HERE I HAVE LIVED THE STORY OF LINCOLN'S SPRINGFIELD By PAUL ANGLE $3.75 HERE I HAVE LIVED By Paul M. Angle "By writing the history of the frontier town while it and Lincoln were developing together (the au- thor) has added a volume of sig- nificance and interest to Lincoln literature. . . . The source material and the methods of Mr. Angle have enabled him to portray with liveliness, color and accuracy the rapidly developing life, growth, manners and customs, wealth and culture of the Illinois frontier town from its first log cabin to the proud little city that with cheers sent its most eminent citizen to the White House and in sorrow re- ceived his remains." — The New York Times The jacket illustration is from ABRAHAM LINCOLN by James Daugherty. Used by permission of the artist- author and The Viking Press. Copyright 1943 by James Daugherty. O. JLj A History of Lincoln's Springfield PAUL M. ANGL LINCOLN ROOM UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY MEMORIAL the Class of 1901 founded by HARLAN HOYT HORNER and HENRIETTA CALHOUN HORNER Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/hereihavelivedhistOOangl " Here I Have Lived " cs Courtesy Library of Congress Lincoln in 1860 From a recently discovered daguerreotype it Here I Have Lived" *A HISTORY OF LINCOLN'S SPRINGFIELD 1821-1865 By Paul M. Angle p^fc* -fr.r.'iiriT.fiil A PUBLICATION OF THE ABRAHAM LINCOLN ASSOCIATION SPRINGFIELD, ILLINOIS RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS New Brunswick, New Jersey COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY THE ABRAHAM LTNCOLN ASSOCIATION All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form. Second Printing 1950 '-. TO LOGAN HAT ILLUSTRATIONS Lincoln in 1860 .... Map of Springfield, 1855 . Circus Advertisement Juvenile Choir Concert Handbill View in Washington Street, 1856 North and East Sides of the Square . South and West Sides of the Square . Representative Churches, 1860 Court House, Marine and Fire Insurance Governor's Mansion . Republican Rally, 1860 . Camp Butler, 1862 . The Soldiers' Home The State House in Mourning, Oak Ridge Cemetery Entrance and Vault, 1865 . Frontispiece . . 18 . . 103 . 104 . 164 . 176 . 177 . . 200 Co., and . 201 . 248 . 249 . 288 Cemetery 289 (Unless otherwise credited, all prints, photographs, and broadsides used as illustrations are from the collection of the Illinois State Historical Library.) CONTENTS Prologue xiii I. "A Little Cluster of Log Cabins" . . 1 Pre-history — The settlement of Illinois — First settlers in the county — Springfield is chosen as the temporary county seat — The advent of Elijah lies — Land sales — The permanent county seat — Lot sales. II. The Town Takes Root . . . .18 Life in a frontier community — Craftsmen, doctors and lawyers appear — The beginning of schools and churches — The presi- dential campaign of 1824 — The Winnebago War — The Deep Snow. III. County Town 35 The Talisman — The Black Hawk War — Cholera — Growth and new buildings — Multiplication of occupations — The mili- tary companies — The Thespians and other organizations — Internal improvement — Springfield selected as the state capital. IV. Political Pot Bubblings . . . .59 Lincoln settles in Springfield — The congressional campaign of 1834 — The campaign of 1836 — Local battles and "Samp- son's Ghost" — The Panic of 1837 — Springfield tightens her hold on the capital — Building the State House — Life in the new capital. V. A Young State Capital . . . .83 Removal of the state offices to Springfield — Appearance of the capital — Social life — Lincoln and Mary Todd — Balls and parties — The theater, the circus and other amusements — Hospitality. Contents VI. Enlarging Interests 109 The "Log Cabin" campaign of 1840— The Fisher "murder" case — Lincoln's "duel" — The Mormon troubles — The campaign of 1844 — The Mexican War— The election of 1848— Cali- fornia, Oregon and the Donner party — The Integral Phalanx — Arrival of the Portuguese. VII. Making a Living 144 The Northern Cross Railroad — Transportation troubles — The economy of the 'forties — Agriculture — Industries — Merchan- dising — The eve of change. VIII. Civic Spirit Develops 162 Alton and Sangamon Railroad — Sangamon and Morgan Rail- road — The effect of railroads — Development of banks — Panics, 1853 and 1857 — New buildings — Street planking and street lighting — Fire protection and water supply. IX. Social and Cultural Growth . . .184 The State Fair — Lecturers, musicians and the theater — Infor- mal social life — The "Maine Law" movement — Churches and their progress — Free public schools — Illinois State University. X. Lincoln Emerges 204 The shadow of slavery in Springfield — Presidential campaign of 1852 — The Nebraska Bill — Douglas and Lincoln clash — Formation of the Republican Party in Illinois — Campaign of 1856 — Dred Scott Decision — Douglas and Lincoln speak — Campaign of 1858 — Douglas is re-elected to the Senate. XI. The Republicans Elect a President . . 236 Nomination of Lincoln — Nomination of Douglas — Marching clubs and rallies — The Nation looks to Springfield — Election night — Lincoln as President-Elect — Secession — Farewell to Springfield. XII. War 262 Fort Sumter bombarded — Illinois mobilizes — Douglas rallies the Democracy — Grant — Camp Butler — Donelson, Henry and the Peninsular Campaign — Emancipation — The Democrats revolt — Republican gains — Return of the veteran regiments — Election of 1864 — Peace. Epilogue 290 A Note About Sources 293 Index 301 "My Friends: No one, not in my situa- tion, can appreciate my feeling of sad- ness at this parting. To this place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything. Here I have lived a quarter of a century, and have passed from a young to an old man. Here my chil- dren have been born, and one is buried. I now leave, not knowing when or whether ever I may return, with a task before me greater than that which rested upon Washington. Without the assistance of that Divine Being who ever attended him, I cannot succeed. With that assistance, I cannot fail. Trusting in Him who can go with me, and remain with you, and be every- where for good, let us confidently hope that all will yet be well. To His care commending you, as I hope in your prayers you will commend me, I bid you an affectionate farewell." — Abraham Lincoln at Springfield, Illinois February n, 1861 "PROLOGUE IN the spring of 1 830 a young man named Abraham Lin- coln, with father, mother and other relatives, came from southern Indiana to settle on the Sangamon River in Macon County, Illinois. A year later the young man, now alone, established himself in the village of New Salem in Sangamon County. Six years later he removed to Spring- field, the new capital of the state. There he remained until February 11, 1861, when he left for Washington to become the sixteenth President of the United States. That there are certain relationships between a man's en- vironment and what he ultimately becomes is obvious. If a community refuses to support a portrait painter, and the portrait painter refuses to find another home, he either chooses a different occupation or he starves. And so, in this most fundamental of all human endeavors, Lincoln owed a debt to Springfield and the area which centers in it, for it afforded him a living in the profession of his choice. Moreover, the community responded only less generously to his other ambition — political advancement. He made only one unsuccessful attempt at office-holding, and then his neigh- bors gave him four terms in the state legislature and, after a short interval, two years in Congress. Not until the slavery question shattered all loyalties did old friends turn away from him, and even then the city of his home remained faithful, though by the narrowest of margins. "Here I Have Lived" But these are hardly more than the conditions of existence, and need no demonstration. More interesting are the in- fluences which defy proof, and can only be suggested. Could Lincoln, for instance, have attained high standing at the bar if he had not resided at the one city in the state where the high courts sat? Could he have become a power in Illinois politics if the legislature and the courts had not drawn the political leaders to his home at regular and frequent inter- vals? Could he have learned to gauge the temper of the people as surely as he did learn to gauge it had he not been forced for years to evaluate the conflicting sentiments which these men were constantly reporting? Could he have attained to the mastery of political manoeuvre that was his had he not had years of association with venturesome and skillful politicians, both as friends and opponents? Could he have held to his faith in political democracy if he had not lived in a city where economic opportunity was a fact? Could he have understood, and solved, the problem of the Border States without a quarter-century's association with neighbors whose backgrounds and prejudices were closely akin to those of the people of Kentucky and Missouri? How much of his own cautious sureness resulted from the conservatism of these same neighbors ? What part of his insistence upon main- tenance of the Union could be traced to the necessity of keep- ing open the Mississippi in order that the produce of the farms of central Illinois might find its natural market at New Orleans? To what extent were the Southerners of his home city responsible for his refusal to adopt a policy of vengeance towards the conquered section? When Lincoln said farewell to the people of Springfield he gave his own answer to these questions. "To this place, and the kindness of these people, I owe everything." Spoken out of deep emotion, the words can hardly be expected to con- vey exact, cold-blooded truth. Yet one shrinks from an anal- ysis. To attempt to formulate a detailed statement of the Prologue debt seems not only foolhardy, but also, for a resident of the city which owes so much to him, ungracious. Rather than that, the picture of the community itself is presented, and readers may draw from it such inferences as they choose. If some phases of a personality not yet completely understood are illuminated, its major purpose will have been realized; if it fails in this respect, perhaps it will still have value as a footnote to the history of fifty years of American life. "Here I Have Lived" A History of Lincoln's Springfield 1821-1865 CHAPTER I A Little Cluster of Log Cabins A NYONE who knows the steaming summers of central /\ Illinois will have difficulty in realizing that there / \ was a time when ice hundreds of feet thick covered -**• "•* most of the state. Yet, as geologists measure time, it was not long ago — perhaps 150,000 years — that the Illi- noisan glacier, the third of the great ice-masses which moved downward from the vicinity of Labrador and Hudson's Bay, reached its southernmost limit on the slopes of the Illinois Ozarks. The fact is of more than casual interest. For one thing, it meant a radical change in the landscape. Rugged hills were planed off and deep valleys filled, so that when the ice receded it left behind a land of level surfaces and gentle slopes. More important, however, was the fact that it marked the first step in the formation of the state's greatest asset — soil. 2 "Here I Have Lived" For soil does not just happen. On the contrary, it is the re- sult of natural forces acting over thousands of years. When the Illinoisan glacier receded it left a deposit of boulder clay, twenty, forty, even eighty feet in thickness, the pulverized remains of the rocks which the ice had carried with it. After intervals of thousands of years two more ice caps came down from the north. Both stopped near the northern boundary of Illinois, but as they melted and receded, immense quantities of finely ground rock were carried southward and deposited in the flood plains of the rivers. Winds distributed this ma- terial more widely and more evenly. Gradually it decom- posed, vegetation grew upon it, decayed and grew again, and deep soil of wonderful fertility was formed. Nowhere in the state was this soil richer than in the valley of the Sangamon River, the quiet stream which rises in Cham- paign County and empties into the Illinois a hundred miles above the latter's junction with the Mississippi. And no- where in the Sangamon valley was the land finer than in that part of it which the pioneers came to know as the "San- gamo country." Here, where now the counties of Sangamon, Logan, Menard, Mason and Cass 1 are to be found, fine groves of forest trees lined the water courses and dotted prairies tall with grass and flowering weeds. Game abounded, and the Indians knew it as a land of plenty. French explorers, missionaries and fur-traders, passing back and forth over Illinois since the latter part of the seven- teenth century, must more than once have crossed the San- gamo country and noted its attractiveness. Americans, slowly trickling into Illinois in the first years after the Revolutionary War, certainly visited it. By 1812, when Governor Edwards and his rangers swept through it on their way to the Indian village on Peoria Lake, its reputation was well established. x The description is only an approximate one. The present counties of San- gamon and Menard are the heart of the old Sangamo country, which ex- tended indefinite distances from them. A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 3 For settlement, however, it had to wait until the mass- movement of western expansion reached it. Before the end of the Revolution settlers were crowding through the passes of the Alleghenies to the virgin lands be- yond the mountains. The danger of Indian massacre, the grinding work of clearing land and building farms, the ab- sence of all except the bare essentials of life failed to deter them. Down the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia, through the Cumberland Gap, then west and northwest came a stream of settlers, to make Kentucky a state by 1792 and Tennessee another four years later. Over the mountains and down the Ohio came other homeseekers, contributing to Kentucky's population and bringing Ohio into the Union in 1803. From the early years of the eighteenth century there had been permanent settlements in Illinois, Frenchmen living for the most part in the villages strung along the Mississippi in the "American Bottom. " Here, after Clark's conquest during the Revolution, came a few Americans, Growth was slow, however. The census of 1800 showed fewer than 2,500 peo- ple in Illinois; that of 1810 enumerated only 12,282. In the same years both Kentucky and Ohio had gained 185,000 in- habitants. Even in 1818, when Illinois became a state, there is not much doubt that it lacked the 40,000 inhabitants who were supposed to be a prerequisite to statehood. Nevertheless, settlers were coming at a rapidly increasing rate. Most of them were Kentuckians, generally by adoption, sometimes by birth, although the eastern states made sizable contributions. But regardless of origin, they came from the south. For several years Shawneetown on the Ohio River was the gateway to Illinois, with roads radiating throughout the southern tip of the state. As the country filled, the wave of settlement moved northward. By 1818, the year of state- hood, it had traversed perhaps the lowest fourth of the state. The compact line of advance, however, was still far to the south when Robert Pulliam built the first cabin in what is now 4 "Here I Have Lived" Sangamon County. It was October, 1817, that Pulliam, ac- companied by two or three hired men and the wife of one of them, erected a shelter about twelve miles south of Spring- field and four miles southeast of Chatham. It was not meant to be a permanent habitation, but merely a covering while the men tended a herd of cattle and a few horses which they had brought up for better grazing from St. Clair County. The winter over, they went back home. When Pulliam came back in the spring of 1819, bringing his family with him, there were others where before he had been alone. Living in the cabin which he himself had built were Zachariah Peter and his wife and family. Nearby were other cabins, occupied since the preceding spring by William Drennan and several relatives. To the north, the Kellys were building cabins where Springfield now stands. The set- tlement of the Sangamo country had, in fact, begun. Ferdi- nand Ernst, a German traveler, heard so much of its fine land that he decided to see it for himself, and found sixty farms on Sugar Creek alone when he passed along its fifteen-mile course in September, 1819. In the early summer of the same year Gershom Flagg wrote from Edwardsville that two hundred families had settled north of that town in the last year, and that some were as distant as 1 20 miles. All the talk, in fact, was of the marvelous fertility of the Sangamo coun- try. Hunters said that it was the finest honey country on earth, that eight or ten swarms of bees could be found in a day. Word went out that the first crop of sod corn stood fifteen feet high. Henry R. Schoolcraft, traveling up the Illinois in 1821, heard so much of its productiveness that he called it almost proverbial. With such a reputation the population increased rapidly, and by 1821 the legislature decided that it was sufficient for a county government of its own. On January 30 of that year the county of Sangamon was created. It was a gigantic tract of land in the shape of a rough triangle, with the Illinois A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 5 River — or at least as much of it as lies between the present cities of Beardstown and Peru — forming its diagonal bound- ary. Provision was made for the election of three county commissioners whose first duty should be to select a tempo- rary county seat as near the center of population as possible. A hint was dropped a week later when it was enacted that the election of commissioners and other officers of the new county should be held "at the house of John Kelly on Spring Creek." In due time the commissioners were elected — Zachariah Peter, William Drennan and Rivers Cormack. On April 10 Peter and Drennan met at Kelly's cabin, drove a stake into the ground and called it Springfield. Recording the transac- tion, they stated that after a full examination of the county's population they had "fixed and designated a certain point in the prairie near John Kelly's field on the water of Spring Creek at a stake marked Z D as the temporary seat of Jus- tice." John Kelly's cabin stood on what is now the northwest corner of Second and Jefferson streets, and the stake was driven close by. The name, Springfield, was doubtless sug- gested by the adjacent creek, although it is not unlikely that Peter's long residence in Washington county, Kentucky, which also has a Springfield for a county seat, had something to do with its selection. Three years earlier a bachelor named Elisha Kelly left North Carolina to settle in Illinois. He built a cabin in Macoupin County, but since he was very fond of hunting he ranged the country for many miles in all directions. One day he wandered into a ravine in which a small, clear stream ran northward to empty into Spring Creek. Large numbers of deer passed up and down, and Kelly thought it a hunter's paradise. The following year he induced his father, Henry, and four brothers — John, Elijah, William and George — to come with him to the spot he had discovered and settle there. All built cabins. By 1821 others had settled in the same locality. It 6 "Here I Have Lived" was, in fact, the most thickly settled spot in the whole im- mense county ; the only place, it was said, where families lived close enough to provide food and lodging for those who would attend court sessions in the new county seat. The little settlement was attractively located. Zimri Enos, who remembered the surroundings from his boyhood, wrote of the "handsome undulating prairie nook" in which John Kelly's cabin stood — "a mile in length east and west and a half mile north and south, thoroughly drained by never- failing spring branches and bordered on the north and west by heavy timber and on the south by a number of beautiful groves of young forest trees, of pin oak, elm, cherry and hackberry, which were festooned with grape vines and fringed with plum and haw bushes, crab-apples, hazel nuts, elders and blackberries, and encircled by millions of strawberry vines." Having located the county seat, the commissioners promptly attacked the housing problem. A contract was made with John Kelly for the erection of a court house — a log building twenty feet square and one story high, with a plank floor, good roof, door and window cut out. Kelly went at the job in leisurely fashion, so that it was not until early June that it was finished and a warrant for $47.50 was issued to him for his work. The commissioners then arranged with Jesse Brevard for chinking the structure and furnishing it with door, window and fireplace. At the same time a contract for a jail was made with Robert Hamilton. Springfield was now ready to function as a county seat. The town, however, was anything but securely started. Eight settlers lived within two miles of the court house, but every one of them was a mere squatter with no legal right whatever to be there. The land had not even been surveyed, and it would be at least two years before the government would put it on sale. At that time anyone might buy it over the settlers' heads and evict them. So far as an increase of population was concerned, the location of the temporary A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 7 county seat had attracted only one settler. He was Charles R. Matheny, who had been induced to locate there by the offer of all the county offices except that of sheriff. Even he was finding it difficult to live on the fees of his combined of- fices. It was at least an even chance that the little village, thus prematurely born, would live out a listless existence of a year or two, and gradually disappear. That this did not happen was due to a twenty-five year old Kentuckian named Elijah lies. The son of typical pio- neers, lies had learned self-reliance at an early age. By the time he was twenty he had accumulated $600 by raising cat- tle in Bath County, Kentucky. It was then that he heard of the fine lands in Missouri, where a man could have "large, square cornfields" instead of the "little zig-zag ones" which were all that he knew. So he took his money and started for this farmers' paradise. He remained for three years, clerking in a store long enough to learn something about frontier storekeeping, exploring the country, buying and selling land, saving his money. But he failed to take root. Missouri, he thought, would remain frontier throughout his lifetime. Early in 1821, while crossing Illinois after a visit to his family in Kentucky, he heard of the Sangamon valley and its fertile soil. Accompanied by a step-brother, he swung from his direct route to visit a part of it. He liked what he saw, so as soon as he had settled his affairs in Missouri, and got his step-brother established in a store there, he "pulled up stakes" for Illinois. In the late spring of 1821 lies crossed the Mississippi at Louisiana, Missouri, went southward almost to the mouth of the Illinois, swam his horse across that river and struck the trail from St. Louis to the Diamond Grove, where Jack- sonville is now located. There the Island Grove timber was pointed out to him. "I crossed the prairie without a trail," he wrote, "found no one in the grove, and kept on the west side until I struck a trail running east to where it was said a 8 "Here I Have Lived" temporary county seat was located. Following this trail I found the place, on the east side of Spring Creek timber. Charles R. Matheny had just moved to the place, and had erected a cabin of one room, in which he was residing with a large family of little children. He had been appointed clerk of the circuit and county court, judge of the probate, clerk of his own court, and county recorder, although there were no deeds yet to be recorded . . . John Kelly resided in the vicinity, and I stopped with him for the night." The following day lies explored the country. It more than confirmed his first impression, and he decided to stay. But what was he to do until the land should be put on sale ? He re- membered his experience as a clerk in Missouri, thought of the money he had saved, and decided to open a store. "I hunted around and found the stake that had been stuck for the beginning of a town named Springfield," he related, "and then bargained for the erection of a store house, to be set near the stake, eighteen feet square, with sheds on the sides for shelter. The house was to be of hewn logs, covered with boards, with heavy poles laid on to keep the boards from blowing off." The contract made, he set out for St. Louis to purchase a stock of goods. When he had what he wanted he chartered a boat and hired five men to tow it up the Illinois to the mouth of the Sangamon. The trip was made without serious accident, and the merchandise unloaded on the shore where Beardstown now stands. Nearby was a vacant cabin. In it lies stored his goods, and then started for Springfield on foot. Before he had gone far he found two wagoners go- ing to the river, and since neither had full loads for the return trip, he induced them to take the first instalment of his stock. In a short time his store was open for business. Trade was good. Wheat was ripe in the fields, and lies had a goodly supply of the whiskey without which harvesters found it almost impossible to work. Iron castings, nails, stone- ware, salt and coffee were also in demand. Many customers A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 9 came seventy-five and eighty miles to make their purchases, for the store was the sole trading place in a territory of per- haps 10,000 square miles. Indians bought about as much as whites. Trade was mostly by barter. The Indians paid in furs, undressed deer skins and blue grass seed ; the whites in home- made jeans, cotton and linen cloth, beeswax and honey. Or- dinary farm products — grain, butter, eggs — were of little use as a medium of exchange, since the cost of transporting them to the nearest market exceeded their entire value. A profitable business established, lies began to make plans for the future. He had come to Illinois as a prospective land- buyer, not as a storekeeper. And so, when the land was sur- veyed later in 1821, he made it known that he intended to purchase the land on which his store-house stood as a town site. He made it known also that if he succeeded in buying the land, he would give each settler the lot on which his cabin stood. A town was in the making. Nevertheless, for the first year or two its fate was doubt- ful. Settlers — in the surrounding country as well as in Spring- field — risked the loss of every improvement they made, for no preemption system existed by which they could establish a claim prior to the land sales. In actual practice, however, it was infrequent that anyone outbid the man who lived on the land and forced his eviction — at least without paying him a fair price for his buildings and for his labor in bringing the land under cultivation. 2 When the squatter himself wanted to stay, settlers were likely to deal roughly with an outsider who 2 In a letter to the Commissioner of the General Land Office, written May 8, 1826, Pascal P. Enos, who was then the receiver of the Springfield Land Office, described the sort of thing that happened at the government "auction": "And here permit me to remark Sir that there has never been an instance during either of the two land sales at this place of any person biding more than the Govt, prices, or any persons biding agt. a person that held by posses- sion. Tho there was many instances in which individuals threatened to do it, in consequence of some old grudge or quarrel that existed. One in particular I will mention, a Mr. Kirkpatrick and Wm. Broadwell made a settlement. K. afterward stated that B. had cheated him out of $14 in the settlement and unless he did pay him back the $14 he would positively bid against him when his land came into the market. Wm. S. Hamilton on learning this determina- io "Here I Have Lived" was presumptuous enough to bid more than the minimum gov- ernment price of $1.25 an acre; while if he wanted to move on to less crowded regions, the possibility of being ridden on a rail usually brought a fair payment for improvements from the purchaser. Still, the possibility of eviction existed, and did something to deter settlement. Moreover, many of those who were building cabins in the Sangamo country were not of the sort who meant to stay. Wherever there was a frontier a hardy, adventurous, half- nomadic class who lived by a combination of hunting and crude agriculture were to be found. A cabin, a few rude farm implements, a horse and perhaps a yoke of oxen, together with a small herd of half-wild hogs, made up the sum of their possessions. They cultivated a patch of corn and allowed their stock to run wild. When the population increased to a point where cattle had to be fenced in, and where it was nec- essary to buy land in order to live on it, they moved on. It was a common saying among them that when one could see the smoke of a neighbor's chimney the country was too crowded for comfort. Industry was not one of their charac- teristics. "They do the least work I believe of any people in the world," a disgusted Yankee wrote. Naturally, a town surrounded by a population of this sort was not going to develop into a metropolis over night. Still, settlers were pouring into the surrounding country, and some of them found their way to the county seat. By the autumn of 1823, when the land was put on sale, there were perhaps thirty families living in Springfield. They resided in log houses, scattered, for the most part, along Jefferson Street tion of K. and at the time of the sales went to him and paid him the $14 and on his return stated that he had settled the difficulty between those two men but whether B. gave him the money to pay or whether he paid it out of his own pocket, I do not know. But the inducement that led him to compromise this difficulty he stated on his return to be this that he was affraid that if they once began to bid that they would continue to bid, and might be the means of his losing his mills in Morgan county. These mills he and his partner had lately purchased the possessory right to for which they gave a large sum." A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 1 1 from First to Fourth streets. A small public square had been set apart for the court house at Second and Jefferson. Elijah lies was still without a competitor, but three tavern keepers were obliged to divide the patronage of the neighborhood. A postoffice, named "Sangamon," had been established early in 1822, with Stephen Stillman as postmaster. Pascal P. Enos had opened the government land office in a two-story log cabin on the northwest corner of Third and Jefferson streets. Thomas Cox operated a horse mill and a distillery at the western edge of town. Gershom Jayne, the physician, had a double log cabin in which he kept travelers over night. The town was still a frontier hamlet, however. Peter Cart- wright, who first saw it in 1823, said that it contained "a few smoky, hastily-built cabins, and one or two little shanties called 'stores,' " the contents of which he could have carried away on his back in a few loads. Another visitor described it as "a little cluster of log cabins." Squads of Kickapoo and Potawatomi still visited it frequently. Nevertheless, Elijah lies held to his plan of making the straggling settlement into a city. The land on which it stood had been surveyed in 1821. Early in the following year he laid out the streets : Jefferson, Washington, Adams and Mon- roe running east and west, with six others, unnamed, inter- secting them at right angles. Soon he found allies in John Taylor, the sheriff, Thomas Cox, the register of the land of- fice, and Daniel Pope Cook, congressman for the district, each of whom bought the settlers' claims to a quarter-section. In September, 1823, Pascal P. Enos, fifty-three years old and a Yankee by birth, came to Springfield as receiver of public moneys at the land office. He too was impressed with the possibilities of the place, and was allowed to buy a share in the venture. Together the proprietors agreed that lies and Enos would each enter one of the two quarter-sections on which the town stood. On November 6, 1823, the first land sales took place. The 12 "Here I Have Lived 55 next day lies and Enos made their entries. To the former went the southwest quarter of Section 27, within which was included most of that part of the town which lay north of Washington Street. Enos' entry was for the northwest quarter of Section 34, adjoining lies' purchase on the south. Both tracts were struck off without opposition for the min- imum price of $1.25 an acre. On the same day Thomas Cox entered the southeast quarter of Section 28, on which the few cabins west of First Street and north of Washington were located. Thus title to the land on which the original village of Springfield was situated passed from the United States of America to three individual "proprietors." 3 The first act of the proprietors was to change the town's 3 There were only three proprietors of record. That Taylor and Cook were also interested appears from a detailed account of the transaction which Pascal P. Enos wrote in May, 1826, when William S. Hamilton charged both him and Cox with improper conduct. "Some time previous to the first Land sale at this office," he wrote, "I came here with a desire to provide some place for my family the county then being new with abt. 6 or 8 little cabin houses in the place. I then learnt that a Mr. lies had purchased the improvements to a Qr. Sec. of Land abt. 2 years previous for $200 — Mr. Taylor had purchased another quarter abt. a year after for which he gave $130. That Danl. P. Cook our Rep. in Congress obtained the possession of another quarter, on which he had erected a cabin house and put 10 acres under farm, which cost him $130 or 40, and the R. [Cox, the register] either had or was abt. to purchase another quarter for which he gave $200 for the possession. At this time I felt anxious to possess a little land in the place where I thought it probable that I should remain a few years in case I was honest and faithful in the discharge of my duties as a public agent. These proprietors learning that I was desirous to obtain some land in the place informed me that I might have a share of theirs on the same terms which they gave for it; as they had more than they wanted in case they obtained it, and in case, they did not, the loss would not be as great. My remark to them was that I would not like to purchase the possessory right to real estate. That when I did purchase my object would be to procure the title as well as the possession — and stated further to them that I was affraid that it would be received by some evil disposed person, as an unfair transaction. They said no, that it could not be so considered — that Mr. Cook gave it as his opinion that it would be a fair transaction between me and the Govt, as long as the door would be open for every man to bid that had an intention. I reflected a little upon it, and as I could not satisfy myself that any possible injury could occur to the Govt, as long as any person that had a wish to purchase the whole or any part of these lands would have an opportunity of so doing at the land sales. Accordingly I purchased a part, and in case I have done any one act or thing to prevent third persons from going forward at the sales and biding for these lands I admit that I ought to be displaced from office." Two months later Hamilton retracted his charges. A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 1 3 name. "Colo. Cox, Mr. Enos, and Maj'r lies has purchased Springfield," James Latham wrote to Ninian Edwards, u and have altered the name to Calhoun with the general satisfac- tion of the people." John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, the statesman thus honored, was then at the peak of his popu- larity, especially in the West, where the ardent nationalism of his early career was entirely in keeping with popular senti- ment. In 1823 his name was prominently mentioned for the Presidency. "Mr. Calhoun is growing in popularity very fast here," wrote Latham. The proprietors' next act was to have a survey made of the town. On December 5 there was recorded the plat of the Town of Calhoun. It was a rectangular tract, bounded on the north by Madison Street, on the east by Seventh, on the south by Monroe and on the west by First. Twenty-three blocks and a public square, located as now, were laid out. All the recorded plat was on the quarter sections entered by lies and Enos. Lot sales commenced as soon as the plat was recorded. Since the center of settlement was on lies' property, the first conveyances were from him. Mordecai Mobley, who kept one of the taverns, was among the first purchasers, paying $50.00 for a lot on the north side of Washington Street be- tween Fourth and Fifth. Ordinarily, however, sales were for lower prices. Thus on December 8 a lot on the southwest corner of Jefferson and Third streets was sold to John Mes- sersmith of Ohio for $25.00, and within the next month or so others located no less advantageously were disposed of for as little as $15.00 and $20.00. The truth was that the proprietors were not embarrassed by a crowd of prospective purchasers. The town's future was still a question mark. For one thing, it had drawn no great number of settlers. Besides, the county offices — the chief reason for its existence — had been located there only tem- porarily. Rival towns were being founded in the surrounding 14 "Here I Have Lived" country, and it was not unlikely that in the end the county government would be located at one of these. Sangamo Town, a small but thriving settlement near the Sangamon River seven or eight miles northwest of . Springfield, was making a bid for the county seat; and William S. Hamilton 4 was working hard for the selection of a "paper town" of his own five miles north of the temporary county seat. It was high, dry, and well located, and the fact that not a single building graced its site was only a minor disadvantage. Knowing that the General Assembly of 1824-25 would make provision for a permanent selection, the rivals gathered at Vandalia. Hamilton had already stolen a march, for in the summer of 1824 he had succeeded in getting himself elected as Sangamon County's representative in the legisla- ture. The proprietors of Springfield countered by sending Jonathan Pugh, whom Hamilton had barely defeated, to the capital to look out for their interests. Neither party won a clear victory, for the law which the legislature passed, on December 23, 1824, appointed commissioners and directed them to meet at the court house in early March and select a permanent seat of justice for Sangamon County on the basis of "the geographical situation of said county, its present and the future population and permanent interest." Actually, the outcome was a defeat for Hamilton, for at the close of the session one of Enos's friends who had been in Vandalia in- formed him "that if it had not been for Mr. Pugh's strenu- *WilIiam Stephen Hamilton was the fifth son of Alexander Hamilton. In 1816, when he was eighteen years old, he secured a position on the staff of William Rector, surveyor general for Illinois and Missouri. About 1822 he left St. Louis, where he had been residing, and settled at Springfield. In 1825 he removed to Peoria, and shortly afterward to the lead mine region around Galena, where he became a prominent figure. After residing in Wisconsin for more than a decade the lure of the gold fields drew him to California, where he died in 1850. Defending himself against Hamilton's charges in 1826, Enos wrote that "he does not possess one single good trait that shown so conspicuous in his fathers character but he possesses all his bad ones, and a most spiteful and revengeful disposition in the bargain." Many other associates, however, have testified to his ab : lity and personal popularity. A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 1 5 ous & unsparing exertions . . . the county seat of Sangamon would have been removed according to Hamilton's wishes." In accordance with the law, four of the five commis- sioners — James Mason, Rowland P. Allen, Charles Gear and John R. Sloo — appeared in Springfield about the middle of March. Being conscientious men, they were determined to in- spect all the sites in spite of the mud and water left by the spring thaws. With not a little guile Andrew Elliott, the North Carolinian who kept the Buckhorn Tavern, volun- teered to guide them. Elliott had lived in the neighborhood for six years and was a fine woodsman, but try as he might he was unable to get the commissioners to Sangamo Town without passing through eight or ten sloughs, not to mention overflowed and marshy prairies. The commissioners agreed that it was an excellent site, but most difficult of access. The latter opinion was more than confirmed by their return trip over a different route, worse if possible. They reached Spring- field entirely exhausted, thankful that their lives had been spared, and determined to take no chances by visiting the other prospective site. For Andrew Elliott — and Spring- field — it was a good day's work. On the following day Elijah lies and his wife accomplished all that remained — Mrs. lies when she prepared a royal feast for the weary commissioners, and her husband when he tact- fully let it be known that he stood ready to cash their state warrants at par if they should see fit to select Springfield. (In actual value the warrants were worth about twenty-five cents on the dollar.) The result was that the commissioners lost no time in reporting that Springfield — the name Calhoun had already been dropped in popular usage — should be the per- manent seat of Sangamon County. In the law providing for the location of the county seat the legislature had stipulated that the proprietors of the town selected should donate not less than thirty-five acres to the county, to be divided into lots and sold to defray the ex- 1 6 "Here I Have Lived" pense of the public buildings. lies and Enos promptly com- plied with the requirement, and deeded to the county the pres- ent public square with the blocks immediately north and south, as well as a tract between Washington and Madison streets and extending east from Sixth to a line midway between Eighth and Ninth streets. The county court, with some irony, commissioned William S. Hamilton to make a survey of the acquisition, but Hamilton, disgusted with the day's proceed- ings, refused the job. The county officers lost no time in making arrangements for their first lot sale. It was decided to offer thirty lots to the public on the first Monday in May, and Charles R. Math- eny, county clerk, was directed to insert a notice to that effect in the Edwardsville Spectator and the Illinois Intelligencer of Vandalia, offering a credit of three, six and nine months. In his advertisement Matheny showed not a little familiar- ity with the arts of the publicity man. "Springfield," he wrote, "is now the permanent seat of justice of Sangamon county, situated within 4 J/2 miles of the Sangamon river, in the heart of perhaps the most beautiful and flourishing county in the state of Illinois. The number of lots are supposed to exceed one thousand. The town site is delightfully situated on the border of a handsome prairie, and in the immediate vicinity of a large quantity of good timber. The population exceed- ing two hundred souls, furnishes an opportunity of testing its health, which has never yet been denied by the candid mind or intelligent physician. It is an object of enterprise which equally becomes the actual settler or the speculator, to become interested in purchasing property in this place." The thirty lots offered for sale were disposed of in three days at prices ranging from $10.25, which Charles R. Math- eny paid for the northwest corner of Monroe and Seventh streets, to $40.50, given by Elijah lies for the southeast corner of Sixth and Adams. All the lots were 80 feet front and 157 feet deep. What is now the finest business property A Little Cluster of Log Cabins 1 7 in the city went for a few dollars. Thus James Adams bought the northeast corner of Fifth and Monroe streets for $13.75, while Garret Elkin, James C. McNabb and Elijah lies bought the four lots which made up the south side of the square for a total of $90.50. (A sad sequel to the first lot sale came six months later, when the county commissioners ordered that "the notes and accounts for the sale of lots in the Town of Springfield be put in the hands of John Taylor Sheriff for collection.") Nevertheless, the lots were all sold — a fact which indi- cated that a growing number of people were convinced that the town was there to stay. Their confidence was soon justi- fied, for in the following year its population more than doubled. When Charles R. Matheny composed a second ad- vertisement early in 1826, he was able to announce the pres- ence of 500 inhabitants u in a prosperous and thriving con- dition," and to assert, in calm confidence, that "if town prop- erty is to be valuable in any county town in the Western Country, it doubtless must be here." CHAPTER II The Town Takes Root IN the Springfield of a century ago and more, the funda- mental problem of obtaining a place to live was a simple one. All a settler needed was an ax, some timber and the will to work, for everyone, in town as well as country, lived in log cabins. Generally they were small — not more than fifteen by eighteen feet — but as time went on enterprising owners doubled capacity by adding an upper story or by building a second cabin adjoining the first. Often "houseraisings" were held for the benefit of newcomers, while weddings were a signal for the entire community to join in the work. Early in the morning the men gathered with axes, saws and adzes, and by night the cabin was ready for occu- pancy — ready, that is, except for the housewarming, with its feasting and drinking and dancing "to wear the splinters off the floor." For the first few years clothing too was mostly hand made. "We raised cotton sufficient to supply our wants . . ." wrote one early settler. "We had several cotton gins and our wives and daughters with their spinning wheels, cotton cards and looms supplied us with most of our wearing apparel." Wild animals were abundant, and many families made hats and clothing of their pelts. The same primitiveness was reflected in the settlers' food. "During my first year in Springfield I boarded with old Grandfather Kelly, and I think of it as the most luxurious 18 MJffcBCO mssssasssaism JXhayet Rtirs ctPTFves I -,13 Illinois State- IMversitj 11 p fr- 1- 10 11 ti Ian of P Pines Stirs *tt***' ills ~*j p I The First Printed Map of Springfield From E. H. Hall's Springfield City Directory and Sangamon County Advertiser For 1855-54 The Town Takes Root 1 9 living of all my days," wrote Elijah lies, reminiscing in a pleasant glow. "It consisted of Venison, Turkey, Prairie Chickens, Quail, Squirrel, beef and enough pork to season; honey and the best of milk and butter, and the never-to-be- forgotten corn dodger, and the hoe cake." If fresh venison were wanted for breakfast a deer could usually be killed in the grove where the Governor's mansion now stands. Hick- ory nuts and walnuts were abundant in the timber around the town, while in summer there was a profusion of wild strawberries, blackberries and plums. To commence housekeeping, even for the town's leading citizen, was a simple matter. Elijah lies thus described the preparations for his marriage with Malinda Benjamin, which took place in 1824. "To enable her to do her part, I fur- nished her bed-ticking, feathers, and sheeting, to be made up for a bed which was to be placed in a room above my little store. She was a brisk worker, and soon had them ready. For my part, I built a shed and brick chimney, with open fire- place (this was before the days of cook stoves) , attached to the rear of the store, for a cooking and dining place, until I had time to build a better. I soon had cooking utensils and table ware, and was prepared. After supper we called in a preacher, who married us, and our bridal trip was across the street to our bed room." Social intercourse was without formality. When a young lady wished to entertain company she simply placed a lighted candle in her window. In a few minutes she would have as her guests most of the young men of the village, who col- lected nightly at the four corners at Second and Jefferson streets. John T. Stuart, who came to Springfield in the fall of 1828, thus described his initiation into the custom. "Miss Clarissa Benjamin, now Van Bergen, placed her candle in the window of the parlor room, above the store of Major lies. Phil Latham gave notice by exclaiming : 'Boys, Clarissa's candle is in the window; let's go over.' The young men as- 20 "Here I Have Lived" sembled there, and found Miss Clarissa Benjamin, Misses Hannah and Margaret Taylor, the Misses Dryers, and Miss Jane Bergen. It was a pleasant, social evening, and these ladies were as handsome, refined, and entertained as well and gracefully, as the young ladies of the present day." In the long winter evenings families gathered around the huge fireplaces, often six feet or more in width. A back log so big that it had to be rolled over the floor and put in place on skids glowed red, while small wood piled around it kept the cabin warm. Everyone had an abundant supply of nuts. "In our family we added the parching and roasting of pop-corn and yellow corn," said Zimri Enos. "The latter, when well browned and ground and served in a bowl with rich, sweet milk, is a dish I could enjoy even now." Sometimes less pacific occupations were indulged in. On Saturdays, when the farmers came to town, the little square at the intersection of Second and Jefferson streets was likely to be the scene of considerable brawling. There the young men of the Sangamo country demonstrated their physical prowess by the time-honored method of blacking each other's eyes. Neighborhood quarrels were settled in the same way. Now it would be South Fork and Flat Branch against Rich- land and Clary's Grove; now Spring Creek against Lake Fork. Sometimes a dozen battles were in progress at the same time. Springfield was, in truth, a frontier town, and many phases of its life revealed the small gap which separated it from the uninhabited prairies of a few years before. James Adams received an amusing demonstration of this fact soon after he settled there in 1821. Bitten by a rattlesnake, he wanted to obtain some snake oil as a remedy. Seeking speedy relief, he let it be known that he would pay fifty cents for the first rattler offered him and twenty-five cents for each additional one. In a short time a man appeared with a snake and col- lected his fifty cents. A few minutes later he came back with The Town Takes Root 2 1 two more, and received the stipulated price of twenty-five cents for each of them. Then he asked Adams to go with him to his wagon. The bed was a tangled mass of rattlers, one hundred and twenty-two of theml Adams finally compro- mised by paying $5.00 for the lot. In the country around the town evidences of newness were everywhere. As late as 1833 an observant traveler wrote that even in the neighborhood of Springfield "the cultivated fields form a mere speck on the surface of the prairie/' while government land remained unsold within a mile of the town. Most farms were located on the edge of the timber. In the beginning settlers had looked upon the prairies as sterile — if trees wouldn't grow upon them, how could crops be ex- pected to thrive? The fallacy of this belief was soon demon- strated, but land bordered by timber remained desirable by reason of the ease with which wood for building, fencing and fuel could be obtained. "A settler regards the distance of half a mile from forest an intolerable burden," wrote one observer. The unbroken prairie, however, was more than mere wasteland; it was a thing of such beauty that few remained insensitive to it. In the summer tall grasses and brilliant flowering weeds, rippling in the wind like waves, stood as high as the head of a man on horse-back; while horses' hoofs and fetlocks turned crimson with the juice of wild straw- berries. In the winter the very immensity of its brown barren- ness was not to be forgotten. Never was the prairie so ma- jestic, however, as when it was afire. Through the dry grass the blaze sped faster than a horse could run, a quivering, leap- ing rush of flame. Smoke rose in heavy clouds, and night be- came light. Men not known to possess a particle of poetry in their natures became lyrical in describing the sight. On the farms, which were the chief reason for Springfield's existence, the methods were those of agriculture in its early stages. Once the prairie was broken — a hard job which re- 22 "Here I Have Lived" quired four or five oxen — little attention was paid to the crop until it was harvested. At the first planting corn was dropped in every third or fourth furrow and covered with the next turf. The resulting crop, known as sod corn, often yielded fifty bushels to an acre. Afterward corn was sowed in hills four feet apart. Machines to lighten work were unknown. Hay forks were made of forked sticks; hay was raked into rows with hand rakes. Wheat was cut and bound by hand, and threshed with a flail or trampled out by horses. In the spring, when ground was to be prepared for planting, corn stalks were cut off with a hoe and piled into heaps to be burned. Fences for keeping cattle in were made of rails split by hand, and hogs were allowed to run wild in the timber. Throughout the first decade of settlement, each farm was almost entirely self-sufficing. This was necessarily so, for little money could be obtained from the sale of crops. The people of Springfield and other villages consumed only a small part of the farmers' surplus, and the cost of transporta- tion to more distant markets often exceeded in value what re- mained. The experience of a settler named Thomas Beam, who lived near Rochester, was typical. In 1830 Beam raised a good crop of corn. He determined to sell it, take the pro- ceeds and remove to Galena. He found that he was unable to get a cent of money. The best he could do was to trade the entire crop for a barrel of whiskey, which he traded in turn for a three-year old steer. Finally he sold the steer for $10.00. What produce was sold for cash brought low prices. Throughout the decade corn brought from Rve to eight cents a bushel in the field. Butter could be bought for five cents a pound, eggs for three cents a dozen, venison hams for twenty- five to forty cents a pair. Prairie chickens had no value at all. Pork sold from $1.00 to $1.50 per hundred; while beef cattle three or four years old were worth $8.00 to $10.00 each. Milch cows brought from $5.00 to $10.00. The Town Takes Root 23 In the stores of Springfield produce was exchanged for goods more often than for cash. Old settlers told of trades they made in the early days — of exchanging thirty bushels of oats for eight yards of calico, or a winter's bag of 'coon skins for two hundred pounds of salt, or a bolt of homespun cloth for a set of china dishes. Money was scarce, and of un- certain value. Bank notes might be worth anywhere from nothing to 1 00 cents on the dollar, and even specie was treach- erous, since there were many counterfeits and "shaved" coins in circulation. The currency situation, however, was of small importance to good traders, who found storekeeping the surest way to make money. "That business is the best that can now be engaged in, in this part of the State," a Spring- field man wrote in 1828. For several years even postage was often paid in poultry, jeans, or beeswax. Charges — usually twenty-five cents a let- ter — were collected from the recipient rather than from the sender. Mails came so infrequently that the arrival of the carrier was a big event. All the inhabitants of the town — and often of the country for many miles around — gathered at lies' store, where the postoffice was located for a number of years, to see the mail distributed. John Williams, lies' clerk, called out the names of the addressees, but letters were not delivered until the postage was paid, unless, of course, the person was "good for it." Williams told of a Scotchman who devised a system of skinning the postoffice. This man, who had relatives in the East, would meet every mail, but it was seldom that he accepted the letter which always came for him. Instead, he would take it, look it over longingly, and then remark, "I wude luve to read it but siller is too hard to get to be spent on a feckless letter." But now and then he would pay his twenty-five cents and accept it. Their curios- ity aroused, lies and Williams discovered that the clan had devised a cypher system of innocent looking marks on the out- side of the letter. If the marks told the Scotchman that all 24 "Here I Have Lived" was well with his correspondent he refused the letter; if they informed him that something was wrong, he accepted it. Needless to say, after this discovery the canny settler was compelled to pay cash before even a look was permitted him. As time went on and Springfield slowly became larger, the occupations of its inhabitants began to cover a wider range. After the general store, the tavern was the next business to make an appearance. In 1821 Andrew Elliott opened the Buckhorn, and in early March, 1822, Elijah Slater and Thomas Price were both licensed to keep "public houses of entertainment" in Springfield. Prices were strictly regulated. Thus, for "victuals," a charge of 37^^ could be made; lodging for the night was I2y 2 $. The sort of accommoda- tions available can be guessed from the fact that the charge for stabling a horse for the night, without feed, was 50^ — four times the rate charged mere humans. Brandy and wine were to be sold for 2S/>* Fa//<>y . . . in the Year 1821. New York, 1825. ShirrefT, Patrick, ^ 7W Through North America. Edinburgh, 1835 Springfield. First Annual Report of the Public Schools, 1858-59. Springfield, 1859. Stuart, James, TAr*? Y«« in North America. 2 vols., New York, 1833 Taylor,' Bayard, At Home and Abroad: A Sketch-book of Life, Scenery and Men. New York, 1869. Thomas, John T., The One Hundredth Anniversary of the ... First Presbyterian Church, Springfield, Illinois. Springfield, 1928. Thomas, William, "The Winnebago 'War' of 1827." Transactions of the Illinois State Historical Society, 1907. Thompson, Joseph J., Diocese of Springfield in Illinois: Diamond Jubilee History. Springfield, 1927. Treat, Payson J., The National Land System, 1785-1820. New Trotter, Isabella, First Impressions of the New World on Two Travellers from the Old, in the Autumn of 1858. London, 1859. Villard, Henry, Memoirs of Henry Villard, Journalist and Financier, 1835-1900. 2 vols., Boston, 1904. 300 "Here I Have Lived" Wied-Neuwied, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prince von, Travels in the Interior of North America, 1832-1834. In Thwaites, Early Western Travels, Vols. 22-25, Cleveland, 1906. Wines, Frederick H., Memorial of Rev. J. G. Bergen. Springfield, 1873. Yates, Richard, General Grant's Military Services. Speech of Hon. Richard Yates of Illinois, in the United States Senate, July 18, 1866. Washington, 1866. INDEX Abolition, 79 Adams, J. H., 169 Adams, James, buys lot, 17; buys rattlesnakes, 20; early lawyer, 25; in political controversy, 67-70 Adams, John Quincy, 31 "Agricola," 61-62 Agriculture, dependence on transpor- tation, 35-36; unrest of farmers, 146; conditions of, 154-55; in- creased use of machinery, 160; greater production, 168 Alden's Hotel, 50 Alleghenians, 105, 187 Allegheny County (Pa.), 252 Allen, Robert, 66 Allen, Rowland P., 15 Alton, freight costs to, 36 ; cholera in, 42; produce exported from, 47; railroad to, 54, 151, 163; contender for state capital, 56 ; site of Lincoln- Shields duel, 123; Mexican War camp, 132; state fair at, 187 Alton & Sangamon Railroad, 159, 162-63. See also Chicago' & Mis- sissippi Railroad, Chicago & Alton Railroad. Alvey, William, 53 American Hemp Co., 142 American House, theater in, 80; visi- tors at, 83; described, 87-88; en- tertainments at, 98, 99, 100, 105; Van Buren at, 106; during state fair, 186; Douglas at, 211, 248; mentioned, 92 American Protestant Society, 142 Anderson, Gen., 283 Anderson, Joseph, estate, 68-69 Antietam, Battle of, 272 Anti-Nebraska party, 213, 215, 224 "Aristocracy Hill," 176 Armstrong, Hugh M., 169 Arnold, Isaac N., 108, 150 Arsenal, 269 Ashmun, George, 239 At Home and Abroad, 187 Augusta Family, 105 Bailey, Rev. G. S., 197 Baker, Edward Dickinson, captain Sharp Shooters, 50; speech by, 51; Whig leader, 65, 110; elected to state senate, 67; at corner stone ceremonies, 74; defends Porter, 79; Jackson funeral oration, 106; in Harrison campaign, 111, 114; in Fisher murder case, 119; in Mor- mon War, 127; in 1844 campaign, 129; speaks on Texas and Oregon, 131; raises 4th Illinois, 132; at Cerro Gordo, 134; visits Lincoln, 259 Baker, Edward L., 232, 258, 284 Baker, , 107 Balls, 98-99, 183 Baltimore, conventions, 241, 286 Banks, development of, 170-72 Bank of Illinois, 121 Baptist church, 53, 197, 201 "Barn, The," 243, 244, 249 Barnett, George I., 197 Barnum, Phineas Taylor, 188 Barrett, James W., 136, 143, 208, 235, 243 Barter, 22-23, 47, 158 Bateman, Newton, 228 Bates, Edwin, 238, 257 Baxter, W. D., 148 Beach, Richard H., 46 Beam, Thomas, 22 30I 302 "Here I Have Lived" Beardstown, 8, 36, 37, 47, 54 Beecher, Edward, 79 Beecher, Henry Ward, 188 Bell, John, 242 Belmont, August, 125n Belmont, Battle of, 269 Benjamin, Clarissa, 19 Benjamin, Malinda, 19. See also Mrs. Elijah lies. Benjamin, Parke, 188 Bergen, Jane, 20 Bergen, John G., settles in Spring- field, 28; describes Deep Snow, 34; at 4th of July celebration, 50; in Colonization Society, 52; officiates at wedding, 95 ; resigns pastorate, 197 , Birchall, C, 89 Birchall, C. & Co., 81 Birchall, Miss, 192 Birchall & Owen, 157 Bissell, William H., 191, 223, 224 Black Hawk War, 39 Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 105 Bloomington, railroad to, 163; con- vention at, 215; Douglas at, 229, 248 Bogue, Vincent, 36-38 Bolivar, Simon, 29 Booth, A. S., 245 Brayman, Mason, 205 Breckenridge, John C, 242 Breese, Sidney, 99, 213 Brevard, Jesse, 6 Brisbane, Arthur, 140 British Republican Club, 242 Broadwell, William, 9n Brodie, John, 129 Brooks, Rev. John F., 200 Bross, William, 220 Brown, Christopher Columbus, 231 Brown, Rev. J. H., 191 Brown, James N., 151 Brown, William, 220 Browne, Thomas C, 79 Browning, Orville Hickman, 72, 191, 238, 249 Bryant, William Cullen, 44 Buchanan, James, 217, 227 Buckhorn Tavern, 15, 24 Buckmaster, Nathaniel, 107 Buena Vista, Battle of, 133 Bull, Ole, 187 Bull Run, battles of, 268, 272 Bunn, Jacob, store, 159; bank, 171, 174; residence, 176; hospitality, Bunn, Jacobs — continued 191; in Library Association, 192; offers war loan, 263 Burlington (la.), 149 Burns, Robert, 189-90 Business, 168-174. See also Economic structure, Occupations, Trade. Butler, William, 65, 123-25 Butterfield, Justin, 126 Cadets of Temperance, 194 Calhoun, John, defeated for state sen- ate, 63, 67] Democratic leader, 64, 110; in Douglas-Francis quarrel, 115; speaks on Oregon question, 131; at Compromise meeting, 205; debates with Lincoln, 211; speaks at State Fair, 213 Calhoun, John Caldwell, 13 Calhoun, Town of, 13, 15 California, emigration to, 138-39; seeks admission to Union, 204-05 Calvary, A. W., 107 Cameron, Simon, 256 Camp Butler, 268, 269, 270, 272 Camp Yates, 264, 267, 268, 272 Campbell, David B., 106, 129 Campbell, Thompson, 92 Campbellite church, 53, 198 Canedy, Peleg C, 157 Capital, of Illinois, 55-57, 71-73, 83 Capital Band, 229 Capital Guards, 229 Capitol. See State House. Capps, Jabez, 24 Carlin, Thomas, 83 Carlinville, 162 Carpenter's Hall, 189 Carter, T. J., 192 Cartwright, Peter, 11, 27, 28 Cass, Lewis, 137 Cass County, 73 Cattle, trade in, 48, 168 Cemeteries, 179-80 Cerro Gordo, Battle of, 134 Chandler, Zachariah, 245, 281 Charleston, 260 Charleston (S. C), 240, 288 Chase, Philander, 53, 198 Chase, Salmon Portland, 238, 257 Chatterton, G. W., 176, 181 Chenery, John W., 175 Chenery House, 175, 238, 260 Chicago, delegation from, Harrison campaign, 113-14; stage fare to, 149; growth, 161; railroad to, 163; Index 303 Chicago — continued state fair at, 187; Douglas speaks at, 211, 229; Lincolns visit, 256 Chicago & Alton Railroad, traffic on, 167, 168; Matteson in, 176. See also Alton & Sangamon, Chicago & Mis- sissippi. Chicago & Mississippi Railroad, 177, 181. See also Alton & Sangamon, Chicago & Alton. Chicago Democratic Press, 214 "Chicken Row," location, 44; im- provement of, 174; fire, 181; men- tioned, 89, 91 Cholera, 41-42, 143, 166 Christian church, 53 Christian County, 73 Christmas, observance, 190 Churches, Springfield, 27-28, 53, 196- 99. See also under denominational names. Cilley, Jonathan, 125n Circus, in Springfield, 49, 101-02, 188- 89 City Hotel, described, 88; entertain- ment at, 102; remodeled, 175; fire, 181; during state fair, 186 City Lyceum, 193 City Mill, 181 Civic spirit, absence, 91-92; develop- ment, 177-83 Civil War, begins, 262 Clarke, Charles James Fox, 102 Clark's Exchange Bank, 172 Clary's Grove, 20, 117 Clay, Cassius M., 210 Clay, Henry, candidacy of, 31, 130; popularity, 31; and Compromise of 1850, 205; memorial meeting, 208 Clay, Porter, 78 Clear Lake, 268 Clifton, J., 87 Clinton Hall, 186 Coal mining, 160 Codding, Ichabod, 213, 214 Coles, Edward, 28 Colfax, Schuyler, 281 Colonization, approved, 79; Society, 52, 78 Columbia (S. C), 288 Columbians, concert, 187 "Commercial Row," 174 Commodities, for sale, 44-45 ; prices, 47, 157, 159 Compromise of 1850, 204-06, 207 Conant, William, 129 Concert Hall, 183, 190 Concordia College, 202n Confederate prisoners, at Camp But- ler, 270 Conkling, Clinton, 203 Conkling, James C, in Springfield society, 93 ; describes Springfield social life, 94-96; letter on Lincoln, 96; describes political speech- making, llln; describes Mary Todd, 115; describes Shields, 121; debates with McConnel, 211 ; speaks at rally, 233; complains of Lincoln, 284; supports Lincoln, 286 Conkling, Mrs. James C, describes women's war activities, 269; on effect of battles, 270; on Southern sympathizers, 276. See also Mercy Levering. Connelley, George R., 128 Constable, C. H., 217 Constitutional convention, 1824, Springfield against, 30 Constitutional convention, 1847, mem- bers attend Hardin funeral, 136 Cook, Daniel Pope, 11, 12n, 28 Cook, John, soap factory, 165; build- ing, 175; names Oak Ridge, 179; elected colonel 7th Illinois, 264; eulogizes 7th Illinois, 282 "Copperheads," in Springfield, 279, 288 Cormack, Rivers, 5 Corn, production of, 154-55; export of, 168 Corneau, J. A., 129 Corneau, S. A., 226 Corneau & Diller, 157 Cornelia, steamer, 163 Corwin, Thomas, 245 Cottage Garden, 176-77 Cotton Hill, 74 Couldock, Charles Walter, 189 Court houses, 43, 89-90 and note Courts, 83-84, 94 Cowardin, George M., 135 Cox, S. S., 278 Cox, Thomas, proprietor of Spring- field, 11, 12n; 4th of July celebra- tion at home of, 28 ; Adams sup- porter, 31 Craftsmen, 24, 45, 156, 169 Crews, Rev. H., 76 Cullom, Shelby M., 221, 225, 245 Cutcheon, S. M., 201 Cutright, D., 67 3°4 "Here I Have Lived" Danites, Mormon band, 127; political convention, 227 Danville, 163 Davis, David, 238 Debates, Lincoln-Douglas, 230-34, 237 Decatur, 215, 252 Decatur Infantry, 135 "Deep Snow," 33-34 Deere, John, 160 Democratic Club, 231 Democratic National Convention, 240-41 Democratic party, organization, 62- 64; Springfield leaders, 110; erects hickory pole, 129 ; hostility to banks, 170; supports Nebraska Bill, 210; rallies, 217, 219, 248; effect on, of Dred Scott decision, 224; supports Civil War, 272; denounces emanci- pation, 273-74; supports peace movement, 274-75, 278-79; de- nounces Lincoln, 284, 286 De Vries, Madame, 178 Diamond Grove, 7 Dickerson, D., 37 Diller, Isaac R., 176 Diller, R. W., 187 Disciples of Christ, 198 "Discoveries and Inventions," Lin- coln's lecture, 189 Donner, George, 138-39 Donner party, 138-39 Douglas, Stephen Arnold, dominates Springfield Democracy, 64; polit- ical advancement, 94; signs cotil- lion invitation, 98; at Breese's ball, 99; Democratic leader, 110; polit- ical addresses by, 111, 131, 208, 212, 214, 219, 225, 248; quarrel with Francis, 115-16; in Masonic Order, 196; passes Compromise measures, 206; reports Nebraska Bill, 209 ; acclaimed in Springfield, 211; 1858 Senatorial campaign, 227-35; candidate for Presidency, 207, 217, 240-41; Union address, 265-66; death, 267 "Douglas Hall," 243 Dred Scott decision, 224 Drennan, William, 4, 5 Dresser, Rev. Charles, 208 Dryer, Almira, 20 Dryer, Lavinia, 20 Dubois, Jesse Kilgore, 191, 252, 284 Duelling, 123-25 Duncan, Joseph, 51, 71 Early, Jacob N., 11 Economic structure, 153-60. See also Business, Occupations, Trade. Edward, Prince of Wales, 250 Edwards, Benjamin Stephenson, building of, 89 and note; hospital- ity, 108, 191 ; at Fremont ral^ 220; denounced by Register, 222; wel- comes Douglas, 229, 248 ; joins Democratic party, 231-32; eulo- gizes Douglas, 241 ; in campaign of 1860, 244; supports Civil War, 273 Edwards, Mrs. Benjamin Stephenson, 92 Edwards, Cyrus, 107 Edwards, Matilda, 94, 96 Edwards, Gov. Ninian, 2, 13, 30, 32 Edwards, Ninian Wirt, Whig leader, 65; residence, 86n ; in Springfield society, 93 ; Matilda Edwards visits, 94; Lincoln wedding at home of, 97; signs cotillion invitation, 98; on Jackson funeral committee, 106; hospitality, 108, 191 Edwards, Mrs. Ninian Wirt, 93 Edwards family, 93 Edwards' Grove, 217, 229 Elections, first in Springfield, 30; of 1824, 31; of 1828, 31; of 1834, 60- 62; of 1836, 62-64; for probate justiceship, 1837, 65-70; of 1840, 110-16; of 1842, Mormons in, 126; of 1844, 128-30; of 1848, 136-37; of 1852, 207-08; of 1856, 217-23; of 1860, 236ff., 253n; of 1862, 274; of 1864, 286-87. See also Politics. Electoral College, 259 Elkin, Garret, 17, 25, 42, 67 Elliott, Andrew, 15, 24 Ellis, Jacob, 24 Ellsworth, Elmer, 268 Emancipation, Proclamation of, 273 ; Lincoln defends, 281 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 187 Enos, Pascal Paoli, describes land sales, 9n; opens land office, 11; proprietor of Springfield, 11, 12n; characterizes William S. Hamil- ton, 14n ; describes early industries, 24; describes early schools, 26; do- nates lot for church, 28 ; during Deep Snow, 34; heirs of, donates land for college, 202 Enos, Pascal Paoli, Jr., 219 Enos, Zimri, 6, 20 Episcopalians, 53, 198 Index 305 Ernst, Ferdinand, 4 Evarts, William Maxwell, 239 Everett, Edward, 281 Ewing, W. L. D., 71 Excursions, 99-100 Farmers' & Mechanics' Association, 185 Farming, methods, 21-22 Farragut, David Glasgow, 287 Female Bible Society, 53 Fenian Brotherhood, 288, 290 Ferguson, W. L, 136 Ficklin, Orlando B., 72-73, 244 Fillmore, Millard, 220 Fire companies, 181-83 First National Bank, 172 Fisher, Archibald, 117-20 Fisher, S. B., 174 Fisher murder case, 116-20 Flagg, Gershom, 4 Flat Branch, 20 Flood, William G., 107 Flour, export of, 168 Fogg, George G., 257 Fondey, William B., 227 Force, J. H., 169 Ford, Thomas, 107; issues warrant for Joseph Smith, 126; investigates Mormon troubles, 127; calls for volunteers, 128, 131 Forquer, George, 38, 54, 64 Fort Donelson, 269-70 Fort Henry, 269-70 Fort Sumter, 262 Fourier, Charles, 140 Fourierism, 140-41 Fourth Illinois, in Mexican War, 132- 35 Fourth of July, celebrations, 28-29, 50, 105 Fox, Benjamin Franklin, 169 Francis, Simeon, on fertility of San- gamo Country, 40-41 ; in Young Men's Lyceum, 52; predicts growth of Springfield, 57; editor Journal, 65; on building activity, 88-89; quarrel with Douglas, 115-16; on Portuguese aid committee, 143 ; on effect of railroads, 166. See also Sangamo Journal, Illinois Journal. Francis, Mrs. Simeon, 97 "Franklin Festival," 189 Fraternal orders, 196 Freeman, J. D., 175 Fremont, John C, 218 French, Augustus C, 205, 217, 227 Frink & Walker, stages, 149 Frontier, stages in development of, 25 Fugitive slave law, adopted, 205 ; en- dorsed, 207, 215; case under, 226 Funk, Isaac, 277 Galena, 31, 149 Gambling, 49-50, 195-96 Gas, introduction of, 178 Gather, , 283 Gear, Charles, 15 Geographical Center, considered for capital, 56 German Band, 211, 217, 220 German Democratic Club, 242 German Methodist Church, 197 German Republican Club, 242 Gettysburg, Battle of, 279 Giddings, Joshua Reed, 214, 257 Gillespie, Joseph, 116 Gilmore, Dr., 118-19 Glaciers, in Illinois, 1-2 Globe Tavern, 87, 97 Goodell, R. E., 177n Governor's Mansion, 19, 86n, 176, 191 Grant, Ulysses S., 267, 269, 287, 288 Graves, William, 125n Great Western Railroad, 162, 163, 168, 260. See also Sangamon & Morgan Railroad. Greece, independence toasted, 29 Greeley, Horace, 140, 188, 257 Green, Bowling, 107 Green, Duff, 258 Grimshaw, Jackson, 191 Grimsley, William P., 159 Grow, Galusha, 245 Grubb & Lewis, 89 and note Hale, Rev. Albert, 143 Hamilton, Alexander, 14n Hamilton, George, 198 Hamilton, Robert, 6 Hamilton, William Stephen, 9n, 12n, 14-15 Hancock County, Mormon troubles, 125-28 Hanks, John, 244 Hannan & Ragsdale, 176 Hannibal (Mo.), 246 Happy, Captain, 50 Hardin, John J., captain military com- pany, 50; speeches by, 51, 131; in 306 "Here I Have Lived" Hardin, John J. — continued Mormon War, 127; in campaign of 1844, 129; in Mexican War, 131; death, 134; funeral, 136 Harris, Thomas L., campaigns for Congress, 137, 206, 211, 213; po- litical speeches, 212, 219 Harrison, William, 31 Harrison, William Henry, 63-64, 105, 110-16 Hart, , 120 Hartford Review, 41 Hassaurek, Friedrich, 245 Hatch, Ozias Mather, 252 Hawley, Eliphalet B., 159 Hay, John, cotton factory, 45 Hay, John, at Illinois State Univer- sity, 203 Hay, Milton, 233 Henry, Anson G., in cholera epi- demic, 42; Whig leader, 65, 110; defeated for probate justiceship, 66-70; letter to, from Lincoln, 251 Henry, James D., 33, 39, 40 Herndon, Archer G., 63, 65, 70, 217 Herndon, Elliot B., 226 Herndon, William Henry, in library association, 192; absent from Com- promise meeting, 206; at Repub- lican conventions, 213, 215; account of ratification meeting, 216; hears Douglas speak, 225 ; defends fugi- tive slave, 226; forms Republican club, 231; aids in Lincoln's nom- ination, 238; complains of Lincoln, 284 Hewett, Josephus, 53 Heyward, Edward, 125n Hickory Buds, 242, 248 Hickory Club, 248 Hickox, Virgil, 110 Hickox's mill, 118, 120 Hicks, Thomas, 249, Hoffman's Row, 43 Hogan, John, 217 Hogs, trade in, 48, 168; nuisance, 91, 180-81; price of, 167 Holy Alliance, 29 Hook & Ladder Co. No. 1, 182 Hooker, Joseph, 292 Hotels, 87-88. See also under in- dividual names. Hough, J. A., 102, 169 Houghan, Dr., 93, 113 "House Divided" speech, 228 Huntington, G. L., 165, 191 Hurst, Charles R., 159 Hutchinson, John, 160, 179 lies, Elijah, settles at Springfield, 7- 8; plans city, 9, 11; proprietor of Springfield, 12n; cashes commis- sioners' warrants, 15; buys lot, 16; describes social life, 18-19; Clay supporter, 31 ; in Adams contro- versy, 70; builds American House, 87; residence, 89, 113; builds ele- vator, 168; burial ground, 179 lies, Mrs. Elijah, 15, 19 lies, Washington, 37 Illinois, geology, 1-2; settlement, 2-3; growth, 40 Illinois Journal, predicts prosperity, 153; advocates banks, 171; opposes Nebraska Bill, 209, 210; applauds C. M. Clay, 211. See also Sangamo Journal, Illinois State Journal, Simeon Francis. Illinois Maine Law Alliance, 184 Illinois Republican, 56, 65, 67 Illinois State Agricultural Society, 184, 185 Illinois State Colonization Society, 184 Illinois State Education Society, 184 Illinois State Fair, 184-87, 211 Illinois State Medical Society, 184 Illinois State Journal, on panic of 1857, 172-73; on Bloomington con- vention, 215; denounces Edwards, 231; office of, Lincoln notified of nomination in, 236; describes rati- fication meeting, 247; denounces secession, 258; praises Douglas, 266; on Confederate prisoners, 270; on peace meeting, 279. See also Sangamo Journal, Illinois Journal. Illinois State Register, Democratic organ, 65; comments on mud, 90; comments on Lincoln, 111; on Northern Cross, 145 ; analyses farmers' plight, 146; urges railroad construction, 151; supports Douglas for Presidency, 207, 217; salutes passage of Nebraska Bill, 210; at- tacks C. M. Clay, 211; applauds Douglas' speech, 219; attacks Ed- wards, 222; denounces Herndon, 231 ; on nomination of Douglas, 240; supports Civil War, 272; de- nounces Lincoln and Oglesby, 286. See also Charles H. Lanphier. Index 307 Illinois State Temperance Society, 195 Illinois State University, 202-03 Illinois Theatrical Company, 100 "Illiopolitan Hall," 175 Immaculate Conception, church of, 199 Indiana, Lincoln in, 237; goes Re- publican, 251 Indians, in Springfield, 9, 11, 78; Winnebago War, 32-33; Black Hawk War, 39 Industry, specialization of, 168. See also Business, Economic structure, Occupations, Trade. Ingersoll, Robert G., 249 Integral Phalanx, 141 Internal Improvement System, 55-57, 71 Iowa, Lincoln in, 237 Irwin, Jared P., 75, 76-79 Irwin, Robert, 205 Irwin, , 89 Isherwood & MacKenzie, 80 Island Grove, 7, 142 Jackson, Andrew, 31, 105 Jacksonism, 60ff Jacksonville, cholera in, 42; descrip- tion, 44; military companies visit Springfield, 50-51; contender for capital, 56; fire companies visit Springfield, 182; Portuguese at, 143; Northern Cross to, 144; rallies at, 233 Jacksonville Rescue Company, 183 Jacoby & Co., 168 Jayne, Gershom, settles at Spring- field, 11, 25; in Winnebago War, 33; during Deep Snow, 33; Talis- man subscription, 37 Jefferson, Joseph, 100 Jefferson Barracks, 132 Jewett & Hitchcock, 89 and note Johnson, Ida, 283 Johnson, Joel, 88, 175, 259 Johnson, P. C, 152 Judd, Norman Buell, 235, 238, 239 Juvenile Temperance Society, 53 Kalley, Robert Reid, 142 Kansas, Lincoln in, 237 Kaskaskia, 55 Kelley, William D., 239 Kellogg, William, 258 Kelly, Elijah, 5 Kelly, Elisha, 5 Kelly, George, 5 Kelly, Henry, 5, 18 Kelly, John, 5, 6, 8 Kelly, William, 5 Kelly family, 4 Kenrick, Bishop Peter Richard, 199 Kentucky, admitted to Union, 3 Kessler, Adam, 219 Keyes, Gershom, 140 Kidd, T. W. S., 169 Kinney, William, 30 Kirkman, William, 45 Kirkpatrick, William, 9n Know Nothing party, 220 Koerner, Gustave, 228 Labarthe, M., 178 Lafayette (Ind.), 163 Lake Fork, 20 Lamb, James L., 108, 159, 168, 191 Lamb, John C, 269 Lamborn, Josiah, 119 Land sales, 9, 11-12 Langford, , 120 Lanphier, Charles H., urges purchase of Oak Ridge, 179; notifies Douglas of election, 235; serenaded, 241; denounces emancipation, 275. See also Illinois State Register. Latham, Mrs. Catherine, 174 Latham, James, 13 Latham, Phil, 19 Lawyers, early, 25 Lectures, in Springfield, 102, 187-88 Lee, Robert E., 288-89 Legislature, sessions, 83-84 Lehmanowsky, Col., 78 Levees (receptions), 99 Levering, Lawrason, 86n, 93 Levering, Mercy, 93, 95, 96, 97. See also Mrs. James C. Conkling. Lewis, Thomas, 47 Library Association, 192 Lick Creek, 140-41 Lincoln, Abraham, debt to Spring- field, xiii-xv; enters Sangamon County, 34; advocates improve- ment of Sangamon River, 38 ; ad- vocates usury legislation, 54; se- cures capital for Springfield, 57; settles at Springfield, 59; investi- gates state house charges, 66 ; kills capital repeal bill, 71 ; charges Adams with fraud, 69-70; intro- duces state house appropriation, 3 o8 "Here I Have Lived" Lincoln, Abraham — continued 72; secures Truett's acquittal, 77 Lyceum address, 80 ; story about unattractiveness of Springfield, 92 in Springfield society, 93 ; engage ment and marriage, 95-97, 100 signs cotillion invitation, 98; aids theater company, 100; on Jackson funeral committee, 106; hospital- ity, 108, 191; Whig leader, 110; in Harrison campaign, 111; jumps from window, 116; in Fisher murder case, 119-20; duel with Shields, 120-25; opposes annexa- tion of Texas, 131; attitude on Mexican War, 132, 136; at Hardin memorial meeting, 134; advocates railroad, 152; addition to residence, 176; toast to fire companies, 182; lecture, 189; temperance address, 193 ; absent from Compromise meeting, 205; eulogizes Clay, 208; describes opposition to Nebraska Bill, 209; hears C. M. Clay speak, 210; debates with Calhoun, 211; replies to Douglas, 212; defeated for Senate, 213-14; at Bloomington convention, 215; at ratification meeting, 216; receives votes for vice-presidential nomination, 218; at Fremont rally, 220; Fillmore letter, 221 ; Dred Scott speech, 225 ; senatorial campaign, 1858, 227-35; nominated for Presidency, 236-38; at notification ceremony, 239 ; at ratification meeting, 247; as nom- inee, 249-51; votes, 251; receives election returns, 252-53; as President-Elect, 253; attitude on secession, 257-58; leaves for Wash- ington, 260; inaugurated, 262; Douglas supports, 265 ; issues emancipation proclamation, 273 ; letter to Union meeting, 281 ; de- nounced by Democrats, 284; nom- ination, 1864, 285-86; re-elected, 287; "Old Bob," 289; death, 290; funeral, 291-92 Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, hospitality, 108; at Smith trial, 126; describes new residences, 176; describes social activities, 191-92; at noti- fication ceremony, 239 ; described by correspondent, 250; at recep- tion, 256; consents to Lincoln's burial at Springfield, 291. See also Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham — continued Mary Todd. Lincoln, Robert Todd, 203 Lincoln, Sarah Bush, 260 Lincoln, Thomas (Tad), 239 Lincoln, William Wallace,' 239 Lincoln Guards, 263 Lincoln Young Americas, 242 Linder, Usher F., 131 Liquor, intoxicating, 193, 194-95 Living costs, 173 Loami, Integral Phalanx at, 140-41 "Lobby," the, 106-07 Lockwood, Samuel D., 107 "Log cabin" campaign, 110-16 Logan, John A., 244, 281 Logan, Stephen Trigg, Whig leader, 65, 110; in Adams controversy, 70; hospitality, 108, 191; in Fisher murder case, 119; defeated for Congress, 136; in Integral Phalanx case, 141 ; erects buildings, 174, 192; absent from Compromise meeting, 206; debates with Harris, 211; at Bloomington convention, 215; aids in Lincoln's nomination, 238 Logan County, formed, 73 "Long Nine," 55-57, 71-72 Loose, Jacob, 159 "Lost Townships," letters, 121-23 Lot sales, Springfield, 16-17, 88 Louisville (Ky.), convention pro- posed, 275 Lovejoy, Elijah P., 80 Lovejoy, Owen, 213, 220 Lowry, Mrs. Eliza, 53 Ludlum, Cornelius, 148 Lutherans, 198 McChesney (Joseph H. ?), 191 McClellan, George Brinton, 271, 286-87 McClernand, John A., at Democratic rally, 217; in fugitive slave case, 226 ; in Democratic club, 231 ; quar- rel with Baker, 232; reports on Democratic convention, 240; christens Democratic hall, 243 ; sup- ports Union, 263; joins Union party, 272; speaks at Union meet- ing, 281 McConnel, Murray, 211 McCormick, Cyrus, 160 McCurdy, Nathaniel M., 107 McDowell, Irvin, 268 Index 309 McGinnis, David, 243 McLean, John, 238 McNabb, James C, 17 McNeely & Radford, 45 Madeira, Island of, 142-43 Mails, 23, 48, 150 "Maine Law," agitation, 195 Manning, G. S., 169 Manning, William, Jr., 45 Manufacturing, beginnings, 46; im- portance, 155-56; trade in prod- ucts, 160; stimulated, 169 Market house, 90, 157, 179 Marshall, Thomas F., 125n Mason, James, 15 Masonic Hall, 26, 175 Masonic Order, 196 Matheny, Charles R., settles at Spring- field, 7; advertises lot sale, 16-17; residence, 28, 43 ; Adams sup- porter, 31; in Colonization So- ciety, 52 Matheny, James H., 162, 205, 222 Mather, Lamb & Co., 45 Mather, Thomas, 108, 152, 153, 192 Mather, Mrs. Thomas, 291 Mather, Thomas S., 262 Matteson, Joel A., 176, 177n, 191, 213 Maxcy, , 283 May, William L., 60-62, 64, 107 Mechanics & Farmers Bank, 167, 172 Mechanics Institute, 74, 202 Mechanicsburg, 163 Menard County, 73 Mendel, , 27 Merchandising, 156-59. See also Business, Trade. Meredosia, 144, 145, 146 Merritt's Cornet Band, 233 Merryman, Elias H., captain Spring- field Artillery, 50; in Springfield society, 93 ; in Lincoln-Shields duel, 123-25; in Mormon War, 127; sup- ports Mexican War, 132 Merryman, James H., 134-35 Messersmith, John, 13 "Meteor shower," 49 Methodists, 28, 53, 86n, 197 Metropolitan Hall, 175, 189 Mexican War, 131-36; 244-45 Military companies, 50-51 Militia, ordered out, 262 Miller, Rev. E., 200 Miller, James, 228 Miller, Major, 107 Mills, Benjamin, 60-62 Mississippi River, 145-46 Missouri Compromise, 209, 215, 224 Missouri Democrat, 132 Mitchell, Edward, 33, 36, 43, 45 Mobley, Mordecai, 13 Moffett, Thomas, 37, 52 Money, 23. See also Barter. Montez, Lola, 188 Moore, John, 206, 217, 247 Morgan County, 73 Mormons, 78, 125-28 Morris, Achilles, 132 Mt. Vernon (111.), 161 Mud, 90-91 Munitions, manufacture, 269 Music and musicians, 102-05, 187, 245 Naples (111.), 153 National Guards, 264 Nauvoo, Mormons at, 125-28 Neale, Thomas M., Clay supporter, 31; in Winnebago War, 32-33; pilots Talisman, 37; advocates im- provement of Sangamon River, 39; in Black Hawk War, 39; at corner stone ceremony, 74 Nebraska Bill, 209-13 Negroes, indentured, 29 New Berlin (111.), 151, 162 New England Society, 189 New Mexico, 204-05 New Orleans, 145-46 New Year's Day, observance, 190 New York, returns from, 253 New York Herald, 99, 250, 253-55 Newhall Family, 187 Nicolay, John G., 249, 259 Noble, Silas, 276-77 Norris, John, 127 Novel reading, 81 Northern Cross Railroad, 99, 144-48, 152, 153. See also Sangamon & Morgan Railroad, Great Western Railroad. Oak Ridge Cemetery, 179-80, 291, 292 Oats, amount raised, 155 Occupations, range of, 24-25 ; mul- tiplication of, 44-46 Oglesby, Richard, 286 Ohio, admitted to Union, 3 ; Lincoln in, 237; goes Republican, 251 Old Tavern, 181 "Omnibus Bill," 205 3io "Here I Have Lived 55 Omelveny, H. K. S., 275 One hundred forty-sixth Illinois In- fantry, 291 Opdycke, Stacy B., 159 Oregon, boundary question, 130-31; emigration to, 137-38 Ottawa (111.), 161 Pain, John, 216 Palmer, John McAuley, 216, 287 Panic Sl 1837, 71, 120-21; 1853, 167; 1857, 172-73 Parker, Theodore, 188 Parkinson, Daniel, 30 Pasfield, George, 191 Patti, Adelina, 187 Pease, E. B. & Co., 157 Peck, John Mason, 107 Peninsular campaign, 271 Pennsylvania, returns from, 251, 252 Peoria, 56, 149, 151 Perry, Rev., 78 Peter, Zachariah, 4, 5 Phillips, D. L., 285 "Philo Drama," 81 Physicians, 25 Piatt, Donn, 245 Pierce, Franklin, 207-08 Pierce, William, 165 Pioneer Fire Company, 182, 288 Pittsburgh Landing, Battle of, 270-71 Planking, around square, 178 Poles, in campaign, 243 Police, 181 Politics, personal character of, 60; party organization, 62-65; 109-10; technique, 242ff. See also Elections. Polk, James K., 130, 136 Pollock, J. M., 36, 38 Pope, John, 272 Pope, Nathaniel, 107, 126 Pork, packing of, 156, 168; price of, 173, 174 Porter, Rev. Jeremiah, 79 Porter, , 120 Portland, Talisman at, 37 Portuguese, arrival of, 142-43 Post office, 23 Potomac, Army of, 271, 279 Power, George, 48 "Prairie Car," 148-49 Prairies, 21 Presbyterians, build church, 28, sep- arate, 53, First Presbyterian Church, 196, 197, 200, 201; Por- tuguese Presbyterian Church, 197 Price, Thomas, 24 Prices, produce, 22-23, 166, 172-73; tavern, 24; commodities, 47, 157, 159; wheat, 146 Prickett, , 107 Prince of Wales, 250 Produce, export of, 47, 145-46, 168; prices, 146, 166, 172-73; cost of transporting, 151 Prostitution, 196 Pugh, Jonathan, 14 Pulliam, Robert, 3-4 Puritanism, 80-81 Quincy (111.), 42 Rague, John F., 74, 105 Railroads, 54, 164-65, 166. See also under corporate names. Rails, in campaign of 1860, 244 "Railsplitter," the, 244 Ransdell's Tavern, 51 "Rebecca" letters, 122-23 Rector, William, 14n Reed, James F., 138-39 Religion, interest in, 27-28. See also Churches. Republican party, conventions, 213, 218, 228, 238; rallies, 220, 236-37; endorses emancipation, 273 ; un- friendly to Lincoln, 284-85 Republicanism, in Sangamo country, 29 Reynolds, John, 39, 192, 233 Richardson, William A., 219, 223, 244 Richland (111.), 20 Richmond, fall of, 271, 288 Ridgely, Anna, 256 Ridgely, Nicholas H., hospitality, 108, 191; and Northern Cross, 152, 153; establishes bank, 172; at Com- promise meeting, 205 ; offers war loan, 263 Rio Grande River, 133 Roberts, Edmund, 52 Roberts, Mrs. Edmund, 94 Roberts, Horatio E., 132, 133 Robinson, Solon, 154 Robinson Family, 187 Rockford Forum, 177 Rodney, Miss, 93 Roman Catholic Church, 53, 198-99 Roman Catholic Total Abstinence So- ciety, 194 Rosette, John E., 226 Index 3 11 Rowett, Richard, 282 Runyon, Samuel, 283 Rural Hotel, 72, 77 Ruth, Reuben F., 174 Rye, amount raised, 155 St. Louis, 163, 246, 291 St. Nicholas Hotel, 175, 230 "Sampson's Ghost," letters, 68 San Juan River, 133 Sands, W. B., 263 Sangamo country, 2, 4, 40-41. See also Sangamon County. Sangamo Fire Co. No. 2, 182 Sangamo Journal, predicts growth of Springfield, 35; describes emigra- tion, 40; on Jacksonville visitors, 51; on political organization, 63; Whig organ, 65 ; comments on mud, 90; attacks Mormons, 126; on Northern Cross, 145. See also Illi- nois Journal, Illinois State Journal, Simeon Francis. Sangamo Sabbath School Society, 27 Sangamo Town, 15 Sangamon, post office, 11 Sangamon Association, Fourier group, 140 Sangamon Bible Society, 53 Sangamon County, settlement, 3-4; first court house, 6; contest for county seat, 14-15; growth, 31, 40; population, 41 ; boundaries cur- tailed, 73; products of, 154-55; vote in, 223, 234, 253, 287 Sangamon County Agricultural So- ciety, 184 Sangamon Guards, 106 Sangamon River, course of, 2; im- provement advocated, 38-39 Sangamon & Morgan Railroad, con- struction of, 153; completion, 159; connection with Alton planned, 162; extension, 163 ; effect of completion, 165; station burns, 181. See also Northern Cross Railroad, Great Western Railroad. Santa Anna, A. L. de, 135 Savannah (Ga.), 288 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 4 Schools, early, 26-27, 199-200; pub- lic, 200-02 Schurz, Carl, 245, 257 Scott, Winfield, 207 Scott County, 73 Secession, 205, 257, 265 Semple, James, 99, 148 Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 264, 282 Seward, William H., 238, 251, 256 Sewers, 180 Shawneetown, 3 Sheridan, Philip H., 287 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 287, 288 Shields, James, signs cotillion invita- tion, 98; gives party, 99; charac- terized, 121 ; "duel" with Lincoln, 122-25; death reported, 134; in Masonic lodge, 196; describes adoption of Compromise, 207 Shiloh, Battle of, 270-71 Shirreff, Patrick, 44, 46 Simpson, Bishop Matthew, 292 Singleton, James W., 212 Slater, Elijah, 24 Slavery, Springfield's attitude to- wards, 29-30, 79, 204; political is- sue, 206ff. Sloo, John R., 15 Smith, C. M., 260 Smith, Caleb B., 245 Smith, Hyrum, 127 Smith, Joseph, 126, 127 Smith, William, 33 Social life, in Springfield, 18-21, 49, 84-85, 93-108, 190-92 Soldiers, aid societies, 269, 270; vet- erans return, 282-83 ; home built, 283-84 Sons of Temperance, 194 South, sympathy with, 276 South Carolina, 257 South Fork, 20 Spear, D. & I. P., 157 Speed, Joshua Fry, Lincoln rooms with, 59 ; in Springfield society, 93; admires Matilda Edwards, 94; signs cotillion invitation, 98; let- ters from Lincoln, 119-20, 124 Spring Creek, 5-6, 20 Springer, Rev. Francis, 198 Springfield, temporary county seat, 5; descriptions, 11, 16, 42-44, 85- 90; plat of, 11; original propri- etors, 12n; first lot sales, 13; pop- ulation, 35, 41; cholera, 41-42; business census, 45 ; state capital, 56-57, '83; new buildings, 88-89, 174-75; crudeties, 91-92; first rail- road, 144; importance diminishes, 161 ; growth, 165; vote of, 223, 234, 287 312 "Here I Have Lived" Springfield (Ky.), 5 Springfield Academy, 200 Springfield Artillery, 50, 106, 129, 210, 211, 217, 220, 241, 264 Springfield & Alton Railroad, 152 Springfield Brass Band, 135 Springfield Cadets, 127 Springfield City Council, 290 Springfield Conservative, 221 Springfield Female Seminary, 200 Springfield Gas Company, 178 Springfield Horticultural Society, 189 Springfield Infantry, 135 Springfield Marine & Fire Insurance Co., 171, 263 Springfield Sharp Shooters, 50 Springfield Temperance Society, 52 Springfield Young Ladies' Institute, 200 Springfield Zouave Grays, 263, 264 Stages, travel by, 48, 149-50 State Bank of Illinois, 121, 170; build- ing of, 89 and note, 171 State House, waste charged, 66 ; con- struction, 73-75, 86, 87, 89; yard improved, 178; Lincoln's office in, 249; Lincoln's body in, 291 Stillman, Stephen, 11 Stock raising, 48 Stone, Dan, 50, 52, 67 Storekeeping, 8-9 Strawbridge, Thomas, 24 Street lighting, 178 Strode, James, 31 Stuart, John Todd, describes social life, 19-20; describes early phy- sicians, 25; settles in Springfield, 25; in Lyceum and Colonization Society, 52; partnership with Lin- coln, 59; Whig leader, 65, 110; on State House committee, 66 ; in An- derson case, 69; in Adams contro- versy, 70; in Truett case, 77; in Springfield society, 93 ; on Jackson funeral committee, 106; hospitality, 108, 191; helps to secure college, 202; at Compromise meeting, 205; Journal denounces, 222; in 1858 campaign, 232; elected to Con- gress, 274; denounces emancipation, 275 ; eulogizes Lincoln, 290 Sugar Creek, 4 Sweet, Theophilus, 140 Swett, Leonard, 238, 274 Swiss Bell Ringers, 105 Talisman (steamer), 36-38 Tampico (Mex.), 133 Taney, Roger B., 224 Taverns, 24, 87-88. See also under individual names. Talbott, Benjamin, 69, 70 Taylor, Bayard, 187 Taylor, E. D., 37, 213 Taylor, Hannah, 20 Taylor, John, 11, 12n, 17 Taylor, Margaret, 20 Taylor, Zachary, 137, 206 Telegraph, in use, 161 Temperance, agitation for, 78, 193-95 Temperance Hotel, 88 Tennessee, 3 Tennessee, Army of, 279 Tenth Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, 283 Texas, annexation, 130-31; boundary, 205 Thayer, Edward R., 159 Thayer, Joseph, 159 Theater, 52, 80-81, 100, 189 Thespian Society, 52, 80 Third Illinois Volunteers, 134 Thornton, Anthony, 244 Thornton, Miss, 93 Tinsley, S. M., 159 Tinsley, S. M. & Co., 148 "Tippecanoe & Tyler Too," 110-16 Todd, Elizabeth, 93 Todd, Dr. John, 33, 42 Todd, Mary, in Springfield society, 93-95 ; engagement and marriage, 95-97; in Harrison campaign, 115; on railroad excursion, 100. See also Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. Todd family, 93 Trade, methods of, 22-23; export, 47; volume, 166, 169-70. See also Merchandising. Trailor, Archibald, 117-20 Trailor, Henry, 117-20 Trailor, William, 117-20 Transportation, cost, 22; importance, 35-36; improvement, 48; demand for improvement, 54-55; slowness, 84; railroads, 144-46, 151-53; stage, 149-50 Treat, Samuel Hubbel, 134, 191, 196 Truett, Henry B., 77 and note Trumbull, Lyman, in Springfield, 94; speeches by, 213, 220, 245, 256, 263; elected to Senate, 213-14; un- friendly to Lincoln, 285 Index 313 Tuck, Amos, 257 Turley, James, 31 Turner, Jonathan Baldwin, 186 Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, 267 Twenty-sixth Illinois Volunteer In- fantry, 283 Twiggs, Gen. David E., 135 Tyler, John, 116 Typographical Association, 189 Union League, 290 Union meetings, 263, 280-81 Union party, 273, 274, 276, 286, 287 United States Court, rooms, 192 United States Hotel, 183 Universalists, 198 University of Illinois, 202n Urbana (111.), 163 Ursuline Nuns, 199 Usury, legislation, 54 Utah, 204-05 Utica Morning Herald, 250 Van Buren, Martin, 62-64, 106, 110-16 Vandalia, 55-56 Van Noy, Nathaniel, 32 Varieties Theater, 189 Vera Cruz (Mex.), 133 Vicksburg, capture, 279 Villard, Henry, 253-55 Voorhees, Daniel, 278 Wages, in Springfield, 46, 47, 173 Walker, Cyrus, 111 Wallace, William, 93 Wallace, Mrs. William, 93 Walters, William, 65, 110, 133 Wards, boundaries, 201n Warner, L. S., 168 Warren, Hooper, 33 Warren, William Barton, 192 Washburne, Elihu B., 227 Washingtonian movement, 193-94 Water supply, 183 Watson's Saloon, 252 Weatherford, William, 127 Webb, Edwin B., 94, 96, 97 Webb, James Watson, 125n Weber, George R., editor Republi- can, 65; quarrels with Elkin, 67; Democratic leader, 110; in Mormon War, 128; at Bloomington conven- tion, 215 Weber, John B., 67 Webster, Bela C, 159 Webster, Daniel, 76 Weddings, 94-97 Weed, Thurlow, 256, 258 Wentworth, John, 220 West Virginia, 275 Western movement, 3 Wheat, 155, 167, 168 Whig party, formed, 65 ; Springfield leaders, 65, 110; exploits Demo- cratic financial measures, 121 ; erects ash pole, 129; attitude on Oregon question, 131; in campaign of 1856, 220 White, Hugh L., 62-64 Whitesides, John D., 123-25 Whitney, Rev. Jonas, 77 Wide-Awakes, 242, 246 Wied-Neufeld, Maximilian, Prince of, 41 Wigwam, building of, 243, 287; meet- ings at, 244, 245, 256 Wiley, Edmund R., 74, 111, 169 Williams, John, clerks for lies, 23 ; in Young Men's Lyceum, 52; mer- chant, 158; banker, 171; at Com- promise meeting, 205 Williams, John S., 141 Winnebago War, 32-33 Wisconsin, Lincoln in, 237 Women, place in social scheme, 29; war activities, 269, 270 Wool, amount raised, 155; export, 168; manufacture, 169 Wright, Erastus, 27, 213 Yankees, 29, 30 Yates, Richard, candidate for Con- gress, 206, 211 ; at rallies, 233, 234; in 1860 campaign, 245; inaugural address, 259; calls special session, 262; calls for volunteers, 263; ap- points Grant, 267; war meeting, 271, 272; visits Shiloh battlefield, 271; prorogues legislature, 278; eulogizes Seventh Illinois, 282; complains of Lincoln, 285 Young America Band, 237 Young America Hose Company, 182, 263 Young Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Society, 284 Young Men's Convention, 112-16 Young Men's Lyceum, 52 Young Men's Republican Club, 231 This book was first published in a limited edition for members of The Abraham Lincoln Association in 1935, and has been a collector's item ever since. Constant demand has prompted this reprinting which is now offered to the general public. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Paul M. Angle is an officer of the Abraham Lincoln Association and Director of the Chicago His- torical Society. Best known of his published works is THE LIN- COLN READER, a Book-of-the- Month Club selection in 1947. Among other books by Mr. Angle are NEW LETTERS AND PAPERS OF LINCOLN, MARY LINCOLN: WIFE AND WIDOW (in collaboration with Carl Sandburg), and A SHELF OF LINCOLN BOOKS. He has also edited sev- eral scholarly publications, among them The Bulletin of the Abraham Lincoln Association and The Abraham Lincoln Quarterly. OTHER LINCOLN BOOKS FROM RUTGERS LINCOLN'S VANDALIA by William E. Baring er $2.50 LINCOLN RUNS FOR CONGRESS by Donald Riddle $3.00 PORTRAIT FOR POSTERITY: Lincoln and His Biographers by Benjamin P. Thomas $3.00 A SHELF OF LINCOLN BOOKS: A Critical Selective Bibliography of Lincolniana by Paul M. Angle $3.00 ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND THE WIDOW BIXBY by F. Lauriston Bullard $3.00 ABRAHAM LINCOLN: His Autobiographical Writings edited by Paul M. Angle $15.00