Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/newdefinitionsof00harv_0 o> UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY HARVARD UNIVERSITY. — FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. NEW DEFINITIONS OF REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO HARVARD COLLEGE AND TO THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL. Daring the past year the Faculty has been engaged on a revision of the requirements for admission to Harvard College and to the Lawrence Scientific School. In a few of the studies of the present list no change is proposed ; in most, the defini- tion of the requirement has been carefully revised. Several new studies have been added to the list, some of which will be accepted for admission either to the College or to the Scientific School, some for admission to the Scientific School only. A portion of the studies will be elective as at present. In the examinations of 1898, and thereafter until the new definitions shall be exclusively in force, alternative papers will be offered under the new definitions (where they differ materi- ally from the present definitions) in Greek, Latin, German, French, History, Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry. In formulating a new statement of the terms of admission it is the purpose of the Faculty to assign to each study a certain number of points, representing the relative weight which that study will have in determining the question of a candidate’s fitness for admission, and to state the total amount of the requirement for admission in the form of a fixed aggregate of points which may be made up by various combinations of studies under regulations to be announced hereafter. In framing the new terms of admission to Harvard College the Faculty does not intend to increase the total amount of work required in preparation. July 30, 1897. DEFINITIONS OF REQUIREMENTS. Good English. Clear and idiomatic English is expected in all examination-papers and note-books written by candidates for admission. Teachers are requested to insist on good English, not only in translations, but in every exercise in which the pupil has occasion to write or to speak English. I. The following definitions of requirements in studies which may be presented by candidates for admission to Harvard College or to the Lawrence Scientific School have been adopted by the Faculty, subject to possible changes of detail : — 1. English. (As at present.) The examination will consist of two parts, which, however, cannot be taken separately : — I. The candidate will be required to write a paragraph or two on each of several topics chosen by him from a considerable number — perhaps ten or fifteen — set before him on the examination paper. In 1898 the topics will be drawn from the following works : — Milton’s Paradise Lost, Books I and II ; Pope’s Iliad, Books I and XXII ; The Sir Roger de Coverly Papers in the Spectator ; Goldsmith’s Vicar of Wakefield; Coleridge’s Ancient Mariner; Southey’s Life of Nelson; Carlyle’s Essay on Burns; Lowell’s Vision of Sir Launfal; Hawthorne’s House of the Seven Gables. The candidate is expected to read intelligently all the books prescribed. He should read them as he reads other books; he is expected, not to know them minutely, but to have freshly in mind their most important parts. In every case the examiner will regard knowledge of the book as less important than ability to write English. As additional evidence of preparation, the candidate may present an exercise-book, properly certified by his instructor, containing compositions or other written work. II. A certain number of books will be prescribed for careful study. This part of the examination will be upon subject-matter, literary form, and logical structure, and will also test the candidate’s ability to express his knowledge with clearness and accuracy. The books prescribed for this part of the examination in 1898 are : 3 Shakspere’s Macbeth; Burke’s Speech on Conciliation with America; De Quincey’s Flight of a Tartar Tribe ; Tennyson’s Princess. No candidate will be accepted in English whose work is seriously defective in point of spelling, punctuation, grammar, or division into paragraphs. In connection with the reading and study of the prescribed books, parallel or subsid- iary reading should be encouraged, and a considerable amount of English poetry should be committed to memory. The essentials of English grammar should not be neglected in preparatory study. The English written by a candidate in any of his examination-books may be regarded as part of his examination in English, in case the evidence afforded by the examination- book in English is insufficient. 2-4. Greek. 2. Elementary Greek. The examination will be adapted to the proficiency of those who have studied Greek in a Systematic course of five exercises a week, extending through at least two school years. 'Hie two parts of the examination cannot be taken separately : — (a) The translation at su h of simple Attic prose. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) ( b ) A thorough examination on a prescribed portion of Xenophon (about thirty pages*), directed to testing the candidate’s mastery of the ordinary forms, constructions, and idioms of the language ; the test to consist, in part, of writing simple Attic prose, involving the use of such words, constructions, and idioms only as occur in the portion of Xenophon prescribed. For three years, beginning with 1898, the portion of Xenophon pre- scribed will be the second book of the Anabasis. Advanced Greek. There are two examinations, in either or both of which the candidate may present himself. To be adequately prepared for both examinations, the candidate should have studied Greek in a systematic course of five exercises a week, extending through at least three school years : — 3. Greek Authors. — The translation at sight of Attic prose and of Homer, with questions designed to test the candidate’s understanding of the passages set, and questions on ordinary forms, constructions, an 1 idioms, and on prosody. (The passages set for translation must be ren- dered into simple and idiomatic English.) 4. Greek Composition. — The translation into Attic prose of a passage of connected English narrative. The passage set for translation will be based on some portion of the Greek prose works usually read in prepara- tion for college, and will be limited to the subject-matter of those works * The pages of the more recent Teubner text editions are taken as a standard in this statement. 4 The estimate of the periods of study necessary to prepare for the elementary and advanced examinations in Greek is based on the assumption that the candidate has begun the study of Latin at least a year earlier, and has continued it along with his Greek course ; otherwise the periods specified would not be sufficient. In preparation for the elementary examination in Greek, candidates should read from 130 to 170 pages* of Attic prose. For the advanced examination (Greek Authors), candidates should read from 30 to 50 pages more of Attic prose, and from 3000 to 5000 verses of Homer. The reading of Homer may be advantageously begun with a thorough study of Iliad, Books I and II (to the catalogue of ships) . The pupil should be constantly guided in proper methods of reading, and trained to read the Greek intelligently, as Greek, before undertaking to render it into idiomatic English. There should be constant practice in reading aloud, with due expression, and in hearing the language read. In connection with the reading, to ensure thorough- ness and accuracy in the pupil’s understanding of the language, the study of grammar, with some practice in writing Greek, should be maintained throughout the course. There should also be frequent written translations into idiomatic English. To prepare for the examination in Greek Composition, pupils should be trained, from an early stage of the preparatory course, to render into Greek, not merely detached sentences, illustrative of constructions, but also passages of connected narrative or description, prepared by the teacher on the basis of the prose authors read. 5-7. Latin. 5. Elementary Latin. The examination will be adapted to the proficiency of those who have studied Latin in a systematic course of five lessons a week, extending through at least three school years. The two parts of the examination cannot be taken separately : — (a) The translation at sight of simple Latin prose and verse. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) ( b ) A thorough examination on a prescribed portion of Cicero’s speeches (about thirty pages*), directed to testing the candidate’s mastery of the ordinary forms, constructions, and idioms of the lan- guage ; the test to consist, in part, of writing simple Latin prose, involving the use of such words, constructions, and idioms only as occur in the speeches prescribed. For three years, beginning with 1898, the portion of Cicero prescribed will be the second, third, and fourth speeches against Catiline. Advanced Latin. There are two examinations, in either or both of which the candidate may present himself. To be adequately prepared for both examinations, the candidate should have studied Latin in a systematic course of five lessons a week, extending through at least four school years : — * See footnote, p. 3. 5 6 . Latin Authors. — The translation at sight of Latin prose and verse, with questions designed to test the candidate’s understanding of the pas- sages set, and questions on ordinary forms, constructions, and idioms, and on prosody. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) 7. Latin Composition . — The translation into Latin prose of a pas- sage of connected English narrative. The passage set for translation will be based on some portion of the Latin prose works usually read in preparation for college, and will be limited to the subject-matter of those works. The estimate of the periods of study necessary to prepare for the examinations in Latin is made with reference to schools which have a four years’ course. Schools which have a five years’ course may more advantageously provide for beginning the study of Latin in the first year, with some diminution, if necessary, of the time devoted to it in the last years of the course. The course of reading pursued in preparation for the examinations in Latin should include : — (a) Easy reading, included in or following a suitable introductory book (‘Latin Lessons ’), amounting to from 30 to 40 pages ; * (&) Nepos (Lives) and Caesar (Gallic War), 90 to 120 pages; (c) Cicero, 90 to 120 pages, including the four speeches against Catiline and the speech on the Manilian Law, with additional speeches selected by the teacher; (d) Virgil and Ovid, 6000 to 10,000 verses, including the first six books of the Aeneid. Preparation for the elementary examination alone should include (a) and (6), the four speeches against Catiline, and from 2000 to 3000 verses of Virgil, or of Ovid and Virgil. The pupil should be constantly guided in proper methods of reading, and trained to read the Latin intelligently, as Latin, before undertaking to render it into idiomatic English. There should be constant practice in reading aloud, with due expression, and in hearing the language read. In connection with the reading, to ensure thorough- ness and accuracy in the pupil’s understanding of the language, the study of grammar, with some practice in writing Latin, should be maintained throughout the course. There should also be frequent written translations into idiomatic English. To prepare for the examination in Latin Composition, pupils should be trained, from an early stage of the preparatory course, to render into Latin not merely detached sentences; illustrative of constructions, but also passages of connected narrative or description, prepared by the teacher on the basis of the prose authors read. 8, 9. German. 8. Elementary German. (a) The translation at sight of simple German prose. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) (b) The translation into German of simple English sentences, or of easy connected prose, to test the candidate’s familiarity with elementary grammar. * See footnote, p. 3. 6 The passages set for translation into English will be suited to the proficiency of candi- dates who have read not less than two hundred pages of easy German (including reading at sight in class). Grammar should be studied concurrently with the reading as an indispensable means of ensuring thoroughness and accuracy in the understanding of the language. The requirement in elementary grammar includes the conjugation of the weak and the moi’e usual strong verbs; the declension of articles, adjectives, pronouns, and such nouns as are readily classified; the commoner prepositions; the simpler uses of the modal auxiliaries; the elements of syntax, especially the rules governing the order of words. Pronunciation should be carefully taught, and the pupils should have frequent oppor- tunities to hear German spoken or read aloud. The writing of German from dictation is recommended as a useful exercise. 9. Advanced German. (a) The translation at sight of ordinary German. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) ( b ) The translation into German of a connected passage of English prose, to test the candidate’s familiarity with grammar. Proficiency in grammar may also be tested by direct questions. The passages set for translation into English will be suited to the proficiency of those who have read, in addition to the amount specified under Elementary German, not less than five hundred pages of classical and contemporary prose and verse. It is recom- mended that the reading be selected from such works as the following: Riehl, Culturgeschichtliche Novellen; Freytag, Bilder aus der deutschen Vergangenheit, Die Journalisten; Kohlrausch, Das Jahr 1813; Schiller, Der dreissigjdhrige Krieg, Wilhelm Tell, Maria Stuart, Die Jungfrau von Orleans ; Goethe, Hermann und Dorothea, Egmont, Iphigenie; Lessing, Minna von Barnhelm. About one half of the amount read should be Nineteenth Century prose. In the translation into German candidates will be expected to show a thorough knowledge of accidence, the elements of word-formation, the principal uses of prepo- sitions and conjunctions, and the essentials of syntax, especially the uses of the modal auxiliaries, and of the subjunctive and infinitive modes. It is recommended that the candidate be trained to follow a recitation conducted in German and to answer in that language questions asked by the instructor. 10, 11. French. 10. Elementary French. (a) The translation at sight of ordinary Nineteenth Century prose. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) ( b ) The translation into French of simple English sentences or of easy connected prose, to test the candidate’s familiarity with elementary gram- mar. Proficiency in grammar may also be tested by direct questions, based on the passages set for translation under (a). The passages set for translation into English will be suited to the proficiency of candi- dates who have read not less than four hundred pages (including reading at sight in class) from the works of at least three different authors. It is desirable that a portion of the reading should be from works other than works of fiction. Grammar should be studied concurrently with the reading as an indispensable mean of ensuring thoroughness and accuracy in the understanding of the language. The requirement in elementary grammar includes the conjugations of regular verbs, of the more frequent irregular verbs, such as alter, envoyer, tenir, pouvoir, voir, vouloir, dire, savoir, faire, and those belonging to the classes represented by ouvrir, dormir, connaitre, conduire, and craindre; the forms and positions of personal pronouns and of possessive, demonstrative, and interrogative adjectives; the inflection of nouns and adjectives for gender and number, except rare cases; the uses of articles, and the partitive constructions. Pronunciation should be carefully taught, and pupils should have frequent opportuni- ties to hear French spoken or read aloud. The writing of French from dictation is recommended as a useful exercise. 11 . Advanced French. ( a ) The translation at sight of standard French. (The passages set for translation must be rendered into simple and idiomatic English.) ( b ) The translation into French of a connected passage of English prose, to test the candidate’s familiarity with grammar. Proficiency in grammar may also be tested by direct questions. The passages set for ti'anslation into English will be suited to the proficiency of candi- dates who have read, in addition to the amount specified under Elementary French, not less than six hundred pages of prose and verse from the writings of at least four standard authors. A considerable part of the amount read should be carefully trans- lated into idiomatic English. Candidates will be expected to show a thorough knowledge of accidence and famili- arity with the essentials of French syntax, especially the uses of tenses, modes, pre- positions, and conjunctions. It is recommended that the candidate be trained to follow a recitation conducted in French and to answer in that language questions asked by the instructor. 12, 13. History (including Historical Geography). 12 . Elementary History. Either of the two following groups, each including two fields of historical study : — 1. Greek and Roman History. — (a) Greek History to the death of Alex- ander, with due reference to Greek life, literature, and art. ( b ) Roman History to the accession of Commodus, with due reference to literature and government. 2. English and American History. — ( a ) English History, with due reference to social and political development. (6) American History, with the elements of Civil Government. For preparation in each of the two historical fields presented, a course of study equivalent to at least three lessons a week for one year will be necessary. The candidate will be expected to show on examination such general knowledge of each field as may be acquired from the study of an accurate text-book of not less than 300 pages, supplemented by suitable parallel readings amounting to not less than 500 pages. The examination will call for comparison of historical characters, periods, and 8 events, and in general for the exercise of judgment as well as of memory. Geographical knowledge will be tested by means of an outline map. As further evidence of the candidate’s proficiency satisfactory written work, done at school and certified by the teacher, must be submitted at the time of the examination. It must be presented in the form of a note-book (or bound collection of notes), con- taining not less than 50 written pages on each historical field offered, and must show practice in some of the following exercises: — (а) Notes and digests of the pupil’s reading outside of the text-books. (б) Brief written tests requiring the application to new questions of knowledge previously acquired. (c) Parallels between historical characters or periods. (d) Short studies of topics limited in scope, prepared outside of the class-room and illustrated by some reference to contemporary material. ( e ) Historical maps or charts showing explorations, migrations, conquests, territorial changes, or social conditions. In the judgment of the Department of History it is desirable that Greek and Roman History be offered as a part of the preparation of every candidate. 13 . Advanced History. Any one of the four courses of study which follow : — 1. Greek History to the destruction of Corinth and Roman History to the death of Constantine (open to those candidates only who have offered English and American History as an elementary study) . 2. English History and American History (open to those candidates only who have offered Greek and Roman History as an elementary study). 3. European History from the Germanic conquests to the beginning of the seventeenth century. 4. A year’s study of any one of the four historical fields defined under Elementary History and not already offered by the candidate, together with a year’s detailed study of a limited period* within that field, selected with the approval of the Department of History. The examination in the second part of 4 will be specially adapted to the particular period selected and will be held in Cambridge only. In every case the candidate will be expected to show on examination such an acquaint- ance with the whole field as may be gained from the study of good text-books, together with substantial parallel readings, and, further, such a detailed knowledge of some part of the field as may be gained from suitable topical study. A higher standard of acquirement and of power to combine results will be expected than in the elementai'y requirement. As further evidence of pi*oficiency satisfactoi’y written woi’k, done at school and certi- fied by the teacher, must be submitted at the time of the examination. The form and contents of this written woi’k will be the same as in the elementary requirement, but greater skill in the use of matei’ials and in the statement of results will be expected. * For example, the Spartan and Theban supremacies, the period of the Punic wars, the Stuart period, the transition from the American colonial to the fedei'al system. 9 14-17. Mathematics. A thorough practical acquaintance with ordinary Arithmetic is assumed as underlying all preparation in Mathematics. Knowledge of the fundamental principles of Arithmetic and careful training in accurate computation with whole numbers and with vulgar and decimal fractions form an essential part of early school work. But the pupil’s time should not be wasted in the solution by arithmetic of puzzling problems which properly belong to*algebra,or in complicated and useless reductions, or in the details of commercial arith- metic. It is desirable that some familiarity with algebraic expressions and symbols, including the methods of solving simple equations, be acquired in connexion with the course in Arithmetic. Elementary Mathematics. 14 . Elementary Algebra. — Algebra, through Quadratic Equations. (As at present.) The requirement in Algebra includes the following subjects : factors, common divisors and multiples, fractions, ratios and proportions ; negative quantities and the interpretation of negative results; the doctrine of exponents; radicals and equations involving radicals; the binomial theorem for positive integral powers of the binomial, and the extraction of roots; putting questions into equations and the reduction of equa- tions; the ordinary methods of elimination and the solution of both numerical and literal equations of the first and second degrees with one or more unknown quantities and of problems leading to such equations. The student should cover carefully the whole ground here specified, and should acquire a thorough understanding not only of the practice, but of the reasons involved in the elementary algebraic rules; for example, in the rules of multiplication, of signs, and of exponents, in the rules for fractions, and in those relating to the reduction and solution of equations. He should train himself to practical skill by the solution of a large number of examples, and should learn to do his work with reasonable quickness, as well as with confidence, accuracy, and clearness. The solution of fairly complicated literal quadratics, the various methods of elimination for equations of the first two degrees, the putting of problems in a neat manner into equations, and the working of the various algebraic operations both for integral and fractional expressions may be mentioned as important subjects of attention. The student should be taught to arrange his work in a clear, orderly, and compact fashion. The time supposed to be devoted to the systematic study of the requirement in Algebra is the equivalent of a course of three lessons a week through two school years. 15 . Geometry. — Plane and Solid Geometry, including problems in mensuration of plane and solid figures, and original [propositions in Plane Geometry. Geometric education should begin in the kindergarten or primary school, where the child should acquire familiarity through the senses with simple geometric forms, by inspecting, drawing, modelling, and measuring them, and noting their more obvious relations. This study should be followed, in the grammar school, by systematic instruc- tion in Concrete (or Observational) Geometry, of which geometric drawing should form a part. Such instruction should include the main facts of Plane and Solid Geometry, treated as matters of observation, and not as exercises in logical deduction, without how- ever necessarily excluding the beginnings of deductive proof as soon as the pupil is ready for them. Concrete Geometry is believed to have important educational value, and to prepare an excellent foundation for the later study of Formal Geometry. It belongs, however, to the earlier stages of school work, and should not be postponed until the time that belongs to direct preparation for college or the scientific school. 10 In teaching Formal Geometry, stress should be laid from the outset on accuracy of statement and elegance of form, as well as on clear and strict reasoning. As soon as the pupil has begun to acquire the art of rigorous denftnstration, his work should cease to be merely receptive, he should be trained to devise constructions and demonstrations for himself, and this training should be carried through the whole of the work in Plane Geometry. Teachers are advised, in their selection of a text-book, to choose one having a clear tendency to call out the pupil’s own powers of thought, prevent the formation of mechanical habits of study, and encourage the concentration of mind which it is a part of the discipline of mathematical study to foster. The subject of Geometry, not a particular treatise, is what the pupil should be set to learn ; and its simpler methods and conceptions should be made a part of his habitual and instinctive thought. Lastly, the pupil should be stimulated to good work by interest in the study felt and exhibited by the teacher. The requirement in Geometry embraces the following topics : the general properties of plane rectilinear figures; the circle and the measure of angles; similar polygons; areas; regular polygons, and the measure of the circle; the relations of planes and lines in space; the properties and measure of prisms, pyramids, cylinders, and cones; the sphere and the spherical triangle. The propositions required under these several heads are those only which are contained in the older treatises, and which are recognized as constituting the Elements of Geometry. The examination does not include the additions introduced into some recent text-books, although most of those additions are in them- selves valuable for the student who has time and taste for extra study in this field. A syllabus of the required propositions is in preparation. It will soon be ready, and may then be obtained upon application. The examination in Geometry also includes original propositions in Plane Geometry, based on the propositions named in the syllabus, and problems in mensuration in both Plane and Solid Geometry; but excellence in bookwork and in exercises immediately illustrating bookwork will be allowed to offset in part any lack of skill in original work. The time which it is recommended to assign to the systematic study of the require- ment in Formal Geometry is the equivalent of a course of five lessons a week for one school year; but it is believed to be advisable to extend this allowance of time over two years. 15a. Plant Geometry. (As at present.) Until the year 1903 Plane Geometry may be presented instead of Geometry, but it will have less weight in making up the required aggregate of points. This alternative will be withdrawn after 1903. Advanced Mathematics. 16. Logarithms and Trigonometry. — The theory of logarithms and the use of logarithmic tables. — Plane -trigonometry. — The solution of the right spherical triangle. — Applications to simple problems. No technical knowledge of the subjects of surveying and navigation, such, for instance, as the methods of parallel or middle latitude sailing, will be required, but such terms as latitude, longitude, angle of elevation or depression, bearing, etc., should be understood. At the examination, candidates are furnished with four-place tables belonging to the University, and are not allowed to use their own tables. The tables provided are distributed before the hour of examination, so that candidates may have at least an hour for becoming acquainted with their arrangement and use. Teachers who wish a still earlier opportunity of seeing these tables should write to the Corre- sponding Secretary of the University. 11 17. Advanced Algebra. (Substantially as at present). The requirement in Advanced Algebra includes the following subjects : (а) Simultaneous quadratics and equations solved like quadratics; properties of qua- dratic equations ; addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex quantities; inequalities ; variations ; arithmetical and geometrical progressions ; mathematical induc- tion; simple problems in choice and chance ; continued fractions ; scales of notation. (б) Determinants, not including the multiplication theorem; simple applications of determinants to linear equations; the solution of numerical equations of higher degree, and so much of the theory of equations (not including multiple roots or Sturm’s theorem) as is necessary for this purpose. The topics included under (a) may be treated briefly. About half the time devoted to the requirements should be spent on the topics included under (6). 18, 19, 22 . Physical Science. Elementary . 18. Elementary Physics. — A course of study dealing with the leading elementary facts and principles of physics, with quantitative laboratory work by the pupil. The instruction given in this course should include qualitative lecture-room experi- ments, and should direct especial attention to the illustrations and applications of physical laws to be fouud in every-day life. The candidate is required to pass a written examination, the main object of which will be to determine how much he has profited by such instruction. This examination may include numerical problems. It will contain more questions than any one candidate is expected to answer, in order to make allowance for a considerable diversity of instruction in different schools. The pupil’s laboratory work should give practice in the observation and explanation of physical phenomena, some familiarity with methods of measurement, and some train- ing of the hand and the eye in the direction of precision and skill. It should also be regarded as a means of fixing in the mind of the pupil a considerable variety of facts and principles. The candidate is required to pass a laboratory examination, the main object of which will be to determine how much he has profited by such a laboratory course. The candidate must name as the basis for his laboratory examination at least thirty- five exercises selected from a list of about sixty, described in a publication issued by the University under the title, “ Descriptive List of Elementary Exercises in Physics.” In this list the divisions are mechanics (including hydrostatics), light, heat, sound, and electricity (with magnetism) . At least ten of the exercises selected must be in mechanics. Any one of the four other divisions may be omitted altogether, but each of the three remaining divisions must be represented by at least three exercises. The candidate is required to present a note-book in which he has recorded the steps and the results of his laboratory exercises, and this note-book must bear the endorsement of his teacher, certifying that the notes are a true record of the pupil’s work. It should contain an index of the exercises which it describes. These exercises need not be the same as those upon which the candidate presents himself for the labora- tory examination, but should be equivalent to them in amount and grade of quantitative work. The note-book is required as proof that the candidate has formed the habit of keeping a full and intelligible record of laboratory work through an extended course of experi- ments, and that his work has been of such a character as to raise a presumption in favor of his preparation for the examination. But much greater weight will be given to the 12 laboratory examination than to the note-book in determining the candidate's attainments in physics. Experience has shown that pupils can make the original record of their observations entirely presentable, so that copying will be unnecessary, and they should in general be required to do so. This course, if taken in the last year of the candidate’s preparation, is expected to occupy in laboratory work, recitations, and lectures, five of the ordinary school periods, about fifty minutes in length, per week for the whole year. With few exceptions exer- cises like those in the Descriptive List already mentioned can be performed in a single school period, but for satisfactory results it will often be necessary to repeat an exercise. Two periods per week for the year should be sufficient for the laboratory work proper. If the course is begun much earlier than the last year of the candidate’s preparation, as it well may be, it will require more time. 19 . Chemistry. * — A course of at least sixty experiments, performed at school by the pupil and accompanied with systematic instruction in principles and their applications, in accordance with directions given in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Chemistry,”' issued by the University for the use of teachers. The candidate is required to pass both a written and a laboratory examination. The written examination will test his acquaintance with the facts and principles of Chemistry. The laboratory examination will test both his skill in performing experi- ments and his grasp of the principles involved in them. The candidate is further required to present the original note-book in which he recorded the steps and results of the experiments which he performed at school, and this note-book must bear the endorsement of his teacher, certifying that the notes are a true record of the pupil’s work. It should contain an index of the exercises which it describes. The note-book is required as proof that the candidate has formed the habit of keeping a full and intelligible record of laboratory work through an extended course of experi- ments, and that his work has been of such a character as to raise a presumption in favor of his preparation for the examination. But much greater weight will be given to the laboratory examination than to the note-book in determining the candidate’s attain- ments in Chemistry. Advanced. 22. Advanced Physics . f (Substantially as at present.) The University does not prescribe the experiments to be performed by those offering this subject for admission. The work should, however, be of advanced grade, almost wholly quantitative, and conducted with apparatus, not necessarily elaborate, yet capa- ble, if carefully handled, of yielding results of such accuracy as to warrant the con- sideration of somewhat minute error. For example, the balance used in weighing should be so delicate as to justify corrections for the buoyancy of the air on the weights and on the body weighed, and, in the determination of specific gravity, for the tempera- ture of the water. The results should be discussed with reference to their precision and to the number of significant figures. There should be abcfcit sixty experiments well dis- tributed through the range of general physics. If the student has devoted a considerable amount of time in the elementary course to experiments in heat, that division of physics * Equivalent to Chemistry B. The course will be mainly an experimental course in theoretical chemistry, but there will be experiments covering all branches of pure chemistry. f Equivalent to, but not necessarily identical with Physics <7. 13 may be here omitted. The laboratory work can be performed properly only in periods of considerable length, two to four hours, for example. Instruction by lectures or text-books and work in problems should be a part of the course. The candidate will be required to pass both a laboratory and a written examination. He should so thoroughly understand the work which he has performed as not to be con- fused in the laboratory examination by unfamiliar forms of apparatus. The laboratory note-book will receive careful attention at the time of the examination. It must contain a certificate from the teacher that it is a true record of the candidate’s work. II. The following definitions have been adopted provisionally, pending the preparation of the “Outlines” referred to in each : — (1) Studies which may be presented by the candidates for admission either to the College or to the Scientific School : 20, 21, 23, 24. Physical Science. Elementary. 20. Physiography . — A course of study equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Physiography,” to be issued by the University. For the form of examination see note under Astronomy, below. 21. Anatomy , Physiology , and Hygiene .* — A course of study and laboratory work equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene,” to be issued by the University. The candidate will be required to pass both a written and a laboratory examination. The written examination will test the range and thoroughness of his knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and hygiene. The laboratory examination will test (a) his practical familiarity with the simpler manipulations of the compound microscope and his ability to recognize the principal histological tissues; (&) his acquaintance with ordinary chemical tests for the common food-constituents and digestive products; (c)his knowledge of the first aids to be rendered in emergencies. At the time of the written examination the candidate must present the original note- book containing (with dates) the notes and drawings he has made in the course of his laboratory work, and bearing the endorsement of his teacher, certifying that the book is a true record of the pupil’s own observations and experiments. An index of subjects should be appended. * Equivalent to Hygiene 1 hf. 14 Advanced. 23. Meteorology. — A course of observational study equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Meteor- ology,” to be issued by the University. This course requires a knowledge of Elementary Physics. (For the form of exami- nation see under Astronomy, below.) 24. Astronomy. — A course of observational study equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Astronomy,” to be issued by the University. This course requires a knowledge of Geometry. In Physiography, Meteorology, and Astronomy, the candidate will be required to take both a written and a laboratory or practical examination. The /written examina- tion may test his understanding of observational methods appropriate to the subject, but will call chiefly for a knowledge of facts and principles. The laboratory or practical examination will test his skill in observation as well as his grasp of principles. This examination can be taken in Cambridge only; for those who are examined elsewhere in June, it will be postponed to September. The laboratory examination in Physiography may include the description, explana- tion, and comparison of geographical features shown in photographs, maps, and models. The laboratory examination in Meteorology may include the use of instruments, the discussion of observations, and the construction and interpretation of weather maps and climatic charts. The practical examination in Astronomy may call for an ability to make simple naked-eye and instrumental observations, and to establish the simpler generalizations of astronomy by discussion of these observations. The candidate in these subjects will be required to present, at the time of the labora- tory or practical examination, the original note-book in which he recorded, with dates, the steps and results of the observations which he made at school. This book must bear the endorsement of his teacher, certifying that the notes are a true record of the pupil’s work. An index of subjects should be appended. The note-book is required as proof that the candidate has formed the habit of keeping a full and intelligible record of his work through an extended course of observational study, and that his work has been of a satisfactory character; but greater weight will be given to the practical or laboratory examination than to the note-book in determinng the candidate’s attainments. (2) Studies which may be presented only by candidates for admission to the Scientific School : 25, 26. Botany and Zoology. 25. Botany. — A course of study and laboratory work equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Botany,” to be issued by the University. The course should extend through at least half of a school year, with five lessons a week, and should include the laboratory study of at least — plants, with special reference to their external anatomy and their activities. These plants are to be selected in accordance with directions given in the pamphlet named. 15 26. Zoology . — A course of study and laboratory work equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Zoology,” to be issued by the University. The course should extend through at least half of a school year, with five lessons a week, and should include the laboratory study of at least ten types of animals, with special reference to their external anatomy and their activities. These types are to be selected in accordance with directions given in the pamphlet named. In Botany and in Zoology the candidate is required to pass both a written and a laboratory examination. The written examination will test the range and thoroughness of his knowledge of the subject. The laboratory examination will test his skill in observation and experimentation, and his ability to apply names properly to the parts of the organisms studied. At the time of the written examination the candidate must present the original note- book containing (with dates) the notes and drawings he has made in the course of his laboratory work, and bearing the endorsement of his teacher, certifying that the book is a true record of the pupil’s own observations and experiments. An index of subjects should be appended. 27-30. Shop work.* A course of instruction in the use of tools and in the ordinary processes employed in the working of wood or metal, equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Shopwork,” to be issued by the University. The course may embrace one or more of the following divisions : — 27. Wood - working ; 28. Blacksmithing ; 29. Chipping, Filing , and Fitting ; 30. Machine-tool Work. The candidate must be familiar with the names, construction, and operation of the tools commonly used in these processes, and will be expected to read ordinary mechani- cal drawings and to make freehand sketches of articles which are to be produced in the workshop. The candidate is required to pass both a written and a laboratory examination. The written examination will test his knowledge of tools and mechanical processes, and of the properties of materials of common use in construction. He will be expected to show familiarity with approved methods for simple work in the branch in which he presents himself for examination, and to write an intelligible description of those methods, illus- trated by such sketches as may be necessary to make them clear. The laboratory examination will test the candidate’s skill in the use of tools. He will receive the materials and specifications for a piece of work, and will be expected to select his tools, preparing them for use if necessary, and to demonstrate satisfactorily his knowledge and skill. Every candidate is further required to present the original note-book in which he entered the descriptions and sketches of the work he performed at school ; and with this * Each of the courses numbered 27-30 is to be equivalent to a half-course in the Lawrence Scientific School. 16 he may present, as evidence of his skill in the workshop, the models made by him at school. Both the note-book and the models must be accompanied by the endorsement of his teacher, certifying that the book is a true record, and that the models are specimens, of the pupil’s own work. 31, 32. Drawing.* A course of drawing, in either or both of the following branches, equivalent to that described in a pamphlet entitled “An Outline of Requirements in Drawing,” to be issued by the University: — 31. Freehand Drawing. — The representation of simple objects, in outline and with shading. Accuracy of delineation, correctness of proportion, and good quality of line are desired rather than any attempt at elaboration. The aim should be to express as much as pos- sible with the fewest lines. The examination will consist of the drawing, first, of a group of geometrical solids, and, second, of either a simple piece of machinery or a simple piece of architectural ornament (such as a Greek anthemion) , as the candidate may elect. 32. Projections. — The projection in plan and elevation of geometrical figures and of simple parts of architectural subjects or machinery. The examination will test the candidate’s knowledge of principles and methods. Every candidate is expected to bring to the examination the ordinary drawing instru- ments and lead-pencils ; drawing-board and paper will be supplied. Every candidate is further required to present a set of plates or drawings prepared by him at school, sufficient to demonstrate his understanding of the subject and his familiarity with instruments, including the use of the right-line pen; and these drawings must be accompanied by the certificate of his teacher stating that they are the pupil’s own work. * Each of the courses numbered 31 and 32 is to be equivalent to a half-course in the Lawrence Scientific School. Laboratory Examinations. The following provision is made for candidates presenting themselves for examination outside of Cambridge in subjects in which a laboratory examination is required : — A candidate examined in June at any place where a laboratory exami- nation is not provided will be required to take such an examination in Cambridge in the autumn ; but if he passes the written examination in June and presents a satisfactory note-book, the subject will be counted in his favor in determining the question of his admission to College. Similarly a preliminary candidate is allowed to postpone his laboratory examination until September of the year in which he enters College.