. Palms and their relatives ; as Cocoanut, Frog^s 
 bit. Fari?iaceous diet.* 
 
 2. Piperita. Pepper and its relatives. In crowded 
 spikes ; as Indian-turnip, Sweet flag-. Tonics and Stoma 
 chics. 
 
 3. Calamari.b. Reed-like grasses, with culms without 
 joints ; as Cat-tail, Sedge. Coarse cattle fodder. 
 
 4. GiiAjnxA. The proper grasses with jointed culms ; as 
 Wheat, Rye, Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian-corn. Farinaceous 
 diet and cattle fodder. 
 
 5. Tripetalotdex. Corol 3-pettalled or calyx 3-leaved ; 
 as Water-plantain, Rush-grass, Arrow-head. Tonics and 
 rough cattle fodder. 
 
 6. Exsat.t:. Liliaceous plants with sword-form leaves ; as 
 Iris, Blue-eyed grass, Virginian spiderwort. .foitiscorbutics 
 and Tonics. 
 
 7. Orchide.*:. With fleshy roots, stamens on the pistils, 
 pollen glutinous, flowers of singular structure with the germ 
 inferior ; as Ladies slipper, Areihusa. Farinaceous diet and 
 Stomachics. 
 
 8. Scita-mixe^. Liliaceous corols, stems herbaceous, 
 leaves broad, germ blunt-angular ; as Ginger, Turmeric. 
 Warming Stomachics. 
 
 9. Spathaceje. Liliaceous plants with spathes ; as Daffo- 
 dil, Onion, Snow-drop. Sccernant Stimulants.j 
 
 10. Coroxarije. Liliaceous plants without spathes ; as 
 Lily, Tulip, Star -grass. The nauceous scented and bitter 
 are Antiscorbutic and Cathartic, the others Emollient. 
 
 11. Sabmejjtace.t;. Liliaceous corols with very weak 
 stems ; as Smilax, Asprragus, Bell-wort. To?iics and Secer* 
 nant Stimulants. 
 
 * The qualities of the natural orders are selected from 
 Milne, Woodville, Thornton and Darwin. 
 
 f Which promote the secretions of perspirable matter, 
 
i.vTRonucTioar. 7 
 
 12. Olerace.e, or IIolerack.e. Having* flowers destitute 
 of beauty, at least of gay colouring ; as Beet, Blight, Pig- 
 weed, Dock, Pepperage. If naco,us, Cathartic ; others, 
 ndld Stimulants and A'utrientics.f 
 
 13. SuccclextjE. Plants with vti /. thick succulent leaves j 
 as Prickly-pear, Hou^e-leek, Purslain. Antiscorbutic and Em- 
 sllient. 
 
 14. Gruixales. Corals with 5 petals, capsules beak- 
 ed ; as Flax, Wood-sorrel, Cranebill. Tonics and Re/rig* 
 erants. 
 
 15. Isuxdata. Growing- under water and having 1 flow- 
 ers destitute of beauty ; as Hippuris, Pond-weed. Astrin- 
 gents. 
 
 16. Calycifeor;e. Plants without corols, with the sta- 
 mens on the calyx ; as Poet's cassia, Seed buckthorn. As- 
 tringents and Refrigerants. 
 
 17. Calycaxthem-e. Calyx on the germ or growing to it, 
 flowers beautiful ; as Willow-herb, Ludwigia, GEnothera. 
 Astringents. 
 
 18. Bicorxes. Anthers with two strait horns ; as 
 Whortleberry, Spicy and Bitter Wintergreen, Laurel. As- 
 tringents. 
 
 19. Hesperides. Sweet-scented, leaves evergreen; as 
 Myrtle, Cloves, Mock-orange. Astringent and Stomachic. 
 
 20. Rotace-e. Corals wheel-form ; as St. John's wort. 
 Tonics. 
 
 21. Precije. Plants with early spring flowers of an elegant 
 specious appearance ; as Primrose. Astringents. 
 
 22. Caryofhylle.e. Plants with caryophyllous corols ; 
 as Pink, Cockle. Astringent and Secemant Stimulants. 
 
 23. Trihilat*. Flowers with 3 stigmas, capsules infla- 
 ted and winged, and generally 3 seeded with distinct hi- 
 lums ; as Nasturtion, Horse-chcsnut. Tonics and JK'utri- 
 entict. 
 
 f Nutrientics of Darwin, which serve as nutriment merely, 
 "without producing any extraordinary effects. 
 
8 IXTKODUCTION. 
 
 24. Coridales. Corols spurred or anomalous ; as Fum> 
 atorv, Touch-me-not. A'arcotic and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 25. Pftaxineje. Plants which bear shell-fruit ; as Ca« 
 perbush. Detergent and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 26. Mcltisiliq.ue. Having several pod-form capsules to 
 each flower ; as Columbine, Larkspur, Rue, American cow- 
 slip. Cathartic and Caustic. 
 
 27. Ru<eade.e. Plants with caducous calyxes, and cap- 
 sules or siliques ; as Poppy, Bloodroot, Celandyne. Anodyne 
 and Antiscorbutic. 
 
 28. Luiudje. Corols lurid, mostly monopetalous ; flowers 
 Pentandrous, or Didynamous with capsules ; as Tobacco, 
 Thorn-apple, Nightshade, Foxglove. J\Tarcotic and Antiscor- 
 butic. 
 
 29. Camfanacea. Having bell-form corols, or those whose 
 general aspect is somewhat bell-form ; as Morning glory, 
 Bell-flower, Violet, Cardinal flower. Cathartics and Secer- 
 2i ant Stimulants. 
 
 30. Contorts. Corols twisted or contorted ; as Milk- 
 weed, Periwinkle, Choak-dog. Cathartics and Antiscorbu- 
 tics. 
 
 31. Vepreculje. Having monophyllous calyxes, coloured 
 like corols ; as Leatherwood, Thesium. Antiscorbutic and 
 Emetic. 
 
 32. Papiliosaces:. Having papilionaceous flowers ; as 
 Peas, Beans, Locust tree, Clover. Emollient, Diuretic, Au- 
 trientic. 
 
 33. Lomextace.e. Having legumes or loments, but not 
 perfect papilionaceous flowers with united filaments ; as 
 Cassia, Sensitive plant. Emollient, Astringent, Cathartic. 
 
 34. Cuct:RBiTACE;E. Fruit pumpkin-like, anthers mostly 
 united ; as Melons, Cucumbers, Passion-flower. Cathartic 
 and Refrigerant. 
 
 35. Sexticos-SE. Prickly or hairy, with polypetalous co- 
 rols and a number of seeds either naked or slightly covered ; 
 as Rose, Raspberry, Strawberry. Astringent and Refrige- 
 rant. 
 
 
FSTRODrCTIOTf. 9 
 
 36. Pomace.e. Haying many stamens on the calyx, and 
 drupaceous or pomaceous fruit ; as Pear, Currant, Cherry, 
 Peach. Refiigerants. 
 
 37. CoLCMMVKH.t. S tarn ens united in the form of a co- 
 lumn ; as Holly hoc, Mallows, Cotton. Emollient. 
 
 38. Tricoccje. Having 3-celled capsules ; as Castor oil 
 plant, Spurge, Box. Cathartic. 
 
 39. Siliu.uos.e. Having silique pods ; as Cabbage, Mus- 
 tard, Shepherd-purse. Diuretic, Antiscorbutic, JWilrientic. 
 
 40. Person at.e. Having personate corols ; as Snapdra- 
 gon, Monkey -flower. Deobstruents and Cathartics. 
 
 41. Asperifoli-e. Corols monopetalous, with 5 stamens* 
 seeds 4, naked, leaves rough ; as Comfrey, Stone-seed (lith- 
 ospermum.) Astritigents and Deobstruents. 
 
 42. Vkrticillata. Having Labiate flowers ; as Sage, 
 Thyme, Catmint, Motherwort. Stomachics and Astringents. 
 
 43. Dumos.e. Bushy pithy plants with small flowers, pe- 
 tals in 4 or 5 divisions ; as Sumach, Elder, Holly. Tonic and 
 Cathartic. 
 
 44. Sepiari-£. Having mostly tubular divided corols 
 with few stamens ; being ornamental shrubs ; as Lilac, Jas- 
 mine. Astringent. 
 
 45. UsiBELXATiE. Flowers in umbels with 5-petalled co- 
 rols, stamens 5, styles 2, and 2 naked seeds ; as Fennel, Dill, 
 Carrot, Poison-hemlock. Stomachic and Narcotic. 
 
 46. Hederacejs. Corols 5-cleft, stamens 5 to 10, fruit 
 berry-like on a compound raceme ; as Grape, Ginseng, 
 Spikenard. Tonics and Refrigerants. 
 
 47. Stellate. Corols 4-cleft, stamens 4, seeds 2, naked, 
 leaves mostly whorl ed ; as Bedstraw, Dogwood, Venus' 
 pride. Tonics and Deobstruents. 
 
 48. Aggregate. Having aggregate flowers ; as Button- 
 bush, Marsh-rosemary. Tonics and Secernant Stimulants. 
 
 49. Composite. All the compound flowers ; as Sun- 
 flower, Boneset, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics and Secernant Sti- 
 mulants, 
 
10 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 50. AmevtacejE. Bearing pendant aments ; as Hazle a 
 Oak, Chesnut, Willow. Astringents. 
 
 51. CojfiFERiE. Bearing- strobiles ; as Pine, Juniper, Ce- 
 dar. Tonics and Stomachics. 
 
 52. Coadunat^:. Several berry-like pericarps, which are 
 adnate ; as Tulip-tree, Magnolia, Tonics. , 
 
 53. Scabrid-E. Leaves rough, flowers destitute of beau- 
 ty ; as Nettle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astringents. 
 
 54. Miscellaxe.e. Plants not arranged by any particu- 
 lar character ; as Pond-lily, Poke-weed, Amaranth. Their 
 qualities are various. 
 
 55. Filices. All ferns ; as Brakes, Maidenhair. Secer- 
 nant Stimulants. 
 
 56. Musci. All mosses ; as Polytrichum. Cathartics 
 and Secemant Stimulants. 
 
 57. Aisj&m. All Liverworts, Lichens and Sea-weeds ; as 
 Jungermannia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics. 
 
 53. Fungi. All fungusses ; as Mushroom, Toadstool} 
 Puff-ball, Touchwood, Mould. Tonics and Cathartics. 
 
INTRODUCTION'. 11 
 
 RULES FOR DISTINGUISHING POISONOUS PLANTS 
 FROM THOSE WHICH ARE NOT POISONOUS. 
 
 Plants not poisonous. 
 
 1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. As Wheat, 
 Indian-corn, Foxtail-grass, Sedge-grass, Oats. Linneus. 
 
 2. Plants whose staments stand on the calyx, never poi- 
 sonous. As Currant, Apple, Peach, Strawberry, Thorn. 
 Smith, page 304, Big. ed. 
 
 3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. 
 As Mustard, Cabbage, Watercress, Turnip. Smith, page 
 337, Big. ed 
 
 4. Plants with papilionaceous flowers rarely, if ever, poison- 
 ous. As Pea, Bean, Locust-tree, Wild-indigo, Clover. 
 Smith, page 344, Big. ed. 
 
 5. Plants with labiate corols bearing seeds without peri- 
 carps, never poisonous. As Catmint, Hyssop, Mint, Moth- 
 erwort^ Marjoram. Smith, p^ge 335, Big. ed. 
 
 6. Plants with compound flowers rarely poisonous. As 
 Sunflower, Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock. Milne. 
 
 Poisonous Plants. 
 
 1. Plants with 5 stamens and one pistil, with a dull-col- 
 oured lurid corol, and of a nauseous sickh smell, always poi- 
 sonous. As Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Henbane, Nightshade. 
 The degree of poison is diminished where the flower is 
 brighter coloured and the smell is less nauseous. As pota- 
 toes are less poisonous, though of the same genus with 
 nightshade. Smith, page 320, Big. ed. 
 
 2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind and a nause- 
 ous scent are always poisonous. As Water-hemlock, Cow- 
 parsley. But if the smell is pleasant and they grow in dry 
 land, they are not poisonous. As Fennel, Dill, Coriander, 
 Sweet-cicily. Smith, page 322, Big. ed. 
 
 3. Plants with labiate corols, and seeds in capsules, fre- 
 quently poisonous. As Snap-dragon, Fox-glove. 
 
12 introduction:. 
 
 4. Plants, from which issues smilky juice on being broken, 
 are poisonous, unless they bear compound flowers. As Milk- 
 weed, Dogbane. Milne's Contoitse and Lactescentia. 
 
 5. Plants having- any appendage to #ie calyx or corol, and 
 eight or more stamens, generally poisonous. As Columbine, 
 Nasturtion. Linneus. 
 
 The most general rule is y 
 
 Plants with few stamens, not frequently poisonous, ex- 
 cept the number be five ; but if the number be 12 or more, 
 and the smell nauseous, heavy and sicklv, the plants are gen- 
 erally poisonous. Milne's Multisiliquae and Sapor. 
 
 Xote. Many plants possess some degree of the narcotic 
 principle, which are still by no means hurtful. But the use 
 -of such plants is to be deferred, till fully investigated. 
 
INTRODt'CTIOS. JLS 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
 
 The Linnean artificial arrangement is the only system 
 hitherto brought into use by which we are enabled to find 
 out a plant with which we are unacquainted. But after we 
 have determined a plant by the aid of that system, we should 
 proceed to examine its affinities or relations to other plants. 
 
 In the annexed arrangement, Jussieu has distributed all 
 plants into 100 orders, according to their natural affinities. 
 If we are acquainted with any plant in an order, we may in- 
 fer something from that respecting the qualities of the whole 
 order. Therefore, when we arc analyzing a plant, and sup- 
 pose we have hit upon the right genus, we should turn to 
 its natural order, as referred to by the second number at the 
 end of the generic description, and see whether it is there 
 associated with any plants with which we are acquainted. 
 Then, by comparing it with its associates, we may not only 
 be considerably aided in settling our opinion respecting the 
 right naming of the plant, but may derive much satisfac- 
 tion from considering its affinities to the rest of that family 
 of plants. 
 
 1st Division - . Seeds without lobes or cotyledons. 
 
 1. Fungi. All fungusses. 
 
 Agaricus, 117. Merulius, 117. Boletus, 117". Thaelae* 
 phora, 117. Hydnum,117. Morellus, 118. Clavaria, 118. 
 Clathrus, 118. Peziza, 118. Cyathus, 118. Lycoperdon, 
 118. Fuligo, 118. Stemonitis, 118. jEcidium, 118, 
 Sphaeria, 118. Sclerotium, 118. Uredo, 118. Tubercu- 
 lar ia, 119. Mucor, 119. Monila, 119. Xylostroma, 119. 
 
 2. Alc.je. Lichens and Seaweeds. 
 
 Fucus, 110. Ulva, 110. Conferva, 111. Lepraira, 111. 
 Spiloma, 111. Variolaria, 112. Opegraphia, 112. Lecidea. 
 112. Calicium, 112. Gyrophora, 113. Bathelium, 113. 
 Verrucaria, 113. Endocarpon, 113. Thelotrema, 113 Sphae- 
 lophoron, 114. Urceoluria, 114 Isidium 114. Farmelia, 115. 
 
 Bb 
 
♦4. ^NTKOiJtX'TIoV. 
 
 Sicta, 11 j. Peitidea, 115. Cetraria, 116. C§roicuIaria= 
 ?16, Usnea, 116. Stereocaulon, 117. Baemyc«s,lir. 
 
 IIepaticae. Liverwi 
 
 Juagermannia, 109, Mardiaatia, 109. Anihoceros, 110. 
 Siccia, 110. 
 
 4. Musci. Messes. 
 
 Phascum, 106. Sphagnum, 105. Gymnos Ionium, 106. 
 Tetraphis, 106, Splachiumi, 105. Grimmia, 107\ Mas- 
 ©halocarpus, 107. Dicranum, 107\ Trichostomum, 107. 
 Polytrichia, 107. Didymodon, 107. Barbula, 107\ Di« 
 phascum, 107. Othotricum, 107. Xeckera, 108. Timmia, 
 108. Climacium, 108. Meesia, 108. Leskea, 108. Bar- 
 t'ramia, 108. Mnium, 108. Bryum, 108. Hypnum, 103. 
 Fontinalis, 109. Buxbaumia, 109. Funaria, 109. 
 
 5. Filices. Ferns. 
 
 Acrostichum, 101. Polypodium, 102. Onoclea, 102. 
 Blechnum, 102. Pteris, 102. Vitraia, 102. Asplenium, 
 
 102. Scolopendrium, 103. Woodwardia, 103. Adiantum, 
 
 103. Aspidium, 103. Dicksonia, 104. Woodsia, 104. 
 Cheilanthus, 104. Schizaea, 104. Osmunda, 104. Ligo- 
 dium, 105. Botrichium, 105. Ophioglossum, 105. Psilo- 
 tum, 105. Lycopodium, 105. Equisetum, 106. 
 
 6. Naiades. Water plants. 
 Hippuris, 25. Callitriche, 25. Tillaea, 36. Potamoge- 
 Ion, 36. Ruppia, 36. Saururus, 53. Fuvialis, 90. Chara, 90. 
 Najas, 90. Lemna, 90. Podostemum, 90. Ceratophyllum, 
 93. Myriophillum, 94. 
 
 2d. Division. Seeds with a single lobe, or one cotyledon. 
 
 7. Aroide.k. Indianturnip-like. 
 
 Pothos, 35. Orontium, 51. Acorus, 51. Calla,' 94. A» 
 
 ium, 94. 
 
 8. Typhjs. Cattail-like. 
 
 Typha, 91, Sparganium, 91. 
 
 9. Ctpeiioii)^. Cyperus-like. 
 
 Kyllingia, 28. Schoenus,28. Rhynchospora, 29. Cyper* 
 
i-VX £01; C u a tOU . I , 
 
 US, ~ ,^9. Dulichium, 29. SckjMlS, 29. Eri 
 
 phorum, i9. Triehophorum, 29. Fuirena, 29. Limr. 
 29. Carex, 91. Scl ria, 91. 
 
 10. CH.vMi.vzJB. The prop -v grasses. 
 
 Ctana, 25. Anthoxanthtim, 27. Cenchnis, 29. Ory.. 
 sis, 30. Panicum, 30. Dig-itaria, 30, Puspalum, CO. Aris. 
 tida, 30. Stipa, :'.Q. Alopecurus, 30. Pilaris, 30. Ilor- 
 deum, 30. Milium, 30. Agrostis, 39. Saceharlim, 31. 
 Muhlenbergia, 31. Leersia, 21. Tiv '. 31. Phleum, 
 
 31. Aira, 31. Elymus, 31. MeUca, 31. Eleusine, 51- 
 Becale, 31. Triticum, 31. Loliuin, 22. Atheropogon, 32. 
 Uniola, 32. Briza, 32. Sorghum, 52. Dact}Iis, 32. Poa, 
 
 32. Festuca, 32. Eromus, 32. A vena, 32. Arundo, 33 
 Andropogon, 33. Holcus, 33. Oryza, 51. Zea, 91. Trip- 
 8acum, 91. Coix, 91. Zizania, 93. 
 
 11. Pal?i.je. Palm-like. 
 
 We have no plants in this order. The cocoanut, &c. aro 
 
 placed here. 
 
 12. Aspabasi. Asparagus-like. 
 
 Dracaeena, 50. Asparagus, 50. Con7allaria, 51. Medfir 
 ©la, 52. Trillium, 52. Smilax, 100. 
 
 13. Junci. Rush -like, 
 
 Commelina, 28. Leptanthus, 23. Heteranthera, 28. Xyri;. 
 
 28. Tradescantia, 48. Juucus, 51. Melanthium, 52. 
 
 Veratrum, 52. Helonias, 52. Xerophyllum, 52. Scheuch- 
 
 zeria, 52. Triglochin, 53. Alisma, 53. Eriocaulon, 92. 
 
 Sagittaria, 94. 
 
 14. Liliacek. Lily-like. 
 
 Erythronium, 50. Lilium, 50. Tulipa, 50. Fritillaria, 
 51. Uvularia, 51. Asphodelus, 51. 
 
 15. Bbomelia. Pineapple-like. 
 Bromelia, 48. 
 
 16. Asphodeli. Asphodel-like. 
 
 Allium, 49. Aletris, 50. Polyanthes, 50. Hyacyinthus, 
 50. Narthecium, 51. Ornithogalum, 51. Tofielda, 52. 
 
16 INTROBXJCTIOX. 
 
 17. Narcissi. Daffodil-like. 
 
 Amaryllis, 49. Hypoxis, 49. Galanthus, 49. Narcissus, 
 49. Pontederia, 49. Hemerocallis, 50. 
 18. Irides. Iris-like. 
 Crocus, 27. Iris, 28. Dilatris, 28. Sisyrinchium, 75. 
 
 19. MrsjE. Banana-like. 
 
 We have no plants of this order. The banana is placed 
 here. 
 
 20. Cxsxx. Indianreed-like. 
 
 We have no plants of this order. The ginger is placed 
 here. 
 
 21. Orchide.b. Orchis-like. 
 Orchis, 88. Limmodorum, 89. Satyrium, 89. Neottia.. 
 S9. Epipactis, 89. Cimbidium, 89. Malaxis, 89. Arethu- 
 'sa, 89. Cypridium, 89. 
 
 22. HrDRoeHARiPEs. Frogbit-like. 
 
 Proserpinca, 33. Floerkea, 49. Sarracenia, 64. Nynv 
 phaea, 64. Nuphar, 65. Vallisneria, 97. 
 
 3d Division. Seed3 ivith t-wo lobes, or iivo cotytedont* 
 23. Aristolochi;e. Birthwort-like. 
 
 Asarum, 60. Aristolochia, 90. 
 
 24. JEleagni. 
 Thesium, 43. Hippophae, 98. Nyssa, 99. 
 k 25. Thtmele-e. 
 
 Dirca, 54. Daphne, 54. 
 
 26. Proteje. Silvertree-like, 
 We have no plants of this order. The silvertree is plac- 
 ed here. 
 
 27. Lattri. Camphor-like. 
 Laurus, 55. 
 
 28. Poltgoxex. Buckwheat-like. 
 
 Rumex, 53. Polygonum, 55. Rheum, 55. Lapaihum, 
 100. 
 
INTRODUCTION. I? 
 
 129. Atriplices. Orache-like. 
 
 Salicornia, 25. Blitum, 25. Rivina, 36. Salsola, 44. 
 Chenopodium, 44. Beta, 44. Atriplex, 44. Spinacia, 99. 
 Acnida, 99. Phytolacca, 60. 
 
 30. Amarafthi. Cockscomb-like. 
 
 Gomphrenia, 42. Celosia, 42. Illecebrum, 42. Ama« 
 ranthus, 93. 
 
 31. Plantagises. Plantain-like. 
 
 Plantago, 34. 
 
 32. Nyctagines. 
 
 Mirabilis, 41. Ambrosia, 93. 
 
 33. Plumbagines. Leadwort-like. 
 Statice, 48. 
 
 34. Ltsimachije. Loosestrife-like. 
 
 Utricularia, 26. Anag-allis, 38. Lysimachia, 3S. Do- 
 ecatheon, 38. Menyanthes, 38. Villarsia, 38. Primula, 38. 
 Hottonia, 38. Samolas, 40. Trientalis, 53. Buchnera, 72. 
 
 35. Pedicclares. Lousewort-like. 
 
 Veronica, 26. Callistacliia, 26. Obolaria, 70. Orobanchc., 
 71. Bartsia, 71. Rhinanthus, 71. Euphrasia, 71. Me- 
 lampyrum, 71. Erinus, 72. Pedicularis, 72. Pentstemon, 
 73. 
 
 36. Acanthi. Bearbreach-like. 
 Justicia, 26. Ruellia, 72. 
 
 37. Jasmixeje. Jasmine-like. 
 
 Jasminum, 25. Lig-ustrum, 26. Chionanthus, 26. Sy- 
 ringa, 26. Fraxinus, 98. 
 
 38. Vitices. Chasteti^e-like. 
 
 Callicarpa, 34. 
 
 39. Labiatjb. Rigent-flowered plants. 
 
 Lycopus, 26. Monarda, 27. Rosmarinus, 27. Salvia, 27. 
 
 Bb2 
 
18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Collinsonia, 27. Teucrium, 67. Isanthus,68. Verbina,6&, 
 Lavandula, 68. Lameum, 68. Brachystemum, 68. Pyc* 
 nantheum, 68. Nepeta, 68. Hyssopus, 68. Mentha, 68. 
 Stachys, 68. Galeopsis, 69. Satureja, 69. Betonica, 69. 
 Leonuris, 69. Marrubium, 69. Ballota, 69. Cunila, 69. 
 Hedeoma, 69. Glechoma, 69. Melissa, 69. Trichostema, 
 69. Ocymum, 70. Scutellaria, 70. Origanum, 79. Thy- 
 mus, 70. Clinopodium, 70. Prunella, 70. Phryma, 70, 
 
 40. Scrophtjlari^e. Figwort-like. 
 
 Gratiola, 26. Chironia, 39. Lindernia, 26. Dracoce- 
 phalum, 70. Scwalbea, 71. Limosella, 71. Zapania, 71. 
 Browallia, 71. Scrophularia, 71. Antirrhinum, 72. Ge* 
 rardia, 72. Degitalis, 72. Mimulus, 72. Chelone, 72. 
 
 41. Solane^e. Nightshade-like. 
 
 Lycium, 34. Datura, 38. Nicotiana, 38. Verbascum, 
 39. Atropa, 39. Phacelia, 39. Hyoscyamus, 39. Solan- 
 um, 40. Physalis, 40. Capsicum, 40. Diospyros, 100. 
 
 42. Boragine^e. Borage-like. 
 
 Pulmonaria, 36. Cerinthe, 36. Lithospermum, 36. 
 Cynoglossum, 37. Batschia, 37. Anchusa, 37. Myosotis, 
 37» Heliotropium, 37. Onosmodium, 37. Barago, 37. Sym- 
 pkitum, 37. Echium, 37. Hydroph ilium, 37. Nolana, 38, 
 
 43. CoxvoLVULr. Bindweed-like. 
 
 Convolvulus, 38. Diapensia, 39. Ipomaea, 39. Pyxidan* 
 libera, 39. Cuscuta, 43. 
 
 44. Polemoxia. Greekvalerian-like. 
 Phlox, 39. Polemonium, 39. 
 
 45. Bigxonije. Trumpetflower-like. 
 Catlapa, 26. Bignonia, 72. Martynia, 73. 
 
 46. Gektiaita. Gentian-like. 
 Spigelia, 38. Swertia, 43. Gentiana, 43. Frasera, 34 
 
 47. Apoctne^:. Dogbane-like. 
 Vinca, 40. Periploca, 43. Apocynum, 43. Nerium, 43, 
 Asclepias, 89. Cynanchum, 90. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 19 
 
 48. Sapota. 
 We have no plants of this order. 
 
 49. Guaiacanj:. Lignumvitae-like. 
 Wc have no plants of this order. The lignum-vitae is 
 placed here. 
 
 50. Rhododexdra. Rosebay-like. 
 
 Azalia, 40 Itea, 42. Menziesia, 54. Rhodora, 56. 
 Rhododendron, 57. Kalmia, 57. Ledum, 57. Leiophyl- 
 lum, 57. 
 
 51. Ericjb. Heath-like. 
 
 Oxycocceus, 53. Erica, 54. Clethra, 56. Pyrola, 56: 
 Chimaphila, 56. Andromeda, 57. Yaccinium, 57. Epi. 
 gaea, 57. Gualtheria, 57. Arbutus, 57. Hundsonia, 60, 
 Empetrum, 98. 
 
 52. CAMrAxrLAcr.E. Bcllflower-like. 
 
 Campanula, 41. Lobelia, 41. 
 
 53. CicHORACEJK. (Compound.) Endive-like. 
 
 Tragopogon, 81. Apargia, 82. Leontodon,82. Prenan- 
 thes, 82. Lactuca, 82. Ilieracium, 82. Sonchus, 82. Hy- 
 oseris, S2. Krigia, 83. Cichorium, 83. 
 
 54. CixAROcEPHALi:. (Compound.) Bearing headform flowers. 
 Cynara, 82. Liatris, 83. Cnicus, 83. Carthamus, 83, 
 Onopordon, 83. Carduus, 83. Arctium, 83. 
 
 55. Corymbifiiue. (Compound.) Corymb-bearing. 
 
 Scorzonera, 82. Picris, 83. Tolpis, 83. Scholymus, 83. 
 Yernonia, 83. Sparganophorus, 84. Bidens, 84. Kuhnia, 
 84. Eupatorium, 84. Ethulia, 84. Mikania, 84. Cacalia, 
 84. Balsamita, 84. Baccharis, 84. Conyza, 85. Gnaphal- 
 ium, 85. Artemisia, 85 Tanacetum, 85 Chrysanthe- 
 mum, 85. Zinnia, 85. Tagetes, 85. Bellis, 85 Pyre- 
 thrum, 85. Arnica, 86. Doronicum, 86. Inula, 86 E- 
 rigeron, 86. Solidago, 86 Senecio, 86. Tussillago, 86. 
 Cineraria, 86. Aster, 86. Heliopsis, 86. Buphthamum, 87- 
 
SO INTRODUCTION'. 
 
 Heelenium, 8/. Boltonia, 87. Matricaria, 87. Anthemis, 
 
 87. Achillea, 87. Verbesina, 87. Rudbeckia, 87. Heli- 
 anthus, 87. Coreopsis, 88. Centaurea, 88. Silpiiium, 88. 
 Folymnia, 88. Calendula, 88. Iva v 88. Elephantopos, 
 
 88. Echinops, 88. 
 
 56. Dipsace-e. Teazel-like. 
 
 Valeriana, 27. Fedia, 27. Dipsacus, 35. 
 
 57. Rubiace.5:. Madder-like. 
 
 Houstonia, 34. Mitchella, 34. Cephalanthus, 34. Rubia, 
 35. Scabiosa, 35, Galium, 35. 
 
 58. Capbifolia. Honeysuckle-like. 
 
 Linnaea, 34. Cornus, 35. Lonicera, 40. Xylosteum, 40. 
 Diervilla, 41. Hedera, 42. Viburnum, 47. Sambucus, 47. 
 Triosteum, 41 
 
 59. AnAir.®. Spikenard-like. 
 
 Panax, 44. Aralia, 48. 
 
 60. Umbellifer^;. Bearing umbels. 
 Eryngum, 44. Coriandrum, 45. Hydrocotile, 45. Sani- 
 
 cula, 45. Heracleum, 45. Caucalis, 45. Daucus, 45. 
 Angelica, 45. Sison, 45. Ferula, 45. Ligusticum, 45. 
 Am mi, 45. Sium, 46. Selinum, 46. Conium, 46. Chae* 
 rophyllum, 46. Myrrhis, 46. Cicuta, 46. Imperatoria, 
 46. Smymium, 46. Pastinaca, 46. Anethum, 46. Api- 
 um, 47. Carum, 47. 
 
 61. Raxunculace^. Crowfoot-like. 
 Zanthorhiza, 48. Actaea, 46. Podophyllum, 64. Paeonia, 
 
 65. Delphinium, 65. Aconitum, 65. Aquilegia, 65. 
 Nigella, 66. Hydrastris, 66. Clematis, 66. Thalictrum, 66. 
 Helleborus, 66. Coptis, 66. Caltha, 66. Anemone, 66. 
 Hydropeltis, 66. Hepatica, 66. Nelumbium, 67. Ranun- 
 culus, 67. Trollius, 67. Atragene, 67. Adonis, 67. 
 Caulophyllum, 48. 
 
 62. Papavebaces. Poppy-like. 
 Chelidonium, 63. Papaver, 64. Sanguinaria, C4. Ar» 
 
INTRODUCTION. 21 
 
 gemone, 65. Cimicifuga, 65. Fumaria, 77. Corydalis, 
 78. Tolygala, 78. 
 
 63. Crcciferjb. Bearing- cruciform flowers. 
 Myagrum, 73. Draba, 73. Lunaria, 73. Bunias, 73. 
 Isatis, 73. Alyssum, 73. Cochlearia, 74. Iberis, 74. Le- 
 pidium, 74. Thlaspi, 74. Arabis, 74. Turritis, 74. Den- 
 taria, 74. Hesperis, 74. Erysimum, 74. Brassica, 75. 
 Raphanus, 75. Cheiranthus, 75. Cardamine, 75. Sisym- 
 brium, 75. Sinapis, 75. 
 
 64. Capparides. Caperbush-like. 
 Parnassia, 47. Drosera, 48. Cleome, 49. Reseda, 61. 
 Capparis, 64. 
 
 65. Sapindi. Soapberry-like. 
 Cardiospermum, 55. 
 
 66. Acera. Maple-like. 
 Xsculus, 53. Acer, 54. 
 
 67. Malpighije. 
 We have no plants of this order. 
 
 68. Htperica. John's wort-like. 
 Ascyrum, 64. Hypericum, 65. 
 
 69. GuTHFERiB. Bearing secreted drops,. 
 We have no plants of this order. 
 
 70. Aurahtia. Orange-like. 
 Citrus, 64. 
 
 71. Melta. Beadtree-like. 
 Melia, 56. Thea, 64. 
 
 72. Vites. Grape-like. 
 Vitis, 41. Ampelopsis, 42. 
 
 73. Geraxia. Cranebill-like. 
 
 Impatiens, 42. Linum, 48. Tropoeolum, 55. Dionaea, 
 
 57. Oxalis, 59. Erodium, 76. Pelagonium, 76. Geran- 
 ium, 76. 
 
 74. Malvace^. Mallows-like. 
 
 Gordonia, 76. Napaea, 77. Sida, 77. Hibiscus, 77. 
 Malva, 77. Althaea, 77. Lavatera, 77. Gossipium, 77. 
 
&£ INTRODUCTION. 
 
 75. Magnolia. Magnolia-like. 
 Liriodendron, 67. Magnolia, 67. 
 
 76. Axxoxm. Papaw-like. 
 Annona, 66. Porcelia, 67. 
 
 77. Menisperma. Moonseed-like. 
 Menispermum, 100. 
 
 78. Berberides. Barberry-like, 
 Hamamelis, 36. Berbenis, 48. 
 
 79. Tiliace.®. Basswood-like. 
 
 Tilia, 64. 
 
 80. Cisti. Rockrose-like. 
 
 Viola, 42. Cistus 64. 
 
 81. Rutacejb. Rue-like. 
 Ruta, 56. 
 
 82. Carybphyllejb. Pink-like. 
 
 Holosteum, 33. Lechea, 33. Mollugo, 33. Queria, 33. 
 
 Sagina, 36. Sarothra, 47. Alsine, 47. Dianthus, 58. Sa« 
 
 ponaria, 58. Arenaria, 58. Stellaria, 59. Silene, 59. Cu- 
 
 cubalus, 59. Spergula, 59. Agrostemma, 59. Cerastium, 
 
 60. Lychnis, 60. 
 
 83. Sexperviya. Liveforevir-like. ' 
 
 Sedum, 59. Penthorum, 59. Sempervivum, 61. 
 
 84. Saxifraga. Saxifrage-like. 
 
 Ileuchera, 44. Oldenlandia, 35. Saxifraga, 58. Tiarel- 
 
 ]a, 58. Mitella, 58. 
 
 85. Cacti. Pricklyp ear-like. 
 
 Ribes, 42. Hydrangea, 58. Hortensia, 59. Cactus, 62. 
 
 86. Portulacce*. Purslane-like.. 
 
 Claytonia,42. Tamarix, 47. Chrysosplenium, 55. Scle- 
 
 I'anihus, 58. Portulacca, 60. 
 
 87. Ficoidea. Fig-like. 
 
 Mesembryanthemum, 63. Ficus, 98. 
 
 88. Onagr.e. 
 
 Circaea, 27. Ludwigia, 35. Gaura, 53. Epilobium, 54. 
 
 (Enothera, 54. 
 
INTRODrCTIO*. 23 
 
 89. Mthti. Myrtle-like. 
 Decumaria, 60. Philadelphus, 61. Mystus, 62. 
 
 90. Melastomje. 
 Rhexia, 54. Melastoma, 56. 
 
 91. Saltcari^e. 
 Ammannia, 35. Isnardia, 35. Glaux, 43. Lythrum, 60. 
 Cuphea, 60. 
 
 92. Rosaceje. Rose-like. 
 Sanguisorba, 34. Agrimonia, 61. Prunus, 61. Armeni- 
 aca, 61. Punica, 62. Amygdalus, 62. Crataegus, 62. 
 Sorbus, 62. Aronia, 62. Mespilus, 62. Pyiiis, 62. Spiraea, 
 
 62. - Rosa, 63. Rubus, 63. Dalibarda, 63. Fragaria, 63. 
 Potentilla, 63. Geum, 63. Comarum, 63. Calycanthus, 
 
 63. Poterium, 94. 
 
 93. Legumixosa. Bearing legumes. 
 Podalyria, 56. Cercis, 56. Cassia, 56. Mimosa, 76. 
 Petalostemon, 77. Amorpha, 78. Lupinus, 78. Crotolaria, 
 
 78. Genista, 78. Spartium, 78. Arachis, 78. Ulex, 78. 
 Pisum, 79. Lathyrus, 79. Vicia, 79. Robinia, 79. 
 Phaseolus, 79. Dolichos, 79. Colutea, 79. Glycyrrhiza, 
 
 79. Indigofera. 79. Vexillario, 80. Galactia, 80. Gly. 
 vine, 80. Galega, 80. Medkago, 80. Trigonella, 80. 
 Astragalus, 80. Trifolium, 80. Melilotus, 80. Lespede- 
 za, 81. Hedysarum, 81. Sulosanthes, 81. JEschynom- 
 ene, 81. Geditschia, 100. 
 
 94. Terebiwthi. 
 Rhus, 47. Juglans, 94. Zanthoxylum, 99. 
 
 95. Rhamxi. Buckthorn-like. 
 
 Bex, 36. Rhamnus, 41. Ceanothus, 41. Celastrus, 41. 
 Euonymus, 41. Staphylea, 47. Prinos, 49. 
 
 96. Euphorbia. Spurge-like. 
 Euphorbia, 61. Esula, 61. Buxus, 93. Acalypha, 9S 
 
 Ricinus, 96. Fhyllanthus, 96. 
 
24 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 97. CtrcuHBiTAC£.a2. Pumpkin-like, 
 Passiflora, 76. Momordica, 97. Sycios, 97. Cucurbits, 
 97. Cucumis, 97. Melothria, 97, 
 
 98. Urticje. Nettle-like. 
 Boehmeria, 92. Urtica, 92. Parietaria, 92. Morus, 92. 
 Serpicula, 93. Humulus, 99. Canabis, 99. 
 
 99. Amextaceje. Bearing pendant aments. 
 Ulmus, 44. Celtis, 44-. Fothergilla, 65. Comptonia, 
 
 92. Alnus, 92 Quercus, 94. Fagus, 95. Castanea, 95. 
 Betula, 95. Carpinus, 95. Ostrya, 95. Corylus, 95. Pla- 
 tanus, 95. Liquidambar, 95. Salix, 97. Myrica, 98. 
 Broussonetia, 93. Populus, 100. 
 
 100. CoxiFEHiE. Bearing strobiles, or cones. 
 Pinus, 96. Cupressus, 96. Thuja, 96. Juniperus, 101, 
 
 Taxus, 101. 
 
A 
 
 SYSTEM OF GENERA, 
 
 TOR THE 
 
 NORTHERN AND MIDDLE 
 STATES. 
 
 CLASS I. MONANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Moxogyxia. 
 
 Salicorxia. Calyx inflated, entire : corol o: 
 seed l, inclosed in the calyx. 12. 2D — (samphire.) 
 
 Hippukis. Calyx superior, obsolete, with a 
 2-lobed margin : corol o : seed 1 : stigma simple. 
 15. G — (marestail.) 
 
 * Scirpus, Cyperus. 
 
 Order II. Digyxia. 
 
 C allttriche. Calyx inferior, 2- leaved : cap- 
 sule membranaceous and margined : (flowers 
 sometimes monoecious, and by some the calyx is 
 called the corol.) 12. G — (water-starwort.) 
 
 Blitum. Calyx 3-clet't, berry -like : corol o : 
 seed 1. 12. 29 — (Mite.) 
 
 Cinxa. Calyx, 1 -flowered glume, 2-valvcd : 
 corol a 2-valved glume : seed 1. 4. 10. 
 
 * Uniola. 
 
 CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Moxogyxia. 
 
 A. Corol inferior, I -retailed regular : border 9 ex- 
 cept in Jasminum, 4-parted. 
 
 Jvsmixum. Corol salver-form, 5 to <* — cleft: 
 berry 2-seededj each seed solitary, arilied. 44. 
 
 oT — (jasmine.) Exotic. 
 
 C 
 
26 CLASS II. ORDER I. 
 
 Ligustrum. Calyx 4-toothed : corol with 
 ovate divisions : berry 4-seeded. 44. 37 — (prim.) 
 
 Chioxaxthls. Corol 4-cleft, with very long 
 divisions : nucleus of the druj)c striate-fibrous. 
 44. 37 — (fringe tree.) 
 
 Syrixga. Corol salver-form : capsule ^-cell- 
 ed. 44. 37 — (lilac.) Exotic. 
 
 23. Corol inferior, 1 -pet ailed, irregular : fruit 
 capsular, 
 
 Utriccxaria. Calyx 2-leaved, equal : corol 
 ringent, spurred : ca])sule 1-celled, globular. 24. 
 34 — (bladder- wort.) 
 
 Cataipa. Corol 5-cleft : calyx 2-leaved : cap- 
 sule 2-cellcd. 40. 45 — (catalpatrec.) 
 
 Jvsticia. Calyx simple or double, 5-parted : 
 corol ringent or nearly equal : capsule 2-celled, 
 bursting with an elastic claw : partitions trans- 
 Terse. 40. 36 — (malabar nut.) Exotic. 
 
 Gratiola. Calyx 5 -leaved, sometimes with 
 a 2-leaved calycle : corol 4-cleft, 2-lipped, revers- 
 ed : stamens 4 : (2 of them barren) stigma 2- 
 lipped : capsule 2-celled. 40. 40. (hedge-hysop.) 
 
 Lixderxia. Calyx 5 -parted, equal : corol 
 ringent, the upper lip very short, the fewer one 3- 
 cleft, 2- keeled at the base: anthers cohering by 
 pairs : stigma bilainellate : capsule 2-celled, 2- 
 valved, the partition parallel to the valves. 40. 
 
 Veronica. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-cleft, 
 lower division smaller : capsule 2-celied. 40. 35 
 —(speedwell.) 
 
 Callistaciua. Calyx 4-parted : corol tubu- 
 lar, 4-cleft, with one division smaller : capsule 
 ovate, 2-celled. (Culvers physic.) This genus 
 •was taken from the Veronica by M. Rafinesquc. 
 Not having his generic description, I am com- 
 pelled to take it from my specimens; perhaps in- 
 accurately. 40. 35. 
 
 C. Cowl inferior, 1-petaUed, irregular: seeds na- 
 ked. 
 
 X*ycopus. Calyx tubular, half 5-cleft : corol 
 
CLASS III. ORDER I. 27 
 
 tabular, 4-cleft, nearly equal, l division emargin- 
 ate: stamens distant : seeds 4, retuse, 4 2.39 — 
 (wator-horehound.) 
 
 Movakda. Calyx cylindric, striated, 5 -tooth- 
 ed : corol ringent, upper lip linear, involving the 
 filaments. 4 2.39 — (Oswego tea, mo intain-mtnt.) 
 
 Rosm lrinus. Corol ringent, upper lip 2-part- 
 ed : filaments long, curved, simple; with a tooth. 
 42. 39 — (rosemary.) 
 
 Salvia. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, underlip 2- 
 toothed : corol ringent : filaments transversely 
 allixcd to a pedicel. 4 2. 39 — (sage.) 
 
 Collin soy i a. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped : corol 
 unequal, underlip many -cleft, capillary : one per- 
 fect seed. 40. 39 — (horse-balm.) 
 
 D. Corol superior. 
 
 Circaea. Calyx 2-leavcd : corol 2-petalled : 
 capsule hispid, 2-celled, not gaping ; cells l -seed- 
 ed. 48. 88 — (enchanter's nightshade.) 
 
 * Cunila, Schoenus, Scirpus, Verbena. 
 
 Order II. Digyxia. 
 
 Aitthoxaxthcm. Calyx, glume 2-valved,'l- 
 flowered : corol glume 2-valvcd, acuminate, awn- 
 od : seed 1. 4. 10 — (sweet vernal grass.) 
 
 * Hole us, Festuca, Saccharuin. 
 
 CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 
 Order I. Moxogyxia. 
 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 
 Valeriana. Calyx 0, or with an extremely 
 small margin: corol i -Detailed, 5-cleft, base g 
 bous : seed l : stamens, 1,2, 3 and 4. exsert, 48. 
 56 — (valerian.) Exotir. 
 
 Fed i a. Calyx 3 to 6-toothed : corol 5 -parted: 
 nut 2 or 3-cciled : seed naked, or crowned with a 
 tooth. 48. 56 — (lamb-lettuce.) 
 
 Crocus, Spat lie radical ; corol iunncl-forin., 
 
28 CLASS III. ORDER I. 
 
 with a long slender tube : stigma deep-gashed, 
 crested. 6. 18 — (saffron.) Exotic. 
 
 Iris. Calyx, spathe 2-valved : corol 6-parted, 
 divisions alternately reflected ; stigmas petal- 
 like. 6. 18 — (flower-de-luce, iris or flag.) 
 
 Dilatris. Corol 6-petalled, superior, hirsute : 
 the third filament less t'lan the rest : stigma sim- 
 ple : capsule globose, 3-celled, crowned. 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 Com melina. Calyx, spathe cordate : corol 6- 
 petalled : nectaries 3, cross-form, inserted on pe- 
 culiar filaments : capsule sub-globose, 3-ceiled. 6. 
 1 3 — (day-flower.) 
 
 Leptaxthus. Calyx, spathe 1 -flowered: co- 
 rol long-tubular : border 6-parted with the sta- 
 mens on the divisions, anthers uniform, filaments 
 equal : capsule 3-celled, many -seeded, gaping at 
 the angles. 6. 13. 
 
 Heteraxthera. Calyx, spathe 1 -flowered : 
 corol with a long slender tube, border 6-parted 
 with the stamens on the divisions ; anthers of 
 two difFerent forms, filaments of unequal lengths : 
 capsules 3-celled, many seeded, dehiscent at the 
 angles. 6. 13 — (odd shives.) 
 
 Xyris. Calyx, glume 2-valvcd, in a head : 
 corol 3-petalled, equal, crenate : capsule 3-valv- 
 ed, many seeded. 6. 13 — (yellow-eyed-grass.) 
 
 C. Flowers grassy : valves of the cahjx glume- 
 like : corol none, 
 
 Kyllixgia. Spike (or anient) roundish-ob- 
 long, sessile, or umbel-like : calyx of 2 unequal 
 leaves or valves, 1 -flowered : corol 2-valved, or 
 9. leaved, greater than the calyx : seed 3-sided, 
 (stamens and stigmas vary from 1 to 3.) 3. 9 — . 
 (false bog-rush.) 
 
 Schoexus. Spikelets sub-convolute, acute ; 
 scales heaped in fascicles, outer ones dry? shin- 
 ing : corol : seed 1, roundish, naked or SIU> 
 rounded with bristles. 3. 9 — (bog-rush.) 
 
CLASS III. ORDER I. <59 
 
 Rhyxciiospora. Scales of the calyx fascicled 
 into a spike^ lower outs empty: corolO: styles 
 
 permanent at the base : bristles at the base of the 
 seeds. 3. 9. 
 
 Cyferus. Glumes chaffy, scales imbricated 
 2-wa\ s : seed single, beardless : spikelets com- 
 pressed. 3. 9. 
 
 Mariscvs. Flowers distinct, subimbricate in 
 a spike : calyx 2-vaIved, about 3-flowcred : co- 
 rols 2-valved, the lower one embracing the upper: 
 style 3-cleft. 3. 9. 
 
 Drue hum. Spikes sub-raccmed, proceed- 
 ing from the axils of the leaves ; spikelets linear- 
 lanceolate, sub-compressed : scales somewhat 2- 
 ranked, closely embracing : styles very long, 2- 
 cleft : germ with small bristles rough backwards. 
 3. 9 — (galingale.) 
 
 Sc&ipus. Glumes chaffy, scales imbricated 
 eyery way : seed single, naked, surrounded with 
 hairs or bristles. 3. 9 — (club-rush.) 
 
 Eriofhorum. Glume chaffy, imbricated ev- 
 ery way : seed beset round with very long dense 
 woolly hairs. 3. 9 — (cotton-grass.) 
 
 Trichophorum. Calyx, scales imbricated ev- 
 ery way : seed beset with capillary bristles, which 
 at length project out, always 6 in number : spike- 
 lets ovatish. 3. 9 — (light-hair.) 
 
 Fuirena. Scales of the calyx mucronate, ev- 
 ery where imbricate in a spike : seed broad-in- 
 volucred, chaff-like, often awned. 3. 9. 
 
 D. Flowers grassy: valves of the calyx glume- 
 like : carol 2-valved. 
 
 Limxetis. Calyx 2-valved compressed, one 
 of them keeled and longer than the other : co- 
 rol 2-valved. 3. 9 — (salt grass.) 
 
 Cexciiiius. Involucre divided, echinate, 3 or 
 4-flowered : glumes 2-valved, 2-flowered : corol 
 2-valved, awnless : style 2-cleft, 4, 10 — (hedge- 
 hog-grass.) 
 
 * J uncus, Galium. 
 
 C 2 
 
30 CLASS III. ORDER II, 
 
 Order II. Digyxia. 
 
 The proper Grasses. 
 A. Flowers perfect. 
 
 1st. Glume \-jlo~ivereiL 
 
 Oryzopsis. Calyx 2-valved, lax, obovate : 
 corol teretish-ovate, leathery : valves 2, outer 
 one aw ned at the apex : appendages 2, linear, 
 ehafty. 4. 10 — [mountain -rice.) 
 
 Paxiclm. Calyx 3-valved, the third valve 
 doi'sal and very minute : corol 2-valved : inflor- 
 escence various. 4. 10 — (cockfoot grass, panic - 
 grass.) 
 
 Digitaria. Calyx 2 or 5-valved, concave ; 
 the outer one \vr\ small or none, the inmost one 
 of the length of the corol : corol 2-valvcd, oblong- 
 ovate, awnless : style very long ; spikes digitate, 
 linear : flowers in pairs. 4. 10— (finger-grass.) 
 
 Paspaeim. Calyx 2-valved, valves roundish, 
 of the form of the corol : flowers unilateral. 4. 10 
 — (paspalon.) 
 
 A justed a. Calyx 2-valved : corol 1-valved, 
 with 3 awns at the tip. 4. 10 — (beard-grass.) 
 
 Stipa. Calyx 2-valved : corol 2-valved : 
 valves involute truncate ; awn terminal, very 
 long, twisted at the base. 4. 10 — (feather-grass.) 
 
 Aeopecurus. Calyx 2-valved : corol 1-val- 
 ved, simple at the tip ; sometimes awned at the 
 base. 4. 10 — (foxtail-grass.) 
 
 Phaearis. Calyx 2-valved, valves keeled, 
 nerved, equal in length, including the 2-valved 
 pilose corol. 4. 10 — (ribbon -grass, canary-grass.) 
 
 Hordeum. Calyx lateral, 2-valved,* 1 or 2- 
 flowered; florets in threes, the middle one sessile, 
 lateral ones often barren : corol 2-valved, acute, 
 outer valve awned. 4. 10 — (barley.) 
 
 Milium. Calyx 2-valved, 1 -flowered, ventri- 
 cose : corol 2-valved, very short : stigmas pen- 
 ciliorm. 4. 10— (millet.) 
 
 Ageostis. Calyx 2-valved; 1 -flowered, valves 
 
CLASS IIT. ORDER II. 3f 
 
 unite : corol 2-valved : stigmas longitudinally his- 
 pid or plumose, florets spreading. 4. 10 — (redtop.) 
 Sac t h via m. Calyx invohicred with long woof, 
 
 2-\al\cd : corol 1 or fc-valved : stigmas 1 to 3. 
 4. io — (sugar-cane.) Exotic 
 
 Muheexbehc.ja. Calyx l or 2-valved, \cry 
 minute : corol 2-valved, base hairy, outer valve 
 awned at the tip: seed 1, oblong acuminate : flow* 
 ers panicled. 4. 10 — (dropsccd grass.) 
 
 Leersia. Calyx : corol 2-valved, closed ; 
 valves compressed, boatibrm, awnless. 4. 10. 
 — (cut-grass.) 
 
 TbichoDiuM. Calyx 2-valved. valves nearly 
 equal, acute ; keel with small spines : corol 1- 
 vaLved, awnless, shorter than calyx: stigmas 
 nearly sessile, sub-hispid. Panicled. 4. 10— 
 (thin-grass.) 
 
 Pheeum. Calyx indurated, 2-valved, sessile, 
 linear, truncate, bicuspidate : corol inclosed. 4. 
 1 — (timothy-grass.) 
 
 2d. Glumes 2 or S-Jlowered ; panicled. 
 
 Aira. Calyx glossy, 2-valved, 2 -flowered : 
 corol 2-valved, awnless, or awned at the base. 4, 
 10 — (hair-grass.) 
 
 3d. Glumes 2-Jlowered or more; close-spiked. 
 
 Elimis. General calyx involucre-like, gen- 
 erally 4 -leaved, 2-spikcd or with spikelets in 
 pairs ; partial calyx lateral, 2-valved, many-flow- 
 ered. 4. 10 — (lime-grass, wild rye.) 
 
 Melica. Calyx 2-valved, coloured, obtuse: 
 corol 2-valved, ventricose, with the rudiment of 
 a third among the flowers. 4. 10 — (melic-grass.) 
 
 Eeeisixe. Calyx awnless. many-flowered: 
 inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike : corol 
 2-valved, awnless. 4. 10 — (dog-tail-grass.) 
 
 Secale. Calyx 2-valved, 2 or man \ -flower- 
 ed, opposite, solitary : glumes linear-lanceolate, 
 smooth or channelled both sides. 4. 10 — (rye.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Tbitictm. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-fiowercd, 
 
52 CLASS HI. ORDER II. 
 
 alternate ; florets obtusish and pointed : glumes 
 beardless or interruptedly bearded : spikelets 
 shortish. 4. 10 — (wheat.) 
 
 Lolium. Calyx 1 -leafed, permanent, many- 
 flowered : florets in a 2-rowed simple spike. 4, 
 1 — (darnel-grass.) 
 
 Atheropogojn t . Calyx 1-valved, 2-flowered : 
 corol 2-valved, awned. 4. 10 — (hairy -beard.) 
 
 4 th. Ghunes many-jlowcred ; inpanicks. 
 
 Uniola. Spikelets fiat, 2-edged, ovate: calyx 
 many-glumed : corol 2-valved, awnless, inner 
 one smallest : stamens 1 to 3 : appendages 2, 
 somewhat 2-horned. 4. 10 — (sea-rush-grass.) 
 
 Briza. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered : spike- 
 lets of the panicle 2-rankcd : valvelets inflated, 
 heart-form, obtuse ; inner one minute. 4. 10 — 
 (quake-grass.) 
 
 Sorghum. Polygamous. Florets in pairs ; 
 one perfect and sessile, the other staminate or 
 neutral and pedicilled. 4. 10 — (broom-corn.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Dactylis. Calyx 2-valved, one valve small- 
 er : corol 2-valved, awnless, compressed, cari- 
 nate : style long : panicles strait ; spikelets im- 
 bricate with lateral florets. 4. 10 — (orchard- 
 grass.) 
 
 Poa. Calyx 2-valved, many -flowered : corol 
 ovate ; valves 2-coloured, acutish, scarious at 
 their margins : spikelets of the panicle ovate, 
 awnless. 4. 10— (meadow-grass, blue-grass.) 
 
 Festlca. Calyx 2-valved, many -flowered ; 
 spikelets oblong, teretish, or diverging ; awnless 
 or furnished with a terminal awn. 4. 10 — (fescue- 
 grass.) 
 
 Bromus. Calyx 2-valved ; spikelets oblong, 
 terete-2-ranked ; valves awned below the tip. 4. 
 10 — (chess, broom-grass.) 
 
 Avexa. Calyx 2-valved, many-flow ered ; 
 valves with a twisted awn on the back : glumes 
 membranaceous and somewhat follicle-like. 4. 10 
 — (oats.) 
 
CLASS III. ORDER III. S3 
 
 Arindo. Calyx 2-vahcd. one or many-flow- 
 ered, glabrous: florets heaped together: corol 
 surrounded with wool. 4. 10 — (reed-grass.) 
 
 B. Flowers polygamous. 
 
 1st. Glume l-Jlotcered. 
 
 A.\DRoro«ON. Calyx, glume 2-valved : rorol 
 S-valved : flowers in pairs; 1 sessile perfect ; the 
 
 other pedunrlcd, staminatc, awnless — rarely neu- 
 tral. 4. 10 — (beardgrass.) 
 
 2d. Glume 2-Jlowered, or more. Pankled. 
 
 Holcus. Calyx, glume 2-valved, opake, ner- 
 vous : eorol smaller than calyx, 2-valved, the out- 
 er one awncd under the tip: nectary linear 2- 
 parte'd : stigma subsessile. 4. 10 — (soft-grass.) 
 # Alsine. 
 
 Order HI. Trigynia. 
 
 A. Corol 5 -pet ailed. 
 
 Holosteum. Calyx 5-leaved : capsule 1 -cell- 
 ed, nearly ( ylindric, bursting at the top. 22. 82 
 »— (succulent duckweed.) 
 
 B. Corol S-petalled. 
 
 Lechea. Calyx 3-leaved : capsule 3-celled* 
 3-valved, with 3 inner vahelets : seed 1. 22. 82 
 — (pinweed.) 
 
 C. Corol none. 
 
 Molixgo. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior: capsule 
 S-celled, 5-\alved, many-seeded. 22. 82 — (car- 
 pet-weed.) 
 
 Qieria. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior : capsule 
 1-celled : seed 1. 22. 82 — (fork chickweed.) 
 
 Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted superior : nut 
 3-sided, 3-ceUed, crowned by the calyx. 15. 22 — « 
 (mermaid-weed.) 
 
 * Zauthoxylon. Alsine, 
 
34 CLASS IV. ORDER I. 
 
 CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA. 
 Order I. Moxogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers l-petalled. inferior ^cahjcc 4-cleft. 
 
 Callicarpa. Corol 4-cleft, tubular : berry 4- 
 seeded. 43. 38 — (Bermuda mulberry;) 
 
 Plaxtago. Corol 4-cleft reflexed : capsule 2- 
 celled, opening transversely : stamens very long. 
 54. 31 — (plantain, ribwort.) 
 
 Lycilm. Corol tubular, haying the throat 
 closed by the beards of the filaments : berry 2- 
 celled, many-seeded. 28. 41 — (box thorn.) 
 
 Fbasera. Corol 4-cleft, spreading ; segments 
 with bearded glands in the middle : capsule com- 
 pressed, sub-margined, 2-valved : seeds few,, im- 
 bricated — (pyramid flower.) 
 
 Bartonia. Corol 4-cleft, bell -form, perma- 
 nent : capsule 1 -celled, 2-valved, many-seeded — 
 (screw-stem.) 
 
 Houstoxia. Corol salver-form : capsule 2- 
 celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded. 4T. 57 — (Venus' 
 pride.) 
 
 B. Flowers l-petalled, superior. 
 
 Mitchelxa. Calyx 4-toothed : corols 2 on 
 each germ, tubular : berry double, 4-seeded : 
 stigmas 4. 48. 57 — (partridge -berry, checker- 
 berry.) 
 
 Sanguis ore a. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved : co- 
 rol superior, 4 parted : capsule between the calyx 
 and corol. 54. 92 — (burner saxifrage.) 
 
 Ceph acanthus. Inflorescence in ahead : gen- 
 eral calyx ncne : proper calyx superior : corol 
 funnel-form : receptacle globular, hairy : cap- 
 sules 2 to 4-partible : seed solitary, oblong. 48. 
 5 7 — ( b u tton- b u si » . ) 
 
 Linn a fa. Calyx double : that of the fruit 2- 
 leaved, inferior ; that of the ilower 5-parted : co- 
 rol bell-form : stamens somewhat didyuamous ; 
 berry 3-cellcd, dry. 48. 58 — (twin-ilower.) 
 
CLASS IV. ORDER I. $5 
 
 Rubia. Calyx 4-toothed : corol 4 or 5-clcft, 
 bell-form : berries 2, one-seeded, (stamens 4-5; 
 leaves stellate.) 47.57 — [madder.) Exotic* 
 
 Scviuosv. Common caljx many-leaved; pro- 
 per one double, superior: receptacle chaffy or 
 naked. (Flowers aggregate.) 47.57 — (scabious.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Gaxhtm. Calyx 4-toothed: corol flat: fruit 
 dry: seeds 2, roundish: (leaves stellate.) 47. 57 
 • — (bedstraw.) 
 
 Dipsacus. Common calyx many-leaved ; pro- 
 per calyx l -leafed superior : receptacle chaffy : 
 seed 1, crowned : flowers aggregate. 48. 56 — (tea- 
 sel.) 
 
 C. Flowers 4-petalled, inferior. 
 
 Ammaxxia. Calyx tubular, plaited. 8-toothed : 
 petals 4. or none, on the calyx : capsule 4 -celled 
 
 ■ — (sometimes 2-celled and 8-stamcned.) 17. 91 — 
 (tooth-cup.) 
 
 D. Flowers 4-petalIeih superior. 
 
 CoRwrs. Calyx 4-toothed : drupe with a 2- 
 celled nut. Some species have a 4- leaved involu- 
 cre. 45. 58 — (dogwood, false box.) 
 
 Ludwigia. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions 
 long, permanent : capsule -cornered. 4-celled, 
 perforated at the top, many-seeded — (petals some- 
 times wanting.) 17. 88 — (seed-box.) 
 
 Oldexlaxdia. Corel 4-petalled : calyx 4- 
 parted, superior : capsule 2-celled, many-seeded : 
 columella free. (Styles 1 or 2.) — (round head.) 
 
 E. Flowers not complete. 
 
 Pothos. General calyx a spathe : perianth o : 
 spadix simple, covered with flowers : petals 4, 
 wedge-form : berries globose, 2-seeded, inclosed 
 in a spongy receptacle. 2. 7 — (skunk-cabbage.) 
 
 Isxakaiha. Calyx bell-form, 4-parted superi- 
 or : corol o : capsule 4-celled, 4-cornered, many- 
 seeded, surfouirded by the calyx. 17. 91 — (water- 
 purslaue.) 
 
S6 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 Rivixa. Corol 4-petalled, inferior, perman- 
 ent : calyx o : berry 1-seeded : seed lenticular, 
 rough, (stamens 4, 8 or 12.) 12. 29 — '(rough seed.) 
 * Convallaria, Cai'damine* Prinos. 
 
 Order II. Digyxia. 
 
 Hamamelis. Involucre 3-leaved : perianth 
 
 4-leaved : petals 4, very long, linear : nut 2-ccll- 
 
 cd, 2-horned. 54. 78 — (witch hazel.) Flowers in 
 
 autumn, and perfects its seed the following spring. 
 
 f Cuscuta, Swertia, Oldenlandia, Gentiana. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragyxia. 
 
 Ilex. Calyx 5-toothed ; corol 4-parted, 
 wheel-form 5 style o; berry 4-celled, cells 1-seed- 
 ed. 43. 95 — (holly.) 
 
 Ruppia. Calyx o: corol o: seeds 4, pedicell- 
 ed. 
 
 Sagixa. Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 ; capsule 
 4-celled, 4-valved, many seeded. 22. 82 — (pearl- 
 wort.) 
 
 Tileaea. Calyx 3 or 4-parted : petals 3 or4, 
 equal : capsules 3 or 4, two or many-seeded. 15. 
 G — (pigmy-weed.) 
 
 Potamogetox. Calyx o : petals 4 : style o ; 
 seeds 4. 15. 6 — (pond-weed.) 
 
 CLASS V. PENTAXDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Moxogyxia. 
 
 A. Flowers l-j)etalled, inferior ; having 4 naked 
 seeds. Rough -leaved plants. 
 
 Pulmoxaria. Calyx prismatic 5-angled : co- 
 rol funnel-form, with an open throat : seeds 
 roundish, obtuse. 41. 42 — (lung-wort.) 
 
 Cerixthe. Limb of the corol tubular, ven- 
 tricose, throat pervious : nuts two, 2-celied. 41. 
 42 — (honey-wort.) Exotic. 
 
 Lithospermum. Calyx 5-parted : corol fun- 
 nel-form, with an open throat : seeds ovate, poin- 
 ted, stoney : stamens and pistils inclosed. 41. 42 
 — (stone-seed or gromM ell. j 
 
GLASS V. ORDER T. 37 
 
 CvNT.fii.ossiM. Calyx 5-parted : corol fun- 
 nel-form* vaulted, throat closed : seeds lepress- 
 cd, affixed laterally to tlie style within. 41. 42 — ■ 
 (hound-tongue.) 
 
 Batschia. Calyx about 5-cleft: corol sal- 
 ver-form, with a strait tube longer than the calyx ; 
 having a bearded ring within at the base : throat 
 naked, with rounded divisions: seeds hard and 
 shining. 41. 4-2 — (false bugloss.) 
 
 Awe hi s \. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, 
 vaulted, throat closed : seeds marked at the base, 
 and their surface generally veined. 41. 42. — (bag- 
 loss.) Exotic. 
 
 Mtosotis. Calyx half-5-cleft : corol salver- 
 form, curved, 5-cleft, vaulted, throat closed, the 
 lobes slightly emarginate : seeds smooth or ec In- 
 nate. 41. 42 — (scorpion-grass.) 
 
 Hr.Lio-i ropiim. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed : 
 corol salver-form, 5-cletlt, with teeth or folds be- 
 tween the divisions ; throat open. (Spikes re- 
 curved, involute.) 41. 4 3 — (turnsole.) 
 
 Oxosmodiim. Calyx deeply 5-parted : corol 
 oblong*, somewhat bell-form, with the acute divis- 
 ions converging, the upper part of the corol being 
 ventricose and half-5-cleft, throat open : anthers; 
 sessile enclosed : styles exsert. (Spikes revo- 
 lute.) 4 1 . 42 — (false gromweU.) 
 
 Borago. Corol wheel-form, the throat closed 
 with rays. 41. 42 — (borage.) Exotic. 
 
 Symphytum. Limb, or upper part of the corol, 
 tubular-swelling, the throat closed with subulate 
 rays. 41. -J 2 — (comirey.) 
 
 Echhm. Corol most irregular, throat naked, 
 large : stigma cleft. 41. 42 — (vip< r's bugloss.) 
 
 B. Flowers l-pct ailed, inferior ; seeds covered with 
 a 1-ceUed capsule : calyx 5-parUd or 5-toot/ieJ. 
 
 IlvDRoruYLLiM. Corol bell-form, 5-cleft, 
 with 5 longitudinal honey-bearing groves inside : 
 capsule globose, 2-valveu : stigaia 2-cleft. 41. 42 
 — (water-leaf, burr-flower.) 
 
 D 
 
3d CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 Nolaka, Calyx 5-cleft, divisions broad : corol 
 bell-form : stigma capitate, somewhat 5-angled : 
 seeds 5 : receptacle fleshy, thickening. 41. 42. 
 Exotic. 
 
 Anagallis. Corol wheel-form, deeply 5-part- 
 cd: capsule opening transversely : stamens hairy. 
 20. 34 — (scarlet pimpernel.) 
 
 Lysimachia. Corol wheel-form : capsule glo- 
 bular, 10-valved, mucronate : stigma obtuse. — 
 (In some species the filaments are united at the 
 base.) 20. 34— .; loose-strife.) 
 
 Dodecatheon. Corol wheel-form, reflexed 
 capsule oblong : stamens on the inside of the tube : 
 stigma obtuse. 20. 34 — (false-cowslip.) 
 
 Menyanthes. Corol hairy : capsule ovate : 
 stigma 2-cleft. 21. 34 — (buck bean.) 
 
 Villarsia. Capsule 1-celled, valveless : co- 
 rol wheel-form ; divisions bearded at the base, 
 margin inflexed. 21. 34 — (spur-stem, heart water- 
 shield.) 
 
 Primula. Umbellets involucred : tube of co- 
 rol cylindric, throat open, divisions of corol emar- 
 ginate : capsule 1-celled with a 10-cleft mouth : 
 stigma globular. 21. 34 — (primrose, cowslip.) 
 
 Hottonia. Corol salver-form : stamens on 
 the tube of the corol: stigma globular. 21.34 — ■ 
 (feather-leaf.) 
 
 ■ Differ from the above in having 2-celled 
 
 capsules. 
 
 Spigelia. Corol funnel-form : twin capsules 
 4-valved, 2-celled : stigma simple : seeds many. 
 47. 46— (pink-root.) 
 
 Convolvulus. Corol funnel-form, plaited : 
 stigma 2-cleft or double : cells of the capsule 2 or 
 3 ; each 2 seeded. 29. 43 — (bind-weed.) 
 
 Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous : 
 corol funnel-form, plaited ,* capsule 4-valved, 4- 
 celled, smooth or thorny. 28. 41 — (thorn-apple.) 
 
 Nicotiana. Corol funnel-form, limb plaited: 
 stigma notched : stamens inclined: capsules 2- 
 cefied, 2-valvcd. 23. 41 — (tobacco.) Exotic. 
 
CLASS V. ORDER I. 39 
 
 Verbascum. Corol wheel-form, somewhat ir- 
 regular : stamens declined, hairy : capsules 2- 
 celled, 2-\al\ed : valves inflexed : many seeded. 
 28. 41 — (mullein.) 
 
 Ciiironia. Calyx somewhat hell-form : corn) 
 salver-form or wheel-form : anthers becoming spi- 
 ral ; filaments on the tube of the corol : pistil de- 
 clined : pericarp 4-celled. 20. 40 — (centaury.) 
 
 Atropa. Corol bell-form : stamens distant : 
 berry globular, 2-celled, sitting on the calyx. 28. 
 41 — (deadly nightshade.) Exotic. 
 
 Phacelia. Corol somewhat bell-form, 5-cleft : 
 stamens exsert : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4- 
 seeded. 41. 42. 
 
 Hyoscyamus. Corol funnel-form, obtuse, ir r 
 regular : stamens inclined : capsule 2-ccllcd, cov- 
 ered with a lid. 28. 41 — (henbane.) Exotic. 
 
 1 Differ from the above in having 3-celled 
 
 capsules. 
 
 Diapensia. Calyx 5 -leaved, imbricated with 
 leafets : corol salver-form ; limb fiat, 5-cleft : 
 stamens crowning the tube of the corol : capsule 
 3-vaived, many seeded. 21. 43. 
 
 Phlox. Calyx prismatic : corol salver-form ; 
 with a tube somewhat curved : filaments unequal 
 in length : stigmas 3-cleft : capsule 3-celled, 1- 
 seeded. 20. 44 — (lichnedia.") 
 
 Polemonium. Calyx-half 5-cleft: corol wheel- 
 form, 5-parted : stamens on 5 valves closing the 
 bottom of the tube : stigma 3-cleft. 29. 44— 
 (Greek- valerian.) 
 
 Jpomoea. Corol funnel or bell-form, with 5 
 plaits : stigma globe-headed, papillose : capsule 
 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded, 29. 43 — (cypress 
 vine, morning glory.) 
 
 Pyxidanthera. Divisions of calyx lying 
 over each other, chaftY-membranaceous : corol 
 bellform, 5-parted : filaments lamellar : cells of 
 anthers opening transversely : stigmas 3 : style 
 thick. 21. 43— (box-flower.; 
 
40 CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 — Differ from the above in having 5-celled 
 
 capsules. 
 
 Azalea. Corol tubular* half-5-cleft, some- 
 what oblique : stamens on the receptacle ; stigma 
 obtuse, usually ending with 5 short papillae. 18. 
 50 — (wild honey-suckle.) 
 
 Vixca. Corol salver-form, twisted, border 5- 
 cleft, with oblique divisions; throat 5 -angled : 
 seed naked, oblong : follicles 2, erect, terete, nar- 
 row e SO. 47 — (periwinkle.) 
 
 Differ from the above in having 2-celled 
 
 berries. 
 
 Solaxum. Calyx permanent : corol bell or 
 wheel-form, 5-lobed, plaited : anthers thickened, 
 with two pores at the top : berry containing ma- 
 ny seeds. 28. 41 — (potatoe, nightshade, bitter- 
 sweet.) 
 
 Phtsams. Corol bell or wheel-form : an- 
 thers converging : berries contained in an inflat- 
 ted calyx : seeds numerous. 28. 41 — (winter 
 cherry.) 
 
 Capsicum. Corol wheel-form : berry juice- 
 less : anthers converging: calyx angular. 28-. 
 41 — red pepper.) Exotic. 
 
 C. Flowers 1-petalled, half inferior : calyx 5-clcfL 
 Samolls. Corol salver-form, 5-lobed, with in- 
 termediate scales fencing the stamens between 
 them ; capsule 1 -celled, 5-toothcd ; many seeded. 
 21. 34 — (brookweed.) 
 
 D. Flowers 1-pctallcd superior : calyx 5-cleft. — . 
 
 ( stems woody. J 
 
 Loxicera. Corol tubular, 5-cleft, unequal : 
 berry 2 or 4-celIed : seeds many. 48. 58 — (trum- 
 pet honey-suckle.) 
 
 Xylosteum. Corol tubular, border 5-parted, 
 \y equal : berries in pairs, whose bases are 
 com a . dr single < ate ; 2-ceiied. 48. 5b— «. 
 
 (fly honey -suckle, twiu-borry.) 
 
CLASS V. ORDER T. 41 
 
 DiF.RviLLA. Calyx oblong : corol twice as 
 long as calyx, funnel-form, border 5-cleft, spread* 
 Log; capsule oblong, 4 -celled, many seeded* 48, 
 53 — [bush honey-suckle.) 
 
 (Stems not woedy.J 
 
 Campanula. Corol bell-lbrm, closed at the 
 bottom by valves bearing the stamens: stigma 3 
 to 5-cleft: capsule 3 to ."-celled, opening by later- 
 al pores. 29. 52 — (bell-flower.) 
 
 Lobelia. Corol irregular, often irregular- 
 ly slitted : anthers cohering and somewhat (Min- 
 ed : stigma simple : capsule 2 or 3-celled : 29. 
 52 — [cardinal flower, wild tobacco.) 
 
 Miradilis. Corol funnel-form, coarctate be- 
 low : calyx inferior : germ between the cah s 
 and corol : stigma globular. 54. 32 — (four o'- 
 clock.) Exotic. 
 
 Triosteum. Calyx of the length of the corol : 
 corol tubular, 5-lobed : berry 3-celled, 3-secd- 
 ed. 48. 53 — (feverwori, horse ginseng.) 
 
 E. Flowers 5-petalled, inferior. 
 (Stems icaodij.J 
 
 Rhamnus. Calyx cup-form, 4 or 5-cleft ; 
 corol consists of scales fencing in the stamens 
 arid inserted on the calyx (sometimes wanting) ; 
 stigma either simple, 2 or 4-cleft ; berry 3 or 4- 
 seeded : (sometimes polygamous or dioecious.) 
 43. 95 — (buck-thorn, dwarf alder.) 
 
 Ceanothus. Petals bay-like, vaulted, stand- 
 ing in the cup-form calyx ; berry, or capsule 
 dry, 3-grained. 43. 95— (New-Jersey tea.) 
 
 Cei astru-. Calyx flat : corol spreading : 
 capsule S-angled, 3-celled, berry-like : stigma 3- 
 cleft : seeds caiyptred. 43. 95 — (staff* tree, false 
 bittersweet.) 
 
 Euon vmus. Calyx 5-parted, fiat : corol flat : 
 capsule 5-angled. 5-celled, 5-valved, coloured : 
 Bee Is caiyptred. 43. 95 — (spindle tree) 
 
 Vitis. Calyx 5-toothedf: petals cohering at 
 D 2 
 
CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 the tip hood-like, withering : berry 5-seeded. 
 globular. (Often dioecious.) 46. 72 — (grape vine.) 
 
 Ampelopsis. Calyx 5-toothftl : petals rcflex- 
 ed, spreading : berry 5-seeded, globular. 46. 72 
 — (false grape"]) 
 
 Itea. Calyx 5-r left, bearing tbe 4 long linear 
 reflcxed petals : stigma capitate, 2-lobed : cap- 
 sule 2-valved ; the valves bearing the seeds and 
 having inflexed margins. 18. 50. 
 
 fStems not woody. J 
 
 Gomphrf.xa. Calyx 5-leaved coloured \ exte- 
 rior one 34eaved ; two leafets converging, keel- 
 ed : petals 5, villose (or rather no rorol) nectary 
 rylindric, 5-toothed : capsule opening transverse- 
 ly, l -seeded : style semibifhl — (bachelor's but- 
 tons.) Exotic. 
 
 Impatiens. Calyx 2-leaved : corol irregular, 
 spurred : anthers cohering •• capsule elastic, 5- 
 valved. 24. 73 — (jewel weed, touch-me-not, or 
 balsam weed.) 
 
 Celosia. Calyx 3 -leaved : corol 5-petalled : 
 
 stamens joined a 1 the base by a plaited nectary : 
 
 capsule horizontally dehiscent : style 2 or 3-cleft. 
 
 .Leaves always opposite] — cockscomb.) Exotic. 
 
 Viola. Calyx 5-leaved : corol irregular, 
 with a horn behind (sometimes the horn is want- 
 ing ) anthers attached by a membranous tip: 
 capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved *29. 80 — (violet.) 
 
 Claytokia. Calyx 2-valved : stigma 3-cleft : 
 capsule 1 -(died, 3-valved, 3-seeded 13. 86 — 
 (spring beauty.) 
 
 F. Flowers 5-petalled 9 superior, 
 
 Ribes. Corol and siaim ns inserted on the 
 calyx : style 2-cleCt : berry many-seeded. 36.85 
 (currant, gooseberry.) 
 
 Hedeha. Petals oblong: berry 5-seded, sur- 
 rounded by the calyx : style simple. 46. 58 — 
 (European ivy.) Exotic. 
 
 G. Cords wanting. 
 
 Tllec e brum. CaJy x 5-leaved, divisions arch- 
 
CLASS V. ORDER TT. 4A 
 
 cd at the tips : corol : stigma simple or 2 -cleft ; 
 capsule 5-valved, I -seeded. 
 Glaux Calyx inferior, 5-lobed, coloured: 
 I snlr I -celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded 
 bj the calyx. 17.91 — sea-milk wort.) 
 
 Thesium. Calyx superior, half 5>cleft, bear- 
 ing the stamens : mil 1 -seeded, covered with the 
 permanent calyx. 31. 24 — (false toad-flax.) 
 
 OJIDER H. DlGYXIA. 
 
 A. Follicles 2 : corol \-petalled, with a Jive-parted 
 
 border, 
 
 Amsonia. Corol funnel-form, throat closed : 
 follicles erect : seeds terete, naked, obliquely 
 truncate. (Stigma with a marginal ring. Leaves 
 
 alwavs alternate.) 
 
 Tskrium. Calyx 5-parted, small, permanent : 
 corol funnel-form; throat with a lacerated crown: 
 
 follicles converging, long acuminate — (oleandi 
 Exotic. 
 1'eriploc a. Nectary pitcher-form, putting out 
 
 5 threads, surrounding the stamens : corol v. lie* !- 
 form : stigma capitate, 5-corn'ered. 30. 47 — (foli- 
 cle ^ inc.) 
 
 Apocynum. Corol bell-form : stamens alter- 
 nating with 5 filamentous pointed nectaries : stig- 
 ma broad almost sessile : follicles long-linear. 
 4 7 ---dog-bane, Indian hemp.) 
 
 B. Capsules 1 or 2-cdled 9 2-xalved : corol l-petal- 
 
 ed : calyx 5-c!ej't. 
 
 Swertia. Corol wheel-form with nectarifer- 
 ous pores at the base of the divisions: capsule 
 celled. 20. 46— (false gentian.] 
 
 Gemiana. Corol with a tubular base, with- 
 out pores j capsule 1 -celled, oblong: columellas 
 •\ longitudinal. 20. 46 — (gentian.) 
 
 < uscuta. Corol 5-clelt : capsule 2-celled, di- 
 
 ling transversely at the base : sec^ls bi::: 
 29. 43— (dodder.) * 
 
U CLASS V. ORDER II. 
 
 C. Corol 5-pctalled. 
 
 Heuchera. Calyx inferior : corol on the ca« 
 lyx : capsule 2-beaked, 2-ceIle4. IS. 84 — (allum 
 root. ) 
 
 Panax. Polygamous. Umbelled. Involucre 
 many leaved : calyx 5 -toothed, superior : berry 
 heart-form, 2-seeded : calyx, in the staminate 
 flowers, entire. 46. 59 — (ginseng.) 
 
 D. Corol o. 
 (Stem herbaceous, except ^triplex halimus.J 
 
 Salsol a. Calyx 5-leaved with a capsular base : 
 capsule 1 -celled, with a spiral seed. 12. 29 — (salt- 
 wort.) 
 
 Chenopodium. Calyx 5-leaved, 5-anglcd, in- 
 ferior : seed 1, lens-like, invested by the calyx. 
 12. 29. (pigweed, oak of Jerusalem.) 
 
 Beta. Calyx 5-leaved : seed kidney-form 
 within the fleshy substance of the base of the ca- 
 lyx. 12. 29 — (beet.) Exotic. 
 
 Atriplex. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior ; style 2- 
 parted : seed 1, depressed. Pistillate flowers are 
 intermixed, in which the calyx is 2-leaved. 12. 29 
 — (orach.) 
 
 {Stems woody?) 
 
 Ulmus. Calyx bell-form withering, border 
 5 -cleft : seed 1, enclosed in a flat membranaceous 
 samara. (Stamens vary from 4 to 8.) 53. 99— 
 (elm.) 
 
 Celtis. Polygamous. Calyx 5-parted : styles 
 thickish, spreading : drupe 1 -seeded : staminate 
 flowers beneath the perfect ones, with 6-partcd 
 calyxes : stamens 6. 53. 99 — (nettle-tree.) 
 E. Plants umbelliferous. Flowers 5-2)etalled, 
 2-seeded. 
 
 — — With general and partial involucres. 
 
 Eryngium involucres many leaved : flow- 
 ers in heads, all fertile : receptacle chaffy : fruit 
 crowned, 2-parub A e. 45. 60 — (sea-holly.) 
 
CLASS V. ORDER IT. 45 
 
 Coriandrum. Corols radiate, with petals in- 
 fleeted, emarginate : genera] involucre I -leafed 5 
 partial one halved: fruit globular. 45. GO — (cori- 
 ander.) Exoth*. 
 
 Hydrocotylk. Umbels simple and very small ; 
 flowers all fertile : involucre 4 -leaved : petals 
 entire : fruit half-orbicular, compressed. 45. GO 
 — (water-navelwort.) 
 
 Samcul v. Flowers of the disk abortive : um- 
 bels crowded into head-like heaps : seeds prickly. 
 45. 60 — (saniclc, blackroot.) 
 
 Hkracleum. General involucre caducous : 
 flowers unequal : petals inilexcd, emarginate : 
 fruit oval, compressed, striate, margined, emar- 
 ginate. 45. 60 — (cow-parsely.) 
 
 Caucalis. Corols mostly radiate with the 
 disk florcs staminate: petals inficxed, emargin- 
 ate : fruit bispid wiih bristles : involucre man) - 
 leaved, entire or none. 45. 60 — (base-parsley.) 
 Southern states. 
 
 Daucvs. Involucres pinnatiAd : flowers some- 
 what radiate, those of the disk abortive : fruit 
 hispid with hairs. (Umbels funnel-form.; 45. 60 
 — (carrot.) Exotic. 
 
 Angelica. Petals incurved: corols equal: 
 calyx 5-toothed : style retiexed : fruit roundish, 
 solid, 3-winged both sides. 45. GO — angelica.) 
 
 Sisox. Petals lanceolate, inflected : umbels 
 with few peduncles : fruit ovate, striate : invo- 
 lucres about 4-lcavcd. 45. 60 — (honewort.) 
 
 Fert?la. Petals heart-form : fruit oval, flat 
 compressed, with 3 lines on both sides : flowers 
 uniform, all fertile : general involucre caducous, 
 partial ones many leaved. (Generally tall.) 45. 
 60 — (giant-fennel. ) 
 
 Ligusticum. Involucre membranaceous : ca- 
 lyx 5-toothed : petals equal, involute, entire : fruit 
 3 or 5-ribbed each side, oblong. 45. 60 — Joy age, 
 sine 11 age. Exotic. 
 
 Aumi. Involucres many leaved : corols radiate, 
 
46 CLASS V. ORDER II. 
 
 all perfect : fruit smooth or striate : umbels lax, 
 45 60 — (bishop-weed.) 
 
 Sium Involucres many-lea*~cd : petals heart- 
 form : fruit somewhat ovate, striate, compressed. 
 45. 60 — (water parsnip.) 
 
 Selinum. Involucre reflexed : perianth entire : 
 petals heart -form, equal : fruit flat-compressed, 
 striated in the middle, oval-oblong. 45. 60— 
 (milk-parsley.) 
 
 Conium. Partial involucres halved, somewhat 
 S-leaved : fruit somewhat globular, marked with 
 5 lines, crenate at both ends. 45. 60 — (poison 
 hemlock.) 
 
 With a partial, and witliout a general, inxo- 
 
 lucre. 
 
 Chaerophyllum. Involucre concave, reflex- 
 ed, 5 to 8-lcaved : petals indexed, heart-form : 
 fruit oblong, smooth or striated, very glabrous. 
 45. 60 — (poison cicily.) 
 
 Myrrhis. Umbel compound : involucres erect: 
 fruit oblong, deeply furrowed, angles sub-mem- 
 branaceous. 45. 60 — (sweet cicily.) 
 
 Cicuta. Involucre 3 to 5 -leaved : fruit sub* 
 ovate, grooved. 45. 60 — (cowbane. 
 
 Imperatoria. Fruit roundish, compressed, 
 gibbous in the middle, bound at the margin with 
 awing: petals inflex-emarginate. 45.60 — (mas- 
 ter-wort.) 
 
 Without a partial involucre, and rarely httc* 
 
 ing a general one, 
 
 Smyrnium. Fruit somewhat compressed, gib- 
 bous, striate : petals acuminate, keeled. — (Fruit 
 becoming black.) 45. 60 — (alexanders.) 
 
 Pastinaca. Fruit oval, flat-compressed : pe- 
 tals involute, entire. 45. 60 — (parsnip.) 
 
 Anethum. Fruit ovatish, compressed, striate : 
 petals involute, entire. 45. 60 — (fennel, dill.) 
 fcxotic. 
 
CLASS V. ORDERS III. i\. A? 
 
 Apil'm. Fruit ovate* striate : Involucre 1 -leaf- 
 ed : petals equal. 45 Go — (< ok rv, parsley). Ex- 
 otic. 
 
 Cvrum. Frait ovate-oblong, striate: invohi- 
 era about 1 -leafed: petals Keel-form, inllcx- 
 emarginate 4.1. 60 — caraway.) Exotic 
 
 * Polygonum, Scleranthus. 
 
 Asclepais and Cynanchum, are usually placed 
 here; but they arc carried to the 19th class on the 
 authority of Dr. Smith. 
 
 Order III. Tricyma. 
 
 A. Cor oh superior, 5 -cleft. 
 
 Viburnum. Calyx 5-parted : berry or drupe 
 1-secded. 43. 58 — (snowball, sheep-berry, high 
 cranberry ) 
 
 Samhucls. Calyx 5-parted: berry 3 seed ed. 
 43. 68— (elder 
 
 Tama&ix Caly: 5-parted: petals 5 : capsule 
 1 -celled, S-valvecf: seed furnished with hairs, 
 (tamarisk ) Exotic. 
 
 B. Corols inferior, 5-petallcd. 
 
 St phylea Caly 5-parted: capsules inflat- 
 ed, connate ; nuts globular, having a cicatrice. 
 23. 95— (bladder nut) 
 
 Rhus. Calyx 5-parted ; berry 1 -seeded. 4 3. 
 9 i — (sumach, poison ivy.) 
 
 Sarothra. Calyx 5-parted : capsule 1-cellcd, 
 3-Yalved, coloured. 20. 82 — (pine-weed.) 
 
 Alsine. Calyx 5-leaved : petals equal : cap- 
 sule L -celled, S-vahed, many-seeded ; having a 
 free central columella. 22. 82 — (chick-weed.) 
 * Euphorbia, Panax. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Farnassia. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-petalIed : 
 nectaries 5, with stamen-like divisions, globular 
 tips : capsule 4-valved, 2-celled : seed membran- 
 aceous- margined. 14. 64 — (parnassus-grass, false 
 plantain.) 
 
48 CLASS VI. ORDER I. 
 
 Order V. Pextagyxia. 
 
 Aralia. Umbellets involucred : perianth 5- 
 toothed, superior : petals 5 : berry crowned, 5- 
 celled ; cells 1 -seeded. 46. 5 9-^-( spikenard, wild 
 sarsaparella. 
 
 Li sum Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled: 
 capsule 5-valved, 10-relled : seeds solitary : fila- 
 ments thickening at the base. 14. 73 — (flax.") 
 
 Drosera Calyx 5-cleft : corol 5-petalled : 
 capsule l-celled, 3 to 5-valved at the top. seeds 
 many. Sometimes G-styled. (The leaves are al- 
 ways beset with glandular hairs resembling dew.) 
 14. 64 — (sundew. 
 
 St.tice. Calyx 1-leaved, entire, plaited, sra- 
 rious, interior : corol 5-petalled: seed 1. 48. 33— 
 (marsh-rosemary 
 
 * Sperg.iia, Ceratium. 
 
 Order XIII. Polygixia. 
 
 Z nthorhiza. Calyx o: petals 5 : nectaries 
 
 5, pedicelled : capsules 1 -.seeded, about 5 in num- 
 ber. 26 61 — (yellow-root) 
 
 CLASS VI. HEXANDRIA. 
 
 Order 1. Moxogyxia. 
 
 A. Flower with a perianth and corol, without a 
 
 spat he. 
 
 Bromelia. Calyx 3-cleft, superior : petals 3, 
 with nectariferous scales at the base : berry 3- 
 celled. 10 — ^pine-apple.) Exotic. 
 
 Tr . descant i \. Calyx inferior, 3-leaved : corol 
 S-petalled: filaments with jointed heads: cap- 
 sules 3-^elled. 6. 13 — (spiderwort.) 
 
 Berberris. Calyx inferior, 6-leaved : petals 
 
 6, with 2 at* the claw of each: style o: 
 berry 1 -eel needed. (Stigma navelled : sta- 
 mens spring upon being irritated,) — (barberry.) 
 
 Caulophyllum. Calyx inferior, 6-leav< 
 petals 6, opposite to the leaves of the calyx ; drupe 
 
CLASS VF. ORDER T. 49 
 
 1-seeded : anther 2-celled, gaping ;il the margin. 
 24. 7B — (poppoose-root.) 
 
 liuNos. Calyx inferior, 6-clefl : corol wheel- 
 form, 6-clefit : berry 6-seeded. 43, 95 — (winter* 
 berrj ) 
 
 Cm ome. Calyx 4-leaved : petals 4, ascending : 
 glands 3, (me at each sinuate division of the calyx 
 except the lowest : stamens from 6 to -20, or more : 
 capsule silique-like, I -celled, 2-valved Tetra- 
 dynamous. 25. 04 — (false-mustard) 
 
 Floerkea. Carj \ S-leaved, corol S-petaDed : 
 style 2-cleft : capsule bladder-like, o. -grained. 15. 
 2 1 — (false- mermaid. J 
 
 15. Flowers with a spathe or glume without a pc- 
 
 rluii'i'i. 
 
 Amaryllis. Corol" superior. 6-pctallcd, une- 
 qual : filaments unequal in proportion or direc- 
 tion, declined, inserted in the throat of the tube. 
 9. L7 — (atamask lily.) 
 
 Hypoxis. Glume-like spathe 2-valved: corol 
 superior, 6-parted, permanent : capsule elonga- 
 ted, narrow at the base : seed roundish. 10. .17 — 
 (star-grass.) 
 
 Allium. Spathe man} flowered : petals infe- 
 rior, oi ate, spreading, sessile. (Flowers in close 
 umbels or heads.) 9. 16 — (leek, garlic onion, 
 rives.) 
 
 Galanthus. Petals 3, concave, superior: 
 nectaries 3, small, emarginate : stigma simple. 
 (J. IT — (snow -drop.) Exotic. 
 
 N vrc issus. Petals 6, equal, superior : nectary 
 bell-form, I -leafed, including the stamens, y. \T 
 i — (jonquil, daffodil.j Exotic. 
 
 s rEDERi \. Corol inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipj 
 capsule tteshy, 3-celled, many seeded : 3-^ 
 commonly inserted on the tip, and three on uio 
 tube of the coral. t>. ir — (pickeril weed. ) 
 
 1'. Flowers without spathe, perianth or glume, 
 
 Agay£. Corol erect, superior, tubular, or fun* 
 
50 CLASS VI. ORDER I. 
 
 nelform ; filaments erect, longer than the corol : 
 capsule triangular, many-seeded. 10.15 — (agave.) 
 Aletris. Corol superior, funnel-form, wrink- 
 led, somewhat 6-cleft ; with the stamens inserted 
 on the base of its divisions : capsule 3-celled, ma- 
 ny-seeded, half inferior when mature. 10. 16 — 
 (false aloe.) 
 
 Hemerocallis. Corol 6-parted, tubular-fun- 
 nelform : stamens declined : stigma small, sim- 
 ple. 10. 17 — day-lily.) Exotic. 
 
 Dracaena. Corol inferior, 6-parted ; or 6- 
 petalled cohering at the base : filaments some- 
 what thickened in the middle : berry with 3 one- 
 seeded cells. 11. 12 — (Dragoness-plant.) 
 
 Conostylus. Corol more than half inferior, 
 6-cleft, permanent, with branching hairs : an- 
 thers erect: style conic, 3 -parted : stigma simple: 
 capsule opening at top, 3-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 Erythronium. Corol liliaceous, inferior, 6- 
 petalled ; petals reflexed, having 2 tubercle-form 
 nectaries at the base of the three inner alternate 
 petals. 11. 14 — (dog-tooth violet, or adder- 
 tongue.) 
 
 Asparagus. Corol superior, 6-parted, erect ; 
 the three inner petals reflexed at the apex : ber* 
 ry 3-celled; many-seeded. 11. 12 — (asparagus.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Polyanthes. Corol funnel-form, incurved : 
 filaments inserted in the throat : germ within the 
 bottom of the corol. 10. 16 — (tuberose.) Exotic. 
 Hyacinthus. Corol roundish or bell-form, 
 equal, 6-clelt : 3 nectariferous pores at the top of 
 the germ : stamens inserted in the middle of the 
 corol : cells somewhat 2-secded. 10. 16 — (hya- 
 cinth.) Exotic. 
 
 Lilium. Corol inferior liliaceous 6-petalled ; 
 petals with a longitudinal line from the middle to 
 the base : capsule with the valves connected by 
 hairs crossing as in a sieve. 10. 14 — (lily.) 
 
 Tulipa. Corol 6-petalled, liliaceous : style 
 none. 10. 14 — (tulip.; Exotic. 
 
CLASS VT. ORDER II. 51 
 
 FniTiLLAiu.v. Corol 6-petalled, bell-form, 
 with a nectariferous cavity iit»<>\ «' the claw of 
 each : stamens of the Length of the corol : seeds 
 flat. 10. 14 — (crown imperial.) Exotic. 
 
 Cqnvalhria. Carol inferior 6-cleft : berry 
 3-celled, spotted before ripening. 11. 12 — [sol* 
 onion-seal.) 
 
 IviLARiA. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, with 
 a nectariferous hollow ;it the base of each petal : 
 filaments Yer} short 11. 14 — (bell wort.) 
 
 Oromtium. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, 
 covered with florets : soothe : corol 6 led, 
 
 naked: si vie 0: follicle 1-seeded. 2. 7- — (float- 
 ing ar im.) 
 
 .'whtiikcium. Corol 6-petalled, inferior, 
 spreading, permanent : filaments thread-form, 
 hairy: capsule prismatic: seed appendaged at 
 both ends. 10. 16 — ^ false asphodel. ) 
 
 Ornitiiogalum. Corol 6-petalled, erect, per- 
 manent, spreading above the middle : filaments 
 dilated or subulate at the base : capsule roundish, 
 angled, 3-celled : seed roundish, naked. 10. 1G — 
 (star of Bethlehem.) Exotic. 
 
 Asphouelus. Corol 6-parted, spreading : 
 nectary covering the geftn with G-valvcs. 10. 14 
 — (kings spear, or asphodel.) Exotic. 
 
 Acorus. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, 
 covered Nvith florets : calyx 6-parted : corol o : 
 capsule 3-celled 3-seeded. 3. 7 — (sweet flag.) 
 
 D. Flowers witliout corol, 
 
 Juncus. Glume 2-valved : calyx 6-leaved, 
 permanent : stigmas 3 : capsules 1 or 3-cefled, 3- 
 valved, many-seeded. 5. 13 — (rush-grass, bull- 
 rush.) 
 
 * Tricntalis, Polygonum, Lauras, Corydalis. 
 
 Order II. Digyma. 
 
 Oryzv. Calyx, glume S^Yalved, 1 -flowered : 
 corol 2-valvcd, adhering to the seed. 4. 10 — - 
 (rice.) Exotic. 
 
 * Ulmus. 
 
m CLASS YI. ORDER III. 
 
 Order III. Trigykia. 
 
 Medeola. Calyx o : corol deeply 6-parted, 
 revolute : berry 3-seeded. 11. J2 — ^Indian cu- 
 cumber.) 
 
 Melanthium. Polygamous. Calyx o : corol 
 wheel-form, 6-partcd or 6-petalled, each part 
 with 2 glands at the base : stamens from the 
 lengthened claws of the petals : capsule ovatish, 
 somewhat 5 -cleft at the apex, 3 -celled ; seeds 
 membrane-winged, numerous. 10. 13 — (black- 
 flower.) 
 
 Veratrum. Polygamous. Calyx o : corol 6- 
 petalled, without glands : capsules 3, many- 
 seeded. (The staminate flowers have the rudi- 
 ment of a pistil. 10. 13 — (itchweed, or swamp 
 hellebore.) 
 
 Heloni s. Calyx o : corol 6-petallcd : styles 
 distinct : capsules 3-celled, 3-horned, few-seeded. 
 10. 13 — fhelonias.) 
 
 Xerophyllum. Corol wheel-form : fila- 
 ments contiguous to the base : stigmas 3, revo- 
 lute, sub-connate at the base : capsule subglo- 
 bose, opening at the top into three fissures, 3- 
 celled, each 2-seedcd. 10. 13. » 
 
 ToriELDA. Calyx 3-cleft inferior : petals 6 : 
 capsules 3, joined at the base, many seeded. 10. 
 16. 
 
 Scheuchzeria. Calyx 6-parted inferior: co- 
 rol o : anthers! linear : stigmas sessile, lateral : 
 capsules 3, inflated, 1 or 2-seeded. (Sometimes 
 the calyx is taken for the corol.) 5. 13 — (less 
 
 flowering-rush.) 
 
 Zigademjs. Galyx 6-leaved, spreading, with 
 2 glands above the narrow base of each leaf: sta- 
 rted in contact with tlie germ : cap- 
 aceous, S-celled, many-seeded. 
 (Sometimes the calyx is taken for the corol) — 
 ;e.) 
 Trillium, Calyx 3-leaved, inferior, spread- 
 ing : corol 3-petalled : berry 3-celled, many- 
 ded. ll. 12 — (wake-robin.) 
 
CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 55 
 
 Triglochin. Calyx 3 -leaved, inferior : co- 
 rol 3-petallcd, resembling the calyx : stigmas 
 sometimes 6 : capsules dehiscent at the base. 5. 
 
 13 — (arrow-grass.) 
 
 Rum ex. Calyx 3-loaved : petals 3, converg- 
 ing ; stigma many-cleft :" seed 1. naked, three- 
 sided. 12. 23 — (dock.) Mdc Lapatluim. 
 
 Order XI II. Polygyxia. 
 
 Alisma. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3 : capsules 
 numerous, 1-seeded. 5. 13 — (water-plantain.) 
 
 CLASS VII. HEPTANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Moxggyxia. 
 
 Trientalis. Calyx 7-lcaved : corol T-parted, 
 equal, flat: berry juiceless : number of stamens 
 variable. 20. 34 — (chic k-wintergreen.) 
 
 jEsculus. Calyx inflated, 4 or 5-toothed : 
 corol 4 or 5-petalled, inserted on the calyx, une- 
 qual, pubescent : capsule 3-celled : seeds large, 
 chestnut-form. 23. 66-— (horse-chestnut.) Southern 
 states. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragyxia. 
 
 Saururus. Calyx an anient with 1 -flowered 
 scales : corol o : germs 4 : berries 4, 1-seeded. 2, 
 — (lizard-tail.) 
 
 * Polygonum orientale. 
 
 CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA. 
 Order I. Mowogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers superior, 
 
 Oxycoccus. Calyx superior 4-eleft : corol 4- 
 parted, the divisions nearly linear, revolute : fil- 
 aments converging, anthers tubular, 2-parted : 
 berry many-seeded. 18. 51 — (cranberry.) 
 
 Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular : corol 4-pe- 
 talled, ascending towards the upper side $ nut 1- 
 «eeded. 17. 8 8--( Virginian loosestrife.) 
 
 E 2 
 
54 CLASS VIII. ORDER I. 
 
 Epilobium. Calyx 4-eleft: tubular : corol 4- 
 petalled : capsule oblong and of great length : 
 seeds feathered. 17. 88 — (willoy herb.) 
 
 Oenothera. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular : cadu- 
 cous, divisions deflected : petals 4, inserted on the 
 calyx: stigma 4-cleft; capsule 4-celled, 4-valv- 
 ed : seeds not feathered. 17. 88 — (scabish, or tree- 
 primrose.) 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 Rhexia — Calyx pitcher-form, 4 or 5-cIeft : 
 petals 4, oblique, inserted on the calyx : anthers 
 declined : capsule 4-celled, within the calyx, se- 
 tose : seeds numerous, cochleate. 17.90 — v deer- 
 grass.) 
 
 Acer. Polygamous. Calyx 5 -cleft : corol 4 
 or 5 -petal led : samaras 2, united at the base, 1- 
 aeeded. 23. 66 — (maple.) 
 
 Jeffersonia- Calyx 5-leaved, coloured, cadu- 
 cous : corol 8 -petalled : capsule obovate, sub-pe- 
 duncled, 1 -celled, dehiscent below : seeds many, 
 oblong, arilled at the base — (twin-leaf.) 
 
 Menziesia. Calyx inferior monophyllus : co- 
 rol monopetalous, ovate : filaments inserted on 
 the receptacle : capsule 4-celled, the partitions 
 from the inflexed margins of the valves : seeds 
 many, oblong. 
 
 Erica. Calyx 4 -leaved, permanent : corol 4- 
 t left, permanent: filaments inserted on the re- 
 ceptacle : anthers bifid : capsules membranaceous, 
 4 to 8-celled, the partitions from the margins of 
 the valves : seeds many in each cell. 18. 51— 
 (heath.) Exotic. 
 
 Dirc \. Calyx o : corol tubular, limb obsolete, 
 unequal ; stamens longer than the tube of the co- 
 rol : berry or drupe, 1-seeded. (The corol may 
 be taken for a coloured calyx.) 31. 25 — (leather- 
 wood.) 
 
 D phne. Calyx o: corol 4-cleft, withering, 
 including the stamens : drupe 1-seeded. ^mezere- 
 on.) Exotic. 
 
CLASS IX. ORDERS I. III. 53 
 
 Trofoeoli m. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured, 
 spurred : petals 4 or 5, Unequal : nuts Leathery* 
 Silicate. 23. 73 — (nasturtium) Exotic 
 
 Order II. Dyginia. 
 
 Chbysosplenium. Calyx 4 or 5-rleft, col- 
 oured : Corol o : capsule 2-beaked, I -celled, ma- 
 ny seeded. (The terminal flowers in the Euro- 
 pean specimens are decandrous.) 13. 86 — (golden 
 saxifrage, water-carpet.) 
 
 Order III. Trigyxia. 
 
 C ardiospermum. Calyx 4-leaved ; petals 4 ; 
 nectary 4-leaved, unequal : capsules 3, connate, 
 inflated. 23. 65 — (heart-seed.) 
 
 Polygonum. Calyx interior, 5-parted, co- 
 loured, corol o : seed 1, angular, covered with the 
 calyx. — (Stamens and pistils vary in number — 
 The calyx in some species might be taken for a* 
 corol.) 12. 28 — (knot-grass, water-pepper, buck- 
 wheat, hearts-ease.) 
 
 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Moxogynia. 
 
 Laurus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted : corol o : nec- 
 taries 3, two-bristled glands, surrounding the 
 germ : drupe 1 -seeded. (Stamens vary from 3 
 to 14 — often dioecious — The calyx may he taken 
 for a corol.) 12. 27 — (sassafras, spice-bush.) 
 
 Order III. Trigyma. 
 
 Rheum. Calyx none : corol 6-cleft, perma- 
 nent: seed 1, 3-sided. 12. 28 — (rhubarb.) i\ 
 tic. 
 
56 CLASS X. ORDER L 
 
 CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Moxogyxia. 
 
 A. Flowers many-pctalled, irregular. 
 
 Podaxyria. Calyx 5 -cleft, somewhat clip- 
 ped : corol papilionaceous, wings of the length of 
 the banner : legume inflated, smooth, many- 
 seeded. 32. 93 — (wild indigo.) 
 
 Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below : 
 corol papilionaceous, banner under the wing 
 short : legume oblong. S3, 93 — (judas-tree.) 
 
 Cassia. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : 
 anthers, 3 lower ones beaked : legume membra- 
 naceous. 33. 93 — (cassia.) 
 
 Rhodora. Calyx 5-toothed, corol 3-petalled : 
 stamens declined : capsule 5-celled. 18. 50 — (rho- 
 dora.) 
 
 B. Flowers 5 -pet ailed, regular. 
 
 Cxethra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent : style 
 permanent : stigma 3-cleft : capsule 3-celled, 3- 
 valved, surrounded by the calyx. (Spiked.) 18. 
 51 — (sweet pepper-bush.) 
 
 Pyroia. Calyx 5-parted : anthers with 2 
 pores : capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the angles. 
 18. 51-— (shin-leaf.) 
 
 Chimaphila. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5 : 
 stigma sessile, thick, orbiculate ; germ immers- 
 ed : anthers beaked, opening with a kind of 2- 
 valved aperture : capsules 5-celled, dehiscent at 
 the angles. 18. 51— (prince's pine, pipsissiwa.) 
 
 Rut a. Calyx 5-parted : petals concave : re- 
 ceptacle surrounded by 10 nectariferous dots: 
 capsule lobed. (Petals sometimes 4, and stamens 
 8.) 26. 81— (rue.) Exotic. 
 
 Melia. Calyx 5-toothed ; petals 5 : nectary 
 cylindric, toothed, bearing the anthers in the 
 throat : drupo with a 4-celled nut. — (bead -tree.) 
 Southern states. 
 
 Mel as tom a. Calyx 5 -cleft, bell-form : petals 
 
CLASS X. ORDER I. 
 
 5. inserted on the calyx ! anthers long, bowed : 
 berry S*celled, obvolute with the calyx. (Stamens 
 vary from 8 to 13; Leaves elegantly veined.) 
 
 Dion aba. Calyx 5-leavcd : stigma fringed: 
 capsule 1 -relied, gibbous : seeds numerous. (Pe- 
 tals sometimes G.) 14. 73 — (Venus' tly-ti ap.) 
 
 C. Flmcers l-pet ailed. 
 
 Andromeda. Calyx 5-parted, inferior : co- 
 rol ovate or roundish, with a 5-cleft reflexed 
 mouth : capsule 5-celled, with partitions contra- 
 ry. (Stamens sometimes 8.) 18. 51 — (white- 
 bush, leather-leaf.") 
 
 Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted : corol some- 
 what funnel-form and oblique : stamens declin- 
 ing : capsule 5-celled. 8. 50 — (rosebay.) 
 
 Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted : corol w heel-sal - 
 verform, with 10 horns beneath and 10 cavities 
 within : capsule 5-celled. 18. 50 — (laurel.) 
 
 Vaccixicm. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-parl 
 corol bell or pitcher-form. 5-cleft, the divisions 
 reflected : filaments inserted on the germ w ith 
 the corol : berry 4 or 5 -eel led, many seeded. 
 (The foi e ; gn species are sometimes octandrous.) 
 18.51 — (whortleberry.) 
 
 Epigaea. Calyx double, outer 3-leaved, in- 
 ner 5-parted : corol salver-form; capsule 5-cell- 
 ed, many-seeded. 18. 51 — (trailing arbutus.) 
 
 GiALTiiERiA. Calyx inferior, double, outer 
 2-leaved, inner 5-cleft : corol ovate : le 5- 
 
 cellcd, invested with the inner, Berried, calyx : 
 nectary 10-pointed. 18. 51— (spicy winter-green.) 
 
 Arbutus, Calyx inferior, 5-parted : < 
 ovate, pellucid at the base : berry 5-celled. 18. 
 51 — (bear-berry.) 
 
 Ledum. Calyx 5-cleft : corol flat, 5-parted : 
 capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the base. (Sta- 
 mens sometimes 5, leaves downy.) 18. 50 — (lab- 
 rador-tea.) 
 
 Lkiophyllum. Calyx 5-cleft: corol flat) 
 
ss CLASS X. ORDER III. 
 
 parted : capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the top 
 (leaves always glabrous.) 10. 50 — (sleek leaf.) 
 
 D. Calyx none s 
 
 Moxotropa. Corol 10-petalled • 5-oiiter with 
 nectariferous hollows at the base : capsules 5- 
 valved. (A fifth part of the carpogenation some- 
 times wanting) — (beech-drops, bird's nest.) 
 
 * Geranium, Rhexia, Portulacca, Ly thrum. 
 
 Order II. Digyma. 
 
 Hydraxgea. Calyx 5-toothcd, superior : 
 corol 5-petalled : capsule 2-celled, 2-beaked, de- 
 hiscent between the beaks. 13. 85 — (hydrangea.) 
 Vid. Hortensia. 
 
 Saxifraga. Calyx 5-parted : corol 5-pctal- 
 led : capsule 1 -celled, 2-beaked • many-seeded. 
 13. 84 — (saxifrage.) 
 
 Tiareixa. Caiyx 5-parted : corol inserted on 
 the calyx : 5-petalled. petals entire : capsule i- 
 celled, 2-vah ed, 1 valve larger. 13. 84 — (miter- 
 wort.) 
 
 Mi tella. Calyx 5-cleft : petals 5 on the calyx, 
 pinnatifid : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, valves 
 equal. 13. 84 — (false sanicle, currant leaf.) 
 
 Diaxthus. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, 1- 
 leafed, with 4 to 8 scales at the base: petals 5 with 
 claws : capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at 
 the top. 22. 82 — (pink, sweet-william.) Exotic. 
 
 Sapoxaria. Calyx inferior,* 1 -leafed, tubu- 
 lar, without scales : petals 5, with claws : cap- 
 sule oblong, 1-celled. 22. 82 — (soap-wort.) 
 
 Sceeraxthus. Calyx inferior, 1-leafed : co- 
 rol o : seeds 1 or 2, inclosed in the calyx : stam- 
 ens inserted on the calyx. 22. 86 — ^knawell.) 
 
 * Chrysosplenium. 
 
 Order III. Trigyxia. 
 
 Arexaria. Calyx inferior, spreading, 5 leav- 
 ed : petals 5, entire : capsule 1-celled, many seed- 
 ed. 22. 82 — (sandwort.) 
 
CLASS X. ORDER V. 59 
 
 Stet/laria. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, spread- 
 ing: petals 5. deeply cleft, mostly to the claw, 
 spreading: capsule ovate, L -celled, many-seeded, 
 6-toothed at the top. 22. 82 — (starwort.j 
 
 Sllene. Calyx 1 -leafed, inferior, conic : pe- 
 tals 5, with (laws appendaged at the mouth : cap- 
 sule imperfectly 3-celled. 22. S3 — (catch-fly.) 
 
 Cdcubalus. Calyx inferior, I -leafed, Dell- 
 form, inflated : petals 5 with claws, not appen- 
 daged at the mouth: capsule 3-celled. 22.82 — 
 (bladder-campion.) 
 
 IIortexsia. Flowers deformed : florets soli- 
 tary : calyx 5-tootlied, minute : cord! 5-petalled. 
 The gay flowers composing the cyme, have a large 
 coloured, permanent petal-like 5-leaved calyx, and 
 a minute caducous, 4 or 5-petalled corol ; stamens 
 8, 10 or 11. 13. 85 — (changeable hydrangea.) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Order V. Pextagyxia. 
 
 Sedi m. Calyx inferior 5-eleft : petals 5 : 5 
 nectariferous scales at the base of the germ : cap- 
 sules 5. 13.83 — (live-forever, or orpine, stone- 
 crop.) Exotic. 
 
 Penthorum. Calyx 5-10-cleft : petals 5 or : 
 capsule 5-cuspidate, 5-oelled. 13. 83 — (Virginian 
 orpine.) 
 
 Oxalis. Calyx 5-leaved inferior: petals 5, 
 cohering by the claws : capsule 5-celled, 5-ror- 
 nered, dehiscent at the corners : stamens, with 5 
 shorter : outer ones adhering at their bases. 14. 73 
 — (wood sorrel.) 
 
 Spergila. Calyx 5-leaved inferior : petals 5, 
 entire: capsule ovate, 1 -celled, 5-valved. (Sta- 
 mens often 5.) 22.82 — (spurry.) [Professor Ives 
 considers all the American species of spergula 
 and sagina, as a natural assemblage of plants, 
 which ought to be united in one genus.] 
 
 Agrostemma. Calyx 1 -leaved coriaceous : 
 petals 5 with claws, border obtuse, entire : cap- 
 sule 1 -celled, many-seeded. 22. 82— (cockle.) 
 
60 CLASS XI. ORDER I. 
 
 Cerasticm. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, 2- 
 cleft : capsule 1-celled, dehiscent at top, tooth- 
 like. 22. 82 — (mouse-ear chickweed.) 
 
 Lychnis. Calyx 1 -leaved, oblong-, smooth : 
 petals 5, with claws : the limb somewhat 2-cleft : 
 capsule 1 or 5-celled. 22. 82 — (campion.) Exo- 
 tic. 
 
 * Phytolacca. 
 
 Order X* Decagynia. 
 
 Phytolacca. Calyx o : corol -pctalled, ca- 
 lyx-like, inferior : berry 10-celled, 10- seeded. 
 54. 89 — (poke weed.) 
 
 CLASS XI. DODECANDRIA. 
 
 Order 1. Monogynia. 
 
 Asvitoi. Calyx 3 or 4-cleft, superior: corol 
 « : stigma 6-cleit : capsule coriaceous, crowned 
 with the calyx. 11.23 — (wild ginger, or white 
 snake-root.) 
 
 Hudsonia. Calyx tubular, 3-leaved, inferior : 
 corol 5-petalled : stameus 15: capsule 1-celled, 
 3-valved, 5-seeded. 18. 51 — (false-heath.) 
 
 Portciacca. Calyx 2-cleft, inferior : corol 
 5-petalled : capsule 1-celled, opening transverse- 
 ly : columella 5, filiform. 13. 86 — (purslane.) 
 
 Lythrum. Calyx 6, 8, 10 or 12 -toothed, in- 
 ferior : petals 5 or 6 on the calyx : capsule 2-cell- 
 ed, many-seeded, covered. 17. 91 — (milk-wil- 
 lowherb.) 
 
 Declmaria. Calyx 10-leaved, superior: co- 
 rol 10-petalled : capsule about 8 or 10-celled, 
 seeds numerous. 19. 89 — .decumary.) 
 
 Talixim. Calyx inferior, 2 or 5-leaved : co- 
 rol 5-petalled : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, many 
 seeded, seeds arillate : columella globose — (taii- 
 ny.) 
 
 Cvphea. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to 12- 
 toothed, unequal : petals 6, mostly unequal, in- 
 serted on the calyx: capsule l -ceiled, dehiscent 
 
CLASS XII. ORDER I. 6! 
 
 longitudinally with the calyx; follicle 3-sided : 
 seeds lenticular. 
 
 Order IT. Digynia. 
 
 Aorimomy. Calyx 5-toothed, invested with 
 an outer one : petals 5 : seeds 2, in the bottom of 
 the calyx. 35. 92 — agrimony.) 
 * Delphinium. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 phorbia. Calyx 1 -leaved, inflated : petals 
 4 or 5. standing on the calyx : capsule 3-grained, 
 Flowers not umbelled. 38 96 — (spurge.; 
 
 Kscla. Calyx L -leaved, inflated : petals 4 or 
 5, standing on the calyx: capsules 3-seeded: 
 flowers more or loss umbelled* 38. 96 — (< aper, 
 orspunge caper.) Exotic 
 
 Reseda. Calyx 1-leafed, 4 to 6-nailed : petals 
 in many divisions : capsule 1 -celled, dehiscent at 
 the top : seed reni form (stamens 11 to 15: styles 
 3, 5, or none; 54. 64 — (uiignonette, dyer's weed.) 
 
 Order XI! I. Polygynia. 
 
 Sempervivum. Calyx 9 to 12-parted: petals 
 •> 12: capsules 12, many-seeded; ( Stamens 
 16 or 20.; 13.83 — v n sek-J Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XL. ICOSANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Mqpogynia. 
 
 Phixadelphus. Calyx 4-5-parted, superior : 
 
 €0« - !e 4-clei't : capsule 4-5- ell- 
 
 ed, many-seeded ; seed arilled. 19. 89 — ^t'aise 
 syringa, or mock-orange.) 
 
 Prims. Calyx 5 -cleft, inferior : corol 5-pet* 
 alled : nut of the drupe smooth with prominent 
 seams at the sutures, o'o. 92 — (cherry, pi . m.) 
 
 Armeniaca. Flowers sessile : calyx .-cleft, 
 inferior: < 5 : drupe fleshy, pjbes it: nut 
 
 gin acute and the u h i e, fur- 
 
 rowed both sides. 36 92 — apricouj Exotic 
 
 F 
 
 
%% CLASS XII. ORDER V. 
 
 Cactus. Calyx superior, 1 -leafed, imbricate : 
 petals numerous, in many series, the inner ones 
 larger; stigma many-cleft : berry 1 -celled, many- 
 seeded, navelled. 13. 85 — (prickly«pear.) 
 
 Myrtcs. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals 5 : 
 berry 2 or 3-celled, many-seeded. 19. 89 — (myr- 
 tle.) Exotic. 
 
 Pcxica. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: 
 pome or berry many-celled, many-seeded : recep- 
 tacle parietal : seed berried. 56. 92 — (pomegran- 
 ite.) Exotic. 
 
 Amygdalus. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior : petals 5 : 
 drupe with a nut perforated with pores : flowers 
 sessile. 36.92 — (peach.) Exotic. 
 * Ly thrum. 
 
 From Order II. Dygixia, to Order V. Penta- 
 
 GYNIA. 
 
 Crataegus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals 
 5 : styles generally 3 or 5 : berry mealy : seeds 
 2 to 5, bony. 36. 92 — (thorn-bush.) 
 
 Sorbcs. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : petals 5 : 
 styles 2 to 3 : berry pomaceous : seeds 2 or 3 
 cartilaginous. 56. 92 — (mountain ash.) 
 
 Aroxia. Calyx 5-toothed : petals 5 : fruit 
 pomaceous : berry 5 or 10-celled ; cells 1 or 2- 
 seeded ; seeds cartilaginous. 36. 92 — (shad-flow- 
 er, choake-berry.) 
 
 Mespilus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior, divisions 
 generally foliaceous : corol 5-petalled : styles 2- 
 5 : drupe or berry with from 2 to 5 bony seeds. 
 36. 92 — (medlar, or evergreen thorn) 
 
 Order V. Pextagyxia. 
 
 Pyrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : corol 5-pet- 
 alled : pome 5 -celled, many-seeded. 56. 93 — 
 (pear, apple, quince.) 
 
 Spiraea. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreading : 
 corol 5-petalled : capsule 2-valved within, many- 
 seeded. 36. 92 — (steeple bush, or hard-hack.) 
 
CLASS XITT. ORDER I. 63 
 
 Mesembryanthemim. Calyx superior, 5- 
 eleft : petals numerous, linear cohering at tlie 
 base: capsule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate, 13. 
 
 87 — (ice-plant.) Exotic. 
 
 Order XI 11. Polygyria. 
 
 Rosa. Calyx urn-form, 5-rleft, fleshy, con- 
 tracted towards the top : petals 5 : seeds numer- 
 ous, bristly, fixed to the sides of the calyx within. 
 35. 92 — (rose. 
 
 Rums. Calyx 5-cleft, corol 5-petalled : pis- 
 tils numerous: berry composed of many juicy, 
 1 -seeded, acines. 35.92 — (raspberry, blackberry.) 
 
 Dalibarda. Calyx 5-cleit: corol 5-petalled : 
 styles long, caducous. 5 to 8 ; berry composed 
 of dry granulations. $5. 92 — (dry strawberry.) 
 
 Frvgaria. Calyx 10-cleft, 5 alternate divi- 
 sions smaller : corol ; -pet ailed : receptacle ovate, 
 berry -like caducous. 3 . 92 — (strawberry.) 
 
 Potentllia. Calyx 10-cleft, 5 alternate di- 
 visions smaller : corol 5-petalled : seeds awnless, 
 roundish, rugose, fixed to a dry small recepta- 
 cle. 35. 92 — (five-finger, cinquefoil.) 
 
 Geim. Calyx 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions 
 smaller : corol 5-petalled : seeds with a bent awn : 
 receptacle columnar, villous. 35. 92 — (avens, or 
 herb bennct.) 
 
 Comarim. Calyx 10-cleft, 5-alternate divi- 
 sions smaller : petals 5, smaller than the calyx : 
 receptacle ovate, spongy, permanent, villous. 35. 
 92 — (marsh five-finger.) 
 
 Calycaxthls. Calyx 1 -leafed, pitcher-shap- 
 ed, scurfy, with coloured divisions : corol none : 
 styles many, with glandular stigmas : seeds ma- 
 ny, tailed, in tbe succulent calyx. 35.92 — (Ca- 
 rolina allspice.) Southern states. 
 
 CLASS XIII. POLYAXDRIA. 
 
 Ouoer I. Moxogyxia. 
 
 Ciielidomim. Calyx £- leaved : corol 4 -pet- 
 
64 CLASS XIII. ORDER I. 
 
 ailed : silique-likc capsule 1 -celled, linear : 
 seeds crested, many. 27. 62 — (celandine.) 
 
 Actaea. Calyx 4-leaved, caducous : corol 
 4-petaUed : berry 1 -celled : seeds iialf orbicular : 
 o6. 61 — (necklace weed, or bane-berry.) 
 
 Ascyrum. Calyx 4-leaved : 2 ulterior leafets 
 cordate, large : corol 4-petalled : filaments dis- 
 posed in 4 parcels : capsule oblong, 1-celled, 2 
 valved, included in the calyx leaves. 20. 68 — 
 (St, Andrew's cross, or St. Peter's wort.) 
 
 Cistus. Calyx --leaved, 2 of them smaller, 
 corol -petalied : capsule 3-valved, opening at 
 the top. 20. 80 — (rock-rose, frost-plant.) 
 
 Sarracema. Calyx double, 3 and 5-leaved : 
 corol 5-petalIed ; stigma peltate, covering the 
 stamens: capsule 5-celled. 13.22 — (side-saddle 
 flower.) 
 
 The a. Calyx 5 or 6-leaved : corol 6 or 9 pet- 
 ailed : capsule 3-seeded — (tea.) Exotic, 
 
 Citrus. Calyx 5-cIeft : petals 5, oblong: 
 filaments dilated at the base, in several parcels : 
 berry 9 to 18- ellc — - o' yadelphous. 18. 70 — (or- 
 ange, lemon. (Exotic.) 
 
 I'apaver. Calyx 2-leavcd, caducous : corol 
 4-petalled: capsule 1 -celled, dehiscent by pores 
 under the permanent stigma. 27. 62 — (poppy.) 
 
 Tilia. Calyx 5 -parted : corol 5-petalled : 
 capsule 5-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent 
 at the base, 1-seeded. 37. 79 — (bass-wood.) 
 
 Sangtixaria. Calyx caducous. 2-leaved : 
 corol about 8-petalled : capsule pod-like, ovate, 1- 
 celled. 27. 62 — (blood-root.) 
 
 Podophyllum. Calyx 3-lraved : corol about 
 9 petalied : berry l-celled, crowned with the stig- 
 ma. 27. 61 — (wild mandrake.) 
 
 Capparip. Calyx 4-leaved, coriaceous, cadu- 
 cous : petals 4 : stamens long : berry coriaceous, 
 peduncJed, 1-celled, globular or pod-like — (ca- 
 per-bush.) Exotic. 
 
 N ympiiaea. Calyx 4 to r-leaved, larger than 
 
CLASS XIIT. ORDER V. 
 
 the petals: corol many-petaHed : stigma marked 
 with radiated lines : berry many-celled, many, 
 seeded. 13. 22 — (pond-lily.) 
 
 Niriiui. Caiyx 5 or 6-lcared, petals many 
 inserted on the receptacle with the stamens, nec- 
 tariferous on their backs : stigma with radiate 
 furrows, sessile : berry many-celled, many-seed- 
 ed. 13. 22 — (water-lily, or yellow pond-lily.) 
 
 Argemone. Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6-petall- 
 cd ; capsule semi-vaived. 27. 62 — (honied pop- 
 
 py-) 
 
 From Order II. Digynia, to Order V. Pen- 
 
 TAGJNIA. 
 
 Fothergillv. Calyx truncate, entire : co- 
 rol o : filaments very long, clavate : germ bifid : 
 capsule 2-celled, 2-horncd : seed bony, solitary, 
 50. 99 — (FothereilFs bush.) 
 
 Paeonia. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5 : styles 
 
 ; stigmas 2 or 3 : capsules pod-like, many-seed- 
 ed. 26. 61 — (peony.) Exotic. 
 
 Hypericum. Calyx 5-partcd, divisions sub- 
 ovate : corol 5-petalled : filaments often united at 
 the base in 3 or 5 sets : styles 2 to 5 : capsules 
 roundish with a number of cells equal to the num- 
 ber of styles. 20. 68— (St. John's wort.) 
 
 Delphinium. Calyx : corol 5-petalled, un- 
 equal : nectary 2-clei't, horned behind : capsules 
 
 1 or 3, pod-like. 26.61 — (larkspur.) Exotic. 
 Acoxitum. Calyx : petals 5, upper one 
 
 vaulted : nectaries 2, hooded, peduncled, recurv- 
 ed : capsules 3 or 5, nod-like. 26. 61 — (monk's 
 hood.) Exotic. 
 
 AquiLEGiA. Calyx : petals 5 : nectaries 5, 
 alternating with the petals and ending in horns 
 beneath: capsules 5, distinct. 26. 61 — (colum- 
 bine. ; 
 
 Cimicifuga. Calyx 4-leaved : petals (or nec- 
 taries ) ^, pitcher-form, cartilaginous : capsules 
 4 : seeds scaly. (Petals, pistils and calyx-leaves, 
 variable.) 26/ 62 — (bug-bane, cohosh.)" 
 
 P 2 
 
66 CLASS XIII. ORDER XIII. 
 
 Nigeela. Calyx none ; petals 5 : nectaries 
 5, three-cleft, within the corol : capsules 5, con- 
 vex. 26. 61 — (fennel -flower.) Exotic. 
 
 * Reseda, Ascyrum, Caltha, Helleborus, An- 
 emone, Hepatic a. 
 
 Order XIII. Polygtxia. 
 
 Hydrastis. Calyx : corol 3-petalled : ber- 
 ry composed of 1 -seeded acines. 26. 61 — ^orange- 
 root.) 
 
 Clematis, Calyx 0: petals, 3, 4, 5, or 6; 
 seeds compressed : styles permanent, becoming* 
 long tails. (Some species are dioecious.) 26.61— 
 (virgin's bower.) 
 
 Thalictrcm. Calyx : petals 4 or 5 : fil- 
 aments very long : seeds without tails, striate, 
 terete. (Some species are dioecious.) 26. 61— 
 (meadow rue.) 
 
 Hellebores. Calyx : petals 5 or more : 
 nectary 2-lipped, tubular : capsules 5 or 6, many- 
 seeded, erectish, compressed. 26. 61 — (helle- 
 bore,) Exotic. 
 
 Coptis. Calyx : petals 5 or 6, caducous : 
 nectaries 5 or 6, cowled : capsules 5 to 8, stiped, 
 stellate, beaked, many-seeded. 26. 61 — (gold- 
 thread.) 
 
 Caltha. Calyx : petals 5 to 9 : capsules nu- 
 merous, many-seeded : nectaries : (styles va- 
 riable in number.) 26. 61 — (American cowslip.) 
 Axemoxe. Calyx : petals 5 to 9 : seeds nu- 
 merous, naked. 26. 61 — (wind-flower, rue ane- 
 mone.) 
 
 Htdropeltis. Calyx 6-leaved somewhat con- 
 verging : corol o : capsules oblong, somewhat 
 fleshy, numerous, 2- celled, 1 or 2-seeded. 26. 61 
 —(water-shield.) 
 
 Hepatic a. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 6 to 9 : 
 seeds naked. 26. 61— (liverleaf.) 
 
 Axxoxa. Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6-petalIed : 
 stigma obtuse : berries 1 -celled, many-seeded,, 
 
CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 67 
 
 roundish with a scaly bark. 52. 70 — (costard ap- 
 ple.) 
 
 Pohcelia. Calyx S-leaved •• petals 6, inner 
 ones largest : g Tins many : stigmas sessile, ob- 
 tuse : berry (i or many) cylindric or ovate, ma- 
 ny-seeded : seed connected to an internal suture, 
 arilled. 52.76 — (custard apple ; Southern states, 
 
 Lirtodendron. Calyx 3-lea\ed : corol 6 or 
 9-petaIlcd, liliaceous : seeds in a samara, imbri- 
 cate on a stroblie-like spike. 52. 75 — tulip tree, 
 or white wood.) 
 
 Magnolia. (alyx 3-leaved : corol 6 to 9-pe- 
 talled : capsules numerous, imbricate on a stro- 
 bile-like spike, 2 valved : seeds berried, pendu- 
 lous. 52. 7i — (magnolia, or beaver tree.) 
 
 Nelumbium. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved : petals 5 
 or more : nuts half immersed in a truncate recep- 
 tacle, and crowned with the permanent style. 
 26. 61 — (nelumbo.) 
 
 Ranunculus. ( alyx 5-leaved : petals 5, with 
 claws and a nectariferous pore or scale on the in- 
 side of each : seeds numerous. 26. 61 — (crow- 
 foot.) 
 
 Trollius. Calyx : petals from 5 to 14 : 
 capsules many, ovate, many-seeded. 26. 61 — 
 globe-flower.) 
 
 Atragene. Calyx 2 or 4 -leaved, sometimes 
 involucred : petals numerous, outer ones largest : 
 seeds tailed. 26. 61 — (atragene.) 
 
 Adonis. Calyx 4-5-icaved : petals 5 or more, 
 without nectariferous pores : seeds awnless. 26. 
 ,61 — (pheasant's eye.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XIV. DIDYNAMIA. 
 
 Order I. Gymnospermia. 
 
 A. Calyxes 5-parted with the divisions or teeth 
 nearly equal, 
 
 Teucrium. Corol deep-cleft on the uppei side 
 and without an tipper lip j lower lip 3-cIei't, the 
 
G8 CLASS XIV. ORDER I. 
 
 middle division rounded : stamens and pistils in* 
 curved, stamens exsert. 42. 39 — (wood-sage, or 
 wild germander.) 
 
 Isanthus. Calyx bell-forny corol 5-parted, 
 tube strait, narrow ; divisions ovate equal : sta- 
 mens nearly equal : stigma linear, recurved. 42. 
 39 — (blue gentian.) 
 
 Verbena. Corol funnel form with a curved 
 tube, border 5-cleft nearly equal : calyx 5-cleft : 
 seeds 2 or 4 : sometimes but 2 stamens or 2 bar- 
 ren ones. 42. 59 — (vervain.) 
 
 Lavandula. Calyx ovate subdentate, bracts 
 under-studded : corol resupinate : stamens in the 
 tube. 42. 39 — (lavander.) Exotic. 
 
 La mi u a*. Corol with the upper lip entire, 
 vaulted ; under lip 2-lobed : throat with a tooth at 
 each margin. 42. 39 — (dead nettle.) 
 
 Brachtstemum. Corol with the. upper lip 
 sub-emarginate, lower lip obtusely 3-lobed : fila- 
 ments very short nearly equal : seed oblong-cy- 
 lindric. 42. 39 — (Virginian thyme.) 
 
 Pycnanthemum. Involucre bract-like, ma- 
 ny-leaved, under small heads of flowers : calyx 
 tubular, striate : corol with the upper lip sub-en- 
 tire, lower lip 3-cleft : stamens nearly equal. 42. 
 39 — (wild basil, or mountain mint.) 
 
 Nepeta. Calyx dry : striated : corol with a 
 longish tube, under lip with the middle division 
 creuate, throat with a reflected margin : stamens 
 approximate. 42. 39 — ^catmint.) 
 
 Kyssopus. Corol with the under lip 3-parted, 
 its intermediate division sub-crenate : stamens 
 strait, distant. 42. 39 — (hyssop.) 
 
 Mentha. Corol nearly equal, 4-cleft : broad- 
 est division emarginate : stamens erect, distant. 
 42. 39 — (spear mint, pepper mint.) 
 
 Stachys. Corol with the upper lip vaulted, 
 the lower lip reflexed at the sides, the middle di- 
 vision largest, emarginate : stamens reflexed to- 
 wards the sides after discharging the pollen. 42» 
 39 — Jalse horehound.) 
 
CLASS XIV. ORDER I. G$ 
 
 Galeopsis. Calyx with the upper lip subcre- 
 nate, arched: lower lip 2-toothed above, 42. 39 
 Cil* ^n oi-i i»iz; nettle.) 
 
 Satureja. Calyx tubular, striate : corol \\ iUi 
 divisions nearly equal : stamens distant. 42. 39 
 — (savory. | 
 
 Bktonica. Calyx awned : enrol with the up- 
 per lip ascending^ flattish, tube somewhat cylin- 
 drie. 42. 39 — (betony, shell-flower.) Exotic. 
 
 Leoxvrus. Calyx 5 -angled, 5-toothed, corol 
 with tbc upper lip villose, flat entire : lower lip 
 3-parted, middle division undivided. 42. 39 — 
 (motherwort.) 
 
 Marrubium. Calyx salver-form, rigid, mark- 
 ed with 10 lines : corol with the upper lip 2-cl< 
 linear, strait. 42. S9 — horehoumi.) 
 
 Ballota, Calyx salver-form. 5-toothed, 10- 
 striate : corol with the upper lip concave, cre- 
 nate : seed ovate, 3-sided. 42. 39 — (false moth- 
 erwort. ) 
 
 Cunila. Calyx qylindric, "-toothed, throat 
 villose, coiol ringent ; upper lip erect, flat, emar- 
 ginate : 2 of the stamens usually barren. 42.39 
 
 —l dittany.) 
 
 IIedeoma. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbosc at the 
 base : corol ringent : 2 of the stamens barren 42. 
 39 — ; penny-royal.) 
 
 Gleochoma. Calyx 5-cleft : each pair of an- 
 thers approaching so as to exhibit the form of a 
 cross. 42. 39 — (ground-ivy, gill-overground.) 
 
 13. Calyxes Q-lipped. 
 
 Melissa. Calyx dry, flattish above, with 
 upper lip sub-fastigiate : corol with the upper lip 
 Somewhat vaulted, 2-cleft ; lower lip with the 
 ttiddle lobe cordate. 42. 39 — (halm.) 
 
 Trichostema. Corol with the upper lip fal- 
 cate : the under lip 3-parted with tin 1 mid 
 vision small, oblong : filaments very long-exsert. 
 42, 39— (bluc-curls.j 
 
70 CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 
 
 Dracocephalum. Corol with the throat in- 
 flated ; the upper lip concave, the middle division 
 of the lower lip roundish, notched. 42. 40 — (dra- 
 gon-head.) 
 
 Ocymum. Calyx with the upper lip orbiculate, 
 the lower one 4-cleft : corol resupir.ate ; one lip 
 4-cleft, the other undivided : outer filaments 
 sending out a process from the hase. 42. 39— 
 (sweet-basil.) Exotic. 
 
 Scutellaria. Calyx with an entire mouth, 
 which is closed with a lid after (lie Corol falls out: 
 tube of corol bent. 42. 39 — (skull-cap.) 
 
 Origanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided 
 sti'obile-like cone, with broad intervening hracts: 
 corol with the upper lip erect, flat : under lip 3- 
 parted, divisions nearly equal. 42. 39 — (marjo- 
 ram.) 
 
 Thymus. Calyx with the throat closed with 
 hairs : corol with the upper lip fiat, emarginate ; 
 lower lip longer. 42. 39 — (thyme.) Exotic. 
 
 Clixipodicm. Involucre many-bristled, bract- 
 like, under the whorl : perianth 2-Iipped : corol 
 with the upper lip flat, obcordate, strait. 42. 39 
 — (field-thyme.) 
 
 Pruxella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated : 
 filaments 2-ibrkcd with an anther on one of the 
 points : stigma 2-cleft. 42. 39 — (self-heal, or heal 
 all.) 
 
 Piiryma. Calyx 5-toothed ; seed single. 
 (The under lip of calyx shorter, 2-toothed.) 40. 
 39 — (lopseed.) 
 
 Order II. Angiospermia. 
 
 A. Calyxes 2-cleft 9 or 2-leaved. 
 
 Obolaria. Corol 4-cleft, hell-form : capsule 
 1 -celled, 2-valved, many seeded : stamens from 
 the divisions of the corol. [Persoon says the calyx 
 is 5-cleft — Muhlenburgh says it is 2-leaved.] 40. 
 3 5 — (penny-wort .) 
 
CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 71 
 
 13. Culy.vcs 4 -cleft. 
 
 Orobaxche. Calyx of 2-lobed lateral leafets : 
 corol ringent : capsule I -celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded : glands under the base of t lie germ. 10, 
 35 — (cancer-root, false beech-drops.) 
 
 Bartsia. Calyx lobed, emarginate, colour- 
 ed: corol less than calyx : upper lip longest : 
 capsule 2-celled ; seed angled. 40. 55 — (paint- 
 ed cup.) 
 
 Rhinanthus. Calyx inflated : corol ringent : 
 the upper lip mostly compressed, the under lip 
 spread S-parted ; capsule 2-celled, obtuse, com- 
 pressed. 40. 35 — (yellow --cockscomb.) 
 
 Euphrasia. Calyx cylindric : corol 2-lipped ; 
 upper lij) 2-cIeft, lower lip 3-lobed, with the di- 
 \ isions 2-cleft : lower anthers lobed spinose. 40. 
 35 — (eye-bright.) 
 
 Melampyrum. Corol with the upper lip com- 
 pressed, the margin folded back : capsule 2-cell- 
 ed, oblique, dehiscent on one side : seeds 2, gib- 
 bous. 4o. 35 — (cow-wheat.) 
 
 Schwalbea. Calyx tubular-inflated ; upper 
 division small. lower division large emarginate : 
 corol ring-cut : capsule ovate,, compressed, 2-cell- 
 ed, 2-valved with a double partition ; seeds ma- 
 ny, chatty. 40. 40 — (chaff-seed.) 
 
 C. Calyxes 5-cleft or 5-leaved. 
 
 Limosella. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 5-cleft;, 
 equal . stamens approaching each other by pairs : 
 capsnle 1 -celled, 2-valved, many seeded. 40. -10 
 — (in ml wort.) 
 
 Zapania. Flowers capitate : calyx 5-toothed : 
 corol 5-cleft: stigma head -peltate, oblique : peri- 
 carp bladder-like, vanishing, connecting the two 
 seeds. 40. 40 — (fog-fruit.) 
 
 Browallia. Calyx 5-toothed : corol with a 
 closed navel : anthers 2, large : capsule 1 -celled. 
 40. 40. Exotic. 
 
 Scuophularia. ' Calyx 5-cleft : corol sub- 
 globose resupmate, middle division of lower lip 
 
72 CLASS XIV. ORDER II. 
 
 reflexed : capsule 2-ceHed. 40. 40 — (figwoTt) 
 
 Erinus. Calyx 5-leaved : corol witii the limb 
 equally 5-clcft, lobes em ar gin ate ; upper lip very 
 short, reflexed : capsule 2-ce41ed. 40. 35 — (eri- 
 nus.) 
 
 Big no xi a. Calyx 5-cleft cuj)-form : corol 
 with the throat bell-form, 5-rleft. ventricose be- 
 neath : capsule silique-like, 2-celled : seed mem- 
 brane-winged. 40. 45 — (trumpet-flower.) 
 
 Rvei.lia. Calyx 5-parted, often 2-bracted : 
 corol somewhat bell-form, limb 5-lobed : stamens 
 conjugate : capsule tapering to both ends, tooth- 
 ed, clastically dehiscent: seeds lew. 40. 36 — 
 (rue!.) 
 
 Buchnera, Calyx obsoictely 5-toothed : co- 
 rol with the limb in 5 equal divisions, the lobes 
 cordate : capsule 2-celled. 40, 34 — (blue hearts.) 
 
 Antirrhinum. Calyx 5-lesu ed or deeply 5- 
 partcd, the two lower divisions remote : corol 
 ringent, spurred or with a prominent base, the 
 gape closed with a prominent palate : capsule ov- 
 ate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apex, 40. 40— (snap- 
 dragon, toad-flax.) 
 
 Gerard i a. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 2-lipped ; 
 lower lip S-parted with emarginate lobes, middle 
 one 2-parted : capsule S-celled, dehiscent at the 
 bi.se. 40. 40 — (false-foxglove;) 
 
 Digitalis. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, 
 ventricose, 5-cleft : capsule ovate, 2-ceUed. — . 
 (Flowers raoemed.) 40. 40 — (foxglove.; 
 
 Pedicularis. Calj x 5-cleft or obliquely trun- 
 cal e : corol ringent : capsule 2-ceUed, roucron- 
 ate. oblique : seeds numerous, coated. (Leaves 
 many-cleft.) 40. 35 — (lousewort, high heal-all.) 
 
 Mimujlus. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothedt corol 
 ringent, upper lip folded back upon its sides : 
 
 gma thick : capsule 2-celled, many-seeded. 
 40. 4:1 — (monkey-nower.) 
 
 * helone. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved : corol 
 ring • .; inflated : the upper lip emarginate ob- 
 tuse, under lip slightly 3-cleft : the rudiment of 
 
CLASS XV. ORDER I. 73 
 
 a smooth filament between the two tallest Sta- 
 mens : capsule 2-rclled. 40. 45 — (snake-head.) 
 
 I'i.n tstkmon. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved : corol 
 ringent, inflated; the rudiment of a bearded fila- 
 ment between the two tallest stamens : capsule 2- 
 relled. (Taken from the last genus.) 40. 35— 
 (beard-tongue.) 
 
 Martynia. Calyx 5-eleft : corol ringent al- 
 most bellform : capsule woody and barked, with 
 a booked beak ; 4 -celled, 2-valved. 40. 42 — (uni- 
 ( orn-plant.) 
 
 * Linnsea, Verbena. 
 
 CLASS XV. TETRADYNAMIA. 
 
 Order I. Siliculosa. 
 
 All plants of this class have flowers with 4- 
 lcaved calyxes and cruciform enrols. 
 
 A. Silicic w it haul a notch at the end. 
 
 Myagrum. Silicic subcrose,valveless ; the cells 
 fertile and barren, mutually or alternately placed 
 over each other : cotyledons flat. 39. 63 — (false 
 scurvy-grass.) 
 
 £ Ababa. Silicle oval-oblong, valves flattish, 
 parallel to the partition : style none. 39. 63 — (whit- 
 low-grass.) 
 
 Lu ma r i a . Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, 
 )edicellcd ; valves equalling the partition, paral- 
 el, flat: calyx consists of coloured sack-like 
 eafets. 89. 63 — (bonesty, or satin-flower.) Ex- 
 otic. 
 
 Bunias. Silicle somewhat 4-sided, not open- 
 ing by valves, caducous ; 2or4-cclled, wrinkled, 
 39. 63 — (sea-rocket,) 
 
 Isatis. Silicle compressed, oblong, ligulate, 
 valveless, 1 -seeded : partition like lattice work. 
 39. 6o — (woad.) Exotic. 
 
 B. Silicle with a notch at the end. 
 
 Altssum. Filaments of the 2 shorter stamens 
 
 G 
 
74 CLASS XV. ORDER II. 
 
 marked with a tooth : siiicle emarginate, often 
 hairy. 39. 63 — (madwort, gold of pleasure.) 
 
 Cochlearia. Silicic thick, rugose, many- 
 seeded, 2-vaIved • the valves gibbous obtuse. 39. 
 63 — (scurvy-grass, horse-radish.) 
 
 Iberis. Corol irregular, the two exterior pet- 
 als are longest : siiicle emarginate, many-seed- 
 ed. 39. 63— (candy tuft.) Exotic. 
 
 Lepidium. Calyx spreading : corol regular : 
 siiicle emarginate, cordate, many-seeded : valves 
 . arinate, partition contrary. 39. 63 — (pepper- 
 grass.) 
 
 Thlaspi. Calyx spreading : siiicle emargin- 
 ate. obcordate, many-seeded ; valves resemble 2 
 boats with the kecis outward. 39. 65 — (shep* 
 herd's-purse.) 
 
 * Sisymbium. 
 
 Order II. Siliquosa. 
 
 A. Calyx leaves converging or closed upon the 
 corals, when the Jiowers arc mature. 
 
 Arabis. Glands 4, one within each leafet of 
 the calyx, of the size of the reflected scale : si- 
 lique compressed, torulose, sub divaricate. 39. 63 
 ►—■ (wall-cress.) 
 
 IY'rritis. Calyx converging, erect : corol 
 erect : silique very long, angled, striate. 39. 63— 
 (tower-mustard.) 
 
 Dextaiua. Calyx longitudinally converging; 
 silique bursting elastically with revolute valves : 
 the partition thick and fungus-like : stigma em- 
 arginate. (Roots always fleshy with tooth-like 
 processes.) 39. 63 — (tooth-root, trickle-root.) 
 
 Hesperis. Calyx closed, shorter than the 
 claws ol' the petals : petals, when bent obliquely, 
 are linear or obovate : silique sab-terete : stig- 
 mas forked, with converging apexes. 39. 63 — 
 (rocket.) 
 
 Erysimum. Calyx closed : silique columnar, 
 exacllv 4-sided. 39. 63— (hedge-mustard.) 
 
CLASS XVT. ORDER III. 73 
 
 Brassica. Calyx erect, converging: partition 
 extending beyond the valves of the siiique: seed 
 globose : glands between the short stamens and 
 pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx. 
 39. 03 — (cabbage, turnip,) Exotic. 
 
 Raphanus. Calyx closed, setose : siiique to- 
 rose, somewhat jointed, terete, not opening" by 
 valves, 1 or 2-celled : glands between tbe snort 
 stamens and pistil, and between tbe long stamens 
 and ralyx. 59.63 — [radish*) 
 
 Cheiranthus. Calyx closed, two of tbe leaf- 
 cts gibbous at tbe base : petals dilated : siiique 
 when young with a glandular tooth each side: 
 stigma 2-lobed: seed flat. 39.63 — (stock-july- 
 flower, wall-flower.) Exotic. 
 
 JB. Calyx-leaves spreads not lying closed upon the 
 corol when the flowers are mature, 
 
 Cardamixe. Calyx leaves spreading but lit- 
 tle: stigma entire : a single gland between each 
 of the short stamens and the calyx • siiique long 
 bursting elastically with revolute valves. 39. 63^ 
 (American water-cress. ) 
 
 Sisymbrium. Calyx and corol spreading: si- 
 iique bursting, with a short terete beak, valves 
 straitish. 39. 63 — (English water-cress, water-ra- 
 dish.) 
 
 Sin apis. Calyx spreading: corol with strait 
 claws : glands between the short stamens and pis- 
 til, and between tbe long stamens and calyx : par- 
 tition extending beyond the valves of the siiique, 
 ensiforni. 39. 63 — (mustard.) 
 
 CLASS XVI. MONADELPHIA. 
 
 Order III. Triaxdria. 
 
 Sisyrixchium. Snathe 2-leaved : perianth 0: 
 corol superior, 6-clelt. tubular : style 1 : capsule 
 3-celled. 6. 18 — (blue-eyed grass.)* 
 
76 CLASS XVI. ORDER XIII. 
 
 Order V. Pextandria. 
 
 Passiflora. Calyx 5-parted, coloured : corol 
 5-petalled, on the calyx : nectary, a triple fila- 
 mentous crown within the petals : berry pedieell- 
 ed. 34. 97 — (passion flower.) Southern states. 
 
 Erodium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : 
 nectariferous scales 5-alternating with the fila- 
 ments : arils 5, 1 -seeded, awned, beaked at the 
 base of the receptacle ; awn spiral, bearded with- 
 in. (Taken from the geranium.) 14. 73 — (stork's 
 biU.) 
 
 *Lysimachia, Linum, Anagallis. 
 
 Order VII. Heptandria. 
 
 Pelargonium. Calyx 5-parted, upper divi- 
 sion broader, ending in a capillary nectariferous 
 tube : corol 5-petalled, irregular, the two upper 
 petals usually broader, witli coloured veins : fila- 
 ments 10, three of them usually without anthers : 
 arils 5, each 1 -seeded, awned, some of the awns 
 spiral. 14. 73 — (stork geranium.) Exotic. 
 
 Order X. Decaxdria. 
 
 Geranium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled, 
 regular : nectariferous glands 5, adhering to the 
 base of the long filaments : arils 5, 1 -seeded, awn- 
 ed, beaked at the head of the receptacle : awn 
 naked, strait. 14. 73 — (cranebill, false crowfoot, 
 herb-robert.) 
 
 Mimosa. Calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-clefr, 5- 
 petalled, or : stamens capillary, very long, 4 to 
 10 or more, sometimes not united : legume some- 
 times jointed. 33. 93 — (sensitive plant.) 
 
 Order XIII. Polyaxdria. 
 
 Gordoxia. Calyx simple, 5-leaved or 5-part- 
 ed : corol 5-petalled adhering at the base : style 
 5-cornered. stigma 5-cleft : capsule 5-celled : co- 
 lumella columnar : seeds 2 with leaf-like wings. 
 37. 74 — (leaf-seed.) 
 
CLASS XVII. ORDER V. to VIII. :; 
 
 Napaea. Calyx bellibnn, 5-cleft, simple : 
 petals ;"> : capsule orbicular i depressed, LO-catled : 
 seed solitary. (Pedicels not jointed.) 37, 74. 
 
 Sida. Calyx simple, angular, 5-cleft : style 
 many -parted : capsules many, 1 or 3-seeded. (Pe- 
 dicel articulated under the apex.) 37. 74 — [In- 
 dian-mailows.) 
 
 Hibiscus. Calyx double., outer one many-leav- 
 ed. inner one about 5-cleft: stigmas 5 : capsule 5 
 or 10-cclled, many-seeded. 37. 74 — (hibiscii \ 
 okra.) 
 
 Malva. Calyx double, outer one 3-leaved, in- 
 ner one 5-cleft : capsules many, 1 -seeded. 37. 74 
 — (mallows.) 
 
 Althaea. Calyx double, outer one 6 or 9- 
 clel't : capsules many, 1 -seeded. 37. 74 — (holly- 
 hock.) Exotic. 
 
 Lavatera. Calyx double, outer one S-cleft : 
 capsules many, many seeded. 37. 74 — (tree mal- 
 lows.) Exotic. 
 
 Gossypium. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft : 
 capsule 4-cclled, seeds involved in wool. 37. 74 
 — ^cotton.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XVII. DIADELPHIA. 
 
 From Order V. Pextandria, to Order VIII. 
 Octaxdria. 
 
 Petalostemgn. Petals 4, with the stamens 
 inserted between them, both united together in a 
 fissure: banner none, and in its place is a fifth 
 petal : legume covered with the calyx, 1 flooded. 
 32. 93— (split flower.) 
 
 Fumaria. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol 
 irregular, spurred at the base: filaments 2, a h 
 with 3 anthers : capsule drape-like, 1-celle , l- 
 seeded, not opening by valves ; seed aiiixed tj liic 
 side of the cell. 24. 62 — (fumitory.) 
 
 G2 
 
T8 CLASS XVII. ORDER \, 
 
 Cortdalis. Calyx 2-leaved : corol ringent, i 
 or 2-spurred : filaments 2, membranaceous, each 
 with 3 anthers : capsule silique-Jike, many seed- 
 ed. 24. 62 — (colic weed.) 
 
 Polygala. Calyx 5 -leaved, unequal, 2 of the 
 leaiets wing-like, larger, coloured : corol irreg- 
 ular (or rather, calyx 3-leaved, corol imperfect- 
 ly papilionaceous) capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2- 
 valved. Keel of corol sometimes appendaged. 
 33. 35 — (snake-root, milk-wort, low centaury.) 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 A. Stamens united in one set, 
 
 Asiorpha, Calyx bellform, 4 or 5-cleft : ban- 
 ner ovate, concave, wings and keel : legume 2- 
 seeded, falcate. 32. 93— (false indigo.) 
 
 Lupinus. Corol 2-lipped : anthers, 5 oblong 
 and 5 roundish : legume coriaceous, torulose. 32. 
 93 — (lupine.) 
 
 Crotolaria. Corol with the banner cordate, 
 large : keel acuminate : filaments connate, with 
 a dorsal fissure : style curved : legume pedicell- 
 ed, turgid. 32. 93 — (rattle box.) 
 
 Spartium. Calyx extended downwards : keel 
 generally pendant : filaments adhering to the 
 germ : stigma villose lengthwise on the upper 
 side : legume oblong, 1 or many-seeded. 32.93 — 
 (Spanish broom.) Exotic. 
 
 Genista. Calyx 2-lipped, 2 upper teeth very 
 short : banner oblong, reriexed back from the pis- 
 til and stamens. 32. 93 — (kneed-grass.) 
 
 Arachis. Calyx 2-lipped : corol upside down 
 legume gibbous, torulose, veiny, coriaceous. 32. 
 93 — (pea-nut.) 
 
 Ilex. Calyx 2-leaved, 2-bracted : stamens 
 all united : legume scarcely longer than the ca- 
 lyx, spinose. 32. 93 — (furze.) Exotic. 
 
CLASS XVII. ORDER X. 79 
 
 B. Stamens in 2 sets ; ffmtraUm 9 in one set, and 
 1 aiont in the other. 
 
 1. Legume many -seeded* sfi ;ma pubescent. 
 
 Visum. Calyx with tlio divisions loaf-like, 
 about equal : banner protruding 2 Colds : si vie 
 compressed, carinate, villose above : legume with- 
 out down at the suture. 32. 93 — (pea.) 
 
 Latiitrus. Calyx with the two upper divis- 
 ions shorter : style flat, villose above, broader 
 towards the top. (Stem mostly winged, leafcts 2 
 or more, terminated by a divided tendril.) 32. 93 
 — (sweet pea.) 
 
 Vim. Calyx cm argin ate above, 2-toothed ; 
 3 strait Long teeth below : banner emarginate : 
 stigma bearded transversely on the lower side. 
 32. 93— (vetch.) 
 
 Phaseolus. Keel, stamens and style spiral- 
 ly twisted together. 32. 93 — (bean.) 
 
 Dolichos. Banner with two oblong parallel 
 processes at the base, compressing the wings be- 
 neath them. 32. 93 — (cowhage.) 
 
 Robinia. Calyx 4-clcft, upper division 2- 
 parted : banner large, reflexed, roundish : leg- 
 ume gibbous, elongated. 32. 93 — (locust tree.) 
 
 Colutea. Calyx 5-cleft : legume inflated, 
 opening on the upper suture at the base. 32. 99 
 (bladder senna, bush locust.) Exotic. 
 
 Glycyrrhiza, or Li^uiritia. Calyx tubu- 
 lar, equal, 5-parted : banner erect, reflexed at the 
 sides ; wings spreading ; keel 2-cleft : legume ob- 
 long, glabrous, 3 or 4-seeded. (Flowers racem- 
 cd.) 32. 93 — (liquorice.) Exotic. 
 
 Ixihgofera. Calyx spreading : keel with a 
 subulate spur both sides : legume linear, small, 
 terete or quadrangular. 32. 93 — (indigo.) Ex- 
 otic. 
 
 Scorpiurus. Calyx 5-cleft : corol carinate 2- 
 eleft below : loments with cells separated by isth- 
 muses, revolute, furrowed. 32, 93 — (catepillars.) 
 Exotic. 
 
80 CLASS XVII. ORDER X. 
 
 2. Legume many-seeded, stigma without pubes- 
 cence. 
 
 Vexillaria.* Banner very^large, spreading, 
 overshadowing- the wings : calyx bellform or tu- 
 bular : legume linear, very long, acuminate. 32. 
 93— <butterfly-weed.) 
 
 Galactia. Calyx 4 -toothed, 2-bracted : petals 
 all oblong, banner broader incumbent : stigma ob- 
 tuse : legume terete : seeds roundish. 32. 93-^ 
 (milk- way plant.) 
 
 Glycine. Calyx 2-lipped, the tooth of the 
 lower lip longest : the end of the keel curling up- 
 wards, and in appearance pushing back the ban- 
 ner : style incurved with the keel : legume oblong 
 compressed. 32. 93 — (wild bean, wild liquorice, 
 ground-nut.) 
 
 Gaxega. Calyx with subulate teeth nearly 
 equal : legume torulose, teretish. (Very glab- 
 rous pinnate leaves.) 32. 93 — (goat's rue.) 
 
 3. Legumes few-seeded. 
 
 Medic ago. The keel deflected from the di- 
 rection of the banner : legume compressed, coch- 
 leate. 32. 93 — (lucerne clover, medick.) 
 
 Trigoxella. Banner and wings nearly e- 
 qual, spreading, appearing like a 3-petalled co- 
 rol : legume bowed, rugose-veiny. 32. 93 — (fenu- 
 greek.) Exotic. 
 
 Astragalus. Calyx 5-toothed : keel obtuse : 
 legume somewhat 2-celled, incurved at the suture 
 below. 32. 93 — (milk vetch.) 
 
 4. Legumes about l-seeded. 
 
 Trifolium. Flowers sub-capitate : legume in- 
 cluded in the calyx, not opening by valves, 1 to 4- 
 seeded. (Leaves always ternate.) 32. 93 — (clo- 
 ver.) 
 
 * This name is given as a substitute for that of the 1712th 
 genus of Persoon, which is so severely censured by Doctor 
 Smith, in Rces' Cyclopaedia. 
 
CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. €1 
 
 Melilotus. Flowers racemed : calyx tubu- 
 lar, 5-toothed : keel simple, shorter than the 
 wings and banner : legume rugose, longer than 
 the calyx. (Taken from the trifolium.) 52. 93 — 
 (melilot clover.) 
 
 Lkspf.dk z a. Calyx 5-partcd, divisions near- 
 ly equal : keel of the corol transversely obtuse: 
 legume lens-form, unarmed, 1 -seeded. (Leaves al- 
 ways termite. Taken from the hedysai uni.) 32. 
 93— (bush clover.) 
 
 5. Legumes jointed, or in foments. 
 
 HedvsahuxM. Calyx 5-clett : keel of corol 
 transversely obtuse : foment many-jointed, joints 
 1 -seeded, compressed, generally hispid. (M< 
 or all the species in the northern states have ter- 
 nate leaves.) 32. 93 — (hush-trefoil.) 
 
 Stylosanthes. Calyx tubular, very long, 
 bearing the corol which originates higher than 
 the top of the germ : loment two jointed, hooked. 
 (Sometimes the pod is in a single joint.) 39. 93 — 
 (pencil-flower.) 
 
 Aeschynomene. Calyx 2-lipped : loment com- 
 pressed, one suture stra'it, another lobed ; joints 
 truncate, 1-seeded. 52. 93 — (false sensitive plant.) 
 
 POLYADELPHOUS PLANTS. 
 
 The genera Ascyrum and Hypericum were 
 placed in the class polijadelphia by Linneus, and 
 are still retained in that class by many authors. 
 "We, following Persooirs method, have removed 
 them to the class polyandria, and left the class po- 
 hjadelpliia out of the system. 
 
 CLASS XVIII. SYNGENESIA. 
 
 Order I. Polygamia jEqualis. 
 
 A. Florets lignhite. 
 Tragopogon. Calyx simple, many-leaved : 
 
82 CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. 
 
 receptacle naked : egret plumose and stiped.f 
 45. 53 — (goats's beard, vegetable oyster.) 
 
 Scorzonera. Calyx imbricate, scales scari- 
 ous at the margin : receptacle naked : egret plu- 
 mose, substiped. 49. 55. (viper's grass.)* South- 
 win states. 
 
 Apargia. Calyx imbricate : receptacle nak- 
 ed : egret plumose, sessile. (Taken from the 
 leontodon.) 49. 53 — (false hawk weed.) 
 
 Leontodon. Calyx double : receptacle na- 
 k£d : egret plumose, stiped. 49. 52 — (dandelion.) 
 
 Prenanthes. Florets in a simple series (or 
 in one circular row :) calyx calycled : recepta- 
 cle naked •• egret simple, sub-sessile. 49. 52 — 
 (white lettuce.) 
 
 Lactuca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with 
 the margin membranaceous : receptacle naked : 
 egret 'simple, stiped: seed smooth. 49. 63 — (let- 
 tuce.) 
 
 Hieracium. Calyx imbricate, ovate ; egret 
 simple, sessile : receptacle naked or sub-pilose.— 
 (From white becoming yellowish.) 49. 53— 
 (hawk weed.) 
 
 Sonchus. Calyx imbricate inflated : egret pi- 
 lose, sessile : receptacle naked. 49. 52 — (swine- 
 thistle.) 
 
 Cynara. Receptacle bristly : calyx dilated, 
 imbricate ; scales with fleshy base, emarginate, 
 pointed ; egret plumose, sessile. 49. 54. — (garden 
 artichoke.) Exotic. 
 
 Hyoseris. Calyx sub-globular, calycled, the 
 exterior very small : receptacle naked : egret un- 
 equal, outer simple pilose, inner membranaceous : 
 seed near the margin often involved in the scales 
 of the calyx. 49. 53 — (swine lettuce.) 
 
 f Pull off the corol, stamens and styles ; whatever is left 
 on the germ is the egret. In some flowers the stipe to sti- 
 ped egret will not appear before full maturity. Pull off all 
 the germs ; if nothing; is left, the receptacle is naked. But 
 whatever is left helongs to the receptacle, and gives it the 
 character of chaffy, hairy or bristly. 
 
CLASS XVIII. ORDER I. 8J 
 
 Picris. Calyx calculated : receptacle nak* 
 ed : egret plumose, stiped : seed transversely 
 striate. 49. 55 — (oxtongue.) 
 
 Ivkigia. Calyx simple, many-leaved : egret 3 
 membranous leaves with 5 alternating bristles: 
 receptacle naked. 49. 53 — (dwarf-dandelion.) 
 
 Tolpis. Calyx caliculated \ scales lax, subu- 
 late, a little longer than the calyx : receptacle 
 pitted : egret setose, with margin dentate. 49. 55 
 — (hawksbcard.) Exotic. 
 
 Cichorium. Calyx calycled : egret many 
 chaffy leaves : receptacles somewhat chaffy. 49. 
 53 — (succory or endive.) 
 
 Scolymls. Calyx imbricate, spinose, surround- 
 ed with spinose leaflets : receptacle chaffy : egret 
 none. 49. 55 — (golden-thistle.) Exotic. 
 
 B. Florets fabulous ; fiotvcrs capitate, 
 
 Ltatris. Calyx imbricate, oblong : egret plu- 
 mose coloured : receptacle naked. (Flowers pur- 
 ple.) 49. 94 — (gay feather.) 
 
 Vernonia. Calyx imbricate, ovate ; egret dou- 
 ble, exterior chaffy and short., interior capillary : 
 receptacle naked : stigma 2-cleft, shortish. 49. 55 
 — (flat-to]).) 
 
 Cnicus. Calyx imbricate, with prickly scales : 
 receptacle villosc : egret plumose. (Taken from 
 the carduus.) 49. 54 — (thistle.) 
 
 Carthamvs. Calyx ovate, imbricate with 
 scales, ovatish-leaf'y at apex : egret chaff-hairy 
 or none : receptacle chaff-bristly. 49. 54 — (false- 
 saffron. ) Exotic. 
 
 Onopordon. Calyx imbricate with sharp-mu- 
 cronate scales : egret pilose, caducous : recepta- 
 cle alveolate : seed transversely sulcate. 49. 54 — 
 (cotton thistle.) 
 
 Carduus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with prick- 
 ly scales : receptacle villose : egret pilose. 49. 54 
 —(comb-tooth thistle.; 
 
 Arctium. Calyx globose, with scales hooked 
 
34 CLASS XVIII. ORDER II. 
 
 at apex : egret chaff-bristly : receptacle chaffy. 
 49. H— ^(burdock,) 
 
 Sparganophorus. Calyx sub-globose, imbri- 
 cate with unequal scales record-spreading at the 
 tips : receptacle naked : seed with the cup-like 
 crown subcartilagenous. 49. 55 — (^crown-cup.) 
 
 C. Florets tubulous ; Jlowers discoid. 
 
 Bidexs. Calyx calycled, nearly equal ; 
 sometimes the flower is furnished with one or two 
 radiate florets : receptacle chaffy, flat : egret 2, 
 3 or 4 awns with reflexed and erect lateral pric- 
 kles: seed 4-cornered. 49. 55 — (burr-marigold, 
 beggar ticks.) 
 
 Kuhnia. Calyx imbricate, cylindrical : egret 
 plumose, sessile : receptacle naked. 49. 55 — (false 
 boneset.) 
 
 Eupatorium. Calyx inbricated (rarely sim- 
 ple) oblong : style long, cloven half way down : 
 egret pilose or rough papillose : receptacle naked. 
 49. 55 — (boneset, thoroughwort, joe pye. 
 
 Ethulia. Calyx equal, subglobose, subsquar- 
 rose : florets deformed ; those of the disk 5-cleft, 
 those of the ray subulate and some only pistil- 
 late : receptacle naked : egret none. 49. 55 — 
 (floating daisy.) 
 
 Mikania. Calyx 4 or 6-leaved, equal : 4 or 6- 
 flowercd ; receptacle naked : egret pilose. 49. 
 55 — (climbing boneset.) 
 
 Cacalia. Calyx cylindric, oblong ; some- 
 wliat calycled at the base : receptacle naked : 
 egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent.) 49- 55 
 (wild caraway.) 
 
 JBalsamita. Calyx imbricate, orbicular : 
 receptacle naked : egret none. 49. 55 — (costma- 
 v\\) Exotic. 
 
 Order II. Polygamia Superflua. 
 
 A. Flowers discoid. 
 
 Baccharis. Calyx, scales ovate subcoriace- 
 ous imbricate, cylindric, bellform or ovate : flo- 
 
CLASS XVIIT. ORDER II. 85 
 
 rets arc pistillate and perfect intermixed : recep- 
 tacle naked : egret pilose. (Sometimes the flow- 
 are dirocious) 49, "' — (grounsel tree.) 
 
 Contza. Calyx imbricate with s alessublin- 
 ear ovate : or hemispheric and sub-scarious : egret 
 simple, capillar}' : receptacle naked. Florets of 
 the ray with a 3-eleft border, not composing aray 
 in appearance. 49. 55 — (plowman's wort.) 
 
 GnaPhalium. Calyx imbricate, with the 
 marginal scales rounded, scarious, shortish, glos- 
 sy, coloured : receptacle naked : egret pilose or 
 plumose. (Florets often all perfect.) 49. 55 — 
 (Jil'e everlasting.) 
 
 Artemisia.' Calyx imbricate, with scales 
 rounded, converging: egret : receptacle some- 
 what villose or nakedish. (Flowers moslh round- 
 ed.) -19.55 — (wormwood, southern wood. 
 
 Tanacetum. Calvx imbricate, hemispheric : 
 scales acuminate : rays obsolete, 3-cleft : egret 
 somewhat marginal : receptacle naked. (Flow- 
 ers corymbed.) 49. 55 — (tansy.) 
 
 B. Flowers radiate. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, Calyx hemispherical, im- 
 bricate, with the scales membranous at the mar- 
 gin : receptacle naked : egret none, or a narrow 
 margin. 49. 55 — (ox-eyed daisy, feverfew.) 
 
 Zinnia. Calyx ovate-cylindric, imbricate : 
 florets of the ray 5, permanent, entire : recepta- 
 cle chaffy : egret 9 erect awns. 49. 55 — (zinnia.) 
 
 Tagetes. Calyx siui le, 1 -leafed, 5-too; d, 
 tubular : florets ol* the ray 5, permanent : egret 
 5 erect awns : receptacle naked. 49. 55 — (mari- 
 gold.) Exotic. 
 
 Belli*. Calyx Hemispherical, scales equal: 
 egret : receptacle naked conical : seed obovate. 
 49. 55 — (garden daisy. , Exotic. 
 
 Pvbethrum. Calyx hemispherical, imbri- 
 cate witit scales acutish and scarious margined : 
 egret a marginal ring: receptacle naked. (Tak- 
 
 ii 
 
CLASS XVIII. ORDER If. 
 
 en from Chrysanthemum.) 49. 55 — (wild fever- 
 few.) 
 
 Arnica. Calyx with leafets equal : egret 
 simple : receptacle naked. The florets of the ray 
 usually have 5 filaments without anthers. 49. 55 
 — (ariiic.) 
 
 Doroxicum. Calyx-scales equal, in two rows, 
 longer than the disk : egret simple : receptacle 
 naked : seeds of the ray naked and destitute of 
 egret. 49. 55 — (leopard's bane.) 
 
 Inula. Calyx imbricate or squarrose : egret 
 simple : .anthers ending in 2 bristles at the base : 
 receptacle naked : ray florets numerous. 49. 5 5 
 —(elecampane.) 
 
 Erigerox. Calyx imbricate : egret pilose : 
 receptacle naked : florets of the ray linear, very 
 narrow, numerous. 49. 55 — (flea-bane, pride- 
 weed.) 
 
 Solidago. Calyx-scales imbricate, closed : 
 egret simple : receptacle naked, furrowed with 
 dots or punctures : ray-florets about 5. (Yellow.) 
 49. 55 — (golden rod.) 
 
 Sexecio. Calyx cylindric ; leafets with with- 
 ering, blackish tips, and a few small calycle leaf- 
 ets at the base : egret simple : receptacfe naked. 
 49. 55 — (rag-wort, fireweed.) 
 
 Tussilago. Calyx simple, scales equal, and 
 equalling the disk, sub-membranous : receptacle 
 naked : pistillate florets ligulate or without teeth : 
 egret simple, sessile. 49. 55 (Sometimes polyga- 
 mous.) (coltsfoot.) 
 
 Cineraria. Calyx simple, many-leaved, equal : 
 receptacle naked : egret simple. 49. 55 — (ash- 
 wort.) 
 
 Aster. Calyx imbricate, the inferior scales 
 spreading : egret simple : receptacle naked, 
 scrobiculatc. (Florets of the ray more than 10, 
 except in solidaginoides, and a few other species.) 
 49. 55 — (star-flower.) 
 
 Heuqfsis. Calyx imbricate with ovate-linear 
 
CLASS XVIII. ORDER III. I f 
 
 scales : ray florets linear, large : receptacle chaf- 
 fy, conic i the chaffs lanceolate : seed 4-sided: 
 egrel o. 49. 55 — (suu-ray.) 
 
 Buphthalmum. Calyx leafy ; receptacle 
 chaffy : egret marginal 4-toothed or obsolel 
 seeds of the ray margined, and sometimes of the 
 disk. 40. 55 — (ox-eye.) Southern states. 
 
 Helkxii m. Calyx 1-leaved, many parted : 
 egret 5 chaffy leaves : receptacle naked in tho 
 di^k, chaffy in the ray : florets of the ray half-3- 
 cleft : seed viHose. (Leaves decurrent.) 49. 55 — 
 (false-sunflower.) 
 
 Boltoxia. Calyx imbricate : egret tooth- 
 awned, somewhat g-horned : receptacle hemis- 
 pherical, alveolate : florets of the ray numerous : 
 seed flat-compressed, margined. 49. 55 — (false- 
 chaniomile.) 
 
 Matricaria. Calyx flat, imbricate, scales 
 scarious at the margin : receptacle naked, cone- 
 cylindric : egret none. 49. 55 — (wild chamomile.) 
 
 Axthemis. Calyx hemispherical, nearly e- 
 qual : egret 0, or a membraneous margin: florets 
 of the ray more than 5 : receptacle chaffy, the 
 chaffs flat, with a rigid acuminate apex. 49*. 55 — 
 (may-weed, chamomile.) 
 
 Achillea. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret : 
 receptacle chaffy : florets of the ray, 4 to 10, di- 
 lated. (Flowers corymbed.) 49. 55 — (yarrow.) 
 
 Yerbesixa. Calyx in double order : recep- 
 tacle chaffy : florets of the ray about 5 : egret 
 awned. 49. 55 — (crown-beard.) 
 
 Order 111. Polygamia Frcstraxea. 
 
 Rudbeckia. Calyx with a double order of 
 scales : receptacle chaffy, conic : cgwt a 4-tooth- 
 ed margin or 0. 49. 55 — (Cone-flower.) 
 
 Helianthds. Calyx imbricate, sub-squarrose, 
 leafy, receptacle flat, chaffy, egret 2 -leaved, ca- 
 ducous. 49. 55 — (sunflower, Jerusalem arti- 
 choke.) 
 
88 CLASS XIX. ORDER II. 
 
 Coreopsis. Calyx double, also many-leaved : 
 seeds compressed emarginate : receptacle chaffy : 
 egret 2-horned. 49. 55 — (tickseed sun-flower.) 
 
 Centaurea. Calyx variodi, mostly imbri- 
 cate, roundish : egret simple, various : recepta- 
 cle bristly : cordis of the ray funnel-shape, longer, 
 irregular. 49. 54 — (blue-bottle, blessed thistle.) 
 
 Order IV. Polygamia Necessaria. 
 
 SrLPHiuM. Calyx squarrose, scales leafy, 
 broad: egret a 2-horned-margin : receptacle chaf- 
 fy : seeds compressed, obcordate, margined. 49. 
 55 — (ragged cup.) 
 
 Polymxia. Calyx double, exterior 4-5-leaved, 
 interior 10-ieaved, leafets concave : egret : re- 
 ceptacle ehally. 49. 55 — (leaf-cup.) 
 
 Calexdula. Calyx many-leaved, equal : re- 
 ceptacle naked : egret none : seeds of the disk 
 mcuiaranaceous. 49. 55 — (pot-marygold.) Ex- 
 otic. 
 
 Iv a. Calyx 3-]eaved : styles 2, long : seed na- 
 ked, obtuse : rereptack* hairy : ray 5-flo\vered« 
 49. 55 — (high water shrub.) 
 
 Order V. Polygamia Segregata. 
 
 ELEniANToprs. Common calyx S-leaved, 
 partial calyx 4-ilowered : florets ligulate : recep- 
 tacle naked : egret setaceous. 49. 55 — (elephant 
 foot.) Southern states. 
 
 Echixops. Proper calyx 1 -flowered: corol 
 tubular, perfect : receptai i e : egret obso- 
 
 lete. 49. 55 — ^giobc thistle.) Exotic. 
 
 CLASS XIX. GYNANDRIA. 
 
 Order 1. Moxaxdria — or Order II. Diax- 
 
 dria. 
 
 Calyx 5-leaved coloured, (or corol 5-petalled.) 
 
 A. With a spur v rider the lower lip, 
 
 Ouchis. Calyx ringent-like, the upper leaf- 
 
(LASS XIX. ORDERS II. V. 8<J 
 
 ets vaulted : lip dilated, spur long: anther termin- 
 al adnato. 7. 21 — (orchis.) 
 
 Limodorum. Calyx somewhat spreading : lip 
 spreading, elongated al the base into a spur: an- 
 ther a terminal lid, caducous. 7. 21 — (limodor 
 
 Satyrium. Calyx ringent-like, upper leafet 
 vaulted : lip linear, parted or sub-entire : spur 
 short, sub-inflated and somewhat 2-Iohed: anther 
 terminal aduate. 7. 21 — (satyr ion.) 
 
 B. Lower lip without a spur, 
 
 Neottia. Calyx ringent-like, the outer side 
 leafets united before about the inflated base of the 
 lip : anther parallel to the acuminate style, affix- 
 ed behind. 7. 21 — (ladies tresses.") 
 
 Epiputis. Calyx erect, spreading: anther 
 a permanent lid : tip flat, pendulous, 2-cleft at the 
 apex. 7. 21 — (lily orchis.) 
 
 Ctmridium. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved, ereet or 
 spreading : lip concave at tl*e base, with a spread- 
 ing border: anther a deciduous lid: pollen glo- 
 bose. 7. 21 — (coral root, grass-pink.) 
 
 Malaxis. Calyx spreading, turned upside 
 down by the twisting of the peduncle when the 
 petals open : lip ascending, concave, spreading : 
 anther a lid. 7. 21 — (twaybladc.) 
 
 Are thus a. Calyx somewhat ringent-like; 
 leafets somewhat converging : anther a perman- 
 ent lid : pollen powdery -granulated. 7. 21 — (are- 
 rhusa, snake-mouth.) 
 
 Order II. Diaxdria. 
 
 Cypriprdium. Calyx coloured, 4-Ieaved, 
 spreading: lip inflated, hollow: style with a ter- 
 minal lobe ; and a petal-like appendage on the 
 upper side. 7 '. 21 — (ladies' slipper.) 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Asclepias. Follicles 2 : nectaries 5. coijcave. 
 li 2 
 
90 CLASS XX. ORDERS I. II. 
 
 containing a little horn : petals reflexed. 30. 47 
 — (milk-weed or silk-weed.) 
 
 Cyxaxchum . Calyx 5-toothed : corol wheel- 
 form : nectary cylindric, 5-toothed : follicles 2. 
 30. 47 — (choak-dog.) 
 
 Order VI. Hexaxdria. 
 
 Aristolochia. Calyx 0: corol superior, 1- 
 petallcd, ligulate, inflated at the hase : capsule 6- 
 celled, many-seeded. 11. 23 — (birth-wort.) 
 
 * Arum was formerly placed here, but is now 
 removed to class nwnoecia. 
 
 CLASS XX. MONOEC1A. 
 
 Order T. Monaxdria. 
 
 FiiUViALis. Staminate flowers — calyx : co- 
 rol : anther sessile. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 : corol : style filiform : stigma 2-cleft : cap- 
 sule 1 -seeded. 15.6. (Flowers axillary) — (riv- 
 cr-nymph.) 
 
 Chara. Staminate flowers — calyx : corol 
 : anther globose, sessile. Pistillate flowers — 
 calyx : corol : style : stigmas 5 : berry 1- 
 ((died, many seeded. (Aquatics.) 15. 6 — (chara.) 
 
 Najas. Staminate flowers — calyx 2-lobed : 
 corol 4-cleft : anthers sessile, cohering*. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx : corol : style subulate : 
 stigma 2 or 3-cleft : capsule 1 to 4-seeded. 15. G 
 — (water-nymph.) 
 
 Order II. Diaxdria. 
 
 Lemna. Staminate flowers — calyx 1 -leafed : 
 cored 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1 -leafed : co- 
 rol ; capsule 1 -celled, 2-seeded. 54. 6 — (duck- 
 meat, water flaxseed.) 
 
 Podostemum. Staminate flowers — calyx ; 
 corol : stamens affixed to a pedicel. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx : corol 0: germ ovate : stig- 
 ma l, sessile : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. 54. 6 — (thread-foot.) 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER III. 91 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 Typha. Anient cylindrir. Staminate flowers 
 • — calyx obsolete) 5 -leaved : corn! o. Pistillate 
 flowers — below the staminate : calyx p : corol : 
 seed i. pedicelled ; the pedicels surroonded at the 
 
 base with long hairs resembling egret. 3. 8 — 
 (cat-tail, or reed mace.) 
 
 Spahganium. Staminate Bowers—ament round- 
 ish: calyx 3-leavcd : corol 0. Pistillate flowers — . 
 calyx 3-leaved : corol : stigma 2-cleft ; drupe 
 juiceless, 1 -seeded. 3. 8 — (burr-reed.) 
 
 Zea. Staminate flowers — calyx-glume 2-flow- 
 ered, awn less : corol glume awnless. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx-glume 2-valved : style 1, fili- 
 form, pendulous : seed solitary, immersed in an 
 oblong receptacle. 4. 10 — (Indian corn.) 
 
 Ti ipsa cum. Staminate flowers — calyx-glume 
 2 -flowered, outer one staminate, inner one neu- 
 tral : corol-gluine membranaceous. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx-glume 1-flowered, covered with a 
 1 -leafed involucre perforated with hollows : corol- 
 glume 2-valved : styles 2 : seed 1. 4. 10 — ^se- 
 same grass.) 
 
 Coix. Staminate flowers — in remote spikes : 
 calyx-glumes 2-flowered, awnless : corol-glume 
 awnless. Pistillate flowers — calyx-glume 2-flow- 
 cred : corol-glume awnless : style 2-parted : seed 
 covered with the bone-like calyx. 4. 10 — (Job's 
 tear. 
 
 Carex. Aments imbricate (usually in cylindric 
 spikes.) Staminate flowers — calyx-scales solita- 
 ry : corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx-scales so- 
 litary : corol inflated, monopetalous, 2-topthed at 
 the apex : stigmas 2 or 3 : nut 3-sided, inclosed 
 in the permanent corol, which becomes an utri- 
 culus-likc permanent aril. 3. 9 — (sedge.) 
 
 Scleuia. Staminate flowers— calyx-glume 2 
 or 6-valved, many-flow ered : corol-glumes awn- 
 less. Pistillate flowers — calyx like the staminate : 
 corol : itigmas 1 to 3 : nut coloured; sub-globose. 
 3. 9 — (whip-grass.) 
 
B2 CLASS XX. ORDER IV. 
 
 Comptonia. Staminate Rowers — ament eylin- 
 Ar'v with "alyx-scales : coro] 2-petalled : ^la- 
 ments 2-forked. Pistillate flowers — spike or 
 ament ovate, rorol 6-petalled : m styles 2 : nut ov- 
 ate. 50. 99 — (sweet-Fern ) 
 
 Eriocaulon. Common ralyx many-leaved ; 
 florets many in an imbricate head : corol 3 to 6- 
 petalled : stamens higher than the germ : cap- 
 sule 3-celled : seed 1. crowned with the corol.— 
 Central flowers staminate. 6. 13 — (pipe-wort.) 
 
 Order IV. Tetrandria. 
 
 Aucuba. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-toothed : 
 corol 4-petalled : receptacle pierced with 4 holes. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as in the 
 staminate : germ inferior : style 1, short : nut 
 ovate 1 -celled. — (japan shrub.) Exotic. 
 
 Boehmeria. Staminate flowers — calyx 4- 
 partcd : corol : nectary : Pistillate flowers — 
 calyx : corol : styles 2 : seed 1 , compressed. 
 (Flowers capitate.) 53. 98 — (round-head.) 
 
 Ur tic a. Staminate flowers— calyx 4-leaved : 
 corol : nectary central cyathiform. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 2-leaved (2-valved :) corol : 
 seed 1, glossy. 53. 98 — (nettle.") 
 
 Parietaria. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — 
 calyx 4-cleft inferior : corol : stamens elastic : 
 style 1 : seed 1. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-leav- 
 ed : seed covered with the dried elongated calyx. 
 53. 98 — (pellitory.) 
 
 Morus. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted : 
 corol 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-leaved : co- 
 ral : styles 2 : calyx berried : seed l. 53. 98 
 — (mulberry.) 
 
 Alnus. Staminate flowers — anient composed 
 of wedge- form truncate 3-flowered receptacles: 
 calyx a scale : corol 4-parted. Pistillate flowers 
 ■ — calyx 2-flowered scales : corol : seed com- 
 pressed ovate wingless. 50. 99 — (jtlder.j 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. 93 
 
 Serpiclla. Staminate flowers — calyx 4- 
 ftoothed: corols 4-petalled, Pistillate Bowers — • 
 
 calyx 4 T parted : nut tomentose. 15. 88 — (little 
 snakeweed.) 
 
 15 1 xi s. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-leaved : 
 petals 2 : germ a mere rudiment. Pistillate !!<.«' - 
 era — calyx 4-leaved : petals 3 : styles 3 : capsu- 
 les 3-beaked, 3-celled : seeds 2. 38. 96 — (box.) 
 * Najas. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Xantiiium. Staminate flowers — common 
 calyx imbricate : rorol 5-cIeft, funnel form : re- 
 ceptacle chaffy. Pistillate flowers — involucre 2- 
 leaved, 1 -flowered : corol o : drupe dry, muri- 
 cate. 2-eleft : nut 2-cclled — (sea-burdock.) 
 
 Ambrosia. Staminate flowers — common calyx 
 1 -leaved : corol 1-petalled, 5-cleit, funnel-form : 
 receptacle naked. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1- 
 ieal'ed, entire, the swelling part 5 -toothed, l- 
 flowered : corol : nut from the indurated calyx, 
 1 -seeded. 54. 32 — (hog-weed.) 
 
 Amaranthus. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 
 5-leaved : corol : stamens 3 or 5. Pistillate 
 flowers. — calyx and corol as the staminate : st\ es 
 3 : capsule l -.elled, opening transversely : seed 
 1. 54. 30 — (amaranth, red-cockscomb.) 
 
 Order VI. Hexandria. 
 
 Zizaxta. Staminate flowers — calyx : corol- 
 glume 2-valved, awnless, with pistillate flowers 
 intermixed. Pistillate flowers — calyx : corol- 
 glume 2-valved, cuculate, awned : style 2-parted; 
 Heed 1 invested in the plaited corol. 4. 10 — (wa- 
 ter-oats.) 
 
 Order XIH. Polvaxdria. 
 
 Ceratopjiylli m. Staminate flowers — calyx 
 many-parted : corol o : stamens 1(3 — 20, with 
 tricuspidate anthers. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 
94 CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. 
 
 and corol as in the staminate : pistil 1 : nut 1~ 
 seeded. 15. 6 — (hornwort.) 
 
 Myriophtllum. Staminate flowers — calyx 
 4-cleft : petals 4, caducous : stamens 4, 6 or 8. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the sta- 
 n.i.iate : pistils 4 : style : seeds 4, having a 
 bark. 15. 6 — (water milfoil.) 
 
 Sagittaria. Staminate flowers — calyx 3- 
 leaved : corol 3-petalled : filaments mostly 24. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as in the sta- 
 minate : pistils many : capsules aggregate, 1- 
 seeded. 5. 13 — (arrow-head,) 
 
 Calla. Spathe ovate becoming expanded : 
 spadix covered with the fructification : stamens 
 intermixed. Staminate flowers — calyx and corol 
 : anthers sessile. Pistillate flowers — calyx and 
 corol : berries 1 -celled crowned with the short 
 style. 2. 7 — (water arum.) 
 
 Arum. Spathe cuculate : spadix not entirely 
 covered with the fructification : being more or 
 less naked above, with pistillate fllowers beneath 
 and staminate in the middle ; (sometimes a few 
 are staminate beneath :) berry mostly 1 -seeded : 
 generally cirrose-ghmdular beneath. 2. 7 — 
 (Indian-turnip.) 
 
 Potertum. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-leav- 
 ed: e^ol 4-paricd : stamens 30 to 50. Pistillate 
 flowers — caiyx and corol like the staminate : pis- 
 tils 2 : berry from the indurated tube of the co- 
 ral. 54. 92 — (buruet.) Exotic. 
 
 Qlercls. Staminate flowers — calyx sub-5- 
 cleft : stamens 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 1 -leafed, entire, scabrous, a woody cup : styles 2 
 to 5 : nut coriaceous, surrounded at the base by 
 the permanent calyx. 50. 99 — (oak.) 
 
 Jlglaxs. Staminate flowers — anient imbri- 
 cate : calyx a scale : corol 6-parted : filaments 
 4 to 18. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft supe- 
 rior : corol 4-cleft: styles £ : drupe coriaceous 
 or woody : nut sulcate. 50. 94 — (hickory, wal- 
 nut, butternut.) 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER XIII. \)5 
 
 Fagus. Staminate flowers — anient roundish : 
 calyx 5-cleft, bellforfn ; stamens about 12. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx 4-toothed, setose : germs 2 : 
 nuts 2 inclosed in the calyx becoming < oriaceous 
 echinate. 50. 99— (beach.) 
 
 (' vstaxf, v. Polygamous. Staminate flowers 
 — anient naked, linear: corol 5-petalled : sta- 
 mens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5 or (3- 
 lcaved. muricate : germs 3 : stigmas pencil-form ; 
 nuts 3, with coriaceous put amen, inclosed in the 
 calyx becoming e Innate. 50. 99 — (cliesnut.) 
 
 be tula. Staminate flowers — anient imbri- 
 cate, scales peltate 3-flowcred : calyx a scale : 
 Btamens 10 to 12. Pistillate flowers — calyx a 2- 
 flowcred scale : seed 1, winged. 50. 99 — (birch.) 
 
 Carpinus. Amcut imbricate. Staminate 
 flowers — calyx-scales ciliate : stamens 10. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx-scales 2-fiowered : corol 3- 
 clcl't : nut ovate silicate. 50. 99 — (hornbeam.) 
 
 Ostrta. Anient imbricate. Staminate flow- 
 ers — calyx a scale : filaments ramose. Pistillate 
 flowers — amcnt naked : capsule inflated, imbri- 
 cate, with one seed at its base. 50. 99 — Jiop horn- 
 beam.) 
 
 Coryxtjs. Staminate flowers — anient imbri- 
 cate : calyx a scale : stamens about 8. Pistillate 
 (lowers — calyx 2-parted, lacerated : styles 2 : 
 nut ovate, surrounded by and included in the per- 
 manent leaf-like calyx. *50. 99 — (hazlemit.) 
 
 Plat anus. Ament globose. Staminate flow- 
 ers — corol scarcely apparent, anthers growing 
 around the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 many-leaved : style with a recurved stigma : 
 seed roundish, crowned With t he mucronate 
 style, with eeret-like hairs at the base. 50. 99— 
 (button-wood.) 
 
 L10.UIDAMRAR. Staminate flowers — anient 
 conic, surrounded with a 4-leaved involucre : fil- 
 ainems numerous. Pistillate flowers — anient glo- 
 bose, surrounded with a 4-leaved involucre : calyx 
 
96 CLASS XX. ORDER XVI. 
 
 1 -leafed, pitcher-form, 2-flowered : styles 2 : cap- 
 sules 2, surrounded at the base by the ralyx, 1- 
 celled, many -seeded. 51. 99 — (sweet-gum.) 
 
 Order XVI. Moxadelphia. 
 
 Pinus. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-leaved •* 
 stamens many : anthers naked. Pistillate flow- 
 ers — calyxes in strobiles or cones, scales 2-flow- 
 d : pistil 1 : nut with a membranaceous wing. 
 (Perhaps more properly a samara.) 51. 100 — 
 (pine.) 
 
 CrpREssrs. Staminate flowers — anient im- 
 bricate: calyx a scale : corol : anthers 4, ses- 
 sile. Pistillate flowers — ament strohilaceous : ca- 
 lyx a 1 -flowered scale : corol : stigmas 2, with 
 concave points : nut angled. 51. 100 — (white ce- 
 dar. ) 
 
 Thuja. Staminate {lowers — anient imbricate : 
 calyx a scale : corol : anthers 4. Pistillate 
 flowers — ament a strobile : cah \ a 2-flowered 
 scale : corol : nut 1, surrounded with a mar- 
 ginal wing. 51. 100 — [arbor vitae.f) 
 
 Acalypha. Staminate flowers — calyx 3 or 4- 
 leaved : stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers — ca- 
 lyx and corol like the staminate : st \ les 3, 2- 
 cleft : capsule tricoccous, 3-celied. (Having 
 large bracts.) 38.96 — (three seed mercury.) 
 
 Rlcinus. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-part- 
 ed : stamens numerous. Pistillate flowers — ca- 
 lyx 3-parted : styles 3, 2-cleft : capsules echi- 
 nate. 3-celled, 3-sceded. 38. 96 — (paima-christi, 
 or castor oil plant.) Exotic. 
 
 Piivllantiius. Staminate flowers — calyx 5 
 
 f I'his tree is also called white cedar in Dr. Hosack's ca- 
 talogue ; to which, and to Phelps' Calendar, I generally re- 
 fer, as ihe standards for English names ; excepting in those 
 Cases, where I take the names immediately from the com- 
 mon people. 
 
 In the 2d edition I have added several English names 
 from Professor reek's catalogue. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER IT. 97 
 
 *>v 6-parted : filaments united i?> a column ; an- 
 tfiers s, and generally several barren filaments. 
 Pistillate (lowers — calyx and corol like the stam- 
 inate: nectary with a 1 2-angled margin: styles 
 3: capsule tricoccous, 38. 9(3 — (leaf-no wer.) 
 
 Momordica. Staminate flowers — calyx 5- 
 cleft : corol 5-parted : filaments 3. Pistillate 
 flowers — style -(left : berry gourd-like and 
 bursting elastically : seeds compressed. 34.97 — 
 (balsam apple.) 
 
 Sic ros. Staminate flowers — calvx 5-toothed : 
 corol 5-parted : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers — 
 styles 3-cleft : berry gourd-like, 1 -seeded. 54. 97 
 — single-seed cucumber.) 
 
 Cucurbita. Staminate flowers — calyx 5- 
 t not lied : corol 5-rIelt : filaments 3. Pistillate 
 U< w >rs— calyx and corol like the staminate: 
 p.stil 3-cleft : pomaceous berry large* 3 to 5-cell- 
 eti : seeds thickened at the margin. 34. 97— 
 (gourd, squash, pumpkin, water-melon.) Exotic* 
 
 Cucvmis. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-tooth- 
 ed: corol 5-parted : filaments 3. Pistillate flow- 
 ers— calyx and corol like the staminate: stigmas 
 3, thick, 2-parted : berry with sharpish seeds. 34. 
 97 — icucumbcr, musk-melon.) 
 
 Melotiiria. Staminate flowers — calyx 5- 
 toothed : corol bellform : filaments 3. Pistillate 
 flowers — style 1 : stigmas 3 : berry -ceiled, 
 many-seeded. 34. 97 — (creeping cucumber.; 
 
 CLASS XXI. DIOEC1A. 
 
 Order II. Diaxdria. 
 
 Vaxlisnbbia. Staminate flowers — spatlie im- 
 parted : spadix covered with floreta : perianth 3- 
 parted. Pistillate flowers — spathe 2-cleft, l-fl iw- 
 ered; perianth -parted, superior : corol 3-petall- 
 
 ed : capsule 1 -celled, many-seeded, (stamens 2 
 and 6) l. 22 — (tape-grass. 
 Salix. Staminate flowers — anient cyliudric : 
 
 I 
 
B8 CLASS XXI. ORDERS III. IV. 
 
 calyx a scale,, with a nectariferous gland at the 
 base. Pistillate flowers — anient and calyx like 
 the staminate : styles 2-cleft : capsule 1 -celled, 2- 
 valved : seed with egret-like do,wn. 50. 99 — (wil- 
 low.) 
 
 Fraxixus. Perfect flowers — calyx 0, or 4- 
 parted : corol 0, or 4-petalled : pistil 1 : sama- 
 ra 1 -seeded with a lanceolate wing. Pistillate 
 flowers on a distinct plant : calyx, corol and pistils 
 same as perfect. 44. 57 — (ash.) 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 Empetrum. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-part- 
 fed : enrol 3-petalIed : stamens long. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx and corol as in the staminate : 
 styles 9 : berry 9-seeded. 18. 51 — (crow-berry.) 
 
 Ficrs. Common receptacle fleshy enclosing 
 the apetalous florets, either in the same or in a 
 distinct individual. Staminate flowers — calyx 3- 
 parted. — Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-partcd : pis- 
 til 1, lateral : seed 1, covered with the closed 
 permanent somewhat fleshy calyx. 53. 98 — (fig 
 tree.) Exotic. 
 * Carex. 
 
 Order IV. Tetrandria. 
 
 Hippopiiae. Staminate flowers — calyx 2- 
 parted : corol 0. Pistillate flowers--calyx and 
 corol like the staminate : style 1 : berry 1 -seed- 
 ed. 16. 24 — (sea-buckthorn.) 
 
 Myrica. Staminate flowers — anient oblong : 
 calyx an ovate scale : corol 0. Pistillate flowers 
 — calyx and corol like the staminate : styles 2 : 
 drupe or berry 1-seeded. 50. 99 — (bay-berry, 
 sweet gale.) 
 
 Broussonetia. Staminate flowers — anient 
 cylindric : calyx 4 -parted. Pistillate flowers— 
 anient globose : calyx tubulous, 3 or 4-toothed : 
 germ becoming fleshy, clavate, prominent : styles 
 lateral : seed i, covered by the calyx. 50. 99 — 
 (paper mulberry.) 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER V. &y 
 
 Visccm. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-pttrted : 
 rorol u : anthers sessile, adhering to the call x. — 
 Pistillate flowers — shies : berry inferior l-seed- 
 ed : seed cordate ; (parasitic adhering to trees.)— 
 (misseltoe.) 
 
 Order V. Pentvxdria. 
 
 ITamiltonia. Perfect flowers — calyx superior 
 5-cleft: rorol o : nectary with a 5-toothed disk : 
 stamens 5 : pistil 1 : fruit a drupe. Sta 
 flowers like the perfect, except in wanting tiie 
 pistil— (American oil -nut.) 
 
 Zantiioxyli m. Staminate flowers — calyx 5- 
 parted : rorol 0: stamens S to 5. Pi >w- 
 
 ers-— pistils 3 to 5 : capsules 
 of pistils, 1 -seeded. 46. 94— (pnckly ash, or tooth' 
 acne tree.) 
 
 Spixacia. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-part- 
 ed : rorol 0. Pistillate flowers— styles ' 
 1, within the indurated calyx. 12. 29— (spinach) 
 Exotic. 
 
 Acmda. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-parfced : 
 corol 0. Pistillate flowers— calyx S-parteo : style 
 0: stigmas 3, sessile : capsule 1 -seeded. 53, x2!J 
 — (water-hemp.) 
 
 Humuius. Staminate flowers— calyx 5-leav- 
 cd : corol 0. Pistillate flowers?-- ralxy 1 -leafed, 
 entire, oblique, spreading : styles 2 : seed 1, with- 
 in the leaf-like calyx: inflorescence strobile-form. 
 53. 9 8 — ( hop.) 
 
 Caxxahis. Staminate flowers— ralyx 5-part- 
 ed. Pistillate flowers— calyx 5-leaved, entire, 
 gaping laterally : styles 2 : nut 2-vaivcci, within 
 the dosed calyx. 53. 98— (hemp.) Exotic. 
 
 Nyssa. Perfect flowers— calyx superior, 5- 
 parted : corol : pistil 1 : fruit a drupe. Stam- 
 inate flowers— stamens 10. 13.24 — (tupelo tree, 
 or peppcridge.) 
 
100 CLASS XXI. ORDERS VIII. to XIII. 
 
 Order VI. Hexandria. 
 
 Lapathum. Calyx 3-leaved : not marked 
 with grains : petals 3, converging : seed 1 . 3-sid- 
 ed. (Distinguished from rumex, by always be- 
 ing dioecious.) 12. 28 — (field-sorrel.) 
 
 Smilax. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-leaved : 
 corol 0. Pistillate flowers— calyx and corol like 
 the staminate : styles 3 : berry 3-celled ; seeds 2. 
 11. 12 — (green briar, Jacob's ladder.) 
 
 Dioscorea. Staminate flowers — calyx 6- 
 parted : corol 0. Pistillate flowers— styles 3 : 
 capsule 3-celled, compressed : seeds 2, membra- 
 naceous. — (Leaves generally alternate.) 11. 12 — 
 (yam-root.) 
 
 From Order VIII. Octandria, to Order XIII. 
 
 PoLYANDRlA. 
 
 "Populus. Staminate flowers— anient cylindric, 
 calyx a torn scale : corol turbinate, oblique, en- 
 tire. Pistillate flowers — anient, calyx and corol 
 like the staminate: stigma 4 -cleft : capsule 2- 
 celled : seed with egret-like hairs. (Leaves hav- 
 ing a tremulous motion.) 50. 99 — (poplar, balm of 
 gilead. 
 
 Diospyros. Staminate flowers — calyx 4 to 6- 
 clef't, dilated : corol pitcher-form, 4 to 6-cleft : 
 stamens §> 16 or 29. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 and corol like the staminate : styles 4-clei't : ber- 
 ry 8 to 12-seeded. 18. 41 — (date plum.) 
 
 Gleditschia. Perfect flowers — calyx 4-cleft : 
 corol 3-petaUed : pistil 1 : capsule legume-like. 
 Staminate flowers— calyx 3-leaved ; corol 3-pet- 
 alled. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-leaved : corol 
 5-petalled. 33. 93 — (honey -locust.) 
 
 Datisc a. Staminate flow ers — calyx 5-leaved : 
 corol : anthers sessile, about 15. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx superior, 2-toothed : styles 3 : cap- 
 sules 3-angled, 3-horned, 1-celled, pervious. 54 — 
 (false-hemp.) 
 
 Menispermum. Staminate flowers— calyx 2- 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 101 
 
 leaved : petals 4 or f> outer and 8 inner : stamens 
 16, Pistillate flowers— corol like the staminate : 
 8 barren stamens : germs 2 or 3 : berries paired, 
 vded. 11. 77— (moon seed.) 
 
 Order \VI. IWoxadeli h:a. 
 
 JuNiPKRus. Staminate Bowers— ament ovate : 
 calyx a seal;' : stamens 3. Pistillate flowers — ca- 
 lyx S-parted : petals S : styles s : berry 3-seed- 
 
 ed, consisting of the three unequal tubercles of 
 the calyx. (Nut bony, 1 -relied with balsamy 
 
 glands at the base.) 51. 100 — (red cedar, savin.) 
 Taxis. Staminate flowers — ralyx about 4 
 bud-leaves : corol : stamens many, anthers pel- 
 tate, 8-Heft Pistillate flowers — style : recep- 
 tacle acorn-cupform : nut ovate. 51. 100 — (yew.) 
 
 Polygamous Plants. 
 
 Some authors still retain the class Polysomia ; 
 but I. following Persoon, have distributed the gen- 
 em belonging to this class as follows : — .ludropo- 
 gon to class 3, order 2. Holcus to 3, 2. Panax 
 to 5, 2. Atriplex to 5, 2. Celtis to 5, 2. Vera- 
 trum to 6, 3. Mdanthium to 6, 3. Acer to 8, 1. 
 Mknosa to 1G, 10. Far itt aria to 20, 4. Fraxi- 
 itM To 21.2. iVussa to 21, 5. Gleditschia to 21, 
 
 . - 
 
 CLASS XXII. CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 Order I. Filice^. 
 
 Ferns arc annulated, when each capsule lias a 
 kind of chain passing around it at about right an- 
 gles with the suture. When the fruit is ripe, the 
 chain in straitening opens the capsule ; it being 
 attached by its ends to two contiguous edges of it. 
 
 A. With annulated capsules, 
 1. Without involucres. 
 Acrostic hum. Capsules numerous, covering 
 the whole lower surface of the frond. (The ier- 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 'W 
 
102 CLASS XXII. ORDER £ 
 
 tile leaves differ in shape from the barren. This 
 genus should be examined in the young state ; for 
 the scattered fruit of other genera, by becoming 
 confluent when old, often cover the frond.) 55. 5 — 
 (fork-fern.) 
 
 Poly podium. Capsules disposed in round 
 scattered dots, on various parts of the lower sur- 
 face of the frond. 55. 5 — (polypod.) 
 
 2, With involucres. 
 
 Oxocxea. Fruit-dots indeterminate, capsules 
 covering the whole lower surface of the frond ; 
 involucre formed by turning in or rolling back the 
 margin of the leaf, which opens inwards, in ma- 
 turity, towards the midrib, or remains closed. 
 (The fertile leaves are contracted and narrower 
 than the barren ones.) 55. 5 — (sensitive po- 
 lypod.) 
 
 JBiiECHxuM. Capsules in im interrupted lines 
 running parallel to the midrib of the frond on both 
 .sides : involucre opens inwards. f (The fruit of 
 this genus, when ripe, often covers the whole low- 
 er surface of the frond like the acrostichum ; it 
 must therefore be examined in the young state.) 
 55. 5 — (Roman fern.) 
 
 Pteuis. Capsules arranged in a continued 
 line along the very margin of the frond : involu- 
 cre opening inwards. When the leaves are ex- 
 tremely small, the rows of capsules on opposite 
 sides meet and rover the lower surface like the 
 above.) 55. 5 — (brake.) 
 
 Vittaria. Capsules in an uninterrupted lino 
 along the disk or margin of the frond : involucre- 
 double, one of which opens inwards, the other 
 outwards. (Leaves always simple.) 55. 5 — (rib- 
 bon fern.^ 
 
 Asplex ium. Capsules in lines parallel to each 
 
 fThe involucre opens tHxeards, when it opens or sepa- 
 rates, so as to leave the capsules nuked on the side next to 
 the midrib. 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 103 
 
 other, situated exactly upon the .secondary veins 
 of the frond : involucres opening inwards. (By 
 the secondary veins is meant those of the middle 
 
 pact of the disk, not the larger ones at the margin 
 or midrib. The parallel lines of (apsides ma) 
 stand obliquely with respect to the midrib, hut 
 their direction must he parallel to each other.) 55. 
 5 — (spleen wort, walking-leaf.) 
 
 Scoi.oprndrium. Capsules in strait or zig- 
 zag parallel lines between the secondary veins (or 
 rihs) of the frond : involucre double, opening on 
 the top of the lines of capsules and folding down 
 towards each side. (In the genus aspic ni tun, the 
 lines of capsules lie across the veines of the frond : 
 but in this they are in line with the veins and at- 
 tached along their sides or between them.) 55. 5 
 — caterpillar fern.) 
 
 Woodward n. Capsules in oblong or oval 
 spots arranged in regular rows on both sides of 
 the midrib : involucre vaulted and opening in- 
 wards. (When the leaves have large segments, 
 the capsules are arranged along the midribs of 
 the segments also.) 55. 5 — (kidney-fruit fern.) 
 
 AniA.vTUM. Capsules disposed in oblong 
 spots arranged along the margin of the frond : 
 involucre is formed by turning back the margin 
 of the frond over the capsules, and it opens in- 
 wards. (The lines of oblong spots are generally 
 along that margin, which may be considered the 
 end of the leaf or of the segments of the leaf.) 55. 
 5 — (maiden-hair.) 
 
 Aspiuu m. Capsules in scattered roundish 
 spots on various parts of the whole lower surface 
 of the frond: involucre a kidney-form or round 
 membrane, fastened to the frond in or near the 
 center of the fruit-dot, and opening on all sides. 
 (The involucre, when a little opened, is strictly 
 peltate.) 55. 5 — (shield-fern.) 
 
 AriiYiuiM. Taken from aspidinm. J Cap- 
 sules in scattered roundish or oblong spots on va- 
 
104 CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 
 
 rious parts of the whole lower surface of the 
 frond : involucre a roundish membrane fastened 
 to the frond at one side of the fruit-dot and open- 
 ing on the other. (The involucre is generally fas- 
 tened inwards and opens outwards towards the 
 margin of the frond.) 55, 5 — (snuff-box fern.) 
 
 Dicksonia. Capsules in small round scatter- 
 ed fruit dots at the margin of the frond : involu- 
 cre double ; one partis formed of the thin margin 
 of the frond turned over upon the fruit-dots, the 
 other is from the frond on the inward side of the 
 fruit-dots, each pact opening opposite to where it 
 is fastened to the frond. 55. 5 — (fine-haired fern.) 
 
 Woodsia. Involucre perianth-form, with a 
 hairy margin : capsules pedicelled included with- 
 in the involucre : fruit-dots roundish, scattered. 
 55, 5 — (flower-cup fern.) 
 
 Ciieilanthes. Fruit-dots roundish, distinct, 
 situated at the margin of the frond : involucre a 
 roundish membrane formed by turning over the 
 margin of the frond upon the fruit dots, and open- 
 ing inwards. (The margin is always crenate, 
 and each fruit-dot has its own involucre perfectly 
 separate from the others.) 55, 5 — -(lip-fern.) 
 
 13. With capsules not cumulated. 
 
 Sciiizvea. Capsules top-form, striate longi- 
 tudinally and radiately, situated upon the back 
 part of a narrow spike-form appendage of the 
 frond, surrounded with or interspersed among 
 bundles of hairs. (The appendages, bearing the 
 capsules, are generally digitate and occupy the 
 summit of the frond.) 55, 5 — (one-sided fern.) 
 
 Osmunda. Capsules globose, pedicelled, ra- 
 diate-striate or wrinkled, having a hinge at the 
 joining of the two valves, which resembles part 
 of the jointed ring of annulated ferns : the cap- 
 sules either occupy the whole lower surface of the 
 frond, or a panic led-raccme. (The parts of the 
 frond occupied by the fruit are always more con- 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER I. 10* 
 
 traded than the barren parts.) 55, 5 — (flowering 
 fern.) 
 
 LYOODIUM. Capsules in two scries, radiate- 
 striated or wrinkled, opening laterally, longitu- 
 dinally or transversely ; they are situated upon 
 spikelets which proceed from the margin of the 
 frond, each capsule being hid under a scale which 
 falls off frequently in ripening. 55, 5 — (fringed 
 fern, climbing fern.) 
 
 APPENDIX TO THE ORDER FILICES.* 
 Pteroides. 
 
 riants related to the ferns in their general ha- 
 bit ; but in some degree approaching t\\Q habit of 
 pines, umbelliferous and colmiferous plants. The 
 young leaves air never spiral : in which particu- 
 lar they differ from most of the proper ferns. 
 
 Botrychium. Capsules coriaceous, globose, 
 one-celled, smooth ; they are disposed in spikes 
 or racemes, generally open lengthwise, sometimes 
 irregularly. 55. 5 — (grape fern.) 
 
 Ophioglossum. Capsules round, 1-cellcd, 
 opening transversely ; they are placed on a some- 
 what jointed spike in two close rows. 55. 5 — (ad- 
 der-tongue fern) 
 
 IN ilotl'm. Capsules globose, 3-celled, S-seed- 
 ed, opening upwards with three pores ; they are 
 s< ssile on the branches and axillary. 55. 5 — (na- 
 ked fern.) 
 
 Lycopodium. Capsules mostly kidney-form 
 or roundish, £ or 4-valved opening elastically ; 
 they are placed under separate scales in a sj;ike, 
 or sometimes in the axils of leaves. (Veiy leafy, 
 their stems being generally covered with 2, 3 or 
 4 rows of narrow simple entire leaves.) 55,5 — 
 (ground pine.) 
 
 * The gener a included in this appendix, with a few of 
 the preceding-, are arranged under tour new orders by mo- 
 dern innovators. 
 
106 CLASS XXII. ORDER II. 
 
 Equiestum. Fruit placed under peltate bodies 
 which are arranged in whorls forming; a spike- 
 form raceme ; four spiral filaments surround the 
 seed (probably) which resenfbles green globules. 
 (Fertile plants mostly leafless, the stems of all 
 are jointed with toothed sheaths at every joint, 
 and usually longitudinally striated and hollow.) 
 
 55. 5 — (scouring rush, horsetail.) 
 
 Order II. Musci.* 
 
 A. Capsules without a lid. 
 
 Phascum. Capsule furnished with a calyptre, 
 but having no lid it falls off closed. (The small- 
 est of mosses, never half an inch high, and more 
 commonly not the eighth of an inch, and almost 
 sessile.) 56. 4 — (earth-moss.) 
 
 B. Capsules with a lid and without a peristome. 
 
 Sphagnum. Calyptre breaks off transversely, 
 leaving the lower half on the capsule : lid cadu- 
 cous. (Found only in swamps. Becomes red- 
 dish when old.) 56. 4 — (peat-moss.) 
 
 Gtmnostomum. Calyptre wholly falling off: 
 lid caducous. 56. 4 — (toothless-moss.) 
 
 C. Capsule with a lid and furnished with a single 
 peristome, proceeding from the outer surface of 
 the capsule, or from both inner and outer. 
 
 1. Teeth fewer tlian 16. 
 
 Tetraphis. Teeth 4, taking their origin from 
 both the inner and outer surface of the capsule. 
 
 56. 4 — (4 -toothed moss.") 
 
 Splachnum. Teeth 8 : capsule with an 'um- 
 brella-form apophysis below its base. 56. 4 — (um- 
 brella moss.) 
 
 * Mosses may be gathered whenever the capsules have ar- 
 rived to their usual size. Hut they must be put in a closet, 
 until the lids of the capsules become reddish-brown, before 
 they are examined. Then the lids may be removed, and 
 the teeth examined. 
 
CLASS XXIT. ORDER II. 107 
 
 3. Teeth always 1G, and neither split, connected, 
 nor in pairs. 
 Grimm I A. Calyptre smallish: peduncle ter- 
 minal. 50. 4 — (awl-cap moss.; 
 
 Maschalocarpus. Calyptre small : pedun- 
 cle axillary : stem sarmentose. 56, 4 — (creeping 
 moss.) 
 
 3. Teeth always 16, and split. 
 
 Dicram m. Each tooth split pact of the way 
 from the tip towards the base, incurved and solid. 
 56. 4 — [fork moss.) 
 
 Triciiostomim. Each tooth split quite down 
 to the base, erect and filiform. 56. 4 — (hair-mouth 
 moss.) 
 
 4. Teeth 1G, 32 or 64, connected. 
 
 Volytkiciu m. Tips of the teeth r'l meet in a 
 flat membrane, which extends oxer most of the 
 mouth of the capsule : calyptre mostly composed 
 of hair. 56. 4 — (hair-cap moss.) 
 
 5. Teeth 1G, 32, or G4, in pairs. 
 
 Didymodox. Capsule without any apophysis 
 below its base. (The splachnum, having teeth 
 sometimes in pairs, is best distinguished from this 
 genus by its apophysis.) 56. 4 — (double-too th 
 moss.) 
 
 D. Capsule with a lid, and furnished with a single 
 peristome proceeding only from the inner surface 
 of the capsule, 
 
 Barbula. Peristome consists of twisted fila- 
 ments. 56. 4 — (spiral-tooth moss.) 
 
 Diphascum, Teeth vein-like, lying on a conic 
 plaited membrane : capsule inflated almost ses- 
 sile upon the root. 56. 4 — [bladder mouth.) 
 
 E. Capsules with a lid, and furnished with a dou- 
 ble peristome, the outer one consisting of 8 or 16 
 distinct teeth. 
 
 1. Inner peristome consisting of teeth or filaments 
 not connected at their hases. 
 
 OuTHoTRiciu m. Inner peristome consists of 
 
108 CLASS XXL ORDER II. 
 
 8 or 16 fine hair-like filaments, vaulted inwards. 
 56. 4 — (curve -haired moss.) 
 
 Neckera. Outer peristome consists of 16 
 teeth, the inner one of 16 filaments, erect ; pedun- 
 cles axillary. (Sarmcntosc.j 56. 4 — (strait-hair- 
 ed moss.) 
 
 Timmia. Outer teeth very short ; inner ones 
 16, long and membranaceous, in distinct pairs : 
 peduncles terminal. 56. 4 — (many -spiked moss.) 
 
 Climacium. Inner peristome consists of 16 
 filaments, disposed in pairs ; each pair is united 
 at top and connected below by transverse fibres : 
 peduncles axillary. 56. 4 — (tree moss.) 
 
 2. Inner peristome consisting of teeth or filaments 
 connected towards the base by a membrane. 
 
 Meesia. Inner peristome consisting of 16 re- 
 ticulate flat teeth : peduncle terminal. 56.4 — net- 
 tooth moss.) 
 
 Leskea. Outer teeth long-acuminate ; inner 
 peristome consists of a delicate membrane at the 
 base, and upwards becoming uniform acuminate 
 teeth : peduncle axillary. (Greatly resembles 
 Hypnum, but the ciliae between the inner teeth of 
 the Hypnum will distinguish it, if a very high 
 magnifier be used.) 56. 4 — (goose-neck moss.) 
 
 liARTRAMiA. Inner peristome consists of a de- 
 licate membrane terminating in 16 acuminatelj 
 divided teeth disposed in pairs : peduncles termi- 
 nal, except haUeriana. 56. 4 — (bow-moss.) 
 
 Mnium. Inner peristome consists of a mem- 
 brane terminating in pointed teeth which are much 
 perforated with large holes compared with Hie 
 size of the teeth, having between ti en fine hairs ; 
 peduncles terminal. 56. 4 — (prh keu-tooth moss.) 
 
 Bryum. Inner peristome consists of a mem- 
 brane terminating in pointed teeth not perforated, 
 having between them very fine delicate hairs: 
 peduncles terminal. 56. 4 — (thread moss.) 
 
 [ yfnum. Inner peristome consists of a mem- 
 brane terminating in pointed teeth not perforated, 
 
CLASS XXH. OKDKR III. io9 
 
 having between thcpi very fine hairs, 1o he seen 
 with a good magnifier ; peduncles axillary. 5G. 
 4 — (sleeping moss.) 
 
 3. /finer peristome consisting of a membrane, or of 
 
 united filaments. 
 
 Fontinalis. Inner peristome consisting of 
 a reticulate membrane with longitudinal fibres* 
 56, 4 — [water-moss.) 
 
 Buxbaxjmia. Outer teeth extremely short and 
 truncate : inner peristome consists of 2 or more. 
 cylinders of filaments slightly connected togeth- 
 er, the inner cylinder being the longest : capsule 
 oblique : peduncle radical. 56. 4 — (leafless moss.) 
 
 F. Capsule with a lid, and furnished with a double 
 peristome, outer one consisting of 16 connected 
 
 ih. 
 
 Funaria. Outer teeth oblique and connected 
 at the tips : inner are 16 filaments lying flat : pe- 
 duncles terminal. 56. 4 — (rone moss, twisted 
 
 Order 111. Hepatic, \E.t 
 
 Juxgermanxi a. Capsules 4-valved with chain- 
 like seed-dispersers, peduncled, arising from a 
 bellform calyx. (An apophysis adjoins the cap- 
 side, and it has a silvery filamentous peduncle, 
 which often grows several inches in one night. 
 The peduncle rises from a bellform calyx, which 
 is more permanent than the fruit, in this calyx 
 the fruit lies concealed a while, at length it opens 
 and discloses a small sinning black globule, which 
 ' on the silvery peduncle and bursts into 4 
 valves.) 57. — false naoss.j 
 
 iMarchantia. Capsules peduncled, bursting 
 at their summits : seeds attached to elastic fibr 
 
 f i lie plants of this order have the fructification much 
 like that ot Mosses ; but the froud or leaf\ part sometimes 
 , resembles that of Lichens. 
 
 K 
 
110 CLASS XXII. ORDER IV. 
 
 the capsules are placed beneath umbrella-like 
 stars or cones. (It agrees with some species of 
 jungermannia in external appearance, but it is of 
 a much firmer texture. The frond is always leafy, 
 lobed, furnished with a stroift midrib and beset 
 beneath with villous roots. The disk of the leaf 
 consists of a beautiful green net-work.) 57.3 — 
 (brook liverwort .) In the spring one of the leading 
 species sends up ovate anthers or buds on pellucid 
 filaments from the disk of the frond. Near the 
 middle of the summer the umbrellas appear, bear- 
 ing the fruit on the rays.) 
 
 Axthoceros. Capsules horn-like, issuing 
 from a calyx with toothed reflexed margin, cover- 
 ed at first with a brown villous caducous ealyptre ; 
 afterwards splitting into valves and presenting the 
 columella with the seeds attached : around the ca- 
 lyx, within the substance of the leaf, and in a pro- 
 per involucre, are inclosed heaps of reddish mi- 
 nute anthers or buds. (The substance of the frond 
 is made up of beautiful 6-sided cells, each of 
 which is marked on the surface with a small pro- 
 tuberance.) ST. 3 — (wax-liverwort.) 
 
 Riccia. Capsules sessile, globular, 1 -celled, 
 crowned with an appearance of withered anthers ; 
 they are lodged in the substance of the leaf, and to 
 he discovered only bv the darker colour of the 
 place where situated. (Usually found with lem- 
 na in ponds and stagnant waters.) 57. 5 — (float- 
 ing-liverwort, fork-stems.) 
 
 Order IV. Algae. 
 
 Fucus. Germs imbedded in the gelatinous 
 subsiance of the frond, aggregate : seeds produc- 
 ed in clustered tubercles, which burst at their 
 summits. 57.2 — (dying seaweed.) Some species 
 are excellent vermifuges. (See Dr. A. R. Grif- 
 fin's inaugural dissertation, before the New-York 
 college of physicians.) 
 
 Ulva. Frond membranaceous or gelatinous : 
 
CLASS XXTT. ORDER V. Ill 
 
 fruit in semi-transparent viscular membranes 
 within the substance or under the general cuticle 
 ofthe frond, either solitary or clustered. 57. 2 — 
 
 (glue seaweed.) 
 
 Convebva. Consisting of herbaceous tubes or 
 fibres, generally separated within by transverse 
 partitions : seeds scattered through the joints, or 
 contained in solitary closed tubercles attached to 
 the tubes or fibres. 57. 2 — (green hair, frog's- 
 spittle.) 
 
 Order V. Lichexes.* 
 
 A. Receptacle none ; propqgo naked, scattered or 
 aggregate. 
 
 Lepraria+. Efflorescence sub-globular, scat- 
 tered loosely ever a crnstaceous base, whirh it 
 often covers entirely : frond crustaceous, indeter- 
 minate. 57.2 — (leprous-like Iiciien4) 
 
 SriLOMA. Efflorescence in shapeless superfi- 
 cial masses, woolly and powdery, rigid ; Trend 
 crustaceous mostlv indeterminate, but sometimes 
 bordered, thin and uniform, 57. 2 — (efflorescent 
 lichen.) 
 
 * This order is wholly copied from the system of Achaii- 
 us, translated by Doer. Smith. Acharius has since subdivid- 
 ed Parmelia, Baemyces, 8tc. by giving generic names to the 
 sections of species. 
 
 f Sprengal considers the three first genera as the rudi- 
 ments of others. 
 
 } Young botanists who have not been informed to what 
 department of nature the word lichen applies, may be told, 
 that the following substances are lichens. The spots on 
 rocks and stones which are white, yellow, black, 6cc. sprin- 
 kled over with dots resembling By-dirt upon window-gLss. 
 Also the whitish green patches on old fences, trees, &c. Mid 
 the substance on trees of u fibrous structure and firm tex- 
 ture, usually called moss. It difitrs from moss in being 
 more tough and hard, and gen trail}' less green. 
 
m CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 B. Receptacles] composed of a peculiar compact 
 hardish substance, not in any manner formed out 
 of the frond, from which it differs in colour, be- 
 ing often black, 
 
 1. Receptacles open. 
 
 Variolaria. Receptacles seated on a thick 
 tartarous crust, which supplies them with an ac- 
 cessory border ; their disk is occupied with an 
 assemblage of powdery substance : the frond is 
 generally determinate. This genus was suppos- 
 ed to have no receptacle, until Dr. Smith detect- 
 ed the error. 57. 2— (small-pox lichen.) 
 
 Opegrapha. Clefts black, sessile, oblong or 
 linear, simple, confluent or branched, strait or 
 zigzag, bordered : their disk fiat or slightly con- 
 cave, naked or powdery, narrow, linear, rarely 
 dilated : their border is of their own substance, 
 often very narrow and scarcely perceptible, 
 sometimes tumid, elevated, and sometimes index- 
 ed : frond crustaceous, uniform, thin, generally 
 indeterminate, occasionally leprous. 57. 2 — (let- 
 tered lichen.) 
 
 Lecidea. Spangles sessile, with a flattish or 
 convex disk : frond various, crustaceous ; uni- 
 form and limited, scattered and indeterminate, 
 leafy, membranous, or stellate. 57. 2 — (spangled 
 lichen.) 
 
 Calicium. Puffs turbinate, lenticular, or 
 nearly globose : generally elevated on a rigid 
 simple stalk of a different substance from the 
 
 -f" As the student will find nothing- on lichens like tho^e 
 organs denominated the fructificati- n of phenogamous pLnts, 
 he may be told that by receptacles are here meant those 
 specks or dots mentioned in the last note, or those saucer- 
 form substances on the large greenish patches on fences. 
 
 The different kinds of receptacles, characterizing the 
 genera, are enumerated under the definition of this order, 
 at the 5th page of the introduction. They are here printed 
 in italics. These must be examined first, in analyzing an 
 unknown lichen. 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER V. rlS 
 
 trust : frond crustaccous, leprous or iartarous, 
 uniform or scattered) powdery and granulated 
 or solid and chequered, or somewhat leafy and 
 imbricated. This genus \\as confounded with 
 thejungi, till distinguished by Persoon. 57. 2 — 
 (fungus lichen) 
 
 2. Receptacles closed, at length opening. 
 
 G ykophoka. Buttons superficial flattish : frond 
 leafy, peltate, between membranous and leafy. 57. 
 2 — (button lichen, shoe-leather.) 
 
 Bathelium. Receptacles sessile, sub-globose, 
 opening by a deciduous lid, hollow, from 1 to S 
 cells lined with seeds : frond crustaccous, inde- 
 terminate, uniform. 57. 2. 
 
 Vi-KHucArviA. Tubercles elevated, discharg- 
 ing their chained seeds by a terminal pore, or 
 cist 1 they fall out entire : frond thin crusta< eous, 
 uniform. Very minute. 57. 2 — (mite lichen.) 
 
 Endocarpon. Hollows hidden in the substance 
 of the frond, each opening by a little mouth : 
 seeds enclosed in cells : frond membranous, some- 
 what crustaccous, of a determinate figure ; so 
 united to the substance of the receptacles as to 
 appear of a piece, excepting a little difference of 
 colour. 57. 2 — (hidden lichen.) 
 
 C. Receptacles formed of the frond itself, with 
 which it agrees in substance and colour: seeds 
 (excepting of the sphrerophorou) enclosed in pro- 
 per cells. 
 
 1. Receptacles compound, either pierced or gaping. 
 
 Thelotrema. Receptacles compound ; the 
 outer ones wart-like, elevated, of the substance of 
 the crust , inner ones somewhat globular, with a 
 concave disk; frond a firm, continued, iudetcr 
 Kiinate crust. 57. 2 — (crust lichen.) 
 
 K 2 
 
1 i<* CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 2. Receptacles nearly globular, closed ; at length 
 bursting. 
 
 Sphaeropiioron. Cellules nearly globose, 
 each enclosing a roundish hair of naked compact 
 seeds, which turns to black powder, and is dis- 
 charged by the torn orifice, leaving the cellule 
 hollow and empty : frond shrubby, branched, 
 solid, rigid, tartarous or minutely fibrous within ; 
 with a smooth cartilaginous coat. A very elegant 
 genus resembling coral. 57. 2 — (seed-ball lichen.) 
 
 Isidium. Receptacle of the seeds terminal, 
 subdiscoid, solid, various in thickness, covered 
 with, and shining through, the crust of the papil- 
 lae of the frond, which at length bursts, and each 
 receptacle appears coloured and partly exposed : 
 globules also either terminate each papilla or are 
 nearly sessile on the crust itself ; which are colour- 
 ed and finally fall out, leaving pits at the sum- 
 mits of the branches : frond crustaceous, leprous 
 and tartarous, cracked, rather indeterminate ; ei- 
 \ her papillary only or throwing up solid branches. 
 Resembles sphaerophoron ; but differs in having a 
 liase^ terminal globules, &c. 57. 2 — (coral lichen.) 
 
 >. Receptacles orbicular, open : their border of the 
 colour of the frond, surrounding a variously-co- 
 loured disk. 
 
 Urc eolaria. Shields or spangles cup-form, va- 
 riously coloured, sunk into the substance of the 
 dust, or of its fragments or warts : disk concave, 
 rarely becoming flatfish by age, but never ele- 
 vated above the crust, proper border often scarce- 
 ly manifest, of the colour of the disk ; the ac- 
 cessory border sometimes formed of the crust el- 
 evated like a ling surrounding the disk of each 
 shield : frond crustaceous, tartarous, uniform, de- 
 terminate, chequered or cracked, rarely figured 
 orlobate. Often found on stones, 6cc. and some 
 species are inseperable from the stones on which 
 they grow. 57, 2 — (pitcher-shield lichen.) 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 115 
 
 Parhelia. Shields superficial or elevated, 
 thick or sub-membranous, ilattish, convex or con- 
 cave, crowned with a free accessory border : 
 frond various, crustaceans, leafy* branched <>r la- 
 ciniated, cartilaginous, membranous or gelatin- 
 ous. A vast genus. One of its beat chai 
 is that the shield lias no border of its own sub- 
 stance ; but always has an accessary one of the 
 substance of the crust. 5T. 2 — (shield lichen.) 
 
 4. Receptacles flattened, nearly destitute of a bor- 
 der ; their upper side entirely covered with a thin 
 seed-bearing disk, of considerable solidity at tha 
 surface. 
 
 Sticta. Shields on the upper side of the 
 frond, sessile, close-pressed, orbicular, membra- 
 naceous ; their disk Hat, rarely somewhat con- 
 vex ; their border accessory, thin, entire, free, 
 slightly-tumid, rarely fringed, of the colour of 
 the frond : pits among the down of the under side, 
 scattered, sessile, minute, coloured : their disk 
 roundish, powdery ; border elevated, a little in- 
 flated, entire or jagged, sometimes obliterated : 
 frond leafy, membranous, or in some measure 
 leathery, lobed or jagged, downy or shaggy be- 
 neath. The pits on the back of the frond form 
 the best of its characters. 57. 2 — (pit-back lichen.) 
 
 Peltidea. Targets closely attached to the 
 frond about the margin on the upper or under 
 -.ide, rarely lateral or towards the middle, each 
 (insisting entirely of a ilattish (rarely concave) 
 coloured disk : border accessory, very thin and 
 scarcely discernible, united with the frond and of 
 the same colour : frond rather leathery, with 
 downy veins and fibres beneath, rarer/ naked ; 
 the circumference lobed. its barren lobes depress- 
 ed, fertile ones elongated, ascending, naked at 
 the base. Best distinguished from the sticta by 
 having prominent veins <>; -ibs underneath, and 
 nouits. 57. 2 — (target lichen.) 
 
116 CLASS XXII. ORDER V. 
 
 Cetraria. Targets shield-like, thickish, flat, 
 
 close-pressed, sessile, near the margin ; their 
 circumference loose, rounded, deformed or wavy, 
 disk coloured, slightly convex* border accesso- 
 ry, very narrow, entire or crcnate, of the colour 
 of the frond: frond leafy, membranous or sub- 
 cartilaginous, rigid, smooth and naked on both 
 sides ; sometimes cellular or pitted, lobed and 
 jagged 5 often crisped at the edges. The recep- 
 tacles are rather between shields and targets ; 
 well distinguished from Peltidca by its smooth, 
 polished, membranous, sub-rigid frond. 57, 2 — 
 (iceland lichen.) 
 
 Corxicclaria. Orbs shield-like, terminal, 
 peltate, thickish, cartilaginous, orbicular, flat ; 
 at length rather convex, uneven, irregular : disk 
 generally of the colour of the frond ; border 
 scarcely any, except in a young state a straight 
 accessory one, entire, naked, or radiated, at 
 length reflexed : frond cartilaginous, rigid, 
 smooth, rather solid, spongy within, of a shrub- 
 by tufted branched habit, the branches acute. 
 Resembles the Parmelia in the frond and the Us- 
 nea in the fruit. 57. 2 — (horned lichen.) 
 
 Usxea. Orbs sub-coriaceous, flattened, pel- 
 tate, naked and smooth on both sides, mostly 
 much dilated ; disk first concave, then flat, even, 
 subsequently rather convex and cracked, or war- 
 ty, scarcely coloured ; border either none or ac- 
 cessory, which is entire or toothed in the circum- 
 ference, very often radiated : knobs on the same, 
 or on a different plant, which are sessile, lateral, 
 scattered ,* at first shield- like and sometimes in a 
 manner bordered, Anally convex and warty, col- 
 oured. This is the filamentous lichen, tapering, 
 more or less jointed, having a central elastic me- 
 dullary thread. It is sometimes called tree-moss. 
 ~~. 2— (filamentous lichen, or tree-moss.) 
 
CLASS XXH. ORDER VI. lit 
 
 j. Receptacles convex, more or less globose, cloth- 
 ed with a Seed-bearing layer* or disk, sessile on 
 the branches, papillary processes, or peculiar 
 
 stalks of the frond ; terminal and permanent. 
 
 Stereocaulon. Knobs sub-turhinate. at first 
 furnished with a proper border, then globose, 
 without stalks, simple or clustered, coloured, per- 
 manent ; disk at first flat and small, but gradual- 
 ly occupying the whole; the border of the same 
 uninterrupted substance and colour, entire, at 
 length obliterated : frond solid, almost woody, 
 caulescent, erect, branched, mostly (lot bed with 
 scales, rough and fibrous. 57. l 2 — (knobbed lich- 
 en.) 
 
 Raemyces. Knobs capitate, nearly globose, 
 with reflexed and scarcely bordered edges, ter- 
 minating their own proper fruit stalks, simple or 
 clustered, coloured, permanent : disk properly 
 none, the whole globose surface being covered 
 with the thin, solid, seed-bearing coat ; border 
 none : frond either subcrustaceous, sottish, granu- 
 lated, indeterminate, rarely figured j or consisting 
 of a cartilaginous, leafy and lobed crust : fruit 
 stalks elongated out of the very substance of the 
 frond, simple or branched, tubular or nearly solid, 
 dilated or tapering upwards, sometimes barren, 
 57* 2 — (scarlet-mouth lichen, brittle moss.) 
 
 Order VI. Fungi. 
 
 Agaricus. Fungus with gills underneath. 53. 
 X — (mushroom, toadstool.) 
 
 Mekulius. Fungus with veins underneath. 
 58. 1 — (veined fungus.) 
 
 Boletus. Fungus with pores underneath. 58. 
 1 — (touchwood.) 
 
 Thaelaephora. Fungus warty underneath, 
 the substance corky. 58. 1 — (pink fungus. ) 
 
 llvDM.M. Fungus prickly underneath. 58.1. 
 —(prickly toadstool, paper punk.) 
 
 
118 CLASS XXIL ORDER VI. 
 
 Morellus.^ Fungus reticulate or cellular 
 above, smooth underneath. 58. 1 — (morel.) 
 
 Helvelxa. Fungus turbinate, plaited!, wrin- 
 kled, inflated, deformed or concave, smooth, elas- 
 licaily ejecting seeds from the upper surface. 58. 
 1 — (smooth-cup fungus.) 
 
 Clayaria. Fungus club-form, erect, elongat- 
 ed, simple or branched: seeds dispersed over the 
 whole surface, or collected in tubercles opening at 
 top. 58. 1 — (club-fungus.) 
 
 Clathrus. Fungus roundish, cancellated with 
 fleshy branches interwoven with each other. 58. 1 
 — (latticed fungus.) 
 
 Peziza. Fungus concave above ; hemispher- 
 ical or bellform ; seeds contained in the cup. 58. 
 1— (dish fungus.) 
 
 Cyathus. Fungus bellform or cylindric, 
 bearing lentiform capsules within. 58. 1 — (bird- 
 nest fungus, tunnel fungus.) 
 
 Lycoperdon 1 . Fungus becoming powdery and 
 fibrous within : seeds attached internally to the 
 fibres. 58. 1 —(puff bail.) 
 
 Fuligo. Fungus with a cellular-fibrous bark ; 
 the fibres penetrating in a reticulate manner 
 through a fibrous mass. 58. 1 — (soot fungus.) 
 
 Stemoxitis. Fungus covered with a fugacc- 
 ous or membranaceous bark, filled with seminif- 
 erousiibres elastically expanding themselves. 58.1 
 — (brittle-bark putf ball.) 
 
 Aecidium. Fungus furnished with membra- 
 naceous cases, glabrous on both sides, tilled with 
 naked seeds not cohering. 58. 1 — (cased fungus.) 
 
 Sphaeria. Fungus furnished with cases filled 
 with roundish naked gelatinous seeds. 58. 1 — 
 (globule fungus.) 
 
 Sclerotica!. Fungus quite simple, globular- 
 oblong, tough, hardish, gaping a little at ie.igth 
 in the centre, co\ ered with an inseparable bark 
 
 * A substitute for a vile name. 
 
 
CLASS XXII. ORDER VI. 119 
 
 ncv-cr opening above. 58. i — (barked fungus.) 
 
 (Jredo. Fungus parasitical, consisting of a 
 mealy powder, destitute of a cases growing from 
 under the cuticles of leaves and stems, bursting at 
 last, with an even margin. 58. l — (blight, or 
 grain-rust.) 
 
 TuBKBCUULRlA. Fungus gelatinous : cuptu- 
 berrlrd : stalk thick, filled, closely appressed, 
 bearing the seeds on the upper surface. 58. l — 
 (tubercle fungus.) 
 
 Mi; cor. Fungus fugacious, heads at first se- 
 mi-transparent, then becoming opakc, fixed to 
 simple or branched stalks. 58. 1 — (common 
 mould.) 
 
 Momla. Consisting of moniliform filaments 
 clustered into a head. 58. 1 — bead fungus.) 
 
 \ vlostromv. Fungus leathery, expanded, de- 
 formed, penetrating, smooth, even : seeds among 
 the fibres, globular minute. 58. 1 — (leather punk, 
 or oak leather.) 
 
 END 07 PART I. 
 
t 120 ] 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 Localities. 
 
 H. Harvard college. Plants which grow in the 
 vicinity of Boston. 
 
 Y. Yale college. Plants which grow in the vi- 
 cinity of New-Haven. 
 
 C. Columbia college. Plants which grow a- 
 bout New- York. 
 
 W. Williams college. Plants which grow in 
 the vicinity of that college. 
 
 N. Northampton. Plants which grow along 
 Connecticut river from Northampton to Deerfield. 
 For these localities I am indebted to Dr. D. 
 Hunt, and Drs. Williams and Cooly of Deerfield. 
 
 A. Albany. Plants growing in the vicinity of 
 Albany. For these localities I am indebted to 
 Dr. Beck, Mr. J. G.Tracy and Mr. Edwin James. 
 
 P. Pennsylvania. 
 
 O. Ommfbus locis. Plants more or Jess com- 
 mon to all the above places. 
 
 Colours of Corols. 
 r# re d — p. purple — y. yellow — w. white — b, 
 blue — g. gieen. 
 
 Time of Flowering. 
 Ap . April — M . M a y — J . J u ne — J u . J uly — Au . 
 August~S. September — Oc. October. 
 
 Duration, &c. 
 
 (v>. annual — %. biennial — %. perennial — \; 
 woody. 
 
 The number annexed to the generic name re- 
 fers to the page, where the generic character is 
 given. By this arrangement, all the purposes of 
 an index are answered. 
 
 It is not to be understood by students, that 
 plants referred to any of the above places may not 
 In found in places very distant from them. But 
 it will be useful in collecting plants, to know what 
 species have been found in the latitude of the 
 place where plants are sought, or in places in 
 other respects resembling it. 
 
SPECIES OF PLANTS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 NORTHERN AND MIDDLE STATES?. 
 
 AcALYm A. Page 96. 
 
 gimca (three-seed mercury, O. g. An. <£).) 
 leaves lance-ovate longer than the petioles* 
 The large calyx is involucre-like, and resem- 
 bles that of the coryhis amcricaua. 
 
 Ace k, 54. 
 
 rubrum (soft maple, red maple. O. r. Ap. ^ .) 
 leaves 5-lobed, unequally sub-dentate, glaucous 
 heneath : flowers in sessile umbels. Rarely 
 dioecious. Germs red. 
 
 dasijcarpum (silver maple. P. r-y. h .) leaves 5- 
 lob%d, acuminate, pubescent beneatli : flowers 
 dioecious, glomerate : germ tomentose. 
 
 sacciiarhutm (sugar maple. O. y-r. M. *z .) leaves 
 5-parted, palmate, sinuate, acuminate-tooth- 
 ed, pubescent beneath. Polygamous. 
 
 striatum (false dogwood, striped maple bush, In- 
 dian tobacco. O. e. M. k .) stem marked with 
 white longitudinal lines : leaves 3-lobed, acu- 
 minate, serrate : racemes pendant : petals oval. 
 
 sjricatum (mountain maple-bush. W. N.P. fj. g. 
 M. k •) leaves 3-lobed and 5-lobed. acuniiuatc* 
 
 L 
 
122 ACEi*, ACROSTICHUM. 
 
 unequally serrate, downy beneath : racemes 
 
 erect, spike-like : petals linear. 
 ne^uiuU (ash-leaf maple, box elder. P. w. Ap. \ .) 
 
 leaves unequally pinnate : Bowers dioecious. 
 nigrum (sweet tree. C P. N. Ap. \ .) leaves pal- 
 
 mate-5-lobed, cordate \\\t\\ the siuuse closed, 
 
 downy beneath : flowers corymbed : capsules 
 
 sub-globose, 
 
 ACKIILAEA, 87. 
 
 millefolium ('yarrow. O. w.J.2/.) leaves 2-pinnate, 
 sub -glabrous, divisions of tiie leafets linear, 
 toothed. 
 
 Acxida, 99. 
 
 cannabiua (water hemp. Y. P. C. II. Ju. ©.) 
 leaves lanceolate : capsules smoothisb, acute- 
 angled. 
 
 rursocarpa (P. Ju. ©.) leaves lance-oval : cap- 
 sules obtuse-angled, rugose. 
 
 ACOMTLM, G5. 
 
 napellus (monk's hood. E. h. J. 11.) flower cowl- 
 ed ; spur strait, obtuse : lip lanceolate, bifid : 
 leaves 5 -parted. 
 
 nndnatwm (wolf-bane. P. b. S. li.) stem zigzag : 
 flowers with about 5-styles : leaves many-iobed. 
 
 Ac onus, 51. 
 
 calamus (sweet-flag. O. y. J. i£.) spike project- 
 ing from the side of a sword-form leaf. 
 
 Acrosticuum, 101. 
 
 hureum (fork-fern. Ju. 11.) frond pinnate with 
 alternate leafets, fruit on the upper leafets. 
 
ACTAEA, JESCHYNOMENE. 123 
 
 ACTAEA, G4. 
 
 rubra (bane-berry. 0. w. M. li.) petals acui 
 pedicels of the raceme less than the general pe- 
 duncle. I5i.^. MS. Berries red. 
 
 tilba (necklace weed. ()• w. M. %.) petals trun- 
 cate : pedicels of the raceme as lar^e as the 
 general peduncle. Big. MS. Berries w lite. 
 There has been much confusion res 
 these two species. Dr. Bigelow has at length 
 wry satisfactorily defined them. 
 
 Adiaxtum, 103. 
 
 pedatum, (maidenhair. 0. J. if.) frond pedate 
 branches pinnate, leafets halved. 
 
 Anoxis, 6T. 
 
 aulumnalis (pheasant's eye. E. An. ©.) flowers 
 5 to 8-pctalled : fruit sub-cylindric 
 
 .JEcidium, 118. 
 
 cornutum, (cased fundus) clustered : yellow i ras- 
 es loner, curved, olivc-trrey. 
 
 rhamni, clustered : cylindrie : rosy : seeds orange. 
 cancelled um, clustered : opening laterally, entire 
 
 at top. 
 tussilasinis, clustered : rather prominent: yellow: 
 
 seed orange. 
 anemones, solitary : scattered : nearly globular. 
 
 JESCIIYXOMEXE, 81. 
 
 hispida (false sensitive plant. P. y. An. ©.) stem 
 herbaceous, hispid: loaves linear obtuse: ra- 
 cemes simple : foments hispid, 
 
124 JESCULUS, AGARICUS. 
 
 -ZEsculus, 55. 
 
 hippocasfanum (horse chesnut. E. J. h ■) leaves 
 digitate, divisions about 5 : eorol 5-petalled. 
 
 Agaricus, 11 r. 
 
 A. Stem with a ring, without a curtain. 
 
 procerus, widely conic, bossed, white brown : 
 gills white, uniform, fixed to a collar : stem 
 scaly. 
 
 campestris (eatable mushroom) convex, whitish- 
 brown, spotted : gills pink, becoming liver-col- 
 our: stern white. 
 
 13. Stem without ring or wrapper. 
 
 violaceuSf convex, purplish-brown, inflected at the 
 
 ex]ge : gills purple : stem purplish, bulbous. 
 radicaius, greenish or brownish, obtusely coni- 
 cal : gills white, few: stem brown, tapering up- 
 wards. 
 jlavidus* yellow, obtusely conic : gills deep buff : 
 
 stem pale yellow, brownish at the base. 
 Jqscicularis, yellow and orange : gills brown* 
 green : stem yellow, long, crooked. 
 
 C. Exuding a juice when crushed. 
 
 coccineus, scarlet, conic, small : stem long, sol- 
 id, a little crooked, woolly at the base. 
 
 piperatus, dirty-yellow-white, woolly, depressed 
 in the center: gills pale pinky-red : stem pale 
 yellow : juice milky, peppery. 
 
 D. Smooth, membranous orjleshy : cap and gills 
 coriaceous. 
 
 castaneus, smooth, silky, chesnut : gills tender, 
 red-brown : stem linear, white, hollow, elastic. 
 
 velutipest clustered, reddish-buff: gills pale yel- 
 low, 8 in a set : stem yellow and dark brown/ 
 velvety below. 
 
ACi.VRICUS. 106 
 
 coriaceus, depressed-convex, fleshy-ochre : gills 
 pair In-own, thicker above. 
 
 temiglobatus, greenish-yellow, hemispherical •• 
 gills brown, mottled : stem pale buff. 
 
 clavus. pale orange or scarlet, depressed-convex : 
 gills white, in pairs: stem pale orange, slen- 
 der, solid. 
 
 campanell /. conic-convex, bossed, glabrous, stri- 
 ate, saffron: gills pale-sulphur colour : stem 
 slender, saffron. 
 
 E. Smooth, tender, mostly pellucid, with the cap stri- 
 ate and plaited ; generally of an uniform colour. 
 
 gracilis, somewhat conic clastic, dry : gills few, 
 trifid, red : stein very long, slender. 
 
 confertus, while, acutely conic, downy : gills 
 brownish-white, thin uniform : stein white, ta- 
 pering upwards. 
 
 rotnla, hemispheric, white, crenate : gills fixed 
 to a collar surrounding the stem: stem Mack 
 al the bottom, often branched. 
 
 amicus, bellform, acute, shining, livid, striate : 
 gills white : stem hollow, grey. 
 
 papyraceus, white, hemispherical, membranous: 
 gills 3 in a set, blackish when old : stem hol- 
 low. 
 
 neuroticus, convex with forked plaits : gills grey, 
 in pairs : stem subulate, white. 
 
 F. Cap opake, conic : gills soohj when old, and dis- 
 solving into a black sanies : stem holloiv, 
 
 iineretu, warty-grey, striate, brown in the centre : 
 gills grey, not reaching the stem : stem white. 
 
 G. Steml ess. 
 
 mollis, deformed, red huff : gills in pairs reddish- 
 
 vellow. 
 
 [These species were chiefly taken from Muhlen- 
 berg.] 
 
 L 2 
 
126 AGAVE, AGROSTIS. 
 
 Agave, 49. 
 
 virginrca, (agave. P. y-g. S. 11 .) stemless : leaves 
 with cartilaginous serratureg, scape very sim- 
 ple. 
 
 Agrimonia, 61. 
 
 enpatoria (agrimony. O. y. An. %.) cauline leaves 
 interruptedly pinnate, the terminal one petiol- 
 ed : fruit hispid. 
 
 parciflora (dotted agrimony. P. y. An. If.) cau- 
 line leaves pinnate ; leafets mostly lanceolate^ 
 terminal ones sessile, petals one and a half tha 
 length of the calyx. 
 
 Agrostemma, 59. 
 
 githago, (cockle. O. r. J. (v\) hirsute : calyx and 
 
 corol about equal ; petals entire. 
 coronaria (rose campion. E. Au. £ .) tomentosc : 
 
 leaves lance-ovate : petals emarginate. 
 
 Agrostis, SO. 
 
 1. dwned. 
 
 spicaventi (bent-grass. P. J. ©.) a very long 
 straight stiff beard, or awn, upon the exterior 
 petal : panicle spreading. Naturalized. 
 
 lenuiflora (P. Au. If.) panicles very simple with 
 appressed branches : corol awncd, and the awn 
 longer than the flower. 
 
 diffusa (P. Au, V.) branches diffused and erect : 
 Jeaves lanceolate, sub-perforate : corol glumes 
 sub-pubescent at the base: one valve with a 
 short strait awn. 
 
 sericea (C. P.J. 11 .) leaves terete-filiform very 
 long : panicle capillary, very slender : corol 
 small, and the calyx but one third as long : 
 awns strait naked. 
 
 JUiformis (P. S. %*) panicle contracted; filiform^ 
 
 
AGROSTrS. 127 
 
 becoming purple ; peduncles and pedicels scab- 
 rous : calyx 2-valvcd, equal, 1 -flowered : corol 
 equalling the calyx. 
 
 stricta (New-England. J. 2/0 panicles elongated 
 stiff: eorols less than the calyx : awn from tho 
 base of the petal, longer than the twisted flow- 
 er. 
 
 setosa (P. S. 11.) culm erect, sending out shoots 
 from the base : stipules none : panicle contract* 
 ed, cylindric : calyx awried : corol awnless. 
 
 sobolifera (I*. C. S. /.) culm erect sending off* 
 shoots from the base : leaves 5-nerved : sti- 
 pules none : sheathes gaping, glabrous : calyx 
 valves acuminate, carinatc. 
 
 juncea (C. P. Ju. 1 .) panicle oblong-pyramidal : 
 flowers awnless : the extreme valves half as 
 large : leaves stifly erect, rigid with convolute 
 bristles. 
 
 2. Without awns. 
 
 •invohita (P. C. Oc. 2J..) leaves long, filiform at the 
 apex and recurved, rough, upper one strait : 
 stipules obsolete. 
 
 vulgaris (redtop. O. Ju. 11.) panicle spreading : 
 branches divergent capillary : calyx equal ; 
 petal within, half as long, refuse. 
 
 olandestiua (P. S. TJ.) leaves glaucous, very long, 
 rigid, with rough margins : stipule very small 
 or none ; mouth of the sheath hairy : panicle 
 concealed, often sooty, and spike -form : corol 
 twice as long as the calyx, spotted. 
 
 mrgknea (P. C. S.) culm geniculate and branch- 
 ing at the base : leaves nairy at the base ; sti- 
 pule ; mouth of the sheath hairy around the 
 culm : panicles lateral and terminal, spike- 
 form, lower ones concealed : seed transparent. 
 
 glanca (P. New-England. J. 21.) leaves glaucous, 
 keel white : stipule white split : panicle termi- 
 nal crouded : lower branches whorled in fives. 
 
 alba (white top. 0. Ju, 2/.) panicle la*\ : culm 
 
1.28 AGROSTIS, AIRA. 
 
 rooting at the lower joints : calyx valves 
 equal, awnless, keels rough. 
 
 meacicana (P. J. H .) panicle oblong heaped to- 
 gether : calyx and corol acuminate, subequal, 
 awnless. 
 
 lateriflora (C. P. J. %.) panicles lateral and ter- 
 minal compact : flowers awnless, valves very 
 acute, interior greater, bearded at the base : 
 leaves short and flat. 
 
 pungens (C. J. 2/.) panicle contracted, spike- 
 form : leaves involute rigid, pungent, upper 
 ones obliquely opposite : culm ramose. 
 
 Ann, 31. 
 
 melicoides (hair-grass. P. C. Ju. 2/.) panicle 
 small compact sub-racemed : glume common, 
 the partial ones rather larger, linear-lanceo- 
 late awnless : corols villose at the base : there 
 is but the rudiment of a third flower : leaves 
 flat glabrous : culm erect. 
 
 pumila (dwarf hair-grass. P.J. 1£.) panicle few- 
 flowered, level-top ; pedicels short : corol awn- 
 less, obtuse, twice as long as calyx : culm 
 erect, of the length of the leaves. About one 
 inch high. 
 
 pbtusata (P. C. J.) panicle compressed into an ob- 
 long raceme of dense flowers : corol awnless 
 compressed at top : one valve of the glume nar- 
 row-linear acute, another broad obovate round- 
 obtuse : leaves flat : culm erect slender. 
 
 cespitosa (P. New-England. J. 2/.) panicle 
 spreading : petals awned, villose at the base : 
 awns strait and short. A variety has sub- 
 bristleform leaves. 
 jleocnosa (W. P. C. J. X .) panicle spreading tri- 
 chotomous : peduncle flexuous : awn genicu- 
 late : leaves bristle-form : culm nakedish. 
 
 mollis (P. C. M. 11.) leaves with soft hairs : sti- 
 pule short, retuse, many-cleft - } sheaths pubes- 
 
AIRA, ALLIUM. 129 
 
 cent : panicle spreading, sub-simple : calyx with 
 one valve broad, S-nerved ; the other lanceo- 
 late, acute. 
 
 pallens (P. C. J. & S. 11.) leaves lance-linear 
 glabrous with glabrous joints : stipules retusfi 
 eiliate: panicle contracted nodding : enrol with 
 S punctate valves ; awn below the apex con- 
 torted. 
 
 precox (C. M. (y).) leaves bristle-form : sheath 
 angular : flowers in panicled-spik.es : florets 
 awned at the base. 
 
 purpurea (C. Au.) panicle scattered, purple : 
 flowers awned ; glumes, one bifid awned at the 
 nerve, the other entire, plumose, concave : 
 leaves subulate : culm erect. Grows on the 
 seashore. Torrey. 
 
 Aletris, 50. 
 
 fariuosa (false aloe, unicorn-root. Y. y. 2/.) 
 stemless : leaves linear-lanceolate, withering 
 at the tips: scape with alternate flowers. This 
 plant grows plentifully in Brimfield, (Mass.) 
 Here the inhabitants use the root as a tonic, 
 which at the same time serves as a moderate 
 cathartic. The root is intensely bitter. 
 
 Alisma, 53. 
 
 plantago (water plantain O. w. Ju. ItJ) leaves 
 ovate acute : fruit obtusely 3-cornered. A tri- 
 vialis. Pursh. 
 
 parvijlora (C. P. Ju. 1'.) leaves oval, subcordate, 
 abruptly-acuminate, 5-nerved : umbels in 
 whorled panicles, pedicclled. filiform. 
 
 subuluia (0. P. Au. <£.) leaves linear-subulate, 
 
 Ajllium, 49. 
 porrum (leek, E. Ju. 2+.) stem flat-leaved, urn* 
 
130 ALLIUM, ALNUS. 
 
 belliferous : stamens tricuspidate : leaves sheath- 
 ing at the base. 
 
 sativum (garlic. E. Ju. %.) stem flat-leaved, 
 buJn-bearing; bulb compound; stamens tricus- 
 pidate. 
 
 Tinede (field garlic. C. P. p. J. y.) stem terete- 
 leaved, bulb-bearing : stamens tricuspidate. 
 
 oleraceum (striped onion. E. If.) stem teretc- 
 leaved, bulb-bearing: leaves scabrous, semi- 
 terete, silicate beneath : stamens simple. 
 
 asccdonieum (shallot. E. Ju. l.) scape naked 
 terete : leaves subulate : umbels globose • sta- 
 mens tricuspidate. 
 
 trijlorum (mountain leek. P. M. y.) scape naked, 
 terete, shorter than the leaves ,• leaves lanceo- 
 late nerved : umbels few-flowered. 
 
 mnadense Cmeadow garlic. P. Y. A. r. M. u.) 
 scape naked terete : leaves linear : little head's 
 bulb-bearing. 
 
 cepa (garden' onion. E. Ju. %.) scape naked, 
 swelling towards the base, longer than the te- 
 rete leaves. 
 
 tricoccum (three-seed leek. P. W. Ju. %.) scape 
 naked, semiterete : leaves lance-oblomr, flat, 
 glabrous : umbel globular. 
 fstulosum (welch onion. E. 2.1 scape naked 
 equalling the terete ventricose leaves. 
 
 sehoenoprasum (elves. E. Ju. X.) scape naked, 
 equalling the leaves which are terete-filiform. 
 
 Alnus, 92. 
 
 incana (P. T2 .) leaves oblong acute, pubescent 
 beneath ,• axils of the veins naked : stipules 
 lanceolate. l 
 
 undulata (waved alder. Muh. says it grows in X. 
 England. \ .) leaves oblong, acute, rounded at 
 the base: petioles and veins hairy beneath: 
 axils of the veins naked : stipules ovate-ob- 
 long. 
 
ALNUS, ALYSSUM. 131 
 
 lemrfafa (alder. 0. r-g. Ap. )j.) Ic •« , 
 
 acuminate ; veins and toeii 
 pules oval, obtuse. 
 
 ghttinosa (Canada. Ap. ^ .. leaves round-wedge- 
 form, obtu-e, glutinous ; axils of the \ 
 downy. 
 
 Alopecurus, SO. 
 
 pratensis (meadow-grass, foxtail. P. C. J. 21.) 
 
 culm-erect: glume villus- ; c rol beardless. 
 geniculatus (floating foxtail. W. H. C. Ju. :>.'.) 
 
 culm spiked and geniculate : corol beardless. 
 
 AlSINE, 47. 
 
 media (chickweed. O. w. M, 21.) stem with al- 
 ternate lines of hairs on the <ides : petals 2- 
 parted : leaves heart-ovate. 
 
 AXTIIAEA, 77. 
 
 officinalis (marsh mallows. EL 21 .) leaves downy, 
 oblong-ovate : obsoletely 3-lobed, toothed. 
 
 rosea (hollyhock. E. % .) stem erect: leaves 
 
 ' rough, heart-form, 5 to 7 -angled, eremite. 
 
 ficifilia (fig-hollyhock. E. £•) lea\cs 7-lobed., 
 subpalmate, obtuse. 
 
 AxysstM, 73. 
 
 '"■'[ 
 
 ■sexatile (madwort, basket of gold, E. k .) stem 
 woody, panicled : leaves lanceolate, veiw soft 
 spreading. 
 
 yverboreum (Canada.) stem herbaceous: leaves 
 noary, toothed : stamens 4. 2-forked, 
 
 sat -'-inn (l\ v. J. .) stein erect : leaves lance- 
 olate, toothed, clasping, alternate: flowers co- 
 rymbed. 
 
 inainuin (E. 2!, & % .) stem erect : leaves lanee- 
 olate, entire, hoary : flowers coryiubed, petals 
 2-dctt. 
 
1 32 AM AR ANTHUS. 
 
 Amaeanthus, 93. 
 
 tlbus (white coxcomb. P. g*\v. Au. ©.) glome- 
 rules axillary triandrous : leaves obovate re- 
 tuse : stem 4 -cornered simple. Common gar- 
 den weed. 
 
 graecizans (P. An. ©.) glomerules axillary tri- 
 androus : flowers 3- cleft : leaves obovate emar- 
 ginate : stein tcretish branching*. 
 
 melancliollcus (love-lies-bleeding. E. r. 0.) glo- 
 merules axillary peduncled roundish : leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate coloured. 
 
 tricolor (three-coloured coxcomb. E. Ju. <v).)glo- 
 merules sessile : leaves oblong-lanceolate co- 
 loured. 
 
 lividns (lead amaranth. E. J. ©.} glomerules 
 triandrous sub-spiked roundish : leaves elij)tic 
 retuse : stem erect. 
 
 eleraceus (pot amaranth. Y. W". A. C. ,Ju. 0.) 
 glomerules axillary brancbing : leaves wrin- 
 kled, oblong, xevy obtuse, emarginate. Some- 
 times the tlo vers are pentandrous. 
 
 hybrid us (P. Y. Ju. \) racemes pentandrous 
 doubly-compound, heaped together, erect : 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 penicillatus (P. Ju. I ;"■ .) racemes pentandrous trip- 
 ly-compound : brandies spreading pubescent : 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 4-etrqflexus (rough amaranth. P. W, H. Au. ff).) 
 racemes pentandrous, triply-compound, com- 
 pact, erect : branches pubescent : leaves ovate 
 undulate. 
 
 hypochondriacus (spleen amaranth. P. Au. ©.) 
 racemes pentandrous, compound, compact, 
 erect : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mucronate. 
 Leaves red. (false prince's feather*) 
 
 spinosns (P. Au. .) racemes pentandrous, ter- 
 minal, compound ; axils spmose. 
 
AMARYLLIS, AMMANMA. 133 
 
 Amarylxus, 49. 
 
 aiamasco (atamasro lily. P. w, J. 11.) spatho 
 2-cleft, acute : flower pedicelled : corol belllbrm 
 subeqtial. erect : stamens declined. 
 
 formosissima (jacubea. E. 11.) snathe I -flowered: 
 corol ringent-like : petals declined. 
 
 Ambrosia, 93. 
 
 irjfida (P. N. C. A. S. ©.) bristly, rough : leaves 
 3-lobed serrate, lobes oval lanceolate acumin- 
 ate : fruit 6-spined beneath tlie apex. From 5 
 to 8 l'eet high. 
 
 intern folia (P, Ju. ©.) leaves ovate sessile ac- 
 cumulate senate, bristly on both sides, ciliate 
 at the base : racemes terminal, sometimes ter- 
 nate. Flowers very inconspicuous. 
 
 clatior (hogweed. O. S. 0.) leaves doubly-pin- 
 nadhed smoothish : petioles long ciliated : ra- 
 cemes terminal, panicled : stem wand-like. 
 
 (uiemisifolia (P. S. o.) leaves doubly-pinnatitid, 
 hoary beneath, at the summit ninnatifid : ra- 
 cemes terminal in threes : branches level-top- 
 ped. 
 
 paniculata (P. J. ©•) leaves glabrous doubly pin- 
 natilid, at the pinnatihd summit : racemes ter- 
 ni.nal solitary : branches level topped. 
 
 htterophylla (P. S. 0.) cauline leaves pinnatifid 
 sub-toothed petioled ; on ihc upper branches 
 lanceolate sessile: petioles long-riliate : ra- 
 cemes terminal solitary : stem panicled. 
 
 Ammaxma, 35, 
 
 humiUis (tooth-cup. P. p. Au.) procumbent : 
 leaves lain eolate, narrower downwards : How* 
 ers ail solitary. 
 
 M 
 
134 AMMI, ANCHUSA. 
 
 Ammi, 45. 
 
 capillaceum (bishop-weed. Y# w. An.) leaves all 
 capillary, many-cleft : seed glabrous. 
 
 Amorpha, 78. 
 
 fruticosa (false indigo. P. Ju. k calyx with 4- 
 teeth acute, and one accuminate. 
 
 Ampelopsis, 42. 
 
 quinquefolia (false grape, O. w. Ju. \ .) leaves in 
 fives, toothed. 
 
 Amsonia, 43. 
 
 latifolia (heard throat, h. M. H .) stem glabrous : 
 leaves lance-oval, upper ones acuminate. — 
 Southern states. 
 
 Amygdalus, 62. 
 
 persica (peach. E. r. M. k .) serratures of the 
 leaves all acute, flowers sessile, solitary. 
 
 nana, (flowering almond. E. k . leaves ovate, 
 tapering to the base, sharply serrate. 
 
 Anagallis, 38. 
 
 arvensis (red chickweed, scarlet pimpernell. Y. 
 C. P. H. r. J. 0.) stem spreading naked : 
 petals entire flat, with hairs at the margin. 
 
 Axchxjsa, 37. 
 
 officinalis (huglos. E. y. 1?.) leaves lanceolate : 
 •spikes imbricate, one-sided : bracts ovate. 
 
ANDROMEDA. 133 
 
 Andromeda, 57. 
 
 hypnoulcs (moss bush. \t hitchills. An. J? .) leaves 
 imbricate subulate glabrous : peduncles solita- 
 ry terminal 1 -flowered : corol nodding globose 
 bellform. Small, creeping. 
 
 mariana (P. J. b .) leaves oval sab-acute at 
 both ends, glabrous leathery paler beneath : 
 branches Sower bearing, almost leafless : pe- 
 duncles fascicled; corol ovate-cylindric: ca- 
 lyx leafy : anthers beardless : capsule ovate 
 and resembling the form of a pine-apple. One, 
 variety has narrow lanceolate leaves. 
 
 pulremlenta (dust-leaf. E. h .) white dust-like 
 substance, scattered over the leaves and stem $ 
 haves alternate. 
 
 po///frfta(Plainficldand Goshen. Mass. r-w. M. h .) 
 leaves linear-lanceolate convex revolute, white- 
 glancous beneath and hoary-glancous above : 
 flowers aggregate terminal ; corol sub -globose : 
 anthers bearded towards the top. One foot 
 high. 
 
 arlorea (sorrel tree. P. w. Ju. h .) branches te- 
 rete : leaves oblong acuminate mucronate-ser- 
 rate glabrous : panicles terminal many-spiked : 
 corol ovate-cylindric pubescent : anthers linear 
 beardless. About 40 feet high, with sour 
 leaves. 
 
 pamculata (white hush. W. Y. A. C. H. w. J. ^ •) 
 pubescent : leaves obovate-lanceolate acute 
 sub-entire : branches flower-bearing terminal 
 paniclcd nakedish : glomerules peduncled : co- 
 rol sub-globular pubescent : anthers obtuse 
 beardless. A shrub running into several vari- 
 eties — flowers small. 
 
 racemosa (P. C. w. J. h .) leaves oval -lanceolate 
 acute serrulate membranaceous glabrous : 
 spikes terminal, one-way, elongated, simple or 
 branched : bracts linear acute : corol cvlindric : 
 
136 ANDROMEDA, ANDROPOGON. 
 
 calyx acute with bracts at the base : anthers 
 doubly 4-bearded at the apex. A middling 
 sized shrub, odoriferous. 
 
 axillaris (E. w. J. h .) leaves oblong-oval, base 
 acute short acuminate, cartilaginous-serrate 
 bright-glabrous leathery : racemes spiked ax- 
 illary sessile : bracts scale-like : flowers crowd- 
 ed on all sides : corol ovate-cylindric : anthers 
 beardless. A variety has long linear-lanceo- 
 late leaves. 
 
 acuminata (pipe-stem. Southern states, w-r. M. 
 \ .) very glabrous : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; 
 upwards they gradually become narrow acu- 
 minate entire or unequally serrate, glabrous 
 shining net-veined leathery : racemes axillary 
 very snort corymbed nakedish ; tiowers perii- 
 celled nodding : corols cylindric-ovate, anthers 
 beardless, gibbous behind. Stem hollow. 
 
 ralyculata (leather leaf. Y. C. H. A. P. N. w. M. 
 k .) leaves lanceolate-oblong sub-serrulate, 
 with scaly dots, rust-coloured beneath : ra- 
 cemes terminal leafy flowers turned one way : 
 calyx with 2 broad-ovate acuminate bracts : 
 corol oblong-cylindric. 
 
 ligustrina (P. w. J. i? .) racemes naked : stem 
 shruby : leaves crenulate, obloag : racemes nu- 
 merous, alternate. 
 
 Andropogo?t, 33. 
 
 nutans (beard grass. Y. VV. P. S. 11 .") panicles 
 branching compact nodding : flowers double- 
 bearded : calyx bristly : perfect flowers sessile, 
 staminate pedicelled caducous. 
 
 macrourus (Indian grass. P. S. %JS sheaths vil- 
 lose at the margin : panicles lateral with many 
 fascicular spikes ; flowers monanurous, beard 
 4 or 5 -fold of the length of the glume ; ante- 
 rior valves glabrous. 
 
ANDROFOGOX, ANEMONE. 137 
 
 dissitiflorus (P. S- %.) sheaths glabrous ; culm 
 erect: spikes lateral distant: flowers monan- 
 drous ; awns long strait ; interior valves gla- 
 brous. 
 
 inirpurascens (P. Au. ~U.) snikes simple pedun- 
 cle d, double, close-panicled ; flowers double, the 
 perfect is sessile lanceolate bearded, the neu- 
 tral is pedicelled bearded ; racbis ciliate. 
 
 furcatus (forked spike. W. P. Au. %.) spikes 
 digitate, partly in fours, flowers double ; tlie 
 perfect ones sessile awned, the staminate ones 
 beardless pedicelled : racbis hairy. 
 
 ambiguus (C. 2/.). leaves clasping sub-cordate 
 lanceolate : panicle with branches bristly the 
 whole length, simple erect : glumes solitary 
 alternate 1 -flowered : corol not bristly, long- 
 awned, triandrous ; florets extended by an awn- 
 form increase. 
 
 Anemone, 66. 
 
 hortensis (garden anemone. E.) radical leaves 
 digitate, divisions 3-cleft; cauline ones ternate* 
 lanceolate, connate, sub-divided : seed woolly. 
 
 xirginiana (wind flower. P. g-w. J. %) stem di- 
 chotomous : leaves thrice ternate, upper ones 
 opposite, leaflets gash-lobate and serrate acute : 
 peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered elongated : seed 
 oblong, headed woolly mucronate. 
 
 aconitifolia (P. w. J. % .) stem dichotomous -.radic- 
 al leaves palmate ; cauline leaves sessile clasp- 
 ing 3-clcft, the lower ones ternate, with the 
 lobes acute-lanceolate gash-serrate : peduncles 
 solitary 1 -flowered : seed bead-globose naked 
 subulate-beaked. Flowers large. 
 
 dichotoma (Can. w-r. M. 2/.) stem dichotomous: 
 leaves all cauline opposite clasping 3-cleft. lobes 
 w edge-lanceolate with the upper ones gash-ser- 
 rate : peduncles solitary 1 -flowered : seed with 
 a globose head naked rccurvcd-mucronatc. 
 >M 2 
 
138 ANEMONE, ANGELICA. 
 
 nemorosa (low anemone. H. W. Y. r-w. M. % .) 
 stem 1 -flowered: cauline leaves thrice ternate, 
 leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed acute : 
 corol 5-6-petalled : seeds •ovate with a short 
 style hooked. A variety, quinquefdia, has 
 lateral leaves deeply 2-cleft. 
 
 lancifolia (P. w. M. 11.) stem 1 -flowered : leaves 
 cauline thrice ternate : leafets lanceolate cre- 
 nate-toothed : corol 5-petalled : seeds ovate with 
 a short style hooked. 
 
 Ihalictroides (rue anemone. A. Y. H. C. P. w. %.) 
 umbels involucred : radical leaves twice ter- 
 nate, leafets sub-cordate S-toothed : involucre 
 G-leaved, leafets petioled uniform : umbel few 
 flowered : seed naked striate : root tuberous. 
 \ variety, uniflora, has a 1 -flowered involucre. 
 
 Anemone. See Hepatica. 
 
 AXETHUM, 46. 
 
 grareolens (dill. E.) fruit compressed : plant an- 
 nual. 
 
 foeniculum (fennel. E.) fruit ovate : plant peren- 
 nial. 
 
 Angelica, 45. 
 
 archangelica (archangel. E. % .) the odd terminal 
 leafet lobed. 
 
 atropurpurea (P. Can. g. J. %.) leaves compound, 
 leafets oblong sublobate serrate sub-sessile, the 
 last pair united at the base, the terminal peti- 
 oled. 3 to 6 feet high, root fragrant. 
 
 triquinata (angelica. 6. w. J. 1£.) petiole 3-part- 
 ed, partitions pinnate, 5 -leaved ; leafets gash- 
 toothed ; the odd terminal one sessile rhombic, 
 lateral ones decursive. 
 
 lucida (nondo. w. J. % .) leafets equal ovate gash- 
 serrate. 
 
ANNONA, ANTIRRHINUM. 1S9 
 Annona. 66. 
 
 glabra (custard apple. E.) leaves lance-ovate : 
 fruit conic, glabrous. 
 
 Anthem is. 87. 
 
 nobilis (chamomile, E. w. An. 11,) leaves 2 -pin- 
 nate ; leaflets 3-partcd linear-subulate sub-vil- 
 lose : stem branching at the base. Gives out a 
 fragrant odour. 
 
 arveiisis (C. w. Au. % .) receptacle conic, chaff 
 lanceolate : seed crown-margined : leaves 2- 
 pinnate subdivided lanceolate linear. 
 
 cotula (mayweed. O. w. J. (?>.) receptacle conic, 
 chaff-bristly : seed naked : leaves 2-pinnate, 
 leafets subulate 3-parted. 
 
 Anthoceros, 110. 
 
 tevis (wax-liverwort) frond flat, crenate. 
 punctatus, frond sinuate, lobed, obtuse. 
 
 Anthoxanthum, 27. 
 
 odoratnm, (sweet vernal grass. O. M. % .) spike 
 oblong-ovate ; florets subpeduncled, longer 
 than the awn. An American variety, altissi- 
 mum, is larger and of a darker green. Ives. 
 
 Antirrhinum, 72. 
 
 elatine (creeping snap-dragon. A. P. y. Ju. ©.) 
 procumbent pilose : leaves alternate hastate en- 
 tire : peduncles solitary very long. 
 
 triwnithopfiorum (three-birds. E.) leaves whorl- 
 ed, lanceolate 3-nerved : stem decumbent : ra- 
 ceme terminal, few flowered, flowers large, pe- 
 duncled. 
 
 linaria (snap-dragon, E. y. Ju. !L .) erect glab- 
 rous ; leaves scattered lanceolate-linear, crowd- 
 
140 ANTIRRHINUM, AQUILEGIA. 
 
 ed together : spikes terminal dense-flower- 
 ed : calyx glabrous shorter than the spur. 
 Flowers large — (toad-flax.) 
 canadense (flax snapdragon. Y. P. w-b. J. %.) 
 rising in a curve, glabrous, v^ry simple : leaves 
 scattered irregularly, erect narrow linear ob- 
 tuse remote : flowers racemed : scions procum- 
 bent. Flowers small. 
 
 Onychia, see Queria. 
 
 Apaugia, 82. 
 
 autumnalis (false hawkweed. H. y. J. %.') scape 
 branching scaly : leaves lanceolate runcinate- 
 pinnatifid, smoothish. 
 
 Jlpios, see Glycine. 
 
 Apitjm, 47. 
 
 petroselinum (parsley. E. Ju. % .) cauline leaves 
 
 linear : involucels minute. 
 graveolens (celery. E. Ju. % .) stem channelled : 
 
 cauline leaves wedge -form? 
 
 Apocynum, 43. 
 
 androsaemifolium (dog-bane. O. r-w. J. ^.) 
 leaves ovate, glabrous : cymes lateral and ter- 
 minal : tube of the corol longer than the calyx. 
 
 cannabinum (Indian hemp. O. g-y. Ju. "U.) leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, glabrous : cyme panicle-like : 
 tube of the corol and the calyx equal. 
 
 hypericifolium (John's dogbane. C. P. w. Ju. 1£.) 
 stem erectish : leaves oblong heart-form gla- 
 brous : cymes shorter than the leaves. Flow- 
 ers very small ; the plant low and smooth. 
 
 ActUIXEGIA, 65. 
 
 vulgaris (garden columbine. E. J. X' .) nectaries 
 incurved-horns : leafy stem and leaves glabrous. 
 
AQUILEGIA, AttAT T A. 141 
 
 canadensis . wild columbine. O. r. k y. Ap. li.) 
 horns strait : stamens oxscrt. Growing iic- 
 cpiently in crevices of rocks. 
 
 Arabis, 74. 
 
 rhomboidea ''wall cress. P. A. w. Rf.l| .") leaves gla- 
 brous rhomboid, with obsolete spreading teeth ; 
 
 lower loaves with long petioles : root tuberous. 
 
 ihaliana (mousear cress. W. 1*. C. W, An. © ) 
 redieal leaves oblong petioled ; cauline leaves 
 lanceolate sessile : stem erect rough-haired at 
 the base : petals twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 reptans (P. C J. %.) leaves sub-rounded entire 
 rough-haired : shoots creeping. 
 
 }yrata iP. C. Can. w. Ap. .) leaves glabrous, 
 radical ones lyrate, cauline ones linear. 
 
 hispida ( P. w. M. If leaves toothed obtuse hispid, 
 radical ones sub-lyrate, cauline ones : hispid 
 petals erect. 
 
 hastata C. w. M.) leaves lanceolate, narrowed at 
 the base, hastate, sessile, very glabrous : pe- 
 duncles glabrous erect ; siliques pendant, fal- 
 cate, very narrow. Found at Fishkill by Dr. 
 John Torrey — New species. 
 
 falcata (C. Y. W. w. ^.) leaves hirsute lanceo- 
 late, narrowed at both ends, remotely toothed, 
 sessile : silique pendant, 2-edged, falcate. A. 
 canadensis. Will. 
 
 Arachis, 78. 
 
 hypogaea (false ground-nut. E. ©.) stem pilose 
 procumbent : leaves pinnate abrupt : no Wei's 
 axdlary. 
 
 Aralia, 48. 
 
 spinosa (shot bush, angelica tree. P. y-w. Ail. k ■) 
 woody : stem and leaves thorny, leaves doubly- 
 
142 ARALIA, ARENARIA. 
 
 pinnate ; leafets slightly-serrate : panicles ve- 
 ry branching : umbels numerous. 
 
 hispida (bristly stem sarsaparilla. W. P. w. J. h .) 
 low : sub-shrubby : stem an/1 petioles rough 
 with bristles : leaves doubly-pinnate ; leafets 
 ovate gash-serrate unarmed glabrous : umbels 
 with long peduncles. 
 
 racenwsa (spikenard. O. w. J. % .) spreading 
 branches : petioles 3-parted, the partitions 3-^- 
 5-leaved, leafets often heart-form ; branchlets 
 axillary leafy : umbels many sub-panickd, leaf- 
 less above. 
 
 nudiccmlis (wild sarsaparilla. 0. w. M. 1J..) 
 hardly a proper stalk, 1 -leafed ; the leaf thrice- 
 tcrnate orthrice-quinate ; leafets oblong-oval : 
 scape naked, shorter than the leaf: umbels 
 few. 
 
 Arbutus, 57, 
 
 uva-ursi (bear berry. A. N. Y. C. P. H. w-r. J. 
 
 \ .) stem procumbent : leaves wedge-obovate, 
 entire : berry 5 -seeded. 
 alpina (Can. w. J. \ .) leaves serrate. 
 
 Arctium, 83. 
 
 lappa (burdock. O. r. Au. 2/.) cauline leaves 
 heart-form petioled toothed : flowers panicled 
 globose : calyx smooth. 
 
 Arenaria, 58. 
 
 1. Leaves oblong, 
 
 lateriflora (sandwort. P. C. w. J. 1{.) stem fili- 
 form simple : leaves ovate obtuse sub-triple- 
 nerved : peduncles lateral solitary elongated 
 2-cleft, one pedicel middle-bracted : corol lon- 
 ger than the calyx. 
 
 scrpijUifolia (P. C. w. Ju. ®.) stem dichotomous 
 
ARENARIA, ARKTHUSA. 143 
 
 Spreading : leaves ovate acute suo-cttiato : ca- 
 lyxes acute sub-striate : petals shorter than the 
 calj x. 
 
 2. Leaves linear-subulate, 
 
 glabra (C. 11.) very glabrous suh-erert filiform 
 many-stems : leaves subulate-linear flat spread- 
 ing : pedicels 1 -flowered elongated divaricate : 
 feafetfl of the calyx oval obtusish smooth, shorts 
 er than the petals. 
 
 stficta (N. Whitehills. w. M. 1'.) glabrous erect 
 many-stems : leaves subulate-linear erect: pan- 
 ides few-flowered : petals much longer than the 
 calyx, which is oval-lanceolate apparently stri- 
 ate. 
 
 squarrosa (C. w. Ju. H.) turfy : lower leaves sca- 
 b-imbricate channelled glabrous : stems few 
 very simple : flowers few terminal erect : pe- 
 tals much larger than the roundish calyx. 
 
 rubra (P. Y. C. r. J. £).) glabrous, humifuse : 
 leaves filiform, fleshy, much longer than the 
 joints: stipules connate-meinbranaceous,sheath- 
 ing: stamens 5 : capsule angular or globose. 
 Yar. canadensis, leaves linear, fleshy. 
 
 Arethusa, 89. 
 
 tphioglossoides (snakemouth. Y. C. P. A. r. Ju. 
 
 If. . root fibrous : scape with 2 distant leaves, 
 1 or 2-fiow ered ; leaves oval -lanceolate : lip 
 fringed. Flowers large. 
 
 hulbosa ^arethusa. 0. Y. P. r. J. %.) leafless: 
 root globose: scape sheathed 1 -flowered : ca- 
 lyx with the superior divisions incurved: lip 
 sub-rrenulate. Flowers large sweet-scented. 
 
 Iriant/iophorus (P. (J. vv-p. Au. %.) pale : root tu- 
 berous : stem leafy, 3-fiowcrcd at the summit ; 
 leaves ovate alternate: flowers long-ped uncled 
 alternate : Lip entire. Three or four inches 
 high, flowers small. 
 
144 ARETHUSA, ARTSTOLOCHIA. 
 
 verticillata (P. y-r. J. 1J.) leaves 5, in whorls, 
 oblong-lanceolate : stem 1 -flowered : 3 outer 
 petals very long linear, inner ones lanceolate; 
 lip 3-lobed, the middle division wavy. Flow- 
 ers of the largest and handsomest kind ,• some- 
 times there are 2 or 3 on the stem. 
 
 medeoloides (P. y-r. Ju. %.) leaves whorled, oh- 
 long, acuminate : flowers sub-sessile ; interior 
 petals short, obtuse. Pursh. Probably the 
 stellata of Muhl. 
 
 Argemoxe, 65* 
 
 meoiicana (P. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnatifid, gash- 
 ed, spinose ; flowers axillary. Var. alba, flow- 
 ers white. 
 
 Aristida, 30. 
 
 dichotoma (beard -grass. P. C. Ju. % .) turfy : 
 culm dichotomous : flowers sub-spiked, sub-1- 
 awned, awn twisted, shorter than the glume. 
 
 digantha (P. Ju. %,} culm strait sub-branched : 
 leaves convolute-filiform : flowers distant soli- 
 tary : awns long spreading. 
 
 Aristolochia, 90. 
 
 sipho (birth wort, dark purple. J. J? .) leaves heavt- 
 form acute : stem twining : peduncles 1 -flower- 
 ed turn is lied with an ovate bract : corol ascend- 
 ing, -limb 3-cleft equal. Avery high running 
 vine, with large leaves. 
 
 serpentaria (P. C. p. J. %.) leaves heart-form, 
 oblong acuminate : stem zigzag ascending : 
 peduncles radical : lips of the corol lanceolate. 
 (The Virginia snakeroot.) There is a variety 
 with v^ry long narrow leaves. 
 
ARMEXIACA, AROXIA. 145 
 
 Armexiaca, 61. 
 
 vulgaris (apricot. E. ^ .) leaves subcordate: sti- 
 pules palmate. Var. precox (early apricot) 
 fruit small, yellow. Var. persicoulcs (peach 
 apricot) fruit subcomprcsscd. 
 
 dasycarpa (black apricot. E. h .) leaves ovate 
 acuminate, doubly-serrate, petioles glandular : 
 drupe globose, pubescent. 
 
 Arnica, 86. 
 
 montana (arnic. E.) leaves ovate entire ; caulinc 
 ones iu opposite pairs. 
 
 Aroxia, 62. 
 
 arbuti folia (red choak-berry. Y. W. P. C. w-r. M. 
 k .) leaves lance-obovate, crenate. downy be- 
 neatli, with the midrib glandular above : flow- 
 ers corymbed : calyx downy. 
 
 botryapium (shad-bush. 0. w. Ap. h .) leaves ob- 
 long-oval ; cuspidate, glabrous : flowers ra- 
 eerned ; petals linear : germs pubescent : seg- 
 ments ot'tbc calyx glabrous. 
 
 san^uinea (bloody choak-berry. C. w. M. * .) 
 Leaves oval, obtuse at both ends, mucronate, 
 serratures very slender : racemes t'ew-flowereu : 
 calyx glabrous : petals linear, obtuse. 
 
 )nelanocarpa i black choak-berry. V. V\. P. C. w. 
 M. 7 .; leaves obovate-oblong, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, glabrous beneath ; midrib glandular 
 above : dowers corymbed : calyx glabrous. 
 
 nvahs (medlar bush. Y. C. P. w. M. k .) leaves 
 round-oval, acute, glabrous : flowers raceme I : 
 petals obovate: germ and segments of the calyx 
 pubescent. 
 
 N 
 
146 ARTEMISIA, ARUM, 
 
 Artemisia, 85* 
 
 ahroianum (southern wood, E* %. and \ .) stem 
 strait : lower leaves bipinnate, upper ones 
 hair-form pinnate : calyx pubescent hemis- 
 pheric. 
 
 canadensis (wild wormwood. Y. w.y. Au. 11 .) sub- 
 decumbent, scarcely pubescent : leaves fiat li- 
 near-pinnatifid : branchlets spike-flowered : 
 flowers sub-hemispheric : calyx scarious. Re- 
 ceptacle smooth. 
 
 pontica (roman artemisia. E.) leaves downy be- 
 neath ; cauline ones bipinnate, leafets linear: 
 branches simple : flowers roundish peduncled 
 nodding. 
 
 absynthium (wormwood. E. 11.) stem branching, 
 panicled : leaves hoary ; radical ones triply - 
 pinnatifid, divisions lanceolate toothed obtuse ; 
 cauline ones 2-pinnatifid or pinnatifid, divisions 
 lanceolate acutish : floral ones undivided lance- 
 olate. 
 
 vulgaris (mugwort. P. C. S. % .) leaves downy 
 beneath ; cauline ones pinnatifid, divisions lan- 
 ceolate sub-toothed acute ; floral ones undivid- 
 ed linear- J anceolate : flowers sub-sessile ob- 
 long erect : calyx downy. 
 
 Arum, 94. 
 
 dracontium (green dragon. P. J. H .) stcmless : 
 leaves pedate ; leafets lanceolate oblong entire : 
 spadix subulate longer than the oblong convo- 
 lute spat he. 
 
 atrorubens (brown dragon. P. M. 11.) stemless : 
 leaves ternate, leafets ovate, acuminate : spa- 
 dix cylindrical ; spathe sessile ovate acumin- 
 ate, spreading horizontally above. Spathe 
 dark brown, disagreeable smell. 
 
 triphjiUum (Indian turnip* wild turnip? false wa^e* 
 
ARUM, ARUNDO. 147 
 
 robin. O. p. &g. M. if.) sub-caulescent: leaves 
 tefnate ; leaflets ovate acuminate : spadix c lul>- 
 form: spathe ovate acuminate pedum led, with 
 the lamina as lone: as the spadix. One variety, 
 virenes, has a green spathe ; another, atropur- 
 purtum, has a dark purple spathe. 
 rirginicum (poison arum. H. Y. C. P. g. J. % .) 
 stemless : leaves hastatr-heait-lorm an 
 lobes obtuse : spathe elongated incurved j 
 green : spadix long-stamen-flowered. 
 
 Art x do, 33. 
 
 donax (reed grass. E. Nov.) calyx 5 -flowered ; 
 panicle diffuse : culm somewhat woody. 
 
 phragmites (marsh reed grass. Y. P. C. Ju. 1(.) 
 calyx 5-flowered : panicle lax. 
 
 conoides (compact reed grass. P. Au. %.) pan- 
 icle spreading : calyx 1 -flowered acuminate 
 equalling the corol : awn on the back genicu- 
 late. 
 
 epigejos (C.T£.) calyx 1 -flowered : panicle erect: 
 leaves glabrous beneath lanceolate. Flowers 
 small. 
 
 canadensis (P. J. %.) panicle oblong: calyx 1- 
 flowered lanceolate, scabrous pubescent upon 
 the keel : corol awned upon the hack, awn of 
 the length of the corol : pubescence equalling 
 the corol : leaves and culm glabrous narrow. 
 
 arenaria (sand reed grass. Can. C. Ju.'^.) pani- 
 cle spiked : calyx 1 -flowered longer than the 
 corol : flowers erect beardless : leaves involute 
 prickly. 
 
 agrostoides (P. C. Ju. %.') panicle lax diffused : 
 calyx 1 -flowered acuminate glabrous: corol 
 shorter than the calyx membranaceous ; outer 
 valve gashed at the top : pubescence equalling 
 the corol : leaves flat a little scabrous : culm 
 sheathed and glabrous. 
 
148 ASARUM, ASCLEPIAS. 
 
 ASARUM, 60. 
 
 canadense (white snake root, wild ginger. "W.N. 
 A. P.p. M. 1J..) leaves bro»d-kidney-form in 
 pairs : calyx woolly deeply 3-parted, divisions 
 sub-lanceolate reflected. Root aromatic. 
 
 virginicum (P. M.lf .) leaves solitary round-heart- 
 form glabrous leathery : flower sub-sessile : 
 calyx glabrous above, short, bellforiu. .Leaves 
 speckled smooth. 
 
 Asclepias, 89. 
 
 1. Leaves cjywsite. 
 
 syriatea (common milkweed. O. w-p. Ju. %.~) 
 stem very simple : leaves lanceolate-obi iig 
 gradually acute, downy beneath : umbels sub- 
 nodding downy. 3 to 5 feet high ; flowers in 
 large close clusters sweet-scented — nectaries 
 are fly-traps. 
 
 obtusifolia (Y. P. C. p. J. V.) leaves clasping ob- 
 long round-obtuse waving : umbel terminal 
 long-peduncled many flowered glabrous ; the 
 horn of the nectary exsert. Flowers large. 
 
 acuminate (C. r-w. Ju. % .) stem erect glabrous 
 simple : leaves ovate sub-cordate acuminate 
 short-petioled, upper ones sessile : umbels lat- 
 eral solitary erect. About 2 feet high, roots 
 large. 
 
 amoena (Y. P.p. Ju.^.) in wet places. Stem sim- 
 ple, stem-leaves pointing two ways, sub-pubes- 
 cent ; leaves sub-sessile oblong-oval pubescent 
 beneath : terminal umbels and nectaries erect, 
 appendage exsert. 
 
 purpurasctns (C.P. p. Ju.l(.) stem simple : leaves 
 ovate villose beneath : umbels erect: nectaries 
 resupine. 
 
 riridiflora (P. Y. g. Ju. !l .) stem simple erect 
 hirsute : leaves lanceolate -oblong obtusisb, 
 
ASCLEPIAS. 149 
 
 sub-sessile, downy-hirsute • umbels lateral so- 
 litary sub-sessile nodding sub-globose dense- 
 flowered ; no appendage. 
 
 variegata (C. P. w. Ju. If..) stem simple erect : 
 leaves ovate petioled rugose naked : umbels sub- 
 sessile pedicelled tomentose. The umbels dense. 
 
 incarnata (O. r. Ju. If.) grows in wet places, 
 stem erect branching above downy : leaves lan- 
 ceolate sub-downy both sides : umbels mostly 
 double at their origin : the little horn of the 
 nectary exsert. A variety, pulchra, is more 
 hairy. 
 
 debilis ( W. A. C. w. Ju. 2/ .)'smoothish ; stem weak 
 erect simple : leaves petioled oval -lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends, membranaceous : umbels 
 terminal lax-flowered ; pedicels capillary. The 
 bark is a substitute for flax. 
 
 ijuadrifolia (O. w. M. H.) stem erect simple glab- 
 rous leaves ovate acuminate petioled, those in the 
 middle of the stem are largest and in fours : 
 umbels two terminal lax-ilowered ; pedicels 
 Aliform. About 10 inches high, flowers small 
 and sweet-scented. 
 
 laur [folia (P. p. An.) stem erect glabrous : leaves 
 sub-sessile oval-lanceolate gradually growing 
 narrower, very acute glabrous with a roughish 
 margin. 
 
 2. Leaves not opposite, 
 
 verticillata (dwarf milkweed. Y. A. P. C. s;-y. 
 Ju. #.) stem erect very simple marked with 
 lines and small pubescence : leaves very nar- 
 row-linear strait glabrous, whorled generally : 
 horn in the nectaiy exsert. 
 
 iuberosa (N. Y. A. P. y. Ju. %.) stem erectish, 
 at the top spreading-branched very rough-hair- 
 ed : leaves oblong-lanceolate rough-haired ; 
 umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. A variety, the 
 decumbent, has a decumbent stem : leaves" sub- 
 linear, hirsute. 
 
 N 2 
 
150 ASCYRUM, ASPIDIUM. 
 
 AsCYRTTM, 64. 
 
 crux-andreae (peter's wort. P. C. y. Ju. k .) many 
 stems, diffuse : leaves suB-lanceolate-oblong 
 obtuse : corymb terminal : flowers sub-sessile 
 2-styled : stem sub -terete, 2 feet high, petals 
 narrow. 
 
 Jtypericoides (C. y. Ju. ^ .) erect branching, bran- 
 ches 2-edged : leaves oblong with 2 glands at 
 the base : flowers terminal solitary with short 
 pedicels, 3-styled. From 1 to 2 feet high. 
 
 Asparagus, 50. 
 
 officinalis (asparagus. E. Ju. 2/.) stem herbaceous 
 unarmed sub-erect terete : leaves bristle-form 
 soft : stipules sub -solitary. 
 
 AsPHODELUS, 51. 
 
 luteus (asphodel, king's spear. E. % .) stem leafy : 
 
 leaves 3 -sided, striate. 
 ramosus (E. %.) stem branching, naked : leaves 
 
 ensiform, c annate, smooth. 
 
 Aspidium, 103. 
 
 1. Fronds ternate. 
 
 cicutarium (P. %.') leafets pinnatifid, divisions 
 acuminate sinuate-pinnatifid entire ; the low- 
 er and outer divisions of the sides elongated : 
 fruit-dots in rows. 
 
 2. Fronds pinnate, 
 
 acrostichoides (0. J. to Au. ^.) leafets lanceolate 
 sabre-form acute ciliate-serrate, the upper ones 
 eared and dagger-pointed, the lower ones 
 wedge-form ; the upper fruit-bearing ones 
 smaller : stipe and rachis chaflfy : fruit-dots 
 solitary but at length become confluent. 
 
ASPIDIUM. 151 
 
 3. Fronds sub-pinnatifid ; involucre [indusium] 
 
 halved kidney -form. 
 
 fiovebaracense (N. W. C. P. Ju. If.) frond pin- 
 nate ; leat'ets linear-lanceolate pinnatifid, di- 
 visions oblong obtusish sub-entire cilliate : 
 fruit-dots marginal : stipe smooth. 
 
 cristatum (C. P. J. %.) frond lanceolate-ovate 
 glabrous pinnate ; leafets sub-cordate-oblong 
 pinnatiiid. divisions oblong obtuse tooth-ser- 
 rate : stipe chaffy. A variety, callipteris, large- 
 ish : leafets alternate, divisions oblong une- 
 qually appi*essed-8crrate : frond bearing the 
 fruit at the top. Another variety, laneastriense, 
 leafets sub-opposite, divisions triangular ovate 
 acute serrate : stipe naked. 
 
 4. Frond doubly or triply -pinnate, involucre halved 
 
 kidney-form. 
 
 obtusum (P. Ju. 11.) frond doubly-pinnate the 
 lesser leafets oblong obtuse, the upper ones 
 having united bases tooth crenate : rachis pu- 
 bescent above. 4 or 5 inches high. 
 
 aculeatum (Vermont, Au. 11.) frond doubly-pin- 
 nate ', the lesser leafets ovate sub-sabre-form 
 acute dagger-serrate, the base of the upper 
 ones truncate, of the lower ones short- wedge- 
 form ; the upper ones bear the fruit : stipe and 
 rachis chaffy. 
 
 marginale (W. Y. C. P. Ju. i|.) frond doubly- 
 pinnate : lesser leafets oblong obtuse decurrent 
 crenate, more deeply crenate at the base : fruit- 
 dots marginal : stipe chaffy. Two or three 
 feet high. 
 
 jilix-mas (W. N. C. P. Ju.) frond doubly-pinnate, 
 lesser leafets oblong obtuse serrate, serratures 
 beardless : fruit-dots of the middle lib approx- 
 
152 ASPIDIUM, ASPLENIUM. 
 
 imate : stipe and rachis chaffy. 2 or 3 feet 
 high. A variety, erosiim, lesser leafets erose- 
 serrate more remote. 
 
 intermedium (P. W. J. %.) frond doubly-pinnate ; 
 lesser leafets linear gash-pinnatifid, divisions 
 sub-mucronate-serrate : stipe chaffy. Resem- 
 bles the next species in many respects. 
 
 spinulosum (P. Ju. %.) frond doubly-pinnate : 
 lesser leafets oblong decurrent running togeth- 
 er gash-toothed ; divisions mucronate-serrate : 
 spike cliaffy : involucre glandular. Large. 
 
 dilatatum (P, Ju, %.} frond doubly-pinnate ; les- 
 ser leafets oblong distinct gash-pinnatifid, di- 
 visions mucronate-serrate : stipe cliaffy : invo- 
 lucre smooth. Leaves more compound, larger 
 and broader than the filix-femina. 
 
 Remark. This genus has been divided, and 
 the remainder of the species are placed under the 
 genus Athyrium, There is no difficulty in dis- 
 tinguishing that genus from the Aspidium, if 
 care be taken to ascertain the precise origin of 
 the involucres. In some species of the Aspidi- 
 um, the involucres appear, at first view, to be at- 
 tached to one side of the fruit-dots ; especially 
 those which are kidney form. But on a minute 
 examination, the point, by which the involucre is 
 attached to the frond of the Aspidium, will be 
 found to be surrounded by the capsules of the 
 fruit-dot. AVhereas the involucres of the Athy- 
 rium are attached to the frond entirely outside 
 of the capsules of the fruit-dots. 
 
 AsPLENirM, 102. 
 
 rhizophyllum (walking leaf. O. Ju. V-.) frond lance- 
 olate stiped sub-crenate, heart-form ears at the 
 base \ apex v^ry long linear-filiform rooting. 
 
ASPLENTOM, ASTEtt. 153. 
 
 angnstifoliitm (spleenwort. W. C. P.Ju. "U.) frond 
 pinnate ; leafets alternate, upper ones sub-alter- 
 nates linear-lanceolate sub-repand* base of the 
 upper ones truncate, of the lower ones rounded. 
 1 loot high. 
 
 tbencum (\V. C. P. Ju. %.) frond pinnate : leafets 
 sessile lanceolate serrulate, cordate at the bi 
 aurieled ahove. A very small species. 
 
 ineltimh-auhm (W. P. A. Ju, 21.) frond pinnate ; 
 leafets roundish obtuse crenate at its a ■ 
 wedge-form: stipe particoloured. Very small; 
 stem black, polished. 
 
 tfielypterioiJes (W P. Ju, V-^ frond pinnate; 
 leafets sessile lanceolate acuminate, deeply pin- 
 natilid, divisions oblone: obtuse, ©btuseJy-sor- 
 rate : fruit-dots parallel, at length confluent, 
 
 ruta-miiraria (W. C. 1*. Ju. %,) frond bipinnate 
 at the base, simply pinnate at the apex ; lealets 
 rhombic-oblong, obtuse, with the apex obtusely 
 denticulate, 
 
 montanum (W. Ju, !{,) frond glabrous, bipinnate ; 
 leafets lanceolate, pinnatiiid, divisions 2-or-3- 
 toothed. 
 
 Aster, 86. 
 
 1. Leaves entire. 
 
 fnjssopifolius (starflower. C.w.y.p. An. to 0.) leaves 
 linear-lanceolate 3-nerved punctate acute mar- 
 gin scabrous : branchlets level-top-corymbcd 
 compact : rays sub-5 -flowered ; calyx imbri- 
 cate twice as short as the disk. 12 to 24 Inches 
 high. 
 
 solidaginoides (P. w. Au. 1£.) leaves linear-lan- 
 ceolate obsolete 3-nerved entire obtuse, margin 
 scabrous : branches level-top-corymbed : flow- 
 ers sessile aggregate ; rays 5-llowered, calyx 
 shorter than the disk imbricate, scales oblong 
 obtuse close-pressed, sub-reuYxed at the apex. 
 
154 ASTER. 
 
 About 2 feet high : scales of the calyx white 
 with green tips ; rays long and white. 
 
 ledifolius (C. N. P. y. w. S. and Oc. 2/ .) leaves lin- 
 ear-lanceolate tapering to the base, without 
 nerves, roughish, revolute margin: branches 
 corymbed : bran- hi cts filiform 1-flowered na- 
 kedish : calyx lax imbricate twice as short as 
 the disk : leafets very acute : rays sub-20- 
 flowered. A variety, uniflorus, has a very 
 simple stem bearing but one flower. About a 
 foot high ; sometimes the leaves have a small 
 indenture on each side. 
 
 rigidus (N. Y. C. p. y. Au. 11 .) leaves linear mu- 
 cronate sub-carinate rigid, margin rough-cil- 
 iate ; the cauline leaves reflexcd, the branch 
 ones spreading subulate : stem erect sub-branch- 
 ed above, branchlets 1-flowered corymbed: ca- 
 lyx imbricate twice as short as the disk : scales 
 carinate very obtuse : rays sub-10-flowered re- 
 flexed. Hardly a foot high. 
 
 linariifoluis (N. P. p. y. Au. If. .) leaves thick-set 
 linear mucronate dotted carinate rough stiff, 
 rameous, recurved : stem sub-decumbent: 
 branches level-topped 1-flowered calyx imbri- 
 cate of the length of the disk. A little lower 
 than the preceding species and flowers smaller ; 
 stem rough, purplish. 
 
 linifolius (N. P. S. 1{.) leaves linear with- 
 out nerves dotted rough reflexed-spreading : 
 branches level-top-corymbed leafy : calyx im- 
 bricate short : rays about equal to the disk.— 
 About 18 or 24 inches high. 
 
 subulatus (P. Au. % .) very glabrous ; small-flow- 
 ered : stem panicled : branches many flower- 
 ed : leaves linear-subulate : calyx cylindric ; 
 ligulate florets of the ray minute. 
 
 foliofosus (P. C. W. Au. 2/.) leaves linear-lance- 
 olate tapering to both ends acuminate : stem 
 pubescent panicled erect : branches few-flow- 
 ered ; calyx imbricate : scales linear acute 
 
ASTER. 155 
 
 close pressed. Flowers small ; hardly distinct 
 from the next species. 
 
 tcnuij'oliits (P. w. Au. i£.) leaves linear-lanceolate 
 tapering to both ends, hispid margin : stem 
 glabrous branching erect : branchlets l-flow- 
 ered : calyx imbricate, scales oblong acute lax. 
 
 dumosus (P. C. w, y. Au. 1'.) leaves linear gla- 
 brous, those of the branchlets are the shortest : 
 branches panicled : calyx cylindric closely im- 
 bricate. A variety called riolaceus. has pale 
 violet rays and a pubescent stem. Another va- 
 riety, alb us, has white rays and a glabrous 
 stem. Flowers small. 
 
 ericoides (P. w-y. Au. U.J) leaves linear very 
 glabrous, those of the branchlets subulate ap- 
 proximate, cauline ones elongated : calyx 
 somewhat scurfy : leaves acute : stem glabrous. 
 Flowers small. 
 
 muitijlorus (1*. W. w-y. Au. to N. If.) leaves 
 linear smoothish : stem very branching diffuse 
 pubescent, branchlets one-way : calyx imbri- 
 cate, scales oblong scurfy acute. Probably 
 a variety of the last. 
 
 sparsiflorus (P. C. y. w. p. S. 11.) very glabrous : 
 Leaves subulate-linear sub-carinatc sub -reflex - 
 ed : stem slender very branching ; branches 
 and branchlets spreading bristle-form 1 -flow- 
 ered : scales of the preduncles divaricate su- 
 bulate : calyx imbricate, scales close-pressed 
 acute. Resembles the last ; flowers smaller. 
 
 c-oncolor (P. r-p. Au. 1/.) leaves oblong-lanceolate 
 wiiite pubescent both sides ; stem very simple 
 erect pubescent : raceme terminal : calyx im- 
 bricate, scales lanceolate silky close-pressed. 
 About a loot high : ray and disk coloured alike. 
 
 corntjblins P.J. 2/. glabrous : leaves oblong-o\ e 
 acuminate short-petioled, margin rough : pan- 
 icle few flowered, branches 2-flowercd ; calyx 
 sub -imbricate. Flowers white. 
 
 humiits JP.w. Au. %.) leaves sub-rhomboid oval- 
 
156 ASTER. 
 
 lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, sub-petiol- 
 cd glabrous, margin hispid : corymb diverging- 
 ly dichotomous nakedish lew-flowered : calyx 
 lax imbricate : rays 8-flowered. About a foot 
 high ; flowers large. 
 
 anujgdalinus (P. w. S. 1]..) leaves lanceolate ta- 
 pering to the base acuminate, margin rough : 
 stem simple, level-top-coryinbed at the top : ca- 
 lyx lax imbricate, scales lanceolate obtuse. — 
 Rays large. 
 
 salicifolius (C. r-b. An. %.) leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late sub-entire glabrous : stem glabrous pani- 
 cked at the top : calyx lax imbricate, scales 
 acute spreading at their tips. From 4 to 6 feet 
 high ; flower middle-sized. 
 
 acstivus (C. P. b. Ju. to S. 1{.) leaves lanceolate 
 sub-clasping tapering to the apex, margin 
 rough : stem branching from its base, erect his- 
 pid ; branchlets pilose : calex scaly, scales lax 
 linear acute equal. About 2 feet high ; the 
 flowers resembling the last. 
 
 no-a-angliae (C. N. b-p. S. to Nov. % .) leaves lin- 
 ear-lanceolate pilose clasping, auricled at the 
 base : stem sub-simple pilose straight and stiff: 
 flowers sub-sessile terminal crowded : scales of 
 the calyx lax coloured lanceolate longer than 
 the disk. In rich soil it grows 10 feet high ; 
 flowers large. 
 
 cyaneus (N. P. b-p. S. to Nov. %.) leaves linear- 
 lanceolate clasping smooth : stem wand-like- 
 panicled very glabrous : branches racemed : 
 scales of the calyx lax lanceolate equalling the 
 disk, inner ones coloured at the apex. 3 or 4 
 feet high ; flowers many and large. This is 
 the handsomest of all asters. 
 
 pJdogifolius (C. P. p. Au. "y..; leaves lanceolate 
 heart-form clasping pubescent beneath, rough 
 margin: stem very simple pubescent : panicle 
 terminal lux few-flowered ; scales of the caiyx 
 
ASTEIt. 157 
 
 lax imbricate lanceolate. From 18 to 24 inch- 
 es high. 
 patens (P. p-y. S. to Nov. %.} leaves oblong-Ian* 
 ceolate ciliate, heart-form clasping rough both 
 sides hairy : stem branchiiigrough mth hairs; 
 branches spreading elongated few-flowered, 
 small-leaved : scales of the calyx imbricate 
 lanceolate spreading. From 1 to 2 feet high* 
 
 2. Leaves heart-form and ovate, serrate- 
 
 undulatns (P. p. S. lf. N leaves oblong heart-form 
 clasping entire hairy sub-undulatc ; lower ones 
 ovate heart-form sub-serrate petioled ; petioles 
 winged : stem panicled hispid ; branchlets one- 
 way leafy. 1 -flowered. Flowers small. 
 
 paniadaius (P. b-p.Au. to No\ . % ) leaves ovate- 
 lanceolate sub-serrate petioled glabrous ; rad- 
 ical ones ovate-heartform serrate rough petiol- 
 ed ; petioles naked : stem very branching glab- 
 rous ; branchlets pilose : calyx lax sub-imbri- 
 cate. From 2 to 4 feet high ; flowers smallish, 
 numerous. 
 
 cordifolius (N. A. W, P. w T -p. S. %,) leaves heart- 
 form pilose beneatli : sharp-serrate petioled ; 
 petioles winged : stem panicled smoothish : pa- 
 nicles divaricate : calyx lax sub-imbricate. 
 Flowers small. A. heterophyllus. Willd. 
 
 corymbosus (N. P. W. Au. %.) leaves ovate sharp- 
 serrate acuminate smoothish ; lower ones 
 heart-form petioled ; petioles naked : stem glab- 
 rous, leveltop-corymed above : branches pi- 
 lose : calyx oblong imbricate, scales obtuse ve- 
 ry close-pressed. 12 to 24 inches high : flow- 
 ers rather large. 
 
 macropliyllns (J\ w-b. S. to Nov. It.) leaves ovate 
 petioled serrate rough ; upper ones ovate-heart- 
 form sessile ; lower ones heart-form petioled $ 
 petioles sub-margined : stem branching diffus- 
 ed : calyx cylindric closely imbricate, scales 
 
 O 
 
153 ASTER. 
 
 oblong acute. 1 or 2 feet high ; flowers large- 
 ish. 
 cMnensis (china aster. E.0.) leaves ovate thickly 
 toothed petioled ; cauline ones sessile at the base 
 wedge-form, floral ones lanceolate entire : stem 
 hispid; branches 1 -flowered : calyx foliaceous. 
 A variety has very full flowers various-coloured 
 and very short rays. 
 
 ■3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones ser- 
 rate. 
 
 amplexicaulis (P. b. S. l£ .) leaves ovate-oblong 
 acute clasping heart-form serrate glabrous : 
 stem panieled glabrous ; branchlets 1-2-flow- 
 ered : scales of the calyx lanceolate closely 
 imbricate. Flowers mid-sized. 
 
 -prenanthoides (P. b. y. .) leaves clasping spatulate- 
 laiiceolate acuminate, serrate in the middle, 
 heart-form at the base : branchlets pilose : scales 
 of the calyx lanceolate scurfy. 
 
 laevigatus (P. r-p. S. to Nov. %.) leaves sub-clasp- 
 ing broad lanceolate sub -serrate smooth : stem 
 very branching glabrous, branchlets many flow- 
 ered : scales of the calyx lanceolate lax nearly 
 equalling the disk. 
 
 versicolor (C. y-w. Au. %.') leaves sub-clasping 
 broad-lanceolate sub-serrate glabrous : radi- 
 cal ones serrate in the middle : stem very 
 branching glabrous : scales of the calyx lance- 
 olate lax shorter than the disk. Flowers many 
 and large, elegant. 
 
 mutabilis (P.p-y. Au.to Oc. %.) leaves sub-clasp- 
 ing : upper ones lanceolate acuminate entire ; 
 lower ones lanceolate at the base narrow ser- 
 rate : branchlets wand-like : calyx shorter than 
 the disk lax : stem glabrous. 
 
 laevis (C. b-p. S. to Nov. 11 ) leaves sub-clasping 
 remote, oblong entire shining ; radical ones 
 sub -serrate : branches simple i -flowered. : calyx 
 
ASTER. 1511 
 
 imbricate, the leafets sub-wedgeform acuta 
 thickened at the apex : stein glabrous angu- 
 lar. 
 
 oocrinneus (P. C. h-p. S. to Nov. % .) Ica\ es lance? 
 olate sub- clasping: lower ones sub-serrate glab- 
 rous : stem simple panicled at the top : calyx 
 closely imbricate. 
 
 punicensCS.W.V. A. p. S. to Nov. % .) leaves clasp- 
 ing lanceolate serrate roughish : branches pan- 
 icked calyx lax exceeding the disk, the leafets 
 linear-lanceolate sub-equal : stem hispid. A 
 variety, purpureas, seven feet; stem deep pur- 
 ple. Another variety, rufescens, eight-feet : 
 from green becoming reddish. From three to 
 ten feet high ; flowers large. 
 
 novi-belgii (N. P. w-p. Au. 1£,) leaves sub-clasp- 
 ing lanceolate glabrous, rough at the margin; 
 lower ones sub-serrate : branches sub-divided ; 
 calyx lax imbricate, the leafets linear-lanceo- 
 late : stem terete glabrous. 
 
 spectabilis (P. b. Au. 2£.) leaves lanceolate rough- 
 ish sub-clasping : lower ones serrate in the mid- 
 dle : branches corymbed : leafets of the calyx 
 foliaceous sub-wedgeform acutish scurfy, 
 About two feet high : flowers large. 
 
 serotinus (C. b. S. %.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
 acuminate sessile glabrous ; margin rough - 7 
 lower ones serrate : branches corymbed glab- 
 rous ; branchlets l>flowered: scales of the ca- 
 lyx lanceolate acuminate spreading. About 
 three feet ; flowers large. 
 
 tardijlonts (C. b. Oc. %.) leaves sessile serrate 
 glabrous spatnlaU'-lanceolate, tapering to the 
 base, deflected at the margin and both sides : 
 branches divaricate : calyx lax, the leafets 
 lanceolate-linear sub-ccpial glabrous. Flow- 
 ers not middle size. 
 
 blamlus (Can. p. Oc. %.) leaves sub-clasping ob- 
 long-lanceolate acuminate serrate glabrous : 
 stem branching in a pyramid form : branches 
 axillary flowers in racemes scarcely longer than 
 
160 ASTFK. 
 
 the loaf; peduncles downy and naked : ^a'rx 
 lax sub-equal, shorter than the disk. Flowers 
 largish. 
 
 ucuminatus (P. W. w. Au. nj.) leaves broad- 
 lanceolate, lower ones tapering entire, upper 
 ones unequally serrate long-acuminate: stem 
 simple zigzag angular : panicle corymbed 
 divaricate-dichotomous leafots of the calyx 
 lax linear shorter than the disk. A variety call- 
 ed elatior, has a taller stem ; panicles many- 
 flowered and leafy. Another variety, pumilus, 
 Las a lower stem ; corymb few-flowered na- 
 ked scarcely higher than the leaves. Com- 
 monly 12 inches high and upwards ; flowers 
 middle-size. 
 
 conyzoiaes (P. w r . An. U.) leaves oblong 3-nerv- 
 cd, narrow acute at the base ; upper ones ses- 
 sile sub-entire ; lower ones petioled serrate : 
 stem simple corymbed at the top : calyx cyl- 
 indric scurfy : rays 5, very short. About 12 
 inches high ; flowers small. 
 
 radvia (P. w. S. Of..) leaves lanceolate serrate 
 acuminate rigose very rough : stem erect angu- 
 lar simple : corymb terminal : calyx imbri- 
 cate, leafets lanceolate obtusish sub-scurfy. 
 Flowers mid-size. 
 
 Strictus (P. y-r. S. 2£.) leaves sessile narrow- 
 lanceolate serrate rough : stem 1 or 2-flowered 
 above : scales of the calyx imbricate close- 
 pressed oblong acute nearly equalling the disk. 
 Four to seven inches high ; flowers middle-sized. 
 
 fradescanti (P. w-p. Au. U.) leaves lanceolate 
 serrate sessile glabrous : brandies wand-like : 
 calyx imbricate : stem terete glabrous. 3 to 4 
 feet high ; flowers small. 
 
 reciirvatits (N. P. b. S. li .) leaves sessile narrow- 
 lanceolate, tapering to the base : lower ones 
 serrate in the middle : stem branching glab- 
 rous recurvate : scales of the calyx lax imbri- 
 cate linear lanceolate sub-equal. Resembles 
 the la«t. 
 
ASTER, ASTRAGALUS. lGl 
 
 l&vus (C w-y. S.to Nov. 11 .) leaves linear-lam < 
 olate acuminate rough margin : lower ones sub- 
 serrate : stem sub-reflexed : branches very 
 spreading: stein lax panicled at the apex : ca- 
 lyx imbricate, lcafets lanceolate acute rellexcd 
 apex. 
 
 junceus (P. r. An. 2/.) leaves lanceolate-linear 
 sessile glabrous ; lower ones sub-serrate ; 
 those of the branchlets lanceolate; stem pani- 
 cled glabrous : branches wand-like : calyx im- 
 bricate. 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 dracunculoides (C. w. S. 2/,) leaves linear acu- 
 minate entire ; lower ones linear-lanceolate 
 sub-serrate : branches corymbed : calyx im- 
 bricate : stem smoothish. About 3 or 4 feet 
 high. 
 
 miser (Can. Au. 2/.) leaves sessile lanceolate ser- 
 rate glabrous : calyx imbricate, leafets acute : 
 florets of the disk and ray equal : stem sub-vil- 
 lose. 
 
 divcrgens (C. w-r. S, % .) leaves elliptic-lanceo- 
 late serrate glabrous ; cauline ones linear lan- 
 ceolate elongated : branches spreading : calyx 
 imbricate: stem pubescent. 3 to 5 feet high $ 
 flowers small. 
 
 dijf'usus (P. w. S. to Nov.lt.) leaves elliptic -lanceo- 
 late serrate glabrous all proportioned : branch- 
 es spreading : calyx imbricate : stem pubes- 
 cent. Flowers small. 
 
 peiululus (P. w. Oc. Nov. Ij. .) leaves elliptic -lanceo- 
 late serrate glabrous ; those of the branchlets 
 remotish : branches very divaricate pendulous : 
 stem pubescent Resembles the preceding \ 
 but the disk turns brown. 
 
 Astragalus, 80. 
 
 glaux (milk vetch. E. ©.) caulescent, diffuse : 
 the little heads peduneled imbricate ovate; 
 flowers erect ; legume ovate callous inflated. 
 O 2 
 
162 ASTRAGALUS, ATHYRIUM. 
 
 depressus (trailing vetch. E. %,) sub-caulescent, 
 procumbent : leafets obovate : raceme shorter 
 than the petiole : legume terete lanceolate rc- 
 flexed. 
 
 secundus (Can. p. Ju. !£.) caulescent, procum- 
 bent : leafets ovate pubescent : spikes pedun- 
 cled : legumes one-way strait acuminate, both 
 ends pendulous. 
 
 canadensis (P. C. y. Ju. 11 .) caulescent diffuse : 
 leafets (21) glabrous both sides : legume sub- 
 cylindric muero'nate. 
 
 varolinianus (P. y. J. % .) caulescent, erect : leaf- 
 ets (41) oblong, pubescent beneath : spikes 
 peduncled : bracts lanceolate of the length of 
 the peduncle : legumes ovate tumid beaked. 
 
 Atheropogox, 32. 
 
 apludoides (hair-beard. P. S. % .) leaves narrow : 
 flowers alternate on a spike About a foot high. 
 
 Athyricm, 103. 
 
 1. Frond pinnate. 
 
 Ihelypteris (snuffbox fern. C. P. Ju. 11 .) leafets 
 pinnatilid, lance-linear, glabrous ; divisions of 
 leafets acute, fruit-dots marginal, at length 
 confluent. 
 
 2. Frond doubly -pinnate, leafets with toothed ser- 
 raturcs, 
 
 filix-femina (P. Ju. 11 .) fruit-dots strait, oblong : 
 leafets lance-oblong. 
 
 aspleniodes (P. New-England. Ju. %-) fruit-dots 
 lunate. 
 
 angustum (C. P. J. If.) frond bipinnate, leafets 
 lanceolate, gash-serrate, serratures sub-den- 
 tate, the lower one elongated above ; fruit-dots 
 oblong sublunate. 
 
ATHYRIUM, ATRIPLEX. 163 
 
 3. Same with leafets serrate. 
 
 bulbiferum (C. P. Ju. i£.) leafets opposite: fruit- 
 dots roundish, lower leafets pimiatifid. 
 
 4. Same with teafets notched, or toothed. 
 
 tonne (V. Ju. 2/.) leafets (h'current, toothed: fruit - 
 dots solitary, near the teeth. 
 
 rnjidn'nm (C P. J. %.) leafets setose-chaffy be- 
 neath, oblong obtuse crenate, coadunate : fruit- 
 dots at length confluent. 
 
 2>unctilobum <Jr\ Ju. 11.) leafets dccurrent, ovate- 
 oblong., pimiatifid, the divisions about 4 -toot lied 
 furnished with a solitary fruit-dot : midribs pu- 
 bescent : stipes glabrous. 
 
 Atragexe, 6r. 
 
 americana (C. P. b. M. ^ .) leaves in fours, ter- 
 nate ; leafets cordate, subentire : climbing. 
 
 A TRIPLEX, 44. 
 
 halimiis (orach. C. *2 .) leaves alternate or op- 
 posite, oblong-sub rhomboid entire. 
 
 hortensis (garden orach. Ju. & .) stem erect her- 
 baceous : leaves triangular toothed of an uni- 
 form colour : calyx of the fruit ovate, netted, 
 entire. 
 
 laciniata (C. J. ©.) stem erect herbaceous : 
 leaves triangular deeply toothed white be- 
 neath : calyx of the fruit rhomboid 3-nerved 
 denticulate. 
 
 patnta (C. Ju. ©.) procumbent ; stem herba- 
 ceous spreading : leaves triangular-lanceolate: 
 calyx of the fruit triangular acute, toothed at 
 the margin. 
 
164 ATROPA, AVENA. 
 
 Atropa, 39. 
 
 belladonna (deadly nightshade. E. w-y. l|.)stem 
 herbaceous, brachiate : leaves ovate entire. 
 Berries black and poisonous. 
 
 physaloides (P. w-b. Ju. <£>.) stem very branch- 
 ing : calyx membranaceous, 5-angled, net- 
 veined : berry fleshy covered with the calyx. 
 Nicandra physaloides of Persoon. 
 
 Aucuba, 92. 
 
 japonica (japan shrub. E. y. J. b .) leaves oppo- 
 site, serrate, with yellowish spots. 
 
 AVENA, 32. 
 
 sativa (oats. E. J. ©.) panicled : calyx 2-seeded ; 
 seeds smooth, one of them awned. First dis- 
 covered in the island of Juan Fernandes. A 
 variety is awnless and has black seeds. 
 
 sterilis (animated oats. E. Ju. 0.) panicled : 
 calyx about 5-flowered : florets hairy, the mid- 
 dle ones awnless. 'When dry the heads are set 
 in motion, if moistened, by the warmth of the 
 hand. 
 
 fatua (P. An. fp.) panicled : calyx 3 flowered ; 
 florets spreading, all awned and the base rough- 
 haired. 
 
 elatior (W. H. J. If.) panicle sub-contracted nod- 
 ding : glume 2-flowered ; florets, perfect sub- 
 awnless, staminate awned : culm geniculate 
 glabrous : root creeping. 
 
 spicata (W. P. J. 1i J panicle sub-spiked few-flow- 
 ered : calyxes in spikelets 6-flowered longer 
 than the spikelets : valves awned outwardly 
 from the 2-horned apex ; awn spiral at the base ; 
 leaves sub-bristle-form villose at the neck. 
 
 pensylvanica (P. New-England. J. (y>.) panicle 
 tapering : calyx 2-flowered ; seed villose ; awn 
 twice as long as the calyx, 
 
AZALEA. 165 
 
 Azalea, 40. 
 
 lapponica (mountain honeysuckle. Whiten ills, 
 p. Ju. »? .) leaven oval) punctate, excavated, 
 i«)«ie,'li : corol bcllforin. 
 
 procumbens (\\ hite hills, r. ,1u. '- .) leafy flowere 
 branches diffuse-procumbent : leaves upp 
 eliptic glabrous, margin revolute: coroi bell- 
 form glabrous : filaments inclosed equal. Flow- 
 ers small : resembles Ledum buxifolium : all 
 the other species resemble the Rhododendron. 
 
 ealenduiacea (i\ r. K y. Ap. ! .) sub-nakedflower- 
 ed: leaves oblong' pubescent both sides, 
 when full-grown become rough-haired : ftV 
 tidant urge no1 viscous: teeth of the cal; y 
 mg : corol with a hirsute tube shorter than 
 i divisions. A variety, JUinune a, has a II., 
 coloured flower. Another, crocea, has a saffron- 
 coloured Sower. 
 
 canescens (Catskill mountains, r. J. k .) sub- 
 nakedflowered : leaves obovate-oblong ;: 
 cent on the upper side and down} beneath; 
 nerves not bristle-bearing: flowers not viscous : 
 tube of the corol scarcely shorter than its 
 visions: teeth of the calyx very short round- 
 obtuse : stamens scarcely exsert. 
 
 nudifora (early honeysuckle. O. r. M. k •) 
 sub-nakedflowered : leaves lanceolate-oblong, 
 mthish both sides, uniform-coloured : 
 nerves on the upper side downy and beneath 
 bristly : margin ciliate: flowers abundant not 
 -his: their tubes longer than their <livis- 
 ions : teeth of the calyx snoi i oval sub-round- 
 ed : sti very much exsert A variety, 
 eoccinea, has scarlet flowers and lanceolate 
 leaves. Another, rut Hans, has deep red flow- 
 and minute calyx. Another, cornea, has 
 pale red flowers, with red bases and leafy ca- 
 lyx. Another, alba, has white flowers with a 
 middling calyx. Another, piqnlionacea, has 
 
lo*> AZALEA, BACCHARIS. 
 
 red flowers with the lower divisions white, calyx 
 leafy. Another, partita, has flesh-coloured 
 flowers 5-parted to the base. Another, poly an- 
 dria 9 lias rose-coloured flowers with from 10 to 
 20 stamens. 
 
 idtida (swamp honeysuckle- Y. C. w. J. h .) leafy- 
 flowered : brandies smoothish : leaves few 
 oblanceolate sub-mucronatc leathery, glabrous 
 hoth sides and the upper side shining ; nerve 
 hristle-bearing beneath, margin revolute-cil- 
 iate : flowers viscous, tube a little longer than 
 the divisions : calyx very short ; filaments ex- 
 sert. Leaves dark green, smallish. 
 
 Discosa (white honeysuckle. 0. w. J. ^ .) leafy- 
 flowered : brandies hispid : leaves oblong-ob- 
 ovate acute, both sides glabrous and one-colour- 
 ed : nerve bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : 
 flowers viscous, tube twice as long as the divis- 
 ions : teeth of the calyx very short rounded : 
 filaments scarcely longer than the corol. Flow- 
 ers very sweet scented. 
 
 glaum (fragrant honeysuckle. P. w. J. b .") lea- 
 fy-flowered : branchlets hispid : leaves oblance- 
 olate acute, both sides glabrous and glaucous 
 beneath ; nerve hristle-bearing, margin cil- 
 iate : flowers very viscous : tube of the corol 
 twice as long as its divisions : calyx very short ; 
 filaments about equal to the divisions of the co* 
 rol. Rather lower than the other species ; flow- 
 ers abundant. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacciiaris, 84. 
 
 halimifolia (groundsel tree. C. w. S. ^ .) leaves 
 obovate, gash-toothed above : panicle compound 
 leafy, fascicles pcdunclcd. The whole shrub 
 covered with white powder. 
 
BACCHARIS, BAEMYC ES. 1G7 
 
 ttngustifolia (ploughman's spikenard. Southern 
 states, w. Ju. h •) Yery glabrous much branch- 
 ed-panicled: leaves narrow-linear entire : pan- 
 icle compound many-flowered : calyx small, 
 about 20-ilow crcd. 
 
 Baemyces, 117. 
 
 1. Crusfaceous, nearly uniform : knobs on short 
 
 solid cylindric simple soft stocks. 
 
 rosea, thin, leprous, a little granular, greyish 
 white : stalks very short, cylindric white : 
 knobs simple flattish, becoming tumid and lob- 
 ed, flesh colour. 
 
 byssoides (H. W.) greenish-grey, mealy: stalks 
 white compressed, dilated upwards : knobs 
 globular, becoming clustered brown. 
 
 2. J+°afy cartilaginous-cmstaceous imbricate : 
 knobs on long cylindric, mostly solid stalks, 
 which arc simple or divided at top. 
 
 symphycarpa, segments cut-crenate, grey-green- 
 isli brown, white beneath : stalks short, the co- 
 lour of the frond, a little pervious and slightly 
 branched at top : knobs crowded, brown. 
 
 carinsa, segments minute, cut-crenate, whitish- 
 green : stalks carious, cancellated, rough, 
 whitish-green, a little pervious and branched 
 at top : knobs are crow ded, purplish-black. 
 
 delicata, segments very minute, linear many- 
 cleft, curled, petioled, rather erect, mealy, 
 white : stems filiform, naked, simple and 
 somewhat divided : knobs clustered, pale 
 brown becoming black. 
 
 papillariu, lobes very minute, rounded-crenatc, 
 greenish-grey : stalks Bstular, inflated, sim- 
 ple or slightly divided, greenish-grey ; knol»s 
 simple; red-brown. 
 
163 BAEMYCBS; 
 
 3. Leafy cartilaginovs-crustaceous, imbricate: 
 stalks fistular, cupped at top. 
 
 baciUaris, segments in many # sinuate-crenate di- 
 visions : stems filiform, greyish- white ; cups 
 nearly cylindric, minute, entire, closed or none : 
 knobs scarlet. 
 
 cocci/era (scarlet lichen. 0.) lobes cut-crenate : 
 stems short, obconic green ish-grey : cups dila- 
 ted, entire, closed : knobs marg'inal, nearly ses- 
 sile, larger, scarlet. 
 
 deformis, lobes cut-crenate : stems long, thick, a 
 little inflated, pale yellowish-grey : cups irreg- 
 ular, toothed, closed, becoming pervious : 
 knobs marginal scarlet. 
 
 belHdiflora 9 \obes minute, cut-crenate : stems long, 
 cylindric, slightly branched, rough pale-green- 
 ish: cups terminal, clavate closed: knobs mar- 
 ginal, globular, very minute, much crowded, 
 scarlet. 
 
 pyxidata (H.) lobes cut-crenate : stems short, 
 obconic : cups dilated, wineglass-form, closed, 
 entire : knobs marginal, dark-brown. 
 
 cornuia (brittle lichen. H. \V. Y.) lobes cut-cre- 
 nate : stems long, simple, a little inflated, 
 pointed, barren cup-bearing : cups cylindric, 
 closed, nearly entire : knobs minute, marginal, 
 sessile, brown. 
 
 gracilis* l:>bes cut-crenate : stems long, filiform, 
 pointed, barren cup-bearing : cups wineglass- 
 form, closed) subulate-toothed : knobs pedicell- 
 ed, brown. 
 
 ventricosa, segments deeply cut and crenate : 
 stems erect, rigid, inflated, grey scaly rough- 
 ish : cups obsolete, pervious, radiate-branch- 
 ed : knobs terminal, pale brown. 
 
 tdcicorms, lobes rather erect, sinuate-lobed, ob- 
 tuse : stems leafy all over, short : cups mi- 
 nute, turbinate : knobs marginal, nearly ses- 
 sile, blackish- brown. 
 
BAEMYCES, BALLOTA. 1G9 
 
 pnrerha* lobes sub-erect, deep-manyckft, sub- 
 pinnate, narrowed : cups supra-foliaceous, tur- 
 binate, torn-toothed : stems becoming branch* 
 cd, thick inflated : branches \er\ short pro- 
 tin^, denticulate at top; knobs clustered, 
 iy. 
 
 4. Leafy, carUlaginous-crusiaceous, evanescent • 
 Stem mostly Jtstular, long, rigid, tapering, shrub- 
 by-branched, 
 
 uncioMs, closely tufted, tubular, greenish-white : 
 branches short : spread, radiate-stellate toothed 
 and perforated at top ; knobs small, globular, 
 tawny. 
 
 adunca, scattered, tubular, pale-hoary, vaguely 
 branched, radiately hook-spinous and perforat- 
 ed at the tips and axils : knobs on the termin- 
 al spines, pah 1 rust-colour. 
 
 rangiferina (Y.H.W. A.) cylindric, tubular, erect, 
 much branched, greyish, perforated at the ax- 
 ils : branchlets recurved at their tips : knobs 
 S or 4 together, globular, red-brown. 
 
 furcata, cylindric, tubular, erect, tapering, grey- 
 brown : branches ascending dichotomous and 
 rked : knobs dull brown. 
 
 spinosa, nearly cylindric, tubular, grey-brown, 
 vaguely branched ; branches effuse, curved, 
 fiexuous. with spines pointing backwards ; fer- 
 tile branchlets sub-digitate, with brown knobs. 
 rmicularis, stems tubular, sub-filiform, subiL- 
 late, almost simple, prostrate, pure w lute. 
 
 Ballota, G9. 
 
 ■nigra tmlse motherwort Y. V* naturalized and 
 grows wild about New-Haven.) L a us heart- 
 
 form, undivided, serrate : leafets of the calyx 
 acuminate. Ives. 
 
 P 
 
 
170 BALSAMITA, BARTRAMIA. 
 
 Balsamita, 84. 
 
 suavolens 'costmary, sweet tansey. E. 1^.) leaves- 
 toothed ; upper ones v» ith eared bases. 
 
 Bareitla, 107. 
 
 iipiculata (spiral tooth-moss. W. M.) stem short, 
 simple: leaves rcmolish lance-oblong*, acumin- 
 ate, erect, spread, capsule oblong ; lid beak- 
 ed. 
 
 acuminata (W. J.) leaves linear : capsule cylin- 
 dric, erect ; lid acuminate. 
 
 Imniills. short, nearly simple : leaves oblong- 
 spatulate, acuminate, keeled, crowded, erect, 
 spread : capsule oblong : lid acuminate. 
 
 Jhttax, branched : leaves lance-linear, acuminate, 
 keeled, recurve-spreading : capsule oblong, lid 
 oblique. 
 
 fortuosa, branched : leaves awl-form, spread, 
 twisted when dry : capsule ovate-oblong : lid 
 eonic, erect. 
 
 Bartonia, 54. 
 
 toaniculata (screwstem. Y. N. P. C. w Ju. (2).) 
 stem some what branching, 4-sided, somewhat 
 spirally twisted : peduncles opposite. Stem 
 nearly' leafless, 5 or 6 inches high. 
 
 Bartramia, 108. 
 
 1. Peduncles taller than the stem. 
 
 fontana (paper-tooth moss) branches fascicled, 
 nearly simple, cylindric : leaves ovate, point- 
 ed, serrulate at top, close-pressed. 
 
 miarchia, brandies fascicled, nearly simple and 
 cylindric: leases lanceolate, pointed, entire? 
 erect, spread. 
 
BARTRAMIA, BATSCHIA. 17 I 
 
 nit nxifsia. stem long, forked, cylindric : leaves 
 lance-subulate, entire, close-pressed : pedun- 
 cles about equalling t In* stem. 
 
 $e dcriana, stem long, somewhat divided: branches 
 
 scattered : leaves lanceolate, acute, serrulate, 
 reflex-spread. 
 
 erispa, stem nearly simple : leaves bristle-forra, 
 
 serrate, spread, curled when dry : capsule in- 
 clined : lid obtusely conic. 
 
 2. Peduncles shorter titan the leaves, 
 
 arcuata, branched : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 striate, recurve-sprcad : peduncles lateral curv- 
 ed : capsules pendulous. 
 
 iaUeriana stem slightly divided : leaves subulate, 
 serrulate, erect-spread peduncles lateral, curv- 
 ed : capsule pendulous. 
 
 Bastsiaj n. 
 
 eoccinea (painted cup. Y. P. y & r. J. % .) lea 
 alternate linear gash pinnatifid ; divisions lin- 
 ear : bracts dilated generally 3-clei't longer 
 than the flowers : teeth of the calyx round-, d- 
 obtuse. Flowers yellow with scarlet biacts. 
 One variety, pattens, has yellow bracts. 
 
 pallida (Whiteoills, w-y. Au. %S) leaves alter- 
 nate linear undivided ; upper ones lanceolate ; 
 floral ones sub-oval, sub-toothed at the summit ; 
 all are 3-nerved : teeth of the cahx acute. 
 
 B.YTHELIL'M, 113. 
 
 mastoideum (olive lichen.) effuse, glabrous, some- 
 what cartilaginous, uneven, olive-brown : re- 
 ceptacles nearly globular, opening alter the lid 
 falls off. 
 
 Batschia, 3r. 
 
 canescens (puccoon. false bugloss. I*. \ . Tu. 1.' .) 
 wlii tening- villose : leaves all oblong : caJ) v 
 
172 BELLIS, BETULA. 
 
 very short : divisions of the corol entire. A 
 red substance covering the root is the puccoon 
 of the Indians. 
 
 Bellis, 85. 
 
 ■pcrennis (daisy. E. w. & p. Ap. K.) leaves obo- 
 vate, crenate : scaj)c naked, 1 -flowered. 
 
 Berberris, 48. 
 
 Vulgaris (barberry. H. N. Y. C. P. y. M. k -) 
 branches punctate : prickles mostly in threes : 
 leaves obovate, remotely serrate : flowers ra- 
 ceuied. 
 
 Beta, 44. 
 
 .vulgaris (beet. E. g. Au. £ .) flowers heaped to- 
 gether : lower leaves ovate. 
 
 cicla (white beet, scarcity. E. $ .) flowers in 
 threes : radical leaves petioled, cauline ones 
 sessile : lateral spikes very long. 
 
 Betonica, 69. 
 
 officinalis (betony. E.) spike interrupted : upper 
 lip entire, middle division of the lower lip 
 emarginate : calyx and bract glabrous, 
 
 Betlla, 95. 
 
 populi folia (white birch, poplar birch. N. C. Ju,^ .} 
 leaves deltoid long-acuminate unequally ser- 
 rate, very glabrous ; scales of the strobile with 
 rounded lateral lobes : petioles glabrous. 30 
 to 40 feet high. 
 
 excelsa (tall birch, yellow birch. C. \V. N.J. h .) 
 leaves ovate acute serrate : petioles pubescent 
 shorter than the peduncle : scales of the stro-* 
 
BETULA, BIDENS. 173 
 
 hilo with rounded lateral lobes. 70 to 80 feet 
 high. 
 
 rubra (red birch. M. fe.) leaves rhombic-ovate 
 doubly-serrate acute pubescent beneath, base 
 entire: pistillate anient ovate j scales \il!' ; 
 divisions linear equal. About 70 feet high ; 
 excellent cabinet timber. I». nigra. 
 
 papyracea (paper birch, canoe birch. ('. W. h .) 
 [eaves ovate acuminate doubly-serrate j veins 
 hirsute beneath ; petiole glabrous : pistillate* 
 anient peduncled nodding ; scales with lateral 
 short sub orbicular lobes. Has a paper-like* 
 hark, of which the Indians construct canoes. 
 
 fenta (spicy birch, cherry birch. O. M. k •) leave* 
 heart-ovate sharp-serrate acuminate ; nerves: 
 and petioles pilose beneath : scales of the stro- 
 bile glabrous with obtuse equal lobes having 
 elevated veins, Large tree whose wood is muck 
 like mahogany ', very sweet-scented. B. ni- 
 gra. Wangh. 
 
 glaiidulosa (scrub birch. C. P. M. k .) branches 
 glandular-dotted glabrous : leaves obovate ser- 
 rate at the base entire glabrous sub-sessile : 
 pistillate anient oblong-, scales half- 3 -cleft : seed 
 orbicular with a narrow margin. About 2 feet 
 high. 
 
 pumila (dwarf birch. C P. J. *z .) branches 
 pubescent dotted : leaves orbicular-obovate pe- 
 lioled, dense-pubescent beneath : pistillate 
 anient cvlindric. 2 or 3 feet high. 
 
 BiDENS, 84. 
 
 mua (water beggar-ticks O y. Au. Q t y , flow- 
 ers sub-raved drooping : outer calyx longer 
 than the flower : leaves lanceolate sub-connate 
 toothed. One variety, minima, has sessile 
 . leaves and erect flowers and seeds. Another 
 variety, coreopsis, has serrate opposite clasping 
 leaves. 
 
 p a 
 
174 BIDENS, BLECHNUM. 
 
 chrysanthemoides (daisy beggar-ticks. O. y. Ail 
 <5>.) flowers rayed drooping, the ray thrice as 
 long as the sub-equal calyx : leaves oblong, ta- 
 pering to both ends, toothed, connate. Flow- 
 ers large ; 2, 3 or 4 awns to ft seed. 
 
 fromlosa (burr-mapygold. O. y. Ju. (y\) flowers 
 discoid : outer calyx six times as long as the 
 flower, leafets ciliate at the base : lower leaves 
 pinnate, upper ones ternate lanceolate serrate. 
 
 connata (P. y. Ju. Cv .) flowers discoid : outer ca- 
 lyx thrice as long as the flower : caulinc leaves 
 ternate : lateral leafets connate, floral ones ob ■ 
 long-lanceolate. 
 
 pilosaCl*. Ju. C?.) flowers discoid : outer calyx of 
 the length of the inner : lower leaves pinnate, 
 upper ones ternate ; leafets oblong, a terminal 
 lanceolate one twice as long as the rest. 
 
 hipinnala (hemlock beggar-ticks. P. y. Ju. CD.) 
 flowers sub-rayed : outer calyx of the length of 
 the inner. Leaves doubly pinnate, leafets lance- 
 olate piimatifid. 
 
 Bignoxia, 72. 
 
 <radicans (trumpet flower. P. r. &y. Ju. J? .) leaves 
 pinnate : leafets ovate toothed acuminate : 
 corymb terminal : tube of the corol thrice as 
 long as the calyx : stem rooting. Most beau- 
 tiful climbing shrub. One variety, jlammea, 
 lias yellow-scarlet flowers. Another variety, 
 coccinea, has bright scarlet flowers. 
 
 Bignonia, see Catalpa. 
 
 Blechxlm, 102. 
 
 horeaUs (Roman fern. An. If.) barren frond pin- 
 natifid, divisions lanceolate obtusish parallel : 
 fertile frond pinnate, leafets linear acuminate* 
 
 semdatum ( j; .) frond pinnate : leafets lanceolate, 
 tapering to both ends, at the base decurrent, 
 sharp serrate. 
 
BLITIM, BOLETl & m 
 
 Blitum, 25. 
 
 capitatum (strawberry Mite, W. C. r. J. ©.) heads 
 in a terminal spike? not intermixed with leaves^ 
 leaves triangular toothed. 
 
 rirzatum (slender blite. 1*. r. J. (f).) lateral 
 heads m uttered, top ours leafy : leaves trian- 
 gular toothed. 
 
 BoEHMERIA, 92. 
 
 cylindrica (false nettle, round head. C. P. An. 11.) 
 leaves opposite ovate-oblong acuminate toot lied 
 glabrous : flowers sub-dioecious : staminate 
 spikes glomerate interrupted : pi.stilla.te spikes 
 cylindric: stem herbaceous. About 2 feet nigb. 
 
 lateriflora (V. Ju. %.) leaves alternate ovate- 
 lanceolate acuminate serrate rough : flowers 
 glomerate lateral : stem herbaceous. Leaves 
 3-ner\ed, and on long petioles. 
 
 Boletus, 117. 
 1. On a stem. 
 
 bovinus (honey-comb toadstool) tubes not touch- 
 ing the stem, unequal in length : pileus thin- 
 edged, brown clammy large ; flesh spongy 
 white : stem dirty-white with reddish stains, 
 7 inches high, and 1 inch diameter. 
 
 edutiSf tubes not fixed to the stem, readily parting 
 from the pileus ; pores circular, small : pileus 
 brown with rust-coloured patches, nearly 
 globular, about 7 or 8 inches across : flesh white, 
 greenish when wounded . stem light brownish- 
 yellow, tapering upwards. 
 
 eommunis* deep scarlet, convex : pores yellow 
 stem reddish-yellow. 
 
 rubeotarius, dark-green, hemispherical : pores 
 deep crimson : stem bulbous. 
 
 pereniris, flatfish, tawny with darker zones :porc? 
 oclu'c-brown ; stem tawny. 
 
176 BOLETUS. 
 
 granulatus, viscid, cushion-like : pores round and 
 rather angular, truncate, with the angle 
 granular. 
 
 luteus, viscid, cushion-like, deep buff striate : tubes 
 
 round deep-yellow : stem Annulate. 
 frondosus, greyish-brown, lobed, imbricate, tubes 
 whitish : stem black at the base. 
 
 betulinus, pinky -brown, incurved : tubes pure 
 white, short : stem short, black. 
 
 substrictus, dirty yellow, convex, thin : pores 
 pale yellow angular : stem dirty yellow, tough. 
 
 suotomentosuSf yellow, sub-downy : pores sub-an- 
 gular, tawny : stem yellow. 
 
 lateralis,, dead yellow, thin smooth, tubes yellow,, 
 short : stem yellow, lateral. 
 
 2. Stemless. 
 
 igniarius (touchwood. O.) tubes very slender with 
 fine pores, yellowish changing to red-brown : 
 pileus in the form of a horse's hoof. 
 
 versicolor (O.) tubes short minute : pileus thin, 
 velvety, striped with various-coloured concen- 
 tric cir< les. Smaller than igniarius. 
 
 albhlus* white tender, cushion-like. 
 
 anguslxtus. rich purple, zoned, lobed, convex : 
 pores dull yellow. 
 
 impuber, rich tawny, convex, crenate -lobed : 
 
 pores tawny -brown. 
 fomentarius, cushion-like, uneven, obtuse, brown : 
 pores round, equal, glaucous or rusty 
 
 rehdinuSf irregular, villous, grey or black: tubes 
 brown-yellow : pores pale brown. 
 
 labyrintliiformis* Kidney-form, wrinkled, zoned, 
 brick-red : tubes red-brown, long. 
 
 hepaticus, tubes distinct : thick, soft, red, lobed : 
 pores round, pale yellow. 
 
 pccthiatus, white or buff becoming brown ; tubes 
 oblique, cohering at the base. 
 
BCLTONTA, BOTRYCIIIUM, 177 
 
 Boi.ton I \. B7. 
 
 astcrnides (false aster. P. \v-r. An. V .) lea 
 r\ entire: flowers long peduncled : seed oval 
 glabrous sub-a\\ nless. 
 
 stifolia false chamomile. P.w. Ju.1£.) lower 
 leaves serrate : Bowers short-peduncled : s 
 obcordate apparently winged pubescent : awns 
 of the pappus two of equal length with them- 
 scl\ es« 
 
 Borago, 37 
 
 officinalis (borage. E. b. Ju. Q.) leaves alternate : 
 
 calyx spreading. 
 africana UE. 00 leaves opposite petiolcd ovate : 
 
 peduncle many-flowered. 
 
 BoTRYCHIUM, 105. 
 
 fumarioides (grape fern. C. P. J.) scape naked, 
 frond glabrous, near the root 3-parted -^-pin- 
 nate : leafets lunate crenate : spikes pinnate. 
 
 obliquum (P. J. Ju.) scape below l -fronded ; frond 
 subdoubly-ternate ; leafets oblong-lanceolate 
 serrulate, dilated at the base unequally heart- 
 form : spikes doubly pinnate. Perhaps only a 
 yariety of the last. 
 
 dissectum (P. J.) scape below 1-fronded ; frond 3- 
 parted 2-pinnatifid, divisions linear 2 -parted at 
 the apex 2-toothed. 
 
 pirginicum (N. \\. C P. J. Ju.) hirsute : scape 
 in the middle fronded ; frond sub-ternate 3- 
 parted 2-pinnatifid : leafets gash-pinnatifid, di- 
 visions obtuse sub-3-toothed, spikes 2-pinnate 
 divaricate. Large, (rattlesnake fern.; 
 
 gracile (C. Y. W. P. A. J.) glabrous ; pape in the 
 middle fronded; frond 3-parted 2-pinnatiiid, 
 divisions gash-subpinnatifid acute sub toothed: 
 spikes slender pinnate erect. Smaller. 
 
ITS BRACHYSTEMUM, BRIZA, 
 
 Brachystemi m, 68. 
 
 'eeriicillatum (virgiuian thyme. C P. w. J. y. .) 
 leaves lance-ovate, entire ; flowers in sessile? 
 compact whorls : bracts acuminate. 
 
 lanceolatum (C. P w. Ju. It-) stem stiffly erect, 
 very branching, roughish : leaves lance-linear, 
 veiny, entire : heads terminal, fascicle-coiy Blu- 
 ed. 
 
 tirginicum (0. w. Ju. %.) stem stiffly erect, very 
 branching, roughish : leaves linear S-nerveu, 
 entire : heads terminal, fascicle-corymbed* 
 nearly level-topped. 
 
 Brasenia, sec Ilydropeltis. 
 
 Brassica, 75. 
 
 oHcntalis (perfoliate cabbage. E. % .) leaves 
 heart-form clasping glabrous $ radical ones en- 
 tire : siliqne 4 -sided. 
 
 nanus (kale or ecle. E. o .) root caidescent fusi- 
 form : leaves smooth, upper ones heart-lanceo- 
 late clasping, lower ones 1} rate toothed. (Rape.) 
 
 rapa (turnip. E. % .) root caulescent orbicular 
 depressed fleshy : radical leaves rough, cau- 
 line ones very entire smooth. 
 
 oieracea (common cabbage, including all the va- 
 rieties caused by culture. E % .) root caules- 
 cent terete fleshy : leaves smooth glaucous re- 
 pand and lobate. (esculent cabbage.) 
 
 Briza, 32. 
 
 canadensis (quake grass. H. C. M. 21.) panicle 
 lax ; spikelets erect 4 to 20-flowered, the com- 
 mon glume smallish ; outer valve of the flow- 
 er acute ovate : leaves long : culm erect. 
 
 eragroatis (P. Ju. Of-.) spikelets oval-lanceolate 
 
BTHZ A. BROUSSONETIA. lf% 
 
 £0-flowered, flowers sab-acute : neck of the 
 sheathing Leaves pilose : culm geniculate de- 
 cumbent 
 
 mrdid (1\ New-England. M. %.) sheath striate* 
 glabrous : panicle erect) spreading ; with the 
 branches in pairs ; spikclcts subtriangular : 
 oorol equalling the calyx., one valve broad, the 
 other compressed. 
 
 ma.vima (rattlesnake grass. E. Q.) spike cor- 
 date, about 7 -flowered. Flowers very large. 
 
 Bromelia, 48. 
 
 ananas (pine apple. E. 11.) flowers ciliatc-spinose 
 muci'onate : spikes comose. 
 
 Buomus, 52. 
 
 stealinus Cchess. O. J. 0.) panicle nodding ,• spil i 
 lets ovate compressed : glumes nuked distinct; 
 awns subulate straitish-aigzaff. Probably 
 from Europe, common in v\v and wheat-tit 
 
 gffiatus (C. W. P. J. U.' panicle nodding : spike- 
 let^ oblong compressed 6 to 8-ilowered. florets 
 awned at the margin cilliate-villose : sheaths 
 and both sides of the leaves subpilose : culm 
 bearded at the joints. 
 
 pubescens (broom grass. C. P. J. %.) culm hairy 
 below, joints brown : stipules very short : pan- 
 icle at length nodding, pubescent: calyx Less 
 than coral, 8 to 12-flowered : carol pubescent, 
 one valve awned beneath the apex. 
 
 purgans(C, x * . 1\ Au. if.) panicle nodding spike- 
 lets lanceolate terete : florets awned pilose, 
 awns erect : leaves glabrous both sides, their 
 sheaths pilose. 
 
 Bkoussoitetia, 98. 
 
 papyri/era (})i\])cr mulberry. E. M« ^ ) leaves sub* 
 cordate, lobate and undivided. 
 
1S0 BROWALLIA, BRYUM 
 
 Browallia, 71. 
 
 data (E, b. ©.) peduncles one or many flowered* 
 Br yum, 108. 
 
 conoideum (thread moss. W.) stem divided : leaves 
 oblong-lanceolate, entire, imbricate, spread : 
 capsule pear-form, erect : lid subulate, curved. 
 
 androgymim, nearly simple : leaves ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, serrate at top, imbricate, spread : cap- 
 sule oblong, erect : lid conic. 
 
 palustre, stem forked : leaves lanceolate, pointed, 
 entire : capsule oblong, oblique : lid conic. 
 
 nu tans (W.) simple : leaves lanceolate, serrate at 
 top, spread : capsule oblong, pendulous : lid 
 convex. 
 
 aureum, simple : leaves bristle-form, entire, zig- 
 zag : capsule pear-form, contracted in the mid- 
 dle, pendulous : lid conic, bossed. 
 
 carnewn, nearly simple : leaves lanceolate, acute* 
 entire, rather remote : capsule pendulous : lid 
 convex, bossed. 
 
 capillare, slightly branched : leaves obovate, ob- 
 tuse, awned, concave, involute when dry : cap- 
 sule clavate, pendulous. 
 
 cacspititium, slightly branched ; leaves ovate-lan- 
 ceolate, entire, flat, awned : capsule ovate-oo- 
 long, pendulous : lid flat, bossed. 
 
 bh-ofor, slightly branched, very short : leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, pointed, entire : capsule ovato, 
 pendulous : lid convex, bossed. 
 
 argcnteum, slightly branched : leaves ovate con- 
 cave, awned, imbricate, entire : capsule ob- 
 long, pendulous. 
 
 juJaceum, slightly branched : loaves ovate, con- 
 cave, obt;is«\ entire, imbricate : capsule cla- 
 vate, pendulous. 
 
BUCHNERA, C AC ALIA. 181 
 
 BUCIINERV, T'l. 
 
 fimcricana [blue-hearts. P. b. Au. %.) leaves lan- 
 ceolate* S-nervedj toothed. 
 
 Bun ias, 73. 
 
 "muritima ^sca rocket. II. C. Ju. 0.) leaves obo- 
 vate, sinuate : silicles with twosmooth, 1-sced- 
 ed, toothless joints. Big. 
 
 BuPHTHAliMlM, ST. 
 
 nrandjflorum (ox-eye. E. u.) leaves alternate, 
 lanceolate, sub-dcnticiiiate, ^laorous. 
 
 Bixbumia, :09 
 
 ajihijlla (leafless moss) capsule pedunclcd : leaves 
 
 it -lie. 
 Jtteosa (stemless moss) -apsides subsessile : lea\es 
 
 erect Linear-subulate, L-nerved, 
 
 Buxus, 93. 
 
 sempercirens (box. E. h leaves ovate, petioled, 
 somewhat hairy at the margin : anthers ovate 
 arrowibrm. Vajr.angwtifolia, Leaves lanceolate. 
 Yar. suffruticosa, leaves obovate, stem hardly 
 woody. 
 
 Cacalia, °J. 
 
 suaveohns (wild caraway. P. w. Au. #.) stem her- 
 baceous - Leaves petioled uaJbert-arruwt'orai 
 serrate glabrous one-columned : flowers co- 
 ryaihed ereel : calyx many-flowered. From 3 
 to 4 feet high 
 
 Q 
 
182 CACALIA, CALICIUM. 
 
 atriplicifolia (orach caraway. P. w. Au. %. .) stem 
 herbaceous : leaves petioled glabrous glaucous 
 beneath, radical ones cordate toothed, cau- 
 !iue ones rhomboid sub-2-toothed both sides : 
 flowers corymbed erect : "calyx 5-flowered. 
 Flowers small. 
 
 reniformis (P. w. Au. %.) stem herbaceous : leaves 
 petioled glabrous beneath, pilose at the veins : 
 radical ones ample heart-kidnevf'orm repand- 
 toothed ; cauline ones toothed, at the base 
 wedge-form entire : corymbs level-topped : 
 calyx many flowered. From 5 to 10 feet high. 
 
 Cactus, 62. 
 
 jiagelliformis (creeping cereus. E. r. Ju. h .} creep- 
 ing, cylindric, or 10-angled, rooting. 
 
 opuntia (prickly pear. Y. P. C. Catskill.y. J. %.) 
 proliferous : compressed and ovate between the 
 lsthmusses : bristles fascicular. Flowers large. 
 The plant appears like a series of thick succu- 
 lent leaves, one growing from the top of ano- 
 ther. 
 
 Cdktte, see Bunias. 
 
 Calendula, 88. 
 
 officinalis (pot-marygold. E. y. ©.) seed keeled, 
 murk ate, incurved. 
 
 Calicium, 112. 
 
 $irigondinm (fungus lichen.) crust none : puffs ses- 
 sile, nearly globular, minute, black, with a flat- 
 fish opake disk, and thin glabrous margin. 
 
 turbinatum, puffs turbinate, nearly sessile, black 
 rather polished, with a dot-form disk within the 
 connivent margin. 
 
 gramforme, granular leprous greyish-white 
 
CACTCIUM, CAI/I HA. 183 
 
 iffs scattered roundish, black, polished, wrin- 
 led, mostly-sessile without border. 
 
 C'alxa, 94, 
 
 palmtris (water arum. W. (\ P. IF. w. Ju. 11.) 
 leaves sub-roundish heart-form acute : spathe 
 ovate cuspidate spreading when mature. Grows 
 in wet places. 
 
 Gallic aupa, 34. 
 
 amcricana (bermuda mulberry* E.r. J. \ .) leaves 
 oval serrate, tomentose beneath : cymes ses- 
 sile. Flowers in brandies, axillary ; berries 
 red very permanent Southern states. 
 
 Callistaciiia, S6« 
 
 clrginica (Culver's physic. A. Y. AV. C. P. w. Ay. 
 2/.) spikes terminal : leaves in fours or lives. 
 Five or six feet high. Very properly separat- 
 ed from the genus Veronica by Mr. Hatiucsque. 
 
 Caxlitkiche, 25, 
 
 vefna (water chickweed or starwort. C. P. Y. W. 
 
 H. w. M. £)•) upper leaves spatulate obovate, 
 
 lower ones linear obtuse and emarginate, C. 
 
 heterophylla. 
 intermedia (P. w.Ju. (?).) upper leaves oval \ cau- 
 
 line ones linear, 2-c ielt at the apex. 
 autumntdis (Y. P. C. w. S. ©.) leaves *dl linear, 
 
 bifid at the apex : flowers perfect. C. linearis, 
 brevifolia (C. An. ©.) leaves all linear truncate, 
 
 short, approximate. Small, moss-like. 
 
 Caltha, 6C. 
 
 pahisiris (American cowslip. O. y. Ap. If. ■) stem 
 erect corymbed : leaves [heart-kidneyformj 
 
184 CALTHA, CAMPANULA. 
 
 lobes spreading, acute-crenate all around ; flo- 
 ral leaves sub-sessile : petals ovate. 
 Jicarouies (fig cowslip. C. y J. 11.) stem erect 1- 
 flowered, 1-leafed ; radica^ leaves heart-ovate, 
 very obtuse, few toothe 1, many-nerved : petals 
 elliptic. 
 
 fiabellifilia (tooth-leaf cowslip. P. y. J. % .) stem 
 procumbent: leaves spread-kidneyform ; lobes 
 very spreading, acute and sharp toothed all 
 around : peduncles axillary solitary l -flower- 
 ed : petals obovate : capsule hook-beaked. Pro- 
 bably the dentata of Mulil. 
 
 integerrima (New England. P. y. M. 11.) stem 
 erect corymb ed : leaves entire, with a closed 
 sinus, orbiculatc-heartform ; floral leaves ses- 
 sile kidney-form, at the base obsoletely-cre- 
 nate : petals obovate. 
 
 Calycanthus, 41. 
 
 jlwidus (Carolina allspice. Southern states, p. 
 M. h .) divisions of the calyx lanceolate : leaves 
 broad-oval acute, tomcntose beneath : branches 
 spreading. 
 
 ( VVIPANIT.A, 41- 
 
 grandiflora (great bellflower. E. %. .) leaves ter- 
 nate, oblong, serrate ; stem 1 -flowered ; flow- 
 er spreading. 
 
 ■rotundifolia (flax bellflower, hair-bell. 0. b. Ju.T/.) 
 glabrous : radical leaves kidney-heartform 
 crenate ; cauline ones linear entire : panicle lax 
 few-flowered, flowers nodding. Without parti- 
 cular care the radical leaves will be overlooked. 
 
 americana (P. b. J. % .) glabrous : leaves heart- 
 form and lanceolate serrate ; lower petioles cil- 
 iate : flowers axillary sessile ; corol 5-parted 
 flat, style longer than the corol. Flowers small, 
 2 or 3 in (he axils of the leaves ; from 2 to 3 
 feet high. 
 
CAMPANULA, CAPSICUM. 185 
 
 i ilUla [P. Niagara. i>. .Tu. %■) verj glabrous : ra- 
 dical lr;i\ is spatulate-oblong leathen cartila- 
 ginous, crenate : caul ine ones lanceolate-oblong 
 sub-entire : Bowers <m branches : corol bcll- 
 wbeelform. About a span high. 
 
 acuminata (P. w-b. Ju. V-.) smnothish erect : 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate ending in a long acu- 
 minate points subserrate : spike fascicular ma- 
 ny-flowered : corol somewhat wheel-form. 
 Flowers like the amcricana. 
 
 erinoides (prickly bellflower. O. w-b. J. 00 slen- 
 der : stem simple angular: angles and the mar- 
 gin and nerve of the leaves with reversed 
 prickles : leaves linear-lanceolate glabrous on 
 the upper side : peduncles few, those on the 
 top of the stem flexuose, axillary ones 1 -flow- 
 ered filiform. Flowers small. 
 
 medium [canterbury bells. E. h. Au. $ .) capsule 
 5-ceIled, covered : stem undfr ided erect leafy : 
 flowers erect. 
 
 speculum (venus' looking glass. E. b. Au. (/>.) 
 stem very branching diffuse : leaves oblong, 
 subcrenate : flowers solitary, often destitute of 
 the scales at the base. 
 
 perjbHata (clasping bellflower. O. b. J. 0.) stem 
 simple erect : leaves heart-form crenate clasp- 
 ing : flowers axillary sessile glomerate. Flow- 
 ers small. 
 
 Cannabis, 99. 
 
 sativa (hemp. E. g. Au. (f),") stem pilose : leaves 
 digitate serrate pilose : staminate flowers soli- 
 tary axillary, pistillate flowers spiked. 
 
 Caprifolium, see Lonicera. 
 
 Capsicum, 40. 
 
 iinnuum fguinea pepper. E. w. Au. ©.) stem her* 
 baccous : peduncles solitary. 
 <*2 
 
186 CARDAMINE, CAREX. 
 
 Cardamixe, 75, 
 
 impatiens (cuckow (lower. E. w. ©.) leaves pin- 
 nate, gashed stipule 1 : flowers apctalo m, 
 
 rot uii' folia (Whitehills. w. Ju. i.) stem pro- 
 ru n >ent, nam 'what simple : leaves sub-orbicu- 
 late, nearly en ire. 
 
 pensylvanica (american watercress. O.w. M. V-.) 
 glabr i ;s, bfanrhi ig : leaves innate : leafets 
 r uin lish-oblong, obtuse, tooth-angled : silique 
 narrow erect. 
 
 virginica (P. w. M. 2/ .) glabrous, erect: leaves 
 pinnate ; lealMs lanceolate, sub-auricled : sili- 
 que Long strait erect. 
 
 teres (Ye v-England. Pursh. w. J. 11.) small erect 
 ramose : leaves all sublyrate-pinnatifid : si- 
 lique short, terete acuminate. 
 
 hirsuta (P. w. M.) leaves without stipules, pin- 
 nate ; leafets rounded, repand-toothed petioled, 
 with the terminal one oblong, gashed; flowers 
 tefrandrous. 
 
 Cardiospermum, 55. 
 
 halicacahum (heart-seed. E. Au. 0.) glabrous : 
 leafets gash-lobate, the terminal one rhomboid* 
 A small climbing plant with small flowers. 
 
 Caeduus, 83. 
 
 pecthiatus (comb thistle. P. p. % .) unarmed : 
 leaves decurrent : peduncles terminal, very 
 long, I -flowered, somewhat leafless ; flowers 
 nodding after the discharge of pollen : scales of 
 the calyx linear spreading. 
 
 Carex, 91. 
 
 1 . Stigmas two ; spikes dioecious. 
 
 Ptirpoidea 'Can.) solitary spike imbricate, cylin- 
 di'ic : capsules densely-pubescent : leaves flat. 
 
CAREX. isr 
 
 sterilis (P. M. 11.) spikes sub-sixfold : fruit 
 ovate compressed 3-sided acuminate* at the 
 apex ream ed doubly -cuspidate) margin riliate- 
 Berrate. 
 
 2. Stigmas two : spikes single with staminate 
 
 Jlowers at the apex. 
 
 eephalophora (P. J. X.) spikes aggregated in an 
 elliptic al form : fruit ovate, compressed, bifid* 
 margined, ciliate-serrate above* 
 
 3. Stigmas two : spikes several with staminate 
 
 Jlowers at the top. 
 
 arenaria (P. C. J. Ju. IS.) spikelets alternate 
 crowded, upper ones staminate, lower ones 
 pistillate, intermediate ones staminate at the 
 apex : capsules ovate margined bifid ciliate- 
 serrate : culm incurved. Generally grows in 
 loose sand near the sea. 
 
 bromoides (C M. %.) spikelets oblong alternate 
 remotish sessile : capsules oblong acuminate 
 beaked bicuspidate : scales oblong mucronate. 
 On dry land. 
 
 retroftexa (P. W. If..) spikelets somewhat in fours 
 remotish : fruit ovate 2-toothed glabrous at the 
 margin, reflexed spreading : scales oblong- 
 lanceolate. On dry land. 
 
 stipata (W. Y. C. P. J. H.) spikelets somewhat in 
 lives oblong aggregate : fruit spreading ovate- 
 acuminate bicuspidate convex-Hat nerved : 
 culm 3-sided very rough. On wet land. 
 
 ■mnricata ((J. P. Ma. J. it.) spikelets ovate ap- 
 proximate, fruit horizontal ovate plano-convex 
 2-toothed, margin at the base, which is ciliate- 
 serrate. On wet land. 
 
 miihlenbergii (P. Ma. J.) spikelets somewhat in 
 fives ovate alternate approximate : fruit round- 
 ish-ovate margined compressed 2-toothed cil- 
 iate-serrate ; scales niucronate. On dry land. 
 
188 CAREX, 
 
 multifora (P. 11 .) spikes in narrow panicles ob- 
 long obtus' : fruit ovate acuminate bicuspidate : 
 scales o^ ate mucronate : bracts leafy filiform. 
 On wet land. 
 
 sparganioides (P. C. Ma.»to Ju. %.') spikelets 
 many-flowered, somewhat in eights, ovate, sub- 
 approximate : fruit ovate compressed margin- 
 ed bifid, the margin ciliate-serrate horizontal. 
 On wet ground. 
 
 divulsa (C. P.J. Ju. %.} spike somewhat branch- 
 ed at the base ; spikelets ovate approximate, 
 lower ones remotish : fruit ercctish ovate plano- 
 convex 2-toothed margined, the margin glab- 
 rous. On wet ground. 
 
 rosea (P. 11,) spikelets somewhat in fours remote: 
 fruit ovate acuminate 2-toothed, at the margin 
 ciliate-serrate horizontal : scales ovate ob- 
 tuse : bract leafy at the base of the lower spike. 
 On dry land. 
 
 paniculata (P. Ju. ^.) spikes panicled ; fruit 
 ovate, margined above, 2-toothed, the margin 
 ciliate-serrate : culm 3-sided. On wet land. 
 
 4. Stigmas itvo : spikes several with pistillate 
 Jloxvtrs at the top. 
 
 leporina (C. P. J. If.) spikelets in threes round- 
 ish-elliptic alternate compact : fruit elliptic com- 
 pressed acuminate entire at the orifice, or 
 mouth. 
 
 scirpoides (W. P. Ma. Ju. It.) spikelets some- 
 what in fours approximate elliptic : fruit ovate 
 2-toothed compressed, at the margin ciliate-ser- 
 rate, erect : scales elliptic obtuse. On wet 
 ground. 
 
 lagopodimdes (C. J. Ju. 1£,) spikelets in twelves, 
 alternate elliptic obtuse approximate : fruit 
 ovate -lanceolate margined bicuspidate : bract 
 leafy very long at the base of the last spike. 
 On wet ground. 
 
 (Walts (C. J. %■) spikelets somewhat in sixes 
 
CAREX. 189 
 
 roundish-elliptic alternate sub-approximate 
 minute beneath : fruit ovate margined -- 
 toothed ciliate-scrrate. On wel ground. 
 
 arid (P, C. Ma. to J n. U.) spikelets some- 
 what in fives alternate elliptic obtuse sub-ap- 
 Itroximate : fruit ovate-rlanceolate margined 
 ucuspidatc : bracts oblong mucronatc. Com- 
 iii!>u on wel and dry land. 
 
 eurla (C. J. %.) spikelets somewhat in sixes al- 
 ternate approximate cylindric : fruit ovate 
 plano-convex acutish ; at the mouth entire, 
 erects longer than the scales, which are ovate 
 acute. On wetland. 
 
 remota (P.J. '4.) spikelets alternate remote: 
 bracts leafy very long somewhat appendaged: 
 fruit ovate, acuminate bifid sub-compressed. 
 
 festucdccu (\Y. P. Ma. J. %.) spikelets some- 
 what in eights sub-approximate alternate cvl- 
 indrir. the fruit-bearing ones club-form : fruit 
 roundish-ovate beaked 2-toothet!, at the mar- 
 gin ciliate serrate greater than the stales 
 which are lanceolate mucronatc. Common on 
 dry land. 
 
 5. Stigmas two : staminatc and pistillate Jlowers 
 mostly on distinct spikes. 
 
 saxatilis (Vermont. J. if.) pistillate spikes in 
 
 rnirs oblong, the lower one peduncled : fruit el- 
 
 iptic obtuse equalling the oblong obtuse scale : 
 
 tracts oblong clasping, sub-foliaccous at the 
 
 apex : culm glabrous. 
 
 caespiiosa (Y. W. P. Ma. J. 11.) pistillate spikes 
 cylindric obtuse, -some what in threes, distant, 
 exsertl) -peduncled. lower one very short, fruit 
 ovate obtuse, perforated at the mouth, la. 
 than the oblong obtuse scale : leaves spreading. 
 On wet land. ^Staminatc spike sometimes sin- 
 gle.) 
 
 cruiita [\. W . C. P. J. J u.T^.) staminatc spikes in 
 
190 CAREX. 
 
 pairs : pistillate ones in fours, distant, pedun- 
 cled. pendulous, cj iindric : fruit roundish-el- 
 liptic, ventricose, very short-beaked, at the or- 
 ifice entire, shorter than the oblong awned 
 scale. A. variety 9 paleaoea 9 lias cyliridiic spikes, 
 the staminate ones several; peduncles long, re- 
 clined : bracts leafy, distant : s< ales terminat- 
 ed with long seriate sharp points : capsules 
 roundish einarginate at the orifice : culm lax. 
 acuta (P. C J. Ju. %.') staminate spikes in pairs 
 oi in threes ; pistillate ones somewhat in tours 
 8 -peduncled, a little nodding, cylindrh , re- 
 mote : fruit oblong with a very short beak, at 
 the orifice entire perforated, it nearly equate 
 the oblong acute scale. 
 
 6. Stigmas three: sjrikes with staminate flowers 
 
 at the top. 
 
 fraseri (P. Ap.lf .) spike simple ovate : fruit ovate- 
 subglobular, at the orifice entire, longer than 
 the oblong scale : leaves lanceolate undulate 
 crenulate : scape sheathed at the base. On dry 
 land. 
 
 wildenowii (P. Ma. J. 11,) spike simple : fruit al- 
 ternate oblong, terctc-3-sided, rough, acumin- 
 ate : scales ovate acuminate ', the lowest apex 
 leafy. On wet land. 
 
 polylrichoides (P.W.J. TJ.) spike simple; fruit 
 oblong-lanceolate compressed-3-sided obtuse 
 einarginate : scales oblong obtuse einarginate. 
 On wet ground. C microstaehia. Michaux. 
 
 pe&unculata (X . P. Ma. to Ju. V-.) spikes some- 
 what in fours, peduncled, much branched : fruit 
 oh ovate 3-sided obtuse : scales oblong obtuse 
 mucronate. On dry ground. 
 
 or at a (Can. %.) spikes somewhat in fives pedun- 
 cled ovate pendulous : fruit obovate, acute at 
 both ends ; scales ovate acute equalling the cap- 
 sule. 
 
7. Stigmas tlitee : the terminal spikes pistillate, the 
 lets androgynous. 
 
 ens (C» P. Ma. % •) the androgynous spike 
 linear-pedunoled, staminate florets below ; the 
 pistillate ones sub-approximate, in pairs, sub- 
 peduncled, linear: fruit elobular-3-sided, ob- 
 tuse, pubescent On dry land. 
 
 hirsuta (l\ Ma. .1. U.) androgynous spikes oblong 
 obovate, staminate florets below : the pistillate 
 ones remotish, sub-ternate, sub-sessile, oblong : 
 fruit ovate very obtuse, obtusely 3-sided : leaves 
 and sheaths hirsute On dry hills. 
 
 buxbaumii (C. 1*. Ju. An. 21.) androgynous 
 spikes ped uncled obovate : staminate florets br- 
 low : pistillate ones sub-ternate, remote, sub* 
 ped uncled : fruit elliptic, S-sided obtuse, obso- 
 letely 2-toothed, nearly equalling the oblong 
 mucronate scale. On wet ground. 
 
 trichocarpa (New-England. I'. .1. V-.) androgyn- 
 ous spikes in threes : pistillate ones in pairs 
 peduncled erect, cylindric remote ; fruit ovate, 
 acuminate, bicuspidate, pilose, longer than 
 the awned ovate-lanceolate scale. On damp 
 land. 
 
 8 Stigmas three: the stamens and pistils on distinct 
 spikes : the staminate spikes solitary, the pistil- 
 late ones sessile or having an inclosed peduncle. 
 
 raria (W. A. C. Ma. J. It.) pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in threes, sub-approximinate, se sile, 
 sub-globular : fruit sub-globular 3-sided, beaked 
 2-toothed, pubescent, shorter than the oblong 
 scale : culm erect On dryland. 
 
 subulata (('. il.) pistillate spikes somewhat in 
 foui^, \c\-y remote, s ,i s-ilr ; staminate our $ - 
 sile : fruit subulate, divaricate, refiexed : culm 
 slender: leaves Hat 
 
192 CAREX. 
 
 marginata (P. C. Ap. Ma. i|.) pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in pairs, approximate, sub-globular, 
 sub-sessile : fruit globular, tomentose, 2-tooth- 
 ed, larger than the oblong-ovate scale : radic- 
 al leaves of one year longer than the culm. 
 Common on dry land. 
 
 vestita (W. P. C.J. %,) staminate spike lanceo- 
 late ; pistillate ones ovate, in pairs sessile ap- 
 proximate : fruit ovate, beaked, at the orifice 
 oblique, pubescent, nearly equalling the acute 
 ovate scale. On wet land. 
 
 leiitaculata{Y. W. C. P.J. Ju. U.) pistillate spikes 
 in threes with inclosed peduncles, ovate sub- 
 aps>roximate : bracts very long leafy : fruit 
 ovate, ventricose, nerved very long-beaked, at 
 the orifice 2 -toothed, longer than the lanceolate 
 mucronate scale. On wet laud. A variety, 
 rostrata, has the beak very large and long. 
 
 tniliaris (Vermont. Ju. 1|.) pistillate spike gene- 
 rally solitary sessile, ovate: bract bristle-form : 
 fruit globose glabrous. On damp land. 
 
 htpulina (Y. W, C. P. J. to An. %.) pistillate 
 spikes in threes with enclosed peduncles, ob- 
 long approximate : bracts very long, leafy : 
 fruit ovate ventricose nerved, with a very long 
 conic beak, at the orifice bicuspidate, several 
 times longer than the mucronate ovate scale. 
 On damp land. 
 
 Jlava (P. J. V-.) pistillate spikes somewhat in 
 threes, sub-approximate, elliptic with an inclos- 
 ed peduncle : fruit ovate, reiiexed, beak long- 
 er than the ovate lanceolate scale, the beak 
 curved 2-toothed. On wet land. 
 
 cligoc&rpa (W. C. P. Ma. 1}..) pistillate spikes 
 in pairs, somewhat 4-flowercd, the lower uo- 
 rets .;eduncled, fruit roundish-5-sided, obovat", 
 beaked, at the orifice entire, longer than the 
 nvuronate oblong scale. 
 
 follioilat i ( W. P. C.J. Ju.UO pistillate spike sub- 
 solitai y, sub-6-iiowercu, sub-exsert-./eduncled : 
 
CAREX. 193 
 
 IVuit ovate veniricose nerved beaked* at the 
 orifice 2-parted, longer than 1 lit* ovale scale. 
 A variety* major, has the fruit more swollen. 
 pubescens (r. Ma. %•) pistillate spikes in fours, 
 sile, the lowermost florets exsert-peduncled : 
 fruit ovate-3-sided pubescent beaked 2-toothed, 
 longer than the oblong mucronate scale : 
 culm and leaves pubescent. On damp hind. 
 
 9. Stigmas three : the stamens and pistils on dis- 
 tinct spikes ; staminate spikes solitary ; pistillate 
 ones long-pe.it uncled, the sheaths shorter. 
 
 plauta^inea (0. Ma. J. %.) pistillate pedunrled 
 spikes in tours, distant : fruit elliptic, 3-sidcd, 
 pedicelled, glabrous, shorter than the cuspidate 
 oval seal* 1 : bract sheathing sub-foliaceous at 
 the apex, radical ones lanceolate nerved. On 
 drv cround. 
 
 anceps (C P. J. U.) pistillate spikes in threes re- 
 mote, lower ones pedunclcd : fruit ovate nerv- 
 ed, set the orifice membranaceous, longer than 
 the mucronate oblong scale. On wet ground. 
 
 gramUaris (i\ Ma. to Ju. TjL.) pistillate spikes 
 in threes remote, the two lower ones pedurtcled: 
 fruit globular-ovate nerved ventricose, very 
 short-beaked, at the orifice obsolctely-emargi- 
 nate, longer than the ovate-lanceolate scaie. 
 On drv land. 
 
 conoidea (1\ .). y..) pistillate spikes in pairs re- 
 mote : the upper one sub-sessile, the lower one 
 long-nedunclea : fruit oblongt»conic obtuse 
 equalling the awn scale. On dry ground. 
 
 tetamca (P. Ma. J. i|.) pistillate spikes in pairs 
 remote, the upper one sub-sessile, the lower 
 Long-ped uncled : fruit obovate, recurved at 
 the apex, at the orifice entire. Longer than 
 the< ovate scih'. Common in dry ground. 
 
 cjiora (1 J , ('. An. Ma. : .) pistillate spikes 
 in threes. 6 to 8-howeicd, distant j low ti one 
 K 
 
194 CAREX. 
 
 remotely peduncled, fruit oolong ventricose ob- 
 tuse, larger than the mucronate ovate scale. 
 On dry land. 
 
 Jiystericina (P. J. Ju. 11 .) stafhinate spike solita- 
 ry, scales ovate-oblong sub-mucronate ; pistil- 
 late spikes cylindric in pairs, the lower one 
 peduncled, fruit ovate many-nerved beaked, at 
 the orifice bifid, longer than the awned oblong 
 scale. On wetland. 
 
 distans (P. J. Ju. If.) pistillate spikes in threes 
 oblong distant, the last one sessile, the others 
 peduncled fruit ovate acuminate bicuspidate, 
 marly equalling the acuminate ovate scale. 
 On wet land. 
 Jlexuosa (P. J. %,) pistillate spikes somewhat in 
 fours, remote, filiform, peduncled, nodding : 
 fruit distant, alternate, oblong, beaked, bifid, 
 twice as long as the mucronate ovate scale. 
 On wet land. 
 
 digitalis P. 2i.) pistillate spikes somewhat in 
 threes remote filiform peduncled nodding : fruit 
 elliptic obtuse, longer than the oblong-lanceo- 
 late scale. 
 
 10. Stigmas three: the stamens and pistils on dis- 
 tinct spikes ; staminate spike solitary, pistillate 
 ones peduncled ; sheaths scarcely any. 
 
 iimhdlafa (C. P. Ma. if.) pistillate spikes in threes 
 peduncled, 8-flowered, ovate, whorled : fruit 
 ovate pubescent, beaked, at the orifice entire, 
 equalling the ovate-lanceolate scale. On dry 
 land. 
 
 miliacea (P. C. Ju. 1/.) pistillate spikes in threes 
 filiform, the highest sub-sessile, the others pe- 
 duncled : fruit ovate 3-sided short-beaked, at 
 the orifice entire, longer than the awned emar- 
 ginate oblong scale. On wet land. 
 
 psewto-c'iperus (P. J. Ju. 1.) pistillate spikes 
 in lours with the peduncles in pail's, pendulous 
 
C \ftKX. CARPINUS. 195 
 
 cylindric : i'ruil ovate-lanceolate bicuspidate 
 exed equalling the bristle-form scale. Com- 
 mon on wet land. 
 
 11. Stigmas three : ilir stamens find pistils on dis- 
 tinct spikes : staminate spikes many, 
 
 recurca (P. J. 21.) staminate spikes in pairs ; 
 pistillate ones cylindric, somewhat in threes 
 duncled, pendulous: fruit elliptic, obtuse, often 
 roughish, equalling the ovate cuspidate scale. 
 On wet ground. 
 
 pcttita (P. C.J. Ju. it-) staminate spikes in pan 
 pistillate ones in pairs cylindric, erect, remote, 
 upper one sessile : fruit ovate bifid, pilose, short- 
 er than the awned oblong scale. Common on 
 wet land. 
 
 tucustris V P. C J. Ju. %.) staminate spikes in 
 lours; pistillate ones in pairs erect cylindric 
 ped uncled : fruit oblong many-nerved beaked 
 bifurcate, longer than tiie mucronate oblong 
 scale. On wet land. A large variety is called 
 gigantea. 
 
 vesicaria (P. Ma.toJu. 21.) staminate spikes in 
 threes ; pistillate ones somewhat in pairs, pe- 
 duncled, cylindric : fruit oblong-inflated, beak- 
 ed, bicuspidate, larger than the lanceolate scale, 
 culm acutely 3-corncred. On wet land. 
 
 bullata (P. J. 21.) staminate spikes in threes; 
 pistillate ones in pairs, cylindric, peduncled, 
 erectisb : fruit obovate-globular, leaked, bifur- 
 cate ; the beak hispid and longer than the lance- 
 olate scale. Common on wet land. 
 
 Cabpixus, 95. 
 
 americana (hornbeam. 0. g. M. h .) leaves oblong- 
 ox ate, acuminate, unequally seriate : scales of 
 the strobile S-parted, the middle division with 
 a lateral tooth. 
 
196 CARTHAMUS, CASSIA. 
 
 Carthamus, 83. 
 
 linctorms (false saffron. E.y. J. {£}) leaves ovate, 
 
 entire serrate-aculeate. 
 coeruMus (blue saffron. E. b. If.) stem about 1- 
 
 flowered : leaves lance-ovate, spine -toothed. 
 
 Cartm, 47. 
 
 carui (caraway. E. w. % .) stem branching : leaves 
 With ventricose sheaths : partial involucre 
 none. 
 
 Cassia, 56. 
 
 senna (Egyptian senna. E. &.) leaves in 6 pairs; 
 petioles ^landless : legume reniforfh. 
 
 marilandica (senna. O. y. Au. "}£.) somewhat gla- 
 brous : leaves in 8 pairs, lance-oblong, mucro- 
 nate : flowers in axillary racemes and in ter- 
 minal panicles : legumes linear curved. An 
 excellent cathartic. See Barton's Med. Bot. 
 
 chamaccrkta (cassia, partridge pea. H. Y. C. P. 
 y. Au. (£}) somewhat glabrous : leaves linear 
 in many pairs, the glands or the petioles subpc- 
 dicelled : petals witb 2 spots : legumes pubes- 
 cent. A most elegant plant, from 8 to 16 inches 
 high. 
 Jascicnlata (C. P. y. Ju. @.) somewhat glabrous : 
 leaves at the summit in 9 pairs : fascicles ma- 
 ny-ilowercd, lateral s petals and stamens of the 
 same colour : legumes glabrous, ascending 
 arched. 
 
 rdctitans (C. P. New-England. Pursh. y. Ju. @.) 
 spreading, ^pubescent : leaves in many pairs, 
 linear ; glands of the petioles pedicelled : pe- 
 duncles short, supra-axillary, 2 or 3-flowered ; 
 flowers petandrous. The leaves of this species 
 and of the chamaecrista possess a considerable 
 degree of irritability. 
 
( VSTAXEA, CELASTRUS. I [ : 
 
 Cajbtaneaj 95. 
 
 americana (chcsnut. (). g. J. b .) leaves lam e- 
 uhlong. siimate-srnale, H itl» the serratiuvs niu- 
 cronate, glabrous both sides. Large tree. 
 
 pumila (chinquapin. C.P.ff. J. h leavesoblong, 
 
 acute. mu< Tonate-serratc, with white down 
 beneath. Small tree. 
 
 CATAXrA, 26. 
 
 ^ifHnzaefolia (catalpa tree. P. W. & p. Ju. h .} 
 leaves cordate? flat. An elegant tree. 
 
 Caucalis, 45. 
 
 Mauritania (base parsley. E. £)•) general invo- 
 lucre 1 -leaved, partial one 3-leaved, 
 
 CAULOPHTIXr^I, 48. 
 
 t/ialictroidcs (poppose root, false cohosh. O. p-y. 
 Ap. X .) very glabrous : leaves more than de- 
 compound ; leaflets oval, the lower ones petiol- 
 ed and lobed, the end ones 3-lobed. 
 
 Ceanotiius, 41. 
 
 americanus (New-Jersey tea. O. w. J. i? .) leaves 
 
 ovate acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved. pubescent 
 beneath : panicles axillary long-pcduncled^ 
 sub-corymbed. 
 
 Celastrus, 41. 
 
 scandens (false bittersweet, staff tree. 0. y-w. J, 
 k .) stem twining: leaves oblong, acuminate, 
 serrate : racemes terminal. Retains its scarlet 
 berries through the w inter, though dry aiul 
 generajlv opening by valves. 
 It 2 
 
198 CELOSA, CENTAUREA. 
 
 Celosia, 42. 
 
 cn&tata (cock's crest. E. Ju^OO leaves oblong- 
 ovatc : peduncles terete, sub -striate : spikes- 
 oblong. 
 
 Celtis, 44. 
 
 occidentals s (nettle tree. C. P. w. M. h •) leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, equally serrate except near 
 the base ; scabrous above, rough-haired be- 
 neath : fruit solitary. 
 
 Crassifolia (hag-berry, hoop-ash. C. P. w. M. b .) 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, un- 
 equally cordate at the base, sub-coriaceous ; 
 peduncles about 2-flowered. 
 
 Cexchrus, 29. 
 
 cchinaUis (hedgehog grass. P. Au. 00 spike ob- 
 long, conglomerate : involucre sub-globose, 10- 
 parted. 
 
 fribidoides (C. P. Ju. ©.) spike glomerate, with 
 alternate spikelets : pistillate glumes globose, 
 niuricate-spino.se, hirsute. 
 
 Centaurea, 88. 
 
 solstitialis (New-Jersey. Pursh. y. Ju. (y>.) calyx 
 palmate-spinose, solitary ; spines strait : leaves 
 hoary, lance-linear, decurrent, entire ; radical 
 ones lyrate. 
 
 eyanus (blue-bottle. Naturalized, b. Ju. 00 
 scales of the calyx serrate leaves linear entire ; 
 lower ones toothed. 
 
 scabiosa (scabious centaury. E. Z- .) leaves pin- 
 natifid, roughish ; divisions lanceolate, spread- 
 ing, acute, and pinnatiiid at the base : calyx 
 ciiiate. 
 
CENTAUREA, CERASTIUM. 199 
 
 centaurium (great centaury. E. It.) leaves pin- 
 nate glabrous : leafets sharply and doubly ser- 
 rate, decurrenl : calyx smooth. 
 
 jacea (knapweed. I*, p. Ju. it.) leaves lanceolate? 
 entire; radical ones sub-dentate: branches 
 angular, calyx scarious. 
 
 suaveolt'iis (yellow sultan. E. ©.) leaves lyratc- 
 pinnatilid : calyx smooth. 
 
 benedicta (blessed thistle. E. ©.) leaves semide- 
 current, tooth -spi nose : calyx with branched 
 spines. 
 
 moschata (sweetsultan. E. 0.) leaves slightly pin- 
 natilid ; lower divisions mostly entire : calyx 
 smooth. 
 
 CenUiurclla, see Bartonia. 
 
 CEril.VLANTHUS, 34. 
 
 occidentalis (button bush. O. g. Ju. ^ leaves op- 
 posite, and in threes. In swamps. 
 
 C&uastium, 60. 
 
 wdgatum (mouscar chickwecd. O. w. Ap. ©.) 
 hirsute, viscid, ccspitose : leaves ovate : petals 
 oblong, about equal to the calyx : flowers longer 
 than the peduncle. 
 
 semidecandrum (Y. P. w. M. 0.) hirsute, viscid : 
 leaves ovate-oolong, acute : petals emarginate, 
 shorter than the calyx : peduncles longer than 
 the calyx : flowers pentandrous. 
 
 arvensc (A. 1*. w. J. :i.) pubescent, cespitose : 
 leaves lain c-Iinear, obtuse, ciliate at t!ie base. 
 shorter than the distance between the joints of 
 the stem : petals obcordate, twice as long as 
 the calyx : leafets of the calyx obtuse. 
 
 dic/wtomnm (V. w. ©0 leaves lanceolate: stem 
 dichotomous : capsules erect, twice as long as 
 the calyx. 
 
200 CERASTIUM, CETRARIA. 
 
 viscosum (P. w. M. %.) hirsute, viscous, diffuse : 
 leaves lance-oblong, obtusish : petals obovate, 
 scarcely longer than the calyx : flowers short- 
 er than the peduncle. 
 
 tenuifolium (P. w. M. TJ.) very slender, pubes- 
 cent, cespitose : leaves narrow-linear, longer 
 than the distance between the joints of the stem : 
 petals obovate, emarginate about thrice as long 
 as the acute calyx. 
 
 Ceratophylxum, 93. 
 
 demersum (horn wort. C. P. Ju. %.~) leaves 8 in a 
 whorl, dichotomous in pairs, tooth-spined on 
 the back : flowers axillary : fruit 3-spined. 
 
 Cercis, 56. 
 
 canadensis (red bud, judastree.P. Can. r. M. b .) 
 leaves round-heartform, acuminate : stipules 
 minute : legumes short-stiped. 
 
 Cerixthe, 36. 
 
 major (honey wort. E. ©.) corols obtuse, spread- 
 ing : at the top ventricose, bellform : stamens 
 shorter than the corol. 
 
 Cetraria, 116. 
 
 islandica (ice-land lichen. Y.) greenish chesnut, 
 sinuate-laciniate many-cleft ; segments as- 
 cending, channelled, ciliate : targets nearly 
 marginal, chesnut, slightly margined. 
 
 lacunosa, (O.) expanded, rounded-lobed becoming 
 vaguely lac inate, rough-netted, callular, green- 
 ish-white : targets raised, nearly marginal, a 
 little tumid, rust-coloured, with a thin sub-en- 
 tire border. 
 
 juniper ina, membranous, pale yellow, deep yelhny 
 
CETRARIA, CHEIRANTIttJS. 201 
 
 beneath : jogged-laciniate, segments flat, as- 
 cending complicate, erose-crenatc, curled, na- 
 ked : targets raised, nearly marginal, bay, with 
 a thin yellow crenulatc bord or. 
 
 CllABBOFHTXXIIM, 4'\ 
 
 procumbeiis (chervil. P. w. M". ■;.) r 1 i : t i 1 1 ir , 
 
 smooth: leaves decompound: stem procum- 
 bent : umbels lew-flowered. 
 
 cla tivii (poison (icily. O. w. J. X'.) leaves ob- 
 long-oval, sub-pinnatifid-lobcd : umbels i'ew- 
 \ .;» qd, divaricate : fruit smooth. This plant can 
 
 lly be " uished from the myrrhis da 
 
 excepl by the taste. Doct. Bigelow says, the 
 latter plant loses its aromatic taste in s 
 soils ; and he suspects they may be varieties of 
 the same species. 
 
 ChaerophyUum, see Myrrhis. 
 Chara, 90. 
 
 vulgaris (feather-beds. P. Ju. 0.) stem and 
 branches naked at the base ; branchlets terete ; 
 leaves jointed : leafets oblong subulate : bracts 
 shorter than the berry. 
 
 foliosa (P. Ju. ©.) stem naked, papillose above ; 
 branchlets terete at the base and in the leafy 
 joints : leaves linear : bracts shorter than the 
 berry. 
 
 Jitx'ilis (P. Au. ®.) stem translucent, naked : 
 branchlets jointless, leafless, compressed : ber- 
 ries lateral, naked. 
 
 ClimLAXTHES, 104. 
 
 vesiita Hip fern. W. ^.) frond doubly pinnate, 
 hairy both sides : leafets pinnatiiid. 
 
 CllEERANTIUS, 75. 
 
 cheiri (wall-flower, E. J. %.) leaves lanceolate* 
 
202 CHEIRANTHUS, CHENOPODIUM. 
 
 acute, glabrous : branches angled : stem some- 
 what ofa woody text-ire. 
 
 fenestralis (waved wall-flower. E. % .) leaves 
 crowded together in a hcadf recurved undulate : 
 stem undivided. 
 
 annuus (stock juiy-flowcr. E. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 lanceolate, subdentate, obtuse, hoary : silique 
 cylindric with an acute apex. 
 
 incanus (bromp onsto- k, brompton queens. E. % J) 
 leaves lanceolate, entire, obtuse, hoary : silique 
 truncate compressed at the apex, stem some- 
 what oi* a woody texture. 
 
 Chelidoxium, 63. 
 
 ma jus (celandine. O. y. M. if ) umbels axillary, 
 pcduncled : leaves alternate, pinnate, lobed. 
 
 Cheloxe, 72. 
 
 glabra (sr.akehead. 0. w. & r. Ju. 11.') leaves op- 
 posite, lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate ; spikes 
 terminal, dense-flowered. Some authors make 
 a species obliqua, which, they say, has all the 
 leaves opposite, and that the glabra has the 
 lower leaves alternate — sed quere ? 
 
 Chenopobium, 44. 
 
 ijonus-henriens (cnglish mercury. E. g. J, If.) 
 leaves triangular saggitate entire, spikes com- 
 pound leafless axillary. 
 
 ruorum (rusty pigweed. H. W» r-g. Ju. 0.) leaves 
 triangular-cordate, obtusish, sinuate-toothed : 
 racemes erectish, compound, sub-ibliaceous, 
 shorter than the stem. 
 
 album (pigweed. O. g. Ju. ©•) leaves rhomboid- 
 ovate, erose, entire behind, the upper ones ob- 
 long entire, seeds smooth. 
 
 "ciride (green pigweed. P. g. S. ©.) leaves lance- 
 
CTTEXOroniUM, CIIIMAPTIILA. 203 
 
 rhomboid sinuate-toothed : racemes ramose, 
 subfoliaceous : stem very green* 
 hybridum (W. V. C g. Ju. ©.) leaves cordate, 
 
 anglcd-acuminatc : racemes branching, divar- 
 icate naked. 
 
 botrys (oak-of- Jerusalem. O. g. An. ©.) leaves 
 oblong, sinuate : racemes naked many-cleft. 
 Sweet scented. 
 
 ambrosioides (sweet pigweed. C. P. g. Ju. P>.) 
 leaves lanceolate, toothed : racemes leafy sim- 
 ple. Sweet scented. 
 
 anthchncniicum (wormsced. V. C. P. fir. An. l{.) 
 leaves ovate, oblong, rarely toothed ran 
 leafless : styles 3. Odour strong and disagree- 
 able. 
 
 maritimum (sea pigweed. C. P. Y. g. An. #.) 
 leaves subulate, fleshy, semiterete : flowers 
 glomerate, axillary. On th ,t. 
 
 glaucum (C. 2/.) leaves ovate-oblong, repand, 
 glaucous beneatli ; racemes naked, simple, glo- 
 merate. 
 
 scoparium (summer cypress. E.) leaves fiat, lange- 
 linear, margin ciliate : llowers glomerate, ax- 
 illary. 
 
 Chimaphixa, 56. 
 
 macuhita (spotted winter-green. 0.*w. Ju. !>v) 
 leaves lanceolate, rounded at the has \ remote- 
 ly serrate, marked with long spots : scape 2 or 
 S-flowered ; filaments woolly. 
 
 umbellata ^prince's pine, hitter wintergreen. O. 
 r-w. Ju. 2i.) leaves •wedge-lanceolate, with an 
 acute base: scape corymbed : filaments gla- 
 brous. Pursh says the niaculata is the sip- 
 wa of the Indians, and is useful in hysteric 1 af- 
 fections. General Vacuum says the umbellata 
 is the sipsisewa or pipsisewa, and is highly 
 efficacious in the i lire of cancers. Both arc. 
 taken from the genus P\rola. 
 
204 CHIONANTIIES, CHRYSANTO 
 Chionanthes, 26. 
 
 virginica (fringe tree. C. P. w. M. \ .) panicle 
 terminal, trihd : peduncles* 3-flowered : leave* 
 acute. Berries purplish blue. 
 
 Chironia, 39. 
 
 annularis (American century. P. p. x\u. % .) 
 erect : leaves ovate, clasping, flowers with long 
 
 Jiedunclcs, corymbed : divisions of the calyx 
 ance-linear : stem with 4 margined angles. 
 
 gracilis (P. p. Ju. % .) slender: branches lax elon- 
 gated, 1 -flowered: leaves oval -linear : divisions 
 of the calyx linear about equalling the corol : 
 divisions of tbe corol obovate : stem angular. 
 
 chloroides (C. P. r. Au. % ,) weak : (eaves lanceo- 
 late, erect: branches few, 1 -flowered ; flowers 
 7 to 13-parted : divisions of the calyx linear, 
 shorter than tbe divisions of the corol. 
 
 stdlaris (C. r. Au. % .) erect : brandies dicho- 
 tomous, elongated, 1-flowered: leaves lance- 
 olate, acute : calyx subulate : divisions of i\\c 
 corol obovate : stem terete. 
 
 mlycosa (C. P. r. An. % .) erect, leafy: leaves 
 obiong-obovatish : flowers solitary, about 7-part- 
 ed ; calyx leafy, exceeding the corol, divisions 
 oblanceolate. 
 
 paniculata (C. w. Ju. If..) erect: leaves lance-lin- 
 ear : panicle many-flowered, braehiate, subfas- 
 tigiate : caiyx subulate : stem 4 -cornered. 
 
 Chrysanthemum, 85. 
 
 kucanthemum (0. J. 11 ) leaves clasping, lanceo- 
 late serrate, cut-toothed at the base : stem erect 
 branching. 
 
 partlienium (feverfew. E.) leaves petioled, com- 
 pound, flat ; leafets ovate, gashed : peduncles 
 branching corymbed : stem erect. 
 
CIIRYSANTHEMl'M. 205 
 
 coronarium (garden chrysanthemum. E.Au. 00 
 leaves bipinnatifid, acute, broader outwards: 
 ■tan branching. 
 
 ClIRYSOSPLF.VUM, 55. 
 
 oppositifolium (golden saxifrage, water-carpet. 
 \. \\ . P.y-r. M. %.) Leaves opposite, roundish* 
 slight!) crenate, tapering tor a little distance 
 to the petiole. 
 
 ClCHORIUM, 83. 
 
 intibus (succory or endive. O. b. ,Tu. 2{.) flowers 
 axillary in pairs sessile ; leaves runcinate. 
 
 'iidivia (garden endive. E. £> .) peduncles axillary 
 in paii-s : one long 1 -flowered* the other short 
 about 4 -flowered : leaves oblong, denticulate. 
 Var. crispum, has fringed leaves and solitary 
 flowers. 
 
 Cicuta, 46. 
 
 etrosa (water hemlock. E. 11. ) umbels opposite 
 
 to the leaves ; petioles margined, obtuse : leafets 
 
 teraate, acutely serrate. Root containing a 
 
 yellow juice. 
 
 Ihifera (C. Ju. %.) branches bearing bulbs in 
 
 whorls : leaves fennel-like. 
 maculala (O. w. Ju. 11.) serratures of the leaves 
 
 mucronate : petioles membranaceous, 2-lobed 
 
 at the apex. 
 
 ClMICIFUGA, 65. 
 
 sevpeutaria (bngbane, black snakcroot, cohosh* 
 V. I . l\ w. Ju. . .) leaves decompound ; leafets 
 ovate-oblong, gash-toothed ; racemes in waud- 
 likc b. uKes : sometimes inouogynious. 
 
 S 
 
206 CINERARIA, CISTUS. 
 
 ClXERARIA, 86. 
 
 heterophylla (ash wort. P. y. ~Sf. *U.) downy: radi- 
 cal leaves long-petioled, obovate-spatulate, ob- 
 tusely toothed ; the other leaves pinnatifid : pe- 
 duncles 1 -flowered, long, solitary. 
 
 ClXNA, 25. 
 
 arundinacea (indian reed. C.) glabrous : panicle 
 large, many- flowered, capillary : one valve 
 somewhat awned below the apex. 
 
 ClRCAEA, 27, 
 
 tlitetiana (enchanter's nightshade. O.r-w. J\\.%.) 
 stem erect: leaves ovate, denticulate, somewhat 
 glabrous. Var. alpina, has an ascending stem, 
 leaves sub-cordate, and the calyx membra- 
 naceous. This variety is generally considered 
 as a distinct species. But they certainly pass 
 into each other by almost imperceptible grada- 
 tions. 
 
 Cistus, 64. 
 
 Canadensis 'rock -rose, frost plant. H. Y. A. C. 
 P y. J. % ) without stipules, erect ; leaves al- 
 ternate erect linear-lanceolate, flat, tomentose 
 beneath ; divisions of the calyx broad-ovate acu- 
 minate : capsules shorter than the calyx. At 
 the foot of Pine-rock, New-Haven, the barren 
 
 flains produce great quantities of this plant. 
 h Nov. and Dec. of 1816, I saw hundreds of 
 these plants sending out broad, thin, curved ice 
 crystals about an inch in breadth from near the 
 roots. These were melted away by day, and 
 renewed every morning for more than 20 days 
 ijx succession. 
 
CITRUS, CLAYTOMA. £07 
 
 ( ITRUS, C4. 
 
 kurasUium (orange tree. E. w. k •) leaves oval 
 acuminate with winged petioles. 
 
 'iicdicn (lemon tree. ft. w. J. h .) leaves ovate 
 acuminate, with linear petioles. Var. fimoji 
 (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, which is al- 
 most round. 
 
 Clathrus, 118. 
 
 cnnccllatus (latticed fungus) pileua resembling, 
 lattice-work. 
 
 Clavaria, 118. 
 
 gifrans (club fungus. W.) cylindric, wliitc, rath- 
 er taper at the ends : stein capillary, pellucid, 
 simple. 
 
 pistillaris. nearly cylindric, mostly undivided, 
 tubular, brittle, smooth. 
 
 capitata, head ovate, chesnut, dotted, stem sim- 
 ple, yellow, round ; root vol fate. 
 
 cornea (Y ) simple or cloven, somewhat pointed, 
 red orange, horny and brittle when dry. 
 
 musandes (shrubby fungus, W. y.) much branch- 
 ed : branches mostly forked, pointed unequal, 
 yellow. 
 
 CXAYTOXIA, 42. 
 
 virginica (spring beauty. Y. C. w. & r. An. T/.) 
 leaves lance-linear: raceme solitary: leaves 
 of the calyx acutish : petals obovate, retuse : 
 root tuberous. 
 
 Spatulata (spring beatify. W. II. P. A. w. & r. 
 Aj>. %.) leaves spatulate : raceme solitary: 
 leaves of the calyx obtuse : petals roundish, re- 
 tuse : root tuberous. 
 
.108 CLEMATIS, CLEOME. 
 
 Clematis, 66. 
 
 mticella (purple virgin's bower. E. p. Ju. %.) 
 climbing : leaves compound and decompound ; 
 leaflets oval sublobate entire : petals obovate 
 spreading. 
 
 tiorna (leather flower. P. b. J b .) climbing : 
 leaves compound and decompound ; leafeis 
 lance-oval, acute at botli ends, ti'ifid and entire : 
 flowers solitary, beliform : petals thick leatln i y, 
 acuminate. 
 
 virginica (virgin's bower. 0. w. Ju. b .) climbing : 
 leaves ternatc ; ieafets ovate, subcordatc, gash- 
 toothed and lobatc : corymbs diehotomous, lew 
 flowered : petals longer than the stamens. Of- 
 ten dioecious. 
 
 Jlammula (sweet virgin's bower. E. b .) lower 
 leaves laciniate ; upper ones simple, entire, 
 lanceolate. 
 
 ochroleuca (P. C. w. & y. J. H.) erect, simple, 
 pubescent : leaves simple entire. About one 
 loot hig'n. 
 
 hexagona (W. p-b. M. b stem climbing, 6-an- 
 gled ; leaves ternate with climbing petioles ; 
 Ieafets glabrous, heart-ovate acuminate, sub- 
 entire : seeds caudate, with hairs not plumose. 
 A new species, which I found two miles west of 
 Williams College. 
 
 Cxeome, 49. 
 
 dodecandra (false mustard. P. C p. Ju. ©.) glab- 
 rous : flowers axillary, solitary : leaves ovate, 
 ternate generally dodecandrous. 
 
 pentaphijlla (P. w-r.Ju. Q.) Ieafets quinate: stem 
 unarmed. Flowers gynandrous. The corols 
 of this genus being cruciform, it is by some 
 placed in the 15th class. 
 
CLETHRA, CN1CLS. 209 
 
 Clethka, ;~G. 
 
 ilni folia (spiked alder, sweet pepper bush. Y. IT. 
 <j. P. w. Ju. k •) leaves svedge-obovate, acute, 
 
 coarse-serrate above, glabrous both sides : 
 flowers in spike-form racemes. 
 
 Climacium, 108. 
 
 dendroides (tree moss) having a projecting collar 
 below the outer teeth. 
 
 CLixoroDiUM, 70. 
 
 rulgare (field thyme. O. r-w. Ju. 2/.) flowers in 
 head-form whorls : bracts setaceous, hispid : 
 leaves above pilose, remotely toothed : stem 
 simple. 
 
 Cxicus, 83. 
 
 lanceolatus f common thistle. O. p. J. £ .) leaves 
 decurrent, hispid, pinnatifid ; divisions 2-lobcd 
 divaricate, spinose : calyx ovate with spider- 
 web-like pubescence ; scales lanceolate, spi- 
 nose, spreading. 
 
 discolor (P. W. p. Ju. % .) leaves sessile, pinnati* 
 lid, rough-haired, downy beneath ; divisions 2- 
 lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx globose with 
 spiderweb like pubescence ; scales ovate close- 
 pressed, with spreading spines at the tips. 
 
 amssimus (tall thistle. C P. W. w-p. An. %.) 
 leaves sessile, lance-oblong, scabrous, downy 
 beneath, toothed, ciliate ; radical ones pinna- 
 tifid : calyx braeted, ovate ; scales lance o\ ate, 
 spinose, close-pressed. 
 
 arvensis (canada thistle. W. II. C. A. Y. p. J. 
 
 2;.) leaves sessile pinnatifid, ciliate, spinose : 
 
 stempanicled : calyx ovate, mucronate,* scales 
 
 broad-lanceolate, close-pressed, margin woolly* 
 
 S 2 
 
210 COCHT/EARTA, COMMELINA. 
 
 horri'lulns (C.P. w-y Ju. ?,''•) tall : leaves sessile, 
 pinnatifid, acutely gashed, very spinose : in- 
 volucre terminal, 1 -flowered, many-leaved; 
 leafets very spinose double : talyx unarmed. 
 
 muticus i C.P. p. Ju. o .) leaves all pinnatifid, 
 woolly beneath ; divisions sublanceolate. acute, 
 a little spinose : branches at the summit many, 
 nakedish, 1 -flowered : calyx globose ; scales 
 not spinose. 
 
 CoCHLEARIA, 74 
 
 officinalis (scurvy grass. E. w. J %.) radical 
 leaves roundish ; cauline ones oblong, subsin- 
 uate : silicles globose. 
 
 armoracin (horse radish. E.w. J.% .) radical leaves 
 lanceolate, crenate ; cauline ones gashed. 
 
 Coix, 91. 
 
 iachryma (job's tear. E. Ju. ©.) culm semiterete 
 above : flowers naked : fruit ovate. 
 
 Colli>:sonia, 27. 
 
 canadensis (horse balm, rich-weed. O. y. Au. X'.) 
 leaves heart-oval : teeth of the calyx short, 
 -subulate, about equal to the tube. 
 
 Co-lute a, 79. 
 
 arborescens (bladder senna. E. y. h .) leaves 
 oval retuse, banner gibbous, abbreviated : stem 
 •woody. 
 
 COMARUM, 63. 
 
 galustre (marsh fivefinger. Y. C. H. P. p. Ju.2/.) 
 
 leafets in threes, fives or sevens, serrate. 
 
 CoMMELINA. 28. 
 
 communis, (day-flower. Southern states, b. Ji£ 
 
C-OMMELINA, CONFERVA. 2if 
 
 X.) glabrous : leaves lance-ovate, subsessile, 
 acute: stem creeping: involucres cordate* 
 conduplicate. 
 
 erecta (r. b. Ju. l|.) leaves Lance-ovate, sca- 
 brous : involucres cowled, turbinate : stem 
 erect' 
 
 rirginica (long-leaved dayllowcr. P. b. Ju. 2/.) 
 leaves lanceolate, sub-petioled, glabrous above* 
 sheaths sub-pubescent: stem simple, creeping. 
 
 CoMPTONIA, 98. 
 
 asplenifolia (sweet fern. O. g. Ap. h .) leaves 
 long-linear, alternately crcnate-pinnatiiid. 
 Gives a pleasant resinous odour. 
 
 Conferva, 111. 
 
 1. Filaments simple. 
 
 fontinalis (spring greenhair, frogspittle. O.) fila- 
 ments closely compacted, very short, equal, 
 without visible partitions. 
 
 nitida, splendidly Tubricrous : joints rather long, 
 cylindric, with double spiral lines of carpogen- 
 ation. 
 
 capillaris, round, rigid, curled, entangled, brittle : 
 joints cylindric, short, with pellucid partitions : 
 tubercles sessile. 
 
 Umosa, thin, short, mucous, closely compact, 
 greenish-blue, with indistinct partitions* 
 
 muralis, thin, fascicled, rather rigid, with obso- 
 lete partitions and very short joints. 
 
 2. Filaments branched. 
 
 rubra, branchlets bristle-form, forked at top : 
 joints pellucid in the middle, alitth contract- 
 ed at the partitions ; capsules globular, late- 
 ral. 
 
212 CONFERVA, CONOSTYLIS. 
 
 iitoralis, much branched, thin, closely entangled, 1 
 with pointed segments : joints cylindric, short, \ 
 with dark partitions. 
 Jluviatilis (river greenhair. ^).) divisions rather 
 rigid, mostly alternate, tapering to both ends : 
 joints long, dilated 2-ways, partitions warty, 
 swelled. 
 
 amphibia, slightly jointed, entangled : branches 
 spread remote : branchlets uniting into needle- 
 like points when dry : partitions a little con- 
 tracted : capsules nearly oval. 
 
 crispata, forked, capillary, closely inflected : 
 joints oblong, with a spiral line, alternately 
 compressed when dry : partitions very thin. 
 
 fracta, mucli branched, entangled divaricate : old- 
 er joints oblong, younger ones cylindric : cap- 
 sule roundish. 
 
 glomerata, branches alternate ; branchlets one- 
 way, fascicled pencil-form : joints cylindric, 
 rather long : partitions pellucid. 
 
 gelatinosa, much branched, moniliform, slippery ; 
 branchlets thin, pencil-form, somewhat whorl- 
 ed : joints short: partitions obscure : capsules 
 roundish, among the branchlets. 
 
 diaphana, much branched, forked at the ends : 
 joints swollen at each end, diaphanous in the 
 middle ; partitions obsolete : capsules globidar, 
 lateral. 
 
 Conium, 46. 
 
 inaculattim (poison hemlock. W. Y. H. C. P. w. 
 Ju. 2£.) stem very branching, spotted: leaves 
 very compound : seeds striate. 
 
 Conostylis, 50. 
 
 americana (weed-grass. C. y. Ju. %.} corol wool- 
 ly within : scape corymb-panicled : leaves 
 grass •cnsiform, glaucous ; filaments equal, 
 
C0NVALLA1UA. 52U 
 
 Co.W AJ.L.VHIA, 51. 
 
 1. Corols bell f or m- 
 
 mqjalis (lily of the valley. E. w. Ju. %.~) scape nu- 
 ked, smooth : leaves ovate. 
 
 2. Corols funnel -form. 
 
 knptstifblia (2-flowered solomon seal. P. y-w. M. 
 "U .) stem terete : leaves alternate, sessile, lance- 
 o\ all sharp, sub-trinerved, glabrous : peduncles 
 axillary, long, about 2-flowered. 
 
 canaliculata (clasping solomon seal. P. W. w. Ju. 
 %.) stem channelled : leaves alternate, clasp- 
 ing, oblong, margin pubescent : peduncles ax- 
 illary, about 2-flowered. C. polygonatojB. 
 
 pubescens (C. New-England, w. M. u.) stem te- 
 retish, deeply furrowed : leaves alternate, clasp- 
 ing, ovate, pubescent beneath : peduncles ax- 
 illary about 2-flowered, 
 
 multiflora (giant solomon seal. O. w. Ju. 1|.) stem 
 terete : leaves alternate, clas p i ng oblong-oval .* 
 peduncles axillary, some of them many -flower- 
 ed. 
 
 ymbeUidata (wild lily of the valley. W. P. y-w. J. 
 %.) leaves radical, oblong-oval, margin and 
 keel ciliatc : scape pubescent : umbel terminal ; 
 pedicels bracted. 
 
 latifolia (P. J. i|.) stem angled : leaves sessile, 
 ovate, acuminate : peduncles one or many-flow- 
 ered. Very tall. 
 
 3. Corols wheel-form. 
 
 racemose fspiked solomon seal. O. y-w. M. If.) 
 stem with alternate leaves : leaves sessile, ob- 
 
 • long-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent : flow- 
 ers in a terminal raceme-panicle. 
 
214 CONVALLARIA, CONVOLVULUS. 
 
 stellata (W. C. P. w. M. %. stem with alternate, 
 clasping, lanceolate lea\ cs : raceme simple, ter- 
 minal. 8 to 12 inches high. 
 oiluita (Can. w. J. %.) stem arched : leaves ses- 
 sile, ovate cfliate : panicle terminal, crowded. 
 Flowers very small. 
 trifolia (P. C. w. J. . stem with three alternate 
 pubescent, lance-oblong leaves : raceme ter- 
 minal, lax. 
 bifolia (dwarf solomon seal. 0. w.Ju. 1/.^ stem with 
 two heart-oblong, sub-sessile, glabrous leaves : 
 raceme simple, terminal : flowers tetrandrous. 
 Remark. The above genus lias been divided, 
 and the new genera, Smilacina and Polygonatum 
 taken from it. Vid. Pursh, page 252 and on. — 
 It is true that artificial characters have been as- 
 sumed which are constant and distinct. Any na- 
 tural genus may he divided in the same way. But 
 I never knew artificial characters applied in mak- 
 ing such unnatural and unnecessary havoc in 
 a genus containing such a natural assemblage of 
 plants. Some of the species most nearly related 
 are separated, and those least related are kept 
 together ; as the urnhnllulata and raccmosa. 
 
 Convolvulus, 38. 
 
 tirvemis (bind-wced. P. New-England, w. Jo. 11 .} 
 twining glabrous : leaves sagittate, both lobes 
 and apex acute : peduncles about 1 -flowered : 
 bracts minute, remote from the flower. 
 
 sepium (field bind-weed. O. w. & r. J. 2! .) twin- 
 ing : leaves sagittate, with the apex acute and 
 the lobes truncate entire Csome obtuse) : bracts 
 acute, longer than the calyx and shorter than 
 the middle of the corol : peduncle exceeding 
 the angle of the petal, 
 
 pandurafus (mechoaean. C. P. w. & r. Ju. #.) 
 twining, pubescent : leaves broad-cordate, en- 
 tile or lobed : guitar-form; peduncles long$, 
 
cowrrvnxs, coxyz a 215 
 
 flowers fascicled: calyi glabrous, awnl< 
 corol subulate bellform. 
 
 batatas (sweet potatoe, Carolina potatoe. Sonth- 
 ern states w-r. Ju. it.) creeping, tuberous : 
 leaves cordate, hastate, angular-lobed, 5-nerv- 
 ed, smoothish : peduncles long ; flowers las- 
 cicled : corol subcampanalate. 
 
 jalapa (jalap. Southern states, w. J.lf.)pubescent: 
 leaves cordate, entire and lobcd. rugose-plaited, 
 downy beneath : peduncles l to S-flowered : 
 flowers sub-campanulaTe : root very thick. 
 
 stuns (dwarf inorning glory. C. V. w.J, l£.)ered 
 downy: leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, cor- 
 date, hind-lobes obtuse : peduncle i -(lower- 
 ed, long : bracts ovate, acute : stem floriferous 
 below. 
 
 •i'cpcns (C. r.&w. %.') leaves sagittate, obtuse be- 
 hind : stem creeping geniculate : peduncle 1- 
 f lowered. 
 
 sazittifoiius (arrow bindweed. C. r. J. 1'.) (limb- 
 ing, glabrous : leaves thick, with roundish- 
 ise sinuate lobes ; the odd one larger, 
 emarginate : peduncles 1 -flowered $• corol snort 
 subcampanulate. 
 
 spithameus (A P. w. J. %.) erect, pubescent ; 
 leaves heart-oval, obtuse : peduncles l -flower- 
 ed shorter tlian the leaves ; bracts ovate, a ute 
 stem floriferous above. Grows plentifully in 
 Cambridge, Washington co. 
 
 tricolor (S-coloured bindweed. E. Ju. ©.■ leases 
 lance-ovate, glabrous : stem declined : How en 
 solitary. 
 
 Convolvulus, see Ipomaea. 
 
 Co^JYZA, 85. 
 
 b[frons (plowman's wort. P. y. Ju. V .) s-ibglutin- 
 ous .- [eaves clasping spatulate-oblong, a. ute 
 serrate ; corjiubs oi the panicle glomerate. 
 
216 CONYZA, COMANDMJM. 
 
 marUandica (camphor plant. C. r. An. ©.) pubes- 
 cent : leaves sessile, broad-lanceolate acute, 
 serrate : corymbs terminal, level-topped, part- 
 ly leafless : scales of the calyx subulate-mucro- 
 nate : flowers short. 
 
 Coptis, 66 
 
 trifolia (gold-thread. O. w. M. %.) scape 1 -flow- 
 ered : leaves teraate. Hclleborus trifoliatus. 
 
 CoREorsis, 88. 
 
 tripteris (tickseed sunflower. C. P. A. y. %J) gla- 
 brous : leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, 
 entire ; radical ones pinnate, cauline ones ter- 
 nate : rays entire : seeds obovate, naked at the 
 apex. 
 
 irichospervia (C. y. An. % .) glabrous ; dichoto- 
 mous : leaves opposite, quiuate -pinnate, lan- 
 ceolate serrate : outer leafets of the calyx (8) 
 epatulate, ciliate serrate : rays entire : seed 
 wedge-form, about 4-toothed. 
 
 dicJwtoma (C. y. Ju, &).) stem glabrous, nakedish 
 and dicliotomous above : leaves mostly alter- 
 nate, undivided, entire, narrowing into the pe- 
 tiole : seed obovate 2 -bristled, scabrous, with a 
 torn margin. 
 
 alternifolia (P. y. k w. Au. % .) stem winged : 
 leaves lanceolate, acuminate, subpetioled, ser- 
 rate : flowers corymbed ; ray -florets lanceo- 
 late. 
 
 Coriandrum, 45. 
 
 sativum (coriander. E. w. J. ©.) fruit globose 
 calyx and style permanent. 
 
OOENICULARIA, CORXUS. 217 
 
 CoilMCULARIA, 116. 
 
 trisiis (horned lichen.) blackish-brown : branches 
 cylindric-compressed, ascending, flat-topped, 
 
 dark above : orbs black-brown, becoming con- 
 vex, slightly radiate. 
 
 spadicea, chesnut-brpwq : brandies piano-com- 
 pressed slightly pitted, zigzag, toothletted : 
 orbs spinous -radiate, becoming convex, rust- 
 brown. 
 
 lanata, decumbent, warty, brownish-black, much 
 branched ; branches cylindric, intricate, short, 
 many-forked : orbs black-brown, witb a gran- 
 ular-radiate margin. 
 
 Cornus, 35. 
 
 canadensis (dogwced. II. \V. C. A. P. N. w. M. 
 !£.") herbaceous : leaves at the top, whorled, 
 veiny : involucres ovate, acuminate : fruit glo- 
 bose. About 6 inches high. Berries red 
 jlorida (false box, dogwood tree. O. w-y. M- k .) 
 leaves ovate, acuminate : involucres 4, very 
 large, somewhat obcordate, and appear like 
 petals : fruit ovate. Size between shrub and 
 tree* Berries red. Involucres white, very 
 showy, but the corols are obscure. 
 
 mascida (cornelian cheery. E. k umbels equal- 
 ling the involucre. 
 
 sangubiea (red osier. X. W. C. P. w. J. ^ bran- 
 ches strait : leaves ovate, both sides pubescent 
 and coloured alike : cymes spreading. About 
 10 feet high. Berries dark-brown. Anthers 
 yellow. 
 
 alba (white dogwood. O.J. k .) branches recurv- 
 ed ; branchlets glabrous : leaves ovate, acute, 
 pubescent, hoary beneath : cymes depressed. 
 About 10 feet high, with red branches. Berries 
 blueish-white. 
 
 sericea (P. C. Vermont, w . J. k •) branches 
 
 T 
 
2i8 CtfRNUS, CORYDALIS. 
 
 spreading ,• branclilets woolly : leaves ovale# 
 acuminate, rusty-pubescent beneath : cymes 
 depressed, woolly. About 7 feet high.- Berries 
 bright blue. 
 
 alternifolia (C. P. w. M. T?.) brandies warty : 
 leaves alternate ovate, acute, hoary beneath : 
 cymes depressed, spreading. About 18 feet 
 high. Berries purple. 
 
 circivata (C. P. w. J. \ J) branches warty : 
 leaves broad-oval* acuminate, white-downy 
 beneath : cyme much spread. About 8 feet 
 high. Berries blue. 
 
 stricta (C. P. w. Ju. ^ .) brandies strait, fastigiate : 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, colour near- 
 ly alike both sides : panicled-cymc convex, 
 
 panicidata (bush dogwood. O. w. J. ^ .) branches 
 erect : leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, hoary 
 beneath : flowers in a thyrsed cyme. About 
 6 feet high. Berries white, globular flattened. 
 
 CORYDALIS, 78. 
 
 nucullaria fcolic weed. 0. y. & w. M. 1^.) stem- 
 less : corol 2-spurred : scape naked ; raceme 
 simple, one-sided : nectaries of the length of the 
 corol : style inclosed : root bulbous. Leaves 
 more than decompound. All the specimens, 
 which were found by my class at Williams Col- 
 lege, were hexandrous. They had also a 2« 
 leaved bract so near the calyx, as to give the a] 
 pearance of a 4-leaved calyx. 
 
 jvngosa (climbing colic weed. P. C. Catskill. 
 Plainfield, (Mass.) r-w. J. % . stem climbing: 
 leaves cirrose : racemes ax iliaiy, corymbed, 
 no'-'ing: corol monopetalous gibbous both side* 
 < \ the base, thick and fungus-like. 
 
 g iwa (P. N. C. W. y-r-g. J. % .) corol 1- 
 ]■ i;ed : stem branching, erect : leaves glau- 
 cous; cauline ones biternate: laccnie subco- 
 ly mbed : bracts minute : silique linear, thrice 
 
 
C0RYDAL1S, CRATAEGUS. 219 
 
 as Jons; as the peduncle. Grows 9 or 4 feet high 
 two miles north of Williams College, 
 
 formosa (C. Can. r. M. 21.) scape naked : raceme 
 somewhat compound, nodding, many-flowered . 
 nectaries very short, incurved : style extend- 
 ed : divisions of the leaves oblong, gash-pin- 
 natifid : root tuberous : flowers 8-spurred. 
 
 anrea (P. y. M. 00 stem branching) diffuse; 
 leaves doubly-pinnate ,• leafets divided, lance? 
 lineai', acute at both ends : racemes one way : 
 bracts broad-lanceolate, subdentk ulate : silifme 
 terete, thick, twice as long as the peduncle. 
 
 Corylus, 95. 
 
 avdlana (filbert. E. Ap. 1?.) stipules oblong, ob- 
 tuse : calyx of the fruit eampanulatc, spreading 
 at the apex, torn-toothed s leaves round-cor- 
 date, acuminate. Var. maxima, has a gash- 
 toothed calyx : nut depressed-ovate. 
 
 americana (hazel nut O. Ap. T? ,) leaves broad- 
 cordate : calyx of the fruit hispid with glan- 
 dular heads at the ends of the hairs, campanu- 
 late, longer than the roundish nut, limb spread- 
 ing, tootn-serrate. 
 
 yostrata (beaked hazel O. Ap. h •) leaves oblong- 
 ovate, acuminate : stipules lance-linear : calyx 
 of the fruit bell-tubular, ^-parted, divisions 
 gash-toothed ; elongated beyond the nut into a 
 beak. 
 
 Crataegus, 62. 
 
 eoccinea (thorn bush. O. w. M. h .) thorny : leave- 
 heart-ovate, gash-angled, glabrous, arute-ser 
 rate : petioles and calyx pubescent, glandular ; 
 petals orbicular : styles 5. Var. vtridis, has 
 lance-ovate leaves, subtrilobate : stem unarm- 
 ed. Vid. Persoon, Part 11. page 36. The 
 berries arc large red and pleasant Utsieu\. 
 
mO CRATAEGUS, CROCUS. 
 
 pyrifolia (pearleaf thorn. C, P. w. J. ^ .) thorny 
 or unarmed leaves oval -ovate, gash-serrate, 
 somewhat plaited and rather rough-haired : 
 calyx a little villose : leafets, lance-linear, ser- 
 rate : flowers with 5 styles. 
 
 pojndtfolia (C. P. w. J. h .) thorny : leaves heart- 
 ovate, truncate at the base, gash-angled, gla- 
 brous : petioles and calyx without glands : 
 styles 5. Berries small, red. 
 
 eltiptica (P. M. \ .) tliorny : leaves oval, une- 
 qually serrate, glabrous : petioles and calyx 
 glandular : divisions of the calyx obtuse : berry 
 globose 5-seeded, 
 
 glandulosa (P. Can. w. M. h> .) thorny : leaves 
 wedge-obovate, angled, glabrous, shining : pe- 
 tioles, stipules and calyx glandular : berries 
 oval, 5-seeded. 
 
 flava (yellow-berried thorn. Vermont. M. \ .) 
 thorny ; leaves wedge-obovate, sublobate, cre- 
 iiatc-serrate : petioles short : stipules cordate 
 glandular : calyx glandular : flowers subsoli- 
 tary : berry 4 -seeded, turbinate. 
 
 punctata (P. w. M. ^ .) thorny or unarmed : 
 leaves wedge-obovate, suhplicate, glabrous, 
 gash-serrate, decurrent into the petiole : calyx 
 villose, divisions subulate entire : berry sub- 
 globose, depressed. 
 
 crus-galli (thorn tree. O. w. M. h thorny : 
 leaves wedge-obovate, sub-sessile, shining, 
 leathery : corymbs compound : leafets of the 
 calyx lanceolate, subserrate : styles 2. 
 
 oxyacantha (quickset. E. w. M. h .) leaves obtuse 
 somewhat 3 -cleft, serrate, glabrous : peduncles 
 and calyx somewhat glabrous : segments of the 
 calyx lanceolate, acute ; styles 2. 
 
 Crocus, 27. 
 
 officinalis (saffron. E. y. X leaves linear with 
 revolute margins : stigma exsert, with long li- 
 
CROCUS, CUCUMIS. 2£j, 
 
 near segments. Var. salivas, lia\ ins^ violet co- 
 rols. 
 
 Crotolaria, 78. 
 
 siltalis (rattle-box. Y. N. C. P, y. Ju. 0.) hir- 
 sute, erect, branching : leaves simple lance-ob- 
 long : stipules lanceolate, acuminate decurrent : 
 racemes opposite to the leaves, about 3-ilowcr- 
 ed : coroJ less than the calyx. 
 parvi flora (V. C .y. J. O.) hirsute, erect, branch- 
 ing : leaves .simple, lance-linear : stipules 
 ahove decurrent with two short teeth : racemes 
 opposite to the leaves : corol smaller than the 
 calyx. 
 
 Cucubaxus, 59. 
 
 bihen (bladder campion. C P. II. w. Ju. %.") gla- 
 brous, glaucous, decumbent : leaves oblong- 
 oval, acute, nerveless : calyx infiatcd-niembrsu 
 naceous, veiny. 
 
 Mcllatus (A. Y. C. P. w. Ju. 2/ .) pubescent, erect : 
 leaves whorled, in tours, lance-oval, very long- 
 acuminate. About 2 or 3 feet high. 
 
 Cucumis, 9r. 
 
 colocynthis (bitter apple. E. (?).) leaves many- 
 cleft : pomaceous berry globose, glabrous. 
 Fruit very bitter. 
 
 angaria (prickly cucumber. E.) leaves palmate- 
 sinuate : fruit globose, echinate. 
 
 an^uinis (snake cucumber. E. \V.) leaves lobed : 
 pomaceous berry cylhidric, very long, smooth, 
 contorted plaited. 
 
 melo (musk-melon. E. y. Ju. ©.) angles of 
 leaves rounded : pome oblong, torulose. Sv. :e1 
 scented. 
 
 mtivus (cucumber. E. v. Ju. Q.) angles of t\w 
 
 T 
 
222 CUCUMIS, CUCURBITA. 
 
 leaves strait : pomaceous berry oblong, scab* 
 rous. Brought from Asia. 
 ofricanus (wild cucumber. W. y-w. Au.) fruit 
 oval, echinate : leaves palmate, sinuate : stem 
 angled. This plant grows plentifully on the 
 banks of the Hoosack. near Williams 'College. 
 It is evidently indigenous. The stem is 5-cor- 
 nered, climbing by dichotomous and trichoto- 
 mous tendrils : the pistillate flowers generally 
 solitary : the staminate in panicled racemes. 
 
 Cucurbita, 9r. 
 
 or if era (egg-squash. E. ©.) leaves cordate, ang- 
 led-5-lobed, denticulate, pubescent : pomaceous 
 berry with fillet-like stripes lengthwise. 
 
 Verrucosa (club squash. E. y. J. 0.) leaves cor- 
 date, deeply 5-lobed ; middle lobe narrowed at 
 the base, denticulate : pomaceous berry clavate, 
 a little warty. 
 
 jnelopepo (flat squash. E. y. J. ©.) leaves cordate, 
 obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate : pomaceous 
 berry depress- ba s e d, swelled at the margin. 
 
 pepo (pumpkin. E.y. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, ob- 
 tuse, sub-5-lobed, denticulate : pomaceous ber- 
 ry roundish or oblong, smooth. Var. poliro 
 has the fruit more or less flattened. From 
 Asia. 
 
 titrullus (water melon. E. y. Au. O.) leaves 5- 
 lobed : the lobes sinuate-pinnatifid, obtuse : 
 pomaceous berry oval smooth. Fruit watery, 
 often striped. From Africa, and the south of 
 A-ia. 
 
 lagenaria (gourd, calabash. E. w. Au. c?.) leaves 
 cordate, round-obtuse, pubescent, denticulate ; 
 with 2-glands at the base on the under side : 
 pomaceous berry clavate somewhat woody. 
 
CUNILA, CYATIIUS. 22ft 
 
 Ci\yil\. 69. 
 
 mariana (dittany. C .P. r-b. .1.11.) loaves ovate, ser- 
 rate, sessile : corymbs terminal, dichotoiiioiis* 
 
 Cumla. sec Hedeoma. 
 
 CUPHEA, 60. 
 
 viscosissima (waxwecd. P. p. J. ©.) viscous : 
 leaves opposite, petioled, ovate-oblong : flow- 
 el's with 12 stamens, lateral, solitary, peduncles 
 very short. 
 
 Cupressijs, 96. 
 
 disticha (cypress tree. C. Ap. h leaves 2-rankcl 
 flat, deciduous : stain in ate flowers in leafless 
 panicles: strobiles sub-globose. A large tree. 
 
 thyoides (white-cedar. C. H. M. >?.) brancblets 
 compressed : leaves imbricate four ways, ovate, 
 tubercled at the base: strobile globular. 
 
 Cuscuta, 43. 
 
 americana (dodder. O. w. Au. ©.) flowers pedun- 
 cled, umbelled, 5-cleft. A bright yellow 
 leafless vine, twining around other weeds in 
 damp places. In some parts of New-England 
 it is called gold-thread vine. 
 
 Cyathus, 118. 
 
 Striatus (tunnel fungus.) dark brown, villous, stri- 
 ate within. 
 
 erucibulum, inflated, golden* glabrous. 
 
 laexns, yellow, inflated, smooth within. 
 
 Itntiferus, (A.) pale, roughish, mouse-colour 
 without. 
 Remark. This genus is wrongly called the 
 
 bridsuest under the generic name. 
 
324 CYMBIDIUM, CYNARA* 
 
 Cymbidium, 89. 
 
 pulchellum (grass pink. O. r. Ju. 11 .) leaves rad- 
 ical, ensiform, nerved : scape few-flowered : 
 lip erect, slender at the base ; lamina spread ; 
 disk concave bearded. 
 
 hyemale (ad am and eve P. C. g~p. M. %.) leaves 
 radical, in pairs, many-nerved : scape simple, 
 sheathed, erect : petals erect ; the 3 exterior 
 ones lanceolate, the inner ones oblong : lip ob- 
 ovate, wavy-crenate at the margin. A cement 
 may be made of the bruised roots. 
 
 corallorlnxum (coral root. W, w-y. M. 2£.)\scape 
 sheathed, leafless : flowers pedicelled : petals 
 lanceolate : the two lower ones lanceolate -li- 
 near, deflected : lip oblong acute. A yellowish- 
 white plant with a white coral-like root. 
 
 i.'dontorhizum (toothed coral. "W. C. P. p. Ju. ] .) 
 scape sheathed, leafless : flowers pedicelled ; 
 petals lanceolate, equal : lip ovate, obtuse. 
 Resembling the last in habit. These- two spe- 
 cies are found in great plenty near Williams 
 College. Their distinctive characters are clear 
 and decided : notwithstanding the random 
 assertions of a reviewer, who seems fond of 
 judging without examination. 
 
 Ctnanchum, 90. 
 
 obliqnum (ehoak-dog. P. p. Ju. 1£.) stem twining, 
 hirsute : leaves cordate, acute, villose : flow- 
 ers umbelle<! : petals oblique, revolute. Pursh 
 says, he doubts its being an American species. 
 
 Cyxara, 82. 
 
 ■ hincnhis (cardoon. E. 11,) leaves spinose, all 
 pinnatifid : scales of the calyx ovate. 
 sanyirlus (garden artichoke. E. %.) leaves sub* 
 spinose, pinnate : scales of the calyx ovate. 
 
CYNOGLOSSUM, CYPERUS. 225 
 Cyxoglosmm. J7, 
 
 officinale (hound tongue. P, W. A. H. N. C. p. J. 
 % .) very sol't-pubos. cut : loaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, sessile : panicled-rarcmes. 
 
 ampler i caul c \V. C. P. w. &. b. J. V-.) very hir- 
 sute : leaves oval-oblong ; upper ones clasp- 
 ing : corymbs terminal, leafless, long-pedun- 
 cled. 
 
 Cyperus, 29. 
 
 1. Spikelets aggregate. 
 
 kyllingoeoides (C. J. U..) little heads globose: 
 spikelets oblong, convex, about 8-f lowered : in- 
 volucre 4-leaved : leaves keeled, lax. 
 
 poaeformis (C. Y. W. g-p. Au. %.) spikelets ob- 
 long, flat, fascicle-coryinbed ; fascicles sessile 
 and peduncled : involucre 5-leaved, very long. 
 
 nncinatus (Vermont. J. % .) little heads sub-glo- 
 bose, glomerate : spikelets linear, about 8-flow- 
 ered ; valves lanceolate, recurve-acuininate : 
 involucre about 2-leaved, \ery long. 
 
 2. Umbels with elongated vans; spikelets terminal, 
 umbel lea. 
 
 compressus (P. Ju. 2J..) spikelets digitate, about 
 in fours, lance-oblong, valves mucronate, broad, 
 membranaceous. 
 jiUculmis (C. %.) spikelets linear, head-globular, 
 much spread : umbels about 1 -rayed : involu- 
 cres and culm setaceous, involucers 3-leaved. 
 
 tenuis (C.) umbel terminal, simple : involucre 3 or 
 4-leaved, longer than the spikelets, rough at 
 the apex : peduncles unequal : spikelets lance- 
 olate, alternate, yellow, acute, 10 to 17 flower- 
 ed, bracted at the base. 
 
 brixeus (C. Ju. % .) spikelets oblong-ovate, obtuse : 
 umbels crowded, leafless : leaves narrow. 
 
 inflexvs (l\ Ju.) umbels 3-leaved, simple : spikes 
 
326 CYPERUS. 
 
 5, ovate, one sessile, the others peduncled, eon- 
 glomerate : spikelets oblong, green, compress- 
 ed, 7 -flowered : plant sweet-sr -ented. 
 diandrus (C. Au.) culm obtusely S-cornered ; 
 umbels sub-radiate : spikes crowded, capitate: 
 each spike lance-oblong, many flowered (14 to 
 16) glumes aeutish, carinate : stamens 2 : 
 styles bind : seed ovate compressed. Torrey. 
 A new species, discovered by J. Le Conte, Esq. 
 on the borders of salt marshes.. 
 
 ■3. Umbels with elongated rays ; spikelets alter- 
 nate. 
 
 flavicomus (P. g-y. Ju. l£.) spikelets lance-lin- 
 ear : valves oblorg obtuse ; fruit-bearing, 
 spreading : involux re very long. 
 
 jrfiymatodes (P. Au. 11.) umbels simple or decom- 
 pound, rayed : involucre 3 to 9-leaved, unequal ; 
 three of the lcafets very long, scabrous at the 
 margin : peduncles compressed : spikelets 2- 
 ranked linear ; lower ones compound, upper 
 one simple, 15-flowered : bracts linear. 
 
 erythrorhizus (P. Au. 0.) umbel decompound, 3- 
 leaved ; umbellets mostly wanting : involucre 
 3 to 6-leaved, very long, scabrous : spikelets 
 alternate, linear, approximate, long, horizon- 
 tal, 12-flovvered, terete-compressed. 
 
 parviflorus (P. Au.) umbel compound : involu- 
 cre 3-leaved, longer than the peduncles ; pe- 
 duncles glabrous, many (6 to 10) 3-sided : 
 spikelets 3, compressed, alternate, ovate, 8- 
 flowered. 
 
 favescens (C. P. Au. % .) spikelets lance-linear, 
 crowded: involucre 3-lea\ed, longer than the 
 
 3-cleft umbej. 
 
 strigosus (C. W. Y. P. g-y. Au. 0£.) spikes ob- 
 long, lax ; spikelets subulate spreading, remot- 
 ish : involucres nearly wanting : rays of the 
 umbellets alternate, 
 
CYPERU8, CYPRIPEDIUM. *ar 
 
 Wrens (P. Ju. %.) spikes rorymbed ; spikelets 
 
 oval : involucre very long. 
 Merosas (nut-grass. P.Ju. % spikelets lancc- 
 
 linear* convexish i involucre 3-Jeaved, longer 
 
 than the 5*rayed umbel. 
 
 4. Umbels rvith short raijs ; spikes digitate* 
 
 aestuarius (C.) stem 3-cornered : umbel lax, Sub- 
 radiate, rays short : spikes 3 to s-fmgrred, 
 lance-linear: 7 to 10- flowered, compressed: 
 glumes lance-acute : stamens 2 : style bifid : 
 seed oblong obtuse compressed. A new spe- 
 cies discovered and described by Dv. John 
 Torrev. Grows in salt marshes, 
 
 Cypripedium, 89. 
 
 :aii(lidum (white ladies' slipper. P. w. M. 11.) 
 stem leafy ; leaves lance-oblong : lobe of the 
 style lanceolate, obtusish : lip compressed, 
 shorter than the lanceolate petals. 
 
 parviflorum (C. P. y-g. M. %.) stem leafy : lobe 
 of the triangular style acute : outer petals ob- 
 long-ovate, acuminate ; inner ones linear, con- 
 torted : lip shorter than petals, compressed. 
 
 pubescens (yellow ladies' slipper. W. P. C y. M. 
 2/.) stem leafy: lip of the style triangular-ob- 
 long, obtuse : outer petals oblong-ovate, acu- 
 minate ; inner ones very long, linear, contort- 
 ed : lip compressed, shorter than the petals. 
 
 spectabile (gay ladies slipper. W. A. C. P« w. & 
 p. J. r .) stem leafy : lip of the style oval-cor- 
 ate, obtuse : outer* petals broad-ovate obtuse : 
 lip longer than the petals. 
 
 Aumite (low ladies' slipper. O. w. & p. M. U.) 
 scape leafless 1 -flowered i radical leaves in 
 pairs, oblong, obtuse: Itpof the style round- 
 rhomboid, acuminate, deflexed ; lip longer 
 than the lanceolate petals, split oeiore. 
 
228 DACTYLIS, DAUCUS. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dactylis. 
 
 glomerata (orchard grass. 0»»J. ^.) panicle one* 
 sided, glomerate. 
 
 Dalibarda, 63. 
 
 repens (New-England. P. w. J. % .) villose : hav- 
 ing creeping shoots : leaves simple, cordate, 
 crenate : peduncles 1 -flowered. 
 
 fragarioides (dry strawberry. \V. P. y. M. V-.) 
 leaves ternate : leafets wedge-form, gash-ser- 
 rate, ciliate : peduncles many -flowered : tube 
 of the calyx obconic. 
 
 Daphne, 54. 
 
 mezereum (mezereon. E. M. h flowers sessile^ 
 caulinc, in threes : leaves lanceolate. 
 
 odora (sweet mezereon. E. w. Ap. k having 
 many flowers in little terminal heads ; leaves 
 scattered, lance-oblong, glabrous. 
 
 Datisca, 100. 
 
 hirta (false hemp. P. y. %.) stem hirsute : leaves 
 pinnate ; leafets running together at the base. 
 Flowers small, panicled. 
 
 Datura, 38. 
 
 stramonium (thorn apple. Y. A. H. C. P. w-b. 
 Au. c^>.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate : leaves 
 ovate, glabrous. Odour very disagreeable. 
 
 tatula (C. P. w. Ju. 0.) pericarps spinose, 
 erect, ovate : leaves cordate, glabrous, toothed. 
 
 Daucus, 45. 
 
 carota (carrot. E. w. Ju. % .) seeds hispid : peti- 
 oles nerved underside : divisions of the lcal'cts 
 narrow-linear, acute. 
 
DECUMARTA, DI AXTIIUS. 229 
 
 DlH TMATU V, GO. 
 
 sarmeiifnm (decumary. Southern states, w. Ja. 
 h .) leaves ovate, acute ; rounded at the base, 
 serrate at the apex. A climbing shrub, grow- 
 ing in swamps. 
 
 Delphinium, 65. 
 
 eonsnlidum (larkspur. E. h. Ju.©.) nectaries 1- 
 leaved : stem subdivided. 
 
 ajacia (rocket larkspur, E. b. An. ©.) nectary 
 J -leaved : stem simple. 
 
 exaltatum (P. b. Ju. l/.) nectary 2-leaved ; lip 
 oblong 2-cleft; divisions lanceolate, equal: 
 leaves S-parted, divisions 3-cleft. 
 
 axwrenm (Southern slates, b. M. 2/.) stem stiiHy 
 erect: leaves linear, many-cleft; flowers spik- 
 ed : petals wvy downy : spur arched. 
 
 8taphisagria (E, b. S .) nectary 4-leaved, short- 
 er than the petals: leaves palmate, with obtuse 
 lobes. 
 
 Dextatcia, 74. 
 
 diphyUa (tooth-root, trickle. O. y. &r. M. %.) 
 stem with 2 leaves in a/ each other ; which are 
 ternate, ovate-oblong, unequally gash-toothed : 
 Boot toothed. The not is white, brittle, ami 
 has a strong taste resem >ling the horse-radish. 
 
 laciniata (New-England. C. l\ p. M. V- ) leaves 
 in threes, ternate ; Leafets 3-partcd, linear-ob- 
 long, gash-toothed : root tuberous, inonililbrin, 
 
 DiiNTiius, 58. 
 
 barlmtus (sweet william. E. r, & w. Ju. "U.) flow- 
 ers fascicled : scales of the calyx ovate-subu- 
 late, equalliug the tube : leaves lanceolate. 
 
 armeria (pink. New-Jersey I r. Ju. Q.j flowers 
 
230 DIANTHUS, DICRANUM. 
 
 aggregate, fascicled : scales of the calyx lance- 
 olete, villose, equalling the tube. 
 
 taryophyllus (carnation. E. r. & w. %J) flowers 
 solitary : scales of the calyx subrhomboid, very 
 short : petals crenate, beardless : leaves linear- 
 subulate, channelled. By rich culture the sta- 
 mens mostly change to petals. 
 
 chinensis (china pink. E. Ju. 0.) flowers solita- 
 ry : scales of the calyx subulate, spreading, 
 leafy, equalling the tube : petals crenate : leaves 
 lanceolate. 
 
 ■plurnarius (single pink. E. r. & w. %.) flowers 
 solitary : scales of the calyx subovate, very 
 short and obtuse, awnless : corol many-cleft^ 
 with the throat hairy. 
 
 DlAPENSIA, 39. 
 
 lapponica (Whitehills. Big. w. Ju. %,) leaves 
 spatulate, glabrous : anthers oblique, awnless. 
 
 Guneifolia (Whitehills. Peck. C. vv. J. \ .) leaves 
 lance-wedgeform, pubescent below : anthers 
 horizontal, beaked at the base. 
 
 Dicksonia, 104. 
 
 $iloshiscula (fine-haired fern. O.) frond doubly- 
 pinnate ; leafets lance-oblong, pinnatifid ; di- 
 yision gash-toothed at the upper margin : stein 
 subpilose. 
 
 Diceanum, 107, 
 
 A. Leaves 2-rowed, compressed, 
 
 firyoidcs (fork moss) stem simple : leaves alter- 
 nate, ovate, oblong, pointed : capsule terminal* 
 erect. 
 
 taxifolium, stem simple : leaves oblong-lanceo- 
 late, acute : capsule nearly radical, inclined ; 
 lid beaked. 
 
 
MCRANfM. *Si 
 
 wliantoides, erect, branched : loaves ovate-lanceo- 
 late, sheathing : capsules inclining From about 
 the middle : lid awl-form, erect, 
 
 B. Leaves pointing one-way, or spreading, 
 
 SCOparium, branched, erect : leaves lanco-awl- 
 Eorm, spread at top : capsule solitary, oblique,, 
 with an awl-form lid. 
 
 jlagcUare, somewhat branched, erect : leaves. 
 lance-awlform, nearly nerveless : capsule cy- 
 lindric, erect, grooved : lid awl-form, incurv- 
 ed. 
 
 heteromallum, nearly simple : leaves cullass-forro, 
 capillary, broader at base : capsule obovate, 
 gibbous, inclined : lid awl-form, incurved. 
 
 Valium, nearly simple : leaves lance-awlform, 
 1 -nerved, spread, zigzag attop: capsule inclin- 
 ed, top-form : lid conic, slightly curved. 
 
 pulvinatum, branched : leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
 bearing hairs : capsule ovate, immersed in the 
 leaves, inclined : lid strait-awlform. 
 
 glaucum, branched attop: leaves crowded, erect, 
 lanceolate, pointed nerveless : capsule ovate, 
 inclined : lid awl-form, curved. 
 
 strictum (W.) forked or branched at top : leaves 
 lance-awlform : capsule cylindric, inclined ; 
 lid conic, 
 
 rirens, slightly branched : leaves linear-lanceo- 
 late, pointed, keeled : capsule oblong-ovate, 
 curved, wen-like at base. 
 
 polycarpon, branched : leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 twisted when dry : capsule obovate, nearly 
 strait, grooved. 
 
 latifolium, erect : leaves oblong dilated, concave, 
 ending in a short hair : capsule cylindric strait. 
 
 ambigmim, erect, simple : leaves imbricate 4- 
 ways, ovate-lanceolate, pointed: capsule wen« 
 like, on a long receptacle, ovate, drooping ; 
 lid oblique. 
 
233 DIDYMODON, DILATRIS. 
 
 DlDTMODOX, 107. 
 
 lineare (double-tooth moss) leaves linear. 
 
 DlERVILLA, 41. 
 
 hnnilis (bush honeysuckle. O. y. Ju. \ .) pe- 
 duncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous, 3- 
 jlowered : leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate, 
 3). canadensis. Variable in size. 
 
 Digitalis. 72. 
 
 purpurea (foxglove. E. p. Ju. % .) leafets of the 
 calyx ovate, acute : corol obtuse : upper lip en- 
 tire : leaves lance-ovate, rugose. 
 
 DlGITAHIA, 50. 
 
 sangiiinalis (finger-grass. 0. g-p. Ju. (?}.) spikes 
 many : flowers imbricate, in pairs : sheaths 
 and leaves papillose-pilose : culm creeping. 
 
 jmspalodcs (C. P. Au. (§>.) spikes in pairs, subvil- 
 lose at the base : rachis broadish, glabrous : 
 flowers solitary, imbricate two ways, glabrous : 
 leaves spreading ; sheaths glabrous, villous at 
 the neck : culm creeping. 
 
 jtilosa (C. P. Au. {?}.) spikes from 2 to 5, erect, 
 filiform : flowers remote, hirsute, in pairs, 
 with one of them scarcely pedicelled : leaves 
 short ; sheaths pilose : culm erect, glabrous, 
 naked above. 
 
 dach'lon (P. Au. U .) spikes digitate, spreading, 
 villose at the bases within : flowers solitary : 
 shoots creeping. A new genus, Cynodon, is 
 made of this species by Richard, 
 
 DlLATRIS, 28. 
 
 iinctoria (red-root. C. y. Ju. % .) petals lanceolate, 
 downy outside : panicle corymbed, downy ; 
 leaves long, naked, linear. 
 
 i 
 
JDIONAEA, DIRCA. S3* 
 
 DlONAEA, 57. 
 
 nuiscipula (Venus' flytrap. Southern sfafos. w. 
 Ju. %.) radical leaves with a terminal appen- 
 dage, somewhat resembling a rat-trap. This 
 is suddenly dosed, on being irritated. 
 
 Dioscorea, 100. 
 
 riHosa (yam-root. P. C. J. %.) leaves alternate 
 opposite and whorlcd, cord ate acuminate pu- 
 bescent beneath, 9-nerved, nerves lateral sim- 
 ple. 
 
 glauca (P. J. %.) leaves glaucous. Muhl. 
 
 Diospyros, 100. 
 
 \ irgiidana (persimon, seeded plum. C. P. w-y. 
 M. h .) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate glab- 
 rous reticulate-veined ; petioles pubescent : 
 buds glabrous. 
 
 Dipiiascum, 107. 
 
 foUosum (bladder mouth.) leaves linear, acuminate.' 
 
 Dips ac us, 35. 
 
 fullonum (teasel. E. w. Ju. S .) leaves sessile, 
 
 serrate : c half hooked. 
 syhestris (wild teasel. P. Sheffield, Mass. Ju. S .) 
 
 leaves connate sinuate : chaff strait : head iu- 
 
 volucred. 
 
 Dirca, 54. 
 
 pa1nstris (leather- wood, moose-wood. W. P. V 
 A. a . \j>. ^ .) leaves ova] Uary, 2 
 
 or 3 in a hairy, bud-like involucre. 
 L 2 
 
234 DODECATHEON, DRACAENA* 
 
 DoDECATHEOX, 38. 
 
 meadia (false-cowslip. P. p. M. % .) leaves oli* 
 long-oval, repand-toothed : umbels many- 
 flowered, lax : bracts oval. 
 
 integrifolium (P. b. J. 11 .) leaves spatulate, en- 
 tire : umbels few-flowered strait : bracts linear. 
 
 Dolichos, 79. 
 
 purpureas (eowhage, or cowitch. E. p. (£.) twin- 
 ing, stem glabrous : petioles pubescent : corol 
 with spreading wings. 
 
 Doronicitm, 86. 
 
 mdicaule (leopard's bane. P. y. J. X .) stem near- 
 ly leafless : in some the peduncles are divided at 
 top : leaves decussate opposite oblong-ovate. 
 
 Draba, 7S. 
 
 tferna (whitlow grass. C. P. w. Ap. ® .) scape nak- 
 ed, leaves oblong acute sub-serrate, rough- 
 liaired : petals bifid : stigma sessile. 
 
 Caroliniana(C p. w. Ap. 0.) scape naked : leaveu 
 oval acute, \erj hirsute : silicles long-linear, 
 glabrous, approximate. 
 
 ftrabisans (P. New-England. M. % .) stem leafy, 
 somewhat branched : radical leaves wedge- 
 lanceolate ; cauline ones lanceolate ; all acute, 
 divaricate-toothed : silicles acuminate with the 
 permanent style. 
 
 Dracaena, 50. 
 
 'horealis (wild lily of the valley, or dragoness plant. 
 
 i P. A. C. W. g. y. J. %.) subcaulescent : leaves 
 
 pvaj-obovate, margin ciliate ; scape pubescent ; 
 
DRACAENA, DrLTtHITTM. £$&■ 
 
 Umbel rorymbed, sometimes proliferous : pedi- 
 cels naked, nodding*. Mr. Bafinrnnnn rmyn thin 
 is the same as the Convallaria iituhcllulata. I 
 liave no doubt he is correct. And 1 now re- 
 gret, that I admitted this genus. 
 
 DiucocErnAiuM, 70. 
 
 *cirginiamtm (dragon-bead- P. p. An. %.) spikes 
 elongated, with the flowers crowded : bracts 
 subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal, short £ 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. 
 
 canariense (halm of gilcad herb. E.) flowers 
 spiked : leaves ternate oblong. 
 
 denticulatum ( V. p. Ju. 2/.) spikes elongated, 
 with remote flowers : bracts subulate : teetli of 
 the calyx nearly erpjal : leaves obovate-lance- 
 olate, toothed above. 
 
 Dracontium, sec Pothos. 
 
 Drosera, 48. 
 
 rotundifolia (sundew. O. y-w. An. V.)sra e sim- 
 ple ; leaves nearly orbicular, narrowed at the 
 base ; petioles long downy. 
 
 long-ifolia (Y. P. C. y-w. Ju. %.) scape simple; 
 leaves spatulate-obovate ; petioles long, nak- 
 ed. 
 
 fili folia (C. p. J. % .) scape somewhat branched ; 
 leaves filiform, very long. 
 
 DuLicHirM, £9. 
 
 Spathaeeum (galingale. O. g-y. Ju. 1/.) culm S- 
 cornered, leafy ; spikelets spreading, about 6- 
 flowered. 
 
2$6 ECH1N0PS, ELYMUS. 
 
 E. 
 
 Echinops, 88. 
 
 sphaeroceplialus f globe thistle. E.) leaves pinnate 
 fid : stein branching. 
 
 Echium, 37. 
 
 vulgare (viper's bugloss, blue thistle. C. P. b. Ju. 
 i .) stem tuberculate-hispid : cauline leaves 
 lanceolate hispid ; flowers spiked, lateral. 
 
 Elephantopus, 88. 
 
 mrolinianus (elephant-foot. Southern states, r. 
 Au. %.') leaves radical and cauline oblong, 
 narrowed at the base, pilose on both sides : 
 •stem simple, erect, pilose. 
 
 Exeusine, 31. 
 
 kidica (dog-tail grass, wire grass. C. P. Ju. C) 
 glabrous : sheaths compressed, pilose at the 
 neck : spikes digitate, long-linear strait ; 
 spikelets about 6-flowered : flowers lanceolate, 
 
 Eltmls, 31. 
 
 viUosus (wild rye, limegrass.P. C. Ju. It.) spikes 
 erect; spikelets S-flowereci, awned, villose, ter- 
 nate : calyx awned, exceeding the spikelets. 
 
 canadensis (P. C. Ju. %.) spike nodding, spread- 
 ing ; spikelets 6-flowered, awned; lower ones 
 ternate, upper ones bin ate. 
 
 rirghncus (W. P. C.J. 1 •:.) spike erect; spike- 
 lets 3-flowered, awned, glabrous, in pairs : ca- 
 lyx lanceolate, nerved, equalling the spikelets. 
 
 Atriatus ( W. P. Ju. % .) spike erect ; spikelets £= 
 
ELYMTJS, ENDOOARPON. 2$T 
 
 flowered, awned, hispid, in pain : calyx li- 
 near, nerved, awned, rather exceeding the 
 spikelets : leaves and sheaths glabrous. 
 
 Iiystrix (P. C Ju. V-. s spike terminal erect ; ra* 
 i his scabrous : spikelets 6 to 9-ttowered, di- 
 verging : involucre 1 or 2-lcavcd, lateral, or 
 none. 
 
 glaucifalius (C. P. Ju. %.) spike nodding, some- 
 what spreading, with a compressed rachis hav- 
 ing a pubescent margin; spikelets ternate be- 
 low and binate above, 2 and 3-flowered : invo- 
 lucre 4 or 5-leavcd. 
 
 philadelphicus (P. C. Ju. 2/.) spikes nodding, 
 spreading $ spikelets 6-ilo\s ered, awned, 
 
 Empetrum, 98. 
 
 nigrum (black crowberry. Whitehills. Big. Ju. 
 >2 .) procumbent : branchlets glabrous : leaves 
 oblong, glabrous, with a revolute margin. 
 
 EtfDOCARPON, 113. 
 
 Iiedwigii, foliaceous, thickish, with distinct small 
 rounded-angular lobes, dull glaucous-green, 
 white on the margin and underneath, naked 
 both sides. 
 
 squamulosHS, foliaceous, thickish, somewhat 
 imbricate, grey greenish-brown, beneath grey 
 woolly : lobes clustered, roundish, deformed, 
 rcpand-lobed, with the margin of the same co- 
 lour. 
 
 lachenus, foliaceous, imbricate, brownish-green, 
 beneath black spongy : lobes small, a lit tie in- 
 cumbent, rounded, slightly crcnale. flexuous. 
 
 miniatus (hidden lichen.) foliaceous, peltate, pale, 
 with minute excavations, beneath smooth ful- 
 vous becoming wrinkled, with a spread-lobed 
 cii'ciuuferencei 
 
238 EPIGAEA, EPIPACTIS. 
 
 Epigaea, 57, 
 
 repens (trailing arbutus. W. Af P. N. H. r. & w. 
 Ap. h .) stem creeping : branches and petioles 
 very hirsute : leaves cordate, entire : coroi cy- 
 lindric. 
 
 Epilobium, 54. 
 
 spicatum (willow-herb. W. A. P. N. IL C. p. Ju. 
 11.) leaves scattered, lance-linear, veiny, gla- 
 brous : flowers unequal : stamens declined* 
 This species grows from 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 lineare (i. W. H. C w. & r. Ju.%.) stem terete, 
 pebescent, wandiike, branched above : cauline 
 leaves opposite, branch leaves alternate, linear, 
 very entire : flowers few, terminal, long-pe- 
 duncled. Flowers small. 
 
 coloratum (P. C. Lake-George, r. Ju. %.) stem 
 terete, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, serrulate, 
 petioled, opposite ; upper ones alternate, glab- 
 rous, red- veined. 
 
 ietragonum ( W. Y. P. r. Ju. % .) stem with pro- 
 minent subquadrangulate lines : leaves oppo- 
 site ; upper ones alternate, lanceolate, serru- 
 late. Flowers small. 
 
 palustre (W. P. Ju. y..) stem terete : leaves ses- 
 sile, lanceolate, sub -denticulate : stigma undi- 
 vided. 
 
 tdjrinum (Wbitchills. w-r. Au. % .) stem simple, 
 subterete, 1 or 2-flowered : leaves opposite, 
 oval, entire : flowers sessile. Very minute. 
 
 
 Epipactis, 89. 
 
 convallaroides (lily orchis. C. g-p. M. If.) stem 
 with 2 round-cordate, acute, opposite leaves : 
 spike few-flowered : lip oblong, dilated at the 
 apex, obtusely 2-lobed : germ sub-globose ; 
 root fibrous, 
 
EQUISETUM, KRIGKROX. 239 
 E^uisf.tim, luG. 
 
 an % enae (horsetail, (). \p. l/.) barren sterna with 
 simple branches; the branches scabrous* 4-sid- 
 ed : fructification simple : sheaths cyiindric 
 
 gash-toothed, teeth acute. 
 
 sy'lva I ic urn [O. Ap. %.) barren and fertile stems 
 doubly branched : branches scabrous* deflected* 
 4-sided ; branchlets somewhat 3-sided. 
 
 ulirinosum (C* P, W. M. %.) stem subramose : 
 branches generally in lours, 4-sided, glabrous : 
 spike terminal, cyiindric. 
 
 scirpoidcs (Can. Vermont, Ju. %..) stem simple* 
 ascending) glabrous, filiform* bearing a spike 
 at the top : sheaths 3-toothed ; teetii wither- 
 ing, with caducous awns at the apex. 
 
 hyemnle, (scouring rush. O. Ju. X.) stems erect* 
 very scabrous* bearing spikes at the apex : 
 sheaths 2-coloured, withering at the base and 
 apex : teeth with caducous awns. 
 
 Erica, 54. 
 
 puhesccns (downy heath. E. r. M.) corol linear, 
 pubescent, with the limb erect : capsule glab- 
 rous : leaves fringed. 
 
 tetralix (E. h •) anthers awned : corol ovate ; 
 style inclosed : leaves in forms, ciliate ; flow- 
 ers in heads. 
 
 Erigerox, 86. 
 
 canadense (fleabanc, pride-weed. O. w. Ju. <").) 
 stem hispid, panicled : leaves lance-linear, cili- 
 ate : calyx cyiindric : rays crowded, short. 
 Flowers small. Plant strong-scented* Pow- 
 dered leaves useful in stopping blood. 
 
 hyssopifolium (P. y. Ju. %•) stem panicled with 
 sterile branches ; a few extended into naked 
 peduncles: leaves linear, glabrous, filiate; 
 rays much longer than the cyiindric caljx. 
 
240 ERIOGEROX, ERIOCAULOX. 
 
 strigosum (P. W« w. Ju. $ .) strigose-pilose : 
 leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends ; in the 
 middle are a few coarse teeth or it is entire; 
 flowers corymb-panicled, 
 
 hetcrophij'him (P. C. w. J. % .) radical leaves 
 round-ovate, deeply-toothed, petioled ; cauline 
 ones lane eolate, acute, serrate in the middle : co- 
 rymb terminal. 
 
 phitadelphicum (0. b-p. An. 11 .) pubescent : leaves 
 wedge-oblong, rarely gash-toothed ; cauline 
 ones half-clasping : stem weak, simple, corymb- 
 cd above : peduncles elongated, I -flowered : 
 rays capillary, twice as long as the hemispheric 
 calyx. 
 
 purpurcum (P. C. p. Ju. 2/.) pubescent: leaves 
 oblong, toothed, clasping ; upper ones entire : 
 peduncles thickened, corymbed : lower ones 
 elongated : scales of the calyx hairy on the 
 
 — - — — - — — — ' j 
 
 few, distant, lanceolate, entire : stem about 3- 
 flowered : rays long. 
 nervosum (P. w. Ju. %.') white pubescent: leaves 
 lance-linear, very entire, silky, nerved : flow- 
 ers panicled. 
 
 Enixrs, 72. 
 
 afrkamis (P. b. Au.) leaves lanceolate, toothed ; 
 stem weak, zigzag-erect. 
 
 Eriocaulox, 92. 
 
 peUucidum (pipe wort. Y. C N. P. H. g. An. X'.) 
 scape very slender, about 7-striped : leaves li- 
 near-subulate, channelled, glabrous, pellucid, 
 5-nerved, transversely striate : head small glo- 
 bose : scales of the involucre oval-obtuse. 
 Grows in water from 6 to 12 inches high. 
 
ERIOCAULON, ERYNGIUM. 24t 
 
 decangulare (tall pipewoft. 1*. C. S. %.) scape 
 1 -striped : leases ensiform, glabrous: heads 
 large, depressed-globose : scales of the imolu- 
 civ d\ ate, acute : chaff of the receptacle macro- 
 
 nate. Three or lour fed high. 
 
 Eriophorum, 29. 
 
 rirzivintm (cotton grass. C. P. M. If.) culm te- 
 rete, leafy: leaves Hat: spikes crowded, sub- 
 sessile, shorter than the involucre. In bog- 
 meadows, as all the following species are. 
 
 iUgu&Hfolium (W. Y. C. M. %.) culm leafy, te- 
 rete : leases 3-sided, channelled: spikes pc- 
 dunrled : seeds ovate. 
 
 poly stachi um (C. 1*. M. v..) culm leafy, terete : 
 lea\ es flat : spikes peduncled : seed ovate. 
 
 Erodium, 76. 
 
 ciconium (stork-bill geranium. E. ©•) peduncle 
 many-flowered : leaves pinnate : leafets pin- 
 natilid, toothed: petals oblong, obtuse: stem 
 ascending. 
 
 cicutarium (hemlock geranium. P. p. A. 0.) pe- 
 duncles many-flowered : leaves pinnate ; leaf- 
 ets sessile, pinnatifid, gashed : corol larger 
 than the calyx : stem prostrate hirsute. 
 
 moschatum (musk geranium. E. ®.) peduncles 
 main -flowered : leaves pinnate ; leafets sub- 
 netioled, oblong, gash-toothed : petals equal- 
 ling the calyx : stem procumbent. 
 
 Eryxgium, 44. 
 
 ovalifolium (sea-holly. P. C. b. Ju. U.) simple : 
 leaves heart-ovate, with very short petioles; 
 heads all peduncled : leafets of the involucre 
 chaffy and 3-clcl't : stem wandlike, branching 
 above, not below. 
 
 V 
 
ma ERYNGIUM, ESULA. 
 
 "Virginianum (P. C. g. & b. Ju. If .) very tall : leaves 
 long lance-linear, serrate : branches linear, 
 many-parted : leafets of the involucre longer 
 than the head, chaffy, 3 to 5 -cleft : heads pan- 
 icled. 
 
 Erysimum, 74. 
 
 officinale (hedge-mustard. O. y. J. (?>.) siliques 
 
 close-pressed to the rachis of the spike : leaves 
 
 rune in ate. 
 oarbarea (water radish. W. N y. M. %.) lower 
 
 leaves lyrate, with the terminal lobe roundish ; 
 
 upper leaves obovate, toothed : siliquc almost 
 
 square. 
 
 Erythroxium, 50. 
 
 dens-eanis (dog-tooth violet, adder's tongue. 0. y. 
 Ap. U ) leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous, spotted. 
 Scape 4 to 8 inches high. 
 
 Esula, 61, 
 
 lathy rus (spurge caper. E. J. % .) umbel 4 -cleft* 
 dichotomous : leaves opposite, entire, lance- 
 olate, pointing four ways. 
 
 peplus iwild caper. Ju. 0.) umbel 3-cleft, dicho- 
 tomous, involuccls ovate : leaves entire, obo- 
 vate, petioled. 
 
 mercurialina (P. Ju. U.) stems slender, weak, 
 leaves opposite or in threes, subsessile, oval, en- 
 tire : peduncles terminal, solitary, 1 -flowered. 
 
 corollata (C. P. Ju. %.) umbel, 5-cleft, 3-cleft, 
 and dichotomous ; involucels and leaves oblong, 
 obtuse : appendages of the calyx obovate and 
 resembling petals. 
 
 Remark. These species were taken from the 
 genus Euphorbia. See Persoon. This di- 
 vision is very proper. Every one has observ- 
 
ESULA, EUPATORIUM. #fc 
 
 ed the unnatural union of the spotted spurge and 
 garden caper. 
 
 Etiillia. 84. 
 
 Unijlora (floating daisy. C. p. An. "2/.) leaves se- 
 taceous-linear, whoried : stem about l-iiower- 
 ed ; egret 5-tooted, bellform. 
 
 Euonymus, 41. 
 
 atropurpureus spindle-tree. C. P.p. J. k •) leaves 
 petiofed, lance-oblong, acuminate, serrate : pe- 
 duncles divaricate} many-flowered ; flowers 4» 
 cleft: fruit smooth. Fruit red. 
 
 americanus (burning bush. P. r-y. J. \ .) branch- 
 es 4-angled : leaves subsessile, lance-oval, acute, 
 serrate : peduncles about Showered : flower* 
 all 5-cleft : fruit warty-muricate. Fruit rod. 
 •Said to grow in New-England. 
 
 Eupatorium, 84. 
 
 1. Calyxes not more than 5-JJoxvered. 
 
 hyssopifoliu m (hyssop-thoroughwort, hempweed, 
 C. w. Au. 11 .) leaves opposite} somewhat whorl- 
 ed, lineai\ entice, pubescent, S-nerved, punc- 
 tate ; radical ones subdentate. About one foot 
 high. 
 
 sessuifolium (P. C. Au. 2/.) leaves sessile, clasp- 
 ing, distinct, lance-ovate, rounded at the base, 
 serrate, very glabrous : stem somewhat gla- 
 brous. About two feet high, grows in rocky 
 hills. 
 
 truncatum (P. Ju. ^ .) leaves sessile, clasping, 
 distinct, lanceolate, truncate a the base, ser- 
 rate, somewhat glabrous : stem pubescent. 
 Resembles the lasi. 
 
 album (P, Au. % .) leaves subsessile; -oblong, 
 
•244 EUPATORIUM. 
 
 roughish, serrate, inner scales of the calyx long, 
 lanceolate, scarious, coloured. About 18 in- 
 ches high. 
 
 lanceolatum (P. An. 11,') leases sessile, distinct, 
 lance-oblong, scabrous, deeply serrate : scales 
 of the calyx oner-coloured. Resembles the last. 
 
 trifoliatum (C. P. Au. If.) leaves petioled, in 
 threes or fours, ovate, tapering to both ends, 
 serrate roughish. Tall, not branched. 
 
 tomfoftzm (New-England. P. C. x\u. 71,) leaves 
 sessile, distinct, ovate, scabrous ; upper ones 
 with coarse teeth at the base and with the sum- 
 mit entire. About 2 feet high. 
 
 jnelissoides (P. Au. %,) leaves petioled, ovate, ob- 
 tusish, obtusely-serrate, veiny, somewhat glab- 
 rous. Resembles the last. 
 
 Totundifolium (P. Au. 7^0 leaves sessile, distinct, 
 round-cordate, obtusely-serrate, veiny : scales 
 of the calyx acuminate. About 12 to 18 inches 
 high. 
 
 pubesceus (C. P. Au. %.) leaves sessile, distinct, 
 ovate, scabrous, veiny ; lower ones doubly-ser- 
 rate, upper ones subserrate, stem panicled, pu- 
 bescent ; branches fastigiate. Not above two 
 feet high. 
 
 allissimum (P. Au. 11,) leaves snhsessile, lan- 
 ceolate, 3-nerved, tapering to both ends, pubes- 
 cent ; lower ones serrate in the middle. From 
 3 to 7 feet high. 
 
 amoenum (C. p. S. %,) leaves with short petioles, 
 opposite and in threes, lance-oblong, acute at 
 both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub-rugose, 
 net- veined beneath : corymb fastigiate : scales 
 of the calyx oblong, coloured. 2 feet high. 
 
 ceaiwthifolium (C. P. Au. %.) leaves petioled, 
 ovate, acuminate, toothed, 3-nerved, glabrous. 
 Resembles, in general aspect, the New-Jersey 
 tea. 
 
 gracile (slender thorough wort. C.) stem erect, sim- 
 ple, glabrous below, pubescent above ; leaves 
 
BUPATORIUM. *44 
 
 opposite, short-petioled, lance-ovate, from the 
 middle upwards serrate) tapering to the 1;;* -e 
 and entire, glabrous above, pubescent at the 
 veins beneath (sometimes lanceolate, entire:) 
 cyme large, peduncled, somewhat lax, pubes- 
 cent •• calyx 5-flowered, scales obtuse. About 
 
 4 fret high. A new species by Dr. Jolm Tor- 
 rcy. 
 
 laevigatum (smooth hempweed- C.) leaves in 
 ii\es, lanceolate, petioled, serrate, slender, 
 glabrous both sides : stem hollow, terete, 
 smooth, sub-glaucous : calyx about 5-flowered. 
 Grows 5 or 6 feet high, stem marked with pur- 
 ple lines. Resembles E. purpureum. A new 
 species by Dr. John Torrey. 
 
 2. Calyxes more than 5-Jlowered. 
 
 purpureum (purple thoroughwort, or joe-pye. O, 
 p. Au. 11.) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, 
 lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-veined, roughish : 
 stem hollow. 5 or 6 feet high. 
 
 maeulatum (C. P. p. Au. 2/.) leaves in fours or 
 fives, unequally serrate, pubescent beneath : 
 stem solid, furrow ed. Hardly so tall as the 
 last. 
 
 punetatum (P. p. Au. % .) leaves in fours or fives, 
 
 }>etioled, ovate, acuminate, serrate, scabrous 
 )oth sides : stem solid, terete. Hardly so tall 
 as the last 
 
 vertieiUatum (joe-pye- s weed. O. p. Au. %.") 
 leaves in threes or fours, lance-ovate* wedge- 
 form at the base, unequally serrate, somew hat 
 glabrous : stem solid, smooth. 4 to feet 
 high. 
 
 perfidiatum (boneset, thoroughwort. O. w. Au. 
 %.) leaves connate-pertoliate, oblong, serrate, 
 rugose, downy beneath : stem villose. About 
 
 5 feet high. Excellent in colds and some fe- 
 vers. 
 
 V 2 
 
246 EUPATORIUM, EUPHRASIA. 
 
 coelestinum (P. b. An. % ) leaves petioled, heart- 
 ovate, obtusish, 8-nerved, obtusely-serrate : 
 flowers corymbed. 
 
 ageratoides (0. \v. Au. % .) leaves petioled, ovate, 
 acuminate, 3-nerved, unequally and coarsely 
 toothed, serrate, glabrous : corymb many-flow- 
 ered, spreading : calyx simple. About 2 feet 
 high. 
 
 Euphorbia, 61. 
 
 hypericifolia (spurge. Y. P. Ju. ©.) dichoto- 
 mous, glabrous, very branching, erect, spread- 
 ing: leases opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub- 
 falcate : corymb terminal. 
 
 QUaculata (spotted spurge. O. w. Ju. (2).) erect- 
 spreading : leaves opposite, serrate, oblong, 
 hairy : flowers axillary, solitary : appendages 
 to the calyx coloured. Leaves when young and 
 in dry ground, spotted. 
 
 dentata (P. Ju. Q.) small, hirsute : leaves oppo- 
 site, oval, dentate 4 : flowers crowded together 
 at the summit. Upper leaves spotted. 
 
 tyohjgoni folia (C P. Ju. #.) very glabrous, diffus- 
 ed: leaves opposite entire, lance-linear, obtuse: 
 flowers solitary, axillary. 
 
 ipecacuanhas (C. P. Ju. y. .) procumbent, small, 
 glabrous : leaves opposite, oboval or lanceolate ; 
 peduncles axillary, elongated, 1 -flowered. Ve- 
 ry long root. 
 
 portulacoides (P. Ju. %.) erect: leaves entire: 
 oval, retusc : peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, 
 equalling the leaves. 
 
 Euphorbia, see Esula. 
 
 Euphrasia, 71. 
 
 officinalis (eyebright. Can. P. w. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 ovate, obtusely toothed : lower divisions oi the 
 lip ernarginate. 
 
FAGUS, FESTUCA. W 
 
 F. 
 
 Fagus, 95. 
 
 Jknmamea (beech. (). y-w. J. \ .) leaves ovate- 
 oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneath, coarsely 
 toothed, at the base obi use. subrordate-obliquc: 
 nuts acutely ovate, 3-sided. Middling sized 
 tree. 
 
 Fedia, 27. 
 
 olitoria (lamb letture. E.) stem diehotomous * 
 
 lea\ es lance-linear. 
 radiate wild lamb-lettuce. C. P. Ju. Q.) leaves 
 
 spatulatc-oblong, sub entire : fruit pubescent, 
 
 about 4-sided, naked at the apex. 
 
 Ferula, 45. 
 
 canadensis (giant fennel. Y. P.) leaves ternate, 
 more than decompound ; leafets ovate, serrate, 
 rigid,vciny : stem, peduncles and umbels villosc. 
 
 Festuca, 32. 
 
 elatior (fescue-grass. C. H. W. P. Ju. 2/.) pani- 
 cle nodding, very branching, lax ; spikelets 
 lance-ovate, acute : florets at first cylindric 
 and closed, spreading in maturity, obsolctely 
 nerved. 
 
 poaeoides (Can. Ju. 1}..) panicle somewhat crowd- 
 ed ; lower branches simple : spikelets alter- 
 nate, oblong, subsessile, awnlcss : leaves iiut. 
 v<;\ glabrous. 
 
 fiuitans [ water-fescue. C. P. J. %.) panicle long, 
 lax ; branches simple : spikelets close-pressed, 
 linear-terete, many-flowered : florets awnless, 
 striate : culm decumbent : leaves very glab- 
 rous. 
 
24& FESTUCA, FLWIALIS. 
 
 nutans (New-England. P. Ju. 11.) branches of 
 the panicle one-way, nodding, scabrous : spike- 
 lets ovate, compressed, about 6-flowered, acute, 
 awned : leaves lance-linear. 
 
 clandestina (C) panicle coucealed ; branches 
 solitary ; one spikelet sessile, another ped un- 
 cled : leaves with long sheaths, linear* nerved ; 
 stipules acuminate. 
 
 ienella (C, W. P. Ju. (£}.) panicle very simple, one- 
 way : spikelets about 9-flowered, awned : leaves 
 linear-setaceous ; stipules 2-eared: culm 4-sid- 
 ed above, branching at the base. 
 
 duriuscula (C. Ju. 11.) panicle one-way, diffuse : 
 florets awned : culm terete : cauline leaves flat : 
 root fibrous. 
 
 rubra ? (P. %.) culm striate, red at the base, pu- 
 bescent, geniculate, with dark-coloured joints : 
 panicle contracted, erect and a little nodding ; 
 rachis S-sided, zigzag : spikelets lanceolate, 
 terete, pedicelled, having pedicelled florets : 
 leaves very long, with striate glabrous sheaths, 
 
 Ficus, 98. 
 
 carica (fig tree. E. g. Ju. h .) leaves cordate, S 
 or 5-lobed, repand-toothed ; lobes obtuse* scab- 
 rous above, pubescent beneath. 
 
 Floerkea, 49. 
 
 idiginosa (false mermaid. P. w-y. Ap. %.) leaves 
 alternate; those under water ternatc, those 
 above water quinate-pinnate. Nectris pin- 
 nata. Pursh. 
 
 Fluviaxis, 90. 
 
 fragilis (river-nymph. P. S. 0.) leaves opposite 
 or in threes, linear-subulate, recurved; aculeate- 
 toothed, rigid. In water. 
 
FLUVIALIS, FRAGARIA. 249 
 
 jlexilis (C. P. An. £>.) leaves in sixes, linear, 
 denticulate at the apex, spreading. Flowers 
 
 very small. 
 
 FontinaTjIs, 109. 
 
 capillacea (water moss.) leaves acute, lincar-awl- 
 form, snrcad, longer than the capsule : sheath 
 and peduncles long, filiform. 
 
 antepyretica, stem branched, 3-sided : leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acute, keel-form,, nerveless, 3-rowed £ 
 6beath-leaves obtuse : lid awlform. 
 
 FoTHERGILLA, 65, 
 
 alnifolia (fotherghTs bush. Southern states, w. 
 Ap. h •) leaves wedge-obovate, crenate-toothed 
 above. Var. major, has ovate-oblong leaves, 
 subcordate. Var. acuta, has ovate acute 
 
 leaves. 
 
 Fragaria, 6i 
 
 Tcsca (cnglish strawberry. E. w. M. 71.) calyx 
 of the fruit reflexed : hairs on the petioles 
 spreading, on the peduncle close-pressed. 
 
 datior (hautboy-strawberry. E. w. %.) calyx of 
 the fruit reflexed : hairs on the peduncle and 
 petiole spreading. 
 
 grandijlora (pineapple-strawberry. E. %,) calyx 
 of the fruit erect: hairs on the peduncle and 
 petiole erect : leaves coriaceous, somewhat 
 glabrous above. 
 
 Tirginiaua (wild strawberry. O. w. M. %.) calyx 
 of the fruit spreading: hairs on the petioles 
 erect, on the peduncles close-pressed : leaves 
 somewhat glabrous above. 
 
 canadensis (mountain strawberry. Can. P. w. M. 
 %.) large : leafets broad-oval, lateral ones 
 manifestly petioled ; pedicels long, recurve- 
 
250 FRAGARIA, FUCUS. 
 
 pendulous : receptacle of the seeds globose, lid* 
 hc} comb-scrobiculate, villose. 
 
 Frasera, 54. 
 
 carolinieiisjs (pyramid flower. P. r. & y. Ju. % .) 
 leaves wliorled or opposite : flowers in clusters, 
 From 3 to 6 feet high. 
 
 Fraxixus, 98. 
 
 acuminata (white-ash.) 0. w-g. M. h •) leafets pe- 
 tioled, oblong, shining, acuminate, very entire, 
 fflaucous beneath : flowers calvcled, 
 
 juglandijolia (walnut-leaf ash, swamp ash. P. W. 
 M. ^^) leafets petioicd, ovate, opake, serrate, 
 glaucous beneath, axils of the veins pubescent : 
 branch lets glabrous : flowers calycled. 
 
 jmbescens (black-ash, red-ash. O. M. J? .) leaf- 
 ets petioled, oval-ovate, serrate, petioles and 
 branchlets downy beneath : flowers calycJed. 
 
 samhucifoiia (water-ash. M. h •) leafets sessile, 
 lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-shining, round- 
 oblique at the base, axils of the veins villose be- 
 neath : flowers naked, not calycled. 
 
 epiptera (P. Can. M. ^ .) leafets lance-oval, sub- 
 serrate : samaras wedgeform, obtuse emargin- 
 ate at the apex, terete below. 
 
 Fritiixaria, 51. 
 
 imperialis (crown imperial. E. r. & y. M. 7£.) flow- 
 ers under a leafy crown, nodding : leaves lance- 
 linear, entire. From Persia. 
 
 inaleagins (iV\ti\\iiry , guineahen flower. E. p &y. 
 M. US) leaves alternate, linear, channelled: 
 stem 1 -flowered : nectary linear. Flower check- 
 ered. 
 
 Frcrs, 110. 
 Wtans (floating seaweed) filiform compressed; 
 
FUCU9, FIN ARIA. 251 
 
 pinnate : leaves oblong-lanceolate, serrate : 
 vesicles globular* pedunded, scattered, on Hat 
 dilated peduncles. 
 
 vesiculosus (bubble-seaweed.) linear forked, en- 
 tire; with globular, innate and axillary vesi- 
 cles, cloven at the tips; barren ones Hat, fer- 
 tile ones tumid. 
 
 edidis (worm seaweed.) fleshy, wedge-form, near- 
 ly simple, glabrous both sides, rounded at top, 
 entire at the margin. 
 
 fruHculosus leather seaweed.) leathery ; round, fi- 
 liform, decornpoundly branched above: branch- 
 es nearly bristle-form, with alternate lax branch- 
 lets and small pinnate toothletted subdivisions. 
 
 nodosus (notty sea-weed.) somewhat forked : 
 leaves 2-rowed, pedunded, roundish, entire, 
 fertile : vesicles innate, solitary, broader thau 
 the frond. 
 
 Fuirena, 29. 
 
 squamosa (umbrella grass. C. Ju. 1£.) flowers in 
 simple umbels ; spikelets ovate: culm glabrous: 
 leaves ciliate, sheaths hairy. 
 
 Fuligo, 118. 
 
 septica (soot fungus.) yellow, lacinate. 
 oapitata, yellow, head-form. 
 
 FuMARIA, 77. 
 
 officinalis (fumitory, Y. C. P. r. J. ©.) stem 
 branching, spread : leaves nine than decom- 
 pound ; leafets wedge-lanceolate, gashed. 
 
 Funaria, 109. 
 
 hy%romctica (hygrometer moss.) leaves ovate, 
 acute, concave, entire, inflected ; capsules 
 swelling, drooping. 
 
252 FUNARIA, GALEOPSIS. 
 
 muhlenbergii, leaves obovate, awned, concave, ser- 
 rulate, spread : capsule obovate, oblique. 
 
 G. 
 
 Galactia, 80. 
 
 glabella (milk -way plant. C. P. r. & w. J. %.} 
 prostrate, somewhat twining and glabrous : 
 leaves ternate, oval-oblong, obtuse, emarginate 
 at both ends : racemes axillary, simple, abbre- 
 viated, few-flowered : legumes villose. Root 
 long, fusiform. 
 
 mollis (C P. r. & w. Ju. 1^.) twining, having soft 
 whitish pubescence : leaves ternate, ovate-ob- 
 long, obtuse, smoothish, glaucous beneath : ra- 
 cemes axillary, simple, elongated, few-flowerb- 
 ed : legumes villose. 
 
 G ALANTHUS, 49. 
 
 nivalis (snow drop. TC. w. Ap. X'.) leaves linear, 
 keeled, acute, radical : scape 1 -flowered. 
 
 Galega, 80. 
 
 rirginiana (goat's rue. P. Y. A. r. J. 1|.) erect, 
 having whitish down : leafets (17 to 21) oval- 
 oblong, acuminate : raceme terminal, short, 
 subsessile : legumes re versed-falcate, villose, 
 calyx w oolly. Tephrosia. Pcrsoon. 
 
 Galeofsis, 69. 
 
 tetrahit (flowering nettle. H. W. Y. P. r. & w. Ju. 
 00 the spaces between the joints of the stem 
 thicken upwards : the upper whorls nearer to- 
 gether : calyx prickly, a little shorter than the 
 corol : stem rough-haired- 
 
GALIUM. 253 
 
 Galium, 35, 
 
 1. Fruit glabrous. 
 
 trifulum (bedstraw. W. C. P. w. Ju. %.) stem 
 procumbent, scabrous backwards : cauline 
 leuves in lives, branch leaves in fours, linear, 
 obtuse, scabrous at the margin and on the 
 nerves: fascicles terminal, few-flowered; pe- 
 dicels short : enrols mostly 3-clefL 
 
 tinctorium (d\ cr's cleavers. 0. w. Ju. 11 .) stem dif- 
 fuse, smeothish : cauline leaves in sixes, branch 
 leaves in fours, linear, acutish ; margins and 
 nerves with slender prickles : peduncles ter- 
 minal* elongated, mostly 3-flowered. 
 
 asprellum (rough bedstraw. O. w. Ju. 1{.) stem 
 diffuse, very branching, prickly backwards : 
 cauline leaves in sixes ; branch leaves most- 
 ly in fours, lanceolate, acuminate, margins and 
 nerves prickly : branchlets flower-bearing, 
 many-ilowered : pedicels short. 
 
 £. Fruit hirsute. 
 
 brachiatum (bed-straw. C. P. \v. Ju. 1/.) stem 
 limber, long, brachiate-ramose, hispid ; branch- 
 es short : leaves in sixes, lance-oblong, acumi- 
 nate, glabrous, margin and keel ciliate: branch- 
 es wiiorled, the longest dichotomous : pedi- 
 cels 8-flowered : fruit with hooks. Pursh. 
 
 borcale (\V. C. P. w. Ju. % .) stem erect, smooth 
 leaves in fours, linear, acute, 3-nervcd, glab- 
 rous : margins and nerves scabrous : panicle 
 terminal, spread : fruit witb slender bristles. 
 
 bcrmudianum (A. P. p. Ju. 2J. .) stem very branch- 
 ing, scarcely pubescent : leaves in fours, ovato 3 
 obtuse* glabrous, margins and nerves pubes- 
 cent, sometimes pellucid : branchlets florifer- 
 ous, elongated : fruit with hooked bristles. 
 
 viicranthum i^C'an. J*, w. .1 u. v .) stem very branch- 
 
 W 
 
254 GALIUM, GAULTHERIA. 
 
 ing, prickly backwards : leaves short, lance- 
 olate, mucronate, glabrous, margin and keel 
 prickly : pedicels about 2-flowered : fruit his- 
 pid. Flowers small, many. 
 
 circaezans (wild liquorice. H/Y. C. P. w-y. J. l(.) 
 stem erect, smootli : leaves in fours, oval, ob- 
 tuse, glabrous, margins and nerves a little eili- 
 ate : peduncles few-flowered; flowers remote, 
 subsessile : fruit with hooked bristles. Leaves 
 taste much like liquorice. 
 
 Iriftorum (W. C. A. P. w. Ju, % .) stem procum- 
 bent, smoothish : leaves in fives or sixes, lance- 
 obovate, mucronate, glabrous, scarcely cili- 
 ate at the margin : branclilets 3-flowered at the 
 end 5 flowers pedicelled : fruit small, hispid. 
 
 aparine (C. H. P. w. J % .) stem limber scabrous 
 backwards : leaves in about eights, lance-linear, 
 mucronate, hispid above, margin and keel 
 prickly : branchlets of the length of the leaves, 
 about 3-flowered : fruit hook-bristled. 
 
 jrilosum (C. P. p. J. V-.) stem nearly simple, long, 
 ascending, remotely geniculate, hispid : leaves 
 ill fours, oval, short-mucronate, very hirsute 
 both sides, nerveless : branchlets nearly sim- 
 ple, about 3-flowered at the end : fruit pilose. 
 
 sirietum -(C. A. w. Ju. If..) stem stiffly erect, 
 smoothish, branching ; brandies short, erect : 
 leaves in fours, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, 3- 
 nerved, with involute scabrous m a; gins : flow- 
 ers paniclcd crouded ; peduncles short 3-flow- 
 ered at the top, forked, hispid. Torrey. A 
 new species discovered by Dr. C. W. Eddy. 
 
 Gaultheria, 57, 
 
 procumbens (spicy wintergreen. O. w. J. 11 . or \ .) 
 stem procumbent ; branches erect : leaves ob- 
 ovate, acute at the base : flowers few, nodding. 
 Berries red, consisting in part of the perma- 
 nent calyx ; a little meah, pleasant tasted. 
 
GAULTIIERIA. GEXTIAXA. 255 
 
 kupidula (creeping wintergreen. W. N. V. Can. 
 w. M. fc.1 stem creeping) hispid, leaves oval, 
 acute : flowers solitary, axillary, subsessile, 
 having but 8 stamens, short-beUform. Very 
 plenty in Flaintield, Mass. and at the margin 
 of a pond six miles north ol" Williams College, 
 
 GAUBA, 53. 
 
 biennis ( Virginian loosestrife. A. P. r. & y. Au. % .) 
 
 leaves lanceolate, toothed : spike crowded: fruit 
 roundish-4-cornered, pubescent. 
 
 Genista, 78. 
 
 tinctovia (dyer's broom. E. y. Au. h. •) leaves 
 lanceolate, glabrous : branches terete, striate, 
 erect : legumes glabrous. 
 
 Gentian a, 43. 
 
 luiea (yellow gentian. C. y.) leaves broad-ovate,, 
 nerved : corol about 5-cieit, wheel-form, whorl* 
 ed. Muhlenberg quotes Kalin, as an authority 
 for this being found in New-Jersey. 
 
 piieumonanthe (cnkithi&n violet. P. Can. b. A. i{.) 
 stem terete : leaves lance-linear, obtusish : flow- 
 ers terminal, fascicled ; lateral ones solitary, 
 peduncled ; corol 6-cleft, bellform, divisions 
 roundish, inner folds with one acute tooth. 
 
 saponaria (soap-gentian. 0, I). & w. S. 2/.) stem 
 terete, glabrous : leaves lance-oblong 3-nerved; 
 flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal and axillary : 
 corol 5-clei't bell-* entricose, almost closed at the 
 top : inner folds toothed. 
 
 ochroleuca (C. P.y. & b. S. 2.'.) stem somewhat 
 angled, roughisb : leaves lance-ovate, rough- 
 ish : flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal ; corol 
 ;>-clett, bell-venlricose, divisions acute, inner 
 folds simple, acute. 
 
 linearis (P. b. Au. 1J..) stem roughisb : leaves 
 
256 GENTIANA, GERANIUM. 
 
 lance-linear, undulate, ciliate as the calyxes : 
 flowers 5-cleft, bell form, terminal, sessile, 
 crowded ; divisions short, obtuse : interior 
 folds denticulate. 
 
 qumqueflora (W. A. P. b. Au. % .) stem 4-corner- 
 ed, branching : leaves half-clasping, oval, acute, 
 3-nerved : flowers 5-clcft, bell-tubular with a 
 glabrous throat, terminal and lateral, in threes 
 or fives, subpedicelled, divisions lanceolate, 
 acuminate i calyx short, narrow. 
 
 migustifolia (C. b. S. 1£.) stem terete, simple, 1- 
 flowered : leaves narrow-linear, spreading : 
 corol 5-cleft, divisions oval, inner folds torn. 
 
 Ctinita (fringed gentian. O. b. S. %.) stem terete: 
 branches long, 1 -flowered : leaves lanceolate, 
 acute : corol 4-cleft, divisions obovate, gash- 
 ciliate, interior folds simple. 
 
 Geranium, 76. 
 
 fiangirineum (bloody geranium. E. 71 .) peduncle 
 1-flowered : leaves 5-parted, 3-cleft, orbicular : 
 capsule bristly at the top. 
 
 maculatum (crowfoot geranium. O.r. & b. J. %.) 
 erect : pubescence reversed : stem dichotomous : 
 leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, upper ones ses- 
 sile : peduncles 2-flowered : petals obovate. 
 
 cohimhinum (P. C. b. M. %.) peduncles 2-flower- 
 ed, longer than the leaves : leaves 5-parted ; 
 lobes many-cleft, linear : petals emarginate, of 
 the length of the awned calyx : arils glabrous. 
 
 ■pusUlum (JP* h. M. ©.) peduncles 2-flowered ; 
 flowers pentandrous, petals emarginate of the 
 length of the awnless calyx : leaves about 7- 
 lobed, 3-cleft : arils pubescent. 
 
 robertianum (herb robert. O. r. J. % .) spread, hir- 
 sute : leaves opposite, ternate and quinate, 3- 
 cleft-pinnatifid : peduncles 2-flowered : petals 
 entire, twice as long as the awned calyx ; aril 
 net-veined. 
 
GERANIUM, GERARDIA. 257 
 
 diessctum (C. r. J. O-) spread, harry : leaves op- 
 posite, 5-partcd. lobes 3-rltTt, gashed, linear : 
 peduncles 2 -flowered, long : petals nnarginate, 
 J lie Length of the awned calyx : aril with glan- 
 dular hairs. 
 
 Geranium* see Pelargonium and Erodium. 
 
 Geuardia, 72. 
 
 jlava (false foxglove. O. y. Ju. TJ..') pubescent : 
 stem simple : leaves subsessile, lanceolate, en- 
 tire or toothed ; lower ones subpinnatifid, gash- 
 ed : flowers axillary, opposite, subsessile. 2 or 
 3 feet high. 
 
 glauca (oak-leaf foxglove. O. y. Ju.^ ,) glabrous ; 
 stem glaucous, purple, panicle-like ; leaves pe- 
 tioled, sinuate-pinnatilid with acute lanceolate 
 divisions : upper leaves lanceolate entire. First 
 discovered and named by Dr. C. W. Eddy. 
 G. quercifolia. Pursh. 3 to 5 feet high. 
 
 pedicularia (lousewort foxglove. N. Y. C. P. y. 
 S. % .) pubescent, brachiate-panicled : leaves 
 oblong doubly gash-serrate and pinnatifid : 
 flowers axillary, opposite, pedicullcd : divisions 
 of the calyx leafy, gash-toothed. 
 
 purpurea (P. Y. C p. Au. % .©.) stem with opposite 
 branches : leaves linear, slender : flowers ax- 
 illary, opposite, subsessile. 
 
 crinita (A\. A. C. p. Ju. % .) stem with opposite 
 branches : leaves short and fleshy. Discover- 
 ed by Dr. C. W.Eddy. Resembles the pur- 
 purea. Var. crassifoiui. Pursh. It is from G 
 to 12 inches high. 
 
 auriculuta (P. p. Au. @.) nearly simple, rough: 
 leaves lance-ovate, 2-eared at the base, entire : 
 flowers axillary, opposite ; leaves and flowers 
 closely sessile. About 8 inches high. 
 
 tenuifolia (P. p. Ju. % .) branch-panicled : leaves 
 linear : peduncles axillary, opposite^ longer 
 than the dowel's. 
 
 W * 
 
£58 GERARDIA, GEUM. 
 
 setacea (P. An. (vV stem very branching : leaves 
 setaceous : branches axillary, longer than the 
 leaves, mostly 1 -flowered. 
 
 Geum, 63. 
 
 virgiviamim (avens. O. w. Ju. 2/.) pubescent: 
 radical and lower cauline leaves ternate, upper 
 ones lanceolate : stipules ovate, subentire : 
 flowers erect : petals shorter than the calyx : 
 awns hooked, naked ; at the apex twisted, 
 hairy. 
 
 Striatum (upright avens. W. Can. C. y. J. #.) hir- 
 sute : leaves all interruptedly pinnate, the odd 
 one largest; leafets ovate, toothed : stipules 
 gashed : divisions of the calyx 5, alternately 
 linear, short : flowers erect ; petals roundish, 
 longer than the calyx, awns naked, hooked. 
 
 agrimonoides (C. w. Ju. 2 .) very hirsute : leaves 
 all pinnate ; leafets about equal, unequally 
 gash-toothed : stipules ovate, subentire : flow- 
 ers erect : divisions of the calyx about equal ; 
 petals oval, of the length of the calyx. 
 
 gtniculatum (Can. 2J. many-flowered, subpani- 
 cled : cauline leaves subsessile, 3-parted : sti- 
 pules entire : petals wcdge-obcordatc : awns 
 all over hairy, geniculate in the middle. 
 
 rivale (purple avens. O. p. M. %.) pubescent : 
 stem simple : radical leaves interruptedly pin- 
 nate; cauline ones 3-cJelt : flowers nodding; 
 petals of the length of the calyx : awns plu- 
 mose, naked ish above, a little hooked. 
 
 album (P. w. Ju. %.) pubescent : radical leaves 
 pinnate ; cauline ones ternate, upper ones sim- 
 ple, 3-clcft : lower stipules gashed : flowers 
 erect ; petals of the length of the calyx : awns 
 hooked, naked, hairy at the end. 
 
 y.rckii (Whitehills. Ju. If..) somewhat glabrous : 
 stem 1 -flowered : radical leaves rcniiorin. 
 rounded, subtruncate at the base* gash-toothed : 
 
GEUM. GLYCINE. 250 
 
 petioles very long, sometimes append aged : 
 petals of 1 lie's length of the calyx. Discovered 
 oy Professor Peck, of Harvard College. 
 
 Gillenia, sec Spiraea. 
 
 Glaux, 43. 
 
 fiiarithna (sea milkwort. Can. r. Ju. % .) leaves 
 oblong, smooth : flowers axillary, sessile. In 
 salt marshes. 
 
 Glechoma, 69. 
 
 hsderacea (ground ivy, gill-overground. 0. b. & 
 r. M. #.) leaves renil'orm, crenate : stem root-* 
 ing. 
 
 corduta (P, b. 11.) leaves heart-form. 
 
 Gleditsctiia, 100. 
 
 triaeantha (honey-locust. P. w. J. h .) thorns 
 strong, cross-branched : leaves linear-oblong : 
 legumes very long, compressed. A large tree. 
 Cue side of the long nat legume contains a 
 sweet pulp. 
 
 Glycine, 80. 
 
 nionoka (wild bean. C. P. b. & w. Ju. ©.) stem 
 slender, hairy backwards : leaves ternate, ovate, 
 glabrous, membranaceous : cauline racemes 
 pendant, lax, mostly bearing corols and stei ile : 
 bracts orbicular, concave : radical peduncles 
 bearing apetalous flowers, fertile. 
 
 angulosa (P. p. Au. O.) twining, pubescent: low- 
 er leafets rhomboid-oval, upper ones 3-lobrd : 
 heads long-peduncled : legumes linear. Pha- 
 seolus trilobus. Mx. 
 
 comosa (slender bean-vine. 0. b. Ju. #.) stem 
 
SGO GLYCINE, GNAPHALIUM. 
 
 twining : leaves ternate, lance-ovate, acute* 
 hirsute : lateral racemes pendant, with flowers 
 crowded, all fertile. 
 apios (ground-nut. O. b. & p. Au. ^.) twining, 
 glabrous : root tuberous : leaves unequally pin- 
 nate ; leafets 5 or 7, lance-ovate, upper ones 
 narrow : spikes crowded, shorter than the 
 leaves. Roots tuberous, farinaceous and plea? 
 sant tasted. 
 
 Glycirrhiza, 79. 
 
 (tfficinalis ( liquorice. E. %.*) leaves pinnate, the 
 terminal one petioled. Root tubcrous-cylindric, 
 sweet. 
 
 GxAPHALIUM, 85. 
 
 margaritaceum (large-flowered life-everlasting. 
 O. y. & w. Ju. 1£.) leaves lanceolate, gradually 
 narrowing, acute : stem branching above : co- 
 rymb fastigiate : flowers pedicelled. About 18 
 inches high. Flowers with white pearly rays 
 and yellow disks. Wrongly applied in the 
 Boston Florida. 
 
 polycephalum (sweet-scented life -everlasting. O. 
 y-w. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-linear, acute, glab- 
 rous above, downy beneath : stem panieled, 
 downy; corymbs terminal. The heads of this 
 species are more numerous than of the preced- 
 ing, more close, and the flowers are smaller. 
 Glows to about the same height. 
 
 luteo-album (New-England, y. ©.) leaves half- 
 clasping, lance-linear, subundulate : stem elon- 
 gated ; stem and leaves downy. Muhlenberg 
 says, this species grows in New-England ; but 
 I never found it there. 
 
 plantagincum (early life-everlasting. O. w. Ap. 
 11 ., shoots procumbent : stem simple: radical 
 leaves ohovate, nerved: corymb close-pressed 
 flowers diocecious ; inner scales of the cal^yx 
 
GNAPHALIUM, GOMPHREXA. 261 
 
 elongated, acutish, coloured. About 6 inches 
 high. 
 
 dioicum (mousear. W. P. w. J. V.) shoots pro- 
 cumbent : stein simple : radical leaves spatu- 
 late: corymb close-prosoed : flowers dioecious: 
 inner scales of the calyx elongated, obtuse, 
 coloured. Differs from the last a little in the 
 forms of the radical leaves, the scales of the 
 cah x and time of flowering. But perhaps it 
 may he a variety of it. 
 
 purpureum (C. P.p. Ju. 1|.) leaves linear-spatu- 
 late, downy beneath : stem erect, simnle : flow- 
 ers sessile, glomerate, terminal and axillary. 
 Hardly so tall as the two last species. Calyx 
 purple. 
 
 americanum (P. y. Ju. ©.) stem erect, branching : 
 leaves obovate-spatulate, pubescent beneath 
 flowers axillary and terminal, glomerate-spik- 
 ed. About as tall as the last. 
 
 uUginosum (mud life-everlasting. O. w.Ju. 0.) 
 stem branched, spread, woolly : leaves lance- 
 linear, narrowed at both ends, downy : flowers 
 terminal heaped ; 4 or 5 inches long, half-pros- 
 trate, calyxes brown. 
 
 germanicum (P. w, Ju. ©.) stem erect, dichoto- 
 mous : leaves lance-linear, acute, tomentose : 
 flowers in a globular head, terminal and lateral. 
 5 or G inches high. 
 
 sijlvaticum (C. y. J u. %.) stem very simple, erect : 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, slender at both ends 
 and woolly : flowers terminal and axillary, 
 sessile, spiked. 10 or 12 inches high. 
 
 GoMPHRENA, 42. 
 
 globosa (globe amaranth, bachelor's button. E. r. 
 Au. ©.) stem erect : leaves lance-ovate : heads 
 solitary : peduncles 2-lcaved. 
 
062 GORDOXIA, GRIMMIA. 
 
 GORDOMA, 76. 
 
 lasianthvs (lolly bay. E. S. h .) flowers long-pe- 
 duocled : leaves coriaceoils, glabrous : cap- 
 sules ovate. 
 
 Gosstpium, 77. 
 
 herhacenm (cotton. E. Au. $ .) leaves 5-lobed, 
 in i v. mate, one gland beneath : stem herbace- 
 ous, smooth. 
 
 Gratiola, 26. 
 
 officinalis (hedge hyssop. O. y. Ju. %.) leaves 
 broad-linear, sessile, entire, 3-nerved, punc- 
 tate above: peduncles opposite, hardly so long 
 as tbe leaves : filaments sometimes wanting 
 and sometimes without anthers. In damp 
 ground. G. aurea. Muhl. 
 
 rirginica (creeping hedge-hyssop. Y. P. C. \v-y. 
 Ju. %.'} leaves oblaneeolate, lower ones slender, 
 remotely toothed, nerved, glabrous : peduncles 
 alternate, very short : capules acuminate, long- 
 er than the calyx. In wet ground. 
 
 acuminata (!?• y„ Ju. 1|.) leaves lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, pubescent : peduncles opposite, longer 
 than the leaves : leafets of the calyx linear, of 
 the length of the subglobose capsule. In wet 
 places. 
 
 pubescens (C. Ju.) stem erect, with pubescent 
 branches : leaves lanceolate, narrowed, and a 
 little connate, at the base $ remotely tooth-ser- 
 rate : leaves of calyx unequal. In wet places. 
 A new species discovered and described by 
 Dr. John Torrey. 
 
 Grimmia, ior. 
 
 Controversa (awl-cap moss) leaves linear-awlforni 
 
GBIMMIA, TJAMILTONIA. 263 
 
 ■irrate at top, curled when dry : capsule oval, 
 with the awffonn cap a little curved* 
 olpicola, leaves lanceolate, obtusish, awnlcss : cap- 
 sule obconic, nearly sessile : fringe not perfor- 
 ated. 
 
 Gtmxostomum, 106. 
 
 pyriforme (toothless moss.) leaves ovate, arutc, 
 spread : capsule pear-form : lid obtuse-pointed, 
 
 Gyuopiiora, 113. 
 
 anthraeina, cartilage-membranous, very brit- 
 tle, peltate) expanded, irregularly torn, 
 blackish-grey above, sooty black and quite 
 smooth beneath : buttons raised. 
 
 vellea (morocco leather. W. N.) membranous, 
 peltate with a stalk, very large, with the cir- 
 cumference slightly spread-toothed ; glabrous 
 above, hairy beneath with branched stiaitish 
 fibres* brownish-grey both sides : buttons cir- 
 cularly plaited. 
 
 papillosa (shoe-leather "VF. H. N. N blark both sides, 
 papillose beneath. Very brittle when dry, and 
 tough when wet. Grows on rocks, from 3 to 
 6 inches diameter. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hamamelis, 36. 
 
 virspnica (witch-hazel. 0. y. Oc. h •) leaves obo- 
 vate, acute, toothed. cordate with asniallsinusc. 
 Flowers in the fall and perfects tno fruit the 
 ne&t summer. 
 
 Hamiltonia, 99. 
 
 old/era (oil-nut. P. g-y, J. k .) pubescent : leaves 
 
264 HAMILTONIA, HEDYSARUM. 
 
 oblong, entire, acuminate : flowers in terminal 
 racemes. A shrub about 5 or 6 feet high. 
 
 Hedeoma, 60. 
 
 pulegioides (penny-royal. O. b. J. ©.) pubescent : 
 leaves oblong, serrate : peduncles axillary, 
 whorled : lower lip of the calyx with 2 ciliate 
 bristles. 5 or 6 inches high. 
 
 glabra (C. %.) glabrous : lower leaves oblong, 
 upper ones lanceolate, remotely serrate : pe- 
 duncles terminal, temate. 
 
 Hedera, 42. 
 
 helix (english ivy. E. g-w. S. b leaves 3 or 5- 
 lobed, iloral ones ovate : umbel erect. 
 
 Hedysarim, 81. 
 
 canadense (bush trefoil W. C. r. Ju. 11.) erect, 
 smootliish : leaves ternate, lance-oblong : sti- 
 pules filiform : flowers racemed : joints of the 
 foment obtusely-triangled, hispid. 
 
 canescens (P. r-b. Au. 2/.) erect, pilose: stem 
 angled-ciliate, hispid : leaves ternate, round- 
 ish, with close-pressed hairs beneath : stipules 
 ovate, acuminate : racemes panicled : bracts 
 cordate : joints of the loment triangular, his- 
 pid 
 
 marilandicum (C. P. p. Ju. %.) erect, branching, 
 pilose : leaves ternate, oblong, villose beneath : 
 stipules subulate : racemes panicled : loment 
 8-jointed ; the joints rhomboid, reticulate, a 
 little hairy. Flowers large. 
 
 obtusum (C. P. p. & g. Au. "V.) erect, pubescent : 
 leaves ternate, ovate, obtuse, subcordate at the 
 base : stipules lance-subulate : panicle termi- 
 nal : joints of the loment suborbiculate, reticu- 
 late, hispid : loments rough, joints oval. 
 
IIEDYSARUM. 265 
 
 vtridtflorum (W. C. P. Y. g. & p. An. %.) erect, 
 branching, pubescent : leaves ternate, ovate-ob- 
 long, scabrous beneath : stipules lance-cttspi* 
 date : mcemes panicled, bracted. About 3 
 feet high. Flowers become greenish when old. 
 
 glabdlum (C. p. Ju. l(.) erect, glabrous : leaves 
 temate, ovate, obtuse, subglaucous beneath : 
 stipules small, subulate : panicle terminal : 
 joints of the loment rhomb-triangular. 
 
 ire (W. 1*. ]). An. %.) erect, a little glabrous : 
 leaves termite, ovate, pubescent beneath, mar- 
 gin ciliate : stipules filiform : panicle terminal : 
 joints of thcloment (2 or 3) half-orbicular, his- 
 pid. 
 
 paniculatum (C. A. P. p. An. %.) erect glabrous : 
 leaves ternate, lance-oblong or oval, glabrous : 
 stipules subulate: panicle terminal : joints of 
 the loinent (4) rhomboid, pubescent. 
 
 rotumlijblium (Y. C P. p. An. 2>.) prostrate, hir- 
 sute : leaves ternate, orbicular, pilose both 
 sides : stipules round-cordate, rellexed : ra- 
 ceraeti axillary and in the terminal panicles 
 few-flowered : bracts cordate : joints of the lo- 
 ment sub-rhombic, reticulate scabrous. 
 
 bract eosum (P. r. Au. i£.) erect, glabrous : leaves 
 ternate, oblong-oval, acuminate: stipules sub- 
 ulate : racemes terminal with scattered flow- 
 ers : bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, gla- 
 brous : joints of the loment sub-oval. Flowers 
 large. 
 
 cuspidatum (P.p. Au. *U.) erect, glabrous : leaves 
 ternate, petioled, ovate-oblong, long-acumi- 
 nate, glabrous, margin scabrous : stipules 
 lance-ovate : panicle terminal : joints of the 
 loment triangular, reticulate, glabrous, at the 
 margin pubescent. 
 
 giuHnosum TO. p. Ju. 11.) erect, simple: leaves 
 long-netioled, ternate, round-ovate, acuminate : 
 panicle scape-like, proceeding from one side of 
 the base of tbe stem : peduncles with glutinous 
 
266 HEDYSARUM, HELIANTHUS. 
 
 hairs : joints of the loment oblong-triangular, 
 a little glabrous. 
 
 nudiflorum (C. p. Ju. % •) erect, simple, glabrous : 
 leaves ternate, broad-oval^ acuminate : scape 
 panicled, glabrous, radical : stem bearing 
 leaves higher : joints of the loment round-tri- 
 angular, somewhat glabrous. 
 
 acuminatum (O. p. Ju. %.) erect, simple, pubes- 
 cent, leafy at the summit ; leaves ternate, ovate, 
 long-acuminate, with scattered hairs on both 
 sides close-pressed, long-petiolcd ; the odd leaf- 
 et round-rhomboid : panicle long-peduncled, 
 terminal. 
 
 repeats (P. p. Au. % .) leaves round-oval, emargi- 
 nate : racemes axillary : loments repand-tooth- 
 ed ; stem creeping. 
 
 prostratum (P. p. Au. 1|.) prostrate: leaves pe- 
 tioled ; leafets oval, obtuse, thin hairs under- 
 side close-pressed : branches axillary, longer 
 than the leaves : loments ovate pubescent. Les- 
 pedeza prostrata. Pursh. 
 
 strictum (C. p. Ju. % .) stiffly erect, glabrous, 
 simple : leaves petioled, ternate, linear-oval, 
 glabrous net-veined, glaucous beneath : sti- 
 pules subulate : panicle terminal, peduncled, 
 few-flowered. 
 
 Hedysarum, see Lespedeza. 
 
 Helenium, 87. 
 
 auiumnale (false sunflower. P. y. Oc. %.) leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate, subdecurrent : stem co- 
 rymbed above : disk florets 5-cleft 5 rays flat, 
 reflexed. 
 
 Helianthus, 87. 
 
 1. Leaves apposite, 
 
 annum (common sunflower. South America, y. 
 6c w. Ju. ®.) leaves all cordate, 3-nerved : pe- 
 
HELIANTIirS. CG7 
 
 (fancies thickened : flowers nodding* Flowers 
 xevy large 
 
 pubescent (r. y. An. S .) white-pubescent : stem 
 villose: leaves sessile, heart-ovate, clasping, 
 3 -nerved, close-pressed subserrate : scales m 
 the calyx lanceolate villose. 
 
 atrmibens (P. y. & p. An. %.) hispid : stem na- 
 kedish above, lax-panu led. leaves spatulatc, 
 ovate, crenate, 5-ncrvrd, scabrous : scales of 
 the calyx lance-ovate, of the length of the disk. 
 
 traehelifolins (C. P. Can. y. An. 2/.) leaves lance- 
 ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, very rough 
 both sides : scales of the calyx lancc-lincar, 
 ciliate, outer ones longest. About 3 feet high. 
 
 divaricahis ^C. P. Cany. Au. 1J.) stein glabrous, 
 very branching : leaves nearly opposite, ses- 
 sile, lance-ovate, 3-nerved : panicle trichoto- 
 mous, slender, few-flowered. 5 or 6 feet high. 
 
 frondosus (C. P. Can. y. Ju. %.) stem glabrous 
 below : leaves ovate, sharply-serrate : pedun- 
 cles scabrous : calyx squarrose, undulate, leafy, 
 ciliate : rays 8-flowered. 4 feet high. 
 
 2. Upper leaves alternate. 
 
 multijlorus (P. y. Au. 1(.) leaves 3-ncrved, sca- 
 brous ; lower ones cordate, upper ones ovate : 
 ray many-flowered : scales of the calyx lan- 
 ceolate. 
 
 macropfujllus (P. y. Au. %.) leaves ovate, acumi- 
 nate, 3-nerved, serrate : scabrous above, white- 
 pubescent beneath: scales of the calyx linear, 
 squarrose. 
 
 tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke. E. y. S. %.) leaves 
 3-nerved, scabrous, lower ones heart-ovate, 
 upper ones ovate, acuminate; petioles ciliate. 
 Root tuberous. Naturalized. 
 
 Strumosns (New England. 1/.) leaves ovate, acu- 
 minate, serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous beneath : 
 scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate at the 
 base. 
 
 altissimus (C. P.y. Au.flf.) leaves alternate, lance- 
 
268 HELIANTHUS, HELLEBORUS. 
 
 ovate, serrate, scabrous, 5-nerved, slender at 
 the apex, with ciliate petioles : scales of the ca- 
 lyx lanceolate, ciliate. Chaff on the recepta- 
 cle green, stem purple. 
 
 giganteus (Can. P. y. Ail. X'-) leaves alternate, 
 lanceolate, serrate, scabrous, obsoletely 3-nerv- 
 cd, tapering to both ends, subsessile,«ciliate at 
 the base : scales of the calyx lanceolate, ciliate, 
 Tall and rough. Chaff on the receptacle black. 
 
 decapetalus (0. y. Au. %,) leaves ovate, acumi- 
 nate, remotely serrate, S-Tierved, scabrous : 
 scales of the calyx lanceolate, subequal, subci- 
 liate : rays ten or twelve. Three or four feet 
 high. 
 
 mollis (P. y. Ju. %.) leaves ovate acuminate, 3- 
 ncrved, with close-pressed serratures scabrous 
 abovc,white-pubescent beneath very soft : scales 
 of the calyx lanceolate, close-pressed. 
 
 angustifolius (C. y. S. #.) stem slender, about 1- 
 flowered : leaves linear, with a revolute mar- 
 gin, very rough. Rays yellow, disk brown. 
 
 HELiorsis, 86, 
 
 laevis (ox-eye. P. Au. %.) leaves opposite, ovate, 
 serrate, 3-nerved. Tall, resembling the sun- 
 flowers. 
 
 Hexiotropium, 37. 
 
 hidicum (turnsole. Southern states, b. Ju. Q.) 
 leaves heart-ovate, acute, roughish : spikes so- 
 litary : fruit bifid. 
 
 Helleborus, 66. 
 
 foetidus (hellebore. E.) stem many-flowered, 
 leafy : leaves pedatc, remotely serrate, coria- 
 ceous : corol somewhat converging. 
 
 Helleborus, see Coptis. 
 
HELONIAS, HEPATIGA. 309 
 
 IIelomv-. 50. 
 
 latifolia (helonias. C. P. j). M. % ) scape almost 
 leafless : spike ovate crowded : brad lance- 
 linear, mucronate, nerved. Anthers blur. 
 
 erythrosperma (1*. w. & g. J. if..) scape leafy : ra- 
 cemes oblong: bracts short, oblong : leaves 
 glabrous, lance-linear : seed ovate, reddish : 
 pericarp legumelike, fleshy. 
 
 asphodcloides (C w. J. I}..) scape leafy : raceme 
 oblong, crowded : bracts setaceous : filamens 
 broader at the base, equalling the corol : leaves 
 subulate-setaceous. 
 
 dioica (V.w.J u. 2/.) scape leafy : raceme spiked, 
 nodding : pedicels short, subtracted : fila- 
 ments longer than the corol : petals linear ; 
 leaves lance-oblong. 
 
 Helveixa, 118, 
 
 j'uli^inosa (smoky fungus. A.) inflated, angular, 
 plaited, blackish or dark coloured: stem tubu- 
 lar, greyish, furrowed. 
 
 gclatinosa, convex, bi'own-yellow, deflected, plait- 
 ed : stem tubular, brownish-yellow. 
 
 fibulij'ormis, ochre above, blackish beneath : stem 
 short dark brown. 
 
 calyciformis, ochre, glabrous, granular-surfy be- 
 neath : stem shortflesh-colour, granular-scurfy, 
 
 Hemeroca:llis, 50. 
 
 Jlava (yellow day-lily. E. y. Ju. 11 .) leaves broad- 
 linear, keeled : petals flat, acute ; nerves of 
 the petals undivided. 
 
 fulra (tawny day-lily. E, jr. Ju. % ) leaves linear- 
 lan< eolate, keeled : three inner petals obtuse, 
 undulate ,* nerves of the outer petals branching. 
 
 HePATICA, 66. 
 
 triloba (liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. %.) leaves $* 
 
 X 2 
 
2r0 HEPATICA, HEUCHERA. 
 
 lobed, entire, obtuse : calyx leaves broad-ovate, 
 obtuse. Var. acuta, leaves 3 to o-lobed, acute : 
 calyx leaves acute. Perhaps this variety ought 
 to constitute a distinct speeds. It has been ob- 
 served by Professor Dewey, that near Williams 
 College, all the plants of this species growing 
 on the north sides of hills are of the variety 
 acuta. 
 
 Heraceelm, 45- 
 
 lanatiun (0. w. Ju. 11.) petioles and nerves of the 
 leaves very villose beneath : leafets petioled, 
 broad, round-cordate, subpalmate-lobed : seed 
 orbicular. A large umbelliferous plant of a 
 white woolly appearance. Grows plentifully in 
 meadows east of Williams College. 
 
 Hesperis, 74. 
 
 iristis (yellow rocket. E. % .) stem hispid ; 
 branches spreading: leaves lance-ovate: silique 
 sword-form. 
 
 jnatronalis (garden rocket, dame violet. E. 11 .) 
 stem simple, erect : leaves lance-ovate, denti- 
 culate : petals einarginate, mucronate. Var. 
 hoi'tensis, flowers double, odoriferous, white. 
 
 pinnatijida (wild rocket. P. J. % .) leaves sharply 
 serrate ; upper ones lanceolate, tower ones piu- 
 natifid : silique sub-peduncled, shortish. 
 
 Heteraxtiiera, 528. 
 
 Ttnifor mis, (odd-shives. P. w. Ju. It.) leaves 
 round -reniform, acute : spathe sub-3-lobed, 
 glabrous. Leaves floating. 
 
 Heuchera, 44. 
 
 yiscida (allum root. C. P. r. Ju. 11.) viscid-pu- 
 bescent; scape, and leaves roughish : leaves 
 
HEUCHERA, HIBISCUS. 271 
 
 moderately round-lobcd, with dilated obtuse 
 mucronatc teeth : peduncles of the panicle very 
 die hotoinous, spread : calyx short, obtuse. H. 
 amern ana. 
 jmbescens i P.r. ky.J.%.) dusty-pubescent : scape 
 glabrous below : leaves sub-ar ute-lobed. tootli- 
 ed, glabrous beneath : pedusclefl oi' the panicle 
 short, with crowded flowers : calyx large, bell- 
 form : petals longer than tbe calyx, large. 
 
 Hibiscus, 77. 
 
 moscheutus (marsh mallow. C. w. &p. Au. TJ.} 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, sub-3-lobed, 
 sub-5-nerved, white-downy beneath : pedun- 
 cles flower-bearing, calyx downy : capsules 
 glabrous. 
 
 ■patustris (marsh hibiscus. C. P. p. Au. 11.) 
 leaves broad-oval, obtusely serrate, sub-3-lob- 
 ed, 3-nerved, downy beneath : peduncles axil- 
 ary, longer than the petiole. 
 
 riparius (P. p. Au. If. ) very glabrous : leaves 5- 
 lobed-hastate, acuminate, serrate : corol tubu* 
 lar-bellform ; capsules ovate, acuminate, glab- 
 rous : seeds silky. 
 
 syriacus (syrian mallow. E. w. &p. Au. h .) leaves 
 wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, toothed : outer calyx 
 about 8-leaved, of the length of the inner : stem 
 woody. A shrub 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 xsculentus (okra. E. 0.) leaves heart- 5-lobed, ob- 
 tusish, toothed : petiole longer than the flow- 
 er : outer calyx about 5-leaved, deciduous, 
 bursting lengthwise. 
 
 virginicius (sweat weed. C P. r. Au. %.) downy, 
 rough ; leaves acuminate, unequally toothed ; 
 lower ones cordate, undivided, upper ones cor- 
 date, undivided, upper ones cordate-oblong, 3- 
 lobed : peduncles axillary and in terminal ra- 
 cemes ; flowers nodding : pistils nodding. In 
 salt marshes. 
 
272 HIBISCUS, HIERACIUM. 
 
 trionum (bladder ketmia, flower of an hour. E. 
 <v>.) outer calyx many -leaved, inner one inflat- 
 ed : capsule membranaceous : leaves toothed^ 
 upper ones 3 -parted. 
 
 HlERACIUM, 82. 
 
 Mirantiacum (orange hawkweed. E. y. 1J..) scape 
 leafy, hispid : flowers corymbed, peduncles 
 glomerate : leaves oblong, acutish, pilose-his- 
 pid. 
 
 rcnosum (vein-leaf hawkweed. O.y. Ju. T/.) scape 
 naked, corymb-paniclcd, glabrous ; pedicels 
 filiform : leaves lance-obo\ ate with thin hairs 
 above and naked beneath, margin filiate, glan- 
 dular-toothed, veins coloured : calyx glabrous. 
 
 gronovii (C. P. Ju.^.) scape somewhat leafy, 
 or naked, corymb-panicled : calyx pubes- 
 cent : radical leaves entire, obovate, obtuse, 
 ciliate. 
 
 paniculatum (0. y. Ju. %.) very glabrous : stem 
 erect, leafy, panicled, white-woolly beneath : 
 pedicels capillary : leaves lanceolate, naked, 
 toothed, membranaceous. 
 
 morianum (C. W. N. y. Ju. If..) stem erect, vil- 
 lose : leaves oval-obovate, strigosc, villose on 
 the keel, lower ones subdentate : peduncles 
 and calyxes downy. Resembles the H. gro- 
 novii. 
 
 halmil (P. y. Au. %.) stem erect, many -flower- 
 ed, glabrous : leaves subscssile, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, sharply toothed outside : peduncles 
 cauline, near the top of the stem alternate, 
 about 1 -flowered, downy. 
 
 virgalum (W. N. Ju Tl./stem erect, simple, vil- 
 lose : leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, 
 pilose beneath, sharply repand-toothed at the 
 margin, entire towards the apex : panicle sub- 
 carjmbed : calyx and peduncle tomentose. 
 
 scubrum (P. y. Au. Jf .) x^ry hirsute ; stem erect, 
 
HIERACIUM, IIOLOSTEUM. 273 
 
 leafy, hispid, scabrous with tawny dots ; leaves 
 oblong-ovate, entire, hirsute both sides : pani- 
 de su'i-simple, many-flowered: calyx and pan- 
 icle glandular-hispid : pedicels short, divari- 
 cate. From 3 to 5 feet high. 
 
 HirPorHAE, 98. 
 
 canadensis (sea buckthorn. C. M. ^ .) leaves 
 ovate, acutish. a little glabrous above, silver- 
 haired and brilliant beneath ; scales scattered 
 ferruginous. 
 
 Hippuris, 25. 
 
 vulgaris (mares tail. P. W. C. y-g. M. X ) leaves 
 mostly in sixes, linear. In water. 
 
 Hotcus, 35, 
 
 lanaius (soft grass. P. C. J. 11 .) glumes 2-flow- 
 ered, the perfect flower awnless, the stamin- 
 ate one awned, recurved, flower much shorter. 
 
 odoratus (C P. Ju. U.) panicle spreading : glumes 
 3-flowered, awnless ; florets crowded ; perfect 
 one in the middle, diandrous, glabrous ; stam- 
 inate one triandrous. 
 
 monticola (Whitehills. Ju.) glumes 3-flowered, 
 intermediate one diandrous, perfect ; lateral 
 ones staminate, triandrous : outer valve awn- 
 ed upon the back. A new species discovered 
 by Dr. Bigelow, 
 
 Holosteum, 33. 
 
 Succulentum (succulent chickweed. C) leaves oval, 
 fleshy: petals subtriiid, smaller than the calyx. 
 Pursh doubts the existence of this plant iu 
 America. 
 
274 HORDEUM, HUDSONIA. 
 
 HoRDEUM, SO. 
 
 tulgare (barley, E. Ju. ®.) florets all perfect, 
 awned ; in two erect rows. • 
 
 jubatum (New-England. Ju. % .) awns and invo- 
 lucres setaceous, very long. 
 
 HoRTEXSIA, 59. 
 
 speciosa (changeable hydrangea, r. & w. J. h 
 leaves broadly ovate, serrate, acuminate : flow- 
 ers eorymbcd. From the East Indies. This 
 is the common flower-pot shrub, usually called 
 hyderindia. 
 
 Hottoxia, 38. 
 
 palustris (water violet. C. Ju. 11.) flowers whorl- 
 ed, subsessile : stem geniculate, with inflated 
 joints. In stagnant waters. 
 
 Houstoxia, 34. 
 
 coerulea (Venus' pride. O. b. & w\ M. %.) stem 
 erect, setaceous, dichotomous : radical leaves 
 spatulatc ; cauline ones oblanceolate, opposite : 
 peduncles 1 -flowered elongated. 
 
 purpurea (C P. p. Ju. 2/.) stem erect, branch- 
 ing above, pubescent at the knee joints : leaves 
 sessile, ovate, lanceolate or lance-linear : fas- 
 cicles terminal, corvmbed. 
 
 Jongijolia (P. p. Ju. %.) stem erect, very branch- 
 ing, glabrous : leaves linear : flowers ter- 
 minal, fascicled, subsessile, often ternate. 
 
 Hud sox i a, 60. 
 
 ericoides (false heath. C. y. J. k •) leaves acerose- 
 isubulate, hirsute : peduncles filiform, solitary. 
 About 6 inches higD.j 
 
HUM I 17LS, 11VDXLM. 275 
 
 IIumilus, 99. 
 
 lupulus (hop. 0. g-y. An. T/0 stem twining with 
 the sun : leaves lobed. This plant is < ailed 
 an exotic by some botanists. I .should judge, 
 ironi the wild state in which f have seen it, that 
 if it is exotiCi it was introduced by the Indiana 
 along with the' oaks, pines and maples. 
 
 JIyacinthus, 50. 
 
 orientalis f garden hyacinth. E. r. Ap. 11.) corol 
 
 funnel-form, half-6-clelt, ventricose at the base. 
 muscari (musk, hyacinth. E. b. Ap. 2/.) corols 
 
 ovate, all equal. 
 bctrwrides (grape hyacinth. E. b. Ap. Z'.) corols 
 
 globose, uniform : loaves cy lindiic, channelled, 
 
 strait. 
 comosus (purple grape hyacinth. E. p.) corol angu- 
 
 lar-cyhndric ; at the summit sterile, long-pe- 
 
 duncled, erect. 
 
 Hydnum, nr. 
 
 imbricatum (prickly fungus) on a stem, imbricate, 
 convex, red-brown with darker scales : stem 
 pale-brown or brow nish-white. 
 
 rcpandum, convex, lobed, cinnamon : prickles 
 oblique, soft, cinnamon : stem round. 
 
 coralloides, whitish, much-branched : branches 
 compressed, deflected at the ends : prickles in- 
 curved : on a stem. 
 
 minimum, roundish, leathery or woody, stemless: 
 prickles soft, pale to strong golden, becoming 
 grey. 
 
 chrysorhizum (paper punk.) yellow, membrana- 
 ceous, stemless, spread : root golden-yeil w, 
 filiform, with intersecting branches ; extend- 
 ing far along the grains of decaying wood. 
 The root of this fungus has been often noticed 
 
276 HYDNUM, HYDROCOTYLE. 
 
 several yards in length; but Dr. J. Torrey, of 
 New- York, was the first,' I believe, who traced 
 it to the pileus, and proved it a hydnunu 
 
 Hydrangea,. 58. 
 
 vulgaris (hydrangea. P. w. An. h leaves oblong- 
 ovate, obtuse at the base, acuminate, toothed, 
 glabrous beneath : cymes naked. A shrub 
 about 5 feet high. 
 
 nivea (P. w. Ju. k leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 toothed, snow-white down beneath* scrratures 
 mucronate : cymes radiate. 
 
 Hydrangea, see Hortcntia. 
 
 Hydrastis, 66. 
 
 canadensis (orange root. P. w-r. Ap. %.) stem 
 with 2 opposite leaves above ; leaves petroled, 
 emarginate at the base, palmate, serrate, gash- 
 ed : peduncle terminal, solitary, I- flowered. 
 Roots yellow. 
 
 Hydrocotyle, 45. 
 
 nmhellata (water navel wort. P. M. 1/1.) leaves pel- 
 tate, crcnate, at the base emarginate : umbels 
 peduncled, many -flowered. 
 
 americana (O. g-w. J. %.) glabrous, tuberous: 
 leaves subpeltate, orbicular, doubly-crenate : 
 subumbelled glomerules few-iiowered. Flowers 
 very small. Plant low and subprostrate. 
 
 Vulgaris (P. g-w. J. If .) leaves orbicular, peltate, 
 slightly crenate : scape interruptedly spiked, 
 few-tlowered. 
 
 bipinnata (bulbous pennywort P. g-w. An. 7/0 
 root bulbous : stem simple, 2-lcavcd, lateral 
 leaf 3 -parted ; divisions subpinnate, leaflets di- 
 vided, terminal one sub-biternate : umbels ter- 
 minal, 3 to 6-flowered. Anthers dark purple. 
 
HYDROPELTIS, HYPERICUM. 277 
 
 IIvi)i{ori:LTis, 66. 
 
 purpurea {water shield. II. C. Chatham, (Ncw- 
 YorkO Plainfield,(Maa8.) P. p. An. z:.) leaves 
 peltate, oval, entire : peduncles solitary, I -flow- 
 ered. The leaves float on the surface of water, 
 having a Jong flexible petiole. Plant mostly 
 covered with mucilage. 
 
 IIydropjiyllum, 37. 
 
 appcndiculatum (waterleaf. P. b. \I. if.) very 
 hirsute : radical leaves subpinnatifid, cauline 
 oik* lobe-angled : sinuses of the calyx appen- 
 daged : the fasicles of flowers subpanicled. 
 Calyx very hispid. 
 
 .virgimcum (hurr-iiower.W. P. b. J. if.) glabrous : 
 Leaves pinnate and pinnatifid, divisions lance- 
 oval, gash-serrate : fascicles of the flowers con- 
 glomerate. The flowers have the appearance 
 of a burr several weeks before they expand. 
 
 QOMadenst (rough burr-flower. W. P. p. & w. Ju. 
 %.) hirsute : leaves lobe-angled : fascicles of 
 the flowers crowded. Resembles (the last in 
 some respects ; but the leaves arc much larger. 
 
 Hyoscyamus, 39. 
 
 nigcr (henbane. E. Ju. % .) leaves clasping shnu 
 ate : flowers veiny, sessile. 
 
 Hyoseris, 82. 
 
 ample xicaulis (P. C. W. y. J.) radical leaves 
 sublyrate, cauline ones clasping, lanceolate, 
 entire. H. prenanthoides. 
 
 Hypericum, G5. 
 
 1. Flowers with 5 styles, 
 
 ascijroides (St. John's wort. A. W. P. C.y. Ju. V.) 
 herbaceous, glabrous : stem simple 4-corner- 
 
278 HYPERICUM. 
 
 ed : leaves sessile, oblong, acute, glabrou* : 
 flowers terminal; styles of the length of the 
 stamens : leafets of the calyx lance-ovate. 
 Flowers very large. 
 
 jnjrami datum (Can- Ju. ^ .) herbaceous, erect : 
 stem about 4-angled, branching: leaves sessile, 
 oblong, acute, glabrous : flowers terminal : 
 Styles shorter than the stamens : leafets of the 
 calyx ovate, acute. 
 
 elatum (P. Ju. %* or \ .) branches 2-edged : 
 leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, narrow- 
 ed at the base, flowers terminal, subsolitary 
 leafets of the calyx oblong, acute: styles co- 
 adunate, nearly equalling the calyx, corol and 
 stamens. 
 
 prolificum (Y. P. J. %. or \ .) branches 2-edged: 
 leaves lance-linear, obtusish : corymbs axil- 
 lary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers at 
 first sessile ,• stamens and styles of the length 
 of the petals : leafets of the calyx lanceolate. 
 
 2. Flowers with 3 styles. 
 
 migulosum (C. P. y-r. Ju. %.) erect : stem 4-sid- 
 ed : leaves oblong, acute, closely sessile : pani- 
 cle terminal, dichotomous : branches divari- 
 cate, with distant, alternate flowers : calyx 
 subcampanulate, divisions lanceolate, acute, 
 keeled below, almost as long as the corol : pe- 
 tals with a single lateral tooth. 
 
 cunadense (N. C. W. P. Ju. 0.) erect, small flow- 
 ered: stem 4-sided, dichotomous above : leaves 
 sessile, linear, sleuder at the base : the branch- 
 es of the panicle opposite, the branchlets dicho- 
 tomous : capsules long, conic, coloured. Cap- 
 sules red. 
 
 VJrginicum (C. N P. Y. p. Au. %.) flowers with 
 9 or 1 2 stamens, distinctly arranged in three 
 parcels and separated by nectaries : leaves 
 oval, obtuse, clasping : stem compressed. El«- 
 dea campanulata. Pursh. 
 
HYPERICUM, HYPNUM, 279 
 
 parviflorum ((). y. Ju. %.) erect, small glabrous ; 
 dicnotomous-ramose, somewhat 4-sided : leaves 
 ovate-oblong, subcordate, obtuse, nerved, ses- 
 sile : panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed : 
 petals shorter than the lanceolate calyx. 
 
 eorymbosum (A. C. y. Ju. If.) erect, glabrous,, 
 darkly-punctate : stem terete, branching : 
 leaves clasping, oblong-oval, o!)tuse : corymbs 
 terminal brachiate, dense-flowered : divisions 
 of the calyx lanceolate, acute. 
 
 perforatum (O. y. J. %.') erect, branching : stem 
 2-edged : leaves oblong, obtuse, transparently- 
 punctate : panicle terminal, brachiate, leafy : 
 f)etals twice as long as the acute lanceolate ca- 
 yx. This is the common St. John's wort, so 
 troublesome to farmers. 
 
 IIvrxuM, 108. 
 
 1. Capsules drooping : leaves Z-rowed. 
 
 denticulatum (sleeping moss.) leaves ovate, point- 
 ed, nervless, entire, close : capsule oblong; 
 lid conic. 
 
 serrulatum, creeping, much branched: leaves 
 ovate-lanceolate, pointed, serrate, 1 -nerved at 
 bottom, crowded, spread ; lid awlform. 
 
 riparium, branched, spread : leaves ovate, point- 
 ed, entire, 1 -nerved, rather remote : lid conic. 
 
 i 2. Capsules drooping : leaves inibi -Irate every way. 
 
 splendens, doubly pinnate: leaves lance-ovate, 
 pointed, concave, nervless, close -pressed : cap- 
 sule ovate, lid curved. 
 
 drUcatulum, procumbent, doubly-pinnate : leaves 
 heart-lanceolate, pointed, 3-nerved : lid awl- 
 form : teeth of inner fringe imperforate. 
 
 abietinum, pinnate, compressed, villous : leaves 
 hearted, pointed, entire; 3- striate, appressed, 
 lid conic. 
 
280 HYPNUM. 
 
 adnatum, creeping, with nearly simple branches : 
 leaves oblong-lanceolate, * concave, entire, 
 nerveless, lid conic. 
 
 intricatum, creeping: leaves* linear-lanceolate, 
 pointed, serrate, 1 -nerved at bottom : capsule 
 ovate : lid conic. 
 
 serpens (AV. M.) creeping : leaves lance-ovate, 
 pointed, entire, 1 -nerved at bottom : capsule 
 cylindric : lid bossed. 
 fdamentosum, branches numerous, iriterwoven : 
 leaves ovate, entire, 1 -nerved, appressed, cap- 
 sule ovate : lid conic. 
 
 Vutescens, procumbent, much branched : leaves 
 lance-pointed, S-nerved, entire : capsule cylin- 
 dric: lid conic, pointed. 
 
 'Ilecebrum, with scattered obtuse branches : leaves 
 ovate-oval, concave, obtuse with a point, obso- 
 lctely 1 -nerved. 
 
 cuspidatum, pinnate, cuspidate : leaves oblong- 
 wViitC, cuspidate, entire, nerveless : lid conic, 
 acute. 
 
 3. Capsule drooping : leaves spreading every way. 
 
 spiniforme (W. M.) erect, simple : leaves linear 
 awlform, serrulate, ending in a bristle : capsule 
 ovate : lid oblique. 
 
 'striatum, much branched : leaves ovate-deltoid, 
 acute nearly entire, striate below : lid awlform, 
 curved. 
 
 stellatum, erect, branched : leaves ovate lanceo- 
 late, pointed, nerveless, entire : capsule cylin- 
 dric : lid conic. 
 
 Squarrosum, irregularly pinnate : leaves heart- 
 ovate, pointed, entire, nervlcss, incurved, keel- 
 ed : lid conic. 
 
 4. Capsules drooping : leaves falcate, pointing one 
 
 way. 
 
 cupressiforme, prostrate, pinnate : leaves ovate - 
 awliorm, concave, nerveless, close imbricate : 
 lid cuspidate. 
 
 
HYPNUM, HYSSOPUS, 
 
 conimutatunii procumbent, pinnate: leaves ovate - 
 
 awlform, tortile, 1 -nerved at bottom : capsule 
 
 oblong, lid conic. 
 molluscum. procumbent, close pinnate : leaves 
 
 o\ ate-awlforin, close imbricate, nerveless : cap* 
 
 sule ovate, lid conic. 
 
 Hrroxis, 49, 
 
 erecta (star-grass. Y. II. C. A. P. N. y. Ju. % .) 
 pilose : scape 2 or 3-flowered : leaves lance- 
 linear : divisions of the corol lance-oblong. 
 
 graminea (C Ju. TJ..) pilose : scape 4-flowered t 
 leaves long, grassy : divisions of the corol 
 lance-linear. 
 
 Htssopus, 68. 
 
 officinalis (hyssop. E. Ju. % .) flowers whorleiU 
 racemes one-way : intermediate division of the* 
 corol 2-lobed, entire : leaves lance-linear. 
 nepetoides (giant hyssop. P. W. ^~y. Ju. H .) spikes) 
 whorled, cylindric : styles shorter than the co-, 
 rol : leaves subcordate, ovate, acuminate, acute- 
 ly toothed. Near Williams College and in 
 Pownal it grows from 4 to 7 feet high. 
 scrophularifolius (P. p. Ju. 2/.) spikes whorled,., 
 cylindric : styles longer than the corol : leaves 
 heart-ovate, acuminate^ obtusely toothed. About 
 2 feet high. 
 
 These two species seem to be the same. The* 
 species at "Williamstown has the styles much lon- 
 ger than the corol ; while its size, colour of the 
 corol and the other characters, make it the nepcfc 
 toides. 
 
 Yy 
 
m: IBERIS, IMPATIENS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Iberis, 74.. 
 
 unibellata (candy tuft. K. \v. Ju. ®.) leaves lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate x lower ones serrate, upper 
 ones entire. 
 
 Ilex, 56. 
 
 canadensis (mountain holly. W. Y. H. Catskill 
 Mt. g-y. M. k leaves deciduous, ovate, en- 
 tire or a little serrate at the apex, glabrous : 
 peduncles suhsolitary, long, 1 -flowered : fruit 
 somewhat 4-sided. A shrub 3 to 5 feet high. 
 Grows on the mountain northeast of Williams 
 College. 
 
 wpaca (evergreen holly. Y. C. H. P. g-w. M. h 
 leaves evergreen, ovate, acute, spinose, gla- 
 brous, flat : flowers scattered at the base of the 
 shoots of the preceding year. A middle size 
 tree. 
 
 taxjflora (Connecticut? g-w. J. \ .) leaves ovate, 
 sinuate-toothed, spinose, shining, flat : pedun- 
 cles above the axils on the younger branches. 
 An evergreen shrub. Berries yellowish red. 
 J do not know that this grows in Connecticut 
 I saw the dried leaves only of a shrub from 
 the southwest part of that state, which agreed 
 'with the above description. 
 
 Lllecebrxm, 42. 
 
 Capitatum (head knotgrass. E. i|.") bracts shin- 
 ing, hidden under the terminal head : leaves 
 ciliatc, villose beneath. 
 
 Imfatietvs, 42. 
 
 ftalsamina (balsam weed. E. y. Au. ©-) pe- 
 duncles aggregate, 1 -flowered : leaves lanceo- 
 
 
IMPATIEXS, INULA. 283 
 
 late, upper ones alternate : nectary shorter 
 than the flowers. 
 nolitangere (jewel-weed, touch-me-not, O. y. Ju. 
 
 J peduncles many flowered, solitary : leaves 
 ovate, obtusely toothed : joints of the stem tu- 
 mid. 
 
 biflora (speckled jewels. W. P. y. & r. Ju. ®.) 
 peduncles mostly 2-flqwered, solitary : leaves 
 ovate, sharply toothed. Is not this a variety of 
 the last ? 
 
 Imperatoria, 46. 
 
 ostruthium (masterwort. N. 2/,) leaves ternate^ 
 hroadish, serrate. This plant grows wild 
 about Northampton, and there appeal's no ev- 
 dence of its being of exotic origin. 
 
 Indigofera, 79° 
 
 iinctorm (indigo. E. \ .) leaves pinnate, oblong, 
 glabrous, in four pairs : racemes shorter than 
 the leaves : legumes terete, somewhat arched^ 
 From the East Indies. 
 
 Inula, 86. 
 
 lidenium (elecampane. O. y. Au. 2/.) leaves 
 clasping, ovate, rugose, tomentose beneath : 
 scales of the calyx ovate. 
 
 Jalcata (C. y. S. 1£.) woolly : leaves sessile, li- 
 near, very acute : subfalcate, nerves hairy both 
 sides : peduncles few, axillary, corymbed : ca- 
 
 1 v \ and peduncle villose. 5 or 6 inches high. 
 mariana (C. y. Au. X .) villose : leaves sessile, 
 
 lance-oMong, tapering to the base, obtuse, 
 glandular-toothed, lower ones petioled, serrate- 
 peduncles axillary, corymbed, glandular-hairy. 
 About 12 or 14 inches high. 
 argentca (l\ y. %.) silky : leaves lanceolate, 3- 
 
284 INULA, IRIS. 
 
 nerved, erect, zigzag ; corymb subcompound,, 
 erect : scales of the calyx flat, pubescent. 
 
 Ipomaea, 39? 
 
 quamoclit (jasmine bindweed. P. r. w. Au. O.) 
 leaves pinnatifid linear ; flowers subsolitary 5 
 corol subtubular. 
 
 coccinea (Southern states, y-r. Ju. 0.) pubescent : 
 leaves cordate, acuminate, subangled : pedun- 
 cles about 5-flowered : calyx awned : corol tu- 
 bular : limb subentire. 
 
 lacunosa (P. w. & p. J. 0.) glabrous : flowers 
 cordate, acuminate, scrobiculate, angled at the 
 base : peduncles short, about 1 -flowered : ca- 
 lyx hairy : corol tubular, short : capsules hai- 
 ry. 
 
 bona-nox (Southern states, w. Ju. {£>.) very glab- 
 rous : leaves cordate, entire or angled : pedun- 
 cle 1 to 3-flowered : calyx awned : corol un- 
 divided, tube long. 
 
 nil (common morning-glory, P. b. Ju. <£}.) hirsute : 
 leaves ventricose 3-lobed : peduncles short, 1 or 
 2-flowered : bracts subulate ; calyx very vil- 
 lose, long-acuminate. 
 
 purpurea (E.J. ©.) pubescent : leaves cordate, 
 entire: peduncles 2 to 5-flowered: pedicels 
 nodding, thickened : divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate : capsules glabrous, 
 
 Inis, 28. 
 
 putnila (dwarf flower-de-luce. E. b. M. %.) 
 bearded : scape 1 -flowered : leaves ensiform, 
 glabrous : tube of the corol exsert : petals ob- 
 long, obtuse. 
 
 prismatica (New-Jersey, p. Ju. 11.) beardless: 
 stem solid, terete, equalling the leaves : leaves 
 very narrow, long : capsules, elongated; prisma* 
 tic, acute at both ends. 
 
mis, ISATIS. *W 
 
 crisiata (ladies 9 flag. Southern states, b. M. 2/.) 
 flowers with bearded crests : stem very short, 
 compressed, about I -flowered: leaves sword- 
 form, of the length of the flower : divisions of 
 the carol equal. 
 
 ginica (wild flag, wild iris. 0. b- p y. J. 2/.) 
 beardless : stem 2-cdged, many-flowered, tall- 
 er than the ensiform leaves : stigmas shorter 
 than the inner petals : capsules oblong, with fur- 
 rowed angles. 
 
 gracilis (Boston iris. Y. H. C. b. & y. J. %.") pe- 
 tals beardless, inner ones erect : leaves linear, 
 flat : germ triangular, with 2 grooves on each 
 side. Bigelow I found this species in great 
 plenty at New-Haven, in a meadow near the 
 north side of Pine-rock, halt' a mile east of Mr. 
 Lewis Bradley's. This species bad been called 
 a variety of the virginica, until Dr. B. gave the 
 specific distinctions. 
 
 ochroleuca (yellow iris. E. jr. M.) beardless : 
 leaves ensiform, depressed, striate : scape sub- 
 terete : germ 6-cornered. 
 
 vcrna (Southern states, b. & p. M. X'.) beardless, 
 stemless, 1 -flowered : leaves very long, grassy, 
 glaucous : tube long : petals sub-equal : cap- 
 sules roundish, sessile at the ground. 
 
 versicolor (C. P. p. J. %.) beardless : stem terete, 
 zigzag, equalling the leaves : leaves ensiform ; 
 stigmas equalling the inner petals : capsules 
 ovate, angles obtuse. 
 
 1 SAN THUS, 69. 
 
 cocruleus (blue gentian. C. P. b. Ju. ©.") viscid- 
 hairy : leaves lance-oval, acute at both ends, 
 3-nerved : peduncles 1 or 2-flowcred. 
 
 Isatis, 73. 
 
 tinctoria (woad. E. S .) radical leaves crenate } 
 cauline ones sagittate,, oblong. 
 
286 ISIDIUM! IVA* 
 
 IsiDITJM, 114. 
 
 daetylimts (coral lichen) effuse, rugged-warty, 
 somewhat cracked, papillary-branched, white : 
 warts long, cylindric, strait, clustered, solid, 
 their tips becoming- brown and bursting in 
 cracks: globules, when naked, a little convex. 
 
 coraUinus, tartarous, areolate [like a garden bed] 
 warty-bran* hed, grey-white : globes of the 
 branches of the same colour : globules punc- 
 tifor m , brown i sh . 
 
 westringii, tartarous, cracked, unequal, pale grey; 
 in angular, naked and slightly branched patch- 
 es : globules of the branches brown, tsedto 
 form a red dye. 
 
 oculatus, leprous, papillary, white ; warts top- 
 form : globules when naked piano-depressed, 
 becoming convex, black. 
 
 ISNARDIA, 35. 
 
 palustris (water purslane. O. g. J. lM leaves 
 ovate, entire : flowers axillary, solitary, ses- 
 sile. In water and wet places. 
 
 Itea, 42. 
 
 virginica (itea. P. w. J. i? .) leaves oblong, ser- 
 rate. 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 Iv.\, 88. 
 
 Jhttescens (hig-water shrub. II. Y. C. P. g. Au^ 
 
 h .) leaves lanceolate, punctate-scabrous, deep- 
 ly serrate : glomerules of florets globose, de- 
 pressed. Somewhat shrubby, 5 or 4 feet high. 
 Grows along the margins of salt marshes, &c. 
 
JASMIN UM, JUGLANS. *$7 
 
 J. 
 
 Jasmimm, 25. 
 
 fruticans (jasmine. E. y. h leaves alternate, 
 termite, simple : Icafets obovate, wedgeform, 
 obtuse : branches angled. 
 
 officinale (jasmine. E, w . k .) leaves pinnate, op- 
 posite : Icafets a ruminate. 
 
 Jeffersoxia, 54. 
 
 diphyUa (twin leaf. P. w. M. V-J) stcmlcss : pe- 
 duncles naked. 1 -flowered : leaves in pairs 
 Podophyllum diphyllum. Lin. 
 
 JUGLANS, 94. 
 
 1. Stamhuite anient simjile, pohjandrous. 
 
 regia (madeira nut. E. M. v. .) leafets about 9, 
 oval, glabrous, subserrate, subequal : fruit glo- 
 bose. Var. jraxinifolia, has 9 or 10 leafets, 
 oblong, serrate, smooth, lateral lower one ad- 
 nate On the common petiole. It is said that 
 this variety is indigenous to North America. 
 
 nigra (black walnut. P. C. M. b .) leafets numer- 
 ous, lance-ovate, serrate, subcordate, narrow- 
 ed above ; petioles and undersides of the leaves 
 subpubescent, fruit globose, with scabrous 
 punctures ; nut wrinkled. 
 
 %inerta (butternut. O. M fc.) leafets numerous, 
 lanceolate, serrate, rounded at tbe base, soft 
 
 })ubescence beneath : petioles villose : fruit ob- 
 ong-ovate, viscid, long-pcduncled ; nut rough- 
 ly sculptured. The bark is a strong cathartic. 
 
 £. Staminate anient compressed, tetrandrous. 
 
 sulcata (P. M. h •) leafets about 9, oblanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath : the 
 
2S8 JtJGLANS, JUNCUS. 
 
 terminal leafet subsessile, tapering- to the base : 
 fruit roundish, 4 -keeled : nut subglobose, a lit- 
 tle compressed, smooth, mucronatc. 
 
 squarrosa (shag- walnut, shamhickory. O. M. ^ .) 
 leafets about 7, long-petiolcd, lance-oblong, 
 acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beneath, 
 terminal one sessile : anient filiform, glabrous : 
 fruit globose, drepressed ; nut compressed, ob- 
 lique. 
 
 fomentosa (white-heart hickory. P. New Eng- 
 land. M. k •) leafets about 9, lance-oblong, 
 acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent, sca- 
 brous beneath, terminal one subpetioled : 
 aments filiform, very long, tomentose : fruit 
 subglobose, smooth ; nut sub-6-angled. 
 
 (imam (bitter nut. A. C. Y. P. M. h .) leafets 
 about 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser- 
 rate, glabrous both sides, the odd one short- 
 petioled: fruit subglobose, above the sutures 
 are prominent ; nut subglobose, mucronate, 
 putamen brittle. 
 
 porcina (pig-nut. O. M. T?.) leafets about 7, lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous both 
 sides ; terminal leafet subsessile : fruit pear- 
 form, or globose ; nut smooth, very hard. 
 Var. obcordaia, has obcordate nuts. Yar. Jici- 
 formis, has turbinate fruit. 
 
 Juxcus, 51. 
 
 1. Culms leajless. 
 
 effusus (rush-grass. O. J. 11 .) culm strait : pani- 
 cle lateral, spread, more than decompound : 
 capsules obtuse. Resembles the Scirpus acutus 
 in habit. 
 
 acutus (New-Jersey. Ju. 11 .) culm terete : pani- 
 cle terminal : involucre 2-leaved, spinose cap- 
 sules roundish, mucronate. Sea coast. 
 
 SZtaccus (W. Y. P. Ju. % .) culm filiform, nodding 
 
JUXCUS. 289 
 
 umbels lateral, compound, few-flowered : pe- 
 duncles many-flowered : calyx subulate. 
 
 squarrosus (C. --•) leaves squarrose, setaceous 
 2-rariked : little heads terminal, glomerate, 
 leafless. 
 
 marginatus (C. P. J. X'.) leaves flat, glabrous ? 
 corymb terminal, simple, proliferous; little 
 heads about lO-flowered : calyx equalling tbe 
 obtuse capsule. 
 
 nodosus . \> . C. P Ju. if. Cleaves with notted joints, 
 terete : corymb simple : little beads globose | 
 capsules acuminate, longer than tbe calyx. 
 
 2. Culms lea y. 
 
 polycepfialus (W. Y. P. J. U .) stem erect, few- 
 leaved : leaves with nutted joints : little beads 
 globose, many-flowered, subpaniclcd : calyx li- 
 near, triandrous. Var. tenuifolius bas filiform 
 leaves. 
 
 sylvaticus (P. Ju. %.) culm erect : leaves terete, 
 with notted joints : panicle more than decom- 
 pound : leafets of tbe calyx awned, interior 
 ones longer. 
 jluitans (floating reed-grass. P. Ju. 11.) stem de- 
 cumbent : leaves setaceous : flowers glomerate, 
 whorled ; glomerules leafy. 
 
 aenminatus (C. P. Ju. 1- .) culm leafy, erect: 
 leaves somewbat notty -jointed : panicle ter- 
 minal, compound glomerules about 3-flowered, 
 pedunrlcd and sessile : calyx slender, acumi- 
 nate. Triandrous. 
 
 bulbosus (C. Ju. 1^.} stem subrompressed, undi- 
 vided : leaves linear channelled : corymb ter- 
 minal : calyx obtuse, shorter than tbe round- 
 ish obtuse capsule. On dry ground. 
 
 tenuis (O. J. %,) culm leafy, simple, teretish : 
 leaves channelled : corymb terminal, dirhoto- 
 mous, shorter than the bracts : capsule oblong, 
 obtuse, shorter than tbe calyx, 
 
 Z 
 
£90 JUXCUS, JUNGERMANNIA; 
 
 bufonius (W. Y. C. J. Q.) culm leafy, dichoto* 
 mous : leaves angled, subsetaceous : flowers 
 oblong, solitary, sessile. 
 
 spicatus (Whitehflls. Au. Bigt) leaves flat : spike 
 raccmed, nodding, compound at the base : cap- 
 sules acute. 
 
 Remark. The three following species have 
 been placed under genus Luz'ula by "Willde- 
 now, Desvoux and some others. 
 
 pilosus (A* W. P. Ap. 11,) leaves flat, hairy : co* 
 lymb subsimple : peduncles single-flowered, 
 nodding : petals ovate, acute, shorter than the 
 capsule. 
 
 campestris (O. Ap. %.) leaves flat, with long fine 
 hairs : snikelets peduncled, somewhat nodding, 
 intermediate one sessile : leafets of the calyx 
 mucronate, longer than the obtuse capsule. 
 
 Tiielanocarpus (Whitehills. Ju.) culm leafy ; leaves 
 broadlsti, sublanceolate, glabrous : panicle ca- 
 pillary, very lax : flowers distinctly pedicelled : 
 capsules becoming black. 
 
 JtNGERMANXIA, 109. 
 
 1. Caulescent: branches compound, pinnate. 
 
 porella (false moss) branches flowering in the 
 middle : flowers nearly sessile : sheaths inflat- 
 ed : leaves obovate. 
 
 viticulosa, leaves flat, naked, linear. 
 
 polijanihos, leaves entires imbric ate, convex. 
 
 scalaris, leaves entire, ovate, 2-rowed : extremi- 
 ty of the stem bearing the staminate flowers. 
 
 lanceo!ata 9 fronds lanceolate: leaves entire : fruit 
 terminal. 
 
 bidentata, leaves ovate, 2-toothed. 
 
 QonnlvenSf creeping, branched : leaves ovate, a lit- 
 tle concave, cloven, with acute converging 
 lobes : flowers terminal, 
 
JUNGERMAXNIA, JUMPERUS. 
 
 bicuspidata, leaves roundish, emarginate, 2- row- 
 ed : flowers terminal. 
 
 2. Caulescent : fronds imbricate. 
 
 complanata, creeping : leaves appendaged hi 
 
 neath, doubly imbricate : branches equal. 
 tamariscifolia, leaves doubly imbricate, roundish, 
 
 appendaged beneath : stipules ovate, emargin- 
 
 ate : fruit terminal. 
 tomentelta, creeping, downy above : leaves entire, 
 
 downy. 
 pasilla, shoots very short, flowering at top : 
 
 leaves imbricate, crenato on the lore part. 
 
 3. Stemlcss. 
 
 tpinfofiUu Icafctonthe frond. 
 
 pingiiis, frond oblong, sinuate, slippery. 
 
 JuxirERUs, 101. 
 
 sdbina (savin. Can. h .) leaves opposite, obtuse, 
 glandular in the middle, i nlui ate four ways, 
 delicate, acute, opposite. A low shrub in tb«: 
 clefts of rocks. That which is cultivated is 
 from Europe. 
 
 prostrata (american savin. O. k .) leaves opposite, 
 acute, imbricate about 4 ways, smooth glau- 
 cous : branches horizontal or prostrate. Very 
 plenty in Pownal, four miles north of Williams 
 College. A shrub. 
 
 virginiana (red cedar, O. M. J? •) leaves in threes, 
 adnate at their bases : in the young state they 
 are imbricate, older they become spreading. 
 Hardly a middle sized tree. 
 
 communis (juniper. A. Y. N. Montgomery coun- 
 ty. C. M. h .) leaves in threes, spreading, mu- 
 cronate, longer than the berry. On the sand 
 plains, at the foot of Pine-rock, in New-Haven, 
 a root of it often sends off shoots, about 3 feet 
 
£92 JUSTICIA, KUHNIA. 
 
 in length, so close to each other, as to make a 
 kind of mat 12 or 14 feet in diameter. 
 
 Justicia, "£6. 
 
 adhatodn ( malabar nut. E. p. k .) leaves lance- 
 ovate : bracts ovate, nerved, permanent : hel- 
 met of the corol concave. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalmia, 57. 
 
 latifolia (laurel. O. r. Ju. ^ .) leaves long-petiol- 
 ed, scattered and in threes, oval, smooth both 
 sides : corymbs terminal, with viscid hairs. 
 Generally 4 or 5 feet high. But on Catskill 
 mountain it is found more than 20 feet high. 
 
 angustifolia (Kh«**pI?.»rcLCd. *? .) leaves in threes, 
 petiole', oblong, obtuse, sometimes rusty be- 
 neath : corymbs lateral : bracts linear : pedun- 
 cles and calyx with glandular hairs. A shrub 
 one or two feet high. 
 
 glauca (swamp laurel. P. N. Plainfield and Hins- 
 dale, Mass. r. M. h .) branchlcts 2-edged : 
 leaves opposite, subsessile, oblong, smooth, 
 glaucous beneath, margin re volute : corymb 
 terminal, bracted : peduncles and calyxes very 
 glabrous. 
 
 Krigia, 83. 
 
 xirginica (dwarf-dandelion. Y.C. P. N. y. M. (?).) 
 small : leaves lyrate, glaucous, smoothish, cili- 
 ate : scape 1 -flowered, twice as long as the 
 leaves : calyx about 8-leavcd. 
 
 Kuhnia, 84. 
 
 cnpatorioides (false boncset, P. v. Au. 71 .) glab* 
 
KTJTTNIA, LAMIUM. £93 
 
 pons : loaves petioled, broad-lanceolate, serrate : 
 corymb terminal, few-flowered, compact. 
 
 Critonia (1\ y. An. %. pubescent : leaves narrow- 
 lanceolate, about 2-toothed below, petioled, 
 punctate beneath ; Upper ones linear entire, 
 sessile : panicle terminal, spreading. 
 
 Kyulingia, 28. 
 
 monocephala (false bog-rush. New- Jersey. 1£.) 
 culm filiform, 3-sided : heads globose, sessile; 
 involucres 3-leaved, very long. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lactuca, 82. 
 
 sativa (lettuce. E. y. Ju. Q.) leaves roundish £ 
 cauline ones cordate : stem cor mbed. Var. 
 romana has oblong strait lea\ cs, narrowed at 
 the base. Var. crispa has sinuate-crenate 
 leaves, toothed, undulated, crisped ; radical ones 
 hairy on the keel. Var. lacimata has the low- 
 er leaves pinnatiiid and the upper ones runcin- 
 ate. 
 
 elongata (wild lettuce. O. y. J. % .) leaves smooth 
 beneath, lower ones runcinate, entire, clasp- 
 ing ; lowest ones toothed, highest ones lanceo- 
 late : flowers corymb -panicled. 3 to 6 feet 
 high. 
 
 LaMUTM, 68. 
 
 garganicum (dead nettle. E. %.) leaves cordate, 
 
 concave : throat of the corol inflated, tube 
 
 short. 
 purpureum (C. p. ©.) leaves cordate, obtuse, 
 
 toothed, petioled, crowded at the top : stem 
 
 nakedish downwards. 
 ampkxicauk (henbit, dead-nettle. Q. p. M- 0.) 
 
 Z 3 
 
294 LAPATHUM, LATHYRUS. 
 
 floral leaves sessile, clasping, gashed : radical 
 leaves lobed. 
 
 Lapathum, lOp. 
 
 acetosellum (field sorrel. O. g. & p. M. %.) leaves 
 lance-hastate, auricled, entire. This and the 
 next species are very properly separated in a 
 section from the genus Rumex by rersoon. As 
 they differ from the other species essentially in 
 qualities and habit, as well as in being uniform- 
 ly dioecious, I have taken Persoon's section for 
 a genus. 
 
 {icetosum f garden sorrel. E. If.) stem elongated % 
 leaves oblong, sagittate, acute, clasping. 
 
 Lathyrus, 79. 
 
 tyapidaceus (wild vet chling. C.) stem winged, 
 4 -cornered : stipules half-sagittate, ovate, acu- 
 minate, large : leafets in 3 pairs, oval-ovate, 
 ohtusish mucronate : peduncles 4 or 5-flower- 
 ed. Torrey. A new species, discovered by J. 
 Le Conte, Esq. 
 
 palustris (C. Can. w-p. Ju. ^.) stem winged : 
 stipules lance-semisagittate : leafets six, lance- 
 linear, acute ; peduncles about 3-flowered. 
 
 myrtifolius (C. P. r. Ju. If.) stem naked, 4-cor- 
 nered : stipules semisagittate, lanceolate, acu- 
 minate : leafets 4, lance-oblong, acute, mucro- 
 nate, net-veined : peduncles longer than the 
 leaves, about 3-flowered. 
 
 tenosus (P. p. Ju. If.) stem naked, 4-cornered : 
 stipules semisagittate, ovate, acuminate : leaf- 
 ets numerous somewhat alternate, ovate, ob- 
 tuse, mucronate, veiny, peduncles 5, shorter 
 than the leaves. 
 
 odvratus (sweet pea. E. J. (x>.) peduncles 2 -flow- 
 ered : tendril with % ovate-oblong leafets ; le^ 
 j?umcs hirsute. 
 
LATHYRUS, LAVATERA. Q9$ 
 
 latifolius (everlasting-pea. E. Au. %.) pcdunclc3 
 many flowered : tendril with 2 lancc-ovato 
 leaves ; membranaceous between joints. 
 
 chjmenum (various pea. E. Q.) peduncles ^-flow- 
 ered : tendril with many lanceolate leah'U i 
 stipules toothed. 
 
 artiadatus (jointed pea. E. Ju. © ) peduncles 
 about 1 -flowered : tendril with many attentate 
 lanceolate leafets : legume jointed. 
 
 sativus (chick-vetch. E. ®.) peduncles 1 -flower- 
 ed : tendrils with 2 and 4 leafets : legumes 
 ovate, compressed with two narrow wings on 
 the back. 
 
 Laurus, 55. 
 
 Camphoratus (camphor-tree. E. ^ .) leaves about 
 3-nerved, lance-ovate : panicle spreading. 
 From Japan. 
 
 henzoin (spice-bush, fever-bush. O. g. y. Ap. h .) 
 leaves wedge-obovate : flowers in urn belled 
 glomerules. A shrub from 4 to 8 feet high, 
 spicy tasted. 
 
 sassafras (sassafras tree. 0. y. M. 1? .) leaves en- 
 tire and lobed on the same plant. Size from 
 a low shrub to a smallish tree. The bark of 
 the root is very fragrant. The gum is useful 
 for inflamed eyes. Silliman. 
 
 Lavandula, 68. 
 
 spica (lavender. E. Au. T/.)l eavcs sessile, lance- 
 linear, with revolute margins : spike interrupt* 
 «dly naked. 
 
 Lavatera, 77. 
 
 thuringiaca (gay mallows. E. If.) lower leaves 
 angled ; upper ones 3-lobed, with the middle 
 one longest : peduncles solitary. 
 
29tf LAVATERA, LECIDEA. 
 
 arborea (tree mallows. E, S. % .) leaves 7-angled; 
 peduncles crowded. 
 
 Lechea, 53, 
 
 major (pin-weed. 0. g-p. Ju. %.') hirsute: leaves 
 lance-oblong,mucronate : panicle leafy: branch- 
 es bearing flowers at their tops : flowers in 
 fascicled racemes, one way, short-pedicelled : 
 stem erect. A dull unsightly weed, in barren 
 fields, about one foot high. 
 
 minor (O. g-p. Ju. %.) smoothish : leaves lance- 
 linear, acute : panicle leafy : branches elon- 
 gated, bearing flowers on all parts : stem as- 
 cending. 
 
 racemulosa (C. Ju. % ,) pubescence close-pressed? 
 leaves linear, acute, ciliate : panicle slender 
 very branching, nakedish : flowers small, al- 
 ternate, pedicelled : stem erect. 
 
 Lecidea, 112. ^ 
 
 1. Frond crustaceous, uniform. 
 
 incana, crust thin, somewhat membranous, gre£ 
 glaucous : spangles hoary. 
 
 faptphaema, thin, milk-white : spangles very mi* 
 mite, nearly palish-white. 
 
 muscorum, whitish, thin, somewhat mealy « 
 spangles flat, margined, black, becoming hem- 
 ispheric, confluent. 
 
 immersus, greyish-white, smooth : spangles im*- 
 mersed, margined, black $ becoming convex, de- 
 ciduous. 
 
 imrasemus, greyish, thin, uninterrupted, edged 
 with black : spangles black, flattish, margined, 
 becoming convex* 
 
 lapicidus, tartarous, broad, a little rugged in tm? 
 divisions, grey ; spangles depressed, flattisb, 
 
LECIDEA. 297 
 
 crowded, becoming unequal angular and con- 
 fluent, black. 
 
 albo-caerulesceiis, tartarous, equal, uninterrupted, 
 white : spangles raised, the disk flat, bluish- 
 white, frosty : margin becoming zigzag, black. 
 
 corticolus, effuse, cracked, pure-white : spangles 
 flat, close-pressed, minute, crowded, becoming 
 somewhat globular, black, grey-mealy. 
 
 pruinosus, leprous, \ery thin, rusty-red : spangles 
 plano-convex, deformed, bluish-black, mealy. 
 
 icmadophilus, effuse, granular, unequal, pale, 
 greenish-grey : spangles flat, flesh-colour, be- 
 coming dilated and a little convex, with a thin 
 zigzag margin. 
 
 russula, rugged, garden-bed-like, white : spangles 
 flat, deep red, becoming rusty -brow n. 
 
 obscurus, leprous somewhat nearly, blackish- 
 brown : spangles margined, dull rusty becom- 
 ing blackish. 
 
 2. Frond crustaceous, imbricate or lobed. 
 
 luridus, imbricate : lobes orbicular, crenate, 
 brownish-green, paler beneath : spangles black, 
 becoming convex. 
 
 smithii, imbricate : lobes crenate, greenish, white 
 beneath : spangles deformed, yellowish* 
 
 3. Frond leafy , peltate. 
 
 postulates, navelled, membranous, lobed, green- 
 ish-grey, blistered and warty above, dark olive 
 and deeply pitted beneath : spangles flat, black $ 
 margined, becoming plaited. 
 
 pensylvanicus, navelled, somewhat membranous 
 grey-brown, wrinkled and blistered above, 
 black-brown, pitted and granular beneath '• 
 /spangles flattish black with a margin some* 
 what zigzag. 
 
298 LEDUM, LEMNA, 
 
 Ledum, 57. 
 
 palustre (marsh-tea. Can. w. M. h .) leaves li- 
 neal*, margins re volute, iron-rust down be- 
 neath : stamens longer than the corol. 
 
 latifolium (lahrador-tea. P. Pittsfield, Mass. 
 James, w. r. J. h •) leaves linear-oblong, folded 
 in at the margin, iron-iv.st down beneath : sta- 
 mens mostly 5, equalling the corol. About 
 swamps. 
 
 Ledum, see Leiophyllum. 
 
 Leehsia, 31. 
 
 Unticularis (white grass. Y. Ju. ^.) branches of 
 the panicle sub -solitary ; spikelets imbricate : 
 glumes orbicular, ciliate, large. Mr. Leaven- 
 worth* a pupil of Prof. Ives, tound this species 
 three miles from Yale College. Heretofore it 
 has been found only west of the Allegany 
 mountains. 
 
 Tirginica (cut grass. W. C. P. Ju. 1J.) panicle 
 scattered : spikelets spreading : glumes ob- 
 long-oval, keel ciliate. In water and wet 
 ground* A very rough harsh grass. 
 
 Leiopiiyllijm, 57. 
 
 thymifolium (sleek-leaf.) leaves ovate, obtuse, gla- 
 brous ; umbels terminal, head-form, sessile. 
 From Ledum. Per. 
 
 Lemna, 90. 
 
 trisuka (duck meat. P.) leaves lanceolate, taper- 
 ing into the petiole, adhering together cross- 
 form : root single. 
 
 minor (green duck meat. H. W. C. P. J. ©.) 
 leaves round-oval^ flat, adhering by their bases, 
 
LEMNA, LEPRARI A. 209 
 
 5i single root proceeding from the under side of 
 each leaf. 
 polyrhiza (water flaxseed. W\ P. ,7u. 0.) leaves 
 round o\al flat, adhering by the bases : se\eral 
 roots proceed from the under side of each leaf 
 in a fascicle. The leaves of thisspeeies become 
 purplish and greatly resemble flaxseed, scatter* 
 ed on the surface of the s< mt waters. The 
 roots raeely rea< lithe grc J ; hut merely ex- 
 tend downwards a few inches into the water. — 
 The flowers proceed from fissures in the edges 
 of the leaves. 
 
 Leoxtodon, 82. 
 
 axacum (dandelion. O. y. Ap. 11 .) outer calyx 
 reflexed : scape 1 -flowered: leaves runcinate* 
 with toothed ui\ isions. 
 
 Leonurus, GO, 
 
 cardiaca (motherwort. 0. w-r. Ju. li.) leaves 3- 
 lohed, toothed, bases wedge-form : calyx 
 prickly, less than the corol. 
 
 Lepidium, 74. 
 
 sativum (peppergrass, E. w. Ju. ©.) leaves ob* 
 long, many-cleft. 
 
 virginicum (wild peppergrass. Y.C.P J. % .) rad- 
 ical leaves pinnatitid, cauline ones lance-linear, 
 somewhat gash-serrate : flowers 4-petalled., 
 mostly with but two stamens : silicles lens-form. 
 
 Lepraria, 111. 
 
 ehlorina (leprous lichen.) no visible frond ,* thick, 
 deep yellow. 
 
 alba, crustaccous frond and fruit pure white. 
 
 incona, crust thin, submembranous, grey -glau- 
 cous ; fruit hoajy. 
 
300 LEPRARIA, LESPEDEZA. 
 
 httesccns, leprous, a little cracked, rugged, yel- 
 lowish : Iruit globular, of the colour of the 
 frond. 
 
 Jiava 9 thin, mealy, bright golden* yellow. 
 
 Left/ thus, 28. 
 
 graminea (floating grass-weed. P. y. Ju. if.) 
 leaves all linear. Grows in Fishkill and back 
 of Newburgh. Torrey. 
 
 Leptanthus, see Heteranthera. 
 
 Leskea, 108. 
 
 squarrosa, erect, slightly branched : leaves 5- 
 rowed, reflexed : capsule oblong, inclined: lid 
 subconic, acute. 
 
 uttenuatum 9 simple, proliferous : leaves stellate, 
 ovate, acute, entire, reticulate : capsule clav ate, 
 erect. 
 
 rnstratum, simple : leaves obovate, spatulate, ve- 
 ry obtuse, minutely serrate-: capsule ovate, 
 pendulous: lid subulate. 
 
 Lespedeza, 81. 
 
 ^tssilifora 9 (bush clover. C. H. P. p. Ju. 2/.) 
 erect : leaves oblong : fascicles of flowers ses- 
 sile, numerous : loment nearly naked, acute ; 
 calyx minute. 
 
 violacea (C. H. Y. P. p. Ju. If.) very branchy, 
 spreading : leaves long-petioled : leafete o\ a], 
 obtuse, with close-pressed hairs beneath : ra- 
 cemes short, mnbelled : flowers in pairs : lo- 
 ment rhombic, reticulate, glabrous. 
 
 procumbens (C. P. p. y. J. If..) procumbent, slen- 
 der, hairy : leaves oval : peduncles long : le- 
 gumes naked, with minute calyx. 
 
 Capitata (N. C. JEL P. Y. w-p. J. 7*.) erect, sim- 
 
LESPEDEZA, LIGUSTICUM. $01 
 
 pic : leaves subsessile ; leafets oval : spikes 
 capital e. short-pedunc led, axillary and in ter- 
 minal glomeruli's : calyx villose', of the length of 
 thecorol: loment muck smaller than the calyx. 
 polystachia (W. N. P. Y. C. H. w-r. Jn. % .) erect, 
 branching, very villose : leaves subsessile ; 
 leafets round oval : spikes axillary, long-pe- 
 dunded : corol and loment about equal to the 
 calyx. 
 
 Ltatkis, 83. 
 
 fpicata (gay feather. New Lebanon. P. C. r. Au. 
 %.) stem simple, tall : leaves linear, glabrous, 
 • ili ate at the base, nerved and punctate : spike 
 very long : flowers sessile : scales of the calyx 
 linear-oblong, obtuse, close-pressed. 
 
 Scariosa (P. An. %.) stem simple, subpubescent : 
 leaves lanceolate, tapering to both ends, glab- 
 rous with scabrous margins : calyxes squarose 
 below, racemed, alternate, distant ; scales 
 spatulate, with membranous coloured margins. 
 
 squamosa (C. N. Y. r. Au. 11.) stem simple, hai- 
 ry : leaves long-linear, nerved, margins a little 
 scabrous : raceme few-ilowered : scales of the 
 calyx leafy above, lanceolate, rigid, spreading. 
 
 pilosa (New-Jersey, p. S. 2/.) stem simple, pubes- 
 cent : leaves linear, pilose, ciliate : calyxes ra- 
 cemed, laxish ; scales linear-oblong, obtusish : 
 pedicels bracted. 
 
 ■fispera(C p. Au. %.) stem subramose, scabrous- 
 hairy : leaves lance-linear, rough : calyxes 
 short, spiked, distinctly alternate, solitary, ses- 
 sile, scales round-obtuse, converging. 
 
 Ligusticum, 45. [Wrongly called exotic.] 
 
 jeristicum (lavage, smellage. E. w. %.) leaves 
 long, numerous ; leafets above gashed. Strong 
 scented. 
 
 A a 
 
m LIGTTSTTCTJM, LILJtJM. 
 
 scoticum (Can. Ju. %.) cauline leaves biternate^ 
 upper ones trifoliate ; lateral leafets trapezoid, 
 terminal one rhomboid : umbels stifly erect : 
 involucres many-leaved. 
 
 acteaefolium (C. Ju. % .) petioles doubly 3-parted* 
 secondary divisions with 2 or 3 leafets ; leafets 
 equally toothed : involucels setaceous : fruit 
 oval, oblong-oval, subulate, 10-ribbed. 
 
 LlGUSTKUM, £6. 
 
 culgare (prim. Y. C. I\ w. J. \ .) leaves lanceo- 
 late, acutish : panicle compact. Common in th© 
 woods about New-Haven. Though it may have 
 been introduced. 
 
 Lixium, 50. 
 
 cundidum (white lily. E. w. J, %.) leaves lanceo^ 
 late, scattered, tapering to the base : corol bell- 
 form, glabrous within. 
 
 x catesbaei (southern lily. P. y-r. J. 11.) leaves scat- 
 tered, lance-linear: stem 1 -flowered : corol e- 
 rect ; petals with long claws, margin undulate, 
 apex reflexed. About a foot high. 
 
 superbiim (superb lily. P. Y. A. C. Catskill. y. p. 
 Ju. % .) leaves lance-linear, 3-nerved, glabrous, 
 lower ones whorled, upper ones scattered : flow- 
 ers in a pyramid-raceme, reflexed ; petals revo- 
 lute. 3 to 6 feet high. 
 
 canadense (nodding lily. O. y. r. Ju. %.) leaves re- 
 motely whorled, lanceolate, 3-nerved, subhirsute 
 beneath at the nerves : peduncles terminal, 
 longated, mostly in threes : corol nodding, ra- 
 ceme spreading. 
 
 philadelphimm (red lily. 0. r. y. J. %.) leaves 
 whorled, lance-linear : stem about 2-flowered : 
 corol erect, bell form, spreading : petals lance- 
 olate, having claws. 
 
 tfeiinsylvanicu m (P. r. y. Ju. %.) leaves scattered. 
 
LIMNETIS, LIMOSELLA. 305 
 
 lancc-linear ; the uppermost ones whorled 
 about equal to the flowers: stem about 1 -flow- 
 ered, somewhat 5 -sided : peduncles woolly : co- 
 rol erect, woolly outside. 
 
 LlMNETIS, 29. 
 
 juncca (rush salt-grass. Y. H. C. P. Ju. 2-'.) leaves 
 2-ranked, shortish, setaceous-convolute : spikes 
 few, remote, spreading : calyx acuminate, keel 
 rough. 
 
 polystachia (many-spiked saltgrass. Y. II. C. P. 
 Au. 2/.) spikes many (10) approximate on a 3- 
 cornered rachis, scabrous, short-peduncled : 
 leaves flat, the margins scabrous ; sheath stri 
 ate glabrous : one valve of the corol hispid on 
 the keel. 
 
 glabra (Y. H. C.P. Ju. 1^.) spikes 6 to 10, close- 
 pressed : rachis compressed and 3-sided, glab- 
 rous, with sessile florets, leaves convolute, nerv- 
 ed, pungent, glabrous : calyx and corol awn- 
 less. The genus Spartina. Roth. 
 
 Limodorum, 89. 
 
 inn 'folium (limodore. New- Jersey, w.) having but 
 one leaf. 
 
 Limosella, 71. 
 
 subulata (mud wort. Y. ) leaves radical, cylindric, 
 twice as long as the scape. Very minute. This 
 is a new species, first discovered by professor 
 Ives on the banks of the Housatonick, in the 
 summer of 1816 ; and afterwards it was found 
 by Messrs. Nuttall and Collins, on the banks of 
 the Delaware. 
 
304 LINDERNIA, LIQUIDAMBAB. 
 
 LiNDERNIA, 26. 
 
 attenuata (lindern. C.P. b.Aiu ©.) leaves repand- 
 
 toothed : peduncles short. 
 dilatata (P. C. b. An. {£}.) leaves oblong-ovate, 
 
 obsoletely toothed, sessile : peduncles axillary, 
 
 1 -flowered. 
 
 LinxaEA, 34. 
 
 borealis (twin-flower. W. P. N« Catskill. Plain- 
 field, Mass. w-r. J. X .) stem prostrate : branch- 
 es erect, eacli bearing 2 flowers : leaves round- 
 ish, crenate forward. Most of the Plainfield 
 specimens arc didynamous. 
 
 Lixum, 48. 
 
 usitatissimum (flax. E. b. Ju. 0.) leafets of the 
 calyx ovate, acute, 3-nerved : petals crenate : 
 leaves lanceolate, alternate : stem subsolitary. 
 
 virginianum (wild flax. Y. N. C. P. W. y. Ju. 0.) 
 leafets of the calyx acute : panicle terminal : 
 flowers remotely alternate: leaves lance-linear, 
 scattered ; radical ones ovate 
 
 pereiuie (garden flax. E. b. Ju. If.) calyxes and 
 capsules obtuse : leaves alternate, lanceolate, 
 entire : stems numerous. 
 
 LlQJJIDAMBAR, 95. 
 
 shjracifiiui (sweet-gum. C. P. N. Chatham, New- 
 York. M, k .) leaves palmate, with acuminate 
 lobes, serrate, villosc at the meeting of the Wins 
 beneath. 
 
 Liqyiritia, sec Glycyrrihiza* 
 
LIRIODENDRON, LOBELIA. 305 
 
 LlRIODENDEON, 67. 
 
 tulipifera (white wood, tulip tree. A. N. Catskill. 
 P. T. r. J. b .) leaves truncate at the end, with 
 2 side lobes. A beautiful flowering tree. The 
 timber is useful to cabinet makers. It is also a 
 useful tonic. See Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. 
 
 LlTHOSPERMrM, 36. 
 
 officinale (stone seed, gromwcll. P. y. M. %.) 
 seed smooth : corol scarcely- longer than the 
 calyx : leaves lanceolate, veiny. 
 
 latifolium (P. y-w. J. ^.) seed turgid ovate, shin- 
 ing, with hollowed punctures : calyx spread- 
 ing, exceeding the corol : leaves ovate-oblong, 
 nerved. 
 
 arvense (steen-crout, wheat-thief. O. w. M. 0.) 
 seed rugose : corol scarcely longer than the ca- 
 lyx : leaves obtuse, veinless. 
 
 Lobelia, 41. 
 
 Cardinalis (cardinal flower. 0. r. Ju. y..) erect, 
 simple, pubescent : leaves lance-ovate, acumin- 
 ate, erectly-denticulate : racemes somewhat 
 one-sided, many flowered : stamens longer than 
 corols. 
 
 halmii (W. C. P. Ju. &.) slender, erect, subsim- 
 ple : radical leaves spatulate, cauline ones li- 
 near, delicately toothed : flowers racemed, al- 
 ternate, remote, pedicelled. 
 
 pallida (O. b. J. % .) somewhat hairy : stem er- 
 ect, slender, simnle : leaves oblong-spatulate^ 
 toothed : flowers in a spike. 
 
 dortmannia (H. New-Jersey, b. Ju. 11 .) radical 
 leaves linear, recurved, fistulous, with two ca- 
 vities, entire : scape simple, racemose, some- 
 what naked ; flowers remote, peduncled. 
 Aa 8 
 
306 LOBELIA, LONICERA. 
 
 siphilihca (C. P. b. Ju. %.) erect, simple, hirsute 
 with short hairs : leaves lance-ovate, subser- 
 rate : raceme leafy : calyx* hirsute, with re^ 
 flexed sinuses. Flowers much larger than 
 those of the pallida and inflata. 
 
 inflata (wild tobacco. O. b. Ju. ©.) erect, branch- 
 ing, very hirsute : leaves ovate, serrate : 
 racemes leafy : capsules inflated. 
 
 puberula (P. b. Ju. 1£ .) erect, very simple, pubes^ 
 cent : leaves oblong-oval, repaud-serrulate : 
 flowers spiked, alternate, subsessile : germs 
 hispid : calyx ciliate. 
 
 claytoniana (C. P. b. Ju. If.) erect, simple, sub- 
 pubescent : leaves oblong, obtusish ; radical 
 ones entire, cauline ones denticulate above : 
 raceme wandlike : bracts subulate. 
 
 Lolium, 32. 
 
 perenne (darnel grass. W. C. Y. P. N. H. M. If.) 
 spike awnless ; spikelets compressed, many- 
 flowered. 
 
 iumulentum (P. New England. Ju. (2>.) spikes 
 awned ; spikelets compressed, about 6-flower- 
 ed, equalling the calyx. 
 
 LONICERA* 40. 
 
 faprifolium (honeysuckle. E. \ •) corols ringeni- 
 like, terminal, sessile : leaves connate-perfoli- 
 ate at the top. 
 
 periclymcmim (woodbine. E. J. h .) flowers in 
 ovate, imbricate, terminal heads : leaves all 
 distinct. Var. querctfolia, leaves sinuate. 
 
 fraseri (Catskill Mt. y. J. k •) spikes with whorl- 
 ed heads : corol subringent-like with divisions 
 oblong, obtuse : leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, 
 w ith cartilagenous margin ; upper ones con- 
 nate-perfoliate. 
 
 %rata (C. r. y. J, \ .) spike witli whorls very near 
 
LONICERA, LUDWIGIA. 307 
 
 each other: corol ringent-Iike, with along 
 tube: leaves perennial, obovate, suhmurronatt-, 
 net-veined and paler beneath, upper ones con. 
 nate-pertoliate. 
 
 parviflora (W. Y. C. P A. N. y. J. h^ spikes 
 with whorled heads, subsessile : corol shortish, 
 ringent-like, gibbous at the base : filaments 
 bearded : leaves dtcideous, glauceous beneath, 
 mostly connate, floral ones perfoliate. 
 
 sempervirens C. P. r. y. M. k spikes with dis- 
 tant, nakedish whorls : corols subequal, tube 
 ventricose above : leaves ovate and obovate, 
 glaucous beneath, upper ones connate -perfoli- 
 ate. 
 
 hirsuta Trough woodbine. W. y. J. ^ ,) leaves hir- 
 sute, abruptly acuminate, lower ones obovate. 
 This is a new species found byMr.E. Washburn, 
 a member of the botanical class at Williams 
 College, in the summer of 1817. It grows in 
 great plenty on a hill two miles west of the col- 
 lege, it twines around trees from left to right 
 to the height of twenty or thirty feet. I have 
 been informed, that Mr. Le Conte had gather- 
 ed the same plant in the state of New-York^ 
 before Mr. W. found it in Williamstown. 
 
 Lonicera, see Diervilla and Xylostcum. 
 
 LUDWIGIA, 35. 
 
 alternifolia (seed-box. O. y. Ju. Q, or %.) erect, 
 branching, subglabrous : leaves alternate, lan- 
 ceolate, hoary beneath : peduncles axillary, 1- 
 flowered : capsules 4 -sided : divisions of the 
 calyx large coloured. 
 
 pilosa (New-Jersey. Ju. ^'.) erect, branching, 
 hirsute : leaves alternate, oblong, sessile, hir- 
 sute, both sides : capsule with 2 bracts at th« 
 base. 
 
£08 LUNARIA, LYCHNIS. 
 
 LuNARIA, 73. 
 
 annua (honesty. E. p. % .) leaves obtusely tooth* 
 ed : silicles oval, obtuse at both ends. 
 
 rediviva (satin flower. E. b-p. % .) leaves with mu» 
 cronate teeth : silicles tapering to both ends*, 
 floweres odorous. 
 
 Lupinus, 78. 
 
 perennis (wild lupine. O. b. M. % ) stem and 
 leaves smoothish : leaves digitate with about 8 
 to 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish : 
 calyxes alternate, not appendaged : banner- 
 emarginate, keel entire. The keel terminates 
 in a kind of beak when the flowers are first open. 
 
 hirsutus (garden lupine. E. b. 0.) calyxes appen- 
 daged, alternate : banner 2-parted, keel 3-tooth- 
 ed. 
 
 gilosus (rose lupine. E.r. w. Q») calyxes appen- 
 daged, whorled :. banner 2-parted, keel entire. 
 
 lutcus (yellow lupine. E. y. (£).) calyxes appenda- 
 ged, whorled : banner 2-parted, keel 3-toothed^ 
 
 villosus (hairy lupine. Southern states, w. r,p. J. 
 1£.) very villose : leaves simple, oblong : ca- 
 lyxes not appendaged, alternate in a long spike : 
 banner 2-cleft, keel entire, long. 
 
 albus (white lupine. E, w. Au. ©.) calyxes not 
 appendaged, alternate : banner entire, keel 3» 
 toothed. 
 
 Lychnis, 60. 
 
 chalcedonica (scarlet lichnis. E. J. % .) flowers fasci- 
 cled, level-top. 
 
 viscaria (clammy lichnis. E. %.) stem genicu- 
 late, viscous : petals entire : capsule 5-celled- 
 
 fjos-cuculi (ragged robin. E. If.) petals torn ; cap* 
 side l-celled ; roundish. 
 
LYCIUM, LYCOPODIUM. 30D 
 
 Lycium, 34. 
 
 iarburum (matrimony. E. r. J. y. k .)stcm angled ; 
 
 branches erect : leaves lanceolate, tapering to 
 
 both ends : calyx mostly 3-clei't. 
 Curoliniana (samphire buckthorn. Southern states. 
 
 p. J. h stemless : leaves narrow-spatulatc. 
 
 LyCOPERDON, 118. 
 
 hovista (common puff-ball. O ) at first white, be- 
 coming black and spherical : outer coat downy, 
 which Dealing off leaves the leathery inner coat : 
 seeds black, lighter than air, and appearing like 
 smoke. 
 
 stellatum (starpuflT-ball Y. A. N.) wrapper many- 
 cleft, spread, stellate : head smooth with some- 
 what pointed mouth at the top. 
 
 ptfrijbrme, dirty brownish white : an inch and ?. 
 half high : base tapering, top pointed. 
 
 Lycopodilm, 105. 
 
 1. Spikes ju:d uncled. 
 
 davatiim (club-moss. O. g. Ju. %.) stem creeping : 
 branches ascending : leaves scattered, incurve- 
 bristle-bearing : spikes in pairs or single, cylin- 
 dric : scales ovate, acuminate, crose-dentate. 
 
 compUuiatum (ground pine. O. g-y. Ju. If.) stem 
 erect : branches alternate, dichotomous : leaves 
 bifareous, connate, spreading at the tips : pe- 
 duncles 4-cleft, 4-spiked ; spikes terrete. 
 
 2. Spikes sessile, leaves surrounding the stem. 
 
 dendroideum (tree-weed. O. g. Ju. 7J..) stem 
 erect : branches alternate, crowded, dichoto- 
 mous, spreading $ leaves scattered, pointing 
 
310 LYCOPODIUM. 
 
 ways, lance-linear, spreading : spikes "solitary 
 terminal. L. obscurum. 
 
 annotinum (P. Can. Ju. % .) stem creeping ; bran- 
 ches twice 2-parted, ascenfling : leaves point- 
 ing 5 ways, lance-linear, mncronate, spreading 
 and serrulate near the tips : spike solitary, ter- 
 minal. 
 
 inundatum(C, Ju. 2/.) stem creeping, subramose; 
 branches simple, solitary, erect, 1-spiked at 
 the top ; spike leafy : leaves linear scattered, 
 acute, entire, curved above. 
 
 alopecuroides (C. P. Ju. ^.)stem creeping, sub- 
 ramose ; branches simple, long, ascending, 1- 
 spiked at the top : leaves linear-subulate, cili- 
 ate-toothed at the base, spreading : spike leafy. 
 
 selaginoides (C. Ju. % ) stem creeping : branches 
 simple, ascending : leaves scattered^ lanceolate, 
 spreading, ciliate-toothed : spikes solitary ter- 
 minal, leafy. 
 
 rwpestre (festoon pine. C. N. P. Ju. %.) stem creep- 
 ing, branching ; branches sub-divided, ascend- 
 ing : leaves scattered, lance-linear, ciliate with 
 hairs at the apex : spikes solitary terminal. 
 
 S. Spikes sessile, leaves Z-ranked. 
 
 albidulum (P. Au. %.) leaves ovate acute denticu- 
 late, alternate, close-pressed : spikes terminal, 
 long, 4-sided. 
 
 apodum (P. Ju. 1£.) leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, 
 denticulate ; with superficial ones, alternate, 
 acuminate : stem branching, rooting near the 
 base : spike terminal, sub-solitary. 
 
 4. Capsules axillary. 
 
 lucidulum (moon-fruit pine. O. y.) leaves pointing 
 8 ways, lance-linear, denticulate, acute, reflex- 
 ed-spreading : stem ascending bifid : fruit lun« 
 ulate. 
 
LYCOPUS, LYSIMAC1IIA. 311 
 
 Lycopus, 20. 
 
 turopaeus (water-horehound. C. Y. P. w. Ju. %.) 
 lower leaves gashed, upper ones lanceolate, 
 serrate : calyx acuminate-spined. Flowers 
 small, whorled. 
 
 'virginicus (O. w. J. 11.) leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 serrate, at the base narrowed and entire : calyx 
 very short, spineless. Var. quercifolius, leaves 
 sinuatc-piunatifid. 
 
 unijiorus ( W. W, J. 2/.) leaves lanceolate, sub- 
 serrate, glabrous ; suckers procumbent. A 
 low plant, with flowers mostly solitary. Mr* 
 W. A. Hallock, found this species three miles 
 north of Williams College. It w as hitherto sup- 
 posed to be confined to Canada. 
 
 Lygodium, 105. 
 
 pedmatum (climbing fern. Granby. Mass. g-y. 
 Au. 1|.) stem climbing: leaves palmate, 5-Tob- 
 ed ; divisions lanceolate, obtuse ; spikelets ter- 
 minal, compound-panicled. This delicate fern 
 was found in great plenty in Granby, by Mr. 
 Eastman, a member of the botanical class of 
 Williams College. It generally climbs to the 
 height of about 3 or 4 feet. The hydroglosum 
 of \Yilld. 
 
 Lysimachia, 30. 
 
 angustifoUa (loosestrife. P. y. #.) very glabrous, 
 branching : leaves opposite and whorled, long- 
 linear, punctate : racemes terminal, short divi- 
 sions of the corol oblong. 
 
 racemosa (O y. Ju. %>) very glabrous, tallish : 
 leaves lance-oval, opposite : raceme terminal, 
 long, lax : divisions of the corol oblong-ovate. 
 Often bears bulbs in the axils of the leaves. L. 
 sU'ictiu L. bulbilera. 
 
512 LYSIMACHIA, LYTHRUM. 
 
 capitata (C. P. y. J. %.) glabrous : stem vetf 
 simple, punctate : leaves opposite, sessile, 
 broad-lanceolate, acute, punctate : peduncles 
 lateral, elongated : flowers jn compact heads* 
 L. thyrsiflora. 
 
 quadrifolia (O. y. J. 2/.) pubescent : leaves sub- 
 sessile, oval, acuminate, punctate : whorled or 
 in nearly opposite pairs, with axillary, 1 -flow- 
 ered peduncles : divisions of the coroi oval, 
 entire. Near the outlet of the Beaver pond 
 (New-Haven) I found this species with 2, 3, 
 4, 5, and 6 leaves together ; though Linneus al- 
 lows but 4. 
 
 ciliata, (Q.y. J. % .) subpubescent : leaves oppo- 
 site, long-petioled, subcordate-oval, margin 
 pubescent; petioles ciliate: pedicels somewhat 
 in pairs : flowers nodding : divisions of the co- 
 roi roundish, acuminate, crenate. 
 
 fiybrida (P.y. J. %*) glabrous : leaves opposite, 
 petioled, lanceolate, acute at both ends ; peti- 
 oles ciliate : flowers nodding : corol shorter 
 than the calyx $ divisions crenulate. 
 
 Lythrum, 60. 
 
 salicaria (milk-willowherb. Can. New-England, 
 p. Ju. V- •) pubescent : leaves opposite and ter- 
 nate, sessile, lanceolate, cordate at the base : 
 flowers terminal, whorled-spiked : capsules ob- 
 long : stamens always 12. About two feet 
 high. 
 
 verticillatum (swamp-willowherb. 0. p. An. % .) 
 pubescent : leaves opposite, or in threes, lance- 
 olate, petioled : flowers axillary, corymbed, ag- 
 gregated somewhat in whorls : fruit globose : 
 stamens often 10. A small island above Whit- 
 ney's gun factory (New-Haven) is entirely 
 covered with this plant, and the American dod- 
 der. 
 
MAGNOLIA, MALVA. 313 
 
 M. 
 
 Magnolia, Gr. 
 
 glauca (beaver tree. Cape Ann. C. P. \v. J. »? .) 
 leaves oval, glaucous beneath : petals obovate, 
 tapering to the base. Var. latifolia, has obtus- 
 jsh leaves. Var. longifolia, has leaves acute at 
 both ends. Tonic. See Barton's Veg. Mat. 
 Med. 
 
 acuminata (cucumber tree. P. b-y. J. k .) leaves 
 oval, acuminate, pubescent beneath: petals ob- 
 ovate, obtusish. 
 
 Iripetala (umbrella tree. P, \v. J. J? .) leaves large, 
 oblong, wedge-obovatc, acute, in the young 
 state all over silky : petals 9, oval, acute, outer 
 ones retlexcd. 
 
 gramliftora (big laurel, magnolia. Southern states. 
 \v. M. k leaves evergreen, oval, thick, leath- 
 ery : petals broad obovate, abruptly narrowed 
 into a claw. 
 
 Malaxis, 89. 
 
 ophioglossoides (adder mouth. P. M. %.) leaves sol- 
 itary, ovate, clasping : scape 5-cornered : lip 
 2-cleft at the apex. 
 
 HHifoiia (twayblade. O.w. y. p. J. 1|.) leaves 2, lan- 
 ce-ovate or oval ; scape 3-cornered : inner petals 
 filiform, rcftexed, two-coloured ; lip concave, 
 obovate, mucronate. This species is often men- 
 tioned as somewhat rare. But I have seen hun- 
 dreds in flower at one time along the north side 
 of Pine-rock, New-lia\ en. 
 
 Malva, 77. 
 
 anwicana (rough mallows. P. y. J. 0.) leaves 
 
 Bb 
 
bti MALVA, MARISCUS. 
 
 ovate, acute, toothed, scabrous : flowers axillary 
 solitary, terminal, head-spiked. 
 
 caroliniana (creeping mallows. Southern states. 
 r. Ju. ®,) leaves 5-lobed or paim ate, gash-tooth- 
 ed : peduncles longer than the petioles : petals 
 entire : fruit villose : stem prostrate. 
 
 rotiindifolia (low mallows. O. r. w. J. % .) leaves 
 heart-obicular, obsoletely 5-lobed, peduncles 
 bearing the fruit declined : stem prostrate. 
 
 sylvestris (mallows. E. r-b. J. % . and %.) stem 
 erect : leaves about 7-lobed, acutish : peduncles 
 and petioles hairy. 
 
 rrispu (curled mallows. E. Au. Q.) stem erect : 
 leaves angular, crisped : flowers axillary, glo- 
 merate. 
 
 moschata (musk mallows. E. i£.) stem erect : 
 radical leaves reniform, gashed ; cauline ones 5- 
 parted, pinnate, many-cleft : leafets of the outer 
 calyx linear. 
 
 Marchantia, 109. 
 
 polymorpha (brook-liverwort. O. g-y, Ju. i(.) 
 leaves obtusely lobed : the calyx (or umbrella 
 under which the flowers are placed) is about 
 10-cleft. 
 
 hemispherica (P.) calyx hemispheric, 5-clefU 
 stalk or stipe naked at the base. 
 
 cruciata, calyx 4 or 5-parted, segments tubular. 1 
 
 £ornica, calyx conic, bossed : what appears to be 
 staminate flowers are in sessile warts. 
 
 lenella, calyx hemispheric, bossed: the margin 
 has a kind of lamellar rays. 
 
 Mariscus, 29. 
 
 etftinaius (hedgehog clubrush. C Ju. "U.)culm 3- 
 sided, nearly naked, glabrous : spike ovate- 
 globose : spikelets horizontal, 4-flowered : in- 
 volucre. 3 or 4-leaveU : root globose. 
 
MARRUBIUM, MEDICAGO. 3U 
 Marrubium, 69. 
 
 rulgare (motherwort. O. w. Ju. *}£.) loaves round- 
 ovate, toothed, rugose-veined : calyx toothed, 
 setaceous, uncinate. 
 
 Marttnia, 73. 
 
 yroboscidea (unicorn plant. Western state,s. w. 
 p. y. Ju. Q.) stem branch ing, Leaves alternate, 
 cordate, entire, villose. Fruit somewhat gourd - 
 likcj with one long horn. 
 
 Maschalocarpus, 107. 
 
 julaceum (creeping moss.) ascending : leaves 
 ovate, acute, nearly as long as the peduncle s 
 capsule erect, ovate ; lid conic. 
 
 Matricaria, «7. 
 
 chamomilla (wild chamomile. E. w. J. ©.) leaves 
 doubly-pinnate : scales of the calyx obtusish* 
 
 Medeoxa, 52. 
 
 xirginica (indian cucumber. O. y. g. M. HA 
 leaves whoiled near the middle of the stem, and 
 3 together at the top, lance-oval : pedicels ag- 
 gregate, terminal. Root white. 
 
 Memcago, 80. 
 
 sativa (lucerne medick. E. Ju. If.) peduncles, 
 racemed : legume smooth, cochleate : stipules 
 entire : leaves oblong, toothed. 
 
 lupulvia (hop medick. Y. A. C. y. J. ©.) spikes 
 oval : legumes reniform, 1 -seeded : stipules 
 entire : leaves obovate : stem procumbent. 
 
 Iribuloides (hedge-hog. E. ©.) peduncles 2-flow- 
 ered : legume cochleate, cyundric, flat both 
 
316 MEDICAGO, MELASTOMA. 
 
 sides, aculeate, conic 2 -ways, reflexed : stipules 
 toothed : leaves toothed, obovate. 
 
 sciitellata (snail-shell, bee-hive, E. Ju. ©0 pe- 
 duncles about 2-flowercd : legumes unarmed, 
 cochleate in an orbicular form, with a convex 
 base and flat top : stipules toothed : leaves ob- 
 long, toothed. 
 
 macuiita (P. y. Ju. 0-) peduncles about 2-flower- 
 ed : legumes cochjeate, compressed both sides, 
 aculeate, subulate, arched : stipules toothed 
 leafcts obcordate, toothed, spotted. 
 
 Meesia, 108. 
 
 bngiseta (net-tooth moss) having a very long awlt. 
 
 M EL AMP Y RUM, 71. 
 
 americanum (cow-wheat. O. y. Ju. 00 slender 
 lower leaves linear entire; floral ones lanceo- 
 late, toothed behind : flowers axillary, distinct, 
 
 latifolium(C) leaves broad. I have no descrip- 
 tion of this species, nor a specimen. 
 
 Melanthium, 52. 
 
 virginieum (black flower. C. P. g-p. J. %.) pani- 
 cle pyramid-form : petals oval, subhastate, flat, 
 with 2 spots : flowers mostly perfect. Flow-el's 
 at first greenish- white, afterwards turn to dark 
 brown. 
 
 raeemosiim (bunch flower. P. w. J. If.) panicles 
 racemed above, pistillate : petals roundish, hav- 
 ing claws, undulate-plaited, hardly spotted, 
 hirsute outside*. 
 
 Melastoma, 5G, 
 
 pvasiua (North America. Per.) leaves 3-nerved, 
 entire, broad-lanceolate, glabrous : panicles 
 terminal, spreading. 
 
MELIA, MELOTIIRIA. 3i7* 
 
 Melia, 56. 
 
 azedarach (bead tree. E. h leaves doubly-pin- 
 nate : leaflets smooth, ovate, toothed. 
 
 Iriflora (Whitehills. An.) villose : panicle coarc- 
 tate : glumes 3-flowered. with a small accessa- 
 ry appendage : florets awncd. A new species 
 discovered by Dr. Bigelow. 
 
 Melica, 31. 
 
 speciosa (melic grass. P. J. k .) panicle 1 -sided ■: 
 branches of the panicle solitary, 3-flowered r 
 stipules 2-clcft. 
 
 Melilotus, 81. 
 
 officinalis (melilot. A. P. w. J. ©. or 6 .) stenl 
 erect : leaves obovate, serrate : spikes axillary 
 paniclcd : legumes ^-seeded, rugose, acut< >% 
 Grows wild about Albany. 
 
 Melissa, 69» 
 
 officinalis (balm. E. w. b. Ju. % .) flowers whorl- 
 ed halfway around, subsessile : bracts oblong, 
 pcdicelled : leaves ovate, acute, serrate. 
 
 neneta (calamint. P. r. b. S. 2/.) peduncles axil- 
 lary, many-flowered, dichotomous-corymbed : 
 leaves ovate, obtuse, sub-serrate, somewhat gla- 
 brous : stem subhirsute : teeth of the calyx 
 about equal, glabrous. 
 
 Melothria, 97. 
 
 pendula (creeping cucumber. P. y. J. O.) leaves 
 subreniform, lobe-angled ; terminal lobe equal* 
 ling the rest : berry cylindri^, ovate. 
 Bb3 
 
a IS MENISPERMUM, MENZIE9IA, 
 
 Menispermum, 100. 
 
 canadense (moonseed, Y. N. H. A. C. P. w-y. Ju 
 >2 .) stem climbing : leaves gubcordate, round- 
 angled, peltate with the petiole near the base. 
 Though this plant is common in New England 
 and New-York, it is rarely found in flower. 
 
 Virginicum (P. w. J. k .) leaves lobed, cordate^ 
 pubescent beneath, subpeltate. 
 
 Mentha, 68. 
 
 viridis (spear mint. O. w. J. % .) spikes oblong, 
 interrupted : leaves lanceolate, naked, serrate, 
 sessile : stamens longer than the corol. 
 
 piperita (peppermint. E.p. Au. %.) spikes obtuse, 
 interrupted below : leaves subovate, somewhat 
 glabrous, petioled : stem glabrous at the base, 
 
 griicilis (slender mint. P. w. b. Ju. 11 .) flowers 
 whorled : leaves lanceolate, subsessile : stem 
 branching, erect : calyx at the base and pedi- 
 cels, glabrous. 
 
 torealis (northern mint. 0. w. Ju. %.) ascending, 
 pubescent, leaves petioled, lance-oval, acute at 
 both ends : flowers whorled : stamens exsert. 
 
 canadensis (Can.) flowers whorled: leaves lan- 
 ceolate, serrate, petioled, pilose ; stamens equal- 
 ling the corol. 
 
 Menyantiies, 38. 
 
 ir'tfoliata (buck-bean. C. P. r. J. %.) leaves ter- 
 nate : corols densly bearded above. In stag- 
 nent waters. 
 
 Menyanthes, see Yillarsia* 
 
 Menziesia, 54, 
 
 ZQerulta (mountain heath. Whitehills. r. Ju. h 
 
MENZIESIA, MIKANIA. 319 
 
 leaves scattered, crowded, linear, obtuse, car- 
 tilagenous-toothed : peduncles terminal, aggre- 
 gate, l -flowered ; flowers hcllform ; calyx 
 acute. Decandrous. Very small. 
 globulnris (P. p-y. M. k .) leaves lanceolate, 
 glaucous beneath, pubescent on the outer nerve : 
 calyx 4-clcft ; flowers globose. About 4 feet 
 high. 
 
 Merulius, 117. 
 
 cornucopioides (veined toadstool) dull cinnamon* 
 
 lobed, curled : vein running down to the root : 
 
 stem grooved. 
 infumlibuifor mis, grey mouse-colour, funnel form : 
 
 veins silvery : stem compressed hollow. 
 canthnrellus (W.) yellow, becoming hollow, witk 
 
 an irregular, curled margin : veins decurrent : 
 
 stem solid. 
 
 Mesembryanthemum, 63, 
 
 crystaUinum (ice plant. E. w. An. ©.) branching • 
 leaves alternate, ovate, papillose : flowers ses- 
 sile : calyx broad-ovate, acute, retuse. From 
 Greece. 
 
 Mespilus, 62, 
 
 germanica (medlar. E. k •) tewrea lance-ovate, 
 downy beneath : flowers sessile, solitary. 
 
 pyracantha (evergreen thorn. New-Jersey.) leaves 
 evergreen. I have no specific description of 
 this plant 
 
 MlKANIA, 84. 
 
 ^candens (climbing thorough wort. P. Y. TL C.w 
 Au. If..) stem glabrous, climbing : leaves cor 
 date, repand-toothed, acuminate, lobed, divar- 
 icate, unequal ; flowers corymbed. 
 
520 MIKANIA, MIRABILIS. 
 
 melissaefolia (P. w. p. S. %.) pubescent : stew* 
 erect : leaves ovate, crenate, sessile, pubescent 
 beneath ? corymbs terminal. 
 
 Milium, SO. 
 
 nigricans (african millet. E.) flowers panicled, 
 crowded : valves of the calyx shining, becom- 
 ing black : leaves ensiform, very long. 
 
 effusum (common millet. E.) flowers in whorled 
 panicles, dispersed, awned. 
 
 cihatum (millet grass. New-Jersey. C. Ju.) bran- 
 ches of the panicle solitary; alternate, pubes- 
 cent, erect : leaves with hairy nerves and cil- 
 iate margins : roots granular. Dr. Torrey 
 says this is the M. amphicarpon of Pursh. 
 
 Mimosa, 76. 
 
 seiisitiva (sensitive plant. E.) prickly : leaves 
 pinnate x the leafets in pairs, inmost ones mi- 
 nute. 
 
 Mimuius, 72, 
 
 ■ringens (monkey flower. O. b. Ju. % .) erect, gla- 
 brous : leaves sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate : peduncles axillary, opposite, longer 
 than the flower : teeth of the calyx acumi- 
 nate. 
 
 alatus (C. P. b. Ju. 2J.) erect, glabrous : leaves 
 petioled, ovate, acuminate, serrate : peduncles 
 axillary, oppo ite, shorter than the flower : 
 stem winged at the 4 corners. 
 
 MlRABIilS, 41. 
 
 jalapa (four o'clock. E. r. y. Ju. %.) flowers 
 Jieaped, peduncle d i leaves glabrous. 
 
MITCHELLA, MNIUM. M 
 
 Mitch ella, 34. 
 
 repent (partridge berry, checker berry. 0. \v. J.) 
 stem creeping : leaves roundish, 
 
 MlTELLA, 58. 
 
 diphylla (currant-leaf. O. w. Ap. TJ .) leaves cor- 
 date, sub-trilobate, dentate : scape 2 -leaved. 
 
 prostrata (Can. w. M. 11.) leaves round-cor- 
 date : stem prostrate, leafy. 
 
 renijormis (Vermont. \v. J. %.) leaves reniform, 
 repand, ciliate : scape naked. 
 
 cordifolia (P. w. %.) leaves round-kidney-form, 
 somewhat doubly-crenatc : scape setaceous, 
 leafless. 
 
 Matium, 108. 
 
 ventricosum (pricked-tooth moss) branches as- 
 cending : leaves lance-ovate, serrate at the 
 top : capsule inflated, pendulous : lid convex, 
 bossed. 
 
 homiunu simple : leaves lance-oblong, tooth-ser- 
 rate, peduncle curved : capsule ovate drooping : 
 lid conic obtuse. 
 
 marginatum, simple : leaves lance-ovate, acute, 
 serrate, thickened at the margin : capsules 
 ovate, drooping: lid conic, pointed. 
 
 cuspidatum, simple: leaves ovate, awned, serrate, 
 capsule ovate drooping : lid hemispheric. 
 
 punctatum, nearly simple : leaves obovate, obtuse ; 
 entire, remote : capsule ovate, drooping : lid 
 cuspidate. 
 
 roseum, simple, proliferous : leaves ovate, pointed, 
 clustered, stellate, serrate at top : capsule ob- 
 long, drooping : lid convex. 
 
 heteroxtiehum, erect : divided leaves pointing one- 
 way, 2-rowed, oblong obtuse, serrate at top ' 
 c apsule oblong, inclined : lid bossed, 
 
322 MNIUM, MONARDA. 
 
 Remark. Muhlenberg places our Bryum conoi- 
 deum and palustre under this genus. 
 
 MoULt'GO, 3|3. 
 
 laerticillata (carpet weed. O. w. Ju. <v>.) stem 
 subdivided prostrate : leaves in whorls, wedg- 
 form, acute : peduncles 1-flowered. General- 
 ly grows in gardens among purslain. 
 
 Momokdica, 97, 
 
 balsamina (balsam apple. E. S. ®.) pomaceous 
 
 fruit angled, tubercled : leaves glabrous, 
 
 spreading, palmate. 
 tchinata (P. w. Au. 0.) pomaceous, fruit 4-seed- 
 
 ed, roundish : setose-echinate : leaves cordate, 
 
 54abe-angled, anumiuate, entire. 
 
 Moxarda, 27. 
 
 didyma (mountain mint. C. P. W ? r. J. %.) 
 somewhat glabrous : heads large, proliferous : 
 outer bracts coloured, largo, oblong, acuminate 
 subentire : calyx and corol long : leaves broad- 
 ovate, subcordate, acuminate, serrate, rugose ; 
 serratures mucronate : stem glabrous. 
 
 kcdmiana (oswego tea. Oswego county, r. 7£.) 
 thinly hirsute : heads large, simple : outer 
 bracts coloured, lanceolate, slender : calyx 
 and corol pubescent : corols very long : leaves 
 oblong tapering, serrate, having thin scatter- 
 ed rough hairs all over : stem sharp-cornered ; 
 stem and petioles ciliate hairy. 
 
 clinopodia (Can. P. y. p. Ju. 2/.) glabrous : heads 
 small, simple, terminal : outer bracts broad- 
 ovate, acute, entire, smoothish : calyx ciliate, 
 short : corol pubescent, slender : leaves ovate T 
 oblong acuminate, serrate, a little hairy : stem 
 obtuse-angled, glabrous, 
 
MOXARDA, MONOTROPA. 523 
 
 tiliata (P.p. An. TJ..) hirsute : Powers small, 
 whorled : bracts ovate, glabrous, veiny, eiliate 
 equalling the calyx; leaves ovate-oblong, ta- 
 pering, sub-sessile, sen-ate, subpilose : stem 
 acute-angled ; hirsute. 
 
 oblongata (H? 1*. W? r. Ju. 11.) hirsute: head 
 simple : outer bracts ovate, acute : calyx short, 
 bearded in the throat, teeth spreading: stem 
 obtuse-angled, hirsute above. 31. allophylla. 
 
 jislulosa (i\ Can. p. Ju. %.) hirsute with scatter- 
 ed hairs: heads simple, proliferous, leafy : out- 
 er bracts oblong, acute, glabrous : calyx long, 
 bearded : enrol hirsute, of middling length : 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate : petioles long, 
 filiate : stem glabrous, obtuse-angled. 
 
 rnzosa (Can. w. Ju. 2/.) smoothish : heads sim- 
 ple, middling size : outer bracts oblong: calyx 
 smoothish : leaves ovate, subcordate, acute, ru- 
 gose, glabrous : nerves coloured and pilose be- 
 neath : stem acute-angled, hirsute. 
 
 punctata (C. P. y. J. %.) smoothish : flower 
 middling size, whorled : bracts lanceolate, ner- 
 ved, coloured, longer than the whorls : leaves 
 lance-oblong, remotely serrate, glabrous : stem 
 obtuse-angled, with whitish down. 
 
 pilosa (C. J.) pubescent : heads lateral, slender- 
 leaved : outer bracts linear, eiliate : enrol pu- 
 bescent : leaves lance-ovate, obtuse, subentire. 
 Torrey. Anew species discovered by Mr. Le 
 
 Conte. 
 
 MONILA, 119. 
 
 encspitosa (bead fungus.) branched : spikes ter- 
 nate. 
 
 Moxotropa, 58. 
 
 hypopithys (yellow beech-drops. Can. P. y. J. %.) 
 
 scape spike-flowered : scales and flowers glab- 
 rous outside ; lateral flowers octaudrous. 
 
324 MONQTROPA, MORUS. 
 
 lanuginosa (bird's nest. O. y-w. Ju. %.) scape 
 spike-flowered : bracts and flowers all over 
 woolly. 
 
 unifiora (beech drops. 0. w. J t %.*) stem 1 -flo weir- 
 ed ; flower nodding at first? at length erect : 
 scales of the stem approximate. Whole plant 
 ivory white at first. Dr. Bigelow's morisoni- 
 ana is undoubtedly this species. The diagno- 
 sis given by authors would very naturally lead 
 him into this error. But the morisoniana 
 grows only in the southern states. Torrey. 
 
 procera (A. r-y Ju.) scape purple, very tall, many- 
 flowered ; flowers lateral and terminal, nod- 
 ding : peduncles filiform longer than the flow- 
 ers : lanceolate scales below, none above. A- 
 bout 2 feet high, with the flowers in a terminal 
 raceme. Found at Greenbusli, by Mr. Edwin 
 James ; named and described by Dr. John Tor- 
 rey. 
 
 Morellus, 118. 
 
 impndicus (morrel. O. y.) obtusely-conic, margin 
 crenulate, top perforated : stem with a volva 
 at the base. 
 
 esculentus (eatable morel. O.) ovate, cellular, mar- 
 gin attached to the stem : plaits undulate, grow- 
 ing to each other. 
 
 Morus, 92. 
 
 alba (white mulberry-. E. M. k .) leaves heartforni 
 with oblique base, ovate or lobed, unequally ser- 
 rate, smoothish. From China and Persia. 
 
 nigra (black mulberry. E. Ju. h •) leaves cordate, 
 ovate, or sub-5 -lobed, unequally toothed, sca- 
 brous. From Persia. 
 
 rubra (P. M. b. .) leaves cordate, ovate, acumi- 
 nate, or 3-lobed, equally serrate, scabrous, soft 
 hairs beneath : pistillate spikes cylindric. 
 
MUCOR, MYOSOTIS. 325 
 
 Mi: cor, 119. 
 
 mucedn (common mold. O. b.) aggregated : head 
 spherical, on a long stem ; Bunting when 
 brought from a damp place into the sun's rays. 
 
 McHXENBERGIA, 31. 
 
 diffusa (dropseed -grass. Y. C. P. J. %.) culm 
 weak, branching ; branches and leaves gla- 
 brous : panicle compact : calyx 1-valved. 
 
 treeta (woods dropseeu-grass. W. C. P. Ju. ^.) 
 culm strong, simple ; culm and leaves pubes- 
 cent : panicle lax : calyx 2-valvcd ; awn long. 
 
 Myagrum, 73. 
 
 \yerfoliatum (gold of pleasure. E. ©.) silicle ob- 
 eordate, suberose, spongy ; lower part 1 -celled, 
 fertile, upper part 2-celled, barren : leaves 
 clasping. 
 
 Mtosotis, 57. 
 
 Korpioides (scorpion weed. C. P. M. %.) seeds 
 smooth : calyx suboval, glabrous, about as long 
 as the tube of the corol : stem subramose : 
 leaves lanceolate. 
 
 virginiana (W. C. P. w-b. J. 0.) pilose: seed 
 prickly-bearded : leaves lance-ovate acuminate : 
 racemes divaricate. Flowers small, leaves 
 large. 
 
 irvensis (C. A. P. w-b. J.©.) seeds smooth : calyx 
 oval, acuminate, very hirsute, longer than the 
 tube of the corol : stem very branching: ra- 
 cemes conjugate : leaves lance-ovate. Flow- 
 ers small. 
 
 appula (W. C. A. Can. b. Ju. Q.) hispid : seeds 
 prickly, bearded : leaves linear-oblong : stem 
 stiffly branched. 
 
 Cc 
 
326 MYRICA, MYRRHIS. 
 
 Myrica, 98. 
 
 
 gale (sweet gale. P. C. Y. H» Plainfield, Mass, 
 M. h .") leaves wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, ser- 
 rate at the apex : staminate aments imbricate ; 
 scales acuminate, ciliate : fruit in a scaly head. 
 Very abundant at the margin of Crooked lake 
 in Plainfield. 
 
 cerifera (bayberry. H. Y. P. g-p. M. h leaves 
 wedge-lanceolate, acute, with distant serratures 
 at the apex : staminatc aments lax, scales 
 acute : fruit small, globose, covered with a whit- 
 ish wax, in a mealy state. This is the bay- 
 berry tallow, which is obtained by melting it 
 off in hot water. 
 
 caroliniensis (New-England. Pursh. M. b .) leaves 
 wedge-obloug, coarsely toothed : staminatc 
 aments lax ; scales acute : berries globose, 
 large. Three or four feet high. 
 
 pensylvanica (C. P. M. ^ .) leaves oblong acut- 
 ish at both ends, entire or with a few distant 
 serratures at the apex, margin revolute : stam- 
 inate aments lax : scales acute : berry globose, 
 large. Resembles the last. 
 
 Myriophyxlum, 94. 
 
 verticUlatum (water milfoil. C. P. Can. Ju. i{.) 
 leaves capillaeeous, upper ones pectinate -pin- 
 natifid : flowers all in axillary whorls : lower 
 ones pistillate, upper ones staminate or per- 
 fect, octandrous In stagnant waters. 
 
 spicatum (Can. New-Jersey. Ju. %.) leaves all 
 pinnate, capillaeeous : spikes interruptedly 
 naked : flowers staminate, polyandrous. 
 
 Myrrhis, 46. 
 
 didcis (sweet cicily. O. w. J. V-.) leaves com- 
 pound, hairy , leafets piimatifid-lobed. There 
 
MYRTUS, NARCISSUS. 327 
 
 is still a defect in the description of this plant ; 
 though attempts have been made to impfove it. 
 It hashem removed to the genera Scamlix and 
 
 Chacroph; Hum, Without obviating the diilicul- 
 ty. 
 
 Myrtus, 62. 
 
 cdmmnvis (myrtle. E. w. Ju. \ .) flowers solitary : 
 involucre 2 -leaved : leaves ovate. 
 
 N. 
 
 Najas, 90. 
 
 canadensis (water-nymph. Can ) small, filiform, 
 smooth : leaves narrow-linear. 
 
 NaPaea, 77. 
 
 laevis (false mallows. P. w. Ju. %.) leaves heart- 
 5-lobed, glabrous : lobes oblong, acuminate, 
 toothed : peduncles many-flowered : capsules 
 awnless, acuminate. 2 to 4 feet high. 
 
 scabra (P. w. Oc. 1{.) leaves 7-lobc-palmate, sca- 
 brous : lobes lanceolate, gash-toothed : corymbs 
 bracted : flowers dioecious. 
 
 Narcissus, 49. 
 
 pseudo-7iarcissus (daffodil. E. M. 1J.) spathe 1- 
 flovvered : nectary bellform, erect, crisped, 
 equalling the ovate petals. 
 
 tazetta (polyanthos. E. M. If.) spathe many-flow- 
 ered : nectary bellform, plicate, truncate, 
 thrice as short as the petals ; petals alternately 
 broader : leaves flat. 
 
 jonquilla (jonquil. E. M. %.) spathe many flow- 
 ered : nectary bellform, short : leaves" subuv 
 late. 
 
328 NARCISSUS, NEOTTIA. 
 
 'poeticus (poet's narcissus. E. 2'.) spathe 1 -flow- 
 ered : nectary wheelform, very short, scarious 
 (red) crenulate : leaves inflexed at the margin* 
 
 Narthecium, 51. 
 
 americanum (false asphodel. New Jersey, y. J. 
 %.) racemes sometimes interruptedly spiked, 
 lax : one cauline bract clasping the pedicel, 
 another chaff-bristleform below : filaments with 
 short wool. N» ossifragum. 
 
 NECK£KA, 108. 
 
 pennata, (strait-haired moss.) decumbent, branch- 
 ed : leaves 2-rowed, lanceolate, crowded ; cap- 
 sule ovate, immersed in the sheath. 
 
 JteteromaUa, branched, diffuse : leaves ovate, 
 pointed, "oncave, imbricate : capsules sessile, 
 leaning one way : lid conic 
 
 macropoda, decumbent, branched : leaves some- 
 what 2-rowed, lanceolate, rather concave : pe- 
 duncles very long : capsules cylindric, erect : lid 
 conic. 
 
 -viticidosa, creeping : branches erect, nearly sim- 
 ple : leaves lance-ovate, acute : spread, a little 
 undulate : capsule cylindric : lid pyramidal. 
 
 JVectri*, see Floerkia. 
 
 Nelumbium, 67' 
 
 luteum (nelumbo* P. y. Ju. %.) leaves peltate, 
 orbicular, entire : corol polypetalous : anthers 
 linear above. 
 
 Neottia, 89. 
 
 aestivalis (summer ladies' tresses. Y. P. W. C. W. 
 J.) stem leafy : roots bulbs ©blong, aggregate : 
 leaves lance-linear : spikes spiral : flowers one* 
 
 
NEOTTIA, MCOTIANA. 3*9 
 
 sided : lip crcnatc, crisped. N. tortilis. Ophrys 
 aestivalis. Grows along the banks of the lloo- 
 sack, northwest from Williams College. 
 eeniva (nodding ladies' tresses. O. W. Au. 2/.) 
 leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved : stem sheathed : 
 spike oblong, dense-flowered ; flowers recurve- 
 nodding : lip oblong, entire, acute. The high 
 
 Erimitive mountains east of Pittsfield, Mass. ex- 
 ibit patches, white with these flowers, in Oct. 
 and Nov. 
 pubescens (blood-vein ladies' tresses. O. y-w. Ju. 
 %.) radical leaves ovate, petioled, having col- 
 oured reticulate veins : scape sheathed ; scape 
 and flowers pubescent : lip ovate, acuminate : 
 petals ovate. The checkered radical leaves of 
 this plant always attract attention early in the 
 spring. 
 
 Nepeta, 68. 
 
 cataria (catmint, catnep. O. b-w. Ju. # .) flowers 
 in whorled spikes : leaves petioled, cordate, 
 tooth-serrate. 
 
 Nerium, 43. 
 
 oleander (rose bay, oleander. E. Au. h leaves 
 lanceolate, narrow, ternate, ribbed beneath ; 
 divisions of the calyx squarrosc : nectary flat, 
 tricuspidate. 
 
 Nicandra 9 see Atropa. 
 
 NlCOTIANA, 38. 
 
 tabacum (virginian tobacco. E. w-r. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 lance-ovate, sessile, decurrent : flowers acute. 
 
 i'listica (common tobacco. E. Au. ©.) leaves pe- 
 tioled, ovate, entire : flowers obtuse. 
 
 panicitlata (small-flowered tobacco. Au. ©.) leaves 
 
 CC 2 
 
330 NIGELLA, NYMPHAEA. 
 
 petioled, cordate, entire : flowers panicled, ob- 
 tuse, clavate. 
 
 Nigella, 6tf. 
 
 damascena (fennel-flower. E. M. Q.) flower sur- 
 rounded with a leafy involucre. 
 
 sativa CE.) pistils 5 : capsules muricate, rough 
 leaves suSpilose. 
 
 N0LA2*A, 38. 
 
 prostrata (E.) stem prostrate : divisions of calyx 
 triangular-saggittate. 
 
 Nuphar, 65. 
 
 luted (water lily. C. P. y. J. X .) leaves cordate, 
 entire, lobes near each other : calyx 5-leaved : 
 stigma repand, with 14 to 20 radiated lines, and 
 a deep central hole. 
 
 Italmiana (C. Can. y. Ju. %.) leaves cordate, 
 lobes near each other , calyx 5-leaved : stigma 
 gashed with 8 to 12 radiated lines. Flowers 
 small. 
 
 advena (O. y. Ju. 1{.) leaves erect, cordate, en- 
 tire : lobes spreading asunder : calyx 6-leav- 
 cd : stigma with a slight central depression, 
 and 13 radiating lines : pericarp furrowed. 
 In stagnant waters. 
 
 Nymphaea, 64. 
 
 odoraia (pond lily. O. w. Ju. 1|«) leaves round- 
 cordate, entire, suhemarginate, lobes spreading 
 asunder, acuminate, obtuse : petals equalling 
 the 4-leaved calyx : stigma with 16 to 20 radi- 
 ating eretish lines. Var. rosea, has the flower 
 purplish beneath; and the hind lobes of the 
 leaves acutish. 
 
NYSSA, OENOTHERA. 331 
 
 Nyssa, 99. 
 
 villosa (peppcridge, tupelo. O. y-g. M. h 
 leaves oblong, entire, acute at both ends ; the 
 petioles, midribs and margins villose : pistillate 
 petioles sub-3-flowered : nut short-obo\ ate, 
 obtuse, striate. N. multiflora. 
 
 MHora (sour-gum. (J. M. h .) leaves ovate-oblong, 
 entire, acute at both ends, glabrous : pistillate 
 peduncles 2-flowered : drupe short-obovate ; 
 juit obtusely striate. 
 
 O. 
 
 Obolaria, 70. 
 
 virginka (penny-wort. P. r. Ap. % .) stem sim- 
 ple : leaves oblong, truncate, fleshy, purple be- 
 neath : flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 
 
 OCYMUM, 70. 
 
 basilicum (basil. E. $0 leaves ovate, glabrous : 
 calyx cuiate. 
 
 Oenothera, 54. 
 
 biennis (scabish, tree-primrose. O. y. J. % •) stem 
 villose, scabrous : leaves lance-ovate, flat, 
 toothed : flowers terminal, subspiked, sessile : 
 stamens shorter than the corol. Phosphores- 
 cent. Pursli. 
 
 parvifiora (C. y- Ju. % stem smooth subvillose : 
 leaves lance-ovate, flat : stamens longer than 
 the corol. 
 
 lonzijiora (P. y. 0. or % .) leaves denticulate : 
 stem simple, pilose : petals distant, 2-lobcd : 
 tube of the flower very long : capsule hirsute. 
 
 grandijlora (P. y. Ju. %.) stem glabrous, branch- 
 ing : leaves lance-ovate, glabrous ; stamens 
 declined. Flowers very large. 
 
-332 OENOTHERA, ONOPORDUM. 
 
 fruticosa (sundrops. C. Y. P. A. y. Ju. H .) smooth- 
 ish : leaves lanceolate, subdentate, acute : cap- 
 sules pedicelled, oblong-clavate, angled. 
 
 muricata (P. y. Ju. S . ) stem purple, muricate : 
 leaves lanceolate, flat : stamens of the length of 
 the corol. 
 
 pusilla (P. Can. y. Ju. %.) subpubescent : stem 
 small, subsimple : leaves lance-oblong, obtus- 
 ish, entire : flowerg axillary at the top : cap- 
 sules clavate turbinate, about equally 8-sided. 
 
 chrscsantha (dwarf scabish. O. y. J. % .) stem 
 slender, pubescent : leaves lanceolate, obtus- 
 ish, flat, entire : tube of the calyx but half as 
 long as the divisions : capsule clavate, acute- 
 angled, mostly sessile. (i Mr. Rafincsque has 
 convinced me, that the plant, which Dr. Bige- 
 low calls the O. pumila, is this species." Tor- 
 rey. 
 
 Oldenlandia, 35. 
 
 glomerata (round-head. New-Jersey, g-w. M. 0.) 
 procumbent : leaves lance-ovate : flowers ax- 
 illary and terminal, heaped in a head, pedicel- 
 led : germs hispid. 
 
 Onoclea, 102. 
 
 sensibilis (sensitive fern. W. A. C. Ju. ^.) bar- 
 ren frond pinnate, fertile one doubly-~pinnate : 
 stem glabrous. The leafets slowly approach 
 each other, on squeezing the stem in the hand. 
 
 struthiopteris (O. Ju. If..) fronds sinuate, doubly- 
 pinnatifid, divisions roundish. 
 
 obtusiloba, barren frond pinnate ; fertile one 
 doubly-pinnate ; stem scaly. 
 
 Onopordum, 83. 
 
 acanthium (cotton thistle. H. p. Ju. % .) scales of 
 the calyx spreading every way, acuminate ; 
 
ONOSMODIUM, ORCHIS. 3to> 
 
 leaves ovate-oblong, sinuate, toothed-spinose, 
 woolly. Dr. Bigelow says, this exotic is now 
 naturalized about Boston. 
 
 Oxosmodicm, 37. 
 
 hispidum (false eromwell. Y. C. y-w. J. 21.) very 
 hispid : leaves lance-oval, acute, papillose-punc- 
 tate : divisions of the corol subulate. \Qvy 
 abundant on the barren plains between Ball's 
 spring and Love's tavern, New-Haven. 
 
 Ope graph a, 112. 
 
 macula-ris (lettered lichen) crust almost wanting : 
 clefts simple, roundish, convex, clustered in a 
 roundish black spot. 
 
 Ophioglossum, 105. 
 
 vulgatum, (addertongue fern. C. P. M. 11.) frond 
 ovate, simple : spikes about an inch long. 
 
 bulbosum (C. M. 2/.) root bulbous ; frond heart- 
 ovate, obtuse. 
 
 Orchis, S8. 
 
 1. Roots oval. 
 
 ciiiaris (orchis. C. Y. P. A. y. Ju. %.) lip lance- 
 oblong, pinnate-ciliate, twice as long as the pe- 
 tals : spur longer than the germ. 
 
 blenharighttis (Tsew-Jersey. w. J. %.) lip lanceo- 
 late, ciliate, of the length of the upper petal ; 
 spur longer than the germ. Resembles the 
 last. 
 
 psveodes (P. Can. y. J. % .) lip 3-parted, divis- 
 ions capillary-many-cleft : petals obtuse : spur 
 fiJifonn-davate, ascending, of the length of the 
 germ. 
 
334 ORCHIS. 
 
 eristata (C. P. y. J. %.) lip oblong-, pinnate-cili- 
 ate : petals round, 2 lateral ones toothed : spur 
 shorter than the germ. 
 
 tacera (C. Y. H. A. g-w. Ju. H.) lip 3-parted ; 
 divisions subdigitate-filiform : spur about equal- 
 ling the germ : flowers alternate. Perhaps 
 the root is not oval. 
 
 discolor (C.J u. %.) lip 3-parted, longer than the 
 petals ; lateral divisions short acute ; middle 
 one extended, spatulate : spur filiform, about 
 twice as long as the germ : leaf one, radical, 
 heart-ovate. 
 
 2. Roots palmate. 
 
 JUvoa (P. y. Ju. %.) lip 3-cleft, entire, middle di- 
 vision larger : epur filiform, of the length of 
 
 the germ : spike elongated, compact : bracts 
 longer than the flower. 
 fridentata (C. Y. P. w. J. yj) lip lanceolate, 3- 
 toothed at the apex : petals obtuse : spur fili- 
 form,clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 
 
 S. Roots fascicled. 
 
 Juscescens (Catskill Mt. P. p-y. Ju. 1/.) lip ovate, 
 toothed at the base : petals spreading : spur 
 subulate, of the length of the germ : bracts 
 longer than the flowers. 
 
 specUwilis (O. r. M. %.') lip obovate, undivided, 
 crenate, retuse : petals strait, lateral ones long- 
 est : spur clavate, shorter than the germ : 
 bracts longer than the flowers : stem leafless. 
 
 incisa (C. P. w-p. Ju. %.) lip 3-partcd, divisions 
 wedge-form, gash-toothed, middle one emargi- 
 nate : lateral petals obtuse, subdentate ; spur 
 subulate, ascending, of the length of the germ. 
 Very tall. 
 
 rotundifolia (P w. J. 2/ .) lip 3-cleft, intermediate 
 divisions 2-cleft : spur shorter than the ger m# 
 leaves round-oval. 
 
ORCHIS, ORNITJIOGALUM. SSo 
 
 Jimbriata (W. ('. TI. Y. p. Ju. 11.) lip 3-partcd : 
 divisions wedge-torm. ciliate-l'ringed : lateral 
 petals ovale, toothed: spur filiform, clavate, 
 looker than the germ. 
 
 vrbiculata (W.C. A.P.g-w.J.:/.) lip linear, entire, 
 oblusisli : petals 3| upper ones converging, 2 
 lateral ones spreading, at the base oblique : spur 
 longer than the germ : scape with 2 Hat, fleshy, 
 shining, orbicular leaves at the base. Very 
 abundant near Williams College. 
 
 JUsa (R p. Jn. %.) lip 3-partcd ; divisions wedgc- 
 forin, toothed, intermediate one 2-lobcd : spur 
 filiform, rlavate, ascending, longer thai the 
 germ. Tall. 
 
 dilatata (giant orchis. W. \v. or g. J. 2/.) spur 
 shorter than the germ : lip entire, linear, with 
 the base dilated, of the length of the spur: 
 bracts of the length of the flower : stem leafy. 
 This species grows in great abundance along 
 the north side of the Hoosack, near Williams 
 College. In the mountains along AVhiteoak 
 creek, the flowers are green ,* in the open 
 meadows, white. It may be found in flower 
 from 1 to 4 feet high. 
 
 Origanum, TO. 
 
 nil gave (wild marjoram. Y. A. P. r. Ju. %.) 
 spikes round-panicled, heaped : bracts ovate, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 majoranu (sweet marjoram. E. ^ .) spikes round- 
 ish, ternate, compact, peduncled : leaves pe- 
 tioled, oval, obtuse, smoothish. From Pales 
 tine. 
 
 Ornitiiooalum, 51. 
 
 umbellatum (star-of-bethlehem. E. M. %.) flow- 
 ers corymbed, peduncles higher : filaments di- 
 lated at the base. 
 
336 OROBANCHE, ORTHOTRICHUM. 
 
 Orobanche, 71. 
 
 virginiana (false beech-drops, cancer-root. O.y-p, 
 Ju. 21.) stem very branching: flowers alter- 
 nate, distant : corol 4-toothed. Flowers small. 
 The whole plant is yellowish white, and of a 
 naked appearance. 
 
 uniflora (squaw-root. 0- p-w. J. T£.) scape naked 
 1 -flowered : calyx without bracts: corol re- 
 curved. About 3 inches high, of a yellowish 
 white colour. This plant does not agree with 
 its generic characters. The calyx is 5-cleft, 
 no lobed lateral leafets. The description ought 
 to be improved. 
 
 americana (T. p-y. Ju. 1L .) stem simple, covered 
 with imbricate lance-oval scales : spike ter- 
 minal, glabrous : corol rtcurved : stamens ex- 
 sert. About a span high : brownish yellow. 
 
 Orontium, 51. 
 
 aquaticum (floating-arum. Y. P. C. y. M. %.) 
 leaves lance-ovate : spike cylindric, on a 
 scape. Very plentiful in the west meadows, 2 
 miles from New-Haven. 
 
 Orthotrichum, 107. 
 
 anomalum (curve-hair moss) branched : leaves 
 lanceolate, carinate, rather obtuse, revolute at 
 the edges : calyptre hairy, toothed at the base. 
 Peristome sub-simple. 
 
 striatum, branched : leaves lanceolate, acute* 
 carinate, spread : calyptre hairy. 
 
 crispum, branched : leaves lance-linear, recurv- 
 ed and waved when dry : peduncles longer than 
 the leaves, thickened at the top : calyptre hai- 
 ry. 
 
OKYZA, OXALIS. 33; 
 
 Ouyza, 51. 
 
 Sativa (rice. K. 0.) culm jointed : leaves claspr 
 ing : panicle terminal. 
 
 Oryzopsis, 30. 
 
 aspertfoHa (mountain rice. Y. P. N. Au. l£.)culm 
 nakedish : leaves rough. 
 
 OsMUXDA, 104. 
 
 chuwmomra (flowering fern. O. y. J. %.) frond 
 doubly pinnatitid ; fertile ones distinct and 
 panicle-racemed. 
 
 inltrntpta (O. g-\. J. 2/.) barren leafets on the 
 frond with the fertile ones, above and below 
 and sometimes among them. 
 
 spectabiHs (V. r-y. J. % .) frond doubly pinnate: 
 leafets sharp serrate, 
 
 regalis {Oi r-v. J. 1|.) frond bipinate, terminat- 
 ing in several racemes \evy branching and 
 without hairs. Are these two last species the 
 same ? 
 
 Ostrya, 95. 
 
 xwrginica (iron-wood, bop hornbeam. O. g. M. \ .) 
 
 lcat es of ate-oMong, subcordate, acuminate, un~ 
 equally serrate : strobiles oblong-ovate, erect: 
 buds acute. 
 
 Oxalis, 59. 
 
 Wftosella (woodsorrcl. C. "YV. P. w. r. M. %.) 
 stemleds : scape I -flowered, longer than the 
 leaves : leaves ternate, broad-obcordate with 
 rounded hind lobes. 
 
 \'}r>lacca ( violet woodsorrel. Y. A. C. p. J. 2/ .) stcm- 
 
 Dd 
 
.**« OXALIS, OXYCOCCUS. 
 
 less : scape umbelliferous ; pedicels subpubes- 
 cent : flowers nodding : leaves ternate, ob cor- 
 date, glabrous : divisions of the calyx callous 
 at the apex : styles shorte/* than the outer sta- 
 mens. 
 
 dillenii (yellow woodsorrel. O ? y. J. ®.) hirsute t 
 stem leafy, erect, rough-haired : peduncles 
 umbelliferous, longer than the obcordate, ter- 
 jiate leaves : petals emarginate. 
 
 Stricta (yellow woodsorrel. ? y. J. 0.) all over 
 hirsute : stem erect, branching : peduncles 
 umbelliferous, shorter than the petioles : leaves 
 ternate, obcordate : petals obovate : styles of 
 the length of the inner stamens. Will not the 
 common yellow woodsorrel agree with both of 
 these descriptions ? 
 
 corniculata (C. P. y. M. ©.) all over pubescent : 
 stem branching, diffused, or procumbent : pe- 
 duncles umbellate, shorter than the petioles : 
 leaves ternate, obcordate : petals wedge-form, 
 erose at the apex 5 styles of the length of the in- 
 ner stamens. 
 
 Oxycoccus, 53. 
 
 palustris (low cranberry. P. Catskill Mt. Can. 
 r. J. »? .) creeping : leaves oval, entire, mar- 
 gin revolute, subacute, glabrous, becoming 
 white beneath : pedicels elongated : divisions 
 of the corol oval. 
 
 macrocarpus (cranberry. O. r. J. h .) creeping 
 stem ascending ; leaves oblong, entire, flattish f 
 obtuse, glabrous, becoming white beneath : 
 pedicels elongated : divisions of the corol 
 lanceolate. 
 
 trythrocarpus (P. J. h. .) erect : leaves oval, acu- 
 minate, serrulate, ciliate : pedicels axillary : 
 corols long, at length revolute. 
 
PANAX, PANICUM. 33? 
 
 r. 
 
 Panax, 44. 
 
 trifolia (dwarf ground-nut. W. C. P. A. w. %.") 
 loaves in threes, ternate orquinate ; leaflets ser- 
 rate, lance-oblong, subsessile ; root tuberous, 
 roundish. Styles generally three. Root round- 
 tuberous, and very deep in the earth in propor- 
 tion to the size of the plant. 
 
 quinquefolia (ginseng. \V. C. P. A. N. w. M. T;.) 
 root fusiform : leaves ternate, quinate : leafets 
 oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate. Larger thau, 
 the last, 
 
 Paeonia, 65. 
 
 officinalis (Peony. E. r. J. X'.) leaves decom- 
 pound ; leafets lobed, lobes broad-lanceolate ; 
 capsules downy. Improperly called pina. 
 
 Panicum, SO. 
 
 crus-galli (barn grass. O. Ju. ©,) spikes alternate 
 and in pairs, thick, squarrose : glumes hispid^ 
 awned : racliis angled ; sheath glabrous. 
 
 glaucum (foxtail panic. (). y. J. ©.) spike ter- 
 ete : involuccls 2-flowered, i'asiclc-setose : seed 
 transversely rugose. Var. Laexigatum, has glab- 
 rous leaves and sheaths. 
 
 italicnm (C. P. Ju. 0.) spike terminal, cylindric, 
 nodding, compound, interrupted near the base ; 
 racliis and peduncles pilose : bracts a little 
 longer than the calyx, hispid upwards. 
 
 viriilt (C. P. Ju. ©.) spike terete, subcompound, 
 nodding, undivided : invojucels (bracts) 10 
 to 15, setose, soft : seeds nerved. The racliis 
 is hirsute below the spike, furrowed and many- 
 coriiercd. 
 
340 PANICXM. 
 
 capillare (0. S. 0.) panicle capillary, very 
 branching, lax : flowers minute, all pedieelled, 
 solitary, oblong-ovate, acuminate, awnless : 
 leaves and sheaths very hirsute. The raehis 
 is angled. Branches of tlie panicle are oppo- 
 site and alternate, jointed at the base $ branch- 
 lets ternate, nodding. 
 
 virgatum (O. Ju. T£.) panicle very branching, 
 wand-like : glumes ovate, acuminate, awnless, 
 2-flowered : leaves very long, flat. The ra- 
 ehis, or main peduncle is coloured. Lower 
 branches of the panicle are whorled, the others 
 solitary. 
 
 latifoHum (0. J. X'..) panicle moderately spread- 
 ing : glumes ovate, acutish, subpubescent : 
 leaves lance-ovate, clasping the stem with the 
 base above the sheath, glabrous, broad ; sheath 
 pilose. The leaves vary in breadth ; but the 
 broadest arc lance-cordate, and enclose most 
 of the few-flowered panicle with the sheath 
 when young. Willdenow calls this the Var. 
 clandestinum. Mulil. makes it a new species. 
 
 nitidiim (0. Ju. If.) panicle capillaceous, branch- 
 ing : glumes striate, pubescent: seed shining: 
 leaves somewhat distant, lance-linear, bearded 
 at the neck of the sheaths : stem glabrous. 
 
 icoparium (C.P.J. If .) panicle erect, compound, se- 
 taceous branched : glumes obovate, pubescent : 
 leaves lanceolate villosc. The sheaths are 
 soft, and when young, glutinous. The lateral 
 panicles arc partly concealed. 
 
 hispidum (C.) sheath hispid, striate : spike com- 
 pound, nodding ; spikelets alternate, oblong, 
 awned : raehis pilose, scabrous : calyx 3-valv- 
 ed ; one very small and mucronate, the others 
 nerved, hispid, awned. 
 
 .geniculatuai (C. P. S.) culm glabrous, dichoto- 
 mous, geniculate at the base ; panicle diffuse, 
 \evy branching, dichotomous ; branches joint- 
 ed at t lie base, scabrous, solitary : pedicels 
 thickened or clavatc under the calyx, scabrous : 
 
PANICUM. 541 
 
 one valve short, obtuse, sub-3-lobed ; the others 
 acuminate, glabrous. 
 
 ramulosum fC. 1*. .In. ©.) panicles rery small, 
 lateral and terminal : glumes ovate, pubescent : 
 leaves narrow, shortish, bearded at the throat. 
 P. nodiflorum. 
 
 verrucosum (C.) culm with enlarged joints : 
 terminal panicle spreading, lateral ones from 
 the sheaths ; branches alternate, solitary, di- 
 vided, zigzag, glabrous : calyx S-valvedj one 
 small acute, two others warty, 3-ner\ cd. 
 
 walten (C. Can. Ju, O0 spikes alternate, erect, 
 solitary, simple : glumes ovate, murieutr- 
 hispid, awned ; one awn very long: rachis 3- 
 cornered : sheaths very hispid ; leaves glab- 
 rous. Grow s near salt-water. 
 
 agrostoides (C P. Ju. 2/0 panicles terminal and 
 lateral, branching ; branches distant, in threes, 
 pairs and solitary, erect when young at length 
 horizontal and reflexed, jointed at the base, 
 scabrous ; branchlets scabrous, divided, close- 
 pressed, pedicels short : leaves keeled, glab- 
 rous. 
 
 nervosum (C.) panicle terminal ; branches nu- 
 merous, spreading, glabrous somewhat zigzag : 
 calyx unequal, the small one ovate, acute, tins 
 others acute nerved : leaves scabrous at the 
 margins, ciliate at the base : sheaths long, 
 striate, pubescent at the margin. 
 
 pubescens (C. P. J. If.) erect, very branching, 
 pubescent : panicles small, few-flowered, lax, 
 sessile : glumes globe-ovate, subpedicelled, pu- 
 bescent. The branches of the panicle hori- 
 zontal, zigzag. 
 
 Viacrocarpon (C.) culm erect ; culm and sheaths 
 pubescent; joints naked : leaves broad-lance- 
 olate, nerved and glabrous both sides, ciliate : 
 panicle subcompound, ramose, glaucous, larg- 
 ish, turgid, ovate j branches pubescent; striate.. 
 3Le Conte. 
 
 Dd 2 
 
342 PANICUM. 
 
 umbromm (C.) slender, erect, small, glabrous : 
 culm purple, joints naked : leaves remotish, 
 spreading, lanceolate ; sheaths ciliate : pani- 
 cle smallish, simple : glumes ovate, glabrous, 
 striate. Le Contc. A new species. 
 angustlfolhim (C.) culm glabrous, erect, joints 
 naked : leaves glabrous, long-linear ; sheaths 
 bearded at the neck : panicle few-flowered, 
 long-pcdicelled, largish, ovate, glabrous, stri- 
 ate. Le Conte. A new species. 
 barbatum (C. J.) erect, slender, glabrous ; joints 
 bearded : leaves lance-linear, distant, spread- 
 ing, shorty radical ones lanceolate, with ciliate 
 sheaths : panicle sub-compound, racemose, 
 glaucous, pubescent, striate. Le Conte. A new 
 species. 
 
 Remark. The preceding 21 species have been 
 collected in the vicinity of New- York, and ana- 
 lyzed by Dr. Torrey. I am indebted to him also, 
 for the descriptions of the species of John Le Con- 
 tc, Esq. 
 
 vcrticillatum (P. New-Jersey. Ju. <x>.) spikes 
 whorled ; racemes in fours : involucres 1 -flow- 
 ered, 2-bristled ; culms diffuse ; leaves with sea* 
 brous margins and keeled glabrous sheaths. 
 discolor (P. J. 2/.) panicle terminal, subsimple ; 
 branches horizontal, in pairs and solitary, zig- 
 zag, glabrous ; florets ail pedicelled : calyx 3- 
 valved, 1 -flowered ; one valve minuie and co- 
 loured : radical leaves abbreviated, those of the 
 culm lanceolate, hairy at the base, margin cris- 
 ped. 
 diehotomum (P» Ju. %.) panicles perfectly simple, 
 few-flowered, glumes obovate : leaves lance- 
 linear, divaricate, glabrous ; bearded at the 
 base and neck of the sheath : stem dichoto- 
 mous. The lower joints are hairy, the upper 
 ones glabrous. Radical leaves are lance-cor- 
 date, and abbreviated ; those of the culm lance* 
 linear, nerved; glabrous. 
 
PANICUM, FARMELIA. HI 
 
 depauperaium (P. J.) panicle terminal, erect, 
 few-flowered, (depauperate branches repairs ,- 
 one abaffeviated l-floweredj the other 2-flowcr- 
 ed and twisted: leaves lance-linear, tin' lower 
 ones abbreviated, the tapper ones elongated* 
 
 anceps (P. Ju. 1|.) erect : brandies of the panicle 
 simple, interruptedly racemed : sheaths two- 
 edged, rough -haired below; the perfect flow- 
 ers have S-valved corols, the staininatc flowers 
 liave 1-valved corols. 
 
 Pa paver, 64. 
 
 rheas (wild poppy. Y. C. A. N. r. J. 0.) capsules 
 glabrous, subglobose : stem many-flowered, pi- 
 lose, with the hairs spreading : leaves gash- 
 pinnatifid. This is usually considered as an ex- 
 otic ; if it was introduced it is certainly most 
 effectually naturalized in many places. 
 
 nudicaulis (Can. y. £ ,) capsules hispid : scape 1- 
 flowered, naked, hispid : leaves subpinnate ; 
 leafets lanceolate, lower ones somewhat gash- 
 ed. 
 
 somnifcrum (opium poppy. E. J.£ ) calyx and cap- 
 sule glabrous : leaves clasping, gashed, glau- 
 cous. 
 
 Parietaria, 92. 
 
 pensylvanica (pellitory. P. J. ®.) leaves lance- 
 oblong, veiny, with opake punctures : involu- 
 cre 3-leaved, longer than the flower, 
 
 Parmelia, 115. 
 
 1. Frond crustaceous ; uniform. 
 
 (Ura (shield lichen) rugged-granular, unequal, 
 whitish-grey : shields black, at length com ex, 
 with a mite border becoming zigzag and cre- 
 nulate. 
 
344 PARMELTA. 
 
 sophodes, nearly orbicular* granular, dull grey- 
 green : shields crowded, flat becoming a little 
 convex, black, with a margin somewhat tumid 
 entire. 
 
 subfusca, very thin, contiguous, smooth, greyish 
 white : shields sessile, scattered, rather con- 
 vex, rusty -brown ; margin greyish-white tu- 
 mid, entire. 
 
 dispersa, scattered : unequal, lead-grey : shields 
 scattered, minute, flattish, brown and black- 
 ish ; grey with a raised, whitish, crenulate mar- 
 gin- 
 
 effusa, effuse, thin, mealy, pale-brown : shields 
 pale-brown, with a very thin greenish-yellow 
 border, becoming convex, the margin vanish- 
 ing. 
 
 varia, granular, unequal, pale greenish-yellow : 
 shields crowded, flattish, brownish and varie- 
 gated, with a slightly inflexed irregular brown- 
 ish margin. 
 
 £. Frond foliaceous, somexvhat membranous, dt- 
 pressed,' stellate, more or less imbricate, jibrous 
 beneath, 
 
 Hqu'ila, cartilage-membraned, somewhat stellate, 
 tawny-brown, paler with dark fibres beneath : 
 segments imbricate, very narrow, many-cleft, 
 recurved edges, deflected and broader in the 
 circumference : shieLds dark brown with a pa* 
 ler crenulate margin. 
 
 'saxatilis, membranous, glaucous-grey, somewhat 
 stellate, roughish, net-pitted, black fibrous be- 
 neath : segments sinuate-lobed, imbricate, flat, 
 somewhat truncate : shields bay, with a thin in- 
 flected pale crenulate margin, 
 
 Conspersa (W.) membranous, stellate, glaucous- 
 green glabrous, dotted with black ; black-brown 
 and fibrous beneath : segments somewhat im- 
 bricate, flat, sinuate-lobed, cut-rounded-crenate : 
 
PAUMELIA. 345 
 
 ccnlral shields bay, with an inflected margin 
 nearly entire. 
 
 stcllaris, membranous, stellate, becoming plait- 
 ted-wrinkled, naked, grey, whitish with grey 
 fibres beneath ; segments somewhat linear, 
 convex, many-cleft : shields tint, bluish-bla. k, 
 at length concave and deep black, with an in- 
 flected grey margin. 
 
 aijwlia, membranous, stellate, glaucous-grey, 
 nearly naked, black-fibrous beneath : segments 
 ilattish, wavy, broader in the circumference, 
 cut-lobcd, crenate : shields flat, bluish, with a 
 swelled inflected white entire margin. 
 
 Cnthelina, membranous, somewhat stellate, whi- 
 tish, black downy beneath : segments flat, 
 close-pressed, naked, nearly linear, many-cleft, 
 obtuse, crenate : shields crowded, glaucous 
 livid-brown becoming blackish, with a thin 
 white entire margin. 
 
 pidvcndentai membranous, stellate, green-brown 
 with a grey frost, black-downy beneath, seg- 
 ments somewhat imbricate, close-pressed, flat, 
 many-cleft, rather linear, cut-crenatc, a little 
 retuse at top : shields flat, bluish, with a tu- 
 mid involute entire margin. 
 
 olivacea, membranous, stellate, olive brown, shin- 
 ing, brownish and a little fibrous beneath : 
 segments flat, dilated at top, rounded-lobed 
 Wrinkled and dotted : shields olive-brown, with 
 an inflected crenulatc margin. 
 
 liliacea, somewhat membranous, stellate, whitish- 
 
 flaucous, a little frosted, blackish-brown with 
 lack fibres beneath : segments imbricate, 
 rounded-lobed, sinuate-erenatc, plaited, zig- 
 zag : shields brown, with an inflected nearly 
 entire margin. 
 scortea, leather-membranous, stellate, grey-white 
 shining, smooth, finely dotted with black, 
 black-bristly beneath : segments somewhai 
 imbricate, rounded-lobed, sinuate -crenate, zig- 
 zag. 
 
MS PARMELIA. 
 
 caperafa, leather-membranous, stellate, rugged- 
 plaited, pale greenish-yellow, black-bristly be- 
 neath : segments sinuatc-lobed, rounded, 
 slightly crcnate : shields rather central, con- 
 cave, chesnut, with an inflected crenulate mea- 
 ly margin. 
 
 3. Frond leafy,, somewhat leathery, with vague 
 
 lax expanded lobes, villose beneath, 
 
 perlata, somewhat leathery, expanded, glaucous- 
 green, smooth, black-brown and a little villous 
 beneath ; lobes rounded, a little curled : shields 
 cup-form, dull red. with an entire margin. 
 
 perforata, somewhat membranous, expanded, 
 glaucous, black-\ illose beneath, cut-lobed and 
 fringed at the margin : shields funnel-form, at 
 length perforated, rust-colour, with an entire 
 margin. 
 
 herbucea, somewhat membranous, expanded, 
 smooth, bright-green, pale with brown down 
 beneath ; lobes cut crenatc : shields flat- 
 fish, red-fulvous, with an inflected nearly en- 
 tire margin. 
 
 4. Frond foliaceous, gelatinous, variously formed, 
 
 pidchra, somewhat fleshy, thickish, greenish-blue, 
 lobes somewhat sinuate -rounded, unequal, en- 
 tire, flexuous : shields scattered, pale rust- 
 colour, with a tumid crenulate margin becoim- 
 ing convex and the colour of the frond. 
 
 tremeUoides, membranous, thin, lead-colour : lobes 
 cut-sinuate, the segments rounded, complicate, 
 wavy, entire : shields lateral, slightly pedicell- 
 ed, scattered, flat, red with pale margin. 
 
 lacera, somewhat pellucid, membranous, glaucous- 
 green : lobes rather erect, crowded, torn-ciliate: 
 shields scattered, concave, red with an entire 
 pale margin. 
 
 ?ii$rcscens, membranous, of a single leaf, depress- 
 
IWRMELIA. 847 
 
 ed, rugged and blistered, dark-green, with a 
 rounded lotted margin : shields central, crowded, 
 becoming convex, reddish-brown with an en- 
 tire border. 
 
 furca, membranous, rugged-plaited, granular 
 both sides, greenish-black : lobes deformed, 
 cut, rounded, wavy-curled, rather folded : 
 shields scatto i<d, Hat, Mack-brown. 
 
 tenax, imbricate, nearly oilncular.glaucus-grcen ; 
 lob s Hat-incumbent, roundish, unequally cre- 
 naie or palmatc-lobod : shields scattered, a lit- 
 tle immersed, concave, with a nearly entire 
 margin. 
 
 fascicuiaris, nearly orbicular, clustered, black- 
 green, with central erect anastoihatising plaits ; 
 lobes of the circumference cut-c renate : shields 
 marginal, top-pcdicelled, clustered, dull rust- 
 colour. 
 
 palmnta, imbricate, puffed, pale greenish-brown : 
 segments somewhat membranous, linear, many 
 cleft, somewhat palmate, zigzag, revolute and 
 entire at the margin : shields scattered, ied- 
 dish-f-iJvais. 
 
 9ubmargiiudis, lax, prostrate, sinuate, curled, 
 with spherical nearly margial dark green 
 granulation. 
 
 5. Frond leafy, membranous, depressed : segments 
 linear* somewhat imbricate, vaulted, or inflected, 
 at their tips. 
 
 physodes, glabrous, whitish, black-brown beneath, 
 naked both sides : segments expanded, in ma- 
 ny sinuate di\ isions, rather convex, a little in- 
 flated at the tip : shields red, with a thin inflect- 
 ed entire margin. 
 
 eolpodes, pale-grey, black spongy beneath : seg- 
 ments divaricate, somewhat imbricate, in ma- 
 ny sinuate t lefts : shields cup-form, dull brown* 
 becoming dilated, with an inflected creuulate 
 margin. 
 
348 PARMELIA, 
 
 enteromorpha, glabrous, white, black beneath; 
 segments somewhat imbricate, lobed, obtuse, 
 inflected : shields baj , entire. 
 
 6. Frond leafy, membrane-cartilaginous, tufted : 
 segments rattier erect, linear, tapering ; longi- 
 tudinally channelled beneath, 
 
 ciliaris, greenish, glaucous-grey, naked and whit- 
 ish beneath ; segments branched, linear, fibril- 
 lous at their tips : shields terminal, black- 
 brow n. 
 
 leucomela, naked, glabrous, wliite both sides, 
 mealy beneath : segments linear, branched, 
 fringed with black on the margin : shields pe- 
 rt icelled, nearly terminal, flat, bluish-black 
 with a white radiate margin. 
 
 T. Frond sgrnewliat leafy, cartilaginous or leathery, 
 segments erect or hanging, fat or cjlindiic-cmn- 
 pressed% jritted, tapcrings, branched, naked, glab- 
 rous, 
 
 fraxina, somewhat tufted, grey-white, glabrous 
 both sides, rugged, pitted : segments flat, erect, 
 linear-lanceolate, jagged : shields marginal 
 and lateral, flat, pale. 
 
 fasti giata, leathery, tutted, glaucous-grey, glab- 
 rous, linear-pitted, slightly divided; segments 
 ( ylindric-compressed, thickened upwards, flat- 
 topped : shields nearly terminal, sessile, glau- 
 cous-grey. 
 
 polymorplw, tufted, yellowish, glabrous, torn- 
 branched, flat* compressed or roundish ; longi- 
 tudinal pits and oval warts scattered and ter- 
 minal : shields flat, terminal, yellowish. 
 
 chrysophthalma, tufted, orange-yellow, glabrous, 
 jagged-divided and ciliate : segments erect, 
 flat, nearly linear : shields terminal, orange, 
 radiate. 
 
PAliMELIA, PASPALUM. 34» 
 
 1. Frond filamentous, somewhat cartilaginous* 
 branched : JUamenU nearly cijlindric, hanging 
 or diffuse. 
 
 Aisncoidcs, cartilaginous, glabrous, compressed, 
 pale ; filaments nanging, somewhat fibrous. ta- 
 pering ; shields marginal, slightly pedicelled, 
 Hat, pale, with a thin entire margin. 
 
 jubata, cartilaginous, smooth, rather polished, 
 <} limine, grey and black; filaments much 
 branched, forked, filiform, the lower axils com- 
 pressed : shields sessile, becoming convex, 
 grey and black with an entire margin. 
 
 chalybaformis, filaments decumbent, shorter, 
 vaguely-branched, rigid, zigzag, interwoven, 
 t\\ isted, pitchy-black. 
 
 Paxassia, 47. 
 
 palustris (false-plantain, par nass us -grass. C.W. 
 A. P. w-p. Ju. li .) radical leaves cordate : nec- 
 taries many-bristled. The bristles or divis- 
 ions of the nectary are terminated by little 
 1 leads, and have somewhat the appearance of 
 stamens. 
 
 carol mi ana (C. P. w-p. Ju. *U.) radical leave*; 
 suborbiculate : nectaries 3-bristled. 
 
 Pa sp alum, 30. 
 
 selaceum 'paspalon grass. P. J. 0.) spike single, 
 slender : glumes round-obovate, glabrous : 
 leaves villose : culm setaceous, erect, 
 latum (P. Ju. 2/.) spikes alternate, somewhat. 
 in pairs : glumes somewhat in three rows, pair- 
 ed, round-obovate, obtuse, glabrous : leaves 
 lance-linear, serrulate-ciliate : culm decum- 
 bent. 
 
 laeye (P. J. tj.) spikes many, alternate : glumes 
 in two rows, round-ovate, glabrous, smooth : 
 
 Ec 
 
350 PASPALCM, PEDICLLARIS. 
 
 leaves glabrous ; stipules ciliate ; sheaths com- 
 pressed : stem subcrect. 
 stoloniferum (New-Jersey. Ju. 11 .) spikelets long- 
 racemcd somewhat whorled, spreading : glumes 
 alternate, ovate, serrulatc-ciiiate, rugose trans- 
 versely : leaves short, subcordate at the base : 
 stem prostrate at its base. 
 
 Passiflora, 76. 
 
 lutea (yellow passion-flower. P. y. S. % leaves 
 cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, glabrous ; petioles 
 glandless : peduncles axillary, in pairs : petals 
 twice as narrow as t!ie calyx. 
 
 coerulea (blue passion-flower. E.b. Ju. \ .) leaves 
 palmate, 5 -parted, entire : petioles glandular : 
 involucre 3-leaved, entire : threads of the 
 crown shorter than the corol. 
 
 ulata (winged passion-flower. E. Oct. h leaves 
 oblong-ovate, subcordate, entire, veiny ; peti- 
 oles with 4-glands : stipules lance-falcate, sub- 
 serrate : involucre 3-leaved : stem 4-cornered, 
 membranaceous. 
 
 Pastinaca, 46. 
 
 saliva (parsnip. E. Au. % .) leaves simply pin- 
 nate : leafets glabrous. Var. arvensis, leafets 
 subpubescent. This variety is often found in 
 situations, which almost prove it to be indigen- 
 ous. 
 
 Pediculaeis, 72. 
 
 canadensis (lousewort. O. y-p. M. K.) stem sim- 
 ple: leaves pinnatifid, gash-toothed : heads 
 leafy at the base, hirsute : corol with a seta- 
 ceous-2-toothed upper lip : calyx obRqucly 
 truncate. From 4 to 8 inches high ; generally 
 several stems growing from one root. 
 
PEDICULARIS, PELARGONIUM. 
 
 gladiaia (high heal-all. Y. A. C. >». y-p. J. V.) 
 stem simple : leaves lanceolate, pinnatifid, 
 toothed: spikes leafy, with alternate 
 hirsute; capsules lengthened into an i .- n. 
 
 sword-mucronate form. Of, mi I f ! high, 
 pallida (C. V. y. Ju. V .) stem branching, tall: 
 leaves si:b >late, crcnate, toothed : 
 
 spikes leafless, glabrous : upper lip of the co- 
 Xo\ obtuse: 2-rlcft, roundish. From C 
 
 to 3 feet high. If i donoi misapply these char- 
 acters, this species crows along the west side, 
 of a meadow, one mile northeast from Love's 
 tavern, New-Haven. 
 resupinata (Can, p. Ju. %.) stem simple, glab- 
 rous : leaves lanceolate, toothed* crena 
 calyx hitid truncate : upper lip of the corol 
 acute. 
 sceptrum (P. y. S. l|.) stem simple : leaves pin- 
 natilid ; repand-crenulatc : calyx 5-cleft, crest 
 ed : corol closed. 
 
 Pelargonium, 7G. 
 
 1. Nearly stenuess ; root tuberous. 
 
 trisle (mourning geranium. E.) umbel simple : 
 
 . leaves rough-haired, pinnate : leafets bi-pin- 
 
 natiJid, divisions oblong acute. Flowers dark 
 
 daucijotium (carrot geranium. E. y..') scape very 
 simple: haves thrice-pinnate, hirsute : leafets 
 lancc-iinear. 
 
 2. Leaves simple, not angled, 
 
 §doratissimum (sweet-scented geranium. E. \ .) 
 peduncles sub-5-ilowercd : leaves round cord- 
 ■sw, very soft. 
 
352 PELARGONIUM, PELTIDEA. 
 3. Leaves simple, more or less angled or lobed, 
 
 cconale (horse-shoe geranium. E. k umbels ma- 
 ny-flowered : leaves heart-orbicular, obsolete- 
 ly lobed, toothed, with a coloured zone or band 
 around near the margin. 
 
 mquinans (scarlet geranium. E. \ .) umbels ma- 
 ny flowered : leaves round-reniform, hardly 
 divided, crenate, viscid-downy. 
 
 acerifolium (lemon, or maple-leaf, geranium. E. 
 h .) umbels about 5 -flowered : leaves 5-lobe- 
 palm ate, serrate; below wedgeform, undivided. 
 
 cajntatum (rose-scented geranium. E. k .) flow- 
 ers eapitate : leaves cordate, lobed, waved, 
 soft : stem diffuse. 
 
 quercifolium, (oak-leaf geranium. E. ^ .) umbels 
 sub-manyflowered : leaves cordate, pinnatifid, 
 crenate : sinuses rounded : filaments ascend- 
 ing at the apex. 
 
 graxeolens (sweet rose-geranium. E. \ .) um- 
 bels many -flowered, subcapital: leaves pal- 
 mate-7-lobed ; divisions oblong, obtuse, mar- 
 gins revolute. 
 
 Pj&LTIDEAj 115. 
 
 rernosu, (target lichen) grey, white underneath 
 with grey-brown downy hairs : lobes round- 
 ish divergent : targets anterior, marginal, hor- 
 izontal, round, brown. 
 
 canina, expanded, greyish : whiter with brown- 
 ish veins and fibres underneath : lobes oblong, 
 large, broader outwards ; fertile ones scat- 
 tered, marginal narrow : targets perpendicu- 
 lar, revolute, roundish, anterior, tawny -red- 
 dish. 
 
 ^cutata, expanded, grey, naked and veinless be- 
 neath : lobes rounded, gash-sinuate, curled at 
 the margin ; targets marginal, orbicular, as* 
 cending, anterior, pale reddish. 
 
PELTIDEA, PENTSTEMOV 
 
 
 polydactulos, expanded, glabrous, glaucous-green, 
 veined with brown fibres beneath : lobes round- 
 ded digitate ; fertile ones marginal* loner, 
 crowded, tapering: targets anterior, roundish, 
 
 revolute, ascending, black-brown. 
 
 aphtfiosa, expanded, glabrous, green with brown 
 warts, nearly veinless, with black fibres and a 
 bluish stripe beneath ; lobes lax, rounded ; 
 fertile ones marginal, scattered narrow : tar- 
 gets anterior, ascending, round, red. 
 
 Itovizojilatis, expanded, glabrous, glaucous-green, 
 black-brown, reticulate with veins beneath : 
 lobes oblong, rounded ; fertile ones marginal, 
 abort depressed : targets anterior horizontal, 
 t ransversely oblong, reddish brown. 
 
 Penthorum, 59# 
 
 scdoides (virginian orpine. O. g-y Ju, 2/.) stem 
 branching, angled : leaves lanceolote, subsessile, 
 unequally and densly serrate: spikes terminal, 
 panicled, alternate and cymed : seeds pitted. 
 
 Pextstemox, 75. 
 
 pubescens (beard-tongue. W. A. C.P. w-p. J. ^.) 
 stem hairy : leaves serrulate, lance-oblong, 
 sessile : flowers panicled : the barren filament 
 bearded from the apex to below the middle. 
 Var. latifolia has broad smooth leaves. Var. 
 augustijolia has narrow, hairy, obscurely den- 
 ticulate leaves. From 1 to 2 feet high. 
 
 laevigata (I*. A? w-p. Ju. 11.) stem glabrous: 
 leaves smooth, oblong-ovate, clasping at the 
 base, slenderly toothed, lower ones entire ; flow- 
 ers panicled : barren filament bearded above. 
 About S feet high. 
 
 Ee 2 
 
354 PERIPLOCA, PHACELIA. 
 
 Peeiploca, 43. 
 
 graeca (follicle vine. P. p. M. k flowers hirsute - 
 within, terminal ; stigma with 10 crenatures. 
 
 Petalostemon, 77. 
 
 ■ andidum (split flower. P. w. Ju. If.) spike cylin- 
 dric, peduncled : bracts longer than the flow- 
 er : calyx glabrous : leaves three-paired. 
 
 Peziza, 118. 
 
 wnttettata (dish fungus) sessile, fiat, orange-red, 
 buff without ; margin convex, hairy. 
 
 •occinea (scarlet dish. O.) scarlet within and buff- 
 yellow withont. 
 
 cinerea, sessile, grey, reflected : margin lobed, 
 curled. 
 
 citrina, stem very short and nearly wanting: yel- 
 low. 
 
 aurea, stem shoi't : gold yellow, flat. 
 
 nchroleuca, stem blackish at the base: funnel- 
 form, leathery, dusky-ochre. 
 
 Phacelia, 39. 
 
 hipiiinatijida (phacelia. P. b. M.) erect : leaves 
 pinnatifid, divisions gash-lobed : racemes 
 mostly bifid, oblong, many-flowered : divisions 
 of the corol entire. 
 
 fimbriata (P. b. M. 0.) ascending, hairy : leaves 
 sessile, pinnatifid : divisions lanceolate, acute, 
 entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous beneath : 
 racemes solitary ; pedicels elongated : divi- 
 sions of the corol ciliatc-fringed. 
 
 parviflwa (P. b. M. ®.) diffused, pubescent : 
 leaves subsessile, pinnatifid : divisions oblong, 
 obtusish, entire : racemes solitary ; pedicels 
 »b»rt : divisions of th^ corn] round; entire. 
 
PHALARIS, PHASE0LL6. 355 
 
 Phalakis, SO. 
 
 arundinacea(ribhon grass, wild canary grass. W\ 
 Y. P. Ju. 1J..) panicle oblong, ventricose, com- 
 pact : glumes acuminate, 3-nerved : leaves sca- 
 brous at the margin ; sheaths striate. Var. 
 picta, leaves variously striped — This varety is 
 the ribbon grass of the gardens. 
 
 eanaricnsis (canary grass. E. ©.) panicle spike- 
 form, ovate : glumes of the calyx boat-form, 
 entire : corol 4-valved ; outer ones lanceolate, 
 glabrous, inuer ones villose. 
 
 Phascum, 106. 
 
 crispnm (earth moss.) caulescent : capsule near- 
 ly sessile : leaves lanceolate, pointed, curled 
 when dry. 
 
 patens, caulescent : capsule about sessile : leaves 
 lance-ovate, serrate at top, spreading. 
 
 mnticum, stemless : capsule sessile : leaves ovate, 
 without points, concave, converging. 
 
 sennit urn, stemless : shoots spreading, branched: 
 capsule sessile : floral leaves erect, lanceolate, 
 serrate. 
 
 Phaseolus, 79. 
 
 pcrennis (wild kidney-bean. C. P. p. Ju. % ^twin- 
 ing, wholly pubescent : leaves broad -ovate, 
 the odd one subcordate : racemes in pairs, 
 longer than the leaves : peduncles in pairs : 
 bracts obsolete : legumes peduncled. 
 
 Jielvolus (C. P. r. Q. or i.) "twining, a little 
 rough-haired : leafets oblong-oval, subdeltoid, 
 obtusish : heads of flowers Ion g-ped uncled : 
 banner short, wings expanded, large : legumes 
 terete-linear. 
 
 .ulszaris (common pole-bean. E. p. w. Ju. 0.) 
 stem twining : racemes solitary, shorter than 
 
556 PHASEOLUS, PHLOX. 
 
 
 the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts smaller 
 than the calyx : spreading, legumes pendulous. 
 From the East Indies. 
 
 coccineus (scarlet runner. E,) stem twining : ra- 
 cemes in pairs, longer than the leaves : pedun- 
 cles in pairs : bracts obsolete : legumes pendu- 
 lous. 
 
 nanus (bush-bean, six-weeks bean. E. ©.) stem 
 erect, smooth : bracts larger than the calyx : 
 legumes pendulous, compressed, rugose. Seeds 
 variously coloured. 
 
 Philadelphia, 61. 
 
 Goronarius (mock-orange, false syringa. E. w. 
 «T. h •) styles distinct : leaves ovate, subden- 
 tate. From Asia Minor or Greece. 
 
 Inodorus (scentless syringa. Southern states w. 
 J. k leaves ovate, acuminate, entire : divis- 
 ions of the calyx acute : style undivided, longer 
 than the stamens ; stigmas 4, oblong. Flowers 
 large. 
 
 *randiJiorus (scentless syringa. Southern states. 
 w. J. \i .) leaves ovate, acuminate, denticulate : 
 axils of the veins with fascicles of hairs be- 
 neath: divisions of the calyx acuminate : style 
 undivided, longer than the stamens : stigmas 
 4, linear, 
 
 Phleum, 31, 
 
 pratense (timothy grass. O.J. %. and % .) spike 
 cylindric, very long, ciliate : culm erect. 
 
 Phlox, 59. 
 
 paniculata (smooth-stem Iichnidia. P. r. w. Ju. 
 ^.) glabrous, erect: leaves lanceolate, nar- 
 rowing gradually, flat, margins rough : co- 
 rymbs panicled : divisions of the corymb 
 rounded : calyx awned. 
 
PHLOX. 357 
 
 pyramidal is (P. p. J. %.) erect, glabrous ; stem 
 scabrous : leaves heart-ovate, acute : panicle 
 
 fastigiate, pyramidal ; divisions of the corol 
 wedge-truncate : teeth of the calyx subcrect, 
 lanceolate acute. 
 
 maculata, (spotted lichnidia. P. r. w. Ju. y.) 
 erect ; stem spotted, scabrous : leaves lance- 
 oblong, glabrous, margins rough : panicle ob- 
 long, flowers crowded : divisions of the corol 
 rounded : teeth of the calyx acute, recurved. 
 
 suaveolens (P. w. Ju. %.) erect ; stem xevy gla- 
 brous, not spotted : leaves lance-ovate, 
 smooth : raceme panicled : divisions of the co- 
 rol rounded : teeth of the calyx lanceolate, 
 acute, erectish. Sweet-scented. 
 
 aristata (P. r. w. J. 11.) weak, erect, viscid-pu- 
 bescent : leaves lance-linear : panicle lax, ias- 
 tigiate ; pedicels somewhat in pairs : divis- 
 ions of the corol somewhat obovate ; tube 
 curved, pubescent : teeth of tlte calyx long, sub- 
 ulate. 
 
 yilosu (creeping lichnidia. Southern states, p. w. J. 
 X .) small decumbent, pubescent : leaves lance- 
 linear, short, roughish : flowers subsessile and 
 fascicled at the top : divisions of the corol 
 round-obtuse, tube straitish, glabrous : tooth of 
 the calyx subulate-acuminate. 
 
 divaricata (P. p-b. M. %.) low, decumbent, pu- 
 bescent : leaves lance-oval, upper ones alter- 
 nate : branches divaricate, lax, few-flowered : 
 divisions of the corol subcordate : teeth of the 
 calyx linear-subulate. 
 
 stolunifera P. b-b. J. %.) stoloniferous-creeping, 
 pubescent : radical leaves obovate-spatulate, 
 cauline ones lance-oval : corymb spreading, 
 few-flowered : divisions of the corol obovate : 
 teeth of the calyx linear, reflexed. 
 
 subulata (mountain pink. New Jersey, r. M. ^.'.) 
 caespitose, white-pubescent : leaves linear, 
 pungent, ciliate ; corymbs few-flowered, pc- 
 
35& PHLOX, PHYSALIS. 
 
 dicels S-clcft : divisions of the corol, wedffe- 
 form, emarginate : teeth of the calyx subulate, 
 scarcely shorter than the tube of the corol. 
 setacea (C. r. J. l£.) cacspitose, pubescent : 
 leaves fascicled, subulate,, pungent, ciliate • pe- 
 dicels few. terminal, subumbelled ; divisions 
 of the corol wedge-form, cmarginate : teeth 
 ot the calyx subulate, thrice as short as the- 
 tube oi the corol. 
 
 Phrt.ma, 70. 
 
 lepiostachia (lopseed. O. P. w. Ju. 2.) leaves 
 ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled : spike ter- 
 minal, slender : flowers opposite. As the fruit 
 oegms to form, it lops down against the'ra- 
 
 chis. 
 
 PlITXLAXTHrs, 96. 
 
 olovains tteaf-llower. P. J. ®.) fc aves ©borate, 
 obtusish : flowers in pairs, axillary, pedicelled: 
 stem erect, branching, terete. A span high. 
 
 Physajlis, 40. 
 
 'clscosa (winter cherry. C. P. W ? y. Ju. v ) i eavcs 
 m pairs, heart-oval, rcpand, obtuse, subtomen- 
 tose : stem panic-led above : iruit-bearine calyx 
 pubescent. * J 
 
 yensylvanica (P. y. J. %.) leaves ovate, suhre- 
 paml, obtuse, nakedish : stem branching . 
 peduncles solitary, a little longer than the ^ 
 tiojes, *^ 
 
 pdhdelphka (Xew England, y. p. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 ovate, rcpand-toothed, glabrous : stem very 
 branching : peduncles solitary, much shorter 
 than the petioles. 
 
 lanceolnta (i\ y. J :/ .) loaves in pairs lance-oval, 
 supcntire, gradually narrowing into tUc peti- 
 
PHYSALIS, TIM S. 359 
 
 olc, pubescent : stem dichotoinous : calyx vii- 
 
 alkekenei (common winter chewy. E. 11.) leaves 
 in pairs, entire, a< utc : stem subramose below. 
 Calyx ot tne tniit ml or rc(1 dk"« 
 Phytolacca, 60- 
 
 decandra (poke weed. (). w. Ju. ^) leaves .orate, 
 »cute at both ends : flowers raceined, bern 
 flattened at the ends. A good substitute lor the 
 Ipecac. See Bigelow's Medical Botany. 1 be 
 toung shoots, used as a substitute foe a^ara- 
 gus, are an excellent remedy in cases ot habit- 
 ual costh cness. 
 
 PlCRls, 85. 
 
 hieracioides (oxtongue. E. 2/.) stem erect, sea- 
 brous : leaves clasping, lanceolate, toothed ; 
 flowers subcorymbed. 
 
 Pinus, 9G. 
 
 1. Leaves solitary-, xvith separate bases* 
 
 balsamea (fir tree, balsam trce.O.M. h Olearesflat, 
 emarginatc or entire, glaucous beneath, sober- 
 est above, recuHre-spreadii - cylinanc, 
 erect : bracts abbreviated, obovate, long-mu- 
 cronate, subserrulate. w ., . 
 
 fraseri (double spruce. V, . N. P.J. h-) leaves 
 solitarr, flat, emarginate, glaucous beneatu, 
 somewhat one-sided, thick above, erect : < 
 ovate-oblong, erect: bracts elongated, pel 
 ed, wedee-oblone, emarginate, short mucron- 
 ate, gash-toothed. I believe this species grows 
 in all parts of the northern states. But 1 nail 
 never observed, that this was distinct troin the 
 nigra, until last summer. 
 
360 PINUS. 
 
 nigra (black spruce. O. M. b .) leaves 4-sided, 
 scattered on all sides of the branchlets, erect, 
 strait : strobiles ovate ; scales oval, with undu- 
 late margins, erose-toothed at the apex, 
 
 alba (white spruce. O. M. % ) leaves 4-sided, in- 
 curved : strobiles subcylindric, lax : scales ob- 
 ovate, entire. 
 
 mnadensis (hemlock tree. O. M. ^ .) leaves flat, 
 denticulate, two-ranked : strobiles ovate, ter- 
 minal, scarcely longer than the leaves. The 
 bark is used in tanning leather. 
 
 rubra (red spruce, spruce fir. Can. New-England. 
 M. h.) leaves solitary, subulate : strobiles ob- 
 long, obtuse : scales rounded, sub-2-lobed, 
 margin entire. 
 
 2, Leaves in pairs, with the bases bound together 
 by sheaths. 
 
 resinosa (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. W. 
 Can. A. N. Catskill. M. b .) leaves and sheaths 
 elongated ; strobiles ovate-conic, rounded at 
 the base, subsolitary, about half as long as the 
 leaves; scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. 
 Bark of a reddish colour and much smoother 
 than the rigida and strobus. Often grows very 
 tall and strait. 
 
 inops (jersey pine. C. M. \ .) leaves short : stro- 
 biles oblong-conic, recurved, of the length of 
 the leaves : prickles of the scales subulate, 
 strait. 
 
 banksiana (scrub pine, grey pine. District of 
 Maine. M. h leaves short, rigid, divaricate, 
 oblique, recurved, twisted: scales without 
 prickles. 
 
 5. Leaves in threes, with the bases bound together 
 by sheaths, 
 
 variabilis (three leaved yellow pine. New-Eng- 
 
pixrs. 3d 
 
 land?M. k P art °* the l eaves ' ll pairs* the 
 others in threes, slender, channelled : strobiles 
 oni;-, sub-solitar) ; prickles of the scales 
 'lined. 
 
 nitch pine. O. M. k •) leaves with abbrc- 
 •«•;] sheaths: staminate aments erect-incum- 
 bent : sjtrobiles ovate, scattered or aggregated ; 
 s of the seals relic xed. Though very 
 iimon, it grows the most plentifully on bar- 
 
 idy plains. 
 uj (pond pine. P. New-Jersey. M. b .) lca\ 
 elongated : prickles of the scales strait and ve- 
 i ■ slender. Probably a variety of the last. 
 
 4. Leaves iii Jives, with bases bound together by 
 slieaihs. 
 
 .;'. 0. M. ^ .) leaves slender; 
 vir-.i:!!- iiorl : strobiles pendant, cylindric, 
 longer than t!ie leaves : scales somewhat lax. 
 Tins is called Weymouth pine by the English. 
 Perhaps nine-tenths of the hoards, used in N. 
 America, are of this species. 
 
 5. Leaves many in a fascicle. 
 
 pendula (black larch, tamarack, hack-matack. 0. 
 M. b .) leaves deciduous : strobiles oblong ; 
 irgins of the scales inflexed : bracts guitar- 
 form with a slender point. 
 
 microearpa (red larch. P. Can. M. h •) leaves de- 
 r ciduous : strobiles roundish, few-flowered ; 
 scales reilcxed : bracts oval, obtuse, acumin- 
 ate. These two last species were considered as 
 varieties of the same ; but Mr. Lambert prov- 
 ved their specific difference by raising them 
 from the seed. 
 
 larix (common larch. E. k .) leaves deciduous : 
 strobiles ovate-oblong; margins of the scales 
 reflcxed, torn : bracts guitar-form. 
 
 FT 
 
m PIStIM, PLANTAGO. 
 
 Pisum, 79. 
 
 sativum (pea. E.p-w. J. ®.) petioles terete : sti* 
 pules round and rrenate at the base ; pedun- 
 cles m any-flowered. Var. umbellatunu (bouquet 
 pea) has the stipules 4-cleft, acute. Var. quad- 
 raUun, (quadrate pea) fruit ash-colour, 4-sided. 
 Var. humile, (dwarf pea) stem erect, not climb- 
 ing : leafets roundish. 
 
 maritimnm (sea pea. Y. C. p-b. Ju. %.') petioles 
 flattish above : stem angled, decumbent : sti- 
 pules saggittatc : peduncles many-flowered. 
 Mr. Rafinesque says, this may be the Vicia 
 mite h ilia. I have before me specimens of the 
 latter, collected near New-York ; and of the 
 former, which I collected half a mile north-west 
 from Whitney's gun-factory in New-Haven. 
 They certainly appear to me to differ material- 
 ly in some of their generic and specific charac- 
 ters, particularly in thepubesence of their stig- 
 mas ; though there is a very great resemblance 
 in their habits. 
 
 Pjlantago, 34. 
 
 major (plantain. O. w. J. 21.) leaves ovate, sub- 
 dentate, subglabrous : scape terete : spike ob- 
 long, imbricate. 
 
 lanceolata (ribwort. O. J. %.) leaves lanceolate, 
 villose : spike short, cylindric : bracts ovate, 
 acuminate : scape angled, with close-pressed 
 hairs. 
 
 tiirginica (dwarf plantain. Y. C. P. r-y. J. OO 
 whitish pubesence on all parts : leaves lance- 
 ovate subdenticulate : flowers remotish : scape 
 angled. The corol adheres to the germ so 
 closely, that at first view it appears to be supe- 
 rior. 
 
 cordata, (P. N ? C. Can. w. J. %•) leaves heart- 
 
 Ml % 
 
■m 
 
 PLANTAGO, PC) A. 3GS 
 
 ovate, broad, subdcutate. glabrous : spike very 
 long; flowers subiinbricalc, lower ones scat- 
 bracts ovate, obtuse. 
 
 paucijlnra (Ncw r - England, New-Jersey. Pursh. 
 An. T|.) leaves lance-linear, entire, sub-glab- 
 rous : scape terete, shorter than \\\^ leaves : 
 spike few-flowered, interrupted : bracts ovate, 
 acute, glabrous. 
 
 iHftii/flto\D istrict of Maine. Ju. %.) leaves ovate, 
 concave-cowled, 9-nerved, pubescent beneath ; 
 spike cylindric, imbricate : scape tall, terete. 
 
 meadia (P. w. J. y..) leaves lance-ovate, pubes- 
 cent : spike cylindric; scape terete. In one 
 variety the leaves arc hirsute and the spikes 
 branching. 
 
 ■maritima (11. Y. C. P. Au.U.) leaves fleshy, sub- 
 ulate-linear, hairy ut the base: scape terete, 
 pubescent : spike cylindric : bracts obtuse. 
 Wear salt water. 
 
 PjLATAXUS, 95. 
 
 occideiitalis (button-wood, amcrican planetrec, 
 iiils sycamore. O. J. k .) leaves quinquangu- 
 lar, obsoletely lobed, toothed : stem and branch- 
 es becoming white. Grows to a greater size 
 than any other tree in America. Very fre- 
 quently hollow. 
 
 
 Poa, 32. 
 
 durate nsts (common meadow grass. O. M. %.) pan- 
 icle spread : spikelets about 4 -flowered : glumes 
 lanceolate, 5-nerved, connected by down : sti- 
 pules abbreviated, obtuse. 
 i'ompressa (blue grass. 0. J. %.) panicle com- 
 pact, somewhat 1 -sided, glabrous : culm com- 
 1, hardly erect: florets angled, connect- 
 at the base by entangled hairs ; branch 
 
 q in paii-s, abbreviated : snikejets 
 Root creeping. 
 
 pa 
 sessile. 
 
4 
 
 364 l'OA. 
 
 ■ ■ 
 
 palustris (swamp meadow grass. C W.M. V bran- 
 ches of the panicle aggregated, five, glabrous ; 
 brawhlcts scabrous with ajl the florets pedicel- 
 led : calyx 2-fiowered ; valves equal, acumin- 
 ate, scabrous at the keel : corol with the ape 
 of the valves yellow ish and the base pubescent: 
 leaves somewhat clasping ; stipules ovate. 
 
 quinquepda (giant meadow grass. P. C. W. J. 2/.) 
 panicle erect ; lower brandies naked beneath : 
 spikelets oblong, alternate, subsessile, 6-flow- 
 ered : outer valve of the florets on the back 
 beneath* and the margin villose, and 5-cleft at 
 the apex : the neck of the sheath and the axils 
 of the panicle pilose : leaves and the erect culm 
 glabrous. It grows three or 4 feet high in wet 
 meadows near Williams College. 
 
 annua (G. W. M. 0.) panicle spreading : spike- 
 lets ovate : florets remotish, 5 -nerved, free 
 (libera) : culm oblique, compressed. 
 
 nervata (C. P. J. 11.) panicle equal, diffused 
 spikelets ovate, 5 -flowered : flowers free, 7- 
 nerved, obtuse : culm sulcate, sub angled ;. 
 root a little creeping. 
 
 ienella (C. Ju. O.) panicle capillary, somewhat 
 whorled : peduncles zigzag : spikelets linear, 
 about 6-flow ered, pedicelled : flowers oblong, 
 acute, minute, glabrous : leaves short, fiat, sub- 
 ulate at the apex, glabrous : sheaths bearded 
 at the neck : culm decumbent. 
 
 hirsuta (C. P. Ju. %.) panicle capillary, very 
 branching : spikelets scattered, long-pcdicell- 
 cd, about 5 -flowered : flowers oblong, acute, 
 glabrous : leaves longer than the culm, glab- 
 rous ; sheaths very hirsute : culm thick, erect. 
 
 hrevifolia (C. W? P. M. T/.) panicle lax; branch- 
 es in pairs, horizontal, zigzag at the apex, or 
 in threes, glabrous : spikelets all pedicelled ; 
 the pedicells jointed at the base : calyx 2-valv- 
 ed, 5 or 4-fiowercd, valves acute : corol with 
 one valve keeled. 5-nerved, pubescent: culm 
 
f. 
 
 POA. 36; 
 
 subangled, erect : lower leaves abbreviated, 
 keeled. 
 
 viridis (C.P.J. %.) panicle spread ; branched of 
 the panicle aggregated, divided into 4 to 6 
 parts, jointed at the base : spikelets ovate acu- 
 minate, about 4-flowered : glumes lanceolate, 
 5-ncrvcd, scabrous on the keel : stipule abbre- 
 viated, retuse, crenate, truncate. 
 
 capillaris (C. P. Can. J. (v>.) pancile lax, capilla- 
 ry, very spreading : spikelets 3 to5-flowercd : 
 flowers ovate, acute, pubescent : leases hairy 
 at the neck : culm very branching. 
 
 trivialis (\\ . P. J. if.) panicle spreading: spike- 
 lets 3-flowered : glumes lanceolate, 5-nerved, 
 connected at the base by down : stipules elon- 
 gated. 
 
 nemoralis (W ? J. 2/.) panicle and leaves slen- 
 der : spikelets lanceolate sub -3-flowered : 
 glumes acute, obsoletely 5-ncrved : stipules 
 very short, crenate. 
 
 sesleroides (P. Au. % ) panicle erect when young, 
 becoming lax and nodding when old ; rachis 
 and branches zigzag : branches in pairs and ^ 
 
 alternate, jointed and hairy at the base ; branch- 
 lets very short, alternate, terminated by the 
 oblong spikelets : calyx about 5-tlowered, mu- 
 cronate ; one valve of the corol keeled, mu- 
 cronate, 3 to 5-cleft. P. flava. 
 
 uquatka ( Can. P. J. "U .*) panicle erect, half-whorl- 
 .ed : branchlets zigzag : spikelets ovate, 5- 
 flowered, tliick : flowers obtuse, glabrous, 7- 
 nerved ; culm erect, glabrous, terete 
 
 parvijiora (C. P. Ju. ii .) panicle spread, capilla- 
 ry, hall' whorled, very branching : spikelets 
 small, about 4-ttowered : flowers oblong, sub- 
 acute, delicately striate : leaves two ways, ex- 
 ceeding the culm, glabrous: stipules lanceo- 
 late, acuminate. 
 
 pectimicea (P. New-Jersey, Ju. <^.) panicle lax, 
 spreading, erect : spikelets linear, 12-flower- 
 
 Ffa 
 
I 
 
 366 POA/ 
 
 ed : inner valves of the florets remain, after the 
 remainder of the flowers are removed, and give 
 rachis a comb-like appearance : flowers ovate, 
 acuminate, 3-nerved : neclf of the sheath and 
 axils of the panicle pilose: leaves and erect 
 culm glabrous. 
 
 spedabilis (C P. Ju. <r>.) panicle divaricate, very 
 branching : spikelets pendant, linear, 10-flow- 
 cred : flowers ovate, acute, margin and back 
 scabrous : neck of the sheaths and axils of the : 
 panicle pilose : leaves and short erect culm 
 £> glabrous. 
 
 reptans (P. J. 0.) culm ramose, creeping : pani- 
 cle fascicled : spikelets subsessile, very long, 
 many-flowered : flowers oblong, acute, lax : 
 leaves short, pubescent. Avery delicate grass. 
 
 atolonifera (P. J.) culm subscabrous, geniculate, 
 stoloniferous at the base : panicle whorled, dif- 
 fused, scabrous ; branches angled, aggregate 
 and whorled about in fives : calyx 2 or 3 flow- 
 ered : stipules of the lower leaves obtuse, of the 
 upper ones acuminate, elongated. 
 
 pilosa (P. New-Jersey. Ju. 0.) panicle erect, at 
 length diffuse ; lower branches aggregated 4 to 
 6 together, upper ones solitary, zigzag, branch- 
 lets scabrous : calyx 4 to 12-tiowered : leaves 
 5-nerved, hairy at the base, with the sheath 
 striate, glabrous, hairy at the neck : stem ob- 
 lique and procumbent, with subangled joints. 
 
 obtusa (P. New- Jersey, Mew- England. Au. H.) 
 panicle crowded, crispid, contracted ; branch- 
 es in pairs or in threes, crowded; branchlets 
 zigzag : calyx 2-valved, less than the corol, 5 
 to 7-flowered ; valves white at the apex, ob- 
 tuse or acute : outer valve of the corol obtuse, 
 5-nerved, glabrous : culm erect, glabrous. 
 
 raaritima ? (New-England) panicle erect, with a 
 glabrous, striate rachis ; branches in threes, 
 the middle one shorter ; branchlets gradually 
 thickening below the calyx : valves unequal, 
 

 POA, PODOPHYLLUM, 367 
 
 obtuse, one broader, 4-flowcrcd : corol 2-valved, 
 ■- larger than the calyx : culm and leaves stri- 
 ate, glabrous : stipules abbreviated, torn. On 
 the sea-shore. 
 nnijiora (New-England and New-Jersey.") pani- 
 cle very slender, stiffly erect ; branches solita- 
 ry, erect scabrous: calyx 1 -flowered, bifid at 
 the apex : corol larger than the calyx, becom- 
 ing black : leaves setaceous striate. This can 
 hardly be called a poa, as the calyx is but 1- 
 iiowered. 
 festucoides (fescue meadow grass. C. J.) panicle 
 diffuse, nodding, subsimple ; lower branch- 
 es very long : flowers few, at first erect : 
 spikelets oblong, teretish, 3 to 5 -flowered, 
 awnless, all pedicelled. Three or four fc 
 high. Torrey. A new species, discovered by 
 J. Le Contc, esq. 
 
 PoDALYHIA, 56. 
 
 tinctoria (wild indigo. O. y. Ju. %.) very glab- 
 rous, branching : leaves ternate, sub-sessile ; 
 leafets wedge-form, round-obtuse : stipules ob- 
 solete, oblong, acute, many times shorter than 
 the petioles : legumes ovate, long-stiped. 
 
 coerulea (Y. b, J. %.) glabrous : leaves ternate, 
 very short-petioled ; leafets wedge-oblong, ob- 
 tuse : stipules lanceolate, acute, twice as long 
 as the petiole : legumes acuminate. I hove 
 never heard of this species in our district, ex- 
 cepting at the East rock in New-Haven. 
 
 Podophyllum, 64. 
 
 "ptltatum (wild mandrake, may-apple. O. W. M. 
 It.) stem terminated with 2 peltate palmate 
 leaves ; flower single, inserted in the fork, form- 
 ed by the petioles of the leaves. Sometimes the 
 plant is 3-leaved, and sometimes the flower is 
 inserted on the side of one of the petioles, 
 
r 
 
 36S PODOSTEMUM, POLYGALA. 
 
 PoDOSTEMUM, 90, 
 
 I 
 
 Ceratophyllum (thread-foot. V. Ju. Ul.)stemfih« 
 form, floating : leaves pinnate : flowers axilla- 
 
 ^ ary. Attached to rocks and large loose stones 
 in shallow waters. 
 
 PoLEMOXIlJM, 39. 
 
 reptans (greek valerian. P.b. M. %.) leaves pin* 
 *nate, in sevens : flowers terminal, nodding. 
 
 PoLYANTHES, 50. 
 
 iiiberosa (tuberose. E. U») flowers alternate in 
 pairs : rootlets tuberous : scape scaly : leaves' 
 linear, long. Sweet scented. 
 
 Pol YG ALA, 78. 
 
 1. Flowers with a crest-like nectary. 
 
 - 
 
 incarnata (milkwort. C. r. J. <x>.) stem somewhat 
 simple, erect : leaves scattered, subulate : spikes 
 oval-oblong ; corol with a slender, elongated 
 tube. 
 
 rubella (false low-centaury, ground -flower. Y. 
 G. P. r. J. % .) pubescent : stem simple, erect : 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute : raceme ter- 
 minal ; bracts subulate, solitary, caducous : M 
 wings of the calyx nerve-vcined,round-truncate, 
 longer than the corol. This curious plant is 
 very abundant on the sand plains west of Ball's 
 spring in New Haven. In the latter part of 
 summer it sends off flowering shoots under 
 ground, which produce numerous abortive cap- 
 sules. 
 
 <>aucifolia (flowering wintergreen. H. A. N. Y. C. 
 I\ r. M. Ut >) small, large-flowered ; stem simple. 
 
 t 
 
 
POLYGALA. 369 
 
 form, naked below : leaves ovate, acute, gla- 
 brous, near the lop of the stem: flowers -.ter- 
 minal, about hi threes. Three or lour inch 
 high; and differs much from the rest of the 
 < — the Ie;t\es and flowers being much lar- 
 ger in proportion to its size. 
 
 2. Flowers without the crest. 
 
 lfcuniflora (Lake Ontario. X'.) small : stem simple, 
 eiect. nakedish below : leaves lew, broad-ovate, 
 narrowing into the petiole : flowers solitary, 
 scattered, pedicellcd, nodding. 
 
 senega (seneca snake-root. A. O. P. Hudson, r. 
 or. w. J. V-.) stem erect, simple, leafy ; leaves 
 alternate, lanceolate : spike terminal, filiform : 
 ""flowers alternate. 
 
 luten yellow milkwort. C. y. Ju. (•}. or % .) stem 
 simple or branching: radical and lower cau- 
 line leaves spatulate, the others lanceolate: 
 spike head-cylindric, crowded) peduncled. 
 
 viridescens (P. g-w. Ju. ©.) stem erect, very si 
 pie : leaves lance-linear, obtusish : flowers 
 a terminal globular head, 
 
 sanguined (0. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, corymb- 
 branched at the top : leaves alternate, linear : 
 flowers in a head-form spike,* peduncles squar- 
 I'ose. 
 
 rerticillata (dwarf snake-root. O. w. J. ©.) stem 
 erect, branching : leaves whorled and scatter- 
 ~ ed : sjiike filiform, peduncled : flowers dis- 
 tinctly alternate, approximate. About G inches 
 high, of a bluish appearance. 
 
 Cructata (P. N. Y. r. g. Ju. Q.) stein erect, ra- 
 mose* wing-angled: leaves infours,laiice-lineur ; 
 ilowers in spiked sessile heads. 
 
 Polygon at urn, see ConvaUaria* 
 
I 
 
 r 
 
 POLYGONUM. 
 
 Polygonum, 55. 
 1. Flowers a%ii! a rij. 
 
 marinum (sea knotweed, New Jersey, r. w. Au 
 21 or h stamens 8, styles 3 ; stipules (ochreis) 
 obtuse, torn, membranaceous : leaves lanee- 
 lhiear, acute, margin revolute, fleshy : stem 
 somewhat woody. x\ small, prostrate, e\ er- 
 green plant. 
 
 ariculare (knot-grass. O. w. M. ®.) stamens 8, 
 styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, scabrous at tf 
 margin ; stipules nerved, remote : stem prlE 
 cum bent : flowers sessile, small. Var. latifo- j 
 Hum, leaves broad-oval- ; stem ascending. 1 1 
 have generally found this variety pentandrous. 
 
 ramosissimum (blanching knotgrass. P. g-w. J. 
 ©.) stamens 3 or 5, styles 3 : leaves lanceo- 
 late : stipules abbreviated, torn at the margins : 
 branches interruptedly many-flowered : stem 
 strait-branched, striate. 
 
 ieraie (slender knotgrass. Y. A. N. C. w. Ju. (?).) 
 leaves long-linear, strait acuminate : stipules 
 tubular, apex villose : stem slender,- erect, 
 branched, acute-angled : flowers alternate,, 
 subsolitary.j 
 
 #\ 
 
 2. Jp lowers in slender spikes. 
 
 Uipaihifolium(P.r~\\. Au. &.) stamens 6, styles 
 2 : stipules awnless : peduncles scabrous : seeds 
 concave on all sides. 
 
 punctatum (water-pepper, biting knotweed. O. w.^ 
 Au. ® .) stamens 8, styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, 
 glabrous ; stipules lax, glabrous, ciliate at the 
 apex, spotted : spike ..filiform, weak, somewhat 
 nodding : bracts remotely alternate. We have 
 usually called this plant the hydropper, but it 
 differs from the Euronean snecimens consider* 
 
 differs from the European specimens consider- 
 
 * 
 
POLYGONUM. m 
 
 ably. Pursli calls it hydropipcroidcs, after 
 Mich. Mr. Elliot has removed the difficult? 
 
 J h\ giving it this name. 
 
 mite (tasteless knotweed. C. P. J. ©.) stami 
 styles 3 : leaves narrow lanceolate, sub hirsute 
 stipules hirsute, long-ciliate : spikes linear : 
 bracts ciliate, silbim brie ate. 
 rghiicnwm (C. V. A. H. P. \v. .Tu. %.) stamc 
 5, st\ les 2, unequal : leaves broad-oval: spikes 
 wand-like : flowers remote. 
 
 3. Flowers in thick crowded spikes. 
 
 riv'tparum (Whitchills. An. %.) stem simple: 
 
 (leaves lance-linear, glabrous, margin revolute : 
 spike single, linear : bracts ovate, acuminate. 
 l)r. Bigelow and Mr. Boot foil ml this species 
 rowing on the Whitehills in New Hampshire. 
 Natural history in all its departments is great- 
 ly indebted to the incessant exertions of these 
 two gentlemen. 
 
 -coccinenm (lake knotweed. W. C. H. P. r. An. T£.) 
 stamens 5. styles 2 or 1 : spikes cylindric, 
 dense : stipules truncate, glabrous : leaves 
 ovate. 
 
 persicaria (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweed. 0, 
 r. Ju. ©.) stamens 6, styles 2 : spikes ovate- 
 oblong, erect : peduncles smooth : leaves lai 
 ceolate : stipules smoothish, ciliate. 
 
 pensylv'ahicum (knee knotweed. 0. Ju. Q.) sta- 
 mens 8, styles 2 or 1 : spikes oblong : pedun- 
 cles hispid : leaves lanceolate : stipules gla- 
 brous, not ciliate : stem with swelling knee- 
 joints. 
 
 orientalc (prince's feather. E« r. An. ®/) stamens 
 7, styles 2: leaves ovate: stem erect, tall: 
 stipules rough-haired, somewhat salverform. 
 Grows 5 or 6 feet high. It has become natur- 
 alized in many places. 
 
 •» 
 
 * 
 
" 
 
 • 
 
 57% POLYGONUM. 
 
 4. Flowers in spiked, pinicled racemes. 
 
 artictilatum (joint-weed. A. N. Granby (Con.) 
 P. r. w. Ju. 0.) stamens 8, styles 3 : racemed 
 spikes in a panicle, filiform : peduncles filiform, ji 
 solitary, proceeding from above the imhricavfl 
 truncate bracts : leaves linear : stipules sheatl^B 
 ing, truncate. About a foot high, tefcrt$||ated by 
 delicate racemes ; to which the bractl give a 
 jointed appearance. 
 
 5. Flowers mtbracemed ; leaves cordate, sagittate 
 or hastate. 
 
 sagittaium (prickly knotweed. O. w. J. (v).) 
 stamens 8, styles 3 or 1 ; flowers in heads : 
 leaves sagittate : stem with prickles reversed., 
 or curved towards its base, climbing. 
 
 art [folium (halbert knotweed. O. r-w. Ju. r 
 stamens 6, styles 2 or 1 ; flowers distinct : 
 spikes few-flowered : leaves hastate : stem 
 with prickles reversed, subere* 
 
 fagopyrum (buck-wheat. E. r-w. Ju. 0.) stamens 
 8, styles 3 : racemes panicled : leaves heart- 
 sagittate : stem erectish, unarmed : angles of 
 the seeds equal. 
 onvolvulus (bind knotweed. 0. w. r. Ju. ©.) sta-^ 
 mens 8, styles 3 : leaves oblong, Ik -art-hastate : 
 stem twining, angled, roughish : divisions of 
 the calyx obtusely keeled. 
 
 scandens, (climbing knotweed. 0. w. r. An. Of.) 
 stamens 8, styles 3 : leaves broad-cordate : sti- 
 pules truncate, naked : stem twining, glabrous : 
 calyx bearing the fruit 3 winged. 
 
 cilinode (P. Can. Ju. 0.) stamens 8, styles 3 ; 
 leaves cordate : stipules subacute, surrounded 
 at the base with an outer ciiiate series : stem 
 angled, prostrate or climbing, roughish : divis- 
 ions of the calyx-obtusely keeled. 
 
 
PDLYMNIA, POLYPODIUM. 
 
 PoLYMNIA, 88. 
 
 fensis (white leaf-cup. P. Can. w. or v. J. 
 i.) viscid-villose : leaves denticulate, acu- 
 minate ; lower ones pinnatifi d, upper ones 3-lob- 
 ed or entire. Two or three feet high. Smelt 
 balsamic. 
 uvedalia (yellow leaf-cup. P. y. Ju. %.) leaves 
 opposite. S-lobed, acute, decurrent into the pe- 
 tiole : lobes sinuate-angled: pays elongated. 
 Taller than the last 
 
 POLYPQIIIUM, 102. 
 
 vtdsarB (polypod. O. Jm. li.) frond deeply pinnai- 
 Wu\ : divisions lance-linear, obtuse, crcnufatc. 
 approximate, upper ones gradually smaller : 
 fruit-dots solitary •* root chaffy, Var. virgini- 
 urn, has a naked root. 
 hexagonnptenun (C. P. W. Ju. 1{.) frond doubly 
 pinnatifidi smooth is h ; two lower divisions dc- 
 nexed : sub-divisions lanceolate, obtuse, eiliate f 
 • ,e of the under leafets gash-rrenate and of 
 the upper ones entire ; the lowest ones adnatc- 
 decurrent : bruit-dots minute, solitary. The 
 whole frond together presents a triangular 
 form. 
 ctinucctile (\Y. Can. Ju. %.) frond doubly pin - 
 natifid, ciliate, divisions opposite contiguous, 
 ad n ate : sab-divisions somewhat oval : stipe 
 Chaffy : fruit-dots minute. 
 Calcarnun (W. P. Ju. li.) frond terhate, doubly 
 pinnate, strait, suhrigid ; divisions obtusish, 
 subentire: fruit-dots marginal, conQuent 
 Note. A polypodinm grows on the mountain 
 ■ear White Oak Creek, 3 miles from Williams 
 CoUege, which agrees with none of the above des- 
 criptions. It is a little more than a span high ; 
 frond pinnate, with pinnatifid leafets ; the divis- 
 
 Gg 
 
 • ' 
 
,4 POLYTRICHUM. 
 
 ions of the leafets sub-obovate, toothed. Whetfc. 
 cv it is a new species, or one already describee 
 and not credited to North America, I have noi 
 J i ad it in my power to ascertain. It flowers in Au- 
 gust. 
 
 PoXYTllICHUM, 107, 
 
 1. Stem simple. 
 
 
 jiuiiperiuum (hair-cap moss. O. M. T/.) leaves 
 lance-linear, pointed, entire, inflected at the 
 edges, rough on the keel : capsule square, on a 
 flat receptacle. 
 
 commune, leaves lance-linear, acute, serrulate, 
 spread : capsule square, on a roundish recepta- 
 cle. 
 
 gracile, leaves lance-linear, acute, serrate,spread ; 
 capsule obovate,'snb -angular, oblique, contract- 
 ed at the base. 
 
 attenuatum, leaves lance-linear, acute, serrate, 
 spread : capsule square* drooping, contracted 
 at the base. 
 
 52. Stem more or less branched. 
 
 undidatum (P.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, undu- 
 late : capsule cylindric, drooping : lid subu 
 late : calyptre naked. 
 
 hercynicum, leaves linear, incurved when dry, 
 mostly entire : capsule ovate, cylindric, erect : 
 calyptre single, hairy when young. 
 
 urnige-rum, leaves lanceolate, serrate, spread : 
 capsule cylindric, erect : lid pointed. 
 
 ambiguum (Can.) stem almost simple : leaves 
 long-subulate, aculeate-serrate : capsule some- 
 what nodding, cylindric : lid long-cuspidate, 
 acute. 
 
 asciculatum (Can.) stem shortish, fascicle- 
 branched above : leaves linear, acute, slightly 
 aculeate-serrate : peduncles shortish : capsule 
 
 
POLYTRICHUM, POPULUS. 375 
 
 cvlindric, strait ; lid somewhat convex, with ft 
 short raucronate beak. 
 
 3. Stemless. 
 
 ensylvanicum (P.) leaves very few ; lower ones 
 dilated and compressed into an oblong form. 
 upper ones subulate-mucronate, obscurely 
 toothed : capsule erect, oblong-cylindric ; lid 
 convex, long-mucronate, inclined. 
 
 PoNTEDERIA, 49. 
 
 vrdala (pickerel weed. A. P. H. Y. C. b. Ju. %.) 
 leaves heart-oblong, obtuse : spike many-flow- 
 ered, compact : divisions of the corol oblong. 
 In wet places. 
 
 Populus, 100. 
 
 wmdoides (white poplar, american aspen. O. Ap. 
 h .) leaves heart-roundish, abruptly acuminate, 
 tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent at 
 the margin, with 2 glands at the base on the up- 
 per side ; petioles compressed, in the young 
 state silky. The flatness of the petioles caus- 
 es the leaves to take a tremulous motion, from 
 the slighest action of the atmosphere. 
 
 randidentata (tree poplar. W.P. A. Catskill. Ap. 
 k .) leaves round-ovate, acute, unequally and 
 coarsely sinuate-toothed, glabrous ; in the 
 young state villose : petioles compressed. 
 
 etulifoLia (birch-leaf poplar. C. Luke-Ontario. 
 Ap. h leaves rhomboidal, Jong-acuminate, 
 dentate, glabrous : young branches pilose. 
 
 ngulata (balm-of-gilead, water poplar, cotton 
 wood. O. Ap. k .) leaves ovate-deltoid, acumi- 
 nate, obtusely hook-toothed, glabrous ; young- 
 er ones broad-cordate: branches wing-angled. 
 
 atsamifera (balsam poplar. W. N. Can. Ap. J? .) 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, chisc-pressed serrate, 
 rusty or mealy underside ; buds resinous. 
 
i}76 POPULUS, POTAMOGETON. 
 
 candicans (New England. Ap, h .) leaves cordate 
 ovate, acuminate, obtusely and unequally ser 
 rate, whitish beneath, sub-3-nerved, net-vein 
 ed; petioles hirsute : buds. resinous : branche 
 terete. 
 
 laevigata (cotton tree. Can. P. Ap. "ft .) leave 
 round-ovate, deltoid, acuminate, subcordate 
 ■unequally serrate, glabrous, glandular at th« 
 base ; petioles compressed : younger branche 
 angled. 
 
 heterophylla (various-leaved poplar. P..M. \ .' 
 leaves round-ovate, cordate with a small sinus 
 sub-auricled, obtuse, hook-toothed 5 youngei 
 ones downy. 
 
 dilaiata (lombardy poplar, Italian poplar. E. Ap I 
 ^.) leaves glabrous both sides, acuminate, serj 
 rate, deltoid, the breadth equal to or exceeding I 
 the length: branches erect,, close to the stem. J 
 It is said that no pistillate plant of this specie? 
 has been brought to America. Consequent!) !| 
 no seeds are obtained from it. 
 
 Pqecelia, 67. 
 
 triloba (custard apple. P. p. Ap. h •) leave* 
 smoothish, oblong- wedge-obovate : outer petals! 
 orbicular ; fruit large, fleshy. 
 
 FoiLXUXACCA, 60. 
 
 oleraeca (purslane. O. y. J* ©^leaves wedge- 
 form : flowers sessile. 
 
 POTAMOGETQN, 36. 
 
 valans (poudweed. O. g. J. If.) leaves long-pctio- 
 
 Jed, floating, lance- oval : at first some of them 
 
 are subcordate. 
 ifuiians (0- g. Ju. Of.) lower leaves long, linear: 
 
 up^er ones lanceolate,, nerved* coriaceous ; all 
 
 petiole (i. 
 
rOTAMOGETON. 377 
 
 sctaceum (New Jersey, g. Jiu 2/.) upper leaves 
 opposite, lanceolate*, 5-nerved, short-petioled : 
 lower ones alternate, filiform : spikes dense, 
 alternate, shorter than the leaves. 
 
 perfolialum (P. C. Can. g. Ju. 2/.) leaves hcart- 
 ovate, clasping, all immersed : spikes termin- 
 al, above water ; flowers alternate. 
 
 lucens (P. C. W ? g. Ju. %.) leaves very large, 
 lanceolate, subsessile, middle rib thick : spikes 
 long, cylindric. A species of this genus, which 
 I find 1 have labelled P. lucens, grows in a 
 pond 6 miles north, of Williams College. But 
 it may be a new species. The stem is branch- 
 ing, large, (from 1 to 2 feet long) lie xo use, 
 very leafy : leaves (3 or 4 inches long and one 
 wide) lance-oblong, acute, entire, alternate, 
 subsessile, about 9-nerved, net-veined, with the 
 middle rib thick. The substance of the leaf is 
 composed of translucent cellules ; so that to the 
 naked eye it appears to be a thin pallucid mem- 
 brane. Spike from 1 to 2 inches long, with a 
 peduncle thrice a^ long. The stipule above 
 each leaf is about an inch in length j its sub- 
 stance resembling the leaf. 
 I crispum ^Can. P. r-g. J. %.) leaves alternate or 
 opposite, lance-oval, undulate, serrate : spikes 
 few-flowered. 
 ► pecttnatum (Can, P. s;.J. 1(.) leaves long-bristle- 
 form, approximate, two-ranked, sheathed at 
 the base : spikes terminal, interrupted, whorl- 
 ed : fruit ovate, turgid. All immersed but 
 the spike. 
 
 gramineum (grass pondweed. W. P. g. Ju. %.) 
 leaves lance-linear, alternate, sessile stipules 
 hroad : stem terete, subdirhotomous. Near 
 Williams College this plant grows wholly im- 
 mersed in stagnant water. In July some of 
 these plants begin to raise their spikes of uno- 
 pened flower buds to the surface of the water. 
 As soon as the stigmas arc fertilized by the 
 Gg 2 
 
 
3r8 POTAMOGETOX, POTENTILLA. 
 
 pollen, the spikes are again withdrawn to ripen* 
 the fruit under water. Other individuals suc- 
 ceed them, and the process goes on for several 
 weeks. This curious operation of nature was 
 particularly observed by the professors, sever- 
 al of the students and myself during the last 
 season. 
 comprcssum (P. g. Ju. 0. or V.} leaves linear, 
 obtuse : stem. compressed : spikes short, 4 to 6- 
 fiowered.. 
 
 POTENTILLA, 63. 
 
 1. Leaves ternate. 
 
 "lorwegica (cihquefoil. O. y. J. 00 erect, branch- 
 ing, hairy : stipules oval, toothed : leaf- 
 ets lance-rhombic, gash-toothed : branches 
 dichotomous : pedicels short, axillary, solita- 
 ry : petals shorter than the calyx. Large, 
 
 iridentata (mountain cinquefoil. W. C. w. Ju. 2/ .) 
 ascending, smoothish : stipules subulate: leaves 
 wedge-oblong, 3-toothed at the end, a few r close- 
 pressed hairs : flowers in a terminal forked 
 corymb : petals oblong.-ovate, longer than the 
 calyx. Grows plentifully northeast from Wil- 
 liams College on the mountain. 
 
 hirsuta (Can. Western part of New-York. w. Ju, 
 2/.) erect, simple, very hirsute : stipules lan- 
 ceolate, entire : leaves obovate, gash-lac iniate : 
 panicle few-flowered ; pedicels short : petals 
 smaller than the calyx. 
 
 2. Leaves digitate in fives, rarely in sevens, 
 
 canadensis (common fivefinger. O.y. M. #.) pro- 
 cumbent, subramose, whitish-silky : stipules 
 ovate, gashed : leaves wedge-obovate, gash- 
 toothed : stem ascending and creeping, hirsute^ 
 peduncles solitary, elongated, divisions of the 
 calyx lance-linear : petals orbicular subentire, 
 of the length of the calyx. This plant is so long 
 in flower and assumes so many forms and sizes>. 
 
POTENTHXA. 
 
 iJuii students in botany often make several 
 species <>f it. Persoon's diagnosis of rejttans 
 can be found in this plant ; but \vc have no 
 
 sue 1 1 species. 
 
 pumila (dwarf fivefinger. Y. C. P. Can. }. 
 JSI. %.) erect, almost stcmless, pubescent : 
 leaves wedgeform, spread at the apex, gashed, 
 woolly beneath : peduncles shorter than the 
 petioles, subsimple, 1 -flowered : petals round, 
 scarcely longer than the calyx. The last spe- 
 cies often flowers before the stem has attained 
 to any considerable length ; when it may be 
 mistaken for this species. 
 
 simplex (C. A. P. y. M. 2/.) erect, unbranched, 
 hirsute : stipules gashed : leaves oblong-oval, 
 coarsely toothed, upper ones sessile : peduncles 
 axillary, solitary, elongated, 1 -flowered : divi- 
 sions of the calyx lance-linear : petals round- 
 obcordate, longer than the calyx. 
 
 argentea (silver fivefinger. O. w-y. Ju. If. .) stem 
 prostrate and ascending, rarely sub-erect, 
 branching, white-downy : stipules ovate acute : 
 leaves wedgeform, gash-toothed, silvery white 
 down beneath : netals retuse, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx. Willdenow's description of this 
 plant is certainly erroneous ; and 1 have ven- 
 tured to correct it. 
 
 recta (W ? P. y. J. i;.) stem erect : leaves in fives 
 and sevens ; leaflets lanceolate, coarsely tooth- 
 ed : petals obcordate,. larger than the calyx. 
 Corol large, pale. 
 
 3. Leaves more or less pinnate. 
 
 fruticosa (shrubby cinqnefoil. C.P. Can. y.J. 1?.) 
 erect, very branching, hirsute : stipules o\ ate, 
 entire : leaves quinate-pinnate ; leaflets linear, 
 oblong, flat ; petals long : branchlets 1 or 2- 
 flowered : five alternate divisions of the calyx 
 linear ; the rest broad-ovate, acute : petals ob- 
 ovate, longer than the calyx. S to 5 feet high. 
 
ISO POTENTILLA, POTHOS. 
 
 i 
 
 floribunda (C. Can. y. Ju. k erect, very branch 
 ing, hirsute : stipules ovate, entire : leaves 
 quinate-pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong, margin 
 revolute ; petioles short : corymbs terminal, di- 
 chotomous, dense-many-flowered : divisions of 
 the calyx subequal : petals roundish, of the 
 length of the calyx. About 18 inches high, 
 and resembles the last. 
 
 anserina (tansy cinquefoil. P. Can. Troy. y. J. 
 1£.) creeping : leaves interruptedly pinnate, nu- 
 merous, gash-serrate, silky, white downy be- 
 neath : peduncles solitary, 1 -flowered. On the 
 banks of the Hudson, near Troy. 
 
 pensylvanica (C. P. New-England, y. Ju, 1|1.) 
 erect, down soft and whitisli : leaves pinnate ; 
 leafets oblong, obtuse, subpinnatifid, tomen- 
 tose : panicle strait, many-flowered : divisions 
 of the downy calyx semi-oval. Var. strigosa, 
 has tooth -pectin ate leaves with revolute mar 
 gins ; flowers corymbed. 
 
 siipina (Can. P. y. J. ®.) procumbent, dichoto- 
 mous : leaves pinnate ; leafets oblong, deeply 
 toothed: peduncles lateral, solitary, 1 -flower- 
 ed, spreading : leaves pinnate $ leafets serrate : 
 flowers in heads. 
 
 Poterium, 94. 
 
 sanguisorba (burnet. E. J. 2.'.) stem somewhat 
 angled, unarmed : leaves pinnate 5 leafets ser- 
 rate : flowers in heads. 
 
 Pothos, 35, 
 
 foetida (skunk-cabbage. O. p. xVp. 1/.) stemless : 
 leaves radical, heart ovate, very large : spadix 
 with the flowers in a globular head. Very fetid. 
 It is highly recommended as an expectorant and 
 antispasmodic. Sec Barton's Veg. Mat Med. 
 under the generic svnonumSymploearpus. One 
 modern author has placed this genus in the class 
 Polyandria. I can conceive of no reason for 
 
PRENANTHES, PRIMULA. 9m 
 
 this : unless il be done by way of experiment, to 
 ascertain what quantity of ridiculous innovation 
 the public will oear*. 
 
 PltENANTIIES 82. 
 
 alba (white lettuce. 0; w. p. Au. % -) radical leaves 
 angled-hastatc, toothed, somewhat lobed ; cau- 
 line ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled ; upt- 
 permost ones lanceolate : panicle lax, the ter- 
 minal fascicle nodding : calyx 8-cleft, 9 or 10- 
 flowored. About two or three feet high. 
 
 nltissima (O. p-y. Au. 11.) stem branching: 
 leaves petioled, 3-lobed, angled, denticulate, 
 margin scabrous : racemes axillary : flowers 
 nodding: calyx about 5-flowercd. Very tall. 
 
 cordata ^O. w-y. Au. It.) stem panicled above : 
 leaves petioled. cordate, toothed, cilia'c ; floral 
 ones sessile, oblong, entire : panicle lax, ra- 
 ( cme-flowcred ; flowers nodding : calyx 6- 
 cleft, 6-flowered. Tall. 
 
 virgata (P. New-Jersey, w-p. Au. "U.) glabrous : 
 stem very simple : leaves all lyrate-sinuate : 
 branchlets somewhat one-sided : flowers pen- 
 dant : calyx glabrous, 8-cleft, 1 -flowered. 3 
 to 6 feet high. 
 
 mbiciucJu (P. b 4 Au. If. Y leaves ciliate ; radical 
 ones hastate-angled, subent ire ; lower cauline 
 ones obovate, tapering to the base, subangled f 
 upper ones lanceolate, entire : raceme simple £ 
 flowers nodding. Ahout 18 inches high. 
 
 Primula, 3S. 
 
 acaulis (primrose. E %.) leaves rugose, toothed, 
 hirsute beneath : scape 1 -flowered. 
 
 rem (cowslip primrose. E. v-y. %.) leaves ru- 
 gose, toot lied : limb of the corol concave $. 
 neck of the tube oblong, calyx inflated. 
 
 clattor (oslip primrose. E, w-y. ij. .) len\ es rugose^. 
 
m PRIMULA, PRINOS. 
 
 i 
 
 toothed, hirsute : limb of the corol flat, neck of 
 
 the tube hemispheric ; flowers naked within. 
 auricula (auricula tulip. E. i{.) leaves serrate, 
 
 fleshy, obovate : scape many-flowered : calyx 
 
 mealy. 
 farinosa (birds' eye primrose, Can. r. %.) leaves 
 
 rugose, crenate, subglabrousj mealy beneath : 
 
 umbel erect. 
 mistaslnica (Can. 2/.) small, glabrous: leaves 
 
 oval-spatulate, subdentatc : scape elongated : 
 
 umbel few-flowered : limb of the corol reflex- 
 
 ed, the divisions wedge-oblong, obtusely 2- 
 
 cleft : capsule oblong, exsert. 
 
 Pjbixos, 49. 
 
 reriicillatus (wi titer berry, false alder. . w. J. h .) 
 leaves oval, serrate, acuminate, pubescent be- 
 neath : fascicles of staminate flowers axillary, 
 umbelliferous ; the pistillate flowers are aggre- 
 gated ; both 6-parted. Sometimes this shrub 
 is monoecious and sometimes perfect-flowered. 
 Generally in west places. Berries red, perma- 
 nent. 
 
 glaber (ink berry. C. P. Can. Ju. \ .) leaves ever- 
 green, wedge-lanceolate, coriaceous, glabrous* 
 shining, equally sub dentate above : pedicels 
 axillary, subsolitary, mostly 3-flowered. A 
 low shrub. 
 
 laevigalus (New-Jersey. P. Ju. ^ .) leaves lance- 
 olate, close-pressed-serrate, acuminate, glab- 
 rous both sides, shining at the upper side, 
 hardly pubescent at the nerves beneath : pist- 
 illate flowers axillary, solitary, subsessile : 
 staminate flowers scattered. — all 6-cleft. 
 
 amhiguus (New-Jersey. A. w. Ju. k .) leaves oval, 
 acuminate at both ends, mucronate-serrulate, 
 sub-pubescent beneath : flowers 4 or 5-cleft ; 
 staminate ones crowded together at the lower 
 branches, pistillate ones solitary. 
 
PROSERPINACA, PRUNUS. 383 
 
 Proserpinaca, S3. 
 
 palustris ("mermaid wood. Y. C. P. H. g. Ju. 0.) 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate above water ; 
 pinuatifid below. 
 
 pectinate £C. P. g. Ju. ©.) leaves all pectinatc- 
 pinnatihd. 
 
 Pruxeixa, 70. 
 
 pensytoanica (heal-all, self-heal. O. J. 1/.) leaves 
 
 fietioled, oblong-ovate, toothed at tlie base : 
 ips of the calyx unequal, upper one truncate, 
 awned : stem ascending. Willdenow calls 
 tliis the vulgaris, and says the pcnsylvanica 
 has the lips of the calyx equal, and that the. 
 upper one is 3 -awned* But Muhlenberg has 
 not adopted this division of the species. 
 
 Prlxus, 61. 
 
 virginiana (wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet 
 cherry. O. w. M. ^ .) racemes erect, elongated : 
 leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, unequally dou- 
 hly-toothed, glabrous both sides ; petioles gen- 
 erally bearing 4 glands. In open fields the 
 limbs of this tree spread out into an elegant 
 oval top. But in dense forests it grows to a 
 very great height, with a few contracted branch- 
 es. The bark is an excellent tonic. 
 
 serotina (choke-berry. O. w. J. ^ .) flowers in 
 lax racemes : leaves simply serrate ; lower 
 serratures subglandular, middle rib bearded 
 towards the base. In Muhlenberg's catalogue 
 the English names of this and the preceding 
 species are exchanged ; probably through the 
 mistake of the printer. Pursh seems, by his 
 popular remarks, to have totally mistaken this 
 and several other species of the Primus. 
 
 :<tnadensi$ (Can. P. w^ k •) flowers in racemes: 
 
334 -PBUNUS. 
 
 leaves glandless, broad-lanceolate, rugose, 
 sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, tapering 
 into the petiole. 
 
 pensfftcanica (C. P. New -England. vs. M. V-) 
 umbels subsessile, aggregated, many-flowered, 
 and at length panicle-form : leaves lance-ob- 
 long, serrate, glabrous, 2 glands at the base : 
 branchlets punctate. 
 
 borealia (P. New-England, w. M. k .) flowers co- 
 rymbed ; pedicels elongated : leaves oval-ob- 
 long, acuminate, erose-dcnticulate, membrana- 
 ceous, glabrous : fruit subovate. Mic beaux 
 says this is a small tree, witli small red, sweet 
 fruit. 
 
 nigra (A. W. P. w. M. h .) umbels sessile, solita- 
 ry, few-flowered : leaves ovate, acuminate, un- 
 equally and sharply serrate, glabrous both 
 sides : petioles with 2 glands. Jr. americana. 
 
 pygmaea (american sloe. New-England, w. M. 
 k .) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered : 
 leaves oval-ovate, acute, glabrous both sides, 
 sharply serrate, 9, glands at the base. 
 
 hicmalis (winter plumb. Can. P. w. M. \ .) pedi- 
 cels aggregated, glabrous : divisions of the 
 calyx lanceolate : stipules setaceous, compound : 
 leaves oblong-6i al, or obovate, abruptly long- 
 acuminate : fruit subovate. 
 
 chicasa (summer plumb, chicasaw plumb. Mx. 
 says it was introduced, w. M. i? , N : branches 
 very glabrous, somewhat thorny : leaves ob- 
 long-oval, acute or acuminate, minutely serru- 
 late: buds aggregated, each about 2-flowered : 
 pedicels very short : divisions of the glabrous 
 calyx obtuse ; fruit subglobose. The plumbs 
 are small and yellow. 
 
 $phaeroeai~pon (along the maritime parts of New- 
 England, w. M. k •) leaves short-oval, serru- 
 late, generally 2 glands at the base : calyx 
 With iine hairs : drupe spherical : nut round- 
 oval. 
 
PRUWUS. 385 
 
 uutritima (C. w. M. v. peduncles subsolitary : 
 lea\ ( s ovate-oblong, acuminate, doubly-serrate. 
 
 Pursb baa copied in the P. acuminata of Mx. as 
 a synonym, which is — brancblets glabrous: 
 leaves obiong-o^ al, long acutely-acuminate :ca- 
 1 » \ glabrous : drupe long-peduncled, o\ ate, acu- 
 minate. 
 
 ,7 (I*, w. M. h •) umbels sessile, aggregate, 
 few-flowered: calyx-acute : branches wand-te- 
 rete : I a\es narrow-lanceolate, serrate above, 
 the under sides pale. 
 clejircssa (P. Can w. M. h •) umbels sessile, aggre- 
 gate, few-flowered: calyxes obtuse : branches 
 angled, depressed-prostrate : leaves wedge-lan- 
 ceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, glaucous 
 beneath : fruit ovate. 
 spinosa. (english sloe. P. W. *? .) peduncles sol- 
 itary : leaves lance-oval, pubescent beneath : 
 fruit strait : branches thorny. Said to be in- 
 troduced. 
 Susquehanna, (P. w. M. \ .) peduncles solitary : 
 leaves obovate-oblong, glaucous beneath, ser- 
 rate, entire at the base. 
 ccrasifcra (P. w. M. I?-) peduncles solitary: 
 leaves oval, glabrous : fruit pendant : branch- 
 es almost thornlcss. 
 
 Remark. Some of Ihc-c species being difficult 
 to distinguish, more English names ana popular 
 haractors are desirable. But 1 have not de- 
 termined many of them, and 1 have found the re 
 marks of some modern authors to be totally er 
 mucous in several of the species; therefore I re- 
 solved to give the essential characters without 
 any reflections. 
 
 cerasns, ('garden cherry. E. w. r. M. h .) umbel 
 sub-pedmu led : leaves lancc-ovate, glabrous, 
 eonuupl irate. 
 padus (bird (berry. E. w. M. ^ .) (lowers racem- 
 ed, lax: leaves doubly-serrate, subrugose, pe- 
 tioled, with two glands. 
 
 iih 
 
586 PRtJNTJS, PTERIS. 
 
 avium, (small bird cherry. E. w. \ .) umbels 
 sessile : leaves lance-ovate, pubescent beneath, 
 conduplicate. 
 
 domestica (plum. E. w. M. T%.) peduncles sub- 
 solitary : leaves lance-ovate, convolute : branch- 
 es thornless. Var. Juliana (damson plum) 
 fruit oblong, blue. Var. claudiana (sweet 
 plum, horse plum) fruit round, at first 
 green, becoming yellowish. Var. enucleate 
 (stoneless plum) the putamen obsolete. 
 
 Primus, see Armexiaca. 
 
 PsiLOTUM, 105. 
 
 -dkhotonutm (naked ground pine. Southern 
 states. J. 11.) stem naked, dichotomous : 
 branches 3-sided. Taken from the genus 
 Lycopodium. 
 
 Pteris, 102. 
 
 aquilina (common brake. O. Ju. %.) frond pin- 
 nate-3-parted ; barren branches doubly pinnate, 
 with leafets lance-linear, obtuse, pinnatifid, 
 toothed ; fertile branches pinnate, with leafets 
 pinnatifid, divisions acutish — all ciliate. 
 
 iitropurpurea (rock brake. C .W. P. Ju. %.) frond 
 pinnate ; lower leafets lanceolate, obtuse, ter- 
 nate or pinnate ; at the base obtusely truncate 
 or subcordate. Four miles north of Williams 
 College, on the Pownal road, this plant grows 
 abundantly in the clefts of the rocks. It is 
 from three to 6 inches high, bluish green, 
 leaves stiff. In ripening, the marginal involu- 
 cre unrols, and the capsules on opposite sides 
 meet ; so that it exhibits the generic charac- 
 ter of the Acrostichum. Stipe dark purple. 
 
 gi % atilis 9 (Can. Ju. If..) frond pinnate; leafets 
 lanceolate, obtuse, alternate, sessile, lower ones 
 pinnatifid : fertile ones entire, barren ones 
 crenate, round-obtuse. About 4 inches high. 
 
PTERTS, PYRETIIRUM. 38? 
 
 tdata (P. Au. % .) frond S-parted-pinnate : bar- 
 ren brandies doubly-pinnate, leafeta linear, 
 
 elongated, obtuse, entire, lower ones doubly- 
 pinnatifid ; fertile branches pinnate, leaf- 
 eta remotish below, at the base pinnatifid' 
 loathed. 
 
 Pulmonaria, 36. 
 
 ■officinalis (lung-wort. E. b. M. T/.) radical lea\ 
 heart-ovate, hirsute : flowers racemed. 
 
 parcifbra (Can. New-England, b. Ju. li.) stem 
 diffuse* procumbent* glabrous : leaves oval 
 spatulate, fleshy : peduncles Jateral, one-fiow- 
 ored. 
 
 virginica (P. b. M. 1|L.) calyx abbreviated, gla- 
 brous : leaves ovate : stem erect : flowers sub- 
 nauicled, terminal. 
 
 riforica (Can, J. 14..) calyx abbreviated : radical 
 leaves cordate. 
 
 Puxica, 62. 
 
 jranatum (pomegranite. E. T?.) leaves lanceo- 
 late : stem woody. 
 
 Ptcxantiiemum, 68. 
 
 anum fwild basil, mountain mint. 0. w. r. Ju. 
 ji.) leaves oblong-ovate, acute, subserrate, 
 white downy : flowers in compound heads, la- 
 teral ones peduncle.] : bracts setaceous; About 
 3 feet high< 
 aristatum (O. w. Ju. %.) leave-; lance-ovate, sub < 
 serrate, short-petioled, whitish : heads sessile : 
 bracts awned. 
 
 Pyretiirum, 85. 
 
 urotinum (North America. W. Oc. %.) leaves 
 
388 PYROLA. 
 
 lanceolate ; lower ones serrate at the apex, up- 
 per ones entire : branches coryrnbed. 
 
 Pyrola, 56. 
 
 rotundifolia (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. 0. 
 w. J. 1|L.) leaves round or round-obovate, obso- 
 letely serrulate : spike with the flowers revers- 
 ed : pistil declined ; stigma round, with 5 tu- 
 bercles. 
 
 secunda (one-sided shin-leaf. O. g-w. Ju. 11. \ 
 leaves round-ovate, acute, serrate : spike with 
 1 -sided flowers : pistil strait : stigma peltate, 
 gibbous. 
 
 unijiora (A. Can. J. 11.) leaves suborbicular, ser- 
 rate : scape 1 -flowered : style strait. Very 
 abundant near Tracy's swamp, three miles 
 west of Albany. 
 
 minor (W. P. Plainfield, Mass. w-r. Ju. 11, 
 leaves round-oval, serrulate : scape subnaked 
 spike with flowers reversed : pistil strait. 
 
 asarifolia (P. Can. g-y. Ju. 11.) i leaves reniform 
 scape remotely furniohed with scales, some- 
 times convolute and sheathing ; pistil declined 
 On mountains. 
 
 Pyrola, see Chimapbila. 
 
 Remark. Dr. Smith, President of the Linne- 
 an society at London, says ; there is no diversity 
 in the habit to justify the establishment of the ge 
 mis Chimaphila. Those of us, who live amon^ 
 so many species of both genera, growing in theii 
 native wildness, want no arguments to convince 
 us ; that, in this instance, the greatest botanist it 
 the world is in an error. We approve of his op- 
 position to the modern rage for innovation ; bu 
 in this case, no effort of the fancy can make ou 
 a family likeness between the stiff, strong, up 
 right, narrow-leaved maculata, and the broad, 
 flabby-leaved roUindifolia and its associates. 
 
PYRUS. 2S'J 
 
 Pyrus, 62. 
 
 communis (near. E. w-r. M. h .) leaves ovate, 
 serrate, (rarely entire) peduncles corymbed. 
 Var. pyraster (dwarf; fruit very small and acid. 
 X&v.falernu (bergamot) fruit orbicular, apple- 
 form. Var. pompeiana (ffood christian.) Var. 
 favonia (musk-pear.) Var. liqescens (butter 
 pear.) Var. rufescens (russet pear.) Var. pur* 
 amidalis (leg pear.) These live last varieties 
 are distinguished more by their flavor, than by 
 any external marks. 
 
 .nalus (apple. E. w-r. M. k flowers in sessile 
 umbels : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, glabrous : claws of the petals shorter than 
 the calyx : styles glabrous. Var. sylvestris 
 (wild apple) leaves ovate, serrate ; fruit small, 
 austere. Var. prasomila (pippin.) Var. cas- 
 tanea (chesnut apple.) Var. apiosa (ape apple) 
 fruit small, round, red, pleasant-tasted. Var. 
 carillea (cornered apple) leaves broad-ovate 5 
 downy beneath : fruit angled. 
 
 cydonia (quint e. E. w. J. ^.) flowers solitary: 
 fruit tomentose : leaves ovate, entire. Var. 
 lusitanica, leaves very broad. 
 Remark. The varieties into which the above 
 
 species have been extended by culture, are very 
 
 numerous. 1 have given those only, which are set 
 
 down by Persoon, as the most distinct. 
 
 coroiiaria (crab apple. Y. C P. w-r. M. ^ .) leaves 
 broad-oval, at the base rounded, subangled or 
 sublobed, serrate, smooth : peduncles corymb- 
 ed. Flowers sweet scented. 
 
 angustifolia (P. M !?•) leaves lance-oblong, at the 
 base acute : slightly crenate-toothed shining ; 
 peduncles corymbed. Fruit very small. 
 
 Pyrus, See Aronia. 
 
 Hh 3 
 
>90 PYXIDANTHERA, QUERCUS. 
 
 
 Pyxidanthera, 39. 
 
 barbidata (box-flower. P. Nfcw-Jersey.Whitehills, 
 w. J. 1? .) leaves wedge- lanceolate, acute, atth< 
 base, witliin hairy or bearded : anthers beak- 
 ed at the base. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quercus, 94. 
 
 2. Fruit subsessile ; leaves mucronate with a bris- 
 tle-form awn (excepting virens) entire. Fruc- 
 tification biennial. 
 
 phellos (willow oak. P. New-Jersey. M. 1? .) leaves* 
 lance-linear, tapering to both ends, entire, gla- 
 brous, mucronate : calyx saucer-form : acorn 
 roundish. 
 
 virens (live oak. Southern states. M. "h .) leave; 
 perennial, coriaceous, oblong-ova!, entire, 
 revolute at the margin, at the base obtuse, at 
 i lie apex acute, awnless, stellate pubescent be- 
 neath : fruit pedicelled : calyx turbinate, scales 
 abbreviated ; acorn oblong. 40 or 50 feet high, 
 very branching. 
 
 /mbricaria (shingle oak, laurel oak. P. M. ^ .) 
 leaves oblong, acute at both ends, mucronate, 
 entire, shining, pubescent beneath i calyx sau- 
 cer-form, scales broad-ovate': acorn subglobose^ 
 40 or 50 feet high. 
 
 1, Fruit subsessile : leaves mucronate with a bris- 
 tle form awn, tooi/ted or lobed. Fructification 
 biennial. 
 
 hcterophylh (burner's oak. M. VO leaves long- 
 petiolcd lance-ovate or oblong, entire or une- 
 qually coarse-toothed : calyx hemispheric " 
 
QTJERCUS. 391 
 
 acorn subglobosc. Pursh says, there is but 
 one individual of this species known in the 
 world, which is now growing on the Bartrain 
 plantation near Philadelphia. 
 
 triloba (downy black oak. P. New-Jersey. M. T?.) 
 leaves wedge-oblong, acute at the base, sun-3- 
 lobed at the apex ; lobes equal in breadth, mu- 
 cronate, middle lobe longest, downy beneath : 
 calyx saucer-form ; acorn compressed-globose, 
 20 to 40 feet high. 
 
 nigra (barren oak, black jack. P. New-Jersey. 
 M. J) .) leaves coriaceous, wedge-form, subeor- 
 date at the base, spread and retuse-3-lobed at 
 the apex, in the young state it is mueronate, 
 glabrous above, mealy rust beneath : calyx 
 turbinate, scales obtuse, scarious ; acorn short- 
 ovate- Small. 
 
 win (quercitron oak, black oak. O. M. k .} 
 leaves obovate oblong, a little sinuate, pubes- 
 cent beneath ; lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely 
 denticulate, setaceous-mucronate : calyx sau- 
 cer-form ; acorn depressed-globose. 
 
 discolor (false red oak. O. M. b.) leaves oblong, 
 sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent beneath and on 
 both sides when young; lobes oblong, toothed, 
 setaceous-mucronate : calyx turbinate ; acorn 
 ovate. 
 
 zoccinea (scarlet oak. O. M. "h .) leaves long-pe- 
 tioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, glabrous ; lobes 
 divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceous-mucronate: 
 calyx turbinate, marked with scales ; acorn 
 short-ovate. This, the last, and the next spe- 
 cies, are usually called red oak by farmers. 
 Anl it requires some attention for the botan- 
 ist to distinguish them. The leaves of this 
 species become reddish and even scarlet in 
 autumn. 
 
 rubra (red oak. O. M. fc.) leaves long-petioled, 
 oblong, glabrous, obtusely sinuate ; lobes acu- 
 tish, toothed, setaceous-mucronate : calyx sau- 
 perform, smooth ish : acorn subovate. turgid. 
 
392 QUERCU& 
 
 falcata, (Spanish oak. P. New-Jersey. M. "ft. 1 
 leaves long-petioled, at the base obtuse, downy 
 beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate ; lobes subfalcate, 
 setaceous-mucronate, terminal one elongated : 
 calyx bowl-form ; acorn globose. Large tree. 
 
 palustris (pin oak. Catskill, New-England. P. C. 
 M. £.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply 
 sinuate, glabrous, axils of the veins villose be- 
 neath ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setace- 
 ous-mucronate : calyx saucer-form, smooth 5 
 acorn subglobose. Generally grows in wet pla- 
 ces. The small limbs along the body of the treev 
 generally die as the tree advances, which givea 
 it the appearance of having pins or trunnels 
 driven into it. 
 
 ilicifolia (scrub oak. O. M. J? leaves long-peti- 
 oled, wedge-obovate, 4 or 5-lobed, margin en- 
 tire, whitish downy beneath ,• lobes setaceous- 
 mucronate : calyx subturbinate : acorn sub-glo- 
 bose. A low shrub. 
 
 3. Fruit peduncled ; leaves without awns, lobed* 
 Fructification annual. 
 
 ttellata (iron oak, post oak. Y. P. Catskill. M. 
 h •) leaves oblong, sinuate, wedge-form at the 
 base, pubescent beneath ; lobes obtuse, upper 
 one dilated-2-lobed (often the lobes are so ar- 
 ranged in the young plant?, as to form a cross- 
 form or stellate leaf) calyx hemispheric ,• acorn 
 oval. 
 
 macrocarpa (over-cup oak. P. M. lj.) leaves 
 downy beneath, deeply lyrate-sinuate-lobed ; 
 lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated : ca- 
 lyx bowl-form, upper scales setose ; acorn tur- 
 gid, ovate, large. A large tree. 
 
 olivaeformis (mossy-cup oak. P. New- York. M. 
 ^ .) leaves oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath, 
 deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid ; calyx 
 
QUERCUS. 39* 
 
 deeply bowl-form with locks above (supernc 
 crinita) acorn oval-ovate. Large tree. 
 ulba (white oak. O. M. h •) leaves oblong, sin- 
 uate-pimiatitid, pubescent beneath : lobes sub- 
 linear, obtuse, entire, narrowed at their bases 
 (particularly on full grown trees) fruit pedun- 
 cled : calyx somewhat bowlform, tuberclcd, 
 flattened at the base ; acorn ovate. The most 
 useful timber tree in America. 
 
 4. Fruit pedunclcd ; leaves without awns, toothed, 
 not lobed. 
 
 Fructification annual. 
 
 primal (swamn chesnut oak. P. M. T? .) leaves 
 long-petioleu, obovate, acute, pubescent be- 
 neath, coarsely toothed : teeth about equal, 
 spread, callous at the apex : calyx bowl-form, 
 tapering at the base ; acorn ovate, large, 
 sweet tasted. Large tree. 
 
 prinoides (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. P. 
 M. h •) leaves short-petioled, obovate, at the 
 base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous benea ii ; 
 teeth nearly equal, spread, callous at the apex : 
 calyx hemispherical j acorn ovate. A low 
 shrub. 
 
 montana, (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. 
 O. M. b •) leaves moderately petioled, broad- 
 obovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining 
 above ; coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, 
 oblique ; teeth subequal, very obtuse, short : 
 fruit in pairs, short-peduncled : calyx hemis- 
 pheric, scales rugose tubercled : acorn ovale. 
 
 castanea (yellow oak. I*. A. Catskill. New-Enff- 
 land. M. h •) leaves long-petioled, lance-ob- 
 long, obtuse at the base, acuminate, downy be- 
 neath, coarsely toothed ; teeth subequal, 
 spread, acute, callous at the apex : calyx hem- 
 ispheric ; acorn globular-ovate. Large tree* 
 The bark is used for dying yellow. 
 
8M QUERCUS, RANUNCULUS. 
 
 bicolor (swamp white oak. P. M. h .) leave? 
 short-petioled, oblong-obOvate, white-down; 
 beneath, coarsely toothed, entire at the base' 
 teeth unequal, spread, aciriish, callous at tin 
 apex : fruit hi pairs, long-pedtmcled ; the pe- 
 duncle terminating in a bristle : calyx hem- 
 ispheric : acorn oblo'ng-o'vatc. Large tree. 
 Remark. The localities of the oaks have n< 
 been well settle !, to the north of Pennsylvania, 
 Therefore students may expect to find several of 
 the species, credited to Pennsylvania only, in the 
 Northern states. This remark will apply to sev- 
 eral other genera. 
 
 Qu£hxa> S3.. 
 
 canadensis (fork chickwecd. Y.W.II. P. A. Ju. V .) 
 stem dichotomous, very branching, spread : 
 leaves lanceolate, glabrous, erect. About 6 or 
 8 inches high, very slender and branching.—- 
 Flowers very small, stamens from 2 to 5. An* 
 ychia dichotoma. Mx, 
 
 R» 
 
 Ranunculus, 67, 
 
 acris (crow-foot, butter-cup. O. y. M. 2/.) hairs 
 close-pressed : leaves 3-parted-m any-cleft, up- 
 per ones linear : peduncles terete : calyx spread- 
 ing. 
 
 abortivus (O.y. M. 2i.) glabrous : stem striate, 
 naked below : radical leaves heart-reniform, 
 obtusely crcnate ; cauline ones petioled, ter- 
 nate, angled, upper ones sessile : branches sub- 
 3-flowers. FfoWere small. 
 
 repens (H. W. P. C. y. M. 11 S) (hirsute : leaves 
 tern ate, S -cleft,, gashed : creeping shoots are 
 sent off in the summer: peduncles sulcate : 
 calyx spreading. 
 
 recurvatus (A. C. y-w. J. 2/0 pubescent: leave* 
 
BAM Ml LIS. 393 
 
 S-lobed; lobes wedgrfama at the ba^c gashed 
 at the apex, acute : stem many-flowered : 
 cal} x and corol recurved : petals linear. Flow- 
 era small. 
 fuscicularis (H. A. P. C. y. M. If.") leaves snbpu- 
 besrent, radical ones tong-pedunrled, ternate 
 or subpinnate ; leafets 3-luhcd, the terminal 
 one deeply S- cleft : calyx spreading, hairy un- 
 
 derneath ; petals longer than the calyx : root 
 fascicled. See Big. Florida Host. 
 
 JhrdatUis (river crowfoot. O. \v-y. M. IS.) stem 
 submersed : leaves all capillary, dichotomous. 
 The whole under water, excepting the fructifi- 
 cation while the corol is expanded. 
 
 aqiuitiUs (water crowfoot. 1\ Can. w, J. IS.) the 
 submersed leaves capillary ; those above water 
 peltate. 
 
 phinifoliua (C. y. %A submersed leaves very 
 finely divided, divisions dichotomous ; those 
 above water coarser ; calyx expanding, smooth, 
 concave : petals orbicular, entire, twice as long 
 as the calyx ; nectary orbicular, bifid. A new 
 species by Dr. Torrey ; though he suspects it 
 may be a variety of the fluviaulis. 
 
 bulbosus (A. H. P. y. M. If.) very hirsute : leaves 
 ternate, 3-c!elt, gashed and toothed : stem 
 erect, many-flowered : peduncles sidcate : ca- 
 lyx reflexed : root bulbose. 
 
 Mrsutus (W. P. Vermont, y. Ju. %.) hirsute: 
 leaves ternate, gash-lobed : .vtem erect, many- 
 flowered : peduncles sulcate : cab x reflexed, 
 acuminate : seeds tubercled : root fibrous. 11. 
 philonotis. 
 
 Jiammula (speanvort. A. C. P. y. If.) glabrous : 
 stem declined : leaves narrow-lanceolate, acute, 
 entire and denticulate, lower ones petioled : j>e- 
 duncles terminal, axillary, l -flowered : calyx 
 subreflexed. Flowers small. 
 
 sceleratus (celery crowfoot. O. y. J. If.) glab- 
 rous : lower leaves palmate ; upper ones ses- 
 sile, digitate ; fruit oblong. 
 
306 HANUNCULUS. 
 
 pensylvanicus (C. Y. P. y. Ju. If..) pilose, erect, 
 branching : leaves ternate, 3-cicft, gashed, 
 hairy beneath ; peduncles terete : calyx reflex - 
 ed : petals about equalling the calyx. Flowers 
 large. 
 
 pusiUus (C. y. Ju. %.) glabrous : leaves petioled : 
 lower ones ovate, toothed ; upper ones lance- 
 linear, toothed at the apex, the very uppermost 
 ones linear, bract-like : peduncles alternate, 
 solitary, 1 -flowered. 
 
 lingua (great spearwort. P. y. Ju. 2/.) hairs close- 
 pressed : leaves lanceolate, subdenticulate, acu- 
 minate, subsessile ; stem erect, many-flowered. 
 
 rcptans (dwarf spearwort. P. y. Ju. 1£.) leaves 
 linear entire : stem creeping. Perhaps a vari- 
 ety of the flaminula. 
 
 marylandicus (P. w-y. M. if.) pubescent : stem 
 simple, Fubnaked : radical leaves ternate ; lc?;f- 
 ets 3-lobed, lobes acute gashed : calyx refiex- 
 cd. 
 
 Tiispidus (P. w-y. J. "2J.) very hirsute, erect : 
 leaves ternate ; leafets acutely lobed ; stem 
 naked below the first peduncle, few-flowered : 
 calyx close-pressed. 
 
 eijnibaJaria (Onondaga, w-y. J. % .) glabrous, very 
 small, filiform, creeping, rooting at the joints: 
 -leaves heart-reniform, obtusely 5-toothed : ra- 
 dical peduncles solitary, mostly 2 flowered : 
 petals linear : fruit oblong. 
 
 fdiformis (P. Can w-y. J. %.} glabrous, small : 
 stem filiform, creeping, geniculate, with the 
 joints 1 -flowered : leaves linear-subulate, ob- 
 tuse. 
 
 ntiidus (New-Jersey. P. w. Ju. X-'-) very glab- 
 rous : stem fistulous : radical leaves round-ren- 
 iform, obtusely crenate, cauline ones sessile, 
 digitate ; leafets gashed, divisions obtuse : 
 seeds subglobose, very glabrous. 
 
 auricGinuS (P. y. M. %.) pubescent : radical 
 leaves reniform, 3-parted, gash-c rcnate, can- 
 
RANUNCULUS, RESEDA. 397 
 
 line ones sessile, digitate, linear : stemmany- 
 flowered : calyx coloured, spreading. 
 tanuginosui (r\ y. J. %.) hirsute : leaves 3-cleft, 
 loSedj toothed, all over silky : peduncles elon- 
 tcd, terete : calyx spreading. 
 laefirmis (sanicle-crowfoot. V. (V \ 
 hirsute : leaves all 3-parted ; divisions gash- 
 serrate : peduncles short, bearing 2 or 3 small 
 flowers : calyx reflexed, hirsute : leafets lan- 
 ceolate, acute, longer than the petals. Mubl. 
 credits this plant to Delaware only. Last sum- 
 mer Dr. Torrey found it near New- York, and 
 drew this description from Jiving specimens. 
 Dr. Beck found it also growing near Albany. 
 
 Raphanus, 75, 
 
 aatirus (garden-radish. E. w. J. ©.) leaves ly- 
 rate : silique terete, torose, 2-eelled. There 
 are several varieties of this species — one has a 
 fusiform, another a globose, another a black 
 root. 
 
 raphanisirum (wild radish, charlock. N. y. Au.) 
 leaves lyrate : siliques terete, jointed, smooth, 
 1 -celled. Before the silifpie is mature, it is gen- 
 erally 2-celled and not jointed. It may have 
 been introduced ; but it is now growing wild in 
 all the middle and southern towns of the western 
 counties of Massachusetts. 
 
 Reseda, 61. 
 
 oilorata (mignonette. E. w-y. Ju. 0.) leaves en- 
 tire, and 3-lobed : calyx equalling the coral. 
 
 luteola (dyers weed. Y. y. Au. O) leaves lanceo- 
 late, undulate, entire, a tooth on each side of 
 the base : calyx 4-cleft : flowers spiked. Prof. 
 Ives found this plant growing near New-Ha- 
 ven, in situations and with habits, which induc- 
 ed him to suspect it to be indigenous. 
 Ii 
 
98 RHAMNUS, RHINANTHUS* 
 
 Rhamnus, 41* 
 
 alnifolius (dwarf alder. O. w-g. M. \ .) unarm- 
 ed : leaves oval, acuminate, serrulate, pubes- 
 cent at the nerves beneath : peduncles aggre* 
 .gate* 1 -flowered : calyx acute : fruit turbinate. 
 Berries black. Pursh calls this thefrangu- 
 loides, after Mx. and gives this name to a spe- 
 cies found up the Missouri. 
 
 catharticus (buckthorn. E. h .) thorns terminal ! 
 flowers 4-cleft,dioecious : leaves ovate, serrate. 
 
 Rheum, 55. 
 
 palmatum (rhubarb. E. J. %.) leaves palmate, 
 
 acuminate. From China. 
 iataricum (pie rhubarb. E. J. %.} leaves heart- 
 
 ovate, entire, flat, glabrous : petioles semite- 
 
 rete, angled : branches of the panicle sulcate. 
 
 The radical leaves very large. From Tartary. 
 
 Rhexia, 54. 
 
 virglnica (meadow beauty, deer-grass. Y. C. H* 
 P. p. Ju. %.) stem wing-angled, with scatter- 
 ed hairs : leaves sessile, lance-oval, denticu- 
 late, setaceous, ciliate-errate. About 8 inch- 
 es high. 
 
 mariana (New-Jersey, w-r. Ju. %.) stem and 
 leaves very hirsute : leaves subpetioled, lance- 
 oval or lance-linear: calyx smoothish, tubular* 
 long. 
 
 Rhinanthus, 71. 
 
 crista-galli (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb. Cam 
 y. J. 0.) upper lip of the corol emarginate, 2- 
 toothed, middle division of the under lip very 
 short. 
 
RHODODENDON, RHUS. S99 
 
 Rhododendon, 57. 
 
 maximum (wild rose-bay, H. C. r. Ju. T?.) lea\ 
 oblong, glabrous, paler beneath : umbels ter- 
 minal, dense : corols sub-bclltbrm ; petals 
 rounded. A small tree. 
 
 ponticum (rose bay. E. p. k •) leaves oblong, 
 glabrous, botb sides coloured alike : corymbs 
 terminal : corol bcll-wheclforin ; petals lance- 
 olate. 
 
 Rhodora, 56. 
 
 canadensis (false honey-suckle, rhodora. H. Can. 
 <Jranby, Mass. b. r. M. h .) leaves oval, en- 
 tire, glaucous-pubescent beneath : flowers in 
 terminal umbels. About 2 feet high. 
 
 Rhus, 4T. 
 
 iijphimim (sumach. 0. y-g. Ju. \ .) branches and 
 " petioles very villose : leaves pinnate, many- 
 
 S aire J, leafcts lance-oblong, serrate, somewhat 
 owny beneath. Berries red and very sour. 
 
 zlabrum (sleek sumach. O. g\ r. Ju. k .) branch- 
 es, petioles and leaves glabrous : leaves pin- 
 nate, many-paired ; leafets lance-oblong, 
 serrate^ whitish beneath : fruit silky. The 
 leaves of both these species are used for tan- 
 ning morocco leather. Berries red and sour. 
 
 copalliwum (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. 
 O. y-g. Ju. k •) branches punctate : leaves pin- 
 nate, in about 5 or 6 pairs, with the main pe- 
 tiole joint-winged ; leafets lance-oval entire : 
 panicle leafy, branches sub-sessile : flowers 
 dioecious. Berries red. 
 
 xcraix (poison sumach. O. y-s;. Ju. >? .) very 
 glabrous : leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leat- 
 ets oval, abruptly acuminate, entire : pani- 
 cle lax : dioecious : fruit glabrous. Berries 
 
400 RHUS, RIBES. 
 
 green, at length whitish. Panicle few-flower- 
 ed compared with the preceding species. 
 Very poisonous. See Bigelow's Med. Bot. 
 
 toxicodendron (poison vine, poison ash. O. g.Ju. 
 h .) rooting •• leaves ternate : leafets oval, en- 
 tire or sinuate-crenate : racemes on the branch- 
 es and axillary, sessile : dioecious. Var. rad- 
 icaus (poison ivy) stem climbing and rooting ; 
 leafets broad, entire or with scattered teeth. 
 Var. quercifolium (poison oak) erect, low : 
 leafets variously sinuate-lohed. Var. microcar- 
 pon 9 leafets oblong-oval, long-acuminate, sub- 
 rhombic : fruit very small. The sap of this 
 species is an excellent marking ink for linen. 
 
 aromaticum (P, y. M. ^ .) a very little woody : 
 llowcrs amentaceous, naked : leaves ternate : 
 leafets rhombic-oval, toothed, pubescent be- 
 neath.. Dioecious. 
 
 Rhyxchospora, 29. 
 
 sparsa (false bog-rush. P. Ju. %.) corymbs dif- 
 fuse, axillary, compound : terminal ones decom- 
 pound : peduncles capillary : seeds longer than 
 the beaks. 
 
 giomerata (P. J. if.) spikes corymbed-fascicled, 
 remote in pairs : culm obtuse-angled : leaves 
 linear. 
 
 alba CP. H. Ju. 7£.) spikes corymbed-fascicled : 
 culm and leaves setaceous. 
 
 ciHata (P. %.') spikes corymbed-fascicled, termin- 
 al : bracts and leaves obtusish, ciliate. 
 
 Ribes, 42. 
 
 1. Currant-like. Flowers racemed. 
 
 rubrum (currant. E. g. M. T?.) unarmed: ra- 
 cemes glabrous, nodding : corol flat ; petals 
 obcordate : leaves obtusely 5-lobed : stem erect, 
 Berries red. 
 
RIBES. v 0! 
 
 :mm (black currant E. g, M. J?-) unarmed : 
 leaves punctate beneath : racemes lav : flowers 
 beJlforra bracts shorter than tiie pedicel*. 
 Berries black. 
 
 ulbhiervium (Can. Catskil) Mt g-y. M. J? •) 'in- 
 armed : leaves abbreviated, acutely lobed, 
 smoothish, nerves white : racemes recurved ; 
 berry glabrous. Berries red. 
 
 trjfidum (1\ Can. y-g. M- k •) unarmed : leaves 
 moderately lobed.glabrous above, pubescent be- 
 neath : racemes lax, pubescent : flowers flattish : 
 divisions of the calyx about 3-cleft : petals spat- 
 ulate, obtuse : berries hirsute. Berries red. 
 
 ringens (Can. P. M. T?.) unarmed : branches 
 strait : leaves acutely lobed and toothed, retic- 
 ulate-rugose, pubescent beneath : racemes lax, 
 becoming stiffly erect : berry subhispid. Ber- 
 ries red, erect. 
 
 glandulosum (O. r-y. M. b .) unarmed : branch- 
 es reclined-prostrate : leaves lobed, smoothish, 
 younger ones j)ubescent : racemes suberect : 
 oetals deltoid : bracts minute : berry hispid. 
 Most of the plant, particularly the calyx, cov- 
 ered with glandular hairs. 
 
 recurvaium (P. y. A. b-) unarmed : branches 
 recurved : leaves broadish, acutely lobed, pu- 
 bescent, glandular-punctate : racemes reflex- 
 ed : calyx tubular, glabrous. 
 Jloridum (wild black-currant. O. M. 1?.) unarm- 
 ed : leaves punctate both sides : racemes pen- 
 dant : calyx cylindric : bracts longer ./an the 
 pedicels. 
 
 2. Gooseberry -like. Peduncles mostly fexv-jlow- 
 ered ; rarely subracented. 
 
 grossularia (english gooseberry E. g. M. 1p.) 
 branches prickly: petioles hairy : bracts 2- 
 leaved : berry glabrous or hirsute. 
 
 uva-crispa (smooth gooseberry. E. g. M. fe.) 
 
 JU 2 
 
40£ RIBES, RIOCIA. 
 
 branches prickly : berry glabrous ; pedicels 
 with 1 -leaved bracts. Perhaps a variety of 
 grossularia. 
 
 irijlorum (wild gooseberry. O. g. M. k .) spine 
 subaxillary : leaves glabrous, 3 to 5-lobed, 
 gash-toothed : peduncles sub-3-flowered with 
 tlie pedicels elongated : bracts very short : 
 petals spatulate, undulate : style hirsute, hall" 
 2 or S -cleft, exsert : berry glabrous. Ber- 
 ries pale red. 
 
 hirtdlum (W. Troy. Can. P. g. M. 1?.) spines 
 very small, subaxillary : branches subhis- 
 pid : leaves small, semitrifid ; lobes subden- 
 tate : peduncles 1 -flowered : berry glabrous. 
 Berries red. 
 
 oxyacanthoides (C. P. Can. M. J} .) the large and 
 subsolitary prickles near the buds, the smaller 
 ones scattered : leaves glabrous, with toothed 
 lobes : peduncles short, about 2-flowered : ber- 
 ries glabrous. 
 
 gracile (P. W? C. M. T? little spines subaxilla- 
 ry : leaves petioled, slender, pubescent both 
 sides ; lobes acutely gash-toothed : peduncles 
 capillary, about 2-flowered : calyx bell-tubu- 
 lar ; berries glabrous. Berries bluish purple. 
 
 lacustris (Can. P. g~y. M. 1^.) spines manyfold, 
 subaxillary : stem every where aculeate-liis- 
 pid : leaves lobed beyond the middle : petioles 
 villose : berries somewhat racemed, hispid, 
 
 conobasti (Can. P. Catskill Mt. g. M. b-) pric- 
 kles in pairs : leaves short-lobed, gash-toothed, 
 with soft pubescence : racemes nodding, few- 
 flowered : calyx erect, beliibrm : berry prickly- 
 Berries dark brown. 
 
 Riccia, 110. 
 
 natans (floating liverwort. W. Ju.) fronds obcor- 
 date, with apexes meeting, so as to form the 
 sectors of circles, flat: radicles beneath flat, 
 
RICCIA, ROBINIA. 40J 
 
 Very abundant in a standing water one mile 
 northwest of Williams College, near the north 
 bank of the Hoosack. It floats on t he water, 
 with its short Hat roots extending a little, dis- 
 tance into it. Colour sea-green. Bach con- 
 geries of floating fronds hardly an inch in di- 
 ameter. Channels run on their backs, like 
 midribs in leaves. 
 
 fluitaiis (forkstems. W. J.) fronds repeatedly for- 
 ked, linear, convex or subcylinuric, smooth, 
 reticulate, obtuse and cloven at the tips. Very 
 plenty in stagnant water among the Leinna 
 in Mr. Noble's field near Williams College. 
 These plants appeal* like the branching stems 
 of plants, without any roots. They are pellu- 
 cid, very cellular, about 2 or S inches long. 
 
 glauca, frond many parted, forked, cloven at the 
 top, grooved, obtuse. 
 
 Ricinus, 96. 
 
 communis (caster-oil plant, nalma christi. E.©.) 
 leaves peltate, palmate ; lobes lanceolate, ser- 
 rate : stem with hoary mealiness. 
 
 Rivixa, 56. 
 
 faevis (rough-seed. P. r. S. \ .) racemes simple : 
 leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, flat: stem 
 terete. Margins of the leaves often purple. 
 
 Robixia, 79. 
 
 pseudo-acacia (locust tree, false acacia. Can. P. w. 
 M. h ) leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet : 
 stipules thorny, or a thorn ! racemes pendant: 
 teeth of the calyx awned : legumes smooth. 
 Cultivated every where. 
 
 tiscosa (clammy locust. Southern states. Ju. 
 k .) racemes with 1 -flowered pedicels : leaves 
 
4G4 ROBINIA, ROSA. 
 
 pinnate, with a terminal leafet : branches am 
 legumes with viscous glands : calyx acumin- 
 ate. Racemes axillary, danse-flowered, erect 
 flowers approaching from white to red. 
 
 hispida (rose locust. Southern states. P. b ra " 
 cemes axillary, suberect : calyx acuminate 
 stem mostly unarmed ; most of the plant his- 
 pid : leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet 
 leafets round-oval, mucronate, sometimes 
 ternate. An elegant shrub. 
 
 caragana (Siberian locust. E.) leaves abruptl; 
 pinnate : calyx somewhat bellform : stigmj 
 glabrous, truncate : legume eylindric. Then 
 are several varieties of this plant which hav< 
 been divided into species. See 2d Persoonj 
 page 312. 
 
 Rosa, 63. 
 
 corymbosa (swamp rose. O. r-w. Ju. 1? ) germs 
 (permanent calyxes) globose ; germs and pe- 
 duncles a little hispid, or glabrous : petioles 
 hairy and a little prickly : stem glabrous ; 
 prickles stipular, subuncinate : leafets 5 or 7, 
 lance-oblong, acute, sharply serrate, glaucous 
 beneath : flowers solitary or corymbed. R, 
 Carolina. From 3 to 6 feet high. Very vari- 
 able. Dr. Bigelow sent three specimens t( 
 the greatest botanist in Europe, which were all 
 taken from different parts of the same plant. 
 He received an answer making two of the spe- 
 cimens different described species, and the 
 third one a new species. 
 
 parviflora (wild rose. O. r. w. J. 'h.) germs de- 
 pressed-globose ; germs and peduncles hispid: 
 petioles pubescent, subaculeate : stem glab- 
 rous : prickles stipular, strait : leafets lance- 
 oval, simply serrate, glabrous : flowers some- 
 what in pairs. Very variable. Grows inostlj 
 on dry land. 
 
ROSA. 405 
 
 tubigiiiosa (sweet briar. C. Y. P. N. r. J. h .) germ 
 ovate : peduncles an<l petioles glandular-his- 
 pid ; petioles somewhat prickly : stem glab- 
 rous ; prickles scattered, strait, slender ; lea- 
 fets (5 or 7) ovate, serrate, scarcely glandular- 
 hairy beneath : branchlets 1 -flowered : divis- 
 ions of the calyx entire. R. suaveolens. The 
 "leaves have often a rusty appearance beneath. 
 
 lucida (P. r. Ju. h .) germs depressed-globose : 
 germs and peduncles sub hispid : petioles glab- 
 rous, subaculeate : stem glabrous ; prickles 
 stipular, strait : leafets lance-ovate, obtusish, 
 coarsely serrate, glabrous, shining : flowers 
 somewhat in pairs : divisions of the calyx en- 
 tire. 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 gamella (P. New-England, r. Ju. 1? •) germs de- 
 pressed-globose : germs and peduncles glab- 
 rous : flowers somewhat in pairs : leaves ob- 
 long, acute, opake ; petioles and veins pubes- 
 cent beneath : prickles uncinate, the caulinc 
 ones in pairs below the axils. 
 
 setigera (bristly rose. Southern states. J. h •) 
 germs globose : petioles and nerves prickly : 
 branches glabrous : prickles in pairs »»d scat- 
 tered : leafets (3 or 5) acuminate, glabrous : 
 divisions of the calyx somewhat winged-bris- 
 tle-bearing. 5 to S feet high. 
 
 pendulina (thornless rose. North America ? E ? 
 r. J. b) unarmed: germs oblong: peduncles 
 and petioles hispid : "stem and branches glab- 
 rous : fruit pendant. 
 
 tdtida (P. r. J. J?0 germs globose : the whole 
 calyx, peduncles and branches hispid: petioles 
 a little hairy, unarmed : leafets (7) lance-ob- 
 long, vej*y glabrous and shining both sides. 
 
 canina (dog-rose. New-Jersey, k germs ovate; 
 germs and peduncles glabrous ; stem and pe- 
 tioles prickly : leaves on ate, glabrous. 
 
 gallica (trench rose, common rose. E. r. J. h •) 
 genus ovate \ germs and peduncles hispid : 
 
406 ROSA. 
 
 stem and petioles hispid-prickly. Sometimes 1 
 the colours are variegated. 
 
 damascena (damask rose. E. w. r. J. ^ .) calyx 
 half-pinnate : germ ovate", turgid (thickened 
 near its top) bristly : stem and petioles prick- 
 ly 5 leafets ovate, pointed, downy beneath/ 
 
 muscosa (moss rase. E. r. An. T? .) germs ovate : 
 calyx, peduncles, petioles and branches hispid, 
 glandular-viscid (mossy-like) spines of the 
 branches scattered, strait. 
 
 moschata (musk rose. E. h germs ovate ; 
 germs and peduncles villose : stem and peti- 
 oles prickly : leafets oblong, acuminate, glab- 
 rous : panicles many-flowered. 
 
 burgundiuca (burgundv rose. E. h .) germs sub- 
 globose ; germs and peduncles hispid : leafets 
 ovate, pubescent beneath : corol small, lull, 
 fleshy-white, disk obscure. Var. provincialis, 
 has scattered refiexed prickles on the branch- 
 es, and glandular serratures. 
 
 semperflarens (monthly rose. E, k •) germs ovate- 
 oblong, tapering to both ends : germs and pe- 
 duncles hispid : stem prickly : flowers in 
 erect corymbs. Resembles damascena. 
 
 alba (white rose. E. w. J. 12 .) gcims ovate, 
 glabrous or hispid : stem and petioles prickly : 
 leafets ovate, villose beneath. 
 
 pimpvieUifolia (burnet rose. E. r. k .) germs glo- 
 bose ; germs and peduncles glabrous : stem with 
 scattered strait prickles : leaves obtuse ; peti- 
 oles scabrous. Very small. 
 
 centifolia (hundred leaved rose. E. Ti? .) germs 
 ovate : germs and peduncles hispid : stem hispid, 
 prickly : leaves pubescent beneath ; petioles 
 unarmed. 
 
 cinnamomea (cinnamon rose. E. \ .) germs glo- 
 bose; germs and peduncles glabrous : stem with 
 stipular prickles : petioles somewhat unarmed : 
 leafets oblong. R. majalis. Stem brown-cinna- 
 mon colour. 
 
ROSA, RUBUS. 407 
 
 vwltiflora (japan rose. E. b germs ovate ; earns 
 and pedum les unarmed, n i!J< in anil peti- 
 
 oles prickly. BratN bes generally purple, leaf- 
 ets ovate, lowers small, panic led. 
 <phtosis*'ir,iu (scotch rose. E. h .) germs globose* 
 glabrous : peduncles hispid : stem ami petioles 
 very hispid. Yar. scotica. is smaller. 
 parvifolia (small-leaf rose. E. *i .) smail : germs 
 ovate, subglabrous : peduncles glandular : stem 
 and petioles with slender prickles: laafets ru- 
 gose, a little vilJosc beneath, ovate, glandular- 
 serrate. 
 
 Remark, Thirteen exotic species of the rose may 
 be considered disproportioned to other parts of 
 this Manual. Rut as all these species are cul- 
 tivated in the interior of Massachusetts, and most 
 of them in Albany and Troy, descriptions of them 
 may not be unacceptable. These species were most- 
 ly analyzed in the living state, and obligingly fur- 
 nished for this work by Miss Henshaw, of North- 
 ampton. 
 
 Rosmarinus, 27. 
 
 officinalis (rosemary. E. J? .) leaves some green 
 both sides, others whitish beneath, linear, mar- 
 gins revolute, 
 
 Rubia, 55. 
 
 iinctoria (madder. E.) leaves lanceolate, about in 
 sixes : stem prickly, climbing. Var. sylvestris, 
 lower leaves in sixes, upper ones in fours or in 
 pairs, 
 
 Rcbus, 65. 
 
 ideus ( garden raspberry. E. w. M. h •) leaves 
 quinat'-pinnate and ternate ; leafets rhomb- 
 ovate, acuminate; downy beneath > petioles 
 
40S RUBTTS. 
 
 channelled : stem prickly-hispid 5 flowers sub- 
 panicled. A variety has a smooth stem. 
 
 strigosus (red raspberry. 0. w. J. >? .) unarmed : 
 rigidly hispid : leaflets 3, or pinnate-quinate, 
 oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, marked 
 with lines and white-downy beneath : calyx 
 acuminate : flowers axillary, solitary at the 
 ends of the branches : peduncles and calyx his- 
 pid. Berries red, sweet, acines very slightly 
 attached. 
 
 odoratus (flowering raspberry. 0. r. J. Jp .) un- 
 armed, erect, viscid-hispid : leaves simple, 
 acutely 3 or 5-lobed : corymbs terminal, 
 spreading : calyx appendiculate ; petals sub- 
 orb iculate. Flowers large, berries rather 
 dry and thin. 
 
 occ'identalis (black raspberry. O. w. J. ^ .) branch- 
 es and petioles glaucous and prickly : leaves 
 ternate, oval, acuminate, sublobate and doub- 
 ly serrate, white downy beneath ,• petioles te- 
 rete : prickles recurved. 
 
 viUosus (high blackberry. O. w. J. \ .) pubes- 
 cent, hispid and prickly : leaves digitate, in 
 threes or fives ; leafets ovate-oblong, acumin- 
 ate, serrate, hairy both sides : stem and peti- 
 oles prickly : calyx short, acuminate : racemes 
 lax, pedicels solitary. 
 
 Irivialis (creeping blackberry, dew-berry. O. w\ 
 J. \i .) sarmentose-procumbent : petioles and 
 peduncles aculeate-hispid with the prickles re- 
 curved : stipules subulate : leaves ternate or 
 quinate, oblong-oval, acute, unequally serrate, 
 subpubescent : pedicels solitary, elongated : 
 petals obovate, thrice as long as the calyx. — 
 \ai\JiagellariSt has orbicular petals and small 
 smooth leaves. 
 
 saxutilh (brier herb, rock blackberry. O. w. J. 
 2/0 herbaceous, pubescent: stem creeping: 
 leaves ternate, rhombic, acute, gash-toothed, 
 naked, terminal one petioled : flowers some- 
 what in threes $ pedicels elongated. 
 
KUDUS, RUDBECKIA. 409 
 
 obovalis (CM. "U.) stem becoming a little woody, 
 hispid with stiff hairs : leaves innate, round- 
 obovatc, serrate, naked : stipules setaceous : 
 racemes siibcoryrabed, few-flowered : bracts 
 ovate : pedicels elongated. 
 
 cuneifolius (P. New- Jersey. J. ^ .) branches, pe- 
 tioles and peduncles downy, with recurved 
 J trickles : leav.es digitate, in threes or fives; 
 eafets wedge-ebOvatc, unequally toothed 
 above, plaited, downy beneath, margin entire, 
 jevolute : racemes terminal, panicled ; pedi- 
 cels divaricate nakedisb. 
 
 hispidus (P. Can. w. J. >? sarmentose-procumb- 
 ent : stem, petioles and peduncles very hispid 
 with rigid bristles : leaves ternate, gash-ser- 
 rate, naked, middle one peduncled. 
 
 canadensis (Can. New-England. J. b a little 
 glabrous : leaves digitate in tens, fives and 
 threes ; leatcts lanceolate, naked both sides, 
 sharply serrate : stem unarmed : bracts lance- 
 olate. Stem purple. 
 
 chamaemorus (cloud-berry. Can. New-England. 
 w.J. If.) herbaceous, small : stem unarmed, 
 1 -flowered, erect : leaves simple, subreniform, 
 round-1 obed : petals oblong. 
 
 acaulis (Can. J .%.) herbaceous, small, nearly 
 stemless, 1 -flowered : leaves almost radical, 
 ternate : leafets sessile, lateral ones somewhat 
 trapezoidal. 
 
 Rudeeckia, 87. 
 
 Ultimata (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. O.y. 
 Au. %.) lower leaves pinnate, leat'ets 3-lobed ; 
 upper ones ovate : egret crenate : stem glab- 
 rous. From 5 to 10 leet high. 
 
 iigitata (V. y. Au. i;.) lower leaves pinnate, leaf- 
 ets pinnatifid : upper ones simply pinnate ; 
 top ones 3-clefl : egret crenate : stem smooth. 
 
 pinnata (P. y. Ju, %!) leaves all pinnate: one or 
 
 Kk 
 
po RLDBECKIA, RUMEX. 
 
 more of the lower leafets 2-parted, the rest un- 
 divided : egret entire ; stem furrowed, hispid. 
 triloba (P. y. Au. % .) pilose-hispid : stem pani- 
 cled ; branches divaricate, many-flowered, 
 leafy : leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both 
 ends, serrate, lower ones 3-lobed: leafets of the 
 calyx linear, deflexed, of the length of the rays. 
 4 or 5 feet high. 
 
 fulgida (P. Au. 11.) stem hispid: branches wand- 
 like^ elongated, 1 -flowered : leaves lance-ob- 
 long, denticulate, hispid, narrow at the base, 
 subcordate : calyx leafy, about equalling the 
 ray : disk hemispheric, with lanceolate chaff, 
 
 Mrta(P. y. Ju. %.) very hirsute: stem wand- 
 like, sub-ramose, 1 -flowered : peduncles naked : 
 leaves ovate-spatulate, S-nerved, serrate, 
 rough-haired : calyx leafy, nearly equalling 
 the rays ; disk conic, with lanceolate chaff. 
 
 purpurea (P. p. Ju. % .) rough : lower leaves 
 broad-ovate, tapering to the base, remotely 
 toothed : cauline leaves lance-ovate, acuminate 
 at both ends, subentire : rays long, pendant, 
 S-cleft. 
 
 Rcelxia, 72. 
 
 Strepens (ruel. P. w-b. Ju. 3/.) erect, hirsute : 
 leaves petioled, lance-ovate, entire : peduncles 
 1 to 3-flowered : divisions of the calyx lanceo- 
 late, hispid, half as long as the tube of the co- 
 rol. Flowers large. 
 
 Rumex, 52. 
 
 crispus (dock. O. Ju. %.) valves of the calyx 
 ovate, entire, all bearing grain-like appendages 
 on their backs : leaves lanceolate, undulate, 
 acutish. 
 
 oMusifolius (0. J. 2/.) valves toothed, one princi- 
 pally bearing a grain-like appendage : radical 
 
RUMEX, SABBATIA. 4&| 
 
 ires heart-oblong obtus tto scab- 
 
 rous* 
 
 licUlafus (Can. Troy. 1'. J. It.) valves en- 
 tire, all bearing grain-like appendages : spikes 
 (about 3) leafless, with t:»' Bowery half- 
 whorled : leaves lanceolate : sheathing stipu- 
 les cylindric. 
 
 britaniciis (II. 1'. A. J. 'J .) valve enlire, all bear- 
 ing grain-like appendages : spikes of tSie pani- 
 cle leafless : sheathing stipules obsoletely torn : 
 I ayes broad-lanceolate, nat, ^::i , >th. 
 
 sanguineus (bloody dock. 1*. J. V- •) valves entire, 
 oblong, one principally bearing the grain-like 
 appendage : loaves heart-lanceolate. 
 
 aquaticus (water dock. P. Y. C. Jn. %.) valves 
 ovate, entire, bearing obsolete grains : leaves 
 heart-lanceolate, acute. 
 
 acutus (P. E ? 1/.) valves toothed, bearing grain- 
 like appendages : leaves heart-oblong, acumin- 
 ate. 
 
 patientia (garden dock, patience. E. 11 .) valves 
 entire, one ot* them bearing a grain-like ap- 
 pendage : leaves lance-ovate. 
 
 Rumex, see Lapathum. 
 
 Ruppia, $6. 
 
 maritima (tassel pondweed. P.J. 2/.) floating; 
 leaves pectinate, obtuse : flowers spiked. 
 
 Ruta, 56. 
 
 gravedens (rue. E.) leaves more than decom- 
 pound ,* leafets oblong, terminal ones obovaie : 
 petals entire. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabbatia, sec Chirouia. 
 
412 SACCHARUM, SAGITTARIA. 
 
 Sacchakum, SI. 
 
 nffidnarum (sugar cane. E.) flowers paniclcd, in 
 pairs, one sessile and one pedicelled : corol 1- 
 valved, awnless. From the East Indies ori- 
 ginally. 
 
 Sag in a, 36* 
 
 procumhens (pearlwort. Y. C. w. g. J. %.) stem 
 procumbent, glabrous : petals very short. — 
 Persoon and Smith say this species grows in 
 barren fields, and Pursh repeats the remark. 
 But at New-Haven it grows only in running 
 water or very wet shady places, forming a 
 kind of water mat. I believe I was the first 
 who found this plant in the Northern states.— 
 Prof. Ives then doubted my accuracy on ac- 
 count of its place of growth. I am now inclined 
 to believe, that his doubts were well founded, 
 and that this is a new species ; notwithstand- 
 ing it agrees with the above diagnosis. 
 
 apetala (P. J- ©•) stein erectish, pubescent : 
 flowers sub-apetalous. Both species have lin- 
 ear, glabrous* connate leaves and axillary flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Sagittakia, "94. 
 
 sagiUifolia (arrow-head. O. w, Jji. 11.) leaves 
 lanceolate, acute, sagittate : lobes lanceolate, 
 acute, strait : scape simple : bracts and calyx 
 lanceolate, acute. In water or very wet places. 
 
 latifolia (O. w. Jci. %.) leaves ovate acutish, sa- 
 gittate ; lobes ovate, slenderly acuminate, 
 strait : scape simple : bracts roundish, obtuse. 
 Var. major, leaves large, abruptly acute : 
 scape subramose. Dioecious. 
 
 obtusa (P. w.J. if .} leaves broad-ovate, round- 
 
SAGITTARIA. 413 
 
 obtuse, mucronate, sagittate ; lobes near e 
 other, oblong, obliquely acuminate, strait : 
 scape simple : bracts ovate acute. Dioecious. 
 
 hastata (C. P. w. Ju. 2/.) leaves lance-oblong, 
 gradually acute, sagittate ; lobes spreading, 
 lanceolate, long-acuminate : scape simple : 
 bracts and calyx roundish, obtuse. Dioecious. 
 
 gracilis (P. w. Ju. 21.) leaves linear, obtusish, 3- 
 nerveu. sagittate ; lobes spreading! Linear, 
 elongated, gradually becoming slenderly acu- 
 minate : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts 
 short, suborbiculate. Leaves very slender, 
 about 3 inches long, including the petiole. 
 
 ".eteropkylla (P. A. New-Jersey, Plainfield, Mass. 
 w. Au. 2J..) leaves simple, linear and lanceo- 
 late, acute at both ends ; or oval, acute, at the 
 base ob tuse, sagittate ; lobes spreading, li- 
 near : scape simple, few-flowered : pistillate 
 flowers subsessiie : bracts broad-ovate, acumi- 
 nate. 
 
 lancifolla (C. w. Ju. If.) leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 narrow below : scape sub-ramose : seeds Hat, 
 sabre-form, beaked. 
 
 rigida (Oswego, w. Ju. U.) leaves narrow-lance- 
 olate, keeled below, rigid, very acute at both 
 ends : scape ramose. Grows in deep water. 
 
 simplex (New-Jersey, w. Ju. 11.) leaves lance- 
 linear, acute, narrow below : scape simple, ma- 
 ny-Howe red : bracts and calyx round, obtuse. 
 Dioecious. 
 
 graminea (Y. Can. P. w. Ju. %.) leaves linear, 
 long, 3-nerved : scape simple, few-flowered; 
 bracts oblong, obtuse. 
 
 ucutifolia (P. w. Ju. %.) leaves subulate, sheath- 
 ed at the base, convex on the back : scape 
 simple, few-llowered : bracts dilated, acumin- 
 ate. 
 
 natans (P. w. Ju. 21.) leaves nodding, lance-oval, 
 obtuse ; 3-nervedj tapering to the base $ lower 
 Kk 2 
 
414 SALICORNIA, SALIX. 
 
 ones subcordate : scape simple, few-flowered : 
 lower peduncles elongated. 
 
 Salicorxia, 25. 
 
 herbacea (samphire, glasswort. Y. H. C. Au. ®.) 
 herbaceous, spreading : joints compressed at 
 the apex, emarginatc-bifid. Yar. virginica, has 
 the branches undivided and the jointed spikes 
 very long. The fructification is very obscure ; 
 hut it may he known by its leafless nearly cv- 
 indric jointed branches. It grows in salt 
 marshes along the sea-board. Harsh says, he 
 lias seen it at the salt springs of Onondaga. It 
 is used for pickles and for making soda. Bige- 
 lowsays, the specimens about Boston have not 
 the cniarginate-compressed apex, as expressed 
 above. 
 
 amhigua (C. Jit £ . h .) somewhat woody, as- 
 cending, very branching. 
 
 Salix, 97. 
 
 1. Leaves entire, or obsoldely serrate. 
 
 Candida (white willow. P. Catskill Mt. Ap. \ .) 
 leaves lance-linear, very long, obsoletely den- 
 ticulate at the apex, pubescent above, white- 
 downy beneath, margin re volute : stipules lan- 
 ceolate about equalling the petioles : aments 
 precede the leafing, cylindric ; scales lance- 
 obovate, down very long 
 
 muhienbersiana (speckled willow. P. Ap. "&.) 
 leaves lanceolate, acutish, subentire, white- 
 hairy, rugose-veiny beneath, margin revolute ; 
 stipules lanceolate, caducous : aments precede 
 the leafing ; scales oblong with villose mar- 
 gins : germs lance-ovate, silk-villose, long- 
 pedicelled : style short, stigma 2-cleft. Scale 
 of the anient tipped with red. 3 to 5 feet high. 
 
SALT*. 415 
 
 iristis (mourningwillow. Y. W. P. A. C. Ap. b 
 leaves lance-linear, acute at both ends, entire, 
 margin revolute,smoothisli above, rugose-vein- 
 ed and downy beneath : stipules none : am< 
 precede the leafing, oblong. 
 
 rccurvata (shrub willow. P. New-Jersey. \p. \ .) 
 leaves laurc-ohovatc, acute, entire, margin 
 glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath, in the 
 young state silky : sitpules none : amenta 
 precede leafing, recurved : scales black at the 
 apex, hairs of the length of the germs : germs* 
 ovate, short-pedicelled, silky : style short, 
 stigma £-cleft. Probably a variety of S. rosma- 
 rinifolia. 
 
 repens (creeping willow.Whiteliills. J. . h ) creep- 
 ing : leaves lance-oval, entire, acute, glab- 
 rous, somewhat silky beneath: stipules none : 
 amenta precede the leafing, ovate ; scales ob- 
 ovate, obtuse, hairy, sooty-yellow at the apex: 
 germs ovate-oblong, pedicelled, pubescent : 
 style short, stigma 2-lobed : capsules glabrous* 
 Very small. Found on the Whitehiils by Big- 
 elow and Boot. We are indebted to these two 
 gentlemen and Professor Peck, for most of the 
 discoveries on this mountain, in every depart- 
 ment of natural history. 
 
 pedicrflaris (stem-berried willow. Catskill Mt. 
 Ap. h .) branchlets smooth : leaves lance-obo- 
 vate, acute, entire, both sides glabrous and 
 coloured alike : stipules none : aments Bower 
 at leafing time, prduncltd, glabrous ; scales 
 oblong, scarcely pilose, but half as long as the 
 pedicels : germs ovate-oblong, glabrous, with 
 very long pedicels : stigma sessile, 2-cleft. 
 
 rosmarinij'olia (rosemary willow . P. Ap. ^» .) 
 leaves strait, lance-linear, acute at both ends, 
 entire, subglandular at the margin, caducous- 
 pubescent above, silky beneath : stipules nar- 
 row-lanceolate, erect : aments precede the 
 leafing) ovate, recurved : scales oblong, ob- 
 
416 SALIX. 
 
 tuse, ciliate : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, 
 villose : stigma subsessile, 2-cleft. About 
 feet high. 
 
 fuscata (sooty willow. P. *C. Ap. \ .) leaves 
 lance-obovate, acute, glabrous, subserrate, 
 glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent 
 stipules very narrow : aments precede tin 
 leafing, nodding; scales obtuse, scarcely hai- 
 ry within : germs short-pedicelled, ovate, sil- 
 ky : stigma sessile, 2-lobed. 
 
 2. Leaves remotely and obtusely serrate* 
 
 conifera (rose willow, cone-gall willow. O. Ap. 
 *2 .) leaves lance-oblong, remotely serrate, 
 acute, glabrous above, tlat and downy beneath) 
 the first year's growth glabrous : stipules lun- 
 ulate, sub dentate : aments precede the leafing 
 scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose : germs pedi- 
 celled, lanceolate, silky : style 2-cleft : stigm; 
 2-lobed. The scaly cones are mere excres- 
 ences or galls, caused by the stings of insects. 
 
 myricoides (gale-leaf willow. P.A. New-England, 
 Ap. h .) leaves lance-oblong, acute, 2 gland? 
 at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath 
 stipules ovate, acute, glandular-serrate 
 aments flower at leafing time, villose, leafy at 
 the base ; scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose, 
 dark-coloured : germs long-pedicelled, lance- 
 olate, glabrous : style 2-cleft ; stigma 2-cleft. 
 
 prinoides (P. Ap. 7? ,.) leaves oval-oblong, acute, 
 remotely wave-serrate, glabrous, glaucous be- 
 neath : stipules half-cordate, gash-toothed 
 aments precede the leafing, villose ; germs p< 
 dicelled, ovate, acuminate, silky : style long 
 stigma 2-cleft. 
 
 discolor ^red-root willow, basket willow. O Ap. 
 *2 .) leaves oblong, obtusish, glabrous, remote- 
 ly serrate, entire at the apex,> glaucous be- 
 neath : stipules caducous, lanceolate, serrate 
 
SALIX. 417 
 
 aments tower near leafing lime, oblong, 
 downy ; scales oblong, acute, dark-coloured, 
 hairy : germs subsessile, lanceolate, downy ; 
 stigma 2-partcd. 
 
 nngustata ((J. P. Ap. h .) leaves lanceolate, acute, 
 very long, gradually tapering to the base, ser- 
 rulate, glabrous, both sides coloured nearly 
 alike : stipules half-cordate : aments precede 
 the leafing, erect, smoothish : germs pedicel - 
 led, ovate, glabrous : style 2-cleft ; stigma 1 
 lobed. 
 
 longifolia (long-leaf willow. P. A. M. T?.) leaves 
 linear, acuminate at both ends, elongated, re- 
 motely denticulate, glabrous, both sides colour- 
 ed alike : stipules narrow-lanceolate, denticu- 
 late : aments flower after leafing, peduncled, 
 downy : scales flat, rctuse : filaments bearded 
 at the base, twice as long as the scales. About 
 : feet high. 
 
 3. Leaves closely and acutely serrate. 
 
 Remark. The first six of the following spe- 
 cies have about 3 stamens to each flower. 
 babylonica (weeping-willow. E. M. k .) branch- 
 lets pendant : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of dif- 
 ferent colours : stipules roundish, contracted : 
 aments flower at leafing time : germs sessile, 
 ovate, glabrous. Supposed to be the willow on 
 which the Israelites hung their harps, when 
 captive in Babylon. Sec the 1 37th Psalm. 
 falcata (P. 1? .) leaves long, lance-linear, gradu- 
 ally tapering above, sub falcate, acute at. the 
 base, close-serrate, glabrous both sides, in the 
 young state silky : stipules lunulate, toothed, 
 deflected. Branches \q\\ slender and brown- 
 ish, 
 nigra (brittle-joint willow, black-willow. O. M. 
 k leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, ser- 
 rulate, same colour both sides, glabrous, peti- 
 
418 SAL1X. 
 
 oles and midribs downy above : stipules con- 
 tracted, toothed : aments flower at leafing 
 time, erect, cylindric, viliose : scales oblong, 
 very viliose : filaments 3 to 6, bearded at the 
 base : germs pcdirelled, mate, glabrous ; 
 style xavy short ; stigma 2-cleft. About 20 
 feet high. 
 
 littida (shining willow. P. A. G. M. h •) leaves 
 ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, rounded at 
 the base, serrate, glandular, glabrous both 
 sides, shining : stipules oblong, glandular-ser- 
 rate : aments flower in leafing time ; scales 
 lanceolate, obtuse, hairy at the base, serrate at 
 the apex, glabrous : germs lance-subulate, 
 glabrous; style 2-cleft; stigma obtuse. Size 
 between shrub and tree. 
 
 rigida (stiff-leaf willow. P. A. New-England. 
 Ap. h •) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sub- 
 cordate at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply 
 serrate ; lower serratures elongate 1 : petioles 
 viliose : stipules broad, cordate, obtuse, glan- 
 dular-serrate : aments flower at leafing time : 
 3cales lanceolate, dark coloured, woolly: 
 germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : 
 style very short ; stigma 2-parted. Branches 
 red towards the end, in the young state pubes- 
 cent. Used also in basket-making. 
 
 fiordata (heart-leaf willow. P, A. A\). \ .) leaves 
 lance-oblong, acuminate, cordate at the base, 
 sharply sen-ate, glabrous, paler beneath : sti- 
 pules broad, round-ovate, cartilaginous-ser- 
 rate : aments flower at leafing time ; scales lan- 
 ceolate, dark coloured, woolly : germs pedicel- 
 led, lanceolate, glabrous ; style very short, 
 stigma 2-cleft. 6 or 8 feet high. 
 
 grisea (grey-willow. P. Ap. '? .) leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrulate, glabrous above, downy 
 on the midrib, silky or naked beneath : stipules 
 linear, deflected, caducous ; anient precedes the 
 leafing; scales oblong, hairy, dark coloured 
 at the apex : germs oblong, pedicelled, silk 
 
SAL1X, SALSOLA. 419 
 
 stigma sessile, obtuse. About 8 feet high, 
 joints brittle at the base. 
 
 tiidlina (yellow willow* 0. M. Ij .) leavers lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, thickly-serrate, glabrous 
 above, whitish-silky beneath : stipules none : 
 amenta Bower in lending time, cylindric : scales 
 lance-ovate, both sides coloured alike, outside 
 pubescent : germs sessile, lance-ovate, glab- 
 rous : stigma subsessile, 2-lobed. Middle 
 size tree. Pursh is certainly incorrect in say- 
 ing this xevy common willow is introduced. — ■ 
 Var. aiha, has the leaves white-silky both 
 sides, and very long aments. This variety is 
 usually the tallest. 
 
 ambigiia (C. W ? A p. h .) leaves lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, glabrous, both sides of the same colour. 
 glandular-serrate : aments flower in leafing 
 time: the pair of nectaries large ; lobes Ian 
 elate deformed, toothed at the apex, glabrous : 
 the terminal florets have 3 stamens. Resem- 
 bles the vitcllina. 
 
 russeliana (P. k leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate, glabrous : aments flower in leafing 
 time : florets generally with 3 stamens : germs 
 pedicelled, subulate, smooth ; styles elongated. 
 Tall tree. 
 
 Sals ola, 44. 
 
 kali (saltwort. H. Y. C. P. Ju. 0.) diffuse : 
 leaves 3-sided-subulate, mucronate, linear : 
 calyx margined, axillary. Flowers very 
 small, seeds in a membranaceous calyx. 
 
 caroliniana (11. Y. C. P. Ju. 0.) decumbent, gla- 
 brous : leaves spread-subulate, spinose : flow- 
 er bearing buds very turgid : fruit-bearing 
 calyx flat-winged. 
 
 tragus (New-Jersey. Ju. C. erect : leaves subu- 
 late, spinose, smooth : calyx ovate. 
 
 soda (C. Q.) spreading; leaves without pric- 
 kles. 
 
4:20 SALSOLA, SAMOLUS. 
 
 salsa (Can. <g>.) ercctish, very branching : leaves 
 linear, without prickles, fleshy • glomerules 
 crowded, somewhat spiked ; fruit-bearing ca- 
 lyx round-depressed. 
 
 Salvia, 27- 
 
 afficinalis (sage. E. b. J. 11. or k .) leaves lance- 
 ovate, crenulate : whorls few-flowered : calyx 
 inucronate. 
 
 sdava (clarry. E, % .) leaves rugose, cordate, 
 oblong, villose, serrate : floral bracts longer 
 than the calyx, concave, acuminate. 
 
 lyrata (wild sage. P. Can. b. M. ^.) radical 
 leaves lyrate, toothed : upper lip of the corol 
 very short: stem nearly leafless, reverse-hai- 
 ry." Var. ohoxaia, has the leaves obovate, re- 
 pand. 
 
 verbenaca (vervain sage. P. b-p. J. %.") leaves 
 serrate, sinuate, smootliish : corol narrower 
 than tSie calyx. 
 
 urtirifolia (nettle sage. New-Jersey, b. J. If.) 
 villose-viscous : leaves ovate-oblong, toothed, 
 decurrent along the petiole. 
 
 Sambucus, 47. 
 
 canadensis (black-berried elder. 0. w. J. h .) 
 branchlets and petioles glabrous: leafets about 
 in 4 pairs, oblong-oval, glabrous sinning, acu- 
 minate, midrib sub-pubescent, base sometimes 
 appendaged : cyme lax, divided into about 5 
 parts. 
 
 pubescens (red-berried elder. O. w. M. h •) bark 
 warty : leafets in 2-pairs, lance-oval, pubes- 
 cent beneath : flowers raceme -panicled or in a 
 crowded bunch. 
 
 Samolus, 40. 
 
 vahrandi (brookweed. P. Y. N. w. Ju. TJ..) leave* 
 
SAXCUIXARIA, SAPONARIA, 421 
 
 ol)ovatc : racemes elongated : pedicels bractcd 
 near the middle. 
 
 Sang u in aria, 64. 
 
 canadensis (bloodroot. O. w. Ap. %.) loaves sub- 
 reniform, sinuate-lobed : scape l -flowered. A 
 variety, stenopetala, has Linear petals. Root 
 highly efficacious in t lie influenzal hooping- 
 cough, and the late epidemic. Ives, See Big- 
 elow's Med. Jiot. 
 
 Sanguisorba, 34. 
 
 canadensis (burnct saxifrage. N. C. P. W. Ju. if.) 
 flowers in a long cylindric spike : stamens sev* 
 era! times longer than tbe corols. The leaves 
 resemble the burnct. Grows plentifully in 
 Ucerlield, Mass. 
 
 lia (Can ? P. r-w. Ju. T|.) spikes cylindric : 
 stamens a little longer than the corol. 
 
 Sanictla, 4 J. 
 
 marilandiea (sanicle. O. w. J. %.) leaves digf 
 tatc ; lcafets oblong, gashed : part of the flow* 
 ois are fertile, sessile and suhternaie ; the oth- 
 ers ace barren, pedirelled and the most numer- 
 ous. The stem is upright and smooth, with 
 pretty upright branches. The seeds are furn- 
 ished with hooked bristles. After the unopened 
 flowers appear, they are a long time in that state 
 before they expand. About 2 or 3 feet high. 
 
 SArONARIA, 58. 
 
 officinalis (soapwort. Y. W. P. w. J. 11 .) oal) x 
 cylindric : leaves lance-ovate. About 12 or 14 
 inches high. It may have been introduced iVom 
 Europe. 
 
 LI 
 
422 SAPONARIA, SATUREJA. 
 
 vaccaria (field soapwort. W. r. Au. ©.) calyx 5- 
 cornered, cone-ovate : leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 sessile. Probably introduced ; but it now grows 
 wild along the Hoosack, near Williams College. 
 
 Sarothra, 47. 
 
 geutianoides (nit-weed, false John's wort. Y. C. 
 p. y. J. 0.) small, erect, setaceous-ramose : 
 leaves minute, close-pressed : flowers on the 
 branchlets, alternate, solitary : stamens 5 to 
 10 : capsule oblong, 1 -celled. On the sandy 
 plain west of Ball's spring, New-Haven, it 
 grows about 5 or 6 inches high, has a leafless 
 appearance, and always 10 stamens. 
 
 Sarracexia, 64. 
 
 purpurea (side-saddle. A. H. Y. P. N. C. p. J. *#.) 
 leaves (which are the lateral brims of large 
 cups) short, erectish, spreading, having revers- 
 ed prickles within ; petioles radical, inflated, 
 forming large cups, a little contracted at the 
 top, with a vertical wing along the upper 
 side of each. The scape grows 1 to 2 feet high, 
 "with a single, large* nodding flower. The 
 whole plant has a very singular appearance for 
 this latitude, having the aspect oi many tropi- 
 cal plants. Grows plentifully in Botany ponds, 
 
 2 miles east of Albany, and in Tracy's swamp, 
 
 3 miles west. Also in the lakes on CatskUl 
 Mt. 
 
 Satureja, 69. 
 
 hortensis (summer savory. E. b-w. ju. ©.) peduu 
 cles axillary, somewhat in a cyme : leaves 
 lanceolate, entire : stem brachiate. 
 
 Montana (winter savory. E. I?.) peduncles some- 
 what l-sided : segments of the calyx acumin- 
 ate* mucronate : leaves mucronate. 
 
SATYRIUM, SAXIFRAGA, 423 
 
 Satyr it: m, 89. 
 
 bracteatum (satyrion. P. W. A. g-w. M. %•) lip 
 linear, cmarginate at the apex, obsoletely 3- 
 toothed ; coloured calyx leaves somewhat con- 
 verging, lateral ones ovate, broader : bracts 
 twice as long as the flowers, leaf-like, Spreading : 
 roots palmate. About 6 to 10 inches high* 
 
 obsoletum (New-England. 1\ Jn. %.) lip lancc-ob- 
 long, undivided : coloured calyx leaves erect : 
 germs pedicel led : scape naked : bracts short : 
 roots palmate. 
 
 vircscens (P. A ? g. Ju. X .) lip lanceolate, crenate : 
 coloured calyx leaves converging : bracts 
 longer than the flowers; roots fascicled, 12 to 
 18 niches high. Pursh places all these spe- 
 cies under the genus Orchis. 
 
 Saururus, 52. 
 
 ernuus (lizard's tail. P. C Can. Ju. 11.) stem 
 leafy, many-spiked : leaves heart -sagitate. 
 The stamens are so obscure, they can hardly 
 be counted. 
 
 Saxifraga, 58. 
 
 jtrginienris (rock saxifrage. O. w. M. %,) mi- 
 nutely pubescent : leaves oval, obtuse, crenate, 
 decurrent into the petiole : flowers subsessile 
 on the dichotomous branches of an almost leaf- 
 less scape. It may be found in flower from 1 
 to 15 inches high. S. nivalis. Hut Pursh 
 makes the nivalis a different species, growing 
 in Labrador. 
 
 pensylvaniea (water saxifrage. O. g-w. J. %.') pu- 
 bescent : leaves lance-oblong, acute at botli ends, 
 obsoletely denticulate : scape leafless ; pan- 
 icle oblong, with fascicled branches at the top. 
 
424 SCABIOSA, SCHIZAEA. 
 
 Generally about a foot high : but I have seen 
 it three feet high along Whiteoak creek, near 
 Williams College. 
 
 Scabiosa, 55. 
 
 sielluta (star scabious, cat's eye. E. y-\v. ®.) co- 
 rol 5-cleft, radiate : leaves cut and jagged : 
 outer crown of the seeds orbicular, large, 
 spreading, membranous, many-nerved. The 
 heads of seeds are very ornamental for flower- 
 pots in the winter, on account of their perma- 
 nent shining crown. 
 
 atropurpurea (sweet scabious. E. %.') corol 5- 
 cleft, radiating : leaves pinnatifid and cut : 
 receptacle cylindric : outer crown of the seed 
 short, lobed and crenate. 
 
 ScandicCy see Chaerophyllum and Myrrhis. 
 
 .SciIEUCHZEHIA, 52. 
 
 palustris (less flowering rush. A. g-y, J. %.) 
 stem glabrous : leaves semi-cylindric, sheath- 
 ing at the base ; each having a lateral pore 
 on the inner side, immediately below the car- 
 tilaginous tip. Grows very abundantly in 
 Botany ponds at Grcenbush, 2 miles cast from 
 Albany. 
 
 Schizaea, 104. 
 
 jnisiUa (one-sided fern. New-Jersey. Ju. % .) frond 
 simple, linear-compressed : spikes conglome- 
 rate, inflexed, one-way. A party of botanists, 
 consisting of Le Contc, Eddy, Pursh and 
 Whitlow, found 3 specimens only of this spe- 
 cies, in 1805, all of which have been lost. — 
 This summer (1818) Dr. Torrey and Mr. 
 
SCHOENUS, SCIRPUS. 425 
 
 Cooper have found great numbers of them. — 
 The only known locality is near Qn.i 
 bridge, New-Jersey, in a swamp, The sp 
 men, which Dr. T. sent i<> me consists of 10 
 filamentous stems, proceeding from the same 
 root. Bome of them have heads not unrol- 
 led. The tallest is 4 inches high, terminated 
 by the one-sided fan-like aggregation of 
 spikes, which is but one-eighth of an inch. 
 
 Schoexus, 28. 
 
 setaceus (bog-rush. P. 21.) peduncles axillary, 
 and terminal, about 3-flowered : culm 3-cor- 
 nered ; culm and leaves setaceous. Most of 
 the species of this genus are now removed to 
 the genus Rhynchospora. 
 
 Schoenus, see Rhynchospora. 
 
 SCHWALBEA, 71. 
 
 americana (chaff-seed. New-Jersey, p. J. 1(.) 
 simple, pubescent : leaves lanceolate : racemes 
 terminal ; flow ers alternate. 
 
 Scirpus, 29. 
 
 1. Culm with one terminal spike. 
 
 tenuis (club-rush. O. M. 21.) spike oval, acutish 
 at botli ends ; the 2 ovate, obtuse brat ts arc 
 dark-coloured with whitish margins : culm 4- 
 sided, leafless, a span high : sheaths trunratc, 
 submucronate : root creeping horizontally. 
 In wet places, like most of the species of this 
 genus. S. quadrangulatus. 
 
 palustris (P. Mi %., spike oblong, erect : bracts 
 obtuse : culm leatless, terete, purplish at the 
 base, not hollow, somewhat jointetL enclosed 
 LI 2 
 
426 SCIRPUS. 
 
 at the base in a truncate sheath. About 2 feet 
 high. Willdenow says, the sheaths and scales 
 are lanceolate, acute. The root creeps hori- 
 zontally. Seed roundish, rugose, bristles 3 or 
 4, hispid. 
 glaucus (P. C.) spikes ovate, acute, sooty yellow; 
 scales ovate, obtuse, emarginatc, membrana- 
 ceous : culm glaucous, leafless, many-angled ; 
 the sheath striate, glabrous, acute :" 4 hispid 
 bristles longer than the orbicular seeds This 
 is one of Muhlenberg's anonymous species. 
 Dr. Torrey found the* same near New- York, 
 and gave it this name. 
 
 vapitatus (P. C. Au.) spike globular-ovate, ob- 
 tuse : culm erect, leafless, compressed, cespi- 
 tose, becoming slender under the spike ; the 
 sheath at the base retuse-mucronate, becoming 
 white : seed shining, oval, glabrous, with 6 
 bristles, longer than the seed, placed under 
 the style. Eleocharis of Brown. 
 
 irichodes (P. C. J.) spike ovate, acute, 1, 4 or 6- 
 flowered, with a single obtuse bract : culm 
 acicular, about an inch and an half high, cespi- 
 tose, 4-sided, purplish at the base ; sheath 
 truncate, obtuse : seed 3-sided, shorter than 
 the bristles. 
 
 intermedins (W. P. S.) spike ovate-oblong, acute, 
 somewhat 2-cleft : culm greenish, 4-sided, ces- 
 pitose, sulcate, a hand's breath high ; sheath 
 at the base acuminate : seed pear-form ; bris- 
 tles 6, longer than the seeds. 
 
 planifolius (P. M.) spike ovate, arute. 6-flowered: 
 bract yellowish, ovate, cuspidate, longer than 
 the spike : culm 3 -sided* a span high, nearly 
 leafless, cespitose : leaves subradical, alternate, 
 linear, flat* keeled, scabrous ; lowest ones 
 broad, abbreviated, nerves mucronate ; the 
 rest 3-nerved, equalling the culm : seed 3-sid- 
 ed, with 3 bristles equalling the seeds. 
 
 oltusus (WhitehUls. Ju.) culm terete, naked; 
 
SCIRPUS. 42f 
 
 spike Ian di'S fleshy at flic ape\, ob- 
 
 t -iso. A now specie* die overed by Bigclow 
 and Boot. 
 
 tract eaius (Whitehills. Au.) culm terete : sj)ikc 
 ovate, acute : involuore-like bracts : florets 
 monandrous. A new specie! by Bigclow and 
 Boot. 
 
 depilatus (C.) culm leafless, 4-sided, acicular : 
 spike ovate, obtusish, 1-brarted : glumes ovate, 
 obtuse, convex : pistil 3-cleft, flat : seed round- 
 isb, mucronate. Borders of salt marshes. — 
 A new species discovered by J. Le Contc, Esq, 
 
 2. Culm with several spikes, 
 
 Jacustris (great bull-rush. p. C. J. U.) spikes sub- 
 terminal, many, oblong-ovate, pedunded and 
 sessile, witb sooty -yellow bracts ; peduncles 
 flat, 2-edged and terete : scales glabrous mu- 
 cronate : glumes ovate, obtuse, mucronate : 
 pistil 2-cleft : culm 4 or 5 feet high, terete, 
 leafless, becoming slender at the top : seeds ob- 
 ovate ; bristles 4, hispid, rather longer than 
 the seed. 
 ccutns (common bull-rush. O. Ju. #.) spikes with 
 unequal compressed peduncles, oblong, subum- 
 belled, lateral, near the top : culm about 4-feet 
 high* leafless, terete, having oblong sooty yel- 
 low spots : glumes yellowish, keeled, mucro- 
 nate, pubescent. 
 triqueter (0. Ju *U.) spikes lateral, 1 to 5, ovate, 
 conglomerate, sessile, sooty-yellow : culm per- 
 haps somewhat leafless, sharply 3-corned, 5 to 
 5 feet high, with an erect mucronate point, hol- 
 lowed out on the sides : glumes ovate, mucro- 
 nate. keeled : pistil 2-cleft : seed somewhat 3- 
 sided, acuminate-crowned, flat and convex, be- 
 coming blacks setose at the base. Var. ? mono- 
 tachius, is about half a foot high, with a very 
 short subradical leaf, sheath obtuse, bearing the 
 
42B SCIRPUS. 
 
 leaf : spike simple ovate, sessile ; seed oval. 
 
 debit is (P. C. An.) spikes lateral, sessile, ovate, 1, 
 5, or 9, bractless, many -flowered, short : glumes 
 ovate, obtuse and acuminate, margin white, 
 keel green : culm leafless, erect, channelled, 
 about one foot high, cespitose, sheathed at the 
 base, apex strait : seed somewhat 3-sided or 
 obovate, shining, dark-coloured, rugose or 
 punctate, bristles 3 to 5, hispid, a little longer 
 than the seed. 
 
 ferruzincus (P. C.) spikes subterminal, one in the 
 middle sessile, the rest (3 or 4) ped uncled, 
 ovate acuminate ; the terminal involucre 3- 
 leaved, unequal, pubescent, one leafet strait : 
 glumes ovate, acute, keeled, redish-brown, a 
 little hairy : pistils fringed : culms cespitose, 
 compressed, striate, glabrous : leaves radical 
 and alternate, flat, striate, a little punctate, 
 equalling the culm, at the base a broad sheath 
 with a pubescent margin : seed obovate, stri- 
 ate; beardless. On dry land an inch or two in 
 height, on wet land 1 or 2 feet. 
 
 spadiceta (P. C) spikelets ovate-oblong : scales 
 roundish, glabrous, chesnut-brown : spikelets 
 in a terminal umbel ; peduncles compressed, 1- 
 spuYed and divided into 3 or 4 spikes ; involu- 
 cres 5- ea e !, unequal: style compressed, pu- 
 !' :-'it : culm compressed, about 3 feet high : 
 radical leaves filiform, glabrous : seed com- 
 pressed, striate, beardless. 
 
 capillaris C. P. Xew England. Ju.) spikes 1 to4, 
 lateral, under the apex of the culm, one sessile, 
 the rest peduncled : involucre 1 or 2-leaved : 
 lover valve te, the rest obtuse, the keel 
 
 green or white : culm setif >rm, an inch or two 
 nigh, 3-sided, cespitose. nearly leafless : the 
 Icu. -s are subradical and alternate, setaceous, 
 sheathing at the base with hairs at the top of 
 t!v li : seed somewhat 3 sided, beardless, 
 
 •■■d, rugose, nerves- transverse. Isolepis of 
 Brown. 
 
SCIRPUS. 429 
 
 antumnalis (P. Now England. Ju.) spikes termi- 
 nal, paniclcd, subumbelled, peduncled, prolife- 
 rous with a 2 or 3-leaved involucre, oblong, 
 
 acute, sooty-yellow, alternately sessile : glumes 
 ovate, mucronate, keeled : culms a span high* 
 2-edged, ccspitose, with linear, flat, nerved 
 leaves at the base : seed 3-sided, nerveless, 
 beardless. 
 subsquarrosus (P. Ju.) spikes 1 to 3, terminal, 
 
 flomerate, ovate, sooty -yellow, sessile, niany- 
 owered ; involucre 3-leaved, foafets unequal, 
 linear, broader at the base, striate : glumes 
 ovate, acute, purplish under the apex, at the 
 apex mucronate and subsquarrose, keel green : 
 culm from 2 to 5 inches high, 3-sided, almost 
 leafless, purplish at the base, with 2 alternate, 
 short subrauical leaves ; sheaths of the leaves 
 nerved, glabrous : seed 3-sided, beardless. 
 
 retrqfractus (P. H. Ju. 1|.) spikes 6 to 8, erect, 
 ovate, peduncled, on a many-angled receptacle 5 
 involucre 3-leaved, outer one very long, sca- 
 brous ; peduncles G to 8, unequal, compressed, 
 glabrous, sheathed at the base ; the spikelets 
 linear, acute, terete, imbricate, sub-pedicelled ; 
 bracts 3-flowered, upper ones erect, the rest at 
 length reflexed : lower valve ovate, middle one 
 lanceolate, terminal one subulate : culm 3-si- 
 ded, 1 or 2 feet high, striate, nearly leafless : 
 the subradical leaves lanceolate, striate, keeled, 
 glaucous beneath ; sheath striate : seed 3- 
 sided, peduncled, beardless. 
 
 cyperiformis (New-England. Ju. %.} spikes round- 
 islu terminal, 3 peduncled and one sessile 
 (sometimes but the one sessile) ; involucre lin- 
 ger than the spike, 3 or 4-leaved, channelled, 
 margin scabrous : spikelets 7-flowered, linear, 
 alternate, terete : glumes alternate, remote, 
 ovate, obtuse, upper ones acute : culm 3-sided, 
 almost leafless, a span high : subradical leaves 
 linear, glabrous ; seed 3-sided, beardless. 
 
4SQ SCIRPUS. 
 
 brunneus (P, C. S.) spikes panicled, terminal $ 
 peduncles 5, unequal, alternately terete and 
 flat, furnished at the base with a truncate 
 sheath and a lanceolate leaf or involucre ; 
 spikelets 3, 5 or 16, ovate, glomerate : glumes 
 imbricate, ovate, keeled, submucronatc, brown : 
 anthers red : culm 3-sided, striate, glabrous, 
 leafy, about 2 feet high : leaves alternate, lance- 
 linear, nerved, margin scabrous ; with a gla- 
 brous striate sheath : seed 3-sided, with bris- 
 tles longer than tbe seed. The general invo- 
 lucre is 4-leaved, erect, longer than the panicle. 
 atrovirens (C. A. P. New-England. J. 1£.) spikes 
 in a terminal panicle, proliferous : involucre 
 3-leaved, with the margin and keel scabrous : 
 branches of the panicle or peduncles unequal, 
 3 to 6, pedicels about 12 ; spikelets glomerate, 
 about 12, ovate, acute : glumes imbricate, 
 ovate, acute, keel hairy : stem 3-sided, striate; 
 glabrous, leafy, about 3 feet high : radical 
 leaves lanceolate, keeled, long, those of the 
 cidm alternate, scabrous : sheaths striate, gla- 
 brous, pellucid : seed 3-sidcd, small, with 4 
 short bristles. 
 pendulus(l?. J. %,) spikes in terminal and lateral 
 panicles, nodding, all oblong-cylindric, pedi- 
 celled ; involucre 1-leaved : glumes imbricate, 
 ovate, acuminate, white, with green keels : 
 culm 3-sided, glabrous, leafy, about 3 feet high : 
 leaves of the culm alternate, flat, striate, mar- 
 gin scabrous, sheaths striate : seed S-sided, 
 with may interwoven bristles longer than the 
 seeds. 
 lineatus (New-Jersey.) spikes in a spreading ter- 
 minal panicle : peduncles 10, sheathed at the 
 base, retuse ; spikelets terminal, lanceolate, 
 10-flowered, t pcdicels pubescent : glumes ovate, 
 acute : involucre 1 or 2-leaved, much shorter 
 than the panicle : culm 3-sided, glabrous, lea- 
 fy, striate ; leaves of the culm lanceolate, al- 
 
SC1RPUS, SCLERIA; 431 
 
 lemate, flat, striate, margin glabrous, with 
 glabrous striate sheaths : seed 3-sided, bristly 
 at the base. 
 macrostachyos (II. W. C.) spikes sessile, pcdun- 
 cled, 6 or 12, ovate : involucre 3-Ica\cd, une- 
 qual, elongated : scales of the spikes ovate, a 
 little hairy, S-bleft, the middle division awn- 
 form : culm exactly 3- sided, glabrous, leafy at 
 the base, more than a foct high : leaves lanec- 
 linear, nerved, keeled, glabrous, longer than 
 the culm, sheathing at the base : seed with 
 bristles, hispid backwards. 
 gracilis (C.) spikclcts oblong, 2-bracted : glumes 
 oblong, obtuse, keeled : pistils 3-cleft, plumose : 
 culm leafless, 4-sided, with a purplish sheath 
 at the base. On the borders of salt marshes. 
 Torrey. A new species discovered by J. Le 
 Conte, Esq. 
 
 Remark. The species of Seirpus are very nu- 
 merous in every part of our district ; and it is ve- 
 ry difficult to distinguish them by their essential 
 characters alone. Therefore to aid students in 
 determining the species of this genus. I have 
 here given a translation of most of Muldenberg's 
 enlarged descriptions. 
 
 Scleiiantiius, 58. 
 
 annuus (knawel, gravel chick weed. H. Y. N. C. 
 A. P. w-g. J <£}.) calyx of the fruit spreading, 
 acute : stem spreading, subprostrate. In bun- 
 ches 3 or 4 inches in extent, or more. 
 
 Scleria, 91. 
 
 tiglomerata (whip-grass. P. J. %.) culm erect, 
 simple, 3-sided, scabrous : leaves scabrous at 
 the margin ; fascicles few-flowered, terminal : 
 glumes ovate, mucronatc, scabrous ; nuts glo- 
 bose, acute, rugose. 
 
432 SCLERIA, SCORZONERA. 
 
 pauctfiora (P. Au % .) leaves narrow-linear, chan- 
 nelled, margin scabrous : fascicles very few- 
 flowered, in pairs, terminal : nut small, white, 
 transversely rugose. Stem erect, hardly a 
 span high. 
 
 reticularis (New-Jersey Ju. %.) culm and leaves 
 glabrous : panicles terminal and lateral, few- 
 liowered : nut net- veined. 
 
 vertidllaia (P. Au. %.) culm simple, 3-sided: 
 culm and leaves glabrous : spike naked, with 
 alternate distant glomerules : nut globose, mu- 
 cronate, transversely rugose-warty. 
 
 ScLEROTIUM, 118. 
 
 semen (barked puff-ball. P.) globular or pearform, 
 blackish, scattered, becoming rugged. 
 
 ScOLOPEXDRIUM, 103. 
 
 qfficinarum (caterpillar fern. Onondaga. Ju. %.) 
 frond broad-lanceolate, cordate at the base -. 
 stipe chaffy. 
 
 Scoiymus, 83. 
 
 hispanicus (golden thistle. E. 2^.) flowers aggre- 
 gated : leaves scabrous, rough-haired on the 
 mid-rib beneath ; interruptedly decurrent. 
 
 Scorpiurus, 79. 
 
 vermieuluta (caterpillars. E. J. 0.) peduncles 1- 
 ilowered : legumes covered with obtuse scales. 
 
 Scorzonera, 82. 
 
 hispanica (viper's grass. E. %.) stem branching, 
 leaves clasping, lanceolate, entire, subscrru- 
 latc at the base. 
 
SCROPHULARIA, SCUTELLARIA. 433 
 
 SCROPHULATIIA, 71. 
 
 mavilavdica (figwort. 0. g-p. Ju. y..) loaves cor- 
 date, serrate, acute, roundish at the base ; pe- 
 tioles c ili ate below : fascicles of the panicle lax, 
 few-flowered. 3 to 7 reet high. 
 
 lanceolata {V. g-y. An. 11.) leaves lanceolate, un- 
 equally sen-ate, acuminate, acute at the base ; 
 petioles naked : fascicles of the panicle cory me- 
 ed. 
 
 ■Scutellaria, TO. 
 
 zalcricitiala ^ cull -cap. (). h. .T. %.) somewhat 
 simple, glabrous : leaves subsessile, lance- 
 ovate, snbcorcmte at the base, cremate : flow- 
 ers axillary, solitary* I r iowers large. From 
 10 to 18 inches high. 
 
 inlcv'tf. ytq /.nail-dog scull-rap, hood wort. 0. b. Ju. 
 %.) very branenmg, glabrous •• leaves long-pe- 
 tiolcd, ovate, toothed : cauline ones subcord- 
 : racemes -lateral, leafy. Before the fame 
 of the AliSma plantago \)vn\ reached this coiin- 
 . this plant was honored wirlithe high pre- 
 rogative of controling the monster, Hydro- 
 phobia. 
 
 Qvalijdia (C. F. i>. J. if.) leaves sessile, ovate 
 or suboval, serrate : upper ones lanceolate, sub, 
 entire. 
 
 parat'.a (P. v-b. J. V'.) small, simple, densely 
 pub ■ leaves sessile : ovate, entire: flow- 
 
 ers axiHari -, solitary. About 2 incjies high. 
 
 iitfegrifolia (C« P. b. .;'?. u.) somewhat simple, 
 densely pubescent : leaves subsessrle, oblong or 
 linear, obtuse, en1 pering to the base : ra- 
 
 cemes !a\is, f ». haf\. Var. / , Ins the 
 
 lea linear. 
 
 0rdifolia (!'. b< Atf. II.) hv.\cr, heart-form. 
 
 Mm 
 
434 SECALE, SENECIO, 
 
 Secaxe, 31. 
 
 cereale (rye. E. J. $ .) glum* scabrons-ciliate : 
 scales of the calyx narrow : awns long and re- 
 verse-prickly : leaves rough near the point. 
 
 Sedum, 59. 
 
 telephium (orpine, live-forever. E. r. w. Ju. 11 .) 
 leaves flattish, tootli -serrate, thickly scattered : 
 corymb leafy : stem erect. 
 
 ternatum (false ice-plant. P. w. J. %,') small, 
 creeping : leaves flat, round-spatulate, ternate : 
 flowers somewhat 3-spiked. Varies into the 
 eighth class. 
 
 anacampseros (stone crop. E. 1|.) leaves wedge- 
 form, entire, subsessile ; stem decumbent : 
 flowers corymbed. 
 
 Selinum, 46. 
 
 canadense (milk-parsley. P. Can. w. Ju. % .) very 
 glabrous, shining : leaves doubly pinnate $ leaf- 
 ets many-parted> divisions lanceolate : fruit 
 ovate. 
 
 Sempervivum, 6i. 
 
 tectorum (house-leek. E. Au. %.) leaves ciliate s 
 bulbs spreading : nectaries wedge-form, cren- 
 ulate. 
 
 arboreum (tree houseleek. E.) stem woody, 
 smooth, branching : leaves wedge-form, glab- 
 rous, with soft spreadiug hairs. 
 
 Senecio, 86. 
 
 1. Florets tubular ; rays none. 
 
 Remark. The three first species vary from 
 
SENECIO. 435 
 
 {he character of the section, under which the ge- 
 nus is placed ; being destitute of rays. 
 vulgaris (groundsel. A. P. v. ,1. ^'.) leaves most 
 ]y clasping, sinuate-pinnatiftd, toothed : flow- 
 ers panicled : stem erect, branched, angular. 
 About Albany it grows 18 to 20 inches high, 
 and the leaves a very little clasping* 
 hieracij'olius (fire-weed. O. w. J. 0.) stem wand- 
 
 {)ani( led : leaves clasping, oblong, acute; deep- 
 y, acutely and unequally toothed : calyx 
 smooth. From 4 to 8 feet high. This plant 
 springs up wherever land has been recently 
 cleared of timber ; and more particularly if the 
 land has been burned over. It is very strong 
 scented, and is said to be useful in stopping 
 blood. 
 eloiigatus (long-stem groundsel. P. Ju. %.) gla- 
 brous : radical leaves spatulate, serrate, taper- 
 ing into the petiole ; cauline leaves piunatifid, 
 toothed \cvy remote : peduncles elongated, 
 corymb-umbelled. 
 
 2. Flowers with ray florets. 
 
 aureus (ragwort. 0. y. J. H .) radical leaves ovate, 
 cordate, serrate, petioled ; cauline ones piuna- 
 tifid, toothed, terminal division lanceolate : 
 peduncles subumbelled, incrassate. 18 to 24 
 inches high. 
 
 balsamitae (balsam groundsel. C. P. y. J. 1{.) 
 radical leaves oblong, serrate, petioled ; lower 
 cauline ones lyrate-pinnatiiid, serrate ; upper 
 ones piunatifid, toothed : flowers subumbelled ; 
 stem and peduncles villose at the base. 
 
 obovatus (C. P. y. M. %.) radical leaves obovalc, 
 crenate-scrrate, petioled; cauline ones piunati- 
 fid, toothed : flowers subumbelled, long peduu- 
 cled : stem somewhat glabrous. 
 
 gracilis (P. M. If.) radical leaves yqvv long-peti- 
 oled, orbicular; subcordatc, crenate ; cauline 
 
436 SENEC10, SIDA. 
 
 ones few, \ery remote, linear-oblong, dilated 
 at the base, gash-toothed : peduncles very 
 short, hirsute, subuinbdled : calyx hairless : 
 rays few, very short. 
 canadensis (Can.) leaves doubly pinnate, linear, 
 glabrous • uppermost ones simply pinnate : 
 flowers in compound, fastigiate corymbs. 
 
 Ssrpicula, 93. 
 
 occidentalis (little snakeweed. C. P. w. Ju. %,') 
 flowers triandrous and perfect : stigmas strap- 
 like, reflexed, 2-cleft : leaves ternate, linear, 
 acute. Elodea canadensis. Mx. 
 
 rerticiUata (P. w. J.) leaves whorled-, lance-Kn- 
 ear, glabrous, denticulate : dioecious : stamens 
 3 : calyx 3-cleft. The pistillate corols are tu- 
 bular. Pursh has removed this genus to the 3d 
 class. Though most of his changes of this kind 
 are rejected by al! our practical botanists ; in 
 this instance perhaps we ought to have followed 
 him* 
 
 Sicyos, 9-r. 
 
 angulata (single-seed cucumber. P. C. w. Ju. ©.) 
 leaves cordate with obtuse hind lobes, 5-angled, 
 scabrous, denticulate : fruit capitate, hispid. 
 Cultivated every where ,• but I never saw it in 
 a situation which evinced itsbcirg indigenous. 
 
 C; 
 
 IDA, 
 
 abntilcn (indistn mallows. O. y. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 round-cordate, acuminate, toothed, tomentose : 
 peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles : 
 capsules 2-awned, truncate. 4 to 6 feet high .• 
 about gardens, ix>ads, &c. 
 
 spivosa (P. y. Ju. ©.) stem spreading,* axils sub- 
 spiiiose : leaves long-petioled, lane e-oveat, ob- 
 soletcly cordate, toothed : peduncles solitary, 
 axillary : stipules setaceous, longer than the 
 peduncle : capsules ^beaked. 
 
SIDA, SILPHIUM. 437 
 
 Oispa (P. w. J ii. 00 leaves 6Uorig-cordate< acu- 
 minate* crenate, top ones sessile : ; ■.' in i 
 litnry, longer than the petioles, when tliey 
 tr* fruit they are deflected : ( ;•., inflated, 
 
 aWnJess, crisp-undulate. On the sea roast. 
 paea (I*. w.Ju. 11.) leaves Cordate, 5-1 ►bed, gla- 
 brous ; lobes oblong, acuminate* toothed : jie- 
 dnncles many-flowered : capsules av, nkss, 
 acuminate. £ to 4. fart high. 
 
 SlLENE, 59* 
 
 antirrhina (sleepy catchfly. 0. w-p. J. 00 reaves 
 lanceolate* subulate : peduncles S-partcd : pc- 
 tals emarginate : calyx ovate. Flowers small. 
 
 pensylvanica (pink catchfly. Y. II. 3N. C. J*. A. r. 
 J." 2/0 viscid-pubescent: leaves wedg^-fornj ; 
 stem leaves lanceolate : the small stem., are few- 
 flowered at the summit : petals obtuse* slightly 
 emarginate, subcrenate. 
 
 tirginica(iK r. J. IjJ decumbent : wholly viscid- 
 pubescent : leaves oblong, a little rough at the 
 margin : panicle dichotomous : petals &-cIeft - 
 stamens and pistils exsert. Very handsome. 
 
 nccturna (I*. \v. J. Cy).) flowers alternate, sessile, 
 on a one-sided spike : petals 2-clcft. 
 
 catcsbcLci (P. r-p/j. it.) flowers large; petals 
 torn, furnished with a tooth each side: calyx 
 rylindric ; panicle sub-trichotoxnous : leaves 
 smooth, broad-lanceolate. 
 nquei'idwra (Southern states, r. J. 0.) hir- 
 • : leaves wedge-oblong, ton ones linear : 
 jKstuls roundish, entire : ca!) a bearing t!ie 
 lrujt i : -v- i. alternate in a i;i: tike. 
 
 a garden catcJifJLy, E. w-r. Au. ©^flow- 
 ers fascicled, fastigkite : upper leaves cordate, 
 glabrous : petals entire. 
 
 Silpiiiim, £8. 
 
 cup. P. y, Au, :;.) cteto 4« 
 
 Mm 2 
 
438 SILPHIUM, SISYMBRIUM. 
 
 sided, smooth : leaves opposite, triangular ; 
 con?] ate, ovate, serrate. 5 or 6 feet high : 
 very strong. 
 
 ternaium (P. y. Ju. 11.') stem terete, smooth: 
 leaves whorled in threes, petioled, lanceolate, 
 subdenticulate, a little scabrous, ciliate at the 
 base ; the upper ones scattered, sessile : pani- 
 cle dichotomous : calyx ciliate. 
 
 integrifolium (P. y. Au. If.) stem 4 -sided, rough : 
 leaves opposite, sessile, oblong, entire, scab- 
 rous : flowers few, short-pedunded. About 4 
 
 feet high. 
 
 Si.yafis, 75. 
 
 nigra (common mustard. E. y. J. Q ) silique 
 glabrous, 3-sided, somewhat smooth, close- 
 pressed to the stem : leaves at the top lance- 
 linear, entire, smooth, 
 
 alba (yellow-seed mustard. E. y. ©.) silique bris- 
 tly, rugged, shorter than the 2-edged beak : 
 leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones su'ohrate, all ir- 
 regularly toothed. Seeds large/ pale -yellow 
 and sometimes become blackish. 
 
 Si sox, 35. 
 
 canadense (honewort, mock-sanicle. O.w. J. 11.) 
 leaves ternate : general involucre wanting 
 [therefore it ought to have stood in the section 
 next to Chaerophylium] seeds oval-oblong. — 
 Stem 1 to 2 feet high, branched, terete, smooth : 
 leafets smooth, doubly and sharply serrate ; 
 and the lower lateral ones sometimes divided, 
 with the middle one 2-lobed : umbels slender. 
 
 Sisymbrium, 75. 
 
 ftmphibium (water radish. W. N. A. y. J. V sil- 
 ique (or rather silicle) oblong-ovate, declined : 
 leaves lance-oblong, pinnatifid or serrate : pe- 
 tals long er thau the calyx. 1 to 2 feet high 
 
SISYMBRIUM, SIUM. 4S9 
 
 A student would be induced, from the shortness 
 of the pod, to look for it in the lirst order, 
 
 nasturtium (englisfa watercress. II. 1*. w. J. ty.) 
 silique shorty declined : leaves pinnate ; leafets 
 POlindish, somewhat repand-toothed. 
 
 palitstrc Can. 1*. y» Ju. Q.) silique dec lined, ob- 
 long-ovate : leaves pinnatifid, serrate : petals 
 shorter than the calyx. 
 
 SlSYRIXCHIUM, 75- 
 
 anceps (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. y..) scape [or 
 culm] simple, 2-cdged or 2-winged : glume- 
 like spat he of 2 unequal valves extending above 
 the flower. Students generally puzzle them- 
 selves in examining this plant, by considering 
 the f> united filaments enclosing the style, as a 
 single filament. 10 or 12 inches high. 
 
 mucronatum (P. b. J. %.) leaves and scape sim- 
 ple, subsetaceous : spathe coloured, with one 
 ralve terminating in a long mucronate point. 
 
 Sium, 46. 
 
 latlfduim (water-parsnep. O. w. Ju. 11.) leaves 
 pinnate : leafets oblong-lanceolate, equally 
 serrate : stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth. 
 The leaves are alternate, and generally consist 
 of about 3 pair of leafets, besides the terminal 
 one. Whenever any of the leaves grow under 
 water, they are subdivided. 
 
 Uncart (W. P. C. Y. w. Ju. If.) leaves pinnate ; 
 leafets elongated, linear, or suhlanceolate i ser- 
 ratures remotish : general involucre few- 
 leaved ; partial ones numerous, linear: umbels 
 with short peduncles. 
 
 jigidius (P. w. Ju. 11.) leaves pinnate ; leafets 
 lanceolate, subentire, or toothed above* The 
 flowers are small : leaves taper at both ends : 
 the involucres small. 
 
446 . . SIUM, SMILAX; 
 
 longifohiim (New-Jersey, w. Ail. 11.) leaves jHn-»- 
 nate : lower Icafets very long, linear-fak ate, 
 a few scattering teeth : stem few-leaved, and 
 no leaves above : umbels najLedish, somewhat 
 in pairs. 
 
 Smilacina, see Canvallarra. 
 
 Remark. Smith says., he cannot admit this 
 name, notwithstanding all his respect lor its ex- 
 cellent author, Desfontaines But he thinks the 
 line of distinction should be \m,ve accurately* 
 drawn between tike Cbnvallaria and some of its 
 neighbors ; though he seems not inclined to a:! opt 
 the modern divisions of this very natural genus, , 
 Sec Bees' Cyclopoedia. 
 
 Smil.lx, 100., 
 
 1. St&ffi woody ; branches angled, 
 
 adtanguiaris (bind-b ramble. P. C. J. h .) 
 prickiy : stem 4 -cornered, unarmed above : 
 
 leaves unarmed, ovate, subcordate, acute, 3-» 
 nerved. Berries black. 
 jursupanlU (C. P. J. ^ •) Thickly-: leaves unarm- 
 ed, lance-ovate, cuspidate, sub-5-nerved, be- 
 coming-glaucous beneath : the genereJ pedun- 
 cles longer than the petioles* 
 
 2. Stem woody ; branches terete. 
 
 { otiuidi \fiilia (green brier. O. w-g. J. Jp .) prickles 
 scattered : leaves (when in maturity) round- 
 ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved : 
 berry spherical. This singular bramble some*-* 
 limes climbs to the height of an hundred feet, 
 while the largest part of its stem does not ex- 
 ceed the fourth of an inch in diameter. 
 
SMILAX, aMYRNIOfc 441 
 
 cadiua (P. Q. Can. J. Ti? .) prickly : leaves ovale, 
 murronate, 5-nerved : genera) peduncles 
 scarcely longer than the petiole*. 
 
 pseudo-cliina (New-Jersey. M. ^ .) unarmed in 
 all parts : cauline leaves cordate, ramose ones 
 oblong-ovate, 5 -nerved : peduncles very Ioiia 
 
 laurijblL: (New Jersey. J u. h .) prickly ; branch- 
 es unarmed : leaves oval or lance-oval, leath- 
 ery, obtuse, rccurve-prickly, 3-nervcd : um- 
 bels short-pedunclcd. 
 
 paudurata (New Jersey. Ju. fc.) prickly : leaves 
 ovate-guitarform, acuminate, 3-nervcd i gen- 
 eral peduncles twice as long as the petioles. 
 
 3. Stem herbaceous. . 
 
 peduncularls (Jacob's ladder. O. w-g. M. if.) 
 stem terete, climbing or arching over : leaves 
 round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9-ner\- 
 ed (sometimes but 7) umbels long-peduncled. 
 
 ^erbaceu (O. g. J. %.) stem angled, erect, simple : 
 leaves long-pctioled, oval, about 7-nerved : um- 
 bels with long compressed peduncles : berries 
 depressed-globose. 
 
 Smyrxium, 4G. 
 
 aureum (alexanders. O. y. J. % .) leaves biternate ; 
 lcafets lance-oval, serrulate : umbels with short 
 peduncles. Some oi the iea\es are often qui- 
 nate. At a little distance this plant appears 
 like a wild parsnip ; though much smaller. 
 
 cordutum :A. C. P. y. J. %.) radical leaves round- 
 cordate, crenate ; cauline ones petioled, ter- 
 natc ; uppermost ones 3-parted : umbels with 
 short petioles. 
 
 integerrtmwn (A. C. P. y- V--) very glabrous : 
 leaves subglaucous ; lower ones thrice ternate, 
 upper ones doubly ternate ; leafets oval, entire t 
 umbels with a lew setaceous* elongated pedun* 
 cles. 
 
444 SMYRNIUM, SOLIDAGO. 
 
 barbinodc (P. p. y, Ju. It.) loaves all tern ate $ 
 leafets ovate, acute, serrate. S. atropurpureum* 
 
 Solanum, 4Q. 
 
 dulcamara (bittersweet. O. b-p. Ju. h .) stem un- 
 armed, woody, climbing : lower leaves mostly 
 cordate, glabrous $ upper ones mostly guitar- 
 hastate : few- flowered corymbs opposite to 
 leaves. This is the true bittersweet: but the 
 Celastrus srandens is wrongly called so by 
 some. Useful in asthma and rheumatism. 
 Cutler. 
 
 nigrum (deadly nightshade. O. w. p. b. J. ©.) 
 stem unarmed, erectish or erect ; branches 
 angled, dentate : leaves ovate, repand, gla- 
 brous, racemes two-ranked, nodding. 
 
 carolinense (P. b, J. 2:.) stem prickly : leaves an- 
 gular-hastate, covered with prickles both sides : 
 racemes lax. 
 
 tuberosum (potatoe. South America, b. w. Ju. "U .) 
 stem wing-angled, unarmed : leaves interrupt- 
 edly pinnate ; leafets entire : flowers sub- 
 corymbed : roots knobbed-tuberous. 
 
 lucopersicum (love apple, tomatoes. E. y. S. 00 
 ' stem unarmed : leaves pinnatiild, gashed : ra- 
 cemes 2-parted, leaQess, fruit glabrous, toru- 
 lose. 
 
 vielongena (egg-plant. E. J. 0.) stem unarmed : 
 leaves ovate, tomentose : peduncles pendant, 
 incrassate : calyx unarmed. 
 
 pseudo-capsicum (Jerusalem cherry. E. h .} stem 
 woody : leaves lanceolate, repand : umbels ses- 
 sile. 
 
 Solidago, 86. 
 
 Remark. During the last summer month and 
 autumn, the species of this extensive genus will 
 occupy much of the time of the student in 
 
SOLIDAGO. 443 
 
 botany. Perhaps there is more difficulty fn dis- 
 tinguishing the spe-ies of this genua than of any 
 other ; not excepting the Aster, Carex and Salix. 
 I shall therefore give most of the extensive and 
 accurate descriptions Of President J. E. Smith 
 hid. Hers' Cyrlopocdia.] He took a review of 
 Pursh and of ail preceding writers) and then wrote 
 with specimens of almost every species before 
 him. I shall vary the expressions no more than 
 is necessary to make one language uniform. 
 To the essential generic characters add : calyx 
 oblong ; with oblong, narrow, pointed, strait 
 scales : ray florets always fewer than 10, lance- 
 olate, 2-toothed : filaments capillary, very short: 
 style thread-form* of the length of the stamens ; 
 stigma cloven, spreading : seed oblong-obovate. 
 
 1. Flowers one-sided. Leaves with three combin- 
 ed nerves. 
 
 canadensis (Canadian golden-rod. Can. P. y. Ju. 
 % .) stem downy : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 rough ; racemes copious, panicled, recurved : 
 rays hardly longer than the disk. 18 inches 
 to 5 feet high. Stem angular ; leaves sessile, 
 
 3 inches long, sometimes nearly entire. 
 proccra 'great golden-rod. P. Can. y. Ju. If.) 
 
 stem villose, erect : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 rough, villose beneath : racemes spike-form, 
 erect, drooping before flowering ; rays short. 
 
 4 to 7 feet high. 
 
 serotina (smooth golden-rod. P. New-England, y. 
 S. %.) stem erect, terete, smooth : leaves lance- 
 linear, glabrous, serrate, rough-edged : racemes 
 panicled : peduncles downy. The young leaves 
 are edged with many little white stiff hairs. 
 
 gigantea (giant golden-rod. P. New-England, y. 
 An. % .) stem erect, .glabrous : leaves lanceo- 
 late, smooth, serrate, rough-edged, obscurely 
 3-ncrved : racemes panicled : peduncles rough- 
 haired : rays short. 4 to 7 feet high. 
 
444 SOLIDAGO. 
 
 ciliaris (fringed golden -rod. W. P. A- N. Y. y, 
 71 .) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, 
 somewhat 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, 
 slightly serrate : racemes panic led : peduncles 
 glabrous : bracts ciliate : rays short. The 
 stem is angular ; radical leaves petioled, oval, 
 pointed, veiny, serrate, rough, near afoot long: 
 branches of the panicle spreading : bracts mi- 
 nute. 
 
 rtfitxa (hang-leaf golden-red. C. P. y. Ah."H.) 
 .stem erect, villosc : leaves lanceolate, subser- 
 rate, scabrous. reHexed : racemes paniolcd, very 
 little one-sided, reflexed. 
 : lateriflora (side*flewered gnMor*-rod. -P. Can. y. 
 Au. %.) stem erect, a little hairy : leaves lance- 
 olate, slightly 3-rrerved, glabrous, rough-edged, 
 lower ones subserrate, racemes panicled, a lit- 
 tle recurved. Flowers large, the rays being 
 much longer than the calyx, stem 2 to 3 feet 
 high, striated, often purplish, pinnatifid, with 
 numerous lateral flowering branches. 
 
 2* Racemes, orfioxvers one-sided. Leaves rehiif. 
 
 asprra (rongh golden-rod. C. P. y. Au, 1+.) stem 
 erect, terete, hairy : leaves ovate, somewhat 
 oval, very rough, rugose, serrate : racemes 
 panicled. About 3 feet high ; leaves 1 to 2 
 inches long, acute ; racemes dense, fjomewhat 
 conic : rav iiorets twice vm loua: as the calv::. 
 
 altissima (variable golden-rod. A. W. H. P. y. 
 Au. 1£.) stem erect, rough-haired : leaves lance- 
 olate, lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, ru- 
 gose. The panicled racemes are xevy numer- 
 ous and spread every way, so as to bring the 
 one-sided flowers upwards; rays half as long 
 again as the calyx. But this species is so vari- 
 able, that students generally endeavor to make 
 several species of it. It is 3 to 5 feet high. 
 The serratures of t\m leaves are equal and une- 
 
SOLIDAGO. 44a 
 
 qual ; it is hairy or villose ; and sometimes the 
 racemes diverge hut little. 
 
 Tiigosa. (wrinkled golden -rod. P. Can. v. Au. 1£.) 
 stem erect, rough-haired : leaves lanceolate, 
 .scabrous, rugose, loweroncs with close-pressed 
 serratures: racemes paniclcd, very spreading. 
 Leaves shorter and broader than the last, and 
 the flowers a little smaller. 
 
 viHosa (soft golden-rod. P. y. 1'.) stem erect, vil- 
 lose : leaves lanceolate, softish, serrate : ra- 
 cemes panicled. 18 to 36 inches high. 
 
 scabra (harsh golden-rod. P. y. Au. V.) stem 
 erect, rough-haired, furrowed : leaves oblong, 
 tapering to both ends, acuminate, glabrous 
 above, rugose and scabrous beneath, along the 
 middle close-pressed-scrrate. 
 
 nemoralis (wooliy goldeti-rod. A. Can. y. Au. "^.) 
 stem erect downy : cauline leaves lanceolate, 
 hispid, entire ; radical ones somewhat wedge- 
 form, serrate : racemes panicled. 1 to 2 feet' 
 high, of a grey aspect 
 
 palula (spread golden-rod. P. C. y. S. %.) stem 
 erect) glabrous : leaves oval, serrate, glabrous, 
 radical ones* oblong-spatulate : racemes pani- 
 cled spreading : peduncles pubescent. Stem 
 about 2 feet high, wand-like, angular and stri- 
 ate ; stem-leaves sessile, about an inch long, 
 pointed, the radical ones resemble those of the 
 ox-eyed daisy ; racemes about an inch long, 
 flowers rather large. 
 
 vlmifotia (elm golden-rod. P. C. y. Au. ?U) stem 
 erect, glabrous, striate : leaves oval, deeply 
 serrate, acuminate, villose beneath ; radical 
 ones obovate : racemes panicled ; peduncles 
 villose : rays short. Radical leaves resemble 
 those of the last species and are hairy botfr 
 sides, some of the rest are oblong-ovate and 
 only villose near the veins beneath ; the peti- 
 oles arc bracted. 
 
 : 1 1 -notch golden-rod. A. Can. y. S. %.) 
 Nn 
 
446 S0L1DAG0. 
 
 stem erect, glabrous : leaves glabrous, sharply 
 and unequally serrate, cauline ones oval, radi- 
 cal ones oblong-ovate : racemes panicled : rays 
 elongated. 
 
 juncea (rush-stalk golden-rod. *SV ? C. P. y. Au. 
 %.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, 
 glabrous, rough-edge 0, lower ones serrate : 
 racemes panicled. Stem brownish, somewhat 
 angular and striate, leafy ; racemes a fingers 
 length, dense, recurved-sprcading, compound, 
 pedicels roughish, bracted $ ray twice as long 
 as the calyx. 
 
 elliptica (oval-leaf golden-rod. P. C. y. Au. 2/.) 
 stem erect, glabrous : leaves oval, smooth, ser- 
 rate : racemes panicled : rays of middling length. 
 
 asperata (file-leaf golden-rod. Can. y. X .) stem 
 panicle-corymbed : racemes suberect ; flower .-.-; 
 ascending : leaves lanceolate, serrate, sca- 
 brous. 
 
 recurvata (curved golden-rod. P. y. S. 1£.) stem 
 erect, pubescent : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 rough-edged : racemes elongated, recurved, 
 panicled. 
 
 gempervirens (narrow-leaf golden-rod. C. P. Can, 
 
 k y. S. % . ) stem erect, "glabrous : leaves lance- 
 
 I linear, somewhat fleshy, smooth, entire, rough- 
 edged : racemes panicled ; peduncles hairy. 
 Stem tall, purplish, a little glaucous ; leaves 
 many, narrow, long ; ray florets long, narrow, 
 rather numerous. 
 
 wirgata (wand golden-rod. N. C. P. W. y. Au. 
 21 .) stem very simple, glabrous : leaves wedge- 
 lanceolate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, close-pres- 
 sed, upper ones gradually smaller : branches 
 of the panicle elongated, with terminal ra- 
 cemes ; peduncles glabrous. About 2 feet high, 
 very smooth and slender. 
 
 ydora (sweet-scented golden-rod. P. Can. y. Au. 
 1|L.) stem erect, pubescent : leaves lance-linear, 
 fltttire, glabrous, rough-edged ; racemes pani- 
 
BOUDAGO. 447 
 
 fled. Tlie upper part of t lie stem is furrowed ; 
 racemes 2 or 3 inches long, spreading horizon- 
 tally, each generally accompanied by a le 
 bracts oblong, smootb ; stalk angular and 
 rough. This is the true golden rod tea-plant 
 The flowers dried so as not to be musty make 
 a pleasant tea, which is moderately astringent 
 and promotes pci-spiration. 
 
 3. Racemes erect. 
 
 bicohr (white golden-rod. W. A. IT. Y. P. w. Au. 
 %.) stem hairy : leaves oval, hairy, lower 
 
 ate ; those on the flower-branches entire. 
 numerous, and small ; scales of the calyx ob- 
 tuse. Racemes are short arid compact, rays 
 white, somewhat numerous and shortish ; disk 
 florets rather numerous. 
 
 petiolaris (late gold en -rod. P. C. y. Oc. %.^ stem 
 erect, villose : leaves oval, roughish, petioled : 
 rays twice as long as the calyx. Stem branch- 
 ing, terete, hoary ; leaves hoary about the ribs, 
 over an inch in length, those covering the 
 flower-branches snbentire ; ra i numerous, 
 short, with few and rather large flowers. 
 
 strkta { willow-leaf golden-rod. P. C. y. Au. if.) 
 stem erect, glabrous : caufinc leai es lanceolate, 
 entire, glabrous, roi fed : radical leaves 
 
 serrate : racemes pa ; \u (fancies 
 
 glabrous. The branch « are 
 
 erect, . close. 
 
 Ihnceolata (grass-leaf golden-rod. N.W.HiP.Y. y. 
 ft. H.) stem furrowea, smoothlsh (rougb-hairea, 
 AVilkf.) wvy branching : leaves almost linear 
 (lance-linear, Wilhl.) entire, roughish : nearly 
 erect, with 3 or 5 rough nerves : eorj nibs \> r- 
 ininal, level-topped : rs in heads: i ivs 
 
 not longer than the disk. Stem 4 or 5 feet high, 
 leafy ; leaves sessile, grass-green, about 2 ui- 
 'livs lour and a quarter of an inch wide ; flow- 
 
443 SOLIDAGQ. 
 
 ers smallish; calyx ovate, smooth, shining, with 
 tumid green-tipped scales. 
 
 tenuifolia (pigmy golden-rod. £. C. y. S. 11.) 
 stem rough, angular, branched, corymbed : 
 leaves spreading, linear, very narrow, slightly 
 3-nerved, scabrous, with axillary tufts of 
 smaller ones : corymbs terminal, level-top : 
 flowers in heads : rays scarcely exceeding the 
 disk. About a foot high ; leaves very small 
 and narrow. 
 
 eaesia (blue-stem golden rod. H. y. An. %.') stem 
 nearly erect, very smooth and even : leaves 
 lanceolate, glabrous, with the margins and 
 nerves ronghish : rays rather longer than the 
 disk. Stem upright, somewhat zigzag, branch- 
 ed, leafy ; leaves about 2 inches long, point- 
 ed, subentire, subglaucous, paler beneath : ra- 
 cemes numerous, short, rough-pedicelled i 
 bracts small, smooth, subulate. 
 
 tivida (purple-stem golden-rod. P. C. y. S. ^.) 
 stem glabrous, panicled : leaves lanceolate, 
 serrate, glabrous, rough -edged : branches ra- 
 cemed at trie extremity : rays elongated. Stem 
 branched, dark purple ; leaves tapering to 
 both ends. 
 
 hlspida (P. 0. y. Oc. If .) stem erect, hispid, sca- 
 brous : leaves lanceolate, rough, entire : rad- 
 ical ones serrate ? rays of middling length. — 
 Resembles the eaesia. 
 
 hirta (hairy golden-rod. North America, y. V-.) 
 stem panicled, rough- haired : leaves lanceo- 
 late, scabrous both skies ,• cauline ones serrate, 
 those on the branches entire : rays elongated. 
 
 lithospermifolia (gromweli golden-rod. P. C. y. 
 Au. 2/.) stem branching, hairy : leaves lanceo- 
 late, scabrous both sides, tapering, 3-nerved, 
 entire : rays elongated. Leaves bear some 
 resemblance to those of the gromweli. 
 laevigata (flesh-leaf golden-rod. H. Can. P. y. S. 
 % ) stem erect : smooth ; leaves lanceolate^ 
 
SOLIDAGO. 449 
 
 fleshy, entire, smooth in every part : racemes 
 panicled : peduncles scaly, vilfose : rays 
 (wico as lojit*: as the calyx! Tall, strong.-— 
 Probably a variety of Maxirana. Grows in 
 salt marshes. 
 
 raexicana (New-Englaud. P. y. Ju. %) stem ob- 
 lique, glabrous: leaves Ian uncwjiat 
 fleshy, entire, smooth in every part : racemes 
 panicled : ))eduncles scaly, glabrous : rays 
 elongated. Grows near salt water. Tall, 
 flowers large ; radical leaves obovate, long-pe- 
 tioled : bracts numerous, lanceolate, keeled, 
 recurved, thin, scale-like. 
 
 viminea (twig golden-rod. P. Can. y. Au. If..) 
 stem erect, subpubescent : leaves lance-linear, 
 membranaceous, tapering to the base, glabrous, 
 rough-edged, the lower ones subserrate : rays 
 elongated. Peduncles and branches angular 
 and very rough : bracts lanceolate, recurved, 
 smooth; flow; uerous. 
 
 crecta (upright golden-rod. 1£.) stem sub -vil lose : 
 leaves lanceolate, veiny, glabrous, entire, sub- 
 petioled. 
 
 macrophyUa (Can. 2/.) lower leaves ovate, acu- 
 minate, tapering, unequally and sharply ser- 
 rate, glabrous ; cauline leaves tapering to both 
 ends, lanceolate, subsessile, serrate : racemes 
 axillary, peduncled, leafy, of the length of the 
 leaves: calyx oblong, turgid, many- flowered ; 
 rays somewhat elongated. About 3 feet high. 
 Intermediate between this genus and the aster. 
 
 Jiexkaulis (zigzag golden-rod. W. A. Y. P.y. Au. 
 %.) stem zigzag,glabrous,angled : leaves lance- 
 olate acuminate, serrate, glabrous : racemes 
 axillary : rays half as long again as the calyx. 
 Stem slender, purplish, partly terete and part- 
 ly angular ; leaves numerous on short broad 
 petioles, hardly 2 inches long and half an inch 
 wide, paler beneath, the upper less serrate j 
 IS'n 2 
 
450 SOLIDAGO. 
 
 racemes much shorter than the leaves, the up* 
 per ones subcapitate. 
 
 latifolia (broad leaf golden-rod W. A.P.y. Au. 1£.) 
 stem somewhat zigzag, angular, smooth : leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, strongly -serrate, smooth,, 
 contracted into winged petioles : racemes axil- 
 lary. Leaves often 2 inches broad, and some- 
 times hairy on the under side of the mid- 
 rib. 
 
 virgaurea (mountain golden-rod. Saddle moun- 
 tain, near Williams College, y. Ju. U .) stem er- 
 ect, somewhat zigzag, angular, branching and 
 pubescent above : caulinc leaves lanceolate, ta- 
 pering to both ends, serrate or crenate ; lower 
 leaves oval, a little hairy : rays elongated : 
 racemes lateral and terminal. Smith describes 
 several varieties of this species. I have select- 
 ed those characters which agree with that va- 
 riety which grows in great abundance on Sad- 
 dle mountain. 1 always found the stem 5 or 6- 
 angled and the ray florets 8 or 10. 
 
 rigida (hand-leaf golden-rod. P. C. y. Au. %.) 
 stem corymbed, hairy* scabrous : leaves ovate- 
 oblong, rough, with minute rigid hairs ; lower 
 ones serrate, upper ones entire : racemes com- 
 pact : rays twice the length of the obtuse calyx,. 
 Stem 4 or 5 feet high? terete,- striate, leafy ; 
 leaves a little hoary, radical ones pctioled, 12 
 inches long, broad, acuminate, nerved, the rest 
 1 to 4 inches long ; scales of the calyx round- 
 obtuse, nerved, membranous at the edges. 
 
 wveboracensis (star golden-rod. N. C. y. Oc. %.") 
 radical leaves oval-oblong, long-petioled, 
 rough : stem almost leafless, branched, fur- 
 rowed, level-top corymbed : rays twice as long 
 as the tapering calyx. Stem 2 or 3 feet high, 
 .strong, rough, furrowed, having leaves only at 
 the origin of the flowering branches ; radical 
 leaves with shallow serraMres; flowers large, 
 resembling in fori some asters ; calyx scales 
 
SONCHUS, SORBUS. 451 
 
 narrow, nu rplish. Grows plentifully along the 
 banks of Connecticut river at the Northampton 
 meadows. 
 
 Soxciirs, 82. 
 
 leucophaeus (sow thistle. O. h-w. Jo. % .) peduncles 
 scaly : flowers racemed : leaves runcinatc, acu- 
 minate : stein wand-pan u led. 
 
 oleraceus(0. y. Ju. ®.) peduncles sub-tomentose, 
 umbelled : calyx glabrous : leaves lance-ob- 
 long, clasping, denticulate, subsinuate. 
 
 pallidas (P. New-England, y. Ju. ^.) flowers in 
 a compound terminal raceme or panicle : leaves 
 lance-ensitbrm, clasping, toothed. Lactuca 
 canadensis. 
 
 palustris (marsh sowthistle. i£.) calyx and pedun- 
 cle hispid, subumbelled : leaves ruueinate, sag- 
 ittate at the base. 
 
 arvensis (P. y. An. 21) calyx and peduncles his- 
 
 fud, subumbelled : leaves runcinate, denticu- 
 ate, cordate at the base : root creeping. 
 Jloridanus (P. b. Ju. % ..peduncles somewhat sca- 
 ly : flowers panicled : leaves runcinate-lyrate : 
 petioled, denticulate. Pursli says this is called 
 the gall of the earth, and is used lor curing the 
 bite of the rattlesnake. 
 
 aciiminatus (P. b. Au. % .) peduncles somewhat 
 scaly : flowers panicled : radical leaves sub- 
 runcinate ; cauline ones ovate, acuminate, peti- 
 oled, denticulate In the middle. 
 
 alpinus (mountain sowthistle. Can. b-w. Au. 1£.) 
 peduncles hirsute, naked : flowers racemed, 
 bracted : leaves runcinate. sagittate at the base, 
 glabrous, glaucous beneath; 
 
 Sokbus, G2. 
 
 amerieana (mountain ash. W. A. C. IT. P. w. M. 
 
 fc .) leaves pinnate ? - ieafets lanceolate^ senate. 
 
U2 SORGHUM, SPARGANUJM. 
 
 glabrous: flowers corymbed. Pursh applies 
 this name to a Canada species, and gives our 
 species the name, microcarpa. This shrub or 
 tree grows in very great plenty on Saddle 
 mountain, near Williams College ; particular- 
 ly at the height of about two thousand feet 
 above the level of the college. It is usually 
 from 10 to 20 feet high. The taste and smel! 
 of the bark greatly resemble that of the wild, 
 cherry tree. It is an excellent tonic. 
 
 Sorghum, 32. 
 
 ?accharatum (broom corn. E. y-g. Au. <v>.) pani- 
 cle somewhat whorled, spreading : seeds oval, 
 glumes covered with permanent softish hairs. 
 Leaves linear 5 6 to 8 feet high. From the* 
 East Indies. 
 
 vulgare (indian millet: E. 21) panicle compact, 
 oval, nodding when mature : seed naked, sub-* 
 compressed; 
 
 Spar ganium, 91. 
 
 mmosum (bur-reed, O. w. Ju. 0.) the three-sid- 
 ed bases of the leaves concave on the two out- 
 sides : the general fruit- stem branched : stig- 
 ma linear. In water, generally. Flowers in 
 round heads ; the starnmate heads above ih& 
 pistillate ones, and considerably the smallest. 
 
 simplex (Sag bur-reed. A. P. w. Ju. "^.) three- 
 sided ba-.es of the leaves not concave on the 
 outsides (the concavity commences above the 
 base) the general fruit-stem not branched : 
 stigma linear. This species is much taller than 
 the preceding, and though smaller peduncles 
 are inserted upon the main one, the latter is not 
 itself branched Near the Patroon's, Albany, 
 it grows in moist ground about 3 feet high. 
 
 nalans (C. Cam Au. Of.) leaves decumbent, flaf t> 
 
SPARGANOPIIORUS, SrHAERIA. 4*J 
 
 general fruit-stem not branched : stigma ovate, 
 short : staminate heart subsnlitary. Var. an- 
 gustifoUum, lias very narrow leaves, greatly 
 overtopping the stem, weak, floating. Heads 
 very small. 
 
 SPARGANOPIIORUS, 84. 
 
 Derticillatns (water crown-cup. New Jersey, "p. 
 An. "U.) leaves setaceous-linear, whorfed : 
 stem generally 1 -flowered : egret companulate, 
 5-toothed. Floating in water. 
 
 Spartincif see Limnetic. 
 
 Spartium, 78. 
 
 yuncenm (spanish broom. E. J. k branches op- 
 posite, wand-like, bearing flowers at the end : 
 leaves lanceolate, glabrous. 
 
 scapaiium (scotch broom. E. J. J? .) leaves ter- 
 nate and solitary, oblong : flowers axillary : 
 legumes pilose at the margin : branches angu- 
 lar. 
 
 Spergula, 59. 
 
 dii'disis (spurry. O. w. J. ®.) leaves filiform* 
 whorled : panicle dichotomous ; peduncles be- 
 come reflexed as the fruit advances to maturi- 
 ty : seed reniform. 
 
 saginoides (pearl spurry. New-Jersey, w. J. %. 
 or ®.) leaves opposite, subulate, naked : pe- 
 duncles solitary, \Qry long, glabrous. Per- 
 booyi asks, whether this is not a variety of the 
 Sagina procumbens. 
 
 Spiiaeria, 118. 
 
 fragifonnis (globule fungus. P.) aggregated like 
 
454 SPHAERIA, SPINACIA. 
 
 the acines of a raspberry, rusty-red. Having 
 a strawberry -like appearance. 
 
 acuta (P.) solitary, conic, minute. 
 
 bombardica (P.) lustered, globular, black, shin- 
 ing. 
 
 coronata (P.) imbedded, clustered, ovate-oblong,, 
 black, ciliate. 
 
 nivea (P.) white, clustered, tubercled, imbedded*. 
 
 Sphaesophorox, 114. 
 
 globiferus (seed-ball lichen) shrubby, branched, 
 cylindric, brownish, smooth. 
 
 Sphagnum, 106. 
 
 latifoHum (peat-moss. O.) leafets closely imbii*. 
 
 cate, concave, ovate, obtuse. 
 capittifolium (P.) leaves closely imbricate, lance* 
 
 ovate, acuminate, fiattish. 
 Qusjndatum (P.) leaves remotish, spreading, lan« 
 
 ceolate, cuspidate, undulate. 
 
 Spigexia, 58, 
 
 inarilandica (pink-root. P. p. J. %.) stem 4-sided: 
 leaves all opposite. The most celebrated ver- 
 mifuge. 
 
 SriLOMi, 111. 
 
 Melaleuca (efflorescent lichen) blackish, fiat, sul- 
 confluent. 
 
 Spixacia, 99. 
 
 oleracea (spinach. E. J. ©.) fruit sessile, prickly 
 or unarmed : I hastate-sagitiate : steal i 
 
 branched. In habit resembles the Cbeiiopodi-. 
 urn album. 
 
SPIRAEA. 455 
 
 Spiraea, 62. 
 
 1. Stem more or less xvoodv. 
 
 4/ 
 
 Salicifolia (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack. 0. 
 r. w. J. k .) leaves lance-ovate, or obovate, ser- 
 rate, glabrous : flowers in panicled spreading 
 racemes. Var, alba, has white petals, and 
 generally the twigs are redisb. r riie small 
 branches are generally killed by frost in the 
 winter, as also of the next species. 
 
 fomentosa (steeple bush, purple hardback* Y. N. 
 II. P. C. A. r. Ju. 1}.) leaves lanceolate, une- 
 qually serrate, downy beneath : racemes in a 
 crowded, sub-panicled spike. Prof. Ives con- 
 siders a decoction of the leaves and branches 
 of this plant, as one of the best tonics in use. 
 
 tpulijolia ^nine-bark, snowball hardback. A. C. 
 P. w. J. h .) leaves subovate, luhcd, doubly 
 toothed or crenate, glabrous : corymbs termi- 
 nal, crowded : capsules inflated : flowers tri- 
 gynious. 
 
 hypericifolia 'John's wort hardhStk, P. Can. w. 
 M. h . ) lca\ es obovate, entire, or toothed at the 
 apex : umbels sessile. 
 
 Qrenata (C. J? .) leaves obovate, acute, tooth -cre- 
 nate at the apex : corymbs peduncled, crowd.- 
 ed. 
 
 2. Stem herbaceous. 
 
 tdmaria (queen of the meadow. E. w. An. li.) 
 leaves pinnate, downy beneath ; the terminal 
 leaflet larger, 3-lobed, the lateral (mes undivid- 
 ed ; flowers in a proliferous corymb. 
 
 aruncus (steeple weed. P. Catskill. w. J. If.) 
 leaves pinnate, with 2 or 3 pair of leafets : 
 flowers in a panicled spike : styles 3 to 5. Var. 
 americanu, has very long slender spikes. 
 
466 SPIRAEA, STACHYS. 
 
 Grows from 4 to 6 feet high, north of Judge 
 Benton's on the Catskill. 
 
 lobata (P. r. Ju. 1£.) leaves pinnate, glabrous; 
 the odd leafet large, 7-lobed, lateral ones 3- 
 lobed : corymbs proliferous 
 
 trifotiuta (ipecac, Indian physic, Bowman's root* 
 Can. P. \v J. %,) leaves ternate, lanceolate, 
 serrate, subequal : stipules linear, entire, flow- 
 ers terminal, lax-panicled : calyx tubular, 
 campanulate. Gillenia trifoliata. An excel- 
 let emetic. See Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. p. 
 68. 
 
 silpulacea (Western states, w. J. V.) leaves ter- 
 nate, lanceolate, gash-serrate, nearly equal : 
 stipules leafy, ovate, gash-toothed : flowers in 
 a lax panicle : calyx bell-form. Possessing pro- 
 perties similar to the last. Gillenia stipulacea. 
 See Barton's Veg. Mat. Med. p. 75. Dr. Bar- 
 ton remarks, that these two last species never 
 grow in the vicinity of each other ; but that one 
 or the other can be found in most parts of North 
 America. 
 
 Splachnum, 106. 
 
 amputtaceum (umbrella moss. P.) receptacle obco- 
 nic, obtuse, greenish purple : leaves swelling, 
 lanceolate, serrate, pointed : apophysis blub* 
 bcr-like. 
 
 Stachys, 68. 
 
 (ispcra (hedge-nettle, clownheal. O. w-p. Ju. If .3 
 stem erect, hispid backwards : leaves subpeti- 
 oled, lanceolate, acutely serrate, very glabrous : 
 whorls about 6-flowered : calyx with spread- 
 ing spines. Yar. fe?iwi/bfrfl,leaves very thin 
 and slender. 
 
STArtlYLEA, STELLARIA. 457 
 
 Staphylea, 47. 
 
 trlfoha (bladder-nut. O. y-w. M. \ .) loaves in 
 threes : racemes pendant : petals ciliate below. 
 A handsome shrub, about 10 or 12 icvi high. 
 When in flower, if (be germ be cut transversely 
 and examined, it will appear 2 or 3-( elled and 
 will contain the rudiments of 15 to £0 seeds. 
 But when the fruit is ripe* it consists of 2 or 3 
 inflated, adnate, suhmeidbranous capsules, 
 each containing I to 3 hard small nuts. There- 
 fore thegeneric characters, given by Linneus, 
 Smith, l'ersoon, Pursh, &c. will mislead the 
 student, if examined in the time of flowering 
 only. I have ventured to omit the number of 
 nuts, in the generic description. 
 
 Statice, 48. 
 
 timonium (marsh rosemary, sea lavender. H. Y. 
 C. b. An. 2/.) scape terete: panHe much 
 branched : leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, nm- 
 cronate, glabrous. Very efficacious in dysenta- 
 ries. See Mott's dissertation. A decoction of 
 the root is an excellent gargle in cankers and 
 ulcerated sore throat. See Cutler's Botanical 
 arrangement, page 43.2. Mem. Soc. Arts. 
 
 armcria (thrift. P. r. Ju. 2'. .) scape simple, pilose ; 
 flowers capitate : leaves linear, grass-like, flat, 
 obtuse. 
 
 Stellaria, 59. 
 
 longijolia (long-leaf starwort. H. Y. w . J.) stem 
 decumbent, (or sub-decumbent) leaves lanre- 
 linear, opposite, entire, smooth : panicle ter- 
 minal : calyx 3-nerved, about equalling tlie 
 petals. Dr. Bigelow informed me, that the 
 
 Oo 
 
458 STELLARIA, STICTA. 
 
 plant, which he called S. graminca in the Boston 
 Florida, is the S. longifolia. 
 
 palustris f stitch wort, meadow starwort. W. w. J.) 
 leaves lance-linear, entire, glaucous : flowers 
 panicled : petals 2-parted, larger than the 3- 
 nerved calyx. This plant grows along the 
 south margin of a meadow half a mile north of 
 Williams College. The stem is mostly erect, 
 and the corol is twice as long as the calyx. I 
 could not therefore make it agree with any spe- 
 cies credited to this country. It ought to he 
 compared with Smith's drawing of it, which he 
 calls glauca ; but it is not now in my power to 
 doit. 
 
 pubera (P. w. M. 1{.) pubescent : leaves sessile, 
 ovate, ciliate : pedicels erect : petals longer 
 than the calyx. Flowers large. 
 
 Stemonitts, 118. 
 
 fascicularis (brittle-bark buff-ball. P.) fascicled, 
 steel-blue : head subturbinate : stem very short. 
 
 vesiculosa (Y ?) stemless, globular : seeds rusty- 
 ochre. 
 
 Stereocaltlon, 117. 
 
 mmulosum (knobbed lichen. P.) shrubby, rough, 
 fibrous, pale : branches scattered, diffuse, near- 
 ly simple : knobs scattered and terminal, near- 
 ly globular, black-brown. 
 
 imschale (P.) brittle, shrubby, greenish-grey, 
 granular-scaly : branches short, crowded : 
 knobs flattish, turbinate, scattered, lateral and 
 terminal, at length clustered and convex^ olive- 
 brown. 
 
 Sticta, 115. 
 
 crocata (pit-back lichen. P.) subcoriaceous, sub 
 
STICTA, SWERTIA. 459 
 
 depressed, round-lobed, pitted, glaucous-brown, 
 witli a citron-mealy margin and tubercles* nits 
 beneath citron : shields black-brown with a 
 glaucous-brown margin. 
 
 anthransis (P.) cartilage -membranous, round- 
 lobeu, pittcd-reticulate, greenish-grey, nearly 
 naked and a little ragged beneath with minute 
 white pits: shields lateral, becoming convex, 
 black, with a greenish-grey margin in the 
 young state. 
 
 sylvaticm (P.) membranous, ascending, glaucous- 
 brown, somewhat pitted, cut-lobed, ferrugi- 
 nous-brown and villose beneath with white 
 pits : shields nearly marginal, ascending, 
 
 Drown, 
 
 Stipa. 30. 
 
 avaiacea (feather grass. P. J. y.y leaves striate, 
 glabrous : panicle spreading, sub-unilateral 5 
 branches wnorled with branchlets ; calyx acute, 
 membranaceous, eqalling the glabrous seed ; 
 awn naked, twisting. 
 
 sericea (New-Jersey. J. 2/.) leaves terete-fili- 
 form, very long : panicle effuse, slenderly ca- 
 pillary ; corol small, but twice as long as the 
 calyx : awn naked strait. An elegant grass 
 with a silky purplish panicle. 
 
 Stylosaxthus, 81. 
 
 hhpida (pencil flower. C. P. y. An. *}/.) stem pu- 
 bescent on one side : leaves lanceolate, glab- 
 rous : bracts lanceolate, ciliate : heads 2 or 3i 
 flowered. Yar. procumbens, stem procumbent. 
 
 SWERTIA, 43. 
 
 piLsilla (false gentian. AVhitchills. b. J. ©.) corol 
 whcelform, twice as long as the calyx : stem 
 simple, 1 -flowered : leaves oblomi;. 
 
460 SWERTIA, TALINUM. 
 
 corniculata (Can. Western states, g-y. Ju* % .) 
 corol bellform, with a deflected horn : leaves 
 ovate : branches short. In swamps. 
 
 ■ 
 Symphitum, 37. 
 
 officinale (comfrcy. E. y-w. J. % .) leaves ovate- 
 sublanceolate, decurrent, rugose. Naturaliz- 
 ed. Dr. Cutler says, the leaves give a grateful 
 flavor to cakes. 
 
 Symplocarpus, see Pothos. 
 
 Syringa, 26. 
 
 vulgaris (lilac. E. b-p. w. M. % .) leaves cordate : 
 flowers in a stv?se. 
 
 persica (persian lilac. E. b. M. h .) leaves lanceo- 
 late, entire and pinnatifid. 
 
 T. 
 
 Tagetes, 85. 
 
 ereeta (african marygold. E. y. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, ciiiate-serrate : 
 peduncles 1 -flowered, incrassate, sid)inflated : 
 calyx angled. 
 
 patula (french marigold. E. y. Ju. ©.) leaves 
 pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, ciiiate-serrate : 
 peduncles 1 -flowered, subincrassate ; calyx 
 smooth : stem spreading. 
 
 Talinum, 60. 
 
 teretifolium (taliny. P. p. Ju.TJ.) leaves cylindric, 
 fleshy ; corymbs terminal, pedunclcd. 
 
: 
 
 TAMARIX, TEUCR1UM. 46) 
 
 Tamarix, a:. 
 
 germnnica (tamarisk. E. ^ .) flowers decandrous : 
 spikes terminal : leaves sessile, lance-linear. 
 
 gallica (french tamarisk. E.J. bO spikes httt 
 al : leaves clasping. 
 
 Tanacetum, 85. 
 
 vulgare (tansey. E. y. Ju. If.") leaves doubly pii» 
 nate, gash-serrate. Naturalized. Var. cris- 
 vum (doubly tansey) leaves crispid and dense. 
 
 Taxus, 101. 
 
 canadensis (dwarf yew, shin-wood. P. Can. Fish- 
 kill, New- York. Ap. h •) leaves linear, 2-rsnfc» 
 ed, margin rcvolute : receptacles of the stam- 
 inate flowers globose. 1 to 2 feet high, with 
 creeping roots. 
 
 Tephrosia, see Galega. 
 
 TETRArms, 106. 
 
 jellucida (four-tooth moss. P.) capsule cylindric* 
 leaves ovate, acute, 1 -nerved. Stem simple, 1 
 inch high : lid conic, reddish, thin, halt* as 
 long as the capsule : teeth rigid, polished, 
 brown. 
 
 Tbucrium, 67. 
 
 :anadense ( wood-sage, germander. 0. r. Ju. *U0 
 whitish-hirsute: leaves lanee-ovatc, serrate, all . 
 petioled : stem erect ; spikes whorled, crowd- 
 ed : bracts twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 xirginicum (C. r. J. .' .) pubescent : leaves ovate- 
 oblong, serrate \ upper ones subsessile : stem 
 Uo 2 
 
462 THAELAEPHORA, THALICTRUM. 
 
 erect : spikes whorled, crowded : bracts of the 
 length of the calyx. 
 
 Thaelaephora, 117, 
 
 caryophyllea (pink fungus. P.) head funnel-form* 
 thin, purplish-brown, fringed, variously jagged 
 or crisped. Substance tough and somewhat 
 woody, chocolate brown. 1 to 3 inches in di- 
 ameter. 
 
 rubiginosa (P.) imbricated, rigid, rusty-brown, 
 smooth both sides, with scattered, largish 
 knobs : soft and velvety. About an inch in di- 
 ameter. 
 
 hirsuta (P.) aggregate, rounded, coriaceous, con- 
 vex, somewhat zoned, yellowish, shaggy above, 
 smooth and tawny beneath. An inch diameter. 
 
 quercina (P.) oblong, coriaceous, rugose, pale 
 flesh coloured ; margin somewhat involute, 
 blackish-brown at the back. Two or three 
 inches long, somewhat oval, light flesh colour- 
 ed, with a dustv surface. 
 
 TnAJLICTBUM, 66, 
 
 Remark. Our species are mostly dioecious or 
 
 polygamous. 
 
 ilioicum (meadow rue. O. w-r. M. %.) leaves 
 thrice ternate, leaflets cordate, many-lobed, 
 very smooth : panicles axillary, filiform : flow- 
 ers dioecious : petals not longer than the fila- 
 ments or germs : stigmas almost capillary. — 
 Leaves often 5 to 7-lobed : panicles solitary or 
 in pairs, subum belled, often the panicle is ac- 
 companied by a long peduncled solitary flow- 
 er ; seed ovate-oblong, striate. Whole plant 
 smooth, little umbels few-flowered. 
 
 rornuti (A. W. g-w. J. % .) leafets 3-lobed, glau- 
 cous, smooth : panicles terminal : flowers di- 
 oecious : petals 5 ; roots fibrous. About 3 or 
 
THALICTRtM, THESIUM. 4GJ 
 
 4-fect high : stamens white with yellow au- 
 thors ; seeds triangular. 
 
 polygamum (O.W. Ju. or An. ll.) pubescent with 
 slender down : leafets ovate, suhrordate and 
 wedge-form, 3-lohed at the apex, subrugose 
 ahove, subtomentose beneath : panicles termin- 
 al ; pedicels subumbellcd, divaricate : flowers 
 polygamous. Late in autumn some indivi- 
 duals still remain in flower, and make a fine 
 shew with the numerous long white stamens. 
 C. pubescens. Pursh. 
 
 rugosum (A. C. P. w. J. 2/.) stem striate : leafets 
 ovate and lanceolate, rugose, veiny, obtuse- 
 lobed : panicle large, terminal, corymbose ; 
 flowers erect. Tall. Panicles almost leafless. 
 
 jmrpurascens (P. Can. p. J. If.) stem twice as tall 
 as the leaves : leaves compound ; leafets round- 
 ish, S-clct't, gashed : panicles nakedish ; flow- 
 ers nodding ; stamens purple. Small. 
 
 Thea, 64. 
 
 bohea (bohea tea. E. M. "k .) flowers 6 petalled : 
 
 leaves oblong-oval, rugose. From China and 
 
 Japan. 
 riridis (green tea. E. "fc.) flowers 9-petallcd : 
 
 leaves very long-oval. J. C. Lcttsom says, 
 
 this is oidy a variety of the bohea. 
 
 Thelotrema, 113. 
 
 pertusus (crust lichen.) warts hemispheric, with 
 1 or 2 pores. Smith has removed this species 
 to the genus endocarpon. 
 
 Thesium, 43, 
 
 umleUatum (false toadflax. O. w-g. J. %.) erect : 
 leaves lance-oval : fascicles of flowers corymb- 
 terminal. Nuttali has changed this generic 
 
464 THESIUM, THYMUS. 
 
 name to Comandra. With all due deferenee 
 to the opinion of this learned botanist, I would 
 ask, whether he has, in this case, sufficient rea- 
 son for rejecting an established name ? I know 
 R, Brown says, that our species resembles the 
 Santalum, an East India plant, with a single 
 species in the genus. But why not rather im- 
 prove the generic character, and retain the old 
 name notwithstanding ? 
 
 Thlaspi, 74. 
 
 bursa-pastoris (shepherd's purse. O. w. M. (£.) 
 hirsute : silicles deltoia-ob cord ate : radical 
 leaves pinnatifid. 
 
 campestris (yellow-seed, false-flax, mitnridate 
 mustard. O. J. 0.) silicle obcordate, inflated, 
 glandular-punctate : cauline leaves sagittate, 
 toothed. Very troublesome in flax fields, and 
 was probably introduced with flax-seed. 
 
 arvense (penny-cress. C. P. Detroit. J. 00 si- 
 licles suborbicular, compressed, smooth : leaves 
 oblong, toothed, glabrous. 
 
 Thuja* 96. 
 
 occidentalis (arbor-vitae, false white-cedar. A. 
 Can. P. M. h ) brancblets 2- edged : leaves 
 imbricate 4 ways, rhomb -ovate, close-pressed, 
 naked, tubercled : strobiles obovate ; inner 
 scales truncate, gibbous below the apex. 
 
 Thymus, 70. 
 
 serpyllum (mother of thyme. E. b-p. J. h .) flower 
 
 heads : stem creeping : leaves flat, obtuse, cili- 
 
 ate at the base. 
 vulgaris (thyme. E b-p. 1,%, h erect : leaves 
 
 ovate, and linear, revolute ; flowers in a whoil- 
 
 ed spike. 
 
THYMUS, TILLAEA. 465 
 
 fanuginosus (lemon thyme. E. %. k .) flowers in 
 heads : stent creeping,, hirsute : leaves obtuse, 
 villose. 
 
 TlARELlA, 58. 
 
 COrdifolia (miter-wort, gem-fruit. W, C. P. A. w. 
 M. %.) leaves cordate, acute-lobed, toothed: 
 teeth mucronate : scape raccmed. Resembles 
 the Mitclla diphylla. 
 
 TlLIA, 64. 
 
 glabra, (basswood, limetree. O. y-w. Ju. \ .) 
 leaves round-cordate, abruptly acuminate, 
 sharply serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous : pet- 
 als truncate at the apex, crenate : style about 
 equalling the petals : nut ovate, subcordate. 
 Large tree ; wood soft and white. T. amer- 
 icana. 
 
 pubescens (crop-ear basswood. O. y-w. Ju. h .} 
 leaves truncate at the base (one lobe cropped; 
 oblinuc.acuminate, tooth-serrate, pubescent be- 
 neath : panicle dense-flowered : petals emar- 
 ginate, about equal to the style : nut globose, 
 smooth. Resembles the last so nearly, that 
 farmers rarely observe, that there arc two spe- 
 cies. 
 
 TiLLAEA, 36. 
 
 aseemlens (pigmy weed. Y. w.) stem ascending, 
 rooting at the lower joints : leaves connate, 
 somewhat sheathing. Very minute. A new 
 species. Found on the llousatonic by Prof. 
 Ives, in the summer of 1816. It was at first 
 taken for the T. connata ; but on a strict ex- 
 amination. Or. Ives was convinced that it wag 
 not described. I drew up this description from 
 a specimen, which I received from Dr. I. last 
 all. I would have preferred a specific des- 
 
466 TIMM1A, TRAGOPOGON. 
 
 cription given by himself ; though I believe 
 this to be sufficiently distinctive. 
 
 TlMMIA, 10& 
 
 polytrichoides (many-haired moss.) leaves lance- 
 linear, serrate, spread : capsule drooping, on a 
 receptacle : lid convex, depressed in the centre. 
 Smith says, he cannot consider Timmia an 
 admissabfe genus, asitis not well distinguished 
 from Bryum. 
 
 ToFIELDA, 25. 
 
 pusilla (scotch asphodel. Can. g-\v. J. %.) glab- 
 rous : leaves short : scape filiform ; spike few- 
 flowered, globular : little calyxes adnate to 
 the rachis : capsule globose* Mountain 
 swamps, 
 
 glutinosa (Can. It scape and nediccls glutinous- 
 scabrous : spike with a few alternate iasciclen ; 
 capsule egg^form, twice a3 long as the calyx. 
 
 Tojlpis, 83. 
 
 barbata (hawksbeard. E. S. (?).) leaves oblong, 
 toothed: peduncles 1 -flowered. 
 
 Tradescaxtia, 4S. 
 
 virginica (spider wort. P. b. p. M. T£.) erect : 
 leaves lanceolate, elongated, glabrous : flow- 
 ers sessile ; umbel compact, pubescent. Culti-. 
 vated in gardens. 
 
 Tragopogon, 81. 
 
 porrifoUum (vegetable oyster, goat-beard, salsi- 
 fy. E. p. ,)v.. o .) calyx longer than the rays of 
 the corol ; the corollets very narrow, truncate ; 
 peduncles incra s c ate. 
 
TillCIIODIUM, TRICIIOSTOMUM. 467 
 TRiciioniUM. 51. 
 
 laxiflorum (thin-grass. O. M. 2/.) culm erect, 
 striate, purplish : leaves involute, subulate • 
 upper ones Hat, nerved, margin scabrous : 
 sheaths roughish : panicle capillary* lax, spread- 
 ing ; branches whorled about in threes : glumes 
 lanceolate. 12 to 18 inches high : the panicle 
 is very thin and delicate. Usually grows in 
 dry fields. 
 
 scabrum (G. P. .Tu.T£.) culm glabrous, geniculate 
 at the base, with erect brandies : leaves lanec- 
 linear, striate, flat, margin scabrous ; stipule 2- 
 cleft, acute ; sheaths striate, glabrous : panicle 
 xcry branching, spread, with whorled, zigzag, 
 brauchlcts. 
 
 TnicHornoBUM, 29. 
 
 vyperinum (light-hair, clump-head grass. O. Ju. 
 %.) cnlm 5-sided, leafy, hollow: panicle ter- 
 minal, more than decompound, proli fero u s, pe- 
 duncles and pedicels scabrous; spikes glomer- 
 ate, 3 or 4 in a head, or more, ovate, obtuse. 
 3 to 5 feet high. Very common in wet mea- 
 dows and swampy ground. Eriophorum cy- 
 perinum. 
 
 Trichostema, 69. 
 
 dkhotoma (blue curls. Y. N. H. P. b. Au. ©.) 
 leaves rhoui-lanceolate : branches flower-bear- 
 ing, 2-forked : stamens very long, blue, curv- 
 ed. 6 to 8 inches high. Gives out a scent, 
 precisely resembling that of the spikenard. 
 Var. linearis , has linear leaves. 
 
 Trichostomum, 107. 
 
 pallidum (hair-mouth moss. P.) stem simple ve- 
 
468 TRIENTALIS, TRIFOLIUM. 
 
 ry short : leaves capillary, sheathing : capsule 
 cy lindric : lid conic ; calyptre halved. 
 
 Tmentaxis, S3. 
 
 curopaea (chiek-wintergreen. W. H. N. A. C. P. 
 w. Ju.lt.) leaves oval; stem naked below, with 
 a tuft of oval leaves at the top. Var. ameriea- 
 iuu has lanceolate leaves, tapering to both ends. 
 About 3 to 5 inches high. Though in the gen- 
 eric description it is said the stamens vary in 
 number : in the specimens about Williams Col- 
 lege much the largest proportion have the true 
 number. 
 
 Trifolium, 80. 
 
 pratense (common red clover. O. r. M. %.) as- 
 cending, smoothish ; leafets ovate, subentire : 
 stipules awned : spikes dense, ovate : lower 
 tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube of the 
 corol, and longer than the other teeth. 
 
 repens (white clover. 0. w. M. 11.) creeping: 
 leafets ovate-oblong, emarginate, serrulate : 
 ilowers in umbelled heads : teetli of the calyx 
 subequal : legumes 4-secded. Foreign botan- 
 ists often call these two species introduced 
 plants ; but I know not on what authority. I 
 have never seen a place of a few miles extent 
 where they do not grow, however wild the 
 country. 
 
 aiveiise (rabbit-foot, field clover. O. w. Ju. 0.) 
 erect, branching, villose ; leaves lance-linear, 
 serrulate at the apex : stipules connate, subu- 
 late at the apex : spikes villose, oval-cylindric : 
 teetli of the calyx setaceous, longer than the 
 corol. Grows in dry pastures or barren fields. 
 
 stolonifemm (buffalo clover. Western part of the 
 state of New- York. w. J. i.) sending off suck- 
 ers from the base of the stem : leaves obovate, 
 
TRIPOLI I M. 469 
 
 Unequally serrate on the sides, and toothed at 
 the end : teeth of the calyx narrow-lanceolate 
 or subulate, longer than the tube : florets large* 
 in a head-form spike. This description 1 drew 
 from a dried specimen in the herbarium ot* 
 Dr. T. R. Beck ; being unable to procure any 
 other. 
 
 isylvairicum (P. r. J. %.) ascending : stem 
 very branching, zigzag : leafets oval-ovate, ob- 
 tuse, entire : stipules awned : spikes ovate- 
 cylindric, dense, solitary: lower tooth of the 
 ealvx shorter than the tube of the rorol. Pursh 
 s, tliis is known by the name of Buffalo clo- 
 ver. This is one of the many instances, where P. 
 makes bis popular remarks at random. Want 
 of fidelity, as Mr. Nuttall calls it. has induced 
 many to speak contemptuously of Pursh's flora. 
 This fault is, to be sure, a great objection to his 
 remarks at the end of some species. But after 
 all, take his book as it is, it affords more aid in 
 determining North American plants, than all 
 otiier works extant. •• J'ustitia fiat," &c. 
 
 "eHexum (P. r. J. 2/.) procumbent, pubescent : 
 leaves obovate : stipules oblique, cordate : 
 heads many-flowered ; flowers pedicelled, at 
 length all reflexed : legumes about 3-seeded. 
 
 procumbens (hop clover. P. y. J. ©.) procumbent: 
 stem hairy : leafets obovate, submarginate, 
 glabrous : stipules short, lanceolate, acute : 
 spikes oval, imbricate : banner deflcxed, fur- 
 rowed, permanent. 
 
 '■ampestre (C I*, y. C2>.) spite ovate, imbricate: 
 banner Reflected, permanent : leafets lance- 
 ovate, middle one petiolcd : stem subdiffuse ; 
 branches decumbent. 
 
 agrarium (P. y. J. C.) erect, subpubescent ; 
 leafets lance-wedgeform, obtuse, middle one 
 sessile : stipules lanceolate, acute : spikes 
 oval, imbricate : banner defiexed, permanent : 
 teeth of the calyx subulate, glabrous, unequal. 
 
 pp 
 
470 Till FOLIUM, TRILLIUM. 
 
 Tri folium, see Meli lotus. 
 Triglochix, 53. 
 
 marliimum (arrow-grass. Y. H, g. Ju. %.) cap- 
 sules short, ovate, furrowed, 6-celled, rounded 
 at the base : leaves semieylindric : root tuber- 
 ous. Grows plentiful, about 12 or 14 inches 
 high, in the salt meadows about New-Haven . 
 
 pulu'stre (Onondaga salt springs, g. Ju. 1|.) tri- 
 androus : capsules linear, tapering to the base, 
 3 -celled, smooth ; stigmas erect : leaves radi- 
 cal, 2-ranked, sheathing, linear, channelled, 
 smooth : roots fibrous. About 6 inches high. 
 
 iriandrum (Can. P.) triandrous : flowers 3-clcft, 
 short-pedicelled : capsules roundish-triangu- 
 lar : leaves subsetaceous, almost as tali as the 
 spike or scape. 
 
 Trigoxella, 80. 
 
 fomum-graecum (funegreek. E. ®.) legumes ses- 
 sile, solitary, strait, erectish, subfalcate, acu- 
 minate : stem erect : leaves wedge-oblong. 
 
 Trillium, 52. 
 
 ereclum (wake-robin. W. A. X. P. p-w. M. %.) 
 peduncles erect or erectish, with the flowers a 
 little nodding : petals oval, acuminate, spread- 
 ing, equalling the calyx: leaves rhomboid, acu- 
 minate, sessile : peduncle about 3 inches long. 
 Yar. atropnrpureum, petals large, dark purple. 
 Var. album, petals smaller, white : germ red. 
 12 to IS inches high. Leaves often 3 or 4 
 inches broad. 
 
 cernuum (nodding wake-robin. Y. H. C. P. g. & 
 w. M. 11 .) peduncles recurved, shortish : pe- 
 tals lanceolate, reflexed, the size and form of 
 
TRILLIUM, TR10STEUM. 4:1 
 
 the calyx-leaves : leaves rhomboid, abruptly 
 acuminate, very shoii petioled. About Bait' 
 1 he size of the hist species. Petals dull brown- 
 ish white, striped with green, 
 
 pictum (smiling wake-robin, W. C. P. w. & r. 
 M. %.) peduncles erect ish : petals lance-ovate, 
 acuminate, recurved, almost twice as long as 
 the narrow-leaf calyx : leaves ovate, acumin- 
 ate, rounded at the base, abruptly petioled. — 
 \ ery abundant in moderately dry woods north 
 of Williams College. An elegant species. 
 
 pendulum (P. w. Mu %.) peduncles erect, with the 
 flower a little nodding: petals ovate, acumin- 
 ate, spreading, longer than the calyx : leaves 
 rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. Smaller than 
 the erectum, germ reddish, anthers and styles 
 yellow, flower dull white, I took this descrip- 
 tion from Smith. He says Pttrsh has given 
 the characters of the erectum for this species. 
 Bat I never saw the pendulum. 
 
 gramMjlorum (P, w. M. if.) peduncles a little 
 curved and the flowers a little nodding: petals 
 lance-spatulate, erect at the base, limb spread- 
 ing, much larger than the calyx : leaves* broad 
 rhomb-ovate. Berries dark purple. 
 tile (P. p. M. if.) flowers sessile, erect ; pet- 
 als lanceolate, erect, twice as long as the calyx : 
 leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 
 
 ■piimitum (dwarf wake-robin. P. r. M. 71.) pedun- 
 cles erect : petals scarcely longer than the 
 i-dyx : leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile. 
 
 Triosteum, 41. 
 
 perfoliatum (fever-root, horse-ginseng. 0. p. J. if. 
 oval, acuminate, connate : flowers ses- 
 sile, whorled. 52 to 4 feet high ; berries purple 
 or yellow. Very valuable as a cathartic and 
 emetic. See ftigelow's Medical Botany and 
 Barton's Vegetable Mat I edica. 
 
472 TRITICUM, TUBERCULARIA. 
 Tsiticum, 31. 
 
 hyhemum (winter wheat. E.J. % .) calyx-glume 
 4-flowered, tumid, even, imbricate, abrupt, 
 with ashort compressed point : stipule jagged : 
 corols of the upper florets somewhat bearded. 
 There are several varieties of this species, 
 which are induced by culture. 
 
 aestivum (summer wheat. E.J. ®.) calyx 4-flow- 
 ered, tumid, smooth, imbricated, awned. — - 
 Smith says this may be a variety of the last. 
 
 compositum (egyptian wheat. E.) spike com? 
 pound ; spikelets crowded, awned. 
 
 repens (wheat-grass, couch-grass. O. J. %.) calyx 
 acuminate, many-nerved, 5-flowered 5 flowers 
 jointed : leaves flat : root creeping. 
 
 TfioLiiius, ST. 
 
 laxus (globe-flower. C P. y. M. % .) petals S, 
 obtuse, spreading : nectaries shorter than the 
 stamens. T. americanus. Petals always, per- 
 haps, 5, obovate : capsules short, abrupt, 
 crowded with the elongated style. 
 
 Tropaeolum, 55. 
 
 majus (nasturtion, indian cress. E. y. & r. Ju. 
 0. 2/.) leaves peltate, sub-repand : petals ob- 
 tuse, some of them fringed. 
 
 TuBERCULARIA, 119. 
 
 vulgaris (tubercle fungus. P.) aggregate or scat- 
 tered, bright red, ridgy or wrinkled, with a 
 thick pale base. 
 
 rosea (P.) scattered, loose, irregularly globose, 
 rose-coloured. Bright pink little masses, which 
 dissolve in rainy weather. This Smith gives 
 as its best distinction from some lichens* 
 
TULIPA, TYPHA* 
 
 TtLiPA, 50. 
 
 iveolens (sweet tulip. E. M. %.) small : stem 
 1 -flowered, pubescent : flower erect : petals ob- 
 tuse, glabrous : leaves lanre-ovate. 
 gesneriana (common tulip. E. M. TJ.) stem 1 -flow- 
 ered, glabrous ; flower various-coloured, erect : 
 petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves lam novate. 
 
 TCRRITIS, 74. 
 
 lirsuta (tower mustard. (). w. M. p- or V-) leaves 
 all hispid ; cauline ones clasping : siliqw 
 angled. Pursh describes a variety, probably. 
 of this species, he calls it ovuta, pubescent ; 
 radical leaves petioled, ovate, toothed, obtuse $ 
 cauline ones clasping, oblong, serrate acute. 
 laevigata (P. w. M. (v\ or %.) leaves glabrous ; 
 radical ones obovate, serrate ; cauline one* 
 lance-linear, entire, clasping. About 12 inch- 
 es high. 
 
 Tussilago, 86. 
 
 far a (colt's foot. W. A. P. N. y. Ap. 11 .) scape 
 single-flowered, scaly : leaves cordate, angular, 
 toothed, downy beneath. The flower appears 
 long before the leaves. 
 fripda (mountain colt's foot. New-Hampshire* 
 Vermont, y. M. T£.) scape many-flowered, co- 
 rymbed, bracted : leaves triangular, cordate* 
 with deep triangular teeth, downy beneath. 
 
 Typha, 91. 
 
 atifolia (cat-tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. If.) lea 1 
 linear, flat, slightly convex beneath : stamin- 
 ate and pistillate aments close together. 
 angustifulia (P. Ju. 71.) leaves linear, channelled, 
 semicylindric below and flatfish above i sta- 
 minate and pistillate aments a little separated, 
 Not so large as the last species. 
 Pp 2 
 
4~4 ULEX, ULVAi 
 
 U. 
 
 UiEX, 78. 
 
 europeus (furze. E. M. \i .) leaves lance-Iinear> 
 villose : bracts ovate lax $ branchlets erect. 
 
 Ulmus, 44. 
 
 amcricana (elm, white elm. O. g-p. Ap. h>) 
 branches smooth : leaves oblique at the base, 
 having acuminate serratures a little hooking : 
 flowers pedicelled : fruit fringed with dense 
 down. A very large durable tree, with the 
 branches gradually spreading, when it grows in 
 open fields, so as to form a fan-form top. Var» 
 pendula, has hanging branches and smoothish 
 leaves. Raiinesque says this is a distinct spe- 
 cies. See Florida Ludoviciana, page 115. 
 fulva (slippery elm, red elm. O. Ap. k •) branch- 
 es scabrous, whitish : leaves ovate-oblong, acu- 
 minate, nearly equal at the base, unequally ser- 
 rate, pubescent both sides^ very scabrous : buds 
 tomentose with very dense yellowish wool ; 
 flowers sessile. May always be known by 
 chewing the bark, which is very mucilaginous. 
 
 ncmoralis (river elm, grove elm, New-England, 
 Ap. h leaves oblong, smoothish, equally ser- 
 rate, nearly equal at the base : flowers sessile. 
 
 Ulva, 110. 
 
 Remark. The species examined by Muhlen«v 
 
 berg are all membranaceous. 
 
 purpurea (glue-seaweed. P.) lance-oblong, flat* 
 margin entire, undulate. 
 
 lactuca (P.) several fronds from the same base, 
 distinct, oblong, flat, somewhat undulate, ta- 
 pering below, dilated upwards, torn. 
 
ULVA, UREDO. 
 
 lubrica (P.) crowded, in tufts, oblong, convolute, 
 inflected, undulate, rugged, intersecting or an- 
 astomosing, very thin, lubricous. 
 
 intcstinalis (P.) tubular, simple, green. 
 
 compressa (P.) tubular, branched, compressed, 
 
 Uxiola, 32. 
 
 paniculata (sea rush-grass. P. Ju. 11.) panicle 
 long; spikelets subsessile : calyx man\-valv- 
 ed : lowers glabrous on the keel : lea\ es con- 
 volute : culm very tall. On the sea-shore. 
 
 latifolia (P. J. %.) panicle lax : spikelets all long- 
 pedicelled : calyx 3-valved : flowers monan- 
 «rous, subfalcate, hairy on the keel : (eaves 
 broad, flat. 
 
 spicata (C. Ju. If .} flowers in a thyrse : spikelets 
 approximate, close-pressed, about 6-flowered, 
 awidess : leaves convolute-subulate, rigid, al- 
 ternate, pointing 2-ways ; culm erect, glabrous. 
 Festuca distichiphylla. 
 
 Uraspermum, see Myrrhib. 
 
 Urceoxarja, 114. 
 
 pamjrga (pitcher-shield lichen. P.) effuse, granu- 
 lar-warty, pure white : warts clustered, bear- 
 ing shields which are glaucous-mealy, with 
 convex entire margins. 
 
 hryophylla (P.) effuse, tatarous, wrinkly-plaited, 
 granular, uneven, greyish ; with a slightly 
 lobed leafy circumference : shields glaucous- 
 black, with a flattish disk and nearly distmct 
 margin. 
 
 Uredo, 118. 
 
 frumenti (blight, grain-rust. O. J. 0.) linear, ° 1j - 
 long, black brown, growing from undertime cu- 
 
47G UREDO, URTICA. 
 
 tide of culms through the pores. See Sir 
 Joseph Bank's essay on blight, with a plate 
 by F. Bauer. 
 
 jtava (yellow rust. O. J. ®.) globular, yellow, 
 growing from under the cuticle of leaves and 
 stems which have a thickish soft cellular integ- 
 ument. It often occurs on the stems of elder 
 and swamp- willowherb. 
 
 segetum (smut. O.) black, powdery, in the spike- 
 lets of grasses. Is not this rather a morbid 
 swelling, and final disintegration of parts I 
 
 Urtjca, 92. . 
 
 dioica (common nettle. O. J. %J) leaves opposite, 
 cordate, lance-ovate, coarsely serrate, flowers 
 dioecious : spikes panicled, glomerate, in pairs, 
 longer than the petioles* 
 
 procera (O. Ju. %,) leaves opposite, cordate, 
 lance-ovate, serrate ; petioles ciliate : flowers 
 dioecious : spikes somewhat branched, glom- 
 erate in pairs, equalling the petiole. Not so 
 common as the last ; which if examined before 
 full maturity, may be mistaken for this. 
 
 gracilis (N. Can. Au. if.-.) leaves opposite, lance- 
 ovate, nakedish ; leaves and petioles hispid: 
 racemes in pairs*. Pursh says this and the 
 last species are the same. Perhaps they are ; 
 but if so, the gracilis at Northampton, is a very 
 slender and delicate variety. 
 
 drvaricaia (O. Ju, 2/.) leaves alternate, broad- 
 ovate, acuminate, serrate, smoothish ; petioles 
 long, ciliate : panicles axillary, solitary, spread- 
 subpalmate, very branching, longer than the 
 petiole (in maturity) stem furnished with stings. 
 
 jmmila (stingless nettle. O. Ju. t£.) leaves oppo- 
 site, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate ; low- 
 er petioles as long as the leaves : flowers mo- 
 noecious, triandrous ; in corymbed heads, 
 shorter than the petioles. Stem smooth anc! 
 
URTICA. 477 
 
 shining ; when in deep shades the stem is pel- 
 lucid. Adesia trincrva. Raf. 
 urtfiJ (dwarf stinger. N. A. P. II. J. £).) leaves 
 opposite, oval, about 5-nerved, sharply serrate : 
 spikes glomerate, in pairs. 
 camtata (C. P. Can. J. %.) leaves alternate^ 
 heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 5- nerved, 
 twice as long as the petiole : glomerules spik- 
 ed ; the spikes are solitary, shorter than the 
 leaves, leafy above : stem naked. 
 canadensis (canada nettle. O. Ju. 11.) leaves al- 
 ternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, hispid 
 both sides : panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, 
 spread-branched ; the lower staminate ones 
 longer than the petioles, upper pistillate ones 
 elongated : stem covered with stings. 5 to 6 
 feet high. 
 whitlowi (albany hemp. A. An. %.) stem simple, 
 terete, and sub-glabrous at the base ; towards 
 the top it is 5 to 8 -grooved, and covered with 
 reversed stings : leaves serrate, punctate (with 
 deep green specks or spots) acuminate, long- 
 petioled,. alternate ;. lower ones broad-oval, 
 witli the base wedge form ; uppermost ones 
 nearly opposite, heart-ovate : " panicles pe- 
 duncled ; staminate ones axillary dichotomous, 
 longer than the petioles ; pistillate ones termi- 
 nal : capsules orbicular-compressed, mucro- 
 nate M : root tuberous-fusiform, often with tu- 
 berous blanches nearly at right angles. Stem 
 5 or 6 feet high. 
 
 Dr. Muhlenberg examined this plant and named 
 it in honor of its discoverer, Mr, Charles Whit- 
 low ; whose opinion, that it may be advantageous- 
 ly cultivated as a substitute for hemp* seems to 
 be confirmed by the observations of McKinzie. 
 Dr. Withering also observed, long ago, that he 
 had no doubt some species of the nettle might be 
 used as a substitute tor flax. 
 
4:8 URTICA, USNEA. 
 
 Several botanists consider the whitlow! as a 
 variety of the canadensis. I have therefore 
 been particular to give a full description; which I 
 took from several living specraiens on an island 
 near Albany, and compared it with those cultivat- 
 ed in Mr. G. Webster's garden. That part of the 
 description relating to the fructification, I trans- 
 lated from Dr. Muhlenberg's description: 
 
 Whether it is a distinct species or only a vari- 
 ety, will not affect the Question of its usefulness. 
 And it is to be hoped, that agriculturalists will 
 make more extensive experiments. 
 
 Usxea, 116. 
 
 anguhifa (flat-stem tree-moss. O.) stem angled, 
 flattisb, naked ; whole frond greenish-blue : 
 orbs of the colour of the frond. Very strong 
 and woody. I do not know that this* is Muh- 
 lenberg's angulata, But as I can find no des- 
 cription of this common Usnea, found every 
 where on trees, I have described it under this 
 name. Perhaps it maybe a pistillate lie 
 of a described species, 
 
 jlorida (spreading-tree moss. 0.) erect, cylindric, 
 rough, greenish-grey, with horizontal fibres : 
 branches scat" omewhat fasti gi ate, near- 
 
 ly simple : orbs , large, greenish- 
 
 white, radiated v, lateral warts or 
 
 knobs, palish ydicv;, 
 
 pJicata (long tree-moss. Y. Catskill Mi P. Ware 
 (Mass.) and on m [tains, on ever- 
 
 green trees.) palish, filamentous, hanging 
 down 6 to £0 inches long, cyiindrie, branched, 
 entangled : orbs greenish-white, edged with 
 radiating fibres : lateral knobs yellowish. 
 
 hirtus ( P.) greenish-grey : branches tapering, 
 crowded, fibrellous, rough-mealy : orbs minute, 
 white, radiate : knobs pale reddish-yellow. 
 
 strigotus (P.) branches scattered, short, rigid,* 
 
USNEA, CTRIOULARIA. 479 
 
 every where much crowded : orbs very broad, 
 pale flesh-colour, slightl) Lobed, tooth-rayed. 
 
 (P.) ver ider, filamentous* cylin- 
 dric, diffuse, pale-white : filaments capillary, 
 branched, fibres mostly inclining one-way: 
 orbs pale-white, with a thin, inflated, naked, 
 cntii'e margin. 
 
 Utbicclari \. 26. 
 
 vulgaris (bladder-wort. O. y. J. 3/.) spur-neci 
 ry conic, upper lip of the length of the palate, 
 reflexed to the sides : scape strait, few-nower- 
 cd. Scape generally proceeding from the junc- 
 tion of several horizontal branches, which lie 
 in the mud or float on the surface of water. 
 The leaves are capillary, generally bearing 
 small bladders. 
 
 cornuta (leafless bladder-wort P. Can. Pluinfield, 
 Mass. y. Ju. %.) spur-nectary subulate, 
 lengthened out longer than the core], nearly 
 vertical, acute : lower lip of the enrol broad, 
 3-lobed : scape with L 2 nearly sessile flowers at 
 the top : no leaves at the base. In the marsh 
 on Crooked lake, Pluinfield (Mass) it grows so 
 plentifully as to give the lake the appearance 
 of being bordered with yellow. I saw thou- 
 sands there still in flower in September. 
 
 sacchata (C. P. p. Au. (v .) scape i to 3-flowcred : 
 lower lip of the corol 3-lobed, lateral lobes 
 cowled on the under side : palate large and pro- 
 minent : spur-nectary compressed, keeled, sub- 
 acuminate, close-pressed to the corol, which is 
 upside down and covers the spur with its reflex- 
 ed margins : upper lip almost round. This 
 species was discovered by Mr. Le Contc. 
 But Nuttall says, it is the purpurea of Walter. 
 
 gibba (New Jersey, y. Ju.) spur-nectary gibbous : 
 divisions of the corol rounded : scape general- 
 ly 1 -flowered. Aery small. 
 
480 UTRICULARIA, UVULAMA. 
 
 subulata (Can. P. New Jersey, y. Ju. Q .) spur- 
 nectary obtuse, shorter than the under lip : 
 scape about 2-flowered. Flowers small. 
 
 sctacea (C. New Jersey. P. y/J.) leafless ; scape 
 minute, terete, slenderly setaceous, 2 or 3-flow- 
 -ered, rooting ; flowers on longish peduncles : 
 spur-nectary longish. It appears that Mr. Le 
 Conte sometimes found 6 or 7 flowers on a 
 scape .5 and Mr. Elliott says the lower lip of 
 the calyx is sube marinate. Pursh says this is 
 the subulata ; but Nuttall says it cannot possi- 
 bly be that. 
 
 minor (New Jersey, y. Au. X'.) spur-nectary gib= 
 bous, keeled : throat of the corol open. Flow- 
 ers small. 
 
 zeratophylla (C. y. Ju.) leaves at the base of the 
 scape cylindric, capillary, divided, branched at 
 the extremities : scape producing 6 to 10-flow- 
 ered racemes : lower lip of the corol with 3 re- 
 cuse lobes : spur compressed. The largest of 
 the species. 
 
 UvtXARIA, 51. 
 
 I'm Capsules 3-cornered ; stigmas reflexed, 
 
 perfoliate (bell wort O. y, M. *U.) leaves perfoli- 
 ate, oval, obtuse (lance linear or oval-oblong, 
 in the young state) corol bell-liliaceous, scab- 
 rous or granular within : anthers cuspidate. 
 
 sessilifolia (O. y. M. %.) leaves sessile, lance- 
 oval, becoming glaucous beneath : petals flat, 
 smooth within : capsule stiped (raised above 
 the receptacle on a little stem) : stem glabrous. 
 
 lanceolata (P. Can. y. J. it.) leaves perfoliate, 
 oblong, acute ; petals smooth within : anthers 
 obtusish : nectaries roundish. Flowers large. 
 U. grandiflora. 
 
 Jlava( New- Jersey, y. M. %.) leaves perfoliate, 
 oval-oblong, obtuse, undulate at the base : co- 
 
UVULAMA, VACCINIUM. 481 
 
 rol tapering to the base, scabrous within : an- 
 thers cuspidate. Is not this description drawn 
 from the LF. perfoliate; which was gathered in 
 the earliest state of flowering ? Excepting the 
 tapering base of the coral, I am sure we can 
 always find all parts of this description in the 
 U. perforata, for several days after the flow- 
 ers begin to expand ; and I can hardly find it 
 excluded by basi attenuata. 
 
 -. Capsules suhglobose ; stigmas \cry short 
 
 tnnplexi folia ("Can. P. g-w. M. If.) leaves clasp- 
 ing : pedicels solitary, twisted -geniculate in 
 the middle. Streptopus distortus. 
 
 rosea (W. Can. P.p. M- 11 .) leaves clasping, 
 scrrulate-ciliate : anthers shorty 2-horned. Ve- 
 ry abundant in a deep ravine west of Williams 
 College. It is from 12 to 18 inches higb, with 
 purple flowers speckled with deeper purple. 
 
 lanuginosa (P. y-g. J. 71.) whitish-woolly: leaves 
 sessile, subcordate at the base, acuminate ; pe- 
 dicels in pairs, meeting upon a short general 
 pedicel. Flowers large, berries red. 
 
 y. 
 
 Vaccixiitm, 57. 
 
 Remark. President Smith remarks upon the 
 removing of this genus to the 10th class in a 
 way, which strongly implies his disapprobation. 
 E[e says Pursh removed it; not recollecting at 
 the moment that Persoon removed it about ten 
 years before Pursh wrote. There arc about 25 
 species in North America, not one of them oc- 
 tandrous ; and barely three octandrous species in 
 Europe. Ought we therefore to make our 25 spe- 
 cies into anomalies, on account of the European 
 species? I presume Dr. Smith would not object to 
 
432 VACCINIUM, 
 
 faking off the Oxycoccus genus, should he become 
 
 acquainted with all our species of the old genus 
 
 Vaccinium, growing in their native wilds. See 
 
 Rees* Cvclopoedia. 
 
 siamineum (squaw whortleberry. O. w. M. h 
 leaves oval, acute, entire, glaucous beneath : 
 pedicels solitary, axillary, filiform : corol 
 .spreading bejl-form ^divisions oblong, acute : 
 anthers exsert, awned on the back : berry 
 pear-form. About 2 or 3 feet high. Var. al- 
 bum, has the nerves and veins of the leaves 
 hairy and the berry globose. Pursh makes 
 this variety a distinct species ; but Smith says 
 it can hardly be called a variety. Berries of 
 this species are large and light green, when 
 ripe ; very soft and juicy within, with a tough 
 skin. 
 
 Aumosum (bush whortleberry. C. P. w. J. ^.) 
 branchlets, leaves and racemes a little hispid, 
 bedewed with resinous specks ; the leaves ob* 
 long-obovate, acute at the base, mucronate, en- 
 tire, both sides coloured alike : racemes bracted, 
 pedicels short, axillary, subsolitary, 2-bracted 
 near the middle : corol bell-form, divisions 
 roundish, including the anthers. 
 
 f rondos um (blue whortleberry, P. A. W. w, 
 M. h leaves oblong-obovate, obtusish, en- 
 tire, glabrous,glaucous beneath, bedewed with 
 many resinous dots • racemes lax, bracted ; ped- 
 icels long, filiform, bracted ; the bracts linear : 
 corol ovate-bellform, With acute divisions, and 
 enclosing the anthers. Yar. Umceolatum, hav- 
 ing lanceolate leaves acute at both ends. About 
 3 feet high, berries large and blue. 
 
 resinosum (black whortleberry. O. p. M. b .) 
 leaves slender, petioled, oblong-oval, mostly ob- 
 tuse, entire, bedewed with resinous specks be- 
 neath : racemes lateral, one-sided ; pedicels 
 short, somewhat bracted : corol ovate -conic, 5- 
 cornered. 1 to 4 feet high ; berries black. 
 Much taller in woods than in open fields^ 
 
VACCINLTM. 488 
 
 Govymbosum (giant whortleberry. O. w. M. k .) 
 flower-bearing branchleta almost leafless : 
 leaves oblong-ova), acute at both ends, mucron- 
 ate, subentire ; subtomentose beneath and hai- 
 ry both sides when young, but glabrous ahove 
 and a little hairy at the veins beneath when 
 mature ; racemes short, sessile, with scaly 
 bracts: corols cylindrir -ovate : calyx erect: 
 style somewhat exsert In wet ground, it 
 j^rows very large ij near Albany it grows 12 
 leet high and 2 or 3 inches in diameter. Ber- 
 ries black. Var. amotnum, has the style not 
 exsert, and the racemes are crowded, corol 
 cylindric and the calyx reflexed. The twigs 
 are reddish, flowers large with a reddish tinge. 
 Var. "nrgatum, has the leaves a little serrulate, 
 glabrous, racemes corymbed, corol cylindric 
 with the throat closely pressed together, divis- 
 ions very short, calyx reflexed and style not 
 exsert. Flowers reddish. Vstr. fuscatum, has 
 the leaves a little serrulate, glabrous, corymbed 
 racemes terminal, pedicels long and nodding, 
 corol cylindric with short erect divisions, style 
 hardly exsert. Flowers striped with red, calyx 
 brown. Pursh and others make these varieties 
 distinct species. J>ut 1 have followed Dr. 
 Smith, who, after critically examining Pursh, 
 Michaux and others, and comparing the spe- 
 cimens, has judged them to be but varieties. 
 
 ligustrinum, (prim whortleberry. P. p. M. J?.) 
 branches angled : leaves subsessile, erect, 
 lanceolate, mucronate, serrulate, veiny, hairy : 
 fascicles nearly sessile in sessile tufts : corol ob- 
 long-ovate. Veins of the leaves often purplish; 
 berries black. 
 
 Icnellum (dwarf whortleberry. P. Whitehills. r- 
 W. M. T? ). branches angled, green : leaves 
 sessile, lance-ovate, mucronate, serrulate, shin- 
 ing both sides ; flowers in crowded, mostly 
 sessile fascicles : corols ovate. 
 gaultker'wides (wintcrgreen whortleberry, White- 
 
484 VACCINIUM, VARIOLARIA. 
 
 hills. Ju. h .) prostrate : leaves obovate, en* 
 tire : flowers subsolitary : berries oblong, 
 crowned with the style, very small. A. new 
 species discovered byBigelow and Boot. 
 vitis-idaea (bilberry. Can. New-England, w-r-' 
 M. h •) low ; stem creeping, branchlets erect : 
 leaves obovate, emarginate, involute, subserru- 
 late, shining above, punctate beneath : racemes 
 terminal, nodding : corol bell-cylindric. Some- 
 times tetandrous. 
 
 Vaccinium, see Oxycoccus. 
 
 Valeriana, 27"o. 
 
 phu (valerian. E. %) cauline leaves pinnate/'rad- 
 ical ones undivided : stem smooth. 
 
 Valeriana, sec Fedia. 
 
 Yallisneria, 07. 
 
 spiralis (tape grass. Y. Fishkill (New- York) F» 
 Au. 21 .) leaves floating, linear, obtuse, serru- 
 late at the summit, tapering to the base : pe- 
 duncle of the pistillate flower long and spiral, j 
 of the staminate, short and erect. Var. amer- 
 icana, when in shallow water has the pistil- 
 late peduncle erect. But as this variety has a 
 spiral peduncle in deep water, perhaps it is not 
 even a variety. 
 
 Variolaria, 112. 
 
 faginea (bitter small-pox lichen. O.) crust cartil- 
 aginous, rugged, polished, greyish, bordered 
 with brown : receptacles prominent, hemis- 
 pheric, mealy, very white ; with a pale flat- 
 tish, and at length naked disk. Very bitter * 
 little alter chewing.it. 
 
VARIOLARI\, VEttBASCUM. 485 
 
 (liscoidca (flat-cup lichen. 1'.) crust cartilaginous, 
 cracked, .somewhat rugged; polished, grevish,- 
 bordered with In-own ; at length powdery. 
 Receptacles ilattish. mealy, very white, at 
 length concave, depressed, with a dilated torn 
 border. Very white on old trees in wet weath- 
 er. No proper receptacle has been found of a 
 different colour from the frond. This is one of 
 the genera, which Sprengel considers as only 
 the rudiments of other genera, in an immature 
 state, 
 
 Varatrcm, 52. 
 
 ide (itch-weed, indian poke, white hellebore. 
 O. g. J. %.) flowers in terminal racemed-pani • 
 cles ; bracts of the branches lance-oblong, the 
 bract of the flowers longer than the subpubes- 
 cent peduncles : leaves broad-ovate, plaited, 
 many-nerved. Useful in rheumatisms ami 
 many cutaneous eruptions. Doct. Cutler says, 
 crows may be destroyed by boiling indian corn 
 in a decoction of this plant, and strewing it in 
 corn fields. 
 
 um (blazing star. P. Connecticut, y-w. M.y .) 
 flowers in a simple raceme : leaves sessile, nar- 
 row-lanceolate : root bulbous. I have seen a 
 dried specimen of this species from some part 
 of Connecticut ; but I do not at this moment 
 recollect from what town. 
 
 Verba scum, 39. 
 
 '■hupsus (mullein. O. y. J. % .) leaves decurrent, 
 ilowny both sides : stem generally simple, tho* 
 sometimes branched above : flowers in a cylin- 
 dric spike. When botanists are so infatuated 
 with wild theory, as to tell us the mullein was 
 introduced, they give our youngest pupils oc» 
 casion to sneer at their teachers. 
 
486 VERBASCUM, VERBESINA* 
 
 blattaria (sleek-mullein. A. N..C. P. w-y. J. % ,) 
 leaves glabrous, tooth-serrate ; lower ones ob- 
 long-obovate, upper ones heart-ovate, clasping : 
 pedicels solitary, 1 -flowered. This description 
 differs widely from that givert by Pursh. But 
 it agrees with scores which I have examined 
 about Albany and Troy. 
 
 lychnitis (P- r. w. J. % .) leaves ovate, acute, cre- 
 nate, white-downy beneath : spikes lax, later- 
 al and terminal. 
 
 Verbena, 68* 
 
 hastata (vervain, simpler r s joy. O. p. w. Ju. % .y 
 erect, tall : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, gash- 
 serrate, lower ones sometimes gash- hastate : 
 spikes linear, panicled, subimbricate. Var.pin- 
 natifida, has the leaves gash-pinnatifid, coarse- 
 ly toothed. 
 
 urtitifolia (nettle-leaf vervain. (J. w. Ju. 1(.) 
 erect, subpubescent : leaves ovate, acute, ser- 
 rate, petioled : spikes filiform, with flowers a 
 little separate, axillary and terminal. Both of 
 these species grow from 3 to 5 feet high. Gen- 
 erally about garden fences and old fields. 
 
 angustifolia (pigmy vervain. Y. C. P. b J. 11,) 
 low, erect : leaves lance-linear, tapering to the 
 base, thinly serrate, with channelled veins : 
 spikes filiform, solitary, terminal or axillary. 
 About a foot high, in the dry fields about New 
 Haven. 
 
 spuria (C. Y. P. b. Ju. %. % .) stem decumbent, 
 with spreading branches : leaves in many-cleft 
 divisions : spikes filiform : bracts exceeding 
 the calyx. Very abundant 7 or 8 miles about 
 New Haven. 
 
 Verbesina, 87. 
 
 sigesbeckia (crown-beard. P. y. Ju. 2/.) sten) 
 
VERBESINA, VERONICA. 4&7 
 
 winged : leaves opposite, lance ovate* acumi- 
 nate at both ends, sharply seriate : panicle 
 brachiate : flowers in fascicles on the ends of the 
 branches. 
 virginica (P. w. Ju. %.) stem narrow-willed : 
 leaves alternate, broad -lanceolate, subserrate : 
 corymb compound : calyx oblong, pubescent. 
 Ray florets 3 or 4. 
 
 Vernonia, 83. 
 
 noveloracensis (flat-top. O. p. Au. %.) tall : 
 leaves thick-set, lanceolate, serrate, rough : 
 corymb fastigiate : scales of the calyx filiform 
 at the apex. 4 or 5 feet high. 
 
 praealta (C. New England. P. r. Au. 11.) stem 
 tall, angled, thickly pubescent : leaves thick- 
 set, lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent be- 
 neath : corymb fastigiate : scales of the calyx 
 ovate, acute, awnless. 
 
 Veronica, 26. 
 
 officinalis (speedwell. A. Y. C. P. b. M. 2-'.) 
 spikes lateral, peduncled : leaves opposite, ob- 
 ovate, hairy : stem procumbent, rough haired. 
 
 serjyyllifolia (Paul's botany, smooth speedwell. O. 
 b. JNI. %.) racemes terminal, subspiked : 
 leaves ovate, glabrous, crenate. Stem 4 to 6 
 inches long. 
 
 heccabunga (brookline. W. N. A. P. b. J. 1£.) ra- 
 cemes lateral : leaves ovate, flat : stem creep- 
 ing. Stem 8 to 15 inches long. Flowers 
 large. 
 
 anagallis (brook pimpernel. C. A. Can. P. b. J. 
 % .) racemes lateral : leaves lanceolate, ser- 
 rate : stem erect. 
 
 scutellata (scull-cap speedwell. Y. A. W. N. b. J. 
 %.) racemes lateral, alternate 5 pedicels pen- 
 dant ; leaves lunce-linear. 
 
438 VERONICA, VEXILLARIa. 
 
 arvensls (wall speedwell. W. C. P. w-b. M. ©.) 
 flowers solitary, nearly sessile : leaves ovate, 
 serrate ; floral ones lanceolate, entire : stem, 
 erect, seeds flat. 4 to 6 inches high. 
 
 perigrina (purslane-speedwell. W. C. P. A. w. M. 
 (2>.) flowers sessile, leaves glabrous, lance-li- 
 near, toothed and entire, obtuse, lower ones op- 
 posite : stem erect. 
 
 agrestis (field speedwell. C. P. b. M. ©.) flow- 
 ers solitary : leaves ovate, serrate, shorter 
 than the petioles : stem procumbent : segments 
 of the calyx ovate. The stem is terete, .hairy* 
 5 to 10 inches long. 
 
 hcderifblia (ivy speedwell. C. w-b. Mv 0.) flow- 
 ers solitary : leaves cordate, flat, 5-lobed : 
 segments of the calyx cordate, acute : seeds- 
 wrinkled. 
 
 Veronica, see Callistachia. 
 
 Verrucaria, 113. 
 
 Khraieri (mite lichen. P e ) crust tartarous, hard* 
 whitish, smooth: receptacles minute, crowd- 
 ed, nearly globular, navelled, sunk, semitrans- 
 parent within. Often on limestone, or other 
 wrought stones in burying grounds, &c. scarce- 
 ly visible. 
 
 stigmateUa (P.) very thin? membranous, smooth, 
 rather polished, greyish v tubercles minute, 
 convex, warty, black. 
 
 mtida (P.) effuse, cartilaginous membrane, 
 smooth, pale green : tubercles crowded, hem- 
 ispheric, becoming. bluish-black at the top, 
 shining, warty, at length navelled. 
 
 Vexillaria, 80. 
 
 drgwiana (butterfly -weed. P. b. Ju. %.) leaves 
 ternate. ovate: calyx 5 -parted, longer than 
 
VEXILLARIA, VIBURNUM. 489 
 
 the bracts ; its divisions subulate, incurved, di- 
 verging: legumes subensiform. 
 mariana (P. w-b. Jiu Z.'.) leaves tcniate : calyx 
 much larger than the lance-linear bracts, ob- 
 long-tubular, 5-cleft : legume torulose on the- 
 convex sides : seeds glutinous. 
 
 Viburnum, 47. 
 
 »pulus (guelder-rose, snow-ball. E. w. J. k •) 
 leaves S-lobed, sbarp-toothed ; petioles gland- 
 ular, smooth : flowers in compact cymes, sur- 
 rounded with radiating florets. Var. roseum % 
 has the whole cyme made up of radiating flor- 
 ets. 
 
 tiims (laurestine. E. r-w. ^ .) leaves ovate, entire, 
 with tufts of hair in the axils of the veins be- 
 neath : flowers in smooth cymes. 
 
 oxycoccits (high cranberry. A. W. Y. P. r-w. J. 
 h .) leaves 3-lobed, acute at the base, axils of 
 the veins hairy beneath, 3-nerved ; lobes long- 
 acuminate, with a few-scattering teeth ; peti- 
 oles glandular, grooved above : cymes rayed. 
 5 to 8 feet high. Fruit resembles the low 
 cranberry, red and very acid. Grows plenti- 
 fully in various parts of Columbia county, New- 
 York. V. opuloides, Muhl. 
 
 kniago (sheep-berry. 0. w. J. 1? .) glabrous : 
 leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, hook-serrate : 
 petioles margined, undulate : cymes sessile. — 
 8 to 15 feet high. The branches when full 
 gl*owii often form a fastigiate top. Berries 
 black, oval and sweetish, pleasant-tasted j 
 somewhat mucilaginous. 
 
 iantunoides (hobble-bush, tangle-legs. O. w. M. 
 J}.) leaves broad, round-cordate, abruptly 
 acuminate, unerpially serrate ; petioles and 
 nerves furnished with powdery rusty down : 
 cymes sessile : fruit ovate. Stem very flexi^ 
 
490 VIBURNUM. 
 
 ble and crooked, about 5 or 7 feet long; some- 
 times much longer. 
 
 acerifplium (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. 0» 
 V-. J. \ .) leaves heart-ovate* or 3-lobed, acu- 
 minate, sharp-serrate, pubescent beneath : 
 cymes long-pcduncled. Stem very flexible, 
 leaves broad and sab membranous. The oldest 
 Dutch settlers in Columbia county, New-York, 
 inform us, that the Indians in that vicinity 
 considered the external application of the 
 leaves of the dockmackie as a sovereign 
 remedy in every kind of inflammatory tumour; 
 and that they have ever since adopted this 
 practice with success. 
 
 dentatum (arrow-wood. A. N. C. w. M. \ .) 
 smoothish : leaves roundish and ovate, acute , 
 tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous both 
 sides :^ cyme peduncled : fruit sub globular. 
 Berries blue. About 4 to 6 feet high. 
 
 pyrifolium (W. N. P. w. Ju. k glabrous : 
 leaves ovate,- acutish, subserrate ; petioles 
 smooth : fruit oblong-ovate : cymes subpedun- 
 cled. Berries dark-coloured. 
 
 prunifolium (N. $Vw^ J. J?.) glabrous : branches 
 spreading : leaves roundish, crenate-serrate ; 
 petioles smooth : cymes sessile : fruit round. 
 
 malum (C. P. Can. w. M. h .) very glabrous : 
 leaves oval, subentire, margin revolute ; peti- 
 oles smooth : cymes peduncled and without 
 bracts. Berries black. 
 
 pubescens (C. w. J. h pubescent : leaves round- 
 oval, acuminate^ tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, 
 downy-villose beneath : cymes peduncled r 
 fruit oblong. Small bush. 
 
 ed,ule (Can. 1*. w. Ju. \ .) leaves 3-lobed, obtus* 
 ish at the base, 3-nerved ; lobes very short, 
 tooth-serrate, with acuminate serratures ; pe- 
 tioles glandular : cymes radiate. Small and 
 upright. 
 
VICIA. 4«t 
 
 Yicia, 79. 
 
 faba (garden bean, Windsor bean. E. w, & black. 
 J. 0.) stem many-flowered, erect, strong : 
 legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous : lcafets 
 oval, acute, entire; stipules sagittate, toothed 
 at the base. From Persia. This is very dif- 
 ferent from the beans most commonly cultivat- 
 ed in our gardens, under the names pole-beau 
 and bush-bean. They belong to the genus Pha- 
 seolus. ' 
 
 pusilla (creeping vetch. Y C. b-w. J.) peduncles 
 solitary? 1 -flowered, capillary : stipules semisa- 
 gittate (that is arrow-form on one side) entire : 
 leafets somewhat in sixes, lance-linear, obtus- 
 ish : legumes small, oblong, glabrous. 
 
 mitchltla (mitchhTs vetch. C: b. p. Ju.) peduncles 
 many-flowered : leafets in about 7 pairs, re- 
 tuse-mucronate : legume 2-seeded. Raf. See 
 Pisum maritimum. 
 
 amcricana (C. P. p. M. 2/.) peduncles somewhat 
 many-flowered, shorter than the leaves : sti- 
 pules semi-sagittate, toothed : leafets 8 to 12, 
 lance-oval, obtuse, glabrous. 
 
 safiva (tare. C. W. A. P. b-p. Ju. 0.) flowers in 
 pairs, subscssile : stipules toothed, marked 
 with dots : leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucro- 
 nate : legumes erect, linear-terete, glabrous. 
 Perhaps it may have been introduced ; but it 
 is now very common in all parts of Berkshire 
 county, Mass. 
 
 cracca (Can. P. b. S. 11.) spikes many flowered, 
 imbricate backwards, larger than the leaves : 
 stipules semi-sagittate, Linear-subulate, entire : 
 leafets numerous, lance-oblong, pubescent. 
 
 carolimana (P. w. M. -J.) peduncles many-flow- 
 ered ; flowers distant : stipules lance-ovate, 
 entire : leafets 8 to 10, lancc-ov ah smoothish : 
 stem glabrous. The banner of the flower is 
 tipped with black. 
 
492 VILLARSIA, VIOLA. 
 
 VlIXARSIA, 38. 
 
 lacunnsa (spur-stem, floating heart. Plainfield* 
 Mass. C. P. w, Ju. %.) leaves heart-reniform 
 (or shortish heart-form) sub -peltate, lacunose 
 Beneath, floating : petioles bearing the flowers : 
 corol glabrous, Menyanthes trachysperma. 
 Grows in great abundance in Crooked lake in 
 Plainfield. The peduncles proceed from the 
 .side of the petioles, under water a little below 
 the leaf, and ascend raising the flowers through 
 the sinus at the base of the leaf. Opposite to 
 the origin of the petioles, proceed several spurs 
 about an inch long. I visited the lake in Sep- 
 tember (1817) and the flowers were still in 
 perfect bloom ; as well as of the Hydropel- 
 tis purpurea and Utricularia cornuta, all of 
 which flower in July. This lake is about 
 three thousand feet higher than the tide waters 
 at Albany. 
 
 Vixca, 40. 
 
 minor (periwinkle. P ? E ? b. Ap. \ .") stem pro- 
 cumbent : leaves lance-oval, smooth at the 
 edges : flowers petioled : teeth of the calyx 
 lanceolate. 
 
 Viola, 42. 
 
 1. Stemless ; leaves all radical and the flowers on 
 
 scapes, 
 
 odorata (sweet violet. E. b. M. %.) scyons creep- 
 ing : leaves cordate, crenate, smoothish : 
 calyx obtuse : two lateral petals with a beard- 
 ed or hairy line. Cultivated in gardens. 
 
 pedata (birdfoot violet. Y. H. C. P. A. b M. V.) 
 leaves many-parted-pedatc ; divisions lance- 
 
VIOLA. 493 
 
 linear, subcntirc : divisions of the calyx linear, 
 acute. 
 
 imlmata (hand violet. Y. C. P. A. 1>. M. %.) pu- 
 h< scent : leaves cordate, hastate -lobed, or pal- 
 mate ; divisions toothed : divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate, glabrous : 2 opposite petals bearded 
 at the base. Var. asarijotia, leaves suh-reni- 
 form. Muhl. makes this a distinct species ; 
 but Nuttall calls it a variety. 
 *ittata (arrow violet. II. P. C, b. Ap. %.} 
 pubescent : leaves oblong, acute, heart-sagit- 
 tate, subserrate, gashed at the base : scapes 
 longer than the leaves : divisions of the calyx 
 linear, glabrous : three lower petals bearded 
 at the base. Lower petal white towards the 
 bottom with purple veins ; the rest longer, nar- 
 rower, and whiter towards the base. 
 
 dentata (toothed violet. P. b. M. ~H.) glabrous: 
 leaves oblong, acute, truncate at; the base, ser- 
 rate, coarsely toothed or hastate below : scapes 
 shorter than the leaves : divisions of the calyx 
 linear : Three lower petals bearded at the base. 
 
 lanceolata (spear violet. Y. C. P. H. w. Ap. %.) 
 glabrous : leaves lanceolate, subserrate : scape 
 scarcely longer than the leaves : petals beard- 
 less ; 2 upper ones roundish and painted with 
 purple veins. Small. Grows in wet places, 
 as on the margin of Beaver pond, New-llavcn. 
 
 hlanda (smooth violet. H. W. A. C.Y.N. P. y-w. 
 M. 2J. .) glabrous : leaves cordate, acutish, flat - 
 lish, remotely serrate : scapes of the length of 
 the leaves : petals beardless, the 2 lateral ones 
 shorter, the lower one Ian eolate and longer 
 than the rest. Lower petal marked with blue 
 stripes. 
 
 ebliqua (twisted-wing violet. A. W. P. w-p. M. 
 %.) glabrous : leaves cordate, acute, crcnate- 
 serrate, flattish : llowers erect ; scapes of the 
 length of the leaves : petals twisted a little in- 
 to an oblique position, lateral ones narrower 
 
 Rr 
 
494 VIOLA. 
 
 and longer, bearded below the middle. Flotv- 
 rrs with purple and yellow veins. 
 
 primulifolia (primrose-leaf violet. C. Y. A. P. H. 
 N. w-b. Ap. X .) pubescent : leaves ovate, sub- 
 cordate, crenate ; petioles margined : calyx 
 eiliate, long : petals all obovate, 2 lateral ones 
 bearded. 
 
 cucullata (common blue violet. O. b. M. 11 .) gla- 
 brous : leaves cordate, glabrous, serrate, cowl- 
 ed (or rolled in at the base) scapes of the 
 length of the petioles : petals bent obliquely, 
 lateral ones bearded. Petals all whitish at the 
 base. 
 
 sororia (bearded violet. W. P. b. M. 1(.) leaves 
 cordate, crenate-serrate, obtuse, pubescent : 
 scapes shorter than the leaves : petals oblong, 
 the lower one bearded at the base, and veined. 
 
 papUionncea (butterfly violet. A. P. b. M. %.) 
 leaves heart-triangular, acute, crenate, some- 
 what cowled, smoothish : scapes of the length 
 of the leaves : petals obovate ; 3 lower ones 
 bearded below the middle, converging ; 2 up- 
 per ones reflexed. Beard yellow. Nuttall 
 considers this as a variety of the V. cucullata. 
 
 rotundifolia (ground violet. W. C. P. y. Ap. If..) 
 smoothish : leaves round-cordate (when ma- 
 ture) obtusisb, crenate-serrate.— -the sinus at 
 the base closed and serratures glandular : [sci- 
 ons flower-bearing, Pursh] petals linear, scarce- 
 ly longer than the calyx. The leaves lie very 
 close to the ground. V. clandestina, Pursh. 
 
 2. Having a stem ; more or less of the leaves can- 
 line. 
 
 tricolor (garden violet, heart's ease, pansy. E. 
 p. y. b-p. M. 1£.) stem angular, diffuse, divid- 
 ed : leaves oblong, deeply crenate : stipules ly- 
 rate-pinnatifid. 
 
 canadensis (woods violet. 0> b, & w. J. %?) smooth- 
 
VIOLA. 495 
 
 l.sh : leaves subcordatc, acuminate, serrate : 
 peduncles of the length of the leaves: stipules 
 short, entire. Sometimes 6 or 8 inches high* 
 in damp woods. 
 
 striata (striped violet. W. P. Catskill Mt. w-p. M. 
 V.) glabrous : leaves cordate, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, flattish : peduncles very long : stipules 
 lanceolate, serrate-ciiiate. 
 
 debilis (weak-stem violet. A. P. b. M. %.) glab- 
 rous : leaves heart-rcniform, short-acuminate, 
 crenate, cowled at the base : peduncles twice 
 as long as the leaves : stipules serrate-ciiiate. 
 Flowers small. 
 
 rostrata (beaked violet. W. A. P, b. M. %.) glab- 
 rous : leaves cordate, acute, serrate : pedun- 
 cles twice as long as the leaves : stipules lance- 
 olate, serrate-ciiiate : spur longer than the co- 
 rol, extending into a beak. 
 
 pubescens (yellow woods-violet. O. y. M. ^.) vil- 
 lose-pubcscent : stem erect, leafy towards and 
 at the top : leaves broad-cordate : stipules ob- 
 long, serrate at the apex. Varies much in its 
 height. Usually 6 or 8 inches high ; but I 
 have seen it 20 inches high. Dr. Solon Smith 
 showed me a specimen about 4 feet high, which 
 he found in New-Hampshire. 
 
 hastata (halbcrt violet. P. y. M. %.) glabrous : 
 stem simple, leafy above : leaves hastate, short 
 petioled : stipules minute, denticulate. 
 
 concolor (green violet. P. w-g. J. 7£.) strait, erect : 
 leaves broad-lanceolate, entire : stipules lance- 
 linear, entire : peduncles axillary, in pairs, 
 short. About 20 inches high, flowers small. 
 
 bicolor (two coloured violet. P. C. w. p. M. 0.) 
 subpubescent : stem angled, simple : lower 
 leaves round spatulate ; subdentate ; upper 
 ones lanceolate, entire ; stipules comb-tooth 
 pinnatifid : calyx acute, about half as long as the 
 corol. 
 
496 VIOLA, VITIS. 
 
 tenella (slender violet. New- Jersey, w.) lower 
 leaves opposite, roundish, minute ; upper ones 
 sub-alternate* oblong, obtuse ; ,all glabrous en- 
 tire : peduncles longer than the leaves. Flow- 
 ers small, solitary, with capillary peduncles. 
 arvensis (field violet. P. w. Ap. (£}.) stem angled, 
 grooved ; leaves lance-ovate, serrate ; sti- 
 pules gashed at the base : calyx hairy a little 
 longer than thecorol. Petals white, the lower 
 one spotted with yellow. Smith sets this down 
 under V. tricolor as one of its varieties. 
 Remark. Nuttall says, that all the North 
 American species of violet (excepting V. conco- 
 lor) after their blooming season is over, still con- 
 tinue to produce flowers without petals, through 
 the rest of the summer* 
 
 Tiscum, 99* 
 
 album (misseltoe, P. g-w. J. £ .) leaves lanceo- 
 late, obtuse : stem dichotomous : flowers 5 to- 
 gether, in terminal sessile heads. On the branch- 
 es of old trees. Leaves an inch long, thick and 
 leathery. This, Smith says, is the golden 
 bough of Virgil, and the sacred plant of the 
 
 Druids, 
 
 Vitis, 41. 
 
 ■vinifera (wine grape. E. J. k leaves sinuate-lob - 
 eii, naked or downy. 
 Remark. All the North American species of 
 
 grape are polygamous or dioecious. 
 
 labnisca (plum grape. A. Y. C. H. P. w-g. J. J? .) 
 leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, white-downy 
 beneath : fertile racemes small : berries (blue, 
 flesh-colour and green) large. Var. labruscou 
 des (fox grape) has smaller fruit, approaching 
 a tart taste. 
 
 aestivalis (summer grape. C. P. w-g. J. b0^ eavC5 
 
VITIS, WOODWARDIA. 497 
 
 broad-cordate, 3 to 5-lobed ; in the young state 
 rust downy beneath ; fertile racemes oblnn, 
 berry small. 
 
 cordifocia (frost grape. O. w-g. J. T? .") leaves 
 cordate, acuminate, gash-toothed, glabrous 
 both sides : racemes lax, many-flowered : ber- 
 ries small. Var. vulpiua, leaves very varia- 
 ble ; but the uppermost mature leaves will 
 agree with the description. 
 
 rinaria (odoriferous grape. C. P. w-g. M. *? .) 
 leaves unequally gash-toothed, shortly 3 -cleft, 
 pubescent on the petioles, nerves and margins. 
 
 VMS. see Ampelopsis. 
 
 VlTTARIA, 102. 
 
 llneata (ribbon fern. P. It.) frond linear very 
 long, pendant : fruit-dots solitary within the 
 margin. 
 
 W. 
 
 "Wood si a, 104. 
 
 hyperborea (flower-cup fern. Can. P. Ju. %.) 
 Irond pinnate ; leafets 3 -parted, or gash-pin- 
 natifid, wedgeform, obtuse, toothed, rough- 
 haired beneath : fruit-dots solitary, at length 
 confluent. Small, hi tufts. 
 
 dvensi* (N ? Can. P. Ju. 11 .) frond bipinnatifid ; 
 divisions oblong, obtuse, lower ones repand, 
 upper ones entire, rough-haired beneath : fruit- 
 dots sub marginal, at length confluent : stipe 
 villose above. Small. 
 
 WOODWARDIA, 103. 
 
 aiizustifolia (kidney-fern. C. Au. 1/.) barren 
 frond pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, repand 
 Rr 2 
 
498 WOODWARDIA, XYLOSTECM. 
 
 slenderly serrulate : fruit-bearing frond pin- 
 nate : leafets entire, acute, linear. About a 
 foot high. W. onocleoides. 
 virginicd (C. Ju. %) frond very glabrous, pin- 
 nate ; leafets sessile, lanceolate, pinnatifid ; di- 
 visions oblong, obtuse, cranulate, fertile ones 
 elongated : stipe glabrous, terete. About a 
 foot high. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xaxtiiium, 93. 
 
 strumarium (clott-burr. N. Y. C. H. Au. ©.) 
 stem unarmed, branching : leaves cordate, 
 lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the base : 
 fruit oval, pubescent, with stiff hooked bristles. 
 Has a little the habit of a burdock. 
 
 orientate (C. Q.) stem unarmed : leaves wedge- 
 ovate : fruit in strobiles. Here Pursh is expe- 
 rimenting upon our patience again. He has 
 removed this genus to the class Syngenesia. 
 
 Xeropkylixm, 52. 
 
 ietifoUum. This species is described under the 
 ilelonias asphodcloidcs. But Nuttail thinks it 
 ought to be placed here. 
 
 Xylostettm, 40. 
 
 dum (fly -honeysuckle, twin-berry. O. w-y. M. 
 \i .) berries distinct : leaves ovate and subcor- 
 date, margin ciliate, in the young state villose 
 beneath : corol a little gibbous or calcarate at 
 the base, tube ventricose above, divisions short, 
 acute : style exsert 
 solonis (swamp twin-berry. W. New Hampshire. 
 y. M. >2 .) berries united in one, nut distinct: 
 two flowers situated on one germ : leaves ob- 
 
XYLOSTEUM, XYRIS. 499 
 
 Jong-ovate, villosc. Berries dark purple. — 
 Found first by Dr. Solon Smith (1815) at the 
 foot of Whitehills. In 1 8 1 r found by Profes 
 Dewey and Tutor Bascom, one mile cast of 
 Williams College, in a swamp. It is a small 
 shrub, not exceeding 2 feet high. 
 Remark. Dr. Bigelow thinks I his may be the 
 "cillosum of Mx. But I cannot believe that 
 Michaux would have omitted the most impor- 
 tant character of the species, the united berry, if 
 tliis were his plant. Besides, the place of growth 
 given by Mx. is very different from this, as well 
 as the colour of the fruit. 
 
 Xtlostkoma, 119. 
 
 gisanteum (punk, oak-leather. O.) fibres paral- 
 lel, the whole fungus filling the interstices be- 
 tween the cleaveages of decaying wood. I have 
 attentively compared our punk with a coloured 
 drawing of the European species, and find it 
 the same. This drawing may be seen in a 
 splendid anonymous work of 3 vols. 8vo. de- 
 signed as an illustration of the Linncan system, 
 published about 3 years ago in London. 
 
 Xyris, 28. 
 
 anceps (yellow-eyed grass. Y. H. P. y. Au. If.) 
 leaves linear, obtusish : scape spread and 2- 
 edged near the top : scales of the head round- 
 ish. 6 to 10 inches high. Grows on the mar- 
 gin of the Beaver pond, New-Haven. X. car- 
 oliniana. Pursh. 
 
 brevifoiia (C. P. y. Au. %.) leaves sword-subu- 
 late : scape tcretish : head globose. 
 Jlexuosa (C. y.) leaves grassy, long : scape and 
 leaves twisted, zigzag : head globose, scales 
 roundish obtuse. Perhaps tliis description 
 not accurate. 
 
500 ZANTHQRHIZA, ZIGADENUS, 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zanthorhiza, 49, 
 
 apiifolia (parsley yellowroot. P. p. Ap. h .) flow- 
 ers panicled : leaves compound, subpinnate, a 
 little sheathing at the base. 
 
 Zanthoxtlum, 99. 
 
 fraxineum (prickly ash, tooth-aclie bush. O. g-w. 
 M. h prickly : leaves pinnate ; leafets lance- 
 oval, subentire, sessile, equal at the base ; com- 
 mon petiole unarmed : umbels axillary. I 
 have examined this plant in various parts of 
 New-England and of New- York, without ever 
 being able to find the staminate plant. 
 
 Zapaxia, 71, 
 
 iioiliflora (fog-fruit. P. w. Ju. % .) leaves wedge- 
 obovate, serrate above : spikes head-conic, soli- 
 tary, long-ped uncled : stem creeping. 
 
 lanceolata (P. w. Ju, i£.) leaves lance-linear, 
 sharply serrate : spikes head-conic, solitary, 
 long-pcduncled : stem creeping. 
 
 Zea, 91. 
 
 mays (indian corn. O. y-g. Ju. 0.) leaves lance- 
 linear, entire, keeled. Var. precox (dwarf 
 corn) stem low : seeds mostly 8-rowed. 
 
 ZlGADENUS, 52. 
 
 "laberrimus (zigadene. P. w. J. if.) scape leafy : 
 bracts ovate, acuminate : petals acuminate : 
 leaves long, recurved, channelled, 
 
ZINNIA, ZIZANIA. 501 
 
 Zinnia, 85. 
 
 inultijlora (P. r. S. 0.) leaves opposite, lance- 
 ovate, subpetioled : flowers pcduuclcil. Per- 
 haps not a native of North America. NuttaU. 
 
 ZlZANIA, 93. 
 
 clavulosa (water-oats, wild-rice. C. P. S. O0 
 
 f>anicle pyramid-form ; staminate flowers bc- 
 ow, spreading ; pistillate flowers above, spik- 
 ed : appendages to the flowers clavate, awncd, 
 long; seed long, cylindric, becoming black. 
 JJuitaiis (Lake Champlain. Pursh. Ju. it. small ; 
 cuhn slender, branching : leaves linear, flat ; 
 spikes solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-» 
 flowered : glumes awnless. 
 miliacea (P. Au. i|.) panicle effuse : glumes 
 short-awned : staminate and pistillate Sowers 
 intermixed : seed ovate, smooth. 
 
 End ov Pabt 1L 
 
top 
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 During the progress of this work, some new re- 
 marks have been made by my correspondents, 
 some thoughts have occurred, and several errors 
 have been detected, which I shall notice here. 
 
 But this addenda is more particularly necessa- 
 ry on another account. After 432 pages were 
 struck off, I received NuttalPs genera of North 
 American plants.-* On comparing his generic 
 characters and remarks, with those given in this 
 Manual, I found he had greatly improved them in 
 some of those natural assemblages, which are 
 always the most difficult. These improvements 
 will be found liero. 
 
 Nuttall is a strong advocate for some of those 
 innovations, which are not received by all botan- 
 ists. But he has arranged his genera very near- 
 
 * Every teacher of botany, who adopts this Manual, is ad- 
 vised to procure Nuttali's most excellent work on North 
 American genera. It will be found very useful in all cases 
 of doubt. His extensive notes and remarks, which are the 
 result of long experience and the most persevering industry, 
 will be found very instructive ; though they are mostly con- 
 fined to the southern and western states. While I am on the 
 subject of botanical works, I will t;>ke the liberty to recom- 
 mend two more cheap and very useful books. I mean the 
 Catalogues of the New-Haven and New-York plants ; both 
 of which will appear in a few weeks. Meny of the materi. 
 als of which the original part of this Manual is composed, 
 were derived from a manuscript copy of the New-York cata- 
 logue, obligingly furnished by Dr. John Torrey. It will 
 not be a naked list of plants ; but will contain many inter- 
 esting remarks, popular characters and localities ; also full- 
 length descriptions of the new species. 
 
 Those who wish to study the genera only of the Crypto- 
 gamous class, or both genera and species of ferns, will find 
 a very good system in this Manual. But those who wish to 
 study the species of fungi, lichens, mosses, liverworts and 
 algae, extensively, must wait for the works of Muhlenberg 
 and of Collins, which we hope will shortly appear* gee 
 preface, page 6. 
 
ADDITIONS and CORRECTIONS. 503 
 
 Jy upon Pcrsoon's plan, excepting that he has re- 
 jected the class Dodecandria.* 
 
 The following remarks will be made under an 
 alphabetical arrangement of the genera. The 
 reader is requested t6 prefix a cross [f) to each 
 genus or species in the body of tin* Manual which 
 is noticed here. Then during the investigation 
 of plants, it will appear by the occurrence of the 
 cross, that something further may he found, 
 by searching for the same genus, alphabetically, 
 in this addenda. 
 
 Agrostis, stolonifera (florin grass. E. Ju. 2/.) 
 panicle compact: culm creeping, branching: 
 flowers heaped together : glumes equal, lanceo- 
 late, pubescent. This grass was introduced 
 from Europe by Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer. 
 Now it is perfectly naturalized and grows in 
 great plenty near Albany. 
 Aira, oespitosa should be coespitosa. 
 Ammi. Improved from Nuttall — fruit oblong, 
 having a kind of bark, angular, ridges 5, ob- 
 tuse, with the intervals between the ridges 
 convex : involucre pinnatilid. 
 Angelica. Improved. General involucre none, 
 
 or caducous. 
 Arabis. Nuttall. Silique linear, mostly com- 
 pressed, crowded, with a subsessile stigma : 
 valves veined or nerved : seeds disposed in a 
 single series : calyx erect. 
 Aster, Hnarifoluis should be linar if alius. 
 Athyrium, aspleniodes should be asplenioides. 
 Balsamita, suavolens. should be suaveolens. 
 Bromus. Improved, Nuttall. Outer valves of 
 
 * He has distributed our genera of the 11th class, as fol- 
 lows : Asarum to class 19, order 13 (taking our method of 
 numbering classes and orders.) Hudsonia to 13. 1. Portu- 
 lacca to 13. 1. Lythrum to 12. 1. Decumaria to 12. 1. Ta- 
 linum to 13. 1. Cuphea to 12. 1. Agrimonia to 12. 2. Eu- 
 phorbia to 20 16. Esula [by the same rule would be] 20. 16. 
 and Reseda 13. 2—5. 
 
504 ADDITIONS and CORRECTIONS. 
 
 the corol often bifid at the point — interior < 
 glume pectinately ciliate. 
 
 Bunias, maritiiia should he edentula. 
 
 Caleistachia. Improved. Nuttall. Calyx 5- 
 parted, divisions acuminate-^capsule acumi- 
 nate. See Nuttall's genus Leptandra, which is 
 a synonym of this genus. M. Rafinesque had 
 constructed this genus and published it, before 
 Mr. Nuttall. And though this was no known to 
 M. N. still it is the legitimate name on account 
 of its being first published. See the New-York 
 monthly Magazine. 
 
 Centatj-rea acea should bejacea. 
 
 Chjmapiuea. Nuttall Calyx 5-toothed : pe- 
 tals 5 : style very short, immersed in the germ ; 
 stigma surrounded or edged around with a ring, 
 orbicular, with a 5-lobed disk : filaments with 
 broad ciliate bases :* capsules 5-celled, mar- 
 gins unconnected. 
 
 Cimicifuga. Nuttall. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved : 
 petals 4 to 8, deformed, thickish, sometimes 
 wanting : capsules 1 to 5, many-seeded : seeds 
 scaly. 
 
 Clematis, hexagona. I am now convinced, 
 that this is a very singular variety of the Atra- 
 gene americana, in which the numerous petals, 
 within the coloured calyx (or according to 
 Pursh, the spatulatc nectaries, alternating with 
 the petals, and the dilated outer filaments) were 
 nearly all cylindric and bearing perfect an- 
 thers. I have found some of this character, 
 while others were as described by Pursh, on 
 the same plant, this season. The reader will 
 please to prefix the cross to the Atrogene ame- 
 ricana also. 
 
 »»— — — — — ■ i —— — — — ~— — — — — — i i .I — — — ^— 
 
 * The reader is not to make Mr. Nuttall responsible for 
 what may be deemed unscientific, or not sufficiently technic- 
 al, in the language. For I depart from his language in all 
 cases where it is necessary, for the purpose of making the 
 language of this Manual uniform. 
 
ADDITIONS and COKRECTIONS. 
 
 Crataegus, punctata, erase P. and substitute 0. 
 mbidium, hiemtile, erase the xvords M in pairs," 
 and insert u solitary.'* Mr. Edwin James had 
 found this plant in abundance near Middiebury 
 College in Vermont, (where it is called putty 
 root) and about Albany. But could never make 
 it agree 'with any author's description ; as all 
 give it two radical leaves. Mr. Nuttall lias cor- 
 rected the error. See his Genera, vol. 2, p. 198. 
 "He has however separated from this genus, this 
 species, together with the coraUorhizum and 
 odontarhixum, and made 41 new genus, which he 
 calls Corallorhiza. 
 
 » > ynoglosum. Improved. Nuttall — throat of the 
 corol closed by 5 converging, convex, process- 
 es : stigma emarginate, 
 
 JSriocaclox, gnaphalioides (New-Jersey. Ju.2/.) 
 scape subcompressed, with 10 grooves : leaves 
 short, subulate-ensiform, glabrous : heads hem- 
 ispheric-convex : the involucre consists of shin- 
 ing, scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales. Late- 
 ly found in New-Jersey by Dr. Torrey, Here- 
 tofore found only in the Southern states. 
 
 Euoxymus. Improved. Nuttall— the base of 
 the calyx inside covered with a flat, peltate 
 disk : petals 5, spreading, inserted on tfie out* 
 side margin of the glandular disk. 
 
 Ferula. Improved. Nuttall — petals oblong : 
 seeds marked with 3 lines on the back : inter- 
 vals and seam (or the place where the seeds 
 unite, commissure) striate. 
 
 Festuca. Improved. Nuttall. — spikelets com- 
 pressed, two-ranked, acute at both ends : outer 
 valve of the corol entires — seed growing on the 
 corol. 
 
 Gaxium. sirictum should be strictum. 
 
 Geranium, diessctum, should be dissectum. 
 
 Glycirrhiza, afficinalis, should be qfflciualis, 
 
 Heracleum. Improved. Nuttall — fruit emar- 
 ginate at the top, seed with 3 lines, intervals 
 
 Ss 
 
2X6 ADDITIONS and CORRECTIONS 
 
 spotted or dotted half way down ; the joining 
 of the seed (commissure) flat, 2-dotted : involu- 
 cre none. Persoon says the involucre is 
 caducous. We rarely find the involucre ; but 
 I believe it is because it falls of, \Wiile the umbel 
 is unfolding. 
 
 Imperatoria. Improved. Nuttall — fruit emar- 
 ginate at the base, 3 ridges on the back of each 
 seed, obtuse, intervals flat, convex. 
 
 Ktxlixgia, The geuns, at page 28, should have 
 been placed under section D. at page 29. 
 
 Latiiyrus, siapulaceiis, should be stipulaceus, 
 Mr. E, James found this species this season 
 (1818) on Catskill Mt. . 
 
 Limnetis. Improved. Nuttall — flowers in uni- 
 lateral, or one-sided, spikes — seeds oblong, 
 compressed. 
 
 I/ycium, barbareum. This species varies into 
 the fifth class. 
 
 Lychnis. At page 60, strike out the word 
 u smooth," and add at the end — capsule with a 
 5-toothed opening. 
 
 Malaxis. Nuttall. Petals 5, narrower than the 
 lip, spreading or deflected : lip flattened, un- 
 divided, sessile (mostly situated behind) the col- 
 umn (including the style, &c.) lengthened and 
 somewhat straightened : rolls of pollen (pollin- 
 ia) 4, parallel, affixed to the summit of the 
 stigma. 
 
 Marrubium. Motherwort should be horehound. 
 
 AIariscus. The genus at page 29, should have 
 been placed under section D. at the bottom of 
 the same page. 
 
 Menyanthes. Improved. Nuttall — corol fun- 
 nel-form : border densely villose on the upper 
 side. 
 
 Micropetaltjm. [Make one cross and interline 
 this word on page 59, immediately over Peat- 
 tagynia ; and again on page 319, over Mika- 
 nia] calyx 5-leaved, spreading : petals 5, en- 
 
ADDITIONS and CORRECTIONS 50? 
 
 tire, minute or none : capsule ovate, 4 -valve;!. 
 Nuttall says this is a trifling genus, and ought to 
 be united to Stellaria. tancealatum (Catskill 
 Mt. P. Jn. %.) glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 
 
 narrowed at both ends : ll-iwers panicle*] : pe- 
 tals ovate, very short, graiiiincnm (C.J. V..) 
 very glabrous : leaves linear, erect ! panicle 
 terminal, lax : pedicels filiform : petals lanceo- 
 late, of the length of the calyx. 
 
 Myosotis. Improved, Nuttall — throat of the 
 corol closed with. 5 small convex, converging 
 scales. 
 
 Myrrhis, see Uraspcrmum further on. 
 
 Nymphaea. Improved, Nuttall and Tracy — 
 petals about equalling the calyx in length, in- 
 serted upon, or adhering to, the germ, beneath 
 the stamens. 
 
 Nuphar. At page 65 , about one third of the edi- 
 tion was struck off with Naphar instead of 
 Nuphar. 
 
 Oexothera, chrscsantha, page 332, should be 
 chrysantha. 
 
 Orobanciie. [Nuttall has divided this genus, so 
 that our three species are in separate genera. 
 I regret, that he had not rather left them as 
 they were, and given us an improved definition 
 of the old genus with his usual accuracy. I will 
 now attempt it from his remarks,] Improved. 
 Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, or 5-toothcd : corol more 
 or less ringent, or equally 5-cleft : capsule 
 ovate, acute, or oblique-truncate, 1 -celled, 2- 
 valved, many-seeded. Sometimes there is a 
 gland beneath the base of the germ ; when this 
 js wanting, the capsule is truncate and opens 
 only on one side. 
 
 Orontium, aquuticum- Erase floating arum and 
 insert, golden-club. 
 
 Panassia, alter to Pamassia. Page 349. 
 
 Primula, auricula, for auricula tulip, write auri- 
 cula primrose. 
 
509 ADDITIONS and CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Prunus serotina. Erase choke*berry and insert 
 choke-cherry. 
 
 Pyrola. Nuttall. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted : 
 petals 5, caducous : style exseYt : capsule 5- 
 celled, opening- at the angles near the base j 
 margins of the valves connected by entangled 
 down. The middle partitions of the capsule 
 Uniting with the coiumella : seeds very numer- 
 ous, minute, and partaking a little of the form 
 of a samara. 
 
 Salvia, sclava? should be sclara* 
 
 Scirpus. [Erroneously printed at page 29.] 
 Improved— style caducous This is its best 
 character by wbirh it is diatinguished from 
 Bbyneluwipora. For lit the latter some part of 
 the style remains permanent upon the seed* 
 
 8©i,idago, rauta, should be arguta* This error 
 extends through but part of the edition, 
 
 TsAiD^scAJrTiA. At page 48,, for heads- read 
 hairs* . 
 
 Titrritis. Nuttall. Silique elongated, 2-edg- 
 cd : valves nerved or keeled : seeds disposed 
 in two rows, or a double series. By this last 
 character it is best distinguished from Arobis^. 
 whose seeds are ail arranged in one series. 
 
 Uraspermum. [Prefix the cross, referring to 
 this, to Myrrhis, page 326 and 46.] Nuttall has 
 here added another name, to the many hereto- 
 fore given, intended, I presume, to include 
 the sweet cicily c Fruit sublinear, solid, acute- 
 angled^ tailed, and not striate ; angles a little 
 furrowed, hispid; the joining sides of the seeds - 
 furrowed 5 style subulate, permanent, termin* 
 ating the fruit. I am still altogether at a loss 
 respecting the two plants, which we call the 
 sweet cicily and poison cicily. 
 
 Veronica. Improved. Nuttall. Capsules ob- 
 cordate. This is a decisive character to dis- 
 tinguish this genus from the Callistachia. 
 Note, Several specific names ; which should 
 
ADDITIONS and CORRECTIONS. 509 
 
 begin with c, begin with c ; hut they may be rea- 
 dily corrected without being referred to. At the 
 foot of page 120 add, E. stands for exolu 
 
ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The plants described in this Manual are as 
 follows. Phenogamous genera 690. — Indigenous 
 species 1950. Exotic species'342. introduced from 
 the Southern states 22. Cryptogamous genera 100» 
 Species 476. Total species 2790. None have been 
 omitted (unless by mistake) which are known to 
 inhabit any part of the United States, north and 
 north-east of Virginia ; excepting rare exotics. 
 
 It is the intention of Messrs. Websters and 
 Skinners, always to keep on hand a supply of the 
 Manual, sufficient to answer all orders. The 
 science of Botany is continually receiving impor- 
 tant contributions from the original productions 
 of able Naturalists. Such works are becoming 
 very interesting and do honor to the American 
 character. A pocket book of reference, embrac. 
 ing the essence of these learned labors, is, per- 
 haps, indispensible. No pains will be spared to 
 add to the present contents of this Manual, the 
 results of future investigation, as fast as they ap- 
 pear. 
 
 Heretofore it seemed to be the opinion of most 
 Botanists, that enlarged descriptions of the plants 
 of such an extensive district, could not be includ- 
 ed in a book of this portable size. Now the book 
 is completed, it will be seen, that the descriptions 
 are, in most cases nearly as extensive as those of 
 Willdenow $ and far more extensive than those of 
 Persoon. 
 
oskdss 
 
 TO THE ENGLISH NAMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 ACACIA 
 
 Adam and Ev 
 Addermouth 
 
 Addertongue 
 Agave 
 Agrimony 
 Albany hemp 
 Alder 130,131 
 
 Alexanders 
 
 Allspice 
 
 Almond 
 
 All u in root 
 
 Aloe 
 
 Amaranth 
 
 Anemone 
 
 Angelica 
 
 Apple 
 
 Apricot 
 
 Arathusa 
 
 Arbor-vita* 
 
 Arbutus 
 
 Archangel 
 
 Arnic 
 
 Arrowgrass 
 
 Arrow-head 
 
 Arrow-wood 
 
 Artemisia 
 
 Artichoke 
 
 Arum 
 
 Ash 
 
 no 
 
 Page 
 
 403 
 
 e 234 
 
 313 
 
 242,333 
 
 126 
 
 126 
 
 477 
 
 ,209,S82, 
 
 398 
 
 441 
 
 184 
 
 134 
 
 270 
 
 129 
 
 132,261 
 
 137,138 
 
 138,141 
 
 1,228,389 
 
 145 
 
 143 
 
 464 
 
 238 
 
 138 
 
 145 
 
 470 
 
 412 
 
 490 
 
 146 
 
 224,267 
 
 147,336 
 
 250,451 
 
 Ashwort 
 Asparagus 
 Aspen 
 Asphodel 
 Aster 
 Auricula 
 A vens 
 Awl-cap moss 
 
 B. 
 
 206 
 150 
 375 
 150,328,466 
 177 
 382 
 258 
 262 
 
 Bachelor's button 261 
 Balm 210,31f 
 
 Balm-of-gilead 235,375 
 
 Balsam apple 
 
 322 
 
 Balsam poplar 
 
 375 
 
 Balsam tree 
 
 359 
 
 Balsam weed 
 
 282 
 
 Bane-berry 
 
 123 
 
 Barberry 
 
 172 
 
 Barley 
 
 274 
 
 Barn-grass 
 
 339 
 
 Basil 
 
 331,387 
 
 Basket-of-gold 
 
 131 
 
 Bass wood 
 
 465 
 
 Bay berry 
 
 326 
 
 Bead fungus 
 
 $23 
 
 Bead tree 
 
 317 
 
 Bean 259,355j 
 
 356,491 
 
 Bear berry 
 
 142 
 
 Beard grass 
 
 136,144 
 
 Beard throat 
 
 134 
 
 Beard tongue 
 
 353 
 
 Beaver tree 
 
 313 
 
012 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Bedstraw 253 
 
 Beech 247 
 
 Beech drops 323-24,336 
 Beehive 316 
 
 Beet 172 
 
 Beggarticks 173,174 
 Bell-flower 184,185 
 Bellwort 480 
 
 Bent grass 126 
 
 Betony 172 
 
 Bilberry 484 
 
 Bindweed 214,215,284 
 Birch 172,173 
 
 Birclsnest 325 
 
 Birthwort 144 
 
 Bis hop weed 134 
 
 Bitter lichen 484 
 
 Bitternut 288 
 
 Bittersweet 197,442 
 Blackberry 408 
 
 Black-flower 316 
 
 Black-snake root 205 
 Bladder-campion 221 
 Bladder-mouth 233 
 Bladdernut 457 
 
 Bladder senna 210 
 
 Bladderwort 479 
 
 Blazing star 485 
 
 Blessed thistle 199 
 
 Blight 475 
 
 Blite 175 
 
 Bloodroot 421 
 
 Blue-bottle 198 
 
 Blue-curls 467 
 
 Blue-eyed-grass 439 
 Blue-grass 363 
 
 Blue-hearts 181 
 
 Blue thistle 236 
 
 nog-rush 292,400,425 
 
 Boncsct .\!!\.°— 
 
 Borage 177 
 
 Bowman's root 456 
 Box 181,217 
 
 Box-flower 390 
 
 Brake 386 
 
 Bramble 440 
 
 Brier-herU 408 
 
 Brittle lichen 168 
 
 Brompton queens 202 
 
 Brompton stock 202 
 
 Brooklime 487 
 
 Brook-liverwort 314 
 
 Brookweed 420 
 Broom 255,453 
 
 Broom corn 452 
 
 Broom grass 179 
 
 Buckbean 318 
 Buckthorn 273,309 
 
 Buckwheat 37:2 
 
 Buffalo clover 468 
 
 Bugbane 205 
 Bugloss 134,171,236 
 
 Bullrush 427 
 
 Bunch flower 316 
 
 Burdock 142 
 
 Burnet 380 
 
 Burnet saxifrage 421 
 
 Burning bush 243 
 
 Burr-flower 277 
 
 Burr-marygold 174 
 
 Burr-reed "" 452 
 
 Bush clover 300 
 
 Bush trefoil 264 
 
 Butterfly weed 488 
 
 Button bush 199 
 
 Butternut 287 
 
 Button wood 363 
 
 C, 
 
 Cab I air; 
 
 •»♦> 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5iS 
 
 Calabash 222 
 
 Calomint 317 
 
 Camphor 216,295 
 
 Campion 126,221 
 
 Canary grass 355 
 
 Cancer root 336 
 
 Candy tuft 282 
 
 Cane 412 
 
 Canterberry bells 185 
 Caper 242 
 
 Caraway 181,182,196 
 Cardinal flower $95 
 Cardooti 2&4 
 
 Carnation 230 
 
 Carolina potato 815 
 Carpet weed 322 
 
 Carrot 228 
 
 Cased fungus 123 
 
 Cassia 196 
 
 Caster-oil plant 403 
 Catalpa 197 
 
 Catchfly 437 
 
 Caterpillar-fern 432 
 Caterpillars 432 
 
 Catmint 329 
 
 Catnep 329 
 
 Cat's eve 424 
 
 Cat-tail 473 
 
 Cedar 223,291,464 
 
 Celandine 202 
 
 Celery 140 
 
 Centaury, 198,199 
 
 204,368 
 Chaff-seed 425 
 
 Chamomile 139,177, 
 315 
 Charlock 397 
 
 Checker-berry 321 
 Cherry 217,358,383, 
 
 385,442 
 Cherville 201 
 
 Chesnut 124,197 
 
 Chess 179 
 
 Chick weed 131,134, 
 .183,199,27S,394,4ftl 
 Chick-wintergreen 468 
 
 China aster 158 
 
 Chinquapin i\)7 
 
 Choke-berry' 145 
 
 Choke-dog 224 
 Chrysanthemum 205 
 
 C icily 201, 
 Cinquefoil 378—380 
 
 Cives 130 
 
 Clary 4&0 
 
 Cleavers 283 
 
 Climbing fern 31 J. 
 
 Clott-burr A9Q 
 
 Cloud berry 409 
 
 Clover 468,469 
 
 Clown-heal 456 
 
 Club fungus 20r 
 
 Club moss 309 
 
 Club rush 314,425 
 Clump-head grass 567 
 
 Cockle l2d 
 
 Cock's crest 198 
 
 Cohosh 197,205 
 
 Colic-weed 218 
 
 Colt's foot 473 
 
 Columbine 140,141 
 
 Comfrey 460 
 
 Cone-flower 409 
 
 Coral-Ik he a 28G 
 
 Coral-root 224 
 
 Coriander 216 
 
 Costmary 170 
 
 Cotton 26C 
 
 Cotton grass 241 
 
 Cotton thistle 532 
 
 Cotton tree 376 
 Cotton wood 
 
514 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cowhage 234 
 
 Cowslip 183,184,234 
 Cow-wheat 3 1 6 
 
 Coxcomb 132 
 
 Crab apple 389 
 
 Cranberry 338,489 
 Creeping cercus 182 
 Creeping* moss 315 
 Crowberry 237 
 
 Crowfoot 394 to 397 
 Crownbeard 486 
 
 Crowneup 4.53 
 
 Crown imperial £50 
 Crust lichen 463 
 
 Cuckow-flower 186 
 Cucumber, 221,222, 
 315,317,436 
 Cucumber-tree 313 
 Culver's physic 183 
 Currant 400,401 
 
 Currant-leaf 321 
 
 Curve-hair moss 336 
 Custard apple 139, 376 
 Cut-grass 298 
 
 Cypress 
 
 203,223 
 
 D. 
 
 Daffodil 327 
 
 Daisy 172,243 
 
 Dandelion 292,299 
 
 Darnel grass 306 
 
 Day-flower 210 
 
 Day-lily 269 
 
 Dead-nettle 293 
 
 Decumary 229 
 
 Oeergrass 398 
 
 Dewberry 408 
 
 Dill 138 
 
 Dish-fungus 354 
 
 Dittany 223- 
 Dock 410,111 
 
 Dockmackie 490 
 
 Dodder 223 
 
 Dog-bane 140 
 
 D ogtail grass 236 
 
 Dogtooth violet 242 
 
 Dt)gweed 2 17 
 Dogwood 121,217,218 
 
 Double-tooth moss 232 
 
 Dragon 146 
 
 Dragoness-plant 234 
 
 Dragon-head 235 
 
 Dropseed grass 325 
 
 Duckmeat 298 
 
 Dust-leaf 135 
 
 Dyer's broom 255 
 
 Dyer's weed 397 
 
 E. 
 
 Earth moss 35.5 
 
 Efflorescent lichen 455 
 
 Egg-plant 442 
 Elder 192,420 
 
 Elecampane 2 S3 
 
 Elephant foot 236 
 
 Elm 474 
 
 Endive 205 
 
 Eye-bright 246 
 
 F. 
 
 False flax 464 
 
 False moss 290 
 
 Featherbeds 201 
 
 Feather-grass 459 
 Fennel 138,247 
 
 Fennel-flower 330 
 
 Fescue-grass 247 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5*15 
 
 Festoon pine 310 
 
 Fever- bush 295 
 
 Feverfew 204 
 
 Fever root 47 I 
 Fig 248 
 Figworl 433 
 Filbert 219 
 Fine-haired fern 230 
 Finger grass 
 Fir" 359 
 Fire weed 435 
 Fivcfmgcr 210,3f8,37$ 
 Flag 122,285.4 32 
 Flat-cup lichen 485 
 Flattop 487 
 Flax 140,304,464 
 Flaxseed 299 
 Flcabane 239 
 Floating daisy 
 Floating heart 492 
 Floating liverwort 402 
 Flower-cup fern 497 
 Flower-de-luce 284 
 Flowering fern 337 
 Flowering nettle 252 
 Flowering rush 424 
 Flowering winter- 
 green 368 
 Flowcr-of-an-hour 272 
 Fly honeysuckle 498 
 Fog-fruit 500 
 Follicle vine Z54 
 Fork chickweed 374 
 Fork-fern 122 
 Fork-moss 230 
 Fork-spike 1 37 
 Forkstems 403 
 Fothergill's bush 249 
 
 Four O'clock 320 
 
 Four tooth moss 461 
 
 Foxglove 2 32,257 
 
 Foxtail 131 
 
 Fringe-tree 204 
 
 Fritillary 
 
 Frog's sjnttlc 211 
 
 Frost plant 206 
 
 Fumitory 
 
 Funegreek 470 
 
 Fungus-lichen 182 
 
 Furze 474 
 
 G. 
 
 Galingalc 
 
 Gall-of-the-canh 
 
 Garden bean 
 
 Gallic 
 
 Gay feather 
 
 Gem-fruit 
 
 Gentian 255,256 
 
 Geranium 241 
 
 35 
 
 Germander 
 
 Gill-overground 
 
 Ginger 
 
 Ginseng 
 
 Glass wort 
 
 Globe-flower 
 
 Globe-thistle 
 
 Globule-fungus 
 
 Glue seaweed 
 
 Goat's beard 
 
 Goat's rue 
 
 Golden club 
 
 Golden rod 443, to 450 
 
 Golden thistle 
 
 Gold-of-p leas urc 
 
 Gold thread 
 
 Gooscberrv 401,402 
 
 451 
 491 
 130 
 
 : • 
 
 465 
 
 .285. 
 
 4 59 
 
 ,256, 
 
 1,352 
 
 461 
 
 259 
 
 148 
 
 339,471 
 
 414 
 
 472 
 
 2 :■ 6 
 
 453 
 474 
 466 
 
 -- yJ ~> 
 
 o r\ /* 
 
 JJO 
 
 432 
 325 
 216 
 
516 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Gourd 222 
 
 Grain rust * 475 
 
 Grape 134,496,497 
 
 Grape -fern 177 
 
 Grass-pink 224 
 
 Grass-weed 300 
 
 Greek valerian 368 
 Green brier 440 
 
 Green hair 211,212 
 Gromwell 305,333 
 
 Ground flower 368 
 
 Ground ivy 259 
 
 Groundnut 141,260, 
 339 
 Ground pine 309,386 
 Groundsel 166,435 
 
 Guelder rose 489,490 
 Guinea-hen flower 250 
 
 H. 
 
 Hackmatack 
 
 
 361 
 
 Hagberry 
 
 
 198 
 
 Hair-beard 
 
 
 162 
 
 Hair-cap moss, 
 
 
 474 
 
 Hair grass 
 
 
 128 
 
 Hair-mouth moss. 
 
 467 
 
 Hardhack 
 
 
 455 
 
 Hawksbeard 
 
 
 466 
 
 Hawkweed 
 
 140 
 
 tZ 1 At 
 
 Hazlenut 
 
 
 219 
 
 Heal-all 
 
 351 
 
 ,383 
 
 Heart's ease 
 
 
 494 
 
 Heart seed 
 
 
 186 
 
 Heart watershield 
 
 38 
 
 Heath 239,274,318 
 
 Hedgehog 198,314,315 
 
 Hedge hyssop 
 
 
 262 
 
 Hedge nettle 
 
 
 456 
 
 Hellebore 
 
 268,485 
 
 Helonias 269 
 
 Hemlock 205,212,360 
 Hemp 122,185,228,477 
 Hempweed 245 
 
 Henbane 277 
 
 Henbit 29 3 
 
 Herb robert £56 
 
 Hibiscus 271 
 
 Hickory 288 
 
 Hidden lichen 237 
 
 High cranberry 489 
 High-water shrub 2 
 Hobble bush 489 
 
 Hoffweed 133 
 
 Hofly 841,282 
 
 Hollyhock 131 
 
 Honesty 308 
 
 Hone wort 438 
 
 Honeycomb toad- 
 stool 175 
 Honey locust 259 
 Honey-suckle 165,166, 
 232,306,399 
 Honey wort, . 200 
 Hoodwort 433 
 Hoopash 198 
 Hop 275 
 Horehound 311,315 
 Hornbeam 195,337 
 Horned lichen 217 
 Hornwort 200 
 Horse balm 210 
 Horse ginseng 471 
 Horsetail 239 
 Hound tongue 225 
 Houseleek 434 
 Hyacinth 9.75 
 Hydrangea 274,276 
 Hygrometer moss 251 
 Hyssop 262,281 
 
INDEX. 
 
 6' 17 
 
 I. 
 
 Iceland lichen 200 
 Ice plant 319,43 i 
 
 Indian corn 500 
 
 Indian cress 472 
 
 Indian crass 136 
 
 Indian hemp 140 
 Indian mallows 436 
 
 Indian millet 45 2 
 
 Indian physic 456 
 
 Indian poke 485 
 
 Indian reed 206 
 
 Indian turnip 146 
 Indigo 134,283,367 
 
 Ink berry 382 
 
 Ipecac 456 
 
 Iris 285 
 
 Iron wood 337 
 
 Itchweed 485 
 
 Itea 286 
 Ivy 259,264,400 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacob's ladder 441 
 
 Jalap 215 
 
 Japan shrub 164 
 
 Jasmine 284,287 
 
 Jerusalem artichoke 
 
 7uXH 
 
 Jerusalem cherry 442 
 
 Jewel weed 28 * 
 
 Job's tear 210 
 
 Joe pye 245 
 
 John's wort 277,42; 
 
 Joint weed. 372 
 
 Jonquil 317 
 
 Judas tree 200 
 
 July -flower 200 
 
 Jimiper 291 
 
 K. 
 
 
 Kale 
 
 178 
 
 Ketmia 
 
 272 
 
 Kidney bean 
 
 355 
 
 Kidney fern 
 
 497 
 
 Kingspcar 
 
 150 
 
 Knawel 
 
 431 
 
 Knobbed lichen 458 
 Knotgrass 282,370 
 
 Knotweed 370,371,372 
 
 Ladies' flag 285 
 
 Ladies' slipper 227 
 Ladies' thumb 371 
 
 Laidcs' tresses 328, .? 9 
 Lamb lettuce 247 
 
 Larch 361 
 
 Larkspur 229 
 
 Latticed fungus 207 
 Laurel 292,313 
 
 Laurestine 489 
 
 Lavander 295,457 
 
 Leaf-cup 373 
 
 Leaf- flower 3 "3 
 
 Leafless moss 181 
 
 Leather 263 
 
 Leather flower 
 Leather leaf 135 
 
 Leather wood 23 3 
 
 Leek 129 
 
 Lemon 207 
 
 Leopard's banc, 34 
 
 Leprous lichen, 299 
 Lettered lichen 333 
 
 Lettuce 29^,381 
 
 Lichnidia 356,357 
 
 Lichnis 3 8 
 
 Life-everlasting 260> 
 Tt 
 
518 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Light hair 467 
 
 Lilac 460 
 
 Lily 133,302,330 
 
 Lily-ol'-thc -valley 2 i 3, 
 
 234 
 
 Lime a A)7 
 
 Lime-grass i'36 
 
 Limodore - : .03 
 
 Lindern 304 
 
 Lip-fern 201 
 
 Liquorice 254.260 
 
 Liveibrcvcr 434 
 
 Liverleaf SG9 
 
 Liverwort 139,314,402 
 Lizard tail 423 
 
 Locust 259,403, i04 
 
 Lolly bay 5262 
 
 Lomhardy pop! ar 37 6 
 Loosestrife 2 55,311 
 
 Lopsc-ed 358 
 
 Louscwori 350 
 
 Lovage so l 
 
 Love apple 44. 
 
 Love-lies-bleediiig 132 
 
 Low centaury 363 
 
 Lucerne medic 3 ! 5 
 
 Lungwort 33 7 
 
 Lupine 308 
 
 M. 
 
 Madder 
 
 407 
 
 Madeira-nut 
 
 237 
 
 IVjEadwort 
 
 131 
 
 .Magnolia 
 
 313 
 
 Maidenhair 
 
 123 
 
 Malabar-nut 
 
 292 
 
 Hallows 131, 
 
 271/^95, 
 
 296,313,314,327,436 
 
 Mandrake 367 
 
 Many-haired moss 466 
 Maple 121 
 
 Marestail 273 
 
 Marjoram 335 
 
 Marsh fivefinger 210 
 Marsh rosemary 457 
 Marsh tea 298 
 
 Mary gold 182,460 
 
 Mastcrwort 283 
 
 Matrimony 509 
 
 May apple 367 
 
 Mayweed 1 39 
 
 Meadow beauty 398 
 Meadow grass 131,3 63, 
 064,367 
 Meadow rue 462 
 
 Meadow sweet 455 
 Mechoacon 214 
 
 Medic k 315 
 
 Medlar 145,319 
 
 Melic grass 3 1 7 
 
 Mcfclot 317 
 
 Mercury 121,202 
 
 Mermaid 248, 
 
 Mezereon 228 
 
 Mignonette 397 
 
 Milfoil 226 
 
 Milk parsley 434 
 
 Milkwav plant 252 
 
 Milkweed 148,149 
 
 Milkwort 259,^68, 69 
 Mjllct 3 20,152 
 
 Millet grass 3 20 
 
 Mint 318,322,3 87 
 
 Misseltoe 496 
 
 Milhridate mustard 464 
 Mite lichen 488 
 
 Mitre wort 465 
 
 Mock orange 3 56 
 
 Monkev flower 020 
 
1NDKX. 
 
 
 Monk's h09.il l?S 
 
 Moonsccd 3 is 
 
 Moose wood 2 33 
 
 Morel 324 
 
 .Morning glory 215,284 
 
 Moss bush 135 
 
 Mo^her-of- thyme 4 61 
 Mountain mint 387 
 
 Monsear 261 
 
 Mouscar chickweed 199 
 Mudwort 303 
 
 Mugwort 1 t r > 
 
 Mulberry 179,183,324 
 Mullein loo, 186 
 
 Mushroom 124 
 
 Muskmclon 221 
 
 Mustard 20s, 2 4?.: 33 
 
 461, T3 
 
 Myrtle 
 
 N. 
 
 Narcissus 
 
 328 
 
 Nasturtion 
 
 472 
 
 Navelwort 
 
 276 
 
 Necklace weed 1 2 3 
 
 Nelombo 328 
 
 Nettle 175,252,476,477 
 Nettle tree 197 
 
 Net-tooth moss 316 
 New- Jersey tea 179 
 Nightshade 164,206,442 
 Ninebark 455 
 
 Ni tweed 422 
 
 Nymph 248 
 
 P. 
 
 Painted cup 
 Pal ma christi 
 
 171 
 403 
 
 Panic gra 
 
 Pansey 494 
 
 Paper-tooth moss 170 
 Pappose root 197 
 
 Parnassus-grass 349 
 Parslev 140,197, 
 Parsnip 350, 
 
 Partridge berry 321 
 Partridge pea 196 
 
 Paspalon grass 349 
 Passion-flower 350 
 
 Pea 294,29 5,362 
 
 Peach 134. 
 
 Pear 182,389 
 
 Pe ail wort 412 
 
 Peat moss » 454 
 
 PeUitory 343 
 
 Pencil flower 459 
 
 Penny-cress 464 
 
 Penny-royal 234 
 
 Pennywort 276,331 
 Peony 339 
 
 Pepper 135 
 
 Pepper grass 299 
 
 Pepperidgc 331 
 
 Peppermint 313 
 
 Periwinkle 492 
 
 Persimon 233 
 
 Peter's wort 1 50 
 
 Phacelia 354 
 
 Pheasant's eye 123 
 
 Pickerel weed 375- 
 
 Pigmy weed 465 
 
 Pignut 288 
 
 Pigweed 202,203 
 
 Pimpernel 487 
 
 Pine 309*310,360,361 
 Pine apple 179 
 
 Pink fungus 462 
 
 Pink root 4 5* 
 
520 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Pinweed 296 
 
 Pipestem 136 
 
 Pipewort 240,241 
 
 Pippin 389 
 
 Pit-back lichen 458 
 Pitcher-shield 
 
 lichen 475 
 
 Plane tree 363 
 
 Plantain 129.349^362 
 Plowman's spike- 
 nard 167 
 Plowman's wort 2 1 5 
 Plum 384,387 
 Poison ash 400 
 Poison ivy 400 
 Poison oak 400 
 Poison vine 400 
 Poke 359,485 
 Polyanthes 327 
 Polypod 373 
 Poniegranite 387 
 Pond lily 330 
 Pondweed 376,377,411 
 Poplar 375 
 Poppy 343 
 Potato > 1 5,442 
 Prickly ash 500 
 Prickly fungus 275 
 Prickly pear 182 
 Prick-tooth moss 321 
 Pride weed 239 
 Prim 502 
 Pri mrose 331,381,382 
 Prince's feather 371 
 Prince's pine 203 
 Puccoon 171 
 Puffball 309,432,458 
 Pumpkin 222 
 Punk 275,499 
 Purslain 286,376 
 
 Pyramid flower 25© 
 
 Quake grass IPS 
 Queen-of-the-mea- 
 
 dow 455 
 
 Quickset 220 
 
 Quince 389 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabbit foot 468 
 Radish 210,242,397, 
 438 
 
 Ragged cup 437 
 
 Ragged robin 308 
 
 Ragwort 435 
 
 Raspberry 407,408 
 
 Rattle 398 
 
 Rattlebox 221 
 Rattlesnake grass 17$ 
 
 Red bud 200 
 
 Red root 232 
 
 Red top 127 
 
 Reed 206 
 
 Reed grass 147,289 
 
 Reed mace 473 
 
 Rhodora 399 
 
 Rhubarb 398 
 
 Ribbon fern 497 
 
 Ribbon grass 355 
 
 Ribwort 362 
 
 Rice 337,500' 
 
 Rich-weed 2J0 
 
 Robert 25 6 
 
 Rocket 18 1,27 ( 
 
 Rockrose 206 
 
 Roman fern 174 
 Rose 206, 404 to 407 
 
INDEX. 
 
 *23 
 
 Hosebay 
 
 3^9,390 
 
 Rosemary 
 
 407,467 
 
 Rough-seed 
 
 403 
 
 Rouiid head 
 
 175,3352 
 
 Rue 
 
 411,462 
 
 Ruei 
 
 410 
 
 Rush 
 
 239 
 
 Rush grass 288,303,475 
 
 Rust 
 
 475, 176 
 
 Rye 
 
 'i,48i 
 
 s. 
 
 Saffron 196,220 
 
 Sage 420 
 Saint John's wort '277 
 
 Salsify 466 
 
 Salt grass 303 
 
 Saltwort 419 s 
 
 Samphire 41 J i 
 
 Sanicle 421,433 
 
 •Sandwort 1 12 
 Sarsaparilla 
 
 Sassafras 295 
 
 Satin flower 308 
 
 Satvrion 423 
 
 Savin £9 1 
 Savory 
 
 Saxifrage 205,4:1,1.? 3 
 
 Scabious 424 
 
 Scabrsh 331, ^32 
 
 Scarlet lichen 2 68 
 Scarlet runner 
 
 Scotch broom 4 53 
 
 Screw- stem 176 
 
 Scull-Cap 433 
 
 Scurv) crass 210 
 
 Bea bin-. lock 93 
 
 Sea lavender 4 67 
 
 JSea ' 'ass •'.::■> 
 
 Seaweed 230,251,474 
 Sedee 187 
 
 Seeaball lichen 454 
 Seedbox 307 
 
 Seifheal 383 
 
 a snakeroot 369 
 ma 196/no 
 
 Sensitive fern 332 
 
 Sensitive plant 123 
 Shad-bush U5 
 
 Shallot 130 
 
 Sheen berry 4 89 
 
 Shepherd's purse 464 
 Shield lichen 
 Shin leaf -88 
 
 Shinwotod 4 61 
 
 Shot bush 141 
 
 Shrubby fungus 207 
 Sidesaddle 422 
 
 Simpler'sjoy 483 
 
 Single-seed cucum- 
 ber, 4 36 
 Skunk cabbage 380 
 Sleek leaf -98 
 Sleep) catchfly 437 
 Sleepv muss 
 Sloe " 585,384 
 Smallpox lich. 
 Smell age 301 
 Smoke fungus 269 
 Staid 476 
 SnailsheH 306 
 Snafcehead 202 
 Snake mouth U3 
 Snakeweed 436 
 Snakeroot 1 -14,14 8, 
 
 Snap-dragon u.>,no 
 
 Snowball 
 
 Snowdrop 
 
522 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Snuff-box 162 
 
 Soap wort 421,422 
 
 Soft grass 27 3 
 
 Solomon's seal 213,214 
 
 Soot fungus 251 
 
 Sorrel 294,337 
 
 Sorrel tree 135 
 
 Sour gum 331 
 
 Southernwood 146 
 
 Sow thistle 451 
 Spanish broom 453 
 
 Spearwort 335,396 
 
 Speedwell 4 87,488 
 
 Spice bush 295 
 
 Spiderwort 466 
 
 Spikenard 142,167 
 
 Spinach 45 1 
 
 Spindle tree 243 
 Spiral-tooth moss 170 
 
 Spleenwort 153 
 
 Split-flower 354 
 
 Spring beauty 207 
 
 Spruce 359,360 
 
 Spurge 246 
 
 Spurry 453 
 
 Spur-stem 492 
 
 Squash 222 
 
 Squawroot 336 
 
 Staff tree 197 
 
 Star-flower 153 
 
 Stargrass 28! 
 Star-of-Bethlehem 335 
 
 Starwort 183,457 
 
 Steen-crout 305 
 
 Steeple bush 45 5 
 
 Stemless moss 181 
 
 Stinger 477 
 
 Stitch wort 458 
 
 Stock 202 
 
 Stone-crop 434 
 
 Stoneseed 39,1 
 
 Strait-hair moss 32£ 
 Strawberry 228,249 
 Succory 205 
 
 Sugar bane 412 
 
 Sultan 199 
 
 Sumach * 39? 
 
 Summer cypress 203 
 Sundew 23$ 
 
 Sundrops 332 
 
 Sunflower 2 If, 266,409 
 Sweatweed 271 
 
 Sweet briar '405 
 
 Sweet cicily 326 
 
 Sweet fern 211 
 
 Sweet flag 122 
 
 Sweet gale 326 
 
 Sweet gum 304 
 
 Sweet pepper bush 209 
 Sweet tree 122 
 
 Sweet william 229 
 
 Sycamore 63 
 
 Syringa 356,460 
 
 T. 
 
 Taliny 460 
 
 Tamarack 36 i 
 
 Tamarisk 461 
 
 Tangle-legs 489 
 
 Tansey 170,461 
 
 Tape grass 484 
 
 Target lichen 352 
 
 Tassel pondweed 411 
 Tea 197,298,322,463 
 Teasel 233 
 
 Thin grass 467 
 
 Thistle 186,199,209, 
 236,332,432 
 
 Thorn 219,220,319 
 
INDEX. 
 
 5-23 
 
 Thornapplc 228 
 
 r rhorouch\\iort 24:, 311) 
 Threadfoot 368 
 
 Thread moss 180 
 
 Three-birds 139 
 
 Thyme 178,?09,464, 
 
 463 
 
 Timothy gr: 356 
 
 Toadflax rtc^iM 
 
 Toadstool 124,175,319 
 Tobacco 121,306,329 
 Tomatoes 44 2 
 
 Tooth-ache bush 500 
 Tooth coral 224 
 
 Tooth cup 153 
 
 Toothless moss 2'63 
 Toothwort 229 
 
 Touch-me-not 2 S3 
 
 Touchwood 176 
 
 Tower mustard 473 
 Tree moss 209,478 
 
 Tree primrose 331 
 Tree- weed 309 
 
 Trefoil 264 
 
 Trickle 229 
 
 Trumpet flower 174 
 Tubercle fungus 472 
 Tuberose • 368 
 
 Tulip 473 
 
 Tulip tree 307 
 
 Tunnel fungus 223 
 
 Tupelo 331 
 
 Turnip 146,178 
 
 Twin-berry 498 
 
 Twin-flower 304 
 
 Twin-leaf 287 
 
 Twavblade 
 
 
 u. 
 
 Umbrella grass 251 
 
 Umbrella moss 45 6 
 
 Umbrella tree 313 
 
 Inicorn plant 315 
 
 Unicorn root 129 
 
 Uva-ursi 142 
 
 V. 
 
 Valerian 3 68, IS 4. 
 
 Vegetable o^stfcr 466 
 veined toadstool 319 
 Venus' flytrap 233 
 
 Venus' looking 
 
 glass 185 
 
 Venus' pride 271 
 
 Vernal grass 1 39 
 
 "Vervain 486 
 
 Vetch 161,162,295,491 
 Vetch ling 294 
 
 Violet 242,374,4^ 
 
 to 96 
 Viper's grass I 2 
 
 Virgin's bower 20S 
 
 W 
 
 Wake robin i 46,470,47] 
 Wid king leaf a 
 
 Wall cress 1 1 
 
 Wall-flower 201,202 
 Walnut 287,238 
 
 Water arum > 
 
 Watercress 186,439 
 Water-flaxseed 299 
 
 Water borehound 3 l 
 Water leaf 277 
 
 Water lily 3 iO 
 
 Watermelon 222 
 
 Water milfoil 3j6 
 
 Water moss l* *9 
 
 Water nymph 327 
 
524 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Water oats 500 
 
 "Water pepper 370 
 
 Water plantain 129 
 Watei-shield 277 
 
 Wax-liverwort 1 3 9 
 Waxweed 223 
 
 Weedgrass, 2 1 2 
 
 Wheat 472 
 
 Wheat-thief 305 
 
 Whip grass 43 1 
 
 White bush 135 
 
 White grass 298 
 
 White top 127 
 
 White wood 305 
 
 Whitlow grass 23 « 
 Whortleberry 48248 3 
 Willow 414 to 419 
 
 Willowherb 238^12 
 Wind flower 137 
 
 Winterbewy* 382 
 
 Winter-cherry 358 
 
 Wintergreen 203,254, 
 255,368,388 
 
 Wiregrass 
 
 Witch-hazle 
 
 Woad 
 
 Wolf-bane 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 Woodsage 
 
 Woodsorrel 
 
 Wormseed 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 Y. 
 
 $56 
 
 263 
 285 
 122 
 
 306,307 
 461 
 
 337,338 
 203 
 146 
 
 Yam -root 
 Yarrow 
 
 Yellow coxcomb 
 Yellow-eyed grass 
 Yellow rattle 
 Yellow root 
 Yellow seed" 
 Yew 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zigadene 
 
 235- 
 
 122 
 
 398 
 
 499 
 
 398 
 
 500 
 
 464 
 
 461 
 
 $00