m FteVdtn^.Wi I U#atn 4 FsycV\oas\&Ay ; I3\ 'life-', & I Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. A charge is made on all overdue books. University of Illinois Library • W *8 Poeket Series No. 190 Edited by HALDEM AN - JULIU $ Psycho-Analysis— The Key to Human Behavior By William J. Fielding APPEAL TO REASOH Girard, Kansu The Socialism of Jesus There has ion g been an incessant demand for a book giving a careful study of the socialistic and radical statements of Jesus Christ. We are very glad to feel safe in saying that in “The Socialism of Jesus” we have the quotations carefully and accu- rately culled and the contractions expressed in a most striking manner. In this new and extremely valuable book a considerable amount of proof is offered to support the contentions that Jesus Christ was a Socialist. In addition this book contains two important chapters by Mr. Rufus W. Weeks, entitled as follows: Note Re- garding “The Socialism of Jesus,” and The Message of Jesus to The 20th Century. If you do not know what Jesus actually thought of the rights and wrongs of labor, of Evo* lution, of profiteering, of Usury, oi Plutocracy and of the primitive church people— if you want to know just how radical Jesus really was, be swe to get a copy of this new study Only 25 Cents Per Copy APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. People' s Poeket Series No 190 Psycho-Analysis— The Key to Human Behavior By William J. Fielding APPEAL TO REASON GIRARD, KANS. Psycho- A nalysis — The Key to Human Behavior By WILLIAM J. FIELDING Author of “Sanity In Sex,” etc. Copyright, 1921 By William J. Fielding \Sl F4S P Introduction Psycho-analysis has a two-fold value which places it in the front ranks of the modern constructive sciences. First, it offers untold possibilities, which are only beginning to be realized, as a therapeutic or curative agency for many baffling diseases. The ailments to which it affords cure or relief are not only ot the mind, for it has been found that a great number of physical disorders, which hereto- fore have been considered purely of an organic or functional character, are merely physical reflexes of a neurosis. Relieve the mmd ot these all prevading neurotic troubles, and ser- ious physical disturbances are frequently re- moved. 1 , , The mental disorders alone that respond to proper psycho-analytic treatment range all the way from trifling hysterical cases (which, however, tend to become more severe as the individual weakens under the increasing influ- ence of the neurosis) to “dement ; a praecox, a severe form of insanity, which the old school psychiatrists have considered hopeless. Of course, insanity that is due to disinte- gration of the brain structure, as sometimes happens in the tertiary (third) stage of syph- ilis, etc., is incurable. Only the charlatan makes all-embracing claims. And psycho- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 4 analysis is not magic or alchemy, but a ra- tional science based on very definite natural laws. The second, and in a way the greater, func- tion of psycho-analysis is as a cultural study for the serf-improvement and development of the individual. I emphasize its possible great- er usefu ness in this respect because, after all, only a very small percentage of the population is insane, and while the victims of neurotic disturbances make up a more important ele- ment of society, numerically, than is generally imagined, there is still the great mass of people who may be classed as “normal.” Psycho-analysis has revolutionized our former conception of human behavior. It has re-interpreted, and thrown a vastly different light on the passions, loves, hates, fears and other primitive emotions of man. It has revealed in a startling way many of the heretofore inexplicable motives and act- ions of individuals. The deeper, underlying significance of seemingly inconsequential ac- tions is often disclosed to the analytic observ- er at its true value — so far removed from sur- face indications. To the student of human problems, whether social, economic, industrial, psychical, physical, educational, or what not, psycho-ana ysis is of incalculable worth. It leads the way to funda- mental causes that hitherto have shielded themselves behind an impenetrable screen, and whose existence we have onV guessed at in the misleading light of superficial appear- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS ♦ 0 ances. There is scarcely any field of human en- deavor to which this science cannot be made an invaluable aid. It is the key to an unexplored region whose portals we have just entered. It is the new Lamp of Aladdin, whose light will guide us on the way to a better understanding and re-evaluation of human possibilities. In the following pages, I shall endeavor to give the psycho-analytic interpretation of some of the most common and interesting revela- tions that the science offers. People realize in an indefinite way that they “take to” certain individuals — that they tend to love or esteem persons of a certain type, and to dislike and sometimes even hate another type, without themselves knowmg the reason why. Most of us are cognizant of the fact that there are unfortunate people, homosexuals or perverts, that society has very ignorantly gone out of its way to persecute and penalize because it has not understood the cause of their affliction. Their failure to experience sexual desire in the normal, prescribed man- ner has been considered a deliberately culti- vated or inherently vicious trait, instead of a pathological condition. When the cause of an abnormality remains unknown, there is invar- iably an irrational reaction to it. There was a time when insanity was con- sidered a state of being “possessed by devils,” and the victim was flogged and otherwise pun- ished for his indiscretion in harboring the |6 ♦ PSYCHO-ANALYSIS damned. Conventional society has modified its views, and now takes it for granted that there are two kinds of people in the world — the sane and insane — that the latter class is hopeless and must be confined to the asy- lums until released by death. Psycho-analy- sis shatters this romantic theory. It has been an enigma to the student of human behavior why the great masses of peo- ple remain so long in self-satisfied content- ment, often under the most oppressive condi- tions. It has likewise been a puzzle why a certain few individuals — almost always an in- finitesimal minority — have always resisted authority and oppression, regardless of per- sonal sacrifices. The pioneers in the radical and feminine movements, etc., illustrate this type. The martyrs of history who have died for various causes and ideals are the best known examples of this phenomenon. Dreams have been the subject of contro- versy, speculation and unlimited commentary throughout the ages. The real meaning and profound importance of dreams were never realized until Freuds discoveries demonstrat- ed their vast significance, and intimate rela- tion to our life, awake as well as asleep. Our forgetfulness, or absent-mindedness, particu^rly when it involves a subject or de- tails with which we are quite familiar, is very embarrassing at times. Yet, that there is an unconscious “motive” in forgetting these things that we know so well, or that causes us to suffer from slips of the tongue, and to read PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 7 words that are not there in sentences, is now established. Everybody enjoys wit and gets satisfaction out of a joke, particularly when it is on the other fellow. The significance of this psychic manifestation is deeper and more involved than our matter-of-fact acceptance of it has permitted us to comprehend. The atrocities of war, committed by people who are believed to have been uplifted by the influences of twenty centuries of Christianity, and many more centuries of cultural civiliza- tion, are astounding to the casual observer. The ease with which a group of people, indi- vidually peaceful and law-abiding, is trans- formed into a destructive, even murderous mob, is seemingly incomprehensible. Still, there are very plausible reasons for these phenomena, which an understanding of the new psychology enables us to perceive. And by understanding all of these and other important factors, which a knowledge of psycho-analysis offers, we are better able to check and overcome our individual and social shortcomings, and to re-direct our course along constructive lines. Psycho- A nalysis — The Key to Human Behavior CHAPTER i. THE THEORY OF PSYCHO-ANALYSIS. Before taking up the various questions about which psycho-analysis offers so much food for thought, acting as a stepping-stone to goals formerly unattainable, it is desirable briefly to outline the theory of our subject. This will enable the elementary student better to under- stand the new and sometimes unique terminol- ogy that has been evolved with the progress of the science, and to follow more closely the log- ical course of the analytic procedure. While this treatise will not be based solely on the orthodox Freudian viewpoint — which would weaken rather than strengthen it — it is necessary to emphasize the original contribu- tions of Freud. For without the findings of this great pathfinder, the science of psycho- analysis might have lain dormant in the back- ground of a slowly evolving psychology for another century or more. However, the theories of Jung, Adler and other analytic pioneers will be duly consider- ed, and the vital contributions of all co-related and reduced to a workable, harmonious whole. 10 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS It was along about 1890 that Prof. Sig- mund Freud of Vienna, a pupil of Breur and Charcot, made public his theories, developed from psychic discoveries in the realm of the neuroses. The Unconscious. The seat of operations of psycho-analysis is the unconscious mind. This is the field up- on which it works, and the more we know of the unconscious mind the more we are awed by its vastness. To the uninitiated, this may seem paradox- ical, basing a highly intricate science on the unconscious mind — which possibly suggests a condition of mental passiveness, inaction or an unknowing quantity. But the Unconscious is the unknown, rather than the unknowing. In reality, there is no such thing as an un- knowing part of the mind, because the mind is essentially that part of the personality that is knowing. In contradistinction to this fact, the definition of mind generally accepted be- fore the time of analytic psychology had made mind co-extensive with consciousness. But the psycho-analysts have demon- strated not only that thinking takes place, but that it goes on all the time, whether we are awake or asleep. The importance and vastness of the Un- conscious of a psychic content may be real- ized when we use the simile of Dr. G. Stanley Hall, who compares the mind to an iceberg PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 11 floating with one-eighth visible above the water and seven-eighths below — the one- eighth above representing the Conscious and the seven-eighths below the Unconscious. The influence and controlling power of the uncon- scious desires over our thoughts and actions are in this relative proportion. Thus, the say- ing, “he does not know his own mind,” is lit- erally true of all of us. In the past, people who suffered from dis- turbances of this unknown phychic region — and they are among the most common of all human ailments — were without prospect of re- lief, unless some happy and haphazard cir- cumstance should intervene and unwittingly favor them. Because of the unfathomed depths from which these disorders emanated, they were beyond the range of our understanding, and consequently not subject to effective treat- ment. These psychic disturbances, which are ca- pable of indelibly affecting and warping the personality, and causing wounds and conflicts that are painful to the mind and torturous to the soul, also react in definite physical ail- ments and symptoms of the most varied char- acter. Psycho-analysis brings to the sufferer from psychic hurts and soul wounds his first opportunity for scientific diagnosis and cura- tive treatment, and renders to hun a simPar service that surgery does to the physical body. That it should always be successful is no more 12 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS to be expected than the invariable success of surgery; in fact, less so, as the analytic treat- ment requires much more of the individual. The re'ations of the unconscious mind to the conscious mind is that the former is the psychic reservoir which receives all the ac- cumulations of experiences and impressions of the personality that pass through, often with- out notice, the conscious mind. The Unconscious is that region of the mind where are deposited, and have been since birth, every sight, or sound that we have perceived, and every feeling that we have had; in fact, everything that has happened to us, however trivial. The first five years of our lives, for in stance, are the most fertile in receiving im- pressions and gaining new experiences. It is by far the most impressionable period of life. The new and wonderful things that we have constantly observed and the sensations, joys and primitive hates felt, are beyond calcula- tion. And yet, in the lapse of time, we forget practically all but a few outstanding incidents that we had experienced during that period. They are lost to the conscious mind — but not to the Unconscious. As Dr. E. Hitschmann (“Freud’s Theory of the Neuroses”) has expressed it: “And still we know that our memory can be fully re- viewed and reproduced at no time of life; on the other hand, psycho-analysis has shown that the very impress ons which we have for- gotten leave behind the deepest traces in our PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 13 mental life and have become determining for our whole later development.” The unconscious mental processes are di- vided into two classes, those that are “for- gotten” on account of their lack of interest, and those that are “repressed” on account of their painful or even shocking nature. The psychic processes of the first group contain all as yet unsettled thoughts, or those not yet brought to a conclusion, and while really “unconscious,” they may often readily be brought into the conscious mind. Those of the second class, however, are in the highest degree unconscious, or, as it has been stated, they are “unavailable for con- sciousness.” This characteristic led Freud to divide the Unconscious into the “Fore-con- scious” and the “Absolutely Unconscious.” The term “unavailable for consciousness,” however, is only a relative one, as it is the function of psycho-analysis to bring to con- sciousness the processes that are normally un- available for consciousness. Some of the natural freaks of the Fore- conscious are readily observed in our own mental operations. How often we “forget” proper names, dates and general facts that are quite familiar to us! In the Freudian sense, they simply slip into the upper stratum of the Unconscious, to be released again when some association of ideas in that region brings them to the conscious mind, or, as we have so often noticed in our own experiences, when 14 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS they return to memory spontaneously, as it appears. The Complexes. The storm centers around which so many psychic disturbances fasten themselves, with frequent serious physical reactions in the form of chronic disorders and pathological symptoms, are the complexes. A complex is an outstanding idea that dominates in the realm of the Unconscious, and around which is grouped a phalanx of primitive, repressed emotions. It may con- sist of painful memories that have been ban- ished into the Unconscious. Such complexes invariably assert themselves in dreams, and form the underlying mechanism of a neurosis. Some of these, like hysteria and obses- sions (“Psycho-neurosis”) are traced back by Freud to erotic experiences in childhood; hence, to the influence of unconscious or re- pressed idea-complexes. Neurasthenia and anxiety -neuroses (“true neuroses”) are referred to the present abnor- mal condition of the sexual functions of the individual. Hysteria is more psychic, and neurasthenia is more toxic — but both have a sexual basis. The most devastating of the comp 1 exes is the Oedipus-complex. This has its origin in eariest childhood and consists of an over-at- tachment of the son to the mother, which in its true form is accompanied by a feeling of PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 15 jealousy toward the father, whose claim upon the mother's affections is resented by the young would-be rival. These tendencies are often noticed by par- ents, to whom this display of infantile jeal- ousy is amusing. Of course, they are una- ware of the possibilities for future conse- quences of a dire nature that are bound up in the situation if it is not normally outgrown with the approach of puberty, rather than repressed. Considering our modern customs which sanction much coddling of the child by its mother, there is a trace of the Oedipus-com- plex in all children who come under the moth- er's influence, but in normal cases, as they de- velop into adolescence, there is a breaking away from these childhood attachments. Other children, however, never put aside these childish or infantile feelings and attach- ments, but carry them throughout life re- pressed in the Unconscious. These persons become neurotic, as the repressed complex fur- nishes an underlying basis for psycho-neuro- ses and many abnormal sexual inversions. It is always the Oedipus complex, or a char- acteristic trace of it, which in adult life gives rise to dreams of death of one of the parents, usually the opposite parent to that of the in- fantile attachment. Freud calls this archaic desire in the soul of the male child the Oedipus-complex in rec- ognition of its analogy to the tragedy of King Oedipus Rex of Sophocles, who was led by his 1C PSYCHO-ANALYSIS fate to kill his father Laius, and win his moth- er, Jocasta, for a wife. The importance of the Oedipus-complex warrants a brief review of the early Greek myth, from which Freud has taken the name as a symbolic term. Laius, son of Labdacus, King of Thebes, was warned by Apollo’s oracle at Delphi that he would die at the hands of his son. When the child, Oedipus was born, the father to protect himself against the pro- phetic fate, fastened the ankles of the infant and gave him to a faithful herdsman to be exposed on Mount Cithaeron. The herdsman, ignorant of the oracle, took pity on the child and gave him to a shepherd of Polybus, King of Corinth, and that ruler, who was childless, brought him up as his own son. Oedipus never doubted his Corinthian na- tivity until the taunt of a drunken companion aroused his suspicions, and he fled from the man and woman he had looked to as his actual father and mother. In a narrow roadway he met an old man, Laius, disputed his right of way, and killed him. Continuing his journey he reached Thebes, which was harrassed by the Sphinx. Oedipus answered the riddle of the Sphinx and thus slew the monster. Thebes rewarded him by offering him the hand of the widowed queen, Jocasta, his mother, whom he married, not knowing the relationship. Later a terrible pestilence visited the city, and the oracle which was consulted declared that the murderer of Laius must be expelled PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 17 to bring relief. Oedipus, beginning the search in good faith, discovered the truth, and put out his eyes. Jocasta, the mother wife, hanged herself. The over-attachment of the daughter to the father, which involves a more or less latent jealousy toward the mother, is termed the Electra-complex, from the myth of Electra of Euripides, who took revenge on her mother for the murder of the husband because she was in this way deprived of her father. It will be noted that the Electra complex is for women quite analogous to the Oedipus complex in men — so much so in fact that the latter term is often used interchangeably for both situa* tions, it being understood that the sex of th^ parent is the opposite to that of the child. In the theory of psycho-anaylsis, the dream is the true language and most natural medium of expression of the Unconscious, although it should be emphasized that it is not the only means of expression. It is also the chief means by which the Unconscious may be pen- etrated. Freud calls it the royal road to the Unconscious. Among other characteristic manifestations of the Unconscious are phantasying — or day- dreaming, as it is commonly called; absent- mindedness, which causes us to forget names, dates and facts with which we are really thoroughly conversant; mistakes in speech and writing, and reading words that are not there into sentences. Wit and laughter are also manifestations 18 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS of the unconscious mind, and are recognized by Freud as the mediums through which the Unconscious obtains the greatest amount of pleasure within the shortest space of time. The psychological structure of a joke, in fact, greatly resembles the psychological structure of a dream. As our civilization is based upon the sup- pression of instincts — which is, or should be, compensated for by the advantages of cultural and intellectual development — we find count- less numbers of people who have been unable to successfully transform their accumulations of bound-up energy from self-centered to social ends. The energy or prime mover of human ac- tion which Freud calls the Libido, is termed by Henri Bergson the elan vital, and by Dr. Carl Jung, the horme. Other names have been proposed, one of the best English equiva- lents, suggested by Putnam, being the Crav- ing. It is the Craving for Life, for Love, for Action. When the libido (to adhere to the termin- ology of Freud) is not adequate^ transform- ed into channels that are serviceable to society, or sublimated, as this process of socialization is called, the result is a derangement of the nervous system and the psychic structure — a neuroses in one of its several forms or variations. The Libido. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 19 The anxiety-neurosis may be the result of sexual repression, or of some sudden confront- ing with the facts of sex (a strong -argument for some general common-sense instruction of what the continuance of life implies), or of impotent husbands, frigid wives, or of dimin- ishing potency associated with increasing lust, and so on. The libido, or life force, must have an out- let, or play havoc with the psychic structure, and as the rules of modern society necessarily forbid as an outlet the natural, crude expres- sions of sensuousness which served the pur- pose of primitive peoples in so many of their activities, the energy turns within, so to speak, and works on the ego. As Dr. Hitschmann remarks, a dammed-up libido hunts out a weak place and breaks through, expressing itself in neurotic “substi- tute gratification.” Primitive man, like the child, is much inter- ested in the sensations he produces with his own body; he is auto-erotic. He squanders enormous amounts of vitality in specific sen- suality, wasted energy that results in no ben- efit to the group. One of the essential ob- jects of civilization is to convert this dissipated personal power from the sensual to activities that are useful to the herd. But by turning wasted energy from the sensual to social uses, we do not mean to imply that the sex-life of normal adulthood should or can be ignored. This, as we shall see, fre- quently leads to unfortunate, or even disas- 20 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS trous consequences. As Freud says, “the struggle against sen- suality consumes all of a young man’s available energy at the precise moment when he needs it to win for himself a place in the social or- ganization.” And, again, in alluding to the irrational, ascetic tendency of over-sublimation, he warns: “Experience teaches us that there is for the majority of men, a limit beyond which their constitution cannot comply any more with the ‘cultural’ demands. Those who are trying to be better than their constitution permits them to be succumb to a neurosis; they would have been better off if it had been possible for them to be worse. Sexuality. Interpreted in the strictly Freudian sense y nearly all of our instincts, emotions and ac- tions are motivated primarily by an unconsc- ious sexual urge. It should be emphasized that Freud used the word “sexual” in a very broad sense; much broader than the conventionally educated are capable of comprehending until after diligent and painstaking study of psycho- analytic literature, they finally perceive the meaning of this term at its true value. In a word, sexuality is not the equivalent of sensuality, but denotes the fundamental in- stinct which is the very root of the emotional life, caPed the libido. It thus refers to the yearning for love, for PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 21 marriage, for children, for the affection of a parent, etc. — all of a most commendable type, which have as their unconscious biological aim the perpetuation of the race. The child’s sexuality is at first auto-erotic (a term which the analysts have taken from Havelock Ellis), or turned on itself; then it transfers or fixes itself to those nearest him, usually the mother or some member of the family, or the nurse; and finally, in the normal course of development, as adult life is ap- proached, it transfers it to a person outside the family group — constituting what is term- ed falling in love. Freud emphasizes the point that the infant enjoys in the taking of nourishment a sexual pleasure which it frequently seeks to obtain throughout childhood by sucking, with rhyth- mic movements, independent of the taking of food. This sometimes grows to a fixed childish fault that continues even up into later years. Often there is associated with the “pleasure - sucking,” a rubbing of certain sensitive parts of the body, the breast, the external genitals, etc. In this way many children proceed auto- matically from sucking to masturbation. Jung, in “The Psychology of the Uncon- scious,” remarks: “Sucking still belongs to the function of nutrition, but passes beyond it, however, in that it is no longer the function of nutrition, but rhythmic activity, with pleasure and satisfaction as a goal, without the taking of nourishment. ... In the period of the cjis- 22 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS placed rhythmic activity, the hands appear still more clearly as an auxiliary organ; the gaining.of pleasure leaves the mouth zone and turns to other regions. . . . As a rule, other openings of the body become objects of the libido interest; then the skin and special por- tions of that. The activity expressed in these parts, which can appear as rubbing, boring, picking, and so on, follows a certain rhythm and serves to produce pleasure. After longer or shorter tarryings of the libido at these stations, it passes onward until it reaches the sexual (genital) zone, and there, for the first time, can be occasion for the beginning of onanistic attempts.” The theory of sucking as a sexual pleasure is strengthened by the fact that the mouth and lips are known as erogenous zones, a signifi- cance they retain through normal life in the kiss. It is also a natural tendency of the infant, as well as the young child, to take a keen sat- isfaction in the sight of its nude body, and in feeling and playing with many or almost all of the surface parts. This manifestation is perfectly understand- able when it is taken into consideration that the erogenous zones are very diversified in childhood; including, besides the more sensitive places, practically the whole surface of the body. As the child approaches puberty, the erogenous zones normally tend to concentrate to the regions of the reproductive organs. The inclination of the child to glory in its nakedness PSYCHO-ANALYSIS (termed Narcism) is nothing to be ashamed of, nor is the existence of an unconscious sex- ual motive a matter to be horrified over. The child should not be scolded for this propensity, as such treatment leaves an in- delible impression on the infant mind, and tends to set up repressions in the Unconscious that may lead to future mental conflicts. Undue erotic concentration may be prevented by directing the mind of the child to various constructive activities suitable to its age and development. This is the beginning of the process of sublimation. In regard to sexuality in childhood, Wilfrid Lay, (Man’s Unconscious Conflict) states: “The repugnance against seeing anything of the quality or intensity of adult sexual feeling attributed to children under five years of age is so strong in most people that they have accused the Freudians of reading sex into everything. The reply to this accusation is that it is true that all excitement is primarily sexual, but the word sexual is to be understood in a very broad sense, and that, viewed from the purely scientific standpoint, and freed from all ideas of prurience or prudery, there is no reproach in regarding what is admitted as the prime mover of human life and activity as an essential characteristic of all ages of human life, even of infancy.” When looking at it in a rational light, free from prudish notions, there is nothing about this predominent sexual urge to feel ashamed of or to apologize for. It has as its basis the 2 i PS YCH O-AN ALYSIS one great object of race preservation, which, biologically speaking is ALL IMPORTANT. But as we have evolved beyond the need of using practically all our instincts and activities toward the reproductive end, it follows that, while the immediate and concrete urge of sex life must normally find expression and grati- fication, the numerous secondary impulses that now have only a vest gial sexual significance, should express themselves in some other than sensuous ways. These are the qualities of the libido that car_ be sublimated, and divert- ed from erotic to socially useful fields of activity. It should not be assumed that because these natural instincts have no longer a specific sex- ual function to perform that they are not even now sensually employed, indeed, unless wean- ed into constructive channels by the process of sublimation, their constant tendency is to seek erotic satisfaction. Proof of this can be found on every hand, not ony in the records of serious crimes and petty misdemeanors, but in all sorts of human impulses that are so common in every-day life, and have such varied ways of man Testing themselves, that their very universality causes us to take them for granted as a matter of course, without reflecting on their real signifi- cance. A very apt elucidat'on of this principle is given by Dr. William A. White (Principles of Mental Hygiene) : “The way in which this bound-up energy is freed is by the process PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 25 known as sublimation. Of course, the possible illustrations are almost infinite, for they in- clude every activity of man. For example, ac- cording to this theory, the curiosity which makes a man a scientist — let us say m.cro- scopist — is traceable to that early curiosity in looking — peeping, which has its object in seeing forbidden sexual objects or acts. The immed- iate sexual element in the curiosity is sublimat- ed into a socially useful purpose to which the original pleasure is still attached, and for which it furnishes the drive. We know', too, the ‘Peeping Toms/ who still show this same form of pleasure-seeking, but have been un- able to advance their way of obtaining pleas- ure to a socially accepted means.” Despite the formidable obstacles that stand in the way of a more normal sex life for the great masses of people, Freud sounds the hope- ful note of all those who have worked toward an increased control of life, maintaining that degeneration and nervousness are not in any way inevitable results of cultural progress, but excrescences that are to be avoided. 26 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS CHAPTER II. Dreams — Their Profound Significance. Interest in dreams has been manifested in all ages and by all races of people. Dreams have profoundly influenced the lives of individ- uals and the destinies of nations. There have been numerous books written on the subject and countless theories, ideas and superstitions formulated with reference to dream phenom- ena. But notwithstanding this vast field that has been so long open for exploration, study and research, it is only within comparatively recent years — beginning with the epochal dis- closures of Freud — that any real substantial progress has been made in getting at a true understanding of the nature of dreams and their processes. The reason for this is the same as may be given for the slow progress in all fields of scientific research. While dreams in the past have been generally associated with the fan- tastic, the unreal, the supernormal, when, in- deed, not the supernatural, they are now nev- ertheless connected with a definite science, and consequently great strides have been made in recent years in understanding them. The dream is always the fulfillment of a wish or craving of the Unconscious. On the PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 27 surface, this may seem like a rash statement, if not an utter impossibility, as we have all experienced dreams that were the very anti- thesis of our conscious desires and repugnant to our feelings. But this involves a dual con- sideration; first, that the dream represents a wish fulfillment of the Unconscious — the crude, primitive, chaotic element of our per- sonality, and is most frequently influenced by long-forgotten infantile impressions and re- pressions; secondly, that it is always highly symbolic, and does not express itself in the language of the conscious mind. To these essential points may be added the fact that the dream is seldom remembered as it was actually dreamed. The version that is remembered is termed the manifest content, and the wish concealed in the underlying thoughts which produced the dream is known as the latent content. The concealing of this latent content, as well as the lapse of mem- ory which accompanies it, is the result of a psychic resistance or an attempt of the “endo- psychic” censor to prevent the true motive from revealing itself. Hence we have the symbolic dreams, which actually have to be translated to enable us to arrive at their real meaning. This is the func- tion of psycho-analysis. The basic foundation of dreams lies in the wishes of childhood wh'eh being unattainable were stored away in the Unconscious. The long-forgotten wishes have normally disappeared into the unconscious mind because of psycho-sexual development 28 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS and social inhibitions. The manifest content of the dream is pro- duced by four chief processes which are called condensation, displacement, dramatization and secondary elaboration. Briefly, these four terms may be describ- ed as follows: Condensation, as the name im- plies, is the constant tendency of the dream, as remembered, to be a very condensed ver- sion of the subject-matter that arose from the depths of our unconscious mind. This also includes the fusing together of dream-thoughts often resulting in a fantastic, ludricous effect. Displacement, like condensation, acts as a potent distorting mechanism. It signifies the process by which psychic importance is trans- fered to a given element in the manifest con- tent from quite different unrelated elements in the latent content.- This causes us to place undue stress on comparatively unimportant details in the dream, and to overlook as trivial other things that are really of basic import- ance in the latent content of the dream. Dramatization refers to the symbolic prop- erties of dream phenomena. All dreams are more or less symbolized — most of them highly so. The primary visual nature of dreams readily lends itself to this characteristic which has been called “regard for presentability.” Secondary elaboration is that situation in which our consciousness contributes to this extent: When experiencing an unpleasant dream, the thought sometimes occurs to us, “This is only a dream; why worry?” Never- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 29 theless, despite this prompting of our Con- scious, we still continue dreaming — harassed on one side by the unpleasant factor of the dream, and reassurred on the other that it is not real. The savage in the child, the archaic in man, still survives in us, but is confined to that part called the Unconscious. It has not been replaced or supplanted, but in most persons has been more or less slightly veneered by the processes of civilization. One of the characteristics of dreams is their apparent absurdity or triviality. How- ever, psycho-analysis has proven that there are no absurd or trivial dreams. Every dream reflects a definite desire or wish on the part of the person’s unconscious mind, winch has an untold influence over his thoughts and ac- tions, notwithstanding his conscious ideals when expressed in language. Coriat (What Is Psycho-analysis?) sums up the significance of dreams and other man- ifestations of the Unconscious, and their value as interpreting agencies, when he says: “Psycho-analysis presupposes that there is no mental effect without its cause and conse- quent 1 y nervous symptoms are not chance and haphazard products, but are related to defi- nite mental processes which are repressed in the pat'ent’s Unconscious. This re'ation of mental cause and effect is called determinism. By means of the study of dreams and symp- tomatic actions and sometimes by use of as- sociation tests, psycho-analysis traces out each 30 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS sympton in the patient’s life history. Some- times these symptoms are found to be deeply buried in the earliest years of childhood.” Without going too far into the ramifica- tions of dream phenomena, it might be well to refer to certain typical dreams, which are the common lot of practically every individual. These are also notable because they usually have their origin in infantile impressions or sexual motives, although the dream may be so thoroughly couched in symbolic expressions that no actual sexual idea is apparent. There is the dream of injury to, or death of, a parent or relative near and dear to us. To suggest that we wish them harm is un- thinkable. This common type of dream has its basis in a temporary childish anger, di- rected against the person in question, and which was accompanied by the ill-wish that for ethical reasons was repressed. It should be added that a child has a dif- ferent conception of death than an adult has.- To the former it merely denotes an interrup- tion of the disturbing presence of a person, or of his being out of the way for the time being. A dream of this kind invariably has its root, if not in a true nuclear complex, then in an Oedipus tendency which survives in the Unconscious. Some trace of this can be found in every individual, and in it Freud sees a definite in- cest w sh toward the mother which lacks only the attribute of consciousness. Moral reac- tions subject this wish to repression through PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 31 the functioning of the “incest barrier,” an hypothesis that is compared to the “incest taboo” found among primitive and inferior peoples. One of the most common dreams is the so- called embarrassment dream of nakedness. Freud has been led to consider this naked- ness dream as an exhibitionist quality revived in the Unconscious, and tiaces it back to the universal tendency of children to disrobe, which affords them great enjoyment and pleasure. There is another type of dream that is not uncommon, and in a pronounced form is called the anxiety-dream or nightmare. Per- haps the characteristics peculiar to this can best be described by Dr. Hitschmann (Freud’s Theory of the Neuroses): “The dream pic- ture accompanied by anxiety represents the patient (usually female) oppressed by a great and dangerous beast which threatens to throw itself on the dreamer; characteristically, it is often a stallion or bull, thus, animals which have ever stood as symbols of the potent strength of animal masculinity. It is easy to see in these animal figures the symbolized givers of sexual gratification forbidden by conscious thinking. A still plainer symbolism aiming at this end appears in dreams of burg- lars who, armed with revolvers, daggers or similar instruments, press on upon the dream- ing lady. The starting up from sleep be- cause of such anxiety-dreams, one finds fre- quently in widows and ungratified women as 32 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS a characteristic kind of disturbance of sleep.” It has been remarked that the field of sex- ual symbolism is an astonishingly rich and varied one, and that a great number are defin.tely recognized as belonging to this category. Dr. Ernest Jones, the Canadian analyst, maintains that “there are probably moie symbols of the male genitai organ than ail other symbols put together.” Thus the dreamer who dreams of a snake, a dagger, a fish, or a bird, in no way consciously regards these objects as a phallic symbol, and is usually most unwilling, until the logic of the dream analysis forces him, to accept this con- clus on. The symbolic expression of dream language bears remarkable likeness to the symbolism of ancient mythology. This signifies to the student of psycho-analysis that the Uncon- scious not only gets many of its deepest im- pressions from early infancy, but that it has also inherited race impressions that have been passed down through countless generations, and that cause us to live over aga’n in our dreams the ineffaceable experiences of pre- historic ancestors. One of the most typical of this class is the falling dream, an heritage of the ape-man who lived in the trees. It is notable in these fall- ing dreams that we always catch ourselves, land safely or wake up in the excitement whJ^h indicates that our progenitor who originahy experienced the shock that caused Mils indelible mental impression that has be- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 33 come a biological fixture, also caught himself or fell to comparative safety, else the impres- sion could not have been carried down. The Unconscious dwells in a realm of phantasy, shuns the reality, constructs its indomitable and superhuman heroes (Gods), and deals summarily and mercilessly with its enemies. All the themes of mythology and folk-lore have these common characteristics. Authorities have attributed the origin of myths and fables to dream conceptions and other manifestations of the Unconscious among primitive peoples. Thus, Dr. Karl Abraham (Dreams and Myths) says: “The myth is a fragment of the infantile soul life of the people, and the dream is the myth of the individual.” Freud has stated this conclusion from his vast ex- perience in dream interpretations: “The in- vestigation of this folk-psychologic format' on, myths, etc., is by no means finished at present. To take an example of this, however, it is probable that the myths correspond to the distorted residue of wish phantasies of whole nations, the secularized dreams of young humanity.” Even earlier, philosophers have sensed this great Uuth, as we observe from Nietzsche (Human All Too Human): “In our sleep and in our dreams we pass through the whole thought of earlier humanity. I mean, in the same way that man reasons in his dreams, he reasoned when in the waking state many thousands of years. The first causa which 34 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS occurred to his mind in reference to anything that needed explanation, satisfied him, and passed for truth. In the dream this atavistic relic of humanity manifests its existence within us, for it is the foundation upon which the higher rational faculty developed, and which is still developing in every individual. The dream carries us back into earlier states of human culture, and affords us a means of understanding them better. . . .” «The symbol as an expression of our uncon- scious desires is not by any means confined to dreams. We do many things in our waking hours of a symbolical nature, which satisfy our Unconscious without consciously under- standing their real significance. For instant, we throw rice and old shoes at newlyweds without comprehending the true meaning of the act. Consciously, we are following an old established custom; but unconsciously we are doing something more important. We are giving expression in a symbolical way to a wish that is quite appropriate for the oc- casion, and which our standard of ethics would not permit us to express in a more direct way. During all ages and in the folklore of all races, shoes have been a symbol of the female genitals, and rice (or wheat or other common cereal) the symbol of the male fructifying seed. Hence,' we unconsciously indicate the sexual .character of the new relationship with the normal outcome of fruitfulness or pro- lificacy, which the conventions of modern PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 35 civilization would not permit us to openly allude to in a direct manner. Everyone Dreams. Many people taking exception to the Freud- ian contention regarding dreams, assert that they rarely, if ever, dream. There is very good scientific grounds for believing, not only that everyone does dream, but that we dream practically continuously during our period of sleep. However, in the process of waking up- in the normal manner, as we slowly gain con- sciousness, the “censor” that figuratively stands at the gate of our Unconscious, subtly draws the veil over what has been transpiring and we open our eyes with a feeling that our mind during the night has been free from all thought or effort. Our conscious mind, of course, has; our unconscious mind has not. It has been proven by experimenting with persons who claimed they “never dreamed,” that they do dream, and with a little practice, they can soon learn to remember their dreams. One of the best ways of testing the accuracy of the “dreamless” sleeper is to wake him up suddenly in the middle of the night or at a time he is unaccustomed to be awakened. In- variably, it will be found, if immediately questioned, that he has either a more or less distinct recollection of dreaming. This is true if the sudden waking-up pro- cess occurs once in the night — or twenty times. 36 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS If a multiple of times, then it may be found that the sleeper has experienced a different dream each time before awakening. This gives strength to the theory that we are con- stant y dreaming of something; the themes of the dream often rap.d.y changing from one thing to another, sometimes blending into each other in an incoherent mass — or con- stantly changing picture without apparent sense or reason. . The fact, too, that dreams are highly sym- bolized, as before stated, further emphasizes this impression. When analyized, it is usually found that the most important features or characters in the dream, as remembered, are of 1 ttle relative importance. On the other hand, some minor detail or insignificant fac- tor proves upon investigation to be of prime importance. Another deceiving feature of dream phen- omena, which makes us believe that we do not dream, is that immediately upon waking we are slightly conscious of some disturbing feel- ing or annoying mental trend, out with a slight effort pass it off. Instead of attribut- ing it to a dream, we offer ourselves the ex- cuse that it was a noise we may have heard outside the room or that we had just dismiss- ed f om mind an unpleasant episode of the day before — just what, we cannot (or do not care to) recall. By this half conscious, semi-deliberate ac- tion, we bow to the will of the censor and “forget” the dream. The very fact of the uni- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 3 T versal “forgetting” of dreams confirms the existence of an agency which, for the want of a better term, is called the censor. If we had exercised sufficient determina- tion or will power to pck up the thread as it passed the outskirts of our consciousness, we couM have resurrected perhaps a little of what had preceded. And by practice, it would grad- ually become possible to get more or less of a logical mental picture of what had been trans- piring in our Unconscious. However, it is important to remember that the first waking impression of a dream is the only reliable or trustworthy recollection we are able to get of it. If a person, immediate- ly upon waking jots down the import of the dream as he remembers it, and then later in the day recurs to the dream of the night be- fore, he will find not only that he has forgot- ten a good part of it, but quite likely that he will even give a different version of it. This is another evidence of the efficiency of the censor in covering up the evidence of uncon- scious psychic activity. The victims of anxiety-dreams (night- mares) however, experience no doubt about their having dreams. In fact, until the cause of the neurosis is removed, they suffer much from d'sturbances that result from this mani- festat : on of the Unconscious. The paradox- ical feature of these dreams is that they are a form of grat ; fication — offering a subst tute means of gratification to the unconscious for the lack or denial of a normal form of obtain- 38 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS mg pleasure or satisfaction. In this connection, it may be said that re- lief is frequently obtained from these anxiety - dreams or nightmares if the subject is made aware of their true import. By understand- ing their symbolical meaning, the shock is re- moved, even if the dreams continue in a milder form. It often happens that when the person becomes conversant with the symbolic signifi- cance of these dreams, the symbolism no long- er recurs and dreams of a sexual nature to the ungratified, take place in an undisguised form. Consequently, if the subject is enlight- ened and encouraged to take a common-sense view of the situation, there is little distress felt, and the shock of the after-anxiety is largely removed. Freud maintains that the primary function of the dream is to protect sleep by giving pleasurable activities to the unconscious psy- chic processes that otherwise would tend to interfere with sleep. This is appreciated when we consider that the unconscious processes are perpetually in action, only prevented from entering consciousness by the influence of the censorship. In sleep, therefore, this censor- ship is lifted allowing the unconscious wishes to take the field, and express themselves with abandon, making up for the repressions to which they are subjected during waking hours. The dreams of children, in particular, af- ford easy access to the workings of the Un- conscious, because with young people, being less sophisticated, and laboring under fewer PSYCHO-ANALYSIS M social inhibitions, the dreams are not so dis- torted by an excess of symbolization as is the case with the adult. Nevertheless, there are still countless inhibitions to which children are subjected, as we know from the constant admonitions: “ Johnny, don’t do this; Johnny, don’t do that,” etc. Dreams are the removal of sleep-disturbing psychic stimuli by way of hallucinated satisfaction. Day Dreams. Day-dreams, or phantasying, like their pro- totype of our sleep, are also wish-fulfillments. They represent a tendency on the part of the primitive side of our personality to retreat or get away from reality; to realize and enjoy for a few brief moments the unattainable. We have all “built castles in the air.” Some of us have soared to untold heights — if only to come down with a crash! Wishes are as common to the beggar as to the king— perhaps more so, as the former has more to wish for that would enhance his condition of life. Unlike the dreams of our sleep, day-dreams are usually accompanied by some effort; we tend to guide them, although this tendency in many instances may be more apparent than real, as there is also the influence of our Un- conscious leading us on, whereas we may be- lieve we are directing it. Day-dreams have both good and bad influ- ences. If we develop the power to co-operate with the unconscious psychic forces and to 4G PSYCHO-ANALYSIS “exploit” them through occasional use of the day dream, we are on the way to accomplish- ing some worth while work in life. As a result of reveries or day-dreams, combined with some directive thinking, the poet and the artist create their immortal works; and the inventor gives to the world his epoch-making mechanical devices; the scientist discovers natural laws of the universe and utilizes the knowledge so gained for human progress; the ambit ous student is inspired and spurred on to reach some goal of construc- tive effort. Such dreams have resulted in im- perishable works of art and literature, and great scientific and mechanical achievements, etc. The evil side of day-dreaming is in lett’ng the dreams run completely away with us, which in the nature of themselves they tend to do, instead of harnessing them to an object, or conquering them for a purpose. Day- dreamers of this type are represented by the loafer of all types and degrees. All "azy, in- dolent people work incessantly at this unpro- ductive occupation The immature youth, until he is taught by example and precept, or forced by c : rcum- stances, is inclined to cbeam when not occupied with play or work. Naturally the work is usually of a light, diverting nature, and as P'ay is an expression of the unconsc’ous wishes, we see how the Unconscious dominates the child almost completely. In most cases it is merely a question of environmental condi- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 41 tions whether he will dream himself down into a loafer, or up into communion with the gods and become a creator of something worth while. In other words, day-dreaming in modera- tion is desirable under proper conditions. Its abuse is the abomination. The chronic day-dreamer that becomes a vict m of his fault is usually a person who avoids social intercourse. He finds his pleas- ures in dreaming, and he prefers to be alone so that his dreams may not be disturbed. Thus, he becomes anti-social. He flees from reality whenever the occasion presents itself — and he is always willing to make such occasions — and finds refuge in the unreal world of his dreams. As a result, no matter how shiftless or lazy; no matter how low he has fallen in the social scale, his dreams enable him to realize his goal of superiority. In his dreams he is again in the fairy-land, of his childhood longings. The most absurd desires come true, and the dreamer is invari- ably the favored fairy prince. This is true whether the motif of his dreams is clothed in the scenery of the early fairy tales — most often they are not — or in the pictorial effects of contemporary life. In any event, he is re- gressing to the infantile level. 42 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS CHAPTER III. The Unconscious Basis of Wit. There are few people so devoid of an in- nate sense of humor that they do not respond to wit, although often they may manage to successfully conceal the outward appearances of the response. Sometimes, in fact, the re- action to the stimuli of wit may not be con- scious at all. There is reason to believe, however, that every person who approaches what may be called a normal mental plane experiences an unconscious, if not a conscious response, to wit, humor, the comic, the naive, caricature, etc. And in those of abnormal psychic tenden- cies who may not react to these stimuli, it will be found that they accomplish the same re- sult by other means — that is, their unconscious mind is relaxed by other forms of expression or diversion. The manifestations of the various neuroses in themselves constitute an unconscious means of relief — although of the most unnatural and irrational form. They act as a substitute means of gratification. In behalf of wit, it may be said that, within bounds, it is the most social type of uncon- scious gratification. Most other forms are egotistical, such as day-dreaming, phantasy- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 42 ing, dreaming in sleep, etc., involving only the single individual. They are purely self-cen- tered means of satisfying the unconscious mind. Wit, however, has a decided social value, unless of course, it is carried to unwarranted extremes. And it is primarily among those whose unconscious exercises a predominating influence over their actions who are apt to in- dulge in wit that tends to be destructive or extremely unpleasant. In the first place, wit usually requires a second or third person, and may involve a large audience, as is the case with professional story tellers, vaudeville performers, and cer- tain other forms of organized amusement. Of course, there are plenty of instances where we smile to ourselves at jokes that come to mind, or upon reflecting on a witticism that we had once heard. But this, in reality, is an ex- ample of day-dreaming into which we lapse momentarily, perhaps in the midst of conscious mental effort. Thus the social value of wit is in making life pleasant and agreeable — sometimes even when it would be quite unbearable. It is fre- quently invoked under very trying or even tragic circumstances. We have all heard of instances when a grim joke has been passed by some one in a perilous position. It invariably relieves the tension in a crisis or at a serious climax. Notwithstanding our realization of the desperateness or even hope- lessness of the situation, the unconscious re- 44 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS lief or satisfaction which we experience in a joke under these circumstances often lifts us out of an agonizing suspense. If only tempor- ary, the relief is nevertheless real and may be a valuable psychic bracer to sustain us in a time of need. Even in the presence of death or of some inescapable fate impending, this tendency is quite universal. Soldiers before battle, and in the thick of the fight, are known to relieve the suspense by some expression of wit, how- ever grim. And it is an established fact in psychiatry that soldiers who are capable of so relaxing their unconscious tension are less susceptible to shell-shock. Shell-shock, indeed, is a form of neurosis produced by the abnormal environment, in which the victim is unable to get relief of the psychic tension over a more or less prolonged period. As a consequence, he develops shell- shock, which is a neurosis or type of insanity that may be of almost any degree of intensity, as a substitute form of gratification of the self-preservation urge. Furthermore, it is us- ually successful to this extent: The attack makes the victim useless for military service, and sometimes any other kind, so he is sent to a hospital or other institution. But even if not at once removed, he no longer suffers from the agonizing suspense of bombardment. By a very abnormal process he has been relieved. Another example of relieving the tension in the midst of death is the old custom of the Irish wake. This ancient folk tradition of the PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 45 Irish race makes full allowances for the psy- chic needs of the occasion by permitting light story telling, and other expressions of a divert- ing nature. The practices of this function un- consciously recognize a basic requirement of the psyche. Wit, in substance, is a form of mental re- laxation because invariably it is illogical. And as logiC is a development of the conscious mind, the interruption of concentration, or the deviation from logical reasoning, affords mo- mentary relaxation. Among those of so primitive a mentality that the faculty of logic is at a low stage of development or practically non-existent, then what we consider wit would not to them have the same significance. For instance, children two or three years of age are prone to make very “funny” remarks. The expressions sound humorous to us be- cause of their absolutely illogical construction. But to the child, they are not funny or humor- ous, because the infantile mind lacks the per- ception to realize that the utterance is illogi- cal. This is the case of an unintentional mis- use of words, resulting in a ludicrous effect. The child or person of primitive, undevel- oped mind laughs at what he believes to be a joke when he is placed in a position of appar- ent superiority. When 1 get down on the floor on all fours, and my three-year old youngster grabs my coat-tails or rides on my back and b^ds me assume the lowly function of the quadruped, he is conscious of a feeling 46 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS of superiority — as we are in driving a horse. The infant becomes a very superior person in his mind, and this to him is the real kind of a joke. Wit is a diverting short-cut from the stiff- ness and sober conventionality so constantly demanded in civilized life. The whole evolu- tion of civilization has been the history of re- pressing primitive instincts. With this con- stant repression and inhibition, there develops in our unconscious personality a tension of greater or lesser degree. The ever present tendency of the unconscious is to relieve this tension. And anything that contributes to this form of relaxation is a mental tonic. Of course, an excess of tonic, like an excess of any good thing, is useless. Besides wit, petty mischief offers a favor- ite outlet to the youth and adolescent. It is the unconscious prompting and striving for some vague, indefinite goal of satisfaction which makes gang-companionship, with all its evil potentialities, so alluring to the boy en- tering upon the age of puberty. A working knowledge of adolescent psy- chology has taught us that a substitute form of gratification for the destructive tendencies of the gang can be obtained by the youth in athletic activities, country hikes, woodcraft, etc. These ^diversions offer a healthy outlet for the pent-up psychic steam that accumu- lates so rapidly during this critical period of the boy’s life when he is undergoing profound physical and psychological changes. 47 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS Wit, humor and fun are strikingly in evi- dence during the adolescent period. It is con- ceded for instance that the leading college comic papers, conducted entirely by youths, many quite inexperienced, contain better ex- amples of real, spontaneous wit and humor than the national “humorous” publications, which have a nation-wide field of professional “humorists” to draw from. When a semi-civilized being or a person of very low mental status sees calamity be- fall another, he may sense a huge joke. It is a joke, not because the accident or misfor- tune is illogical, but because it raises him to a position of greater comparative importance. It amounts to saying: “You are down and I am up.” The victim is now inferior. This is immensely pleasing to the unconscious, which does not discriminate as to how the measure of superiority is attained. This qual- ity is typical, in some pronounced degree, among neurotics, as it is to a lesser extent among more normal persons. We have all seen examples of the busy-body type of per- son who goes around his or her circle of ac- quaintances, bringing the latest news of mis- fortune that has befallen some one. Notwith- standing the conscious lamentations that are forced upon us, the eagerness with which the oracle unfolds his story of somebody’s trouble carries a connotation of pleasure which the student of psycho-analysis readily perceives. A very primitive Unconscious is being grati- fied. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 48 The characteristic of wit is its brevity; its quick action; its spontaneity. “A flash of wit” in its true sense is as well phrased as “a flash of lightning.” Attempted wit, that re- sults in long, studied dissertations, no matter how carefully gotten up, is rarely, if ever, wit. While it may sometimes involve humorous sit- uations, there is seldom present the character- istic of wit. The psychology of wit takes into account the intellectual standard of both speaker and the listeners. SubFe jokes that are appre- ciated by persons of keen mind go over the heads of those with less perception. This tendency is often observed in vaude- ville audiences, which are apt to comprise people of all types and degrees of intellectual culture. A particular subtle joke is uttered by the performer, and here and there is an in- dividual in the audience will “get it.” A few seconds later quite a large number will begin to snicker, and finally the ba^nce of the audi- ence will start to laugh — for the most part because they have caught the spirit of the occasion, even if they have missed the point made by the comedian. The mother-in-law motive in jokes, which is so universally invoked, is given a deeply vital significance by Freud in his book, “To- tem and Taboo.” Among men and women who have had few cuHural advantages, w : t becomes less and less subfe and descends to a lower and lower in- tellectual scale. Persons under the influence PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 49 of alcohol, that is, where the conscious inhibi- tions are partially lifted, may consider any lewd remark as quite humorous. Sex and ego, as in dreams, form the under- lying themes for most jokes. So either of these tendencies may easily veer into the questionable under the st-muli of their basic sources, especially when the conscious repres- sions are relaxed by convivial associations or the influence of Bacchus. Some examples of wit are so outstanding in their excellence that they remain classics for a long time — not for current usage in lieu of the spontaneous variety, but for better il- lustrating the characteristics of a prominent person. These are usually the jokes of faulty logic. Those associated with the name of Lincoln are almost legion. One attributed to Wendell Phillips was good enough to stand the test of t me, as we occasionally hear it re- ferred to at this late day. When asked by a minister why he did not go right into the heart of the South to save the negroes from slavery, the abolit’onist, in turn, asked the clergyman why in his search for souls he did not go straight to hell. The comparison between the South and Hell can hardly stand the test of logic. My old school master was a ready wit and a man of unusual intellectual attainments, al- though some of his personal habits were rath- er slovenly, making him quite a picturesque character of more than local prominence. One of his petty vices was chewing tobacco, 50 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS in which he indulged himself out of school and in. One day the local Methodist preacher, a close personal friend, chided him for indulging in so unbecoming a habit, saying, “even a hog wouldn’t chew tobacco.” Instantly the school master asked him if he wouldn’t chew tobacco. The negative reply brought the retort, “then you are a hog.” The idea of putting the dig- nified parson in the same catagory as the hog because they had one evident dislike in common was ludicrous because illogical. There is the Hungary folk tale which tells of a blacksmith in a village who had com- mitted a crime punishable by death; the Bur- gomaster, however, decreed that not the smith, but a tailor, must be hanged, as there were two tailors in the village, but only one black- smith, and the crime had to be expiated. This displacement of guilt from one person to an- other is contrary to all laws of conscious logic, but not to the psychic operations of the Unconscious. So consciously, this ridiculous idea amuses us. The natural sequel of wit or a joke is to laugh. We have all experienced the almost unbearable situation wherein our sense of humor had been touched very strongly, but the proprieties of the occasion made it imper- ative that we should not give way visibly or audibly to our feelings. As a consequence, we have had the painful sensation of being choked up with something that should come out or express itself. Thus, we are under a nerve-racking tension, quite PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 51 ready to “explode.” Laughter is the physical demonstration which accompanies the response to the stimuli of wit, jokes, humor, etc. It is the means of a free and quick discharge of psychic energy. Besides the common (or uncommon) va- riety of good-natured wit, there is also the well-known brand of wit which causes pain or chagrin to the person at whom the shaft of witticism is aimed. The cynic, or perpetrator of this kind of joke, thus exhibits a strong sadist tendency, which is present in all of us, but in widely varying degrees. He causes pain to another — and gets pleasure or satis- faction out of it. On the other hand, those who good-natur- edly laugh or pass off a joke of this kind, are demonstrating a well defined masochistic ten- dency, which also is inherent in everyone. Certain jokes, especially the so-called “practical jokes” are frequently of an intensely irritating or even destructive character. The unconscious mind is fundamentally primitive and uncultured, and takes a positive delight in causing pain and misfortune to others. It craves excitement. And it is only our hun- dreds of thousands of years of human pro- gress, with the consequent development of the social instincts and the sublimation of the primitive forces in our individual lives, which overcome to a large degree the destructive tendencies of the Unconscious. It is notable in people whose altruistic or social qualities have had little opportunity to 52 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS develop — in other words, who are largely un- der the influence of their unconscious mind — and especially so among savages, that they take a wierd satisfaction in the sight of pain- ful experiences of others. These atavistic traits are not uncommon, even among the most civilized people, and are brought to the surface most pronouncedly in times of war, thus affording an opportunity for the psychic and physical gratification of the archaic qualities of the Unconscious. This has led William James to suggest the possibility of a moral substitute for war, by diverting this craving of the Unconscious to other channels of large physical action, such as life on the sea, adventurous diversions, and even work at hazardous occupations, such as in mines, etc. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 53 CHAPTER IV. Repressions and the Neuroses. We have observed that the psyche is the scene of a constant and often intense conflict between the more primitive and the more social human impulses. It is in the course of this psychical conflict and to serve its ends, that the repressions are manifested. In considering- the relations of cause and effect in the psychic realm, we must bear one great fact in mind, a fact that should be quite self-evident, but which, because of our lack of knowledge of the Unconscious, has not been realized, namely: Nothing is accidental in the psychic region. There is no “chance” in the psychic world any more than in the phy- sical. Every effect has a definite cause; every cause produces a definite effect. What seem to be accidental, unexpected happenings are not so in reality. We observe only some of the unconscious manifestations without realizing that they are logical reac- tions of some positive force. Thus, they ap- pear as something detached and causeless, and we give them no further consideration. The human psychic apparatus produces a ceaseless flow of impulses or discharge of energy whose aim is the fulfillment of two great principles, upon which all life is ground- 54 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS ed — that is, the pleasure principle, and the reality principle. The Pleasure Principle. The pleasure principle represents the pri- mary original form of mental activity, and is characteristic of the earliest stages of human development, both in the individual and the race. Therefore, it is found in its typical ex- pression in the mental life of the infant, and to a less extent in the savage. Its main at- tribute is a never-ceasing demand for immed- iate gratification of various desires that give pleasure to the Unconscious, regardless of cost or consequences. Thus, it may be said to be egocentric, selfish, personal, anti-social. The infant illustrates m a very observable manner the existence of the pleasure principle as the basic motive for all its actions. Noth- ing but its own desires concern him, and he demands with unqualified insistence their ful- fillment in the shape of food, warmth, petty attentions, and any object that may come to his notice. But while the infant offers the most per- fect example of the pleasure principle in oper- ation, because it works through him with no disguise, it can be noted more or less promi- nently among all people. No individual is free from this trait. It is of course good that this is so, or life would be more dull and drab than it is at its worst. A normal, well rounded personality is one PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 5S in which all the basic characteristics are pres- ent in the proper degree, one balancing the other, thus preserving a desirable equilibrium, and fitting one to face and grapple with the realities of life. This is what constitutes a healthy, adaptable human being. But, as we so well know, not every one is in this favored catagory. Leaving aside those who are the victims of so outrageously per- nicious an environment that any approach to normal life is impossible, there are still mill- ions and millioms of people in all walks of life who fall short, some seriously so, of this standard. These unadapted people, some fitting like the proverbial square peg in a round hole, are suffering from exaggerated neurotic ten- dencies. They range from the mildly hysteri- cal or temperamentally unsettled to the defi- nitely insane. And notwithstanding the bleak picture which the more extreme cases make, and which are unfortunate enough even when moderately advanced, they are expres- sions of the pleasure principle that has fol- lowed afar some line of least resistance. People who maintain their grip on the vitals of reality avoid the alluring pitfalls to which undue surrender to the pleasure prin- ciple leads. Where the temptation is strong, there are often elaborate precautions taken to escape the dreaded fate. This is true, even when the exact situation is not consciously realized and when the precautions are the re- sult of intuitive rather than logical effort. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS Primitive man offers an excellent example of this fact. He has erected an intricate set of taboos to avert the consequences of his fierce, self-seeking impulses. He realizes vaguely there are inexplicable inner forces pulling him this way and that. He does not know what these emotions and passions are, nor why or whence they come, but senses the danger in their dominance. The so-called “civilized” man differs in de- gree rather than kind from his primitive brother. He disguises and distorts, uncon- sciously for the most part, and often with surprising ingenuity, that same principle which governs so largely his behavior. We have only to study our own dreams, phantasies and often unreasonable emotions of jealousy, vanity, etc. and our tendency not to face reality, or our disinclination to recog- nize the facts when they are displeasing, to recognize the constant pressure and frequent dominance of the pleasure principle within us. Thousands of years of civilization with the accompanying development of cultural, ethi- cal, religious and social factors and influences have done much to modify and adapt the power of this pleasure principle, but no amount of civilization can eliminate or crush this dynamic force. As a matter of fact, the objection is that our civilization is becoming so constantly ram- ified, and with such increasing swiftness, by scientific achievements, mechanical inventions and natural discoveries, etc., that we can hard- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 67 ly adapt our primitive, slow-evolving charac- teristics to the more rapidly changing envir- onment. And this condition is intensified because as a social unit, we have preferred to avoid any serious discussion or study of psychic phenomena so as better to cope with the problems that confront us. The Reality Principle. The reality principle, to all intents and purposes, is the antithesis of the pleasure principle. They are both present in all of us all the time. The cond t on which makes us either “normal” human beings or neurotic misfits in society, is largely governed by the proper balance on the one hand, or on the other, the lack of relative proportion, of these two principles in our psych’c make-up. D reefy as they manifest themselves in our Unconscious, or indirectly, as in disguised forms in the Consc'ous, these two principles are ever exerting their respective influences — operating, or co-operating with each other, or coming into conflict. Freud has described the reality principle as hav'ng for its function the adaptation of the organism to the exigencies of reality — that is of the world animate and inanimate, which lies outside and around every individual. It is evident that if the individual were not capatfle of acting upon the reality principle to a very large degree throughout life, he would as a consequence be unable to exist. 58 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS He must realize the uncompromising force of sea, air, gravity, fire, wild animals, in order to maintain life. He must recognize the claims, needs and superior force of his fellow- men, even in the most primitive society or community. Thus, by the very act of living, even with- out definite instruction to that end, we are gathering consciously and unconsciously a working knowledge of the reality principle. It is exemplified in the old adage of “learning by experience” rather than by hear-say or being told. Sometimes, as we all know, this is a very painful way of learning, although its effect- iveness is unquestioned. The child who puts his hand on a hot stove is learning by a very drastic method to adapt himself to reality. The writer once saw a bright, eight-year old youngster attempt to walk quickly over the water as the row-boat he was in neared the shore. Although it was only the equiv- alent of four or five short steps, the youth got a rather sudden and aqueous awakening to a certain phase of the reality principle. This was obviously a perfect illustration of the unconscious in action, as consciously he knew that it is impossible to walk on the water, but he was seized with an inexplicable “impulse.” The development of the reality principle is through the channels of reason. Those who are of the most logical, rational turn of mind best exemplify the reality principle. PSYCHOANALYSIS This principle is expressed in directed thinking, in contrast to the phantasying and intuitive expressions of the pleasure principle. People who have a high degree of intuit on may be said to be under the influence of their Unconscious to a greater extent than those who are not so intuitive in their decisions and actions. In many respects, this is a valuable asset, when co-ordinated with a discriminating Conscious, which acts as a regulator in pre- vent'ng undue extremes in manifestations of the Unconscious. It is the inevitable conflict between these two great principles in our psychic make-up which is the cause of repressions. And re- pressions which become so severe that they cause serious disharmony in our Unconscious result in a neurosis. In considering the curative value of the psycho-analysis, it is well to remember that conflicts are present in all of us. This is as- sured by the fact that we are all endowed, more or less, with primitive passions and cer- tain instinctive desires, and these tend inevit- ably to conflict with the social and ethical standards to which we consciously subscribe. Therefore, there are neurotic strains and tendencies in every individual, which the most rat : onal of us demonstrate at times in litt n e temperamental outbursts, in streaks of un- reasonableness, and even physical indisposi- tions that are the positive reactions of a neurosis, incipient or chronic. When we realize that a neurosis, slight or 60 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS severe, and many of the incipient forms of insanity, reflect a lack of harmony in the psychic mechanism, instead of being some mysterious, far-fetched visitations of fate, we begin to see the possibilities of remedying the situation. This is especially so when we consider that every “normal” person experi- ences the same tendencies in a light form, which contribute to the function of a neurosis and insanity. Physical Effects of Neuroses. To thoroughly appreciate the widespread effects of neurotic tendencies, it is only neces- sary to scan the list of physical ailments and symptoms that may be due to unconscious ideas that unduly influence our conduct. Dr. William A. White in his “Principles of Mental Hygiene” states: “The number and duration of physical and apparently physical disorders which may originate at the psycho- logical level is endless. It includes many forms of asthma, sore throat, difficult nasal breathing, stammering, headache, neuras- thenia, backache, tender spine, ‘weak heart/ faint attacks, exophthalmic goitre, (Graves or Basedow's disease), aphonia, spasmodic sneez- ing, hiccough, rapid respiration, hay fever, gastro-intestinal disturbances, (constipation, diarrhoea, indigestion, colites, ulcer of stom- ach), ptosis of kidney, diabetes, disturbances of urination, polyuria, incontinence, precipit- ancy, menstrual disorders, auto-intoxication, PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 61 (from long digestive disturbances), nutritional disorders of skin, teeth and hair, etc.” Dr. E. J. Kempf, in “The Automonic Func- tions and the Personality” gives the following list of derangements that may be caused by the repression of intense affections or desires: Loss of appetite, gastric irritalibility, ten- dency to nausea, and vomiting, diarrhoea, dyspnea, headaches, cardiac palpitation blush- ing, disturbances of the menses, insomonia, general hypochondriacal complaints, eccentric physical attitudes, and long, enduring gross psychoneurotic derangements. It should be emphasized, however, that while any of these disturbances may be of psychogenic origin, no reputable psycho-an- alyst would claim they are always due to this basic cause. After soberly considering this formidable agglomeration of possibilities from repres- sions. in the Unconscious — the very existence of which the overwhelming majority of people are in ignorance — we should see the necessity for some rational understanding of, and in- sight into, our psychic processes — particularly the unconscious ones. - The modification of the elemental urges and wishes and their adaptation to the real- ities of environment is a long, difficult and panful process. Beginning with the infant life, thoroughly bound up in its egocentric ac- tivities, and progressing through childhood which is dominated by primitive emotions, we finally reach adulthood in years, but still in- 62 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS fluenced profoundly by primitive impulses and modes of thought. In fact a large percentage of people never grow up psychologically and emotionally, but remain at an infantile, or at the most, an adol- escent level in these respects. Low Mental Average Among Adults. It is interesting to observe in this connec- tion very significant statistics gathered by the Surgeon General of the American Army during the World War, of men drafted in 1918.* Elaborate tests were made attempt- ing to “size up” the brain power of the sol- diers, irrespective of education. For instance, children under the age of five seldom can learn to tell time on a clock, but practically all normal children can learn to do so before they are over the age of six. There are other analogous problems or tests which children five or six can do, but which they cannot do if they are younger. As an example, it is found that the normal child of five can name the four primary col- ors, even if never taught them. On the other hand, some grown people are so deficient in mental power that, a' though they can dress themselves and do many kinds of every-day work, they can never learn to tell time by the *Army Mental Tests (Surgeon General) Washington, D. C., Nov. 22, 1919. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 63 clock or do the other five year-old tests. Such people are said to have a “mental age” of under five — that is, they have the potential brain power of a child under five. Similar tests have been devised for other ages. For example, the normal child of eleven can detect absurdities in sentences; can de- fine three out of five abstract words, “pity, revenge, charity, justice, envy;” can repeat backwardly five digits given orally; can inter- pret fables, etc. The Surgeon General divided the mental age of many thousands of drafted men ac- cording to their occupation. He thought the “average” would be misleading, so instead of finding the average, he omitted from each occupation one quarter of the men having the lowest mental age, or brain power, and also the quarter having the highest brain power. The men who remained were the middle half. Now, after dividing these men into some seventy -four occupational groups, they were classified into seven grades of brain power, instead of using the literal term “mental age.” The result was as follows: A. Very Superior Intelligence. This grade was ordinarily reached by only four or five per cent of a draft quota. It was com- posed of men of marked intellectuality, with the ability to make a superior record in col- lege or university. B. Superior Intelligence. Less exception- al than that represented by “A,” and was ob- tained by eight to ten per cent of the draft. 64 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS Men of this grade are capable of making an average record in college. C. High Average Intelligence. This group included about fifteen to eighteen per cent of the draft. Can not do so well as “B,” but contained some men with capacity for leader- ship and power to command. C. Average Intelligence. Included about twenty-five per cent of the drafted men. These men are rarely capable of graduating from a high school. They are of a grade that is said to make “excellent privates” in the army. Their “mental age” may be put at about fourteen. C. Low Average Intelligence. These men make up about twenty per cent of the draft, and were considered satisfactory in work of a routine nature. They are distinctly of lower intelligence than the “C” group, but their men- tal age is probably not below twelve. D. Inferior Intelligence. Included about fifteen per cent of the draft. They are slow in learn ng, and rarely suited for tasks which require special skill, resourcefulness, or sus- tained alertness. It is unsafe to expect these, or those of grades “D — ” and ‘E” to read in- telligently or understand written direct* ons. D — and E. Very Inferior Intelligence. The majority of these men are below the “mental age” of ten — some were discovered with a mental age as low as two or three, and were being passed upon for sending to France in 1918. . When such a representative body of men PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 65 as the American Army drafted under the Se- lective Service law shows an “average intelli- gence” comprising about twenty-five per cent that are rarely capable of graduating from high school, with a mental age of about four- teen; twenty per cent that have a mental age of about twelve; fifteen per cent of an even lower mental age, incapable of reading intel- ligent y or understanding written direct ons ; and two other classes that are still inferior, with mental ages ranging from below ten years to as low as two or three, then we can get at least some approximate idea of the in- fantile state of mind of a large section of the general population. Kinds of Neuroses. According to the theory of Freud, the neur- oses are divided into the true neuroses and psycho-neuroses. The true neuroses are neurasthenia and anxiety-neurosis. The causes of these diseases Freud maintains, is the disturbance of the sexual processes which determine the forma- tion and utilization of the sexual libido. As he summarizes it: “We can hardly avoid perceiving these processes as being, in their last analysis, chemical in their nature, so that we recognize in the true neuroses the somatic effect of disturbances in the sexual metabolism, while in the psycho-neurosis we recognize besides the psychic effects of the same disturbances. The resemblance of the 66 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS neuroses to the manifestations of intoxication and abstinence, following certain alkaloids, and to Basedow’s and Addison’s diseases ob- trudes itself clinically without any further ado, and just as these two diseases should no longer be described as nervous diseases, so will the genuine neurosis soon have to be re- moved from this class, despite their nomen- clature.” Neurasthenia, in Freud’s opinion, is due to exaggerated sexual self-gratification which weakens the individual’s will-power by mak- ing the goal too easily obtainable, affords in- adequate relief, diminishes potency and, by ignoring too many psychological sources of excitment, may cause physical injury. The neurasthenic turns away from society, from reality, and, if a man, from women, for he cannot tolerate feminine imperfection. Thus, he becomes anti-social and betrays the result of his vain strife against passion in many ways, lack of will-power, doubts about the possibility of achievement and self-reproaches. Among the symptoms of anxiety neurosis are general irritability, exaggerated visual and auditive sensations which are frequently the cause of sleeplessness, anxious expecta- tions of accidents, death, insanity, accompan- ied in some cases by a disturbance of one or more bodily functions, respiration, circulation, glandular functions, etc. One of the most characteristic symptoms of anxiety neurosis is a form of dizziness which never leads to com- plete loss of equilibrium. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 67 The symptoms of anxiety neurosis are con- sidered by Freud as substitutes for the specific action which should follow sexual excitement and which is accompanied by acceleration of the respiration, palpitation, sweating and con- gestion. It is popularly supposed that anxiety neurosis is a result of overwork. Freud says, however, that the physician who informs a busy man that he has overworked himself, or an active woman that her household duties have been too burdensome, should tell his patients they are sick, not because they have sought to discharge duties which for a civi- lized brain are comparatively easy, but be- cause they have neglected, if not stifled, their sexual life while attending to their duties. Men who resort to ungrat’fying forms of sexual activity and women left unsatisfied by the impotence or ejacuiatio praecox of their husbands, are often found to be suffering from anxiety neurosis. Characteristic of the emotional obsessions of psycho-neurosis, sometimes referred to as psychasthenia, are various phobias or fears; agoraphobia, fear of open spaces, claustro- phobia, fear of closed spaces; astrapaphobia, fear of thunder and lightning; aerophobia, fear of being in high p^ces; morbid desires for drink or drugs; volitional obsessions; kleptomania, impulse to steal; pyromania, im- pulse to set fire to th : ngs; arithmomama, impure to count everything; onomatomania, impulse to repeat one word, and so on. 03 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS To afford a more scientific classification, the’se symptoms of psychasthenia have been divided up by psycho-analysts into hysteria, anxiety hysteria and compulsion neurosis. Hysteria, Freud states, is due to an emo- tional conflict between the usual urge and the sexual repression, and its symptoms have the value of a compromise between both psychic streams. Anxiety hysteria is frequently associated with hysteria proper. In this case the anx- iety arises not only from physical sources, but from a part of the ungratified desire which embraces a number of complexes. As the normal mind reacts to danger through anxiety, we might propose the ana ogy that in this case the mind is defending itself against internal danger. The psycho mechanism is the same as in hysteria except that it does not lead to conversion into physical symptoms. Anxiety hysteria invariably tends to develop a phobia. The most common of hysterical phobias is agoraphobia, which prevents the patient from walking comfortably across an empty space, although he can do so when accompanied by certain persons. Another anxiety hysterical disturbance is erythrophobia, or fear of red, which has as its motivating basis self-re- proach or shame of some sort, the feeling of being slighted or of anger. Hysteria is more peculiar to the female sex, obsessional neurosis to the ma ] e sex. The obsession neurosis is featured by con- stant ambivalence, or the experiencing of op- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 6«! posite feelings at the same time, such as love, and hatred for the same person, although, of course, one of these emotions may predomi- nate in the Conscious and the other in the Unconscious. In compulsion neurosis, the thought of the possibility of death to others is often present. In every conflict, the subject awaits the death of someone important or dear to him, a rival or one of the love objects between whom his inclination wavers. His obsession is anchored upon a superstitious belief in the potency of his evil wishes. Superstitions of all kinds, in fact, occupy a prominent place in the com- pulsion neurosis. The d fference between neuroses and psy- choses has been made very clear by Adler, who says: “Longing for an unattainable ideal is at the bottom of both. Defeat or fear of de- feat causes the weaker individual to seek a substitute for his real goal. At this point be- gins the process of psychic transformation designated as a neurosis. In the neurosis, the pursuit of the fictitious goal does not lead to an open conflict with reality, the neuroic simply considering reality as a very disturbing element, as he does in neurasthenia, hypochon- dria, anxiety, compulsion neurosis and hys- teria. In the psychoses, the guiding mascu- line f’etion appears disguised in pictures and symbols of infantile origin. The patient no longer acts as though he wished to be mascu- line, to be above, but as though he had already attained those ends.” 70 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS In substance, the neurotic is grieved by not being all-powerful.. The psychotic is all-pow- erful, and attempts to force his environment to share his belief. Curative Value of Psycho-Analysis. From the foregoing array of psychic dis- turbances and physical complications, it should readily be perceived that medicine — the im- portance of which in its place is fully recog- nized by analysts — can be of little or no service. This explahfe why people of neurotic- disposition ai^rfafl^Aly found who are un- dergoing meJ^^^HBpiient either constantly or intermitt^BplMp^ears without relieving the trouble, 'I^^^HPact, it doesn’t grow more pronounced. To those who have regressed definitely into severe neurosis, or worse, have sunk into a pathological condition of incipient or chronic- insanity, even of a non-violent type, there is little hope of self-relief. If the expert services of a competent psy- cho-analyst practitioner are not available, a change for the better is hardly likely, unless nature in her great resourcefulness overcomes l&fche tremendous odds and brings a favorable turn or, as is more probable, some distressing- causative factors are unwittingly or with de- sign alleviated. We should, therefore, emphasize every- thing that would tend to promote the latter. Among the great outstanding causes of neur- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 71 oses is an irrational sexual life. Very many of these cases, can be afforded relief, especiah hv lZ° nS - married Persons when well mated by obtaining some rational knowledge of mar- riage psychology and of the emotional and spiritual significance of the sex act. This will give a new meaning to the marriage re- o?k° n o S n a hi ^ ently . C - ange the who 'e out- look on life and react immeasurably in im- proved mental and physical health. The writer has discussed this phase of the “SANITY 8 IN n SEX^ “^h? 1 ? ivisions of his “sfy riiiuf SEX f n , otab] y ln the chapters Enlightenment amfeConjugal Happiness ” Sex Ignorance— A CaAfcf MaritJn i and Divorce,” and tlm^ New Notwithstanding the^PotSiVl barriers so frequently m the way of? 4l*l sex in marriage, the advantages ofTlEig this goL" are so great that it behooves every individua and coup e who expect to continue"^ livfng and anything to live for, to avail themselves of the knowledge that is accessible. attSe brin ^ with it a new and healthier attitude ?n facing the problems of life. It will so banish the false notions of an irrational aWe' the C f fl y th e Prudery and prurience, and en- «nts W ft* 61 ' and mother t0 he better par «nts and the companions of their children York PUWiShed 192 °’ Dodd ’ Mead & Co., New 72 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS The young people, in turn will profit by this superior training and the improved insight into v tal matters which it will bring them, and consequently the new generation will be healthier, more adaptable and freer from bane- ful neurotic afflictions. As we have int : mated, every individual has neurot’c tendencies, which assert themselves at t mes in minor ways, but the normal in- dividual (adult) has adapted himself to the exigencies of reality. Thus, he is not con- stant’ y swept and tossed about by these inner forces, like a rudderless craft on the surging sea, as is the case of the victim of malevolent repressions. Insanity (except when due to disintegra- tion of the brain structure, such as may result from syphilitic lesion, alcoholic deterioration, tumor or other malignant growth, etc.) is es- sent ally a neurot c state. It has aT the symp- toms in a more or less exaggerated form of the various neuroses. It is amost invariably the neurotics, barring the above exceptions, who become insane as they lose their grip on the vitals of reality. This impresses us with the fact that there is not a hard and fast dividing line between the sane and the insane. Even the sanest peop^ sometimes have fits of rage that have aT the features of insanity while they last. Peop^ with pretty good practical minds oc- casionally do some very irrational or foolish things when seized by an unaccountable im- pulse — even to the extent of committing mur- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS n der, or suicide. Ail of these exhibitions are regressions from teaiity. Some people, it may be said, have a predisposing temperament which makes their struggle with reality harder than for others. It is these individuals the childhood repressions or complexes affect the most pro- foundly. But psycho-analysis offers relief to them — in fact the only possibility for relief, as has been proven many times. The regressions from reality are toward childhood and the infantile state. Neurotics invest themselves with the prerogatives of children. And it is not without reason (an irrational one, however.) To the child, many things are obtainable, and by very sample means, that the adult cannot command. The child cries for food, or pleads for something it desires, and it is brought to him. Without consc.ousiy realizing it, this easy process ap- peals irresistibly to the neurotic type of mind. So he regress; maybe he develops some dis- ability or sickness, purely as a resu.t of his psychic condition, and he finds he is waited on and cared for much as he was when a child. Any number of similies could be cited to il- lustrate the parallel. The insane regress even further to the infantile plane. The more hopelessly insane the person is, the more infantile he becomes in his act : ons. Cases are not uncommon where the victim is so far removed from all interest in life that he lies down, utterly disregarding his environment and all the bodily functions, 74 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS often assuming the prenatal position of the fetus. Suicide may be said to be a supreme man- ifestation of the neurotic symptoms. By this final act, the neurotic successfully and irre- trievably flees from reality and returns to the embracing arms of Mother Earth where the problems of life will beset him no more. If he has religious scruples or superstitions, the prospect of being damned in another world are not more forbidding than the hellishness of reality in this. If he is unencumbered by theological dogma, he enters the endless cycle of oblivion, whose incomparable attrac- tion is an eternity of inertia, silence, peace. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 75 CHAPTER V. The Unconscious Love Elements. We have reviewed several important phases of our unconscious psychic activities, and learn that their influence on the part of the individual and indirectly on society is so tre- mendous that it can hardly be adequately described or appreciated. Our unconscious thoughts, actions and potentialities are infin- itely more diverse and far-reaching than are those of our conscious mind. This is due to the fact that biologically speaking, our conscious mental processes, which involve the use of reason, logic judg- ment and directed thinking, are of comparative- ly recent origin, going back perhaps a few thousand years at the most. And sizing up the human race as it is today, we cannot be very enthusiastic over the general results in this phase of its development. On the other hand, the unconscious pro- cesses, which are manifested in intuitive de- cisions, instinctive actions or emotional out- bursts of all kinds — passion, love, hate, jeal- ousy, etc. — have had a heritage of hundreds of thousands of years as humans, and behind that millions of years more from pre-human ancestry. The Unconscious, therefore, is older and 76 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS more firmly rooted in the human constitution than the conscious, so it exerts an influence in proportion to its racial age and development. When we take into account the various manifestations of the love elements, we find the same conditions existing. A few of us have made some effort toward a reasonable and rational approach and understanding of our erotic nature. There are many difficul- ties in the way of this accomplishment, due to the socially ingrained prurience and pru- dery which so warp the viewpoint of the av- erage man and woman. But little as is the common understanding of our conscious love life, the deeper and highly intricate evidence of the unconscious love elements lie in a practically unexplored field. Affection is largely a product of the con- scious mind. By association we may learn to like and esteem persons regardless of their age or sex. We experience a feeling which combines respect, confidence and interest. One may also hold affection for a dog, horse, or other animal; or for an inanimate object. We may become attached to our home, a piece of jewelry, a book, a picture, or other article which gives us p easure or comfort. The feel- ing of affection, however, while a very elastic term, does not involve sexuality. The attraction of a human being for a person of the opposite sex, is something pro- foundly different. It has a more remote back- ground in our biological heritage. It origi- PSYCHO-ANALYSIS Y7 nates in our Unconscious, and is one of the most primitive of all the instincts — going back to the earliest form of life. Its biological motive is reproduction or race propagat on — although, of course, its actual expression to- ward this end forms only an infinitesimal part of its present activity. Throughout the whole animal kingdom the chief end of life is to make one sex attractive to, and attracted by, the other sex. Among the lower animals, this characteristic is more obvious than among human beings, even though the actual mating season may be in many cases periodical instead of continuous as among mankind. Consciously, we have devised ways and means of circumventing some of these ten- dencies. Often we find that our Unconscious has outwitted our efforts to reform ourselves. One reason is that, in our frantic desire to overcome what has been erroneously consid- ered the grosser aspects of sex, we have at- tempted to suppress it. And sex life cannot and will not be sup- pressed, except in a certain few cases, and then at a high cost. Sometimes the cost is terrific. The result of stifling normal sex act'vity are prominent among the casualties and tragedies of our modern civilization. In every normal person, there is a conscious or unconscious thrill, however slight, upon sight of an attractive person of the opposite sex. More often this reaction of the phenom- ena of sex is unconscious, as in facing the con- 78 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS ditions of modern reality, we cannot concern ourselves with every passing object that is pleasing. Nevertheless, the unconscious thrill is invariably present, and we sometimes con- sciously reflect it by casting a second glance, or manifesting some other form of sexual in- terest which we may not care to recognize as such. This unconscious trait of our psychic make-up is not very discriminating. It goes out to all fairly attractive members of the opposite sex. There is, however, another feature of our unconscious love emotions that evidences a marked discrimination. This factor in our psychic arrangement is responsible for count- less marital failures, resulting in unhappiness, infidelity and divorce, when an understanding of the situation would have saved a large per- centage of these marriages, or prevented in the first place the union that resulted so dis- asterously. Why is it that each of us instinctively takes to, or shows a preference for, a certain type of individual of the opposite sex? Why is it that some people fall in love at first sight — often to fall out again as soon as they get a chance to become acquainted? Sometimes this characteristic in us works so subtly that we fail to realize that there are types to which we are attracted — and others that we are not attracted to at all, or are re- pelled by. Still, we all realize that we may meet cer- tain people that interest us (consciously) PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 79 from the very first, and we do not know the reason why. All our reasoning may tell us that there is nothing in the individual that warrants a second thought, and yet we are at- tracted, sometimes quite strongly. This is an expression of the unconscious love element, or unconscious passion, in action. We all have known or heard of men and women who have sacrificed honor, name, home, family and everything else to indulge a passion for some individual of the opposite sex. Usually the one who makes the great sacrifice, sometimes it is one, sometimes the other, less frequently both — realizes conscious- ly that he or she is acting the part of an un- mitigated fool. The better judgment clearly recognizes that the only outcome can be dis- grace and ruin. But the potency of the unconscious passion once more has its sway, whether for a year, a month or a day. The millions of years of in- dulgence in unconscious desires rise above the few thousands of years of conscious reasoning power. The stern reality principle is side- tracked for the time being for the lure of the pleasure principle. The attraction of one sex for the other, as we have stated, is one of the fundamental principles of life — in all forms of life. And nature, which is responsible for this condition has created a situat ; on that more often than not borders on a dilemma. Natures takes little account of the social conventions and of the cultural demands of civilization. If we 80 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS do not by common-sense and sound judgment, make arrangements for some harmonious ad- justment of our innate forces and our envir- onment, then we suffer. The Parent Image. As a result of this attraction of sex for sex, we are born with, and early develop, cer- tain tendencies that will carry out the biologi- cal p an. In every human male, from the moment of its earliest impressions, there be- gins to form a mental image of one woman — usually the mother, or her substitute — nurse, grandmother, aunt, eMer sister, or other fe- male that is closely concerned with the task of nourishing and catering to the wants of the infant. The female child is similarly influ- enced by the father image — which may involve brother, grandfather or other male relative. The st ength of impression or flexibility of this image in the psyche of the individual gov- erns his future att.tude toward others of the opposite sex. This picture is carried around unconsciously in our psychic sphere, and a comparison is unconsciously made whenever we see one of the opposite sex that interests us. We never lose it, although in normal human beings, as puberty is approached, the influence of the image dwindles.. There are others, who do not break off this infantile attachment at the pubescent period or shortly after, and while they may be normal adults in every other respect, the PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 81 prospect of a happy married, or a rational sex life is not theirs — unless by means of analy- sis, they are made acquainted with the nature and import of their complex, and relieved of. the disturbance. The man who carries the mother image in his Unconscious so that it dominates his ac- tions is a typical neurotic. We all have this image in our psyche and are influenced by it,' some more and some less, but in the normal man, it is not a dominating factor. Its influence, however, is great. It is com- monly observed that in the selection of a wife, men are influenced by traits, real or imagi- nary, in the object of their love that the Un- conscious perceives as likening to the mother (from whom it has received so many com- forts). The likeness may be extremely slight, an intonation of the voice, a flashing smile, or a toss of the head, or it may be entirely im- aginary, but the Unconscious, through the nuclear complex, senses, m its crude, erratic way, a new source of satisfaction and comfort. Thus it seeks to regain -ost pleasures which it has missed since the youth has passed from its mother’s care, by influencing a choice in favor of the woman that resembles the infan- tile image of his mother. If the mother is living, it does not imply that the image corresponds with her present appearance. The impression is as she appear- ed to the Unconscious of the man or youth in his infancy. It may even be that a man treats his mother with scant consideration, is ill- $2 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS tempered and even disrespectful, and still be mother dominated by the infantile image of his : which he unconsciously holds as a model for all womanhood. And all women who come within his observation fail to measure up to the set standard — even the mother in tne flesh as she is at the present time. In other words, it is a symbolical image or distorted memory that he unconsciously wor- ships — a living replica of which he is ever trying to find for his own. But he is doomed to disappointment, because such a being — the living phantasy of his Unconscious — does not exist. It is this trait which causes many men to remain unmarried throughout life, because they are unable to find the non-existent mate they are continually looking for. But worse is the fate of the man in this frame of mind who marries, because he soon finds that his wife is not the woman he thought she was. She is not, nor could she be. Nor could any other woman fill the bill. Many who are not confirmed neurotics, but who have strong tendencies in that direc- tion, feel a similar something lacking, an inde- scribable element, in their marriage relations. They realize that the woman they have chosen is a good wife, but there is some misgiving that they feel but cannot definitely place. If they could be brought to understand that they are simply trying to measure up a very human person with a non-existent ideal or image, $hey would have a key to the solution. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS m This picture of their unconscious psychic processes would suggest to them the futility of trying to find the impossible (which is a neurotic tendency of getting away from the reality principle.) Therefore, if not hopeless or too far gone, they would adjust themselves to actualities, realize that a man should love his wife for her own qualities and not feel slighted because she lacks some imaginary ones. By doing this he will be forsaking the infantile attitude of the baby who demands the moon, and cries because he can’t have it. This is substantially what the neurotic is doing. All of this, of course, applies with equal force to the female neurotic who is dominated by a father fixation. This parent image is the cause of many cases of impotence — called psychic impotence — because in the wife the husband’s Uncon- scious senses a member of the mother-sister class, with whom, on account of the incest bar- rier, it is impossible to experience the consu- mation of the sex act. For the same reason, it is the cause of frigid wives. And impo- tence, and frigidity in themselves are recog- nized as fertile breeding grounds for marital disharmony. It is frequently observed that men of this type who are impotent with their wives, may resort to prost’tutes and secure sexual satis- faction. This is because the prostitute, being- recognized by him as a low or fallen woman, is not in the mother-sister class, and there- 84 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS fore the incest barrier in these relations is inoperative. Homo-sexuality. Analysts have also discovered that, for the reasons just cited, homo-sexuality is a result of a parent fixation. In this instance (for men), all women fall under the ban of the incest barrier, and the natural sexual urge is perverted or driven into abnormal channels — the desire for sexual congress with a member of the same sex. Instead of being due to some inherent trait or vicious tendency, it has been found that homo-sexuality is conditioned by environment. Thus, the boy who is raised in too exclusively feminine an environment or is Mollycoddled by his mother beyond all bounds, may develop into a homo-sexual. Andre Tridon (Psychoanalysis and Behav- ior) states: ‘‘Psychoanalysts are all agreed on the genesis of passive male homo-sexual- ism. The passive maie homo-sexual is in every case the son of a widow or divorced mother, separated from the husband by death, deser- tion or legal proceedings soon after the boy’s birth.” “The boy, compelled to imitate some one in order to have a standard of behavior, copies his mother’s attitude of physical indifference to women and physical interest in men. In every respect, but in the anatomical respect he becomes a woman, and later in life 'will PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 85 conceive of sexual gratification as woman would. Possession by a man will become his goal.” The theory of sexual perversions as a re- sult of unnatural environment has been proven to be correct by experiments with pigeons. A young male pigeon raised among males in the absence of any female will, when reach- ing sexual maturity, be attracted by males only whom he will treat at mating time as though they were females. A male pigeon raised among females will at mating time play the part of a female. This again is an illustration of the poten- tialities of the parent image. It is even bet- ter emphasized in the case of passenger pig- eons and ring doves. Passenger pigeons have never been known to mate normally with ring doves. However, if a ring dove hatches the eggs of a passenger pigeon, the young male passenger pigeon thus mothered will readily mate with ring doves who represent the moth- er-inlage in its normal status. Furthermore, they will refuse to mate with female passenger pigeons to which, if instinct or heredity were the dominant factors, they should inevitably be drawn. In this instance, the mother-image is missing; environment being a more power- ful determinant of behavior than inheritance. Exhibitionism. Exhibitionism is another inherent trait in every individual that is little considered in PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 86 our behavior. Little need be said in this trea- tise in regard to its abnormal manifestitations when the characteristic becomes a patholog- ical condition, and the subject secures con- scious sexual gratification by displaying very personal parts of his anatomy. This form of perversion is not uncommon, and is . the antithesis or direct opposite of the desire to see sexual objects — the abnormal type being- represented by the Peeping Tom. It m.ght be mentioned, in passing, that in every individual there is a group of traits that constitute the sex and ego qualities of the individual, and which combine to make up his personality. Every trait has an opposing one that, in the normal person, creates a de- sirable equilibrium, so that the individual functions with as little friction as possible in his social regions. It is a lack of propor- tion in any of these expressions of the libido or life force that makes the neurotic the ab- normal man or woman — the pervert. Thus, in every individual there are both heterosexual and homosexual tendencies (in the normal person the latter are vestigial or extremely rudimentary) ; there are qualities of exhibitionism and sexual curiosity; of sad- ism and masochism (the former in a degree is more peculiar to men and the latter to women) and others that are not so pronounced. There are, however, countless examples of exhibitionism which are so commonplace that we simply take them for granted without question. These are fundamentally governed PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 87 by our unconscious psychic processes, and are a part of the so-called secondary manifesta- tions of sex. In this class, we recognize tl^ tendency among women to wear low-necked dresses or gowns, short skirts, sleeveless waists, transparent fabrics, etc., which permit some display of their flesh or figure and thus afford an unconscious and frequently a con- scious • gratif ication of woman's exhibitionist qualities. Other common examples of the same thing are elaborate hair-dressing effects, picturesque hats, corsets, which are supposed to emphasize the feminine shape, extremely pointed shoes and high heels; various poses, etc. Men also have their characteristic exhibi- tionist qualities. Prominent among them are forms of dress which display or suggest masculine strength, such as square-cut or padded shoulders, athletic costumes, etc., and countless acts and affectations which have as their motive the conscious or unconscious de- sire to attract the attention and win the admiration of the opposite sex. This quality is also a factor which spurs on certain persons of both sexes in their de- sire to become actors, public speakers, lec- turers, demonstrators, or other callings of this general nature. Sadism and Masochism. Sadism is the trait in our psychic make-up which causes us to get satisfaction by inflict- ing pain on another. Its operation is mani- 8S PSYCHO-ANALYSIS fold and more universal than we may care to acknowledge. It is illustrated in the child who teases or injures cats, dogs and other pets, or in a symbolical form in destroying dolls and toy animals. It is characterized strongly in the bully and all individuals who subject others to acts of cruelty and punishment, or in a lesser degree to tickling, teasing and petty annoyances of a like nature. Parents who whip their children; men who beat their wives; boys who look for a fight; successful soldiers, pugilists, football players and many others, show a posit ve degree of sadism. There is the sadistic tendency, too, in the puritanical type of person. In his mania to suppress every evidence of what he conceives to be “grossly sexual”, the professional puri- tan takes an almost uncanny satisfaction in visiting punishment upon the violator of his accepted New England code that passed for morality in the seventeenth century. I do not refer to legitimate means taken agamst pur- veyors of obviously filthy and obscene works; but when accredited medical books and world renouned scientific literature are debarred from the mails and their publishers prose- cuted, even persecuted, it warrants some comment. In its purely sexual aspect, sadism is manifested by the individual (usually male) who obtains satisfaction by inflicting pain on his partner in the sex act. It may be present in a very slight degree, so that it gratifies the Unconscious only; or it may be more PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 89 emphatic, causing extreme pain or real in- jury to the other party. The most pronounced perversions or patho oglcal form of sadism is typified in the Jack-the-Ripper, who secures sexual satisfaction by atrocious means, such as mutilating or murdering his victim. Masochism, while less spectacular than its opposite, sadism, is no less widespread. The two qualities are ever present in every in- dividual, although in widely varying propor- tions, and const tute an ambivalent feature — that is, a condition whereby one may experi- ence two opposite feelings at the same time. Some persons are said to be gluttons for punishment — they can take beatings and seem to thrive on them. In arduous games or per- formances, such as football and prize fights (already referred to in sadism) the participants both give and take punishment at the same time — and the ideal athlete is one who is adept at both. In this way he shows his sadistic-masoch- istic qualities. Examples of this kind re ate to the ego rather than to the sexua 1 nature. Nevertheless, they both have their root in the unconscious elements of the personality. The sexual side of masochism is evidenced in the person (usually female) who obtains sexual gratfication through being inflicted with a certain amount of pain during inter- course. The sex act is usually accompanied by some slight suggest'on of pain to the woman, a^hough in the proper re'ations, not the slightest harm or injury is done, but 90 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS even then there is a symbolic expression of this phenomenon — i. e., in the mastery of the male and the submission of the female. There are male masochists in the pervert class who receive sexual gratification by allow- ing themselves to be beaten — usually hiring prostitutes for that purpose. Freud lays the cause of extreme cases of masochism and sadism to the witnessing by young children of their parents’ embracing. They misunderstand the nature of the act, and the sometimes playful imitations of violence by the man and pretended suffering indulged in by the woman may lead the child to com- mit in reality cruelty which the father only shammed, or another child to seek suffering which his mother seemed to feel. In other words, the incident makes such an impression on the mind that they unconsciously identify themselves in their future sexual relations with the apparently cruel father or the ap- parently abused mother. It is the masochistic trait in a normal person which enables him or her to render valuable public service at the cost of pain or personal sacrifice, such as nursing or admin- istering to the afflicted. Another example is in willingly going to jail or suffering punish- ment for a principle or to advance a cause. On the other hand, a socially useful field for sadistic tendencies will be found in surgery, dentistry, the butcher business, and many other activities. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 91 CHAPTER VI. COMMONPLACE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS. Many of our actions, when analysed in the light of the older orthodox psychology, offer a very puzzling problem, but these situations are so commonplace that we experience them every day, indeed countless times each day, without giving them scarcely a thought. Prominent in the psycnoiogy of everyday actions are the numerous little slips or errors that we make in speech, writing, reading, misplacing articles, forgetting names, dates, etc., that are well known to us. Accepting the premise of mental cause and effect, we never make any of these trifling errors or chance actions without a cause. As a matter of fact, it is probably safe to say that we never actually forget anything, but certain memories sink to the bottom of our Unconscious and are held there by some per- sonal complex, so that they cannot rise again to the surface, or Conscious, when needed. We forget ^ names because they have an unpleasant unconscious connotation. Freud (A General Introduction To Psychoanalysis) remarks: “If anyone once has a tendency to forget names, you can establish by analytical investigation that he not only loses names 92 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS because he himself does not like them, or because they remind him of something he does not like, but also because the same name in his mind belongs to another chain of asso- ciation, with which he has more intimate rela- tions. The name is anchored there, as it were, and denied to the other associations activated at the moment.” The name of an exceptionally likeable man or striking woman seldom has to be repeated to us. Not only does it loom large in our Conscious, but the pleasing or attractive per- sonality attracts the interest of our Uncon- scious, so that it has no wish to repress the thoughts which are associated with the name. On the contrary, the names of indifferent or object’onable types of people quickly pass into the Unconscious, or remain unnoticed for lack of attention. The names of those who direct'y or indirectly react on some painful complex are likeV to be repressed, and there- fore not remembered. Freud has ment'oned how unpleasantly he was affected at first when a patient called S. Freud applied for treatment. As an analyst, of course, he understood the situation. But how many people there are who experience and sometimes show impatience or irritation when meeting a stranger bearing their own name. As our name constitutes one of the ele- ments of our personalty — it has been asso- ciated with us since birth — it is an infringe- ment on the prerogatives of our ego, when PSYCHO-ANALYSIS someone else with the same name comes in contact with us. So at least the Unconscious concludes To most of us, there are names, either surnames or given names, that we have a decided prejudice against. It is invariably due to knowing, or having at one time known, someone bearing the name that we contracted an antipathy to. I once inadvertently addressed as Carrie,, a young lady by the name of Caroline whom I had come to know quite well. She good- naturedly asked me not to call her by that name. It wasn’t that I had become unduly familiar, but it seemed that a neighbor had a mongrel dog which answered to the same name, so “Carrie”, to this young lady, carried a canine connotation that was justly distaste- ful to her. The association of names has a correspond- ing psychology to the association of facial resemblance, actions, mannerisms and other idiosyncrasies. A stranger frequently im- presses us at first glance either favorably or decidedly unfavorably. In the latter case, we may say to ourselves, “There is something about him I don’t like.” If we trace this impress on down to its real cause, we usually find that there is some resemblance, uncon- sciously noticed, to a person we for some reason dislike. As we become better ac- quainted, we may find that our early judgment was unwarranted. It very often occurs to us that an association of personal qualities had 94 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS been made, and when we become conscious of the reminiscence, we immediately dismiss our earlier prejudices. So-called absent-mindedness is another evidence of the same tendency on the part of the Unconscious to avoid *What it dislikes — even though, consciously, we may take pleasure in the same thing. Last evening, I brought home a half dozen steel pens and put them, wdth the little paper bag they were in, on my desk. Shortly after, I picked up the bag, slightly crumpled, and threw it in the stove with some scrap paper. About an hour •later, when I wanted to use one of the pens, I definitely recalled having picked up the bag and burning it with the contents. It was all done more or less automatically, unconsciously. So the Unconscious, which hates too much continuous application, preferring to follow the pleasure principle, played a trick on me, by causing me to destroy the tools with which I work and keep the Unconscious up into the early morning hours, when it should be sweetly dreaming. Slips of the tongue are among the com- monest of errors for which our Unconscious can be held responsible. It invariably denotes a wish, (which is suggested by the word wrongly used), or an unpleasant association (which causes us to unconsciously avoid using the word we consciously intended to use). If John should be talking to Marion on some very intimate subject and inadvertently addresses her as Helen (quickly correcting PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 55 himself, of course), there are one hundred chances in a hundred that he is thinking then of some particular Helen. Marion, however, not knowing the significance of the uncon- scious processes, overlooks this evidence of divided allegience. While making a purchase the other day, the clerk, who happened to glance at a pretty woman as I asked him the price of the article, replied: “Two dollars, Madam !” His uncon- scious was occupied with a pleasurable pursuit while he no doubt tried consciously to attend to business. A drug clerk, preparing a cathartic, courte- ously requested the customer to “Wait just a movement.” Stammering in most cases has been found due to a serious personal complex. The momentary hesitation or partial loss of speech of the stammerer, as in the more common- place examples of forgetting a fact, a word or a duty, is motivated by an absurd unconscious reason. It has been noted that persons who stam- mer or suffer from an impediment of speech in conversation, are often able to sing well, and sometimes even to deliver a lecture with- out stammering or any hesitancy in the use of words. This indicates that there is nothing wrong with the vocal mechanism, but that the trouble is psychic, which may often be removed, or greatly improved, by psycho- analysis. Misreading involves a different psychic M PSYCHO-ANALYSIS situation from that of tongue slips or pen slips, as in the former case what one is read- ing is not a product of one’s own psychic activity as in the other instances. In the large majority of cases therefore the mis- reading consists of a complete substitution. One substitutes another word for the word to be read and there need be no connection in meaning between the text and the product of the m sreading. In general, the slip is based upon a word resemblance. But in many cases the substitute word expresses a wish or desire of the Unconscious, and sometimes it is uttered to avoid a word that has an unpleasant asso- ciat : on or connotation. As an example, an individual, distressed by certain needs wanders about a strange town and reads the word “Toilet” on the front door of a private house. Slight 1 y surprised by the unusual location of the sign, on second glance, he then accurately observes that the sign reads “To let”. In reading sentences, it sometimes happens that the text itself arouses the disturbing tendency, so that it is then changed into the opposite — a negative form substituted for a positive, or vice versa. In accepting the hypo- theses of unconscious psychic activity, it is perfectly plausible that an intensive wish may cause one to reject what appears in the written sentence (when the Conscious is not vigi'antly on the a!ert) and so the unconscious altera- tion is made. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 97 CHAPTER VII. RADICALISM AND OTHER SOCIAL TENDENCIES. Radicalism is a manifestation of the ego urge. As we have seen, Freud in accounting for our traits and characteristics lays the greatest emphasis on the sex urge — although not in the restricted sense that that term is generally understood. It is Adler, who in breaking with the purely Freud 1 in orthodoxy, emphasizes the dominance of the ego urge. He considers the sex urge, while important, quite a secondary factor in our conduct, main- taining that it is in itself largely one of the many expressions of the ego. Those who would argue that this disagree- ment between two of the great authorities proves that the new psychology is scientific- ally weak, are however in error. They both accept the principle of a dominating influence in our personality, and starting with this premise carry the hypothesis out to its logical conclusion. Freud, however, interprets the principle from the angle which is clearest to him; and Adler, interprets the same phenom- ena as they appear to him. Ad ] er, by the way, calls his system, Individual Psychology, in- stead of Psycho-analysis. Radicalism is an expression of the ego urge 98 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS which revolts against the countless inhibitions and restraints of organized society — many of them irrational and irritating enough to be sure. As we have observed, the great masses of people have never risen above a childhood age- level. Therefore, it is a part of mass psy- chology that the inhibitions of childhood, as personified in parental authority, should be continued on in the authority of organized society. Everywhere we are fenced in by “Don’ts” — in fact the great majority of people expect them, and would be quite at sea with- out this constant expression of authority to look up to. Those who most sincerely respect and up- hold this situation are grown-up children — called adults — who carry about in their Un- conscious a dominating parent-image, or authority complex. Unable to come to any rational decisions by way of independent thinking on their own account, they always look to some superior authority when in doubt — as the child does to his father. To the child, the father, whether wise or ignorant, is the personification of wisdom and power. As a matter of fact, the ignorant parent is apt to use his physical power in lieu of wisdom. The adult child finds his fancied protection, not in attempting to reason out the why and wherefore and whence of prob- lems that confront him, but in leaning on the strength of superior authority, which he recognizes in established institutions — the PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 99 state, and all its subdivisions, the church, and, to a degree that he does not consciously realize the newspaper he reads and frequently ridicules. The radical is a person whose ego rebels against one or several socially organized re- pressions. If a rebel against religious dogma or church authority, he may be called a free- thinker, agnostic or atheist. If a rebel against the principle of state authority, or as at present organized, he may be either a Socialist, a Communist or an anarchist. If against the injustice of man-dominated laws and institu- tions, she, (as it usually is in this case), is said to be a feminist. If against industrial subjection, the protestant may be of almost any degree of mildness or extremity, from the pure and simple trade unionist to the I. W. W. The development of modern industry, with its constant trend toward specialization, is directly responsible, from a psychological viewpoint, for acute outbreaks of the ego urge in the way of radical agitation. The desire for individual achievement, for gratifying the instinct of workmanship, contrivance or con- structiveness, is not satisfied by wholesale machine production. Thus, in the fundamental cravings of the ego, there is prepared a fertile background for discontent. This is true irre- spective of the question of wages and other working conditions. In the old days of handicraft, when the mechanic made his product from start to finish, instead of specializing on a single part, PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 100 or a single operation, he was able to display his originality and personality. This oppor- tunity for creative endeavor fulfilled a psy- chological need that is lost to modern industry. It is the problem of any society that can claim to be fundamentally sound to overcome this defect by substituting some other constructive outlet for the creative instinct. The conservative, being influenced by the symbolic parent complex defends the status quo, whether right or wrong, just or unjust, merely because it exists, is powerful, and typifies authority. The true reactionary has regressed to the point where he will not tol- erate even questioning the rights of estab- lished institutions. The thought of changing them, however slightly, is unbearable. Mere discussion of the merits or demerits of author- ity as at present constituted, is wicked, irreverent, treason. His very anxiety and cocksureness indicate an unconscious doubt of the virtue and security of the power which he defends and so he compensates for the same by an assumption of unqualified arrogance. The best that can be said of him is that he has a dignified neurosis — and often it is not so dignified. The War Spirit. The economic causes of war need not be disparaged or underrated to admit of the psychological contribution to war. In fact, directly leading up to the proclamation of war, PSYCHO-ANALYSIS and after the combat starts, the psychologic output ranks second to none among all the military paraphernalia produced. But it is stimulated rather than manufactured. The underlying mechanism is already there, under the thin cultural veneer, only requiring to be fanned into arsenals of emotional explosives. Behind our few thousands of years of none too successful attempts at a higher social and ethical development, there is in the evolu- tionary course of human and prehuman ex- istence a heritage of millions of years of the claw-and-fang struggle that in the great majority of individuals craves an outlet. The atavistic urges that we have repressed in normal t'mes, cropping out in a mild and distorted form through dreams at night, phantasies and wit by day, are given the freest outlet possible in war. In the case of soldiers in the enemy territory, they are at their worst, including various forms of out- rages (the invading army is always accused of atrocities, and with more or less justifica- tion). But not only at the front is this spirit in evidence; it is universal wherever the' influ- ence of war prevails. We read it in editorials, fiction, poetry, news articles and what not; we hear it on the lecture platform, in the pulpit, in schools, on the street, in shops, offices and in our homes; we see it parading before us, fluttering above us — it is visible everywhere. If our neighbor’s veneer of civilization is a little thicker than our own and he does not 92 ^ PSYCHO-ANALYSIS respond so readily to the primitive call of the tom-toms and blare of the war spirit, we suspect his patriotism, or even, shout “traitor.” If we profiteer and a humble citizen pro- tests against our extortionate demands for necessities; or if a worker resents the condi- tions we prescribe that he shall labor under, we suspect him too, and may even report him to the secret service. “Indeed, the time of war is one for sacrifice!” We believe it was no less an authority than former United States Attorney General Gregory who issued the edict early in the Great War, which was placarded in public places all over the country: “Obey the Law and Keep Your Mouth Shut!” Surely, as edifying in its purport as it is elegant in its phraseology. It would be difficult to imagine popularizing anything so crude except under the influence of the war spirit — and among grown-up children. We doubt whether Mr. Gregory is much of a psychologist, surely not a Freudian, but nevertheless his command had more sig- nificance than was generally realized. These stirring words, to many an adult-child, carried the connotation of parental authority. The brusque warning might be laughed at as a joke, or slightly resented as an infringement on a citizen’s right to express himself, but nevertheless, to the great majority, it symbol- ized the voice of the great father — the state. Among by no means the minor atrocities of war are the outbursts of “poetry” and other PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 103 “literary” effusions which, true to the occa- sion, are born of the spirit of Mars. It is no uncommon thing at the fever heat of war to hear clergymen — the annointed spokesmen of the Prince of Peace — declaiming the dogma of the enemy’s utter destruction, and the annihil- ation of all for which he stands. This is so in all countries, so is not a case of right or wrong, or church, or God. Otherwise the Godly would be able to recognize the right on the side that upheld the obviously moral issue, regardless of whether it was their own or their opponent’s. However, a clergyman’s elemen- tary urges are frequently more constantly repressed than the average, so it is only natural that when the ethical inhibitions of society are largely* removed, that he should go just as far or even a little bit farther than the rest. It will be noted that all these tendencies are peculiar to the neurotic — to flee from the rational foundation of reality and take refuge in an unreal world that corresponds with the frantic emotional cravings. It is further emphasized in the suppression of inanimate things which are merely symbolic of the enemy. We prevent the speaking of his language, the circulation of his literature (even the classics), the singing or playing of his music, the display of anything suggestive of him. In other words, by banishing from the sight of our eyes and the sound of our ears the evidences of his existence, we fancy we are the more secure and triumphant. Thus, 104 PSYCHO-ANALYSIS figuratively, we follow the example of the ostrich and bury our head in the sand; by not seeing the enemy, or his works, we tend to deny his existence. He is less of a menace to us. This is the attitude of the neurotic sub- ject, and as before stated we all have neurotic tendencies of some degree, seeking an outlet. War is the great outlet for repressed emotions. A similar phenomenon on a smauer social scale is evidenced in the psychology of rioting, lynching and other mob activities. The ethics of established social practices, under the in- fluence of the mob spirit, fade away like so much vapor. Life may be taken, property destroyed — it is a momentary return to the crude, primitive self; a gratification of its archaic desires; a release 6f the psychic ten- sion and suppressed emotions. Freud, in his “Reflections On War and Death” makes the following striking observa- tion on the superficiality of our social ethics: “The individual citizen can prove With dismay that the State forbids him to do wrong, not because it wishes to do away with wrong- doing, but because it Wishes to monopolize it . . . A state at war makes use of every act of violence, that would dishonor the indi- vidual. It employs not only permissible cun- ning but conscious lies and intentional decep- tion against the enemy . . .demands the utmost obedience and sacrifice of its cit zens, but at the same time, it treats them like children through an excess of secrecy and a censorship of news and expression of opinion which render PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 105 the minds of those who are thus intellectually repressed, defenseless aganist every unfavor- able situation and every wild rumor. It ab- solves itself from guarantees and treaties by which it was bound to other states, and makes unabashed confession of its greed and aspira- tion to pow r er. War is a national — international — organis- ed neurosis biologically made possible by our long heritage of primitive instincts and emo- tions, on y superficially veneered by the ethics of civilization. PSYCHO-ANALYSIS 1©6 Bibliography The following short list of important books on Psycho-analysis and related subjects will be helpful to the reader who is desirous of con- tinuing the study. The works of Wilfrid Lay, Barbara Low and Andre Tridon are especially recommended to the beginner. ADLER, ALFRED. The Neurotic Constitution. Moffat, Yard, New York. BJERRE, P. The History and Practice of Psy- cho-analysis, Badger, Boston. CORIAT, I. The Meaning of Dreams. Little, Brown, Boston. FERENCZI, S. Contributions to Psycho-an- alysis. Badger, Boston. FIELDING, WILLIAM J. Sanity in Sex. Dodd, Mead, New York. Contains valuable sug- gestions for the student of sex problems. FREUD, S. The Psychopathology of Every- day Life. Macmillan, New York. FREUD, S. The Interpretation of Dreams. Macmillan. FREUD, S. Three Contributions to the The- ory of Sex. FREUD, S. A General Introduction to Psy- cho-analysis. Boni & Liveright, New York. (Freud has written a number of other books that deal with highly technical phases of psycho-analysis. The four volumes cuoted give a wide survey of the general subject.) PSYCHO-ANALYSIS ldT JUNG, C. G. The Psychology of the Uncon- scious. Moffat, Yard. LAY, WILFRID. Man’s Unconscious Conflict. Dodd, Mead. LAY, WILFRID. Man’s Unconscious Passion. Dodd, Mead. LOW, BARBARA. Psycho-analysis. A Brief Account of the Freudian Theory. Harcourt, Brace & Howe, New York. PFISTER, O. The Psycho-analytic Method. Moffat, Yard. TRIDON, ANDRE. Psycho-analysis, Its His- tory, Theory and Practice. B. W. Huebsch, New York. TRIDON, ANDRE. Psycho-analysis and Be- havior. A. Knopf, New York. TRIDON, ANDRE. Psycho-analysis, Sleep and Dreams. Knopf. (Tridon is considered the most popular American exponent of psycho-analysis.) Sanity in Sex BY AVILLIAM J. FIELDING. Author of Psycho-Analysis — The Key to Human Behavior. An illuminating exposition of the sex question from the standpoint of vital individual, social and economic problems. Discusses Fig Leaf Moral- ity, Birth Control, Psycho-Analysis, Sex Hygiene, Sex Knowledge for Parents, Children and from the intimate side of Marriage, and many other phases of sexual phenomena, from an or ginal and thought-provoking angle. It is replete with concrete illustrations of individual and social tragedies of the most striking character, and notable examples of official hypocrisy and pru- dery that are nothing short of criminal. In this respect the book is a mine of facts and informa- tion for all students of social and economic con- ditions. But it is more than critical of the short- comings of society; it is helpful and con tructive to the individual. The volume is highly ^n^orsed by many European and American authorities, in- cluding Havelock Ellis, Margaret Sanger, Dr. Maud Thompson, Dr. Lee Alexander Stone, August Cffiessens, etc. Handsomely bound in cloth. 333 pages. An in- dispensable volume for those interested in the vital urge of sex. Price $2.25. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Oliver Cromwell and His Times Here is one of the best written nooks on this great statesman, writ- ten by Hilda Johnstone. M. A., as- sistant lecturer in the History at the Manchester University. England. This book is a valuable biograph- ical and historical work, and in Eng- land it is accepted as being com- pletely authoritative. You will learn, in this book, who Cromwell was, what sort of a char- acter he had, and what his views were. The descriptions of his meth- ods will prove especially interesting, we are positive. Also, the picture >f the England of Cromwell’s times will prove fascinating to lovers of history.. To understand the present one must study the past, and of histor- ical characters Cromwell stands as one of the most vigorous and stimu- lating. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. The Man Who Would be King BY RUDYARD KIPLING. Kipling is one of the greatest short story writers in the English language. No matter what one might think of some of his ideas, it cannot be denied that his short stories are creations of a high order and deserve atten- tion from the most discriminating readers. In this story, “The Man Who Would Be King,” we have what is probably his greatest short story. This is rather a long story — in fact, it might even be called a novelette, covering as it does 128 pages. We are sure that those who read “The Man Who Would Be King” will be fascinated by Kipling’s methods as a story writer. In addition to excel- lent craftsmanship, Kipling combines a sense for the dramatic that is very compelling. There is no questioning the fact that “The Man Who Would Be King” is Kipling’s most popular tale. We doubt whether he has ever done a finer piece of work. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Karl Marx and the American Civil War Do you know Karl Marx, the founder of scientific Socialism, held the fort for the Union during the American Civil War? Do you know that Marx caused vast mass meet- ings to be held in England in protest against threatened British interven- tion in favor of the South? Do you know that Palmerston was about to declare war on the United States and that it was only through the efforts of Karl Marx and his col- leagues in the labor and Socialist movement that war was prevented? Do you know that Lincoln acknowl- edged this service in the cause of freedom and progress, through his ambassador to England, Charles Francis Adams? Do you know that Karl Marx drew up a declaration to Lincoln, pledging him support in his brave fight? Do you know all this? If not, you will want to read the original documents which we have gathered into a highly important book which we call “Karl Marx and the American Civil War.” 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. The Discovery of The Future BY H. G. WELLS Here is a book of prophetic vision n which the author, pre-eminent among English writers of today, ^hows that by utilizing the intellect- ual forces which have enabled us to vrite the history of the past, we may with reasonable certainty forecast the future. Wit, humor and the distillation of a life-time’s pondering, combine to make this work a noteworthy con- tribution to current literature. It will stimulate thought and provoke discussion. No admirer of Wells can afford not to read it. Wells is getting a great deal of attention in this country now on ac- count of his report of what he saw in Soviet Russia. The contents of “The Discovery of the Future” will make his friends warmer and win over those who do not, as yet. know him. 25 cents per copy APPEAL TO REASON. Girard, Kans. Henrik Ibsen’s Epigrams Ibsen shocked the world to ili foundations. He threw out his icor oclastic ideas as though they w er* bombs — and they did act like bomfe^ — mental bombs, destroying the old- fogyism of the reactionaries and tfes hypocrites. Ibsen said some startling things about Love. Marriage, Ses. Property Society, Government, Idealism, Sc cialism, Morality, Religion and the Church. Wouldn’t you like to r book which contains the most strife ing things he ever said or wrot®, whether in a lecture, in an article or in a play? Well, here it is. Al- most four hundred excerpts are ir this book — enough to give you e thorough idea of Ibsenism. the mi! who wasn’t afraid of new ideas and who knew how to express them. To know Ibsen is to know a rar« spirit and a stimulating thinker. hope you will not miss this chan®* to get acquainted. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, K&as. The Dictatorship of the Proletariat By Karl Kautsky Karl Kautsky, the author of “The Dctatorship of the Proletariat,” of which an English translation is now submitted to the American public for the first time, is the most eminent Socialist writer on the con- tinent. For more than thirty years Kautsky has served International Socialism with high literary abil- ity, great learning, and unusual aptitude for sociological research* “The Dictatorship of the Prole- tariat” contains ten chapters, as follows: 1. The Problem. 2. Democ- racy and the Conquest of Political Power. 3. Democracy and the Rip- ening of the Proletariat. 4. The Effects of Democracy. 5. Dicta- torship. 6. Constituent Assembly and Soviet. 7. Soviet Republic. 8. The Object Lesson. 9. The Legacy of the Dictatorship. 10. The New Theory. 50 cents per copy, postage prepaid. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Whittier’s “Snowbound” “Snowbound” is Whittier’s most beautiful long poem. It has a re- spected place in our literature. Whit- tier devoted his talent mainly to writ- ing Abolition poetry, much of which was of a high order. However, it is our opinion that in “snow-bound”’ he reached the climax of his ability. For poetical descriptions of a coun- tryside completely covered with snow we know of no other poem in our literature that can compare with it. The beauty of the scene literally breathes through this poem. Not only does this volume contain Whittier’s greatest poem, but it also contains Robert Browning’s “The Pied Piper of Hamelim” This poem is a very popular one and is always in great demand. In all. these two poems make this volume decidedly worth while and we recommend it to all lovers of real poetry. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Tolstoi’s “Redemption” Of ail of Leo Tolstoi’s dramas, ‘Redemption” is his most powerful. It is his greatest play and probably one of the greatest in any language. “Redemption” reads well. You will like it. Here is great literature — literature that was created for the ages. This play covers 96 pages. It was produced last year in New York and created an enormous sensation. Here is a chance to get acquainted with one of the greatest plays ever writ- ten. Previous editions of this book cost $2, but the Appeal’s policy is great literature at low prices, so you get the benefit. The price is no longer any excuse for not getting the best kind of literature in your library “Redemption” is a wonderful drama, and you will never forget its powerful climaxes and its profound lessons. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, GIRARD, KANS. Tolstoi Versus Marx Clarence Darrow is a non-resistant Tolstoyan; Arthur Morrow Lewis is a Marxian Socialist. Both have keen, intelligent minds, both have inter esting viewpoints, and both are pleas- ing speakers. Darrow and Lewis met in debate. The subject was “Tolstoy Versus Marx,” and the Appeal has a stenographic report of this wonderful contest of brains. Here is thrilling reading. Here is your chance to learn just what is meant by Tolstoyan non-resistance; what is meant by class-consciousness, militant Marxism; just why each con- testant holds his particular position. We are proud of the opportunity to print so useful * and entertaining a book. This debate has been printed before, but in a 75-cent edition. Our price is only one-third of that. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Carmen A Story of Love. This is one of the world’s great- est stories of love and adventure Upon it is founded the great mus- ical opera of “Carmen.” The read ing of “Carmen” is one of the best of proofs that good literature has more of real dramatic human in- terest than the melo-dramatic mon- strosities in whose shallow sensa- tions so many persons riotously revel. “Carmen” has more genu- ine excitement to the page than he average novel has in the whole of its several hundred pages. Set among the mountains and along the coasts of Spain, and de- scribing the life of the gypsies who make their precarious living by the smuggler’s shady trade, the story abounds with thrill and color. The beautiful, yet fickle and dangerous, gypsy girl. Carmen, is a character in whom the volatile yet passionate spirit of the gypsy folk is strongly pictured **ents per copy APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Sex Life In Ancient Greece and Rome This book contains two important essays, as follows: “The Greefc View of Woman/’ by G. Lowes Dick- inson, and “Marriage: and the Ro man Lady,” by W. Warde Fowler M. A, The essay on Greece tells ci Plato’s views favoring the elimina- tion of family life entirely, Grecian standards of morality, Athenian the- ories of eugenics, the Homeric view of woman and sex, Aristotle's views and the position of illicit love. The essay on Rome tells what the Roman? thought about marriage, the form o? the sacramental ceremony, an accu rate description of a Roman wedding divorce customs, etc. We have many books on the mili- tary history and statesmanship of Greece and Rome, but there are few books on the domestic relationship* of the ancients. Here is a book that has been badly needed. The infor- mation in it will interest and enter- tain you. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. The Foundations of Religion This boon, by Stanley A. Cook, M. A., is based, upon the application of psychology and psychological methods to the comparative and his- torical study of religions and reli- gious material. There never was a book like this one. “The Foundations of Religion” con- tains even big chapters, as follows: “Religion and Life.” “Thought and ?ts Movement.* “The Individual and His Development,” “The Individual and the Universe,” “The Individual and the Supernatural,” “Process in Mankind,” “Religion and Intuition.” This marvelous book will interest and stimulate. Its 128 pages of facts and ideas will charm you. The Ap- peal has imported this work of litera- ture and thought from England, where it has been looked upon for a number of years as one of the great books written on the subject of re- ligion. This book could easily be sold for $2.50. But the Appeal be- lieves in issuing books at a low price, and that is why you can get a copy of this book by return mail for only 25 cents 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, GIRARD, KANS. English as She Is Taught BY MARK TWAIN. This is one of the most amusing thing Mark Twain ever wrote. I s a tin* kit on the manner in which our iear old language, and othe? things are murdered Here is a humorist whose writings abound in wisdom shrewd ideas of human na ture svmnathy and enthusiasm. We strongly recommend “English as She P Taught” for its bubbling humor and its delightful nonsense It is a book that will bring cheer into vout life and make vou forge vour troubles. This volume contains an exceller biographical sketch of Mark Twain, giving briefly the most interesting episode- n an eventful and usefu 1 life. Tf you don’t like to 'ugh w advise you very solemnly not to buy this book Rut if you do well, her- is vnnr r»h«nce. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL to reason, Girard, Kans. Balzac’s Short Stories We have an edition of Balzac’s greatest short stories that is just off the press. This new volume contains the following titles: “Doomed to Live,” “An Accursed House,” “The Atheist’s Mass,” “A Tragedy by the Sea,” and “The Passion in the Desert.” Five scin- tillating stories of life, passion and adventure. Take just one of these stories — “The Passion in the Des- ert.” This is one of the most pecu- liar stories ever written. Only a trained and master hand like Bal- zac’s could have penned it with the right convincing and realistic touch. Balzac wrote not of men but of mankind — a true genius. This story alone is worth what is asked for this book by Balzac, who was as great a master of the short stories as he was of the long novel. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Thoughts and A phorisms of George Sand George Sand was a famous French novelist. She was not onl> a gifted writer but an artist in the mysterious ceremony of Life and Love. George Sand was a wo man who felt deeply and who ex pressed those emotions, regardless of the opinions of prudes and hyp- ocrites. In her “Thoughts and Aphor- isms/’ she tells what she thinks- about Love, Sex, Passion, the Hu man Heart, the vast Duel of the Sexes. Never was there a book that struck such a fascinating tone 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. The Science of History BY JAMES ANTHONY FROUDE. Is the human race a free agent, completely independent of the laws of nature? Can we accurately say just what a people will do granted certain economic, political or emo- tional conditions? Accepting certain arrangements why will one man go to the cross a martyr while another will become a Judas? Can we know in advance which will be a martyr and which will be a traitor? In other words, can history become a positive science? This is the theme of Froude’s important essay and one which should be read by every per- son who is interested in what makes for social progress and what makes for social reaction. “The. Science of History” not only an excellent study of history as a science, but it is, m addition, a fine literary work, replete with many epigrammatic sentences which per- sist in one’s memory. By the way. Froude, who delivered this lecture Pack in 1864, anticipated Dr. Ein- stein’s theory of the relativity of Time. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Socialist Library 20 Volumes on Socialism Worth $5, only $2.95 If you want to learn all about So- cialism buy the Appears Socialist Li- brary of 20 Volumes for only $2.95 — a great bargain. This library con- tains: 1. Tactics of Socialism. 2. Socialism and Social Reform. 3. Hardie’s Socialist Epigrams. 4. Socialism Versus Anarchism. 5. Socialism for Millionaires. 6. Religion of Capitalism. 7. Proletarian Dictatorship. 8. How to Organize Cooperatives. 9. The Life of Debs. 10. The Money Question. 11. Appeal to the Young. 12. Story of a Chicken Yard. IS. Man Under Socialism. 14. A Trip to Plutopia. 15. Fight for Your Life! 16. Communist Manifesto. 17. Questions About Socialism. 18. The Socialist Appeal. 19. Prison Letters of a Socialist. 20. Socialism of Jesus. 1500 Pages of Socialist Reading $2.95 for the 20 Volumes. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Idle Thoughts of an Idle Fellow “These “idle thoughts” are interest- ing. Their simple philosophy is just what the average person is seeking. Jerome makes ordinary observations with which every one is familiar, and draws conclusions from them which hardly any one ever thought of draw- ing. The humor and common sense of these random essays make them especially delightful. And the sub- ject which Jerome chooses for his “idle thoughts” are those things of common life that interest every one — the things that ail of us like to read about it and that, for some rea- son, very few writers write about. Appropriately enough, the first essay in the book is “On Being Idle.” Did you ever seriously reflect what it means to be idle? Weil Jerome finds that it brings more trouble and dis- comfort than anything else, and quite humorously he tells of his idle pre dicaments and dilemmas. “On Being in Love” — ah, there is & topic that certainly catches every eye. 35 cent* per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Confessions Of an Opium Eater Thomas DeQuincey, in addition to being a stylist of the first order and a literary genius whose fame never dims, was addicted to the habit of eating opium. In this book, entitled “Confes- sions of an Opium Eater,” the au- thor tells how he came to become the victim of this habit, how it acted on him and how he fought it. In all, here is one of the most astonishing books in the English language. This volume is a classic. Never were the finer reactions of the hu- man mind and soul more carefully and accurately recorded. This story of soul degeneracy is a human doc- ument and, at the same, a tre- mendous work of literary art. The Appeal has just issued a new edition of this 128-page book, neatly printed on fine book paper and handsomely bound in boards Price: 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, GIRARD, KANS. 10 Volumes of Epigrams We have ready for immediate distribution a set of ten volumes, which we call “The Appeal's Epi- gram Series.” In this set you find the following titles: 1. 500 Epigrams of Wit and Wick- edness, 2. Maxims of La Rochefoncanld. 3- The Thoughts of Pascal. 4. The Proverbs of Japan. 5. Voltaire’s Pocket Theology. 6. Thoughts and Aphorisms of George Sand. 7. lngersoll*8 Epigrams. 8. The Proverbs of France. 9. Epigrams by Keir Hardie. 10. The Proverbs of England. This is the only set of epigrams that can be had in America at the present time. These nicely gotten up volumes are worth many times more than we ask for them. Rush your order. $1.50 for the 10 Volumes. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. Sex Life In Ancient Greece and Rome This book contains two important essays, as follows: “The Greek View of Woman,” by G. Lowes Dick- inson, and “Marriage: and the Ro- man Lady,” by W. Warde Fowler, M. A. The essay on Greece tells of Plato’s views favoring the elimina- tion of family life entirely, Grecian standards of morality, Athenian the- ories of eugenics, the Homeric view of woman and sex, Aristotle’s views, and the position of illicit love. The essay on Rome tells what the Romans thought about marriage, the form of the sacramental ceremony, an accu- rate description of a Roman wedding, divorce customs, etc. We have many books on the mili- tary history and statesmanship of Greece and Rome, but there are few books on the domestic relationships of the ancients. Here is a book that has been badly needed. The infor- mation in it will interest and enter- tain you. 25 cents per copy. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. ttcJZeasm Published Weekly. A paper that believes that the workers should receive the full social value of their labor. A paper that champions democracy In industry as well as in politics. A paper that advocates competition tn the production of ideas and coop- eration in the nroduction of things. A paper that tells the truth about conditions that exist in this country mid presents the remedy in words that cannot be misunderstood. A paper that fights for the right of free speech, free press and free as- semblage. A paper that kindles hope in the tiearts of the downtrodden and in- spires fear in the hearts of the labor exploiters. A paper that stands for the rights of man as above the rights of prop- erty. $1 per year. APPEAL TO REASON, Girard, Kans. MMI 'MM f iT*.?