LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN q977 H629 NOTICE: Return or renew all Library Matarialsl The MInlnmm Fee for each Lost Book Is $50.00. The person charging this material is responsible for its return to the library from which it was withdrawn on or before the Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for discipli- nary action and may result in dismissal from the University. To renew call Telephone Center, 333-8400 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN L16I— O-I096 In Memory of Gerard C. Berthold 1910-1992 University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign History The Great Northwest HEN OF PROGRESS. A Select List of Biographical Sketches and Portraits of The Leaders in Business, Professional, and Official Life. Published under the Personal Supervision of HUGH J. McGRATH and WILLIAM STODDARD. EDITED BY C. W. G. HYDE AND WM. STODDARD. minneapolis. The Minneapolis Journal. 1901. COPYRIGHTED 1901 NEAPOLIS JOURNAL. NOTICE \FTER CAREFUL EXAMINATION OF THE NNER MARGIN AND TYPE OF MATERIAL VE HAVE SEWN THIS VOLUME BY HAND ;0 IT CAN BE MORE EASILY OPENED \ND READ. HERTZBERG-NEW METCHD.INC. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. I 1 49928 HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ByC. W.G.HYDE. THE GREAT NORTHWEST DEFINED. HE expressions "The North- west,'" and "The Northwest- ern States," convey to the minds of most people an idea that is vague, undefined, and therefore unsatisfactory. Be- fore attempting to enter upon the history of this region, it will be well to get our bear- ings and to know delinitely what territory is included in the great Northwest whose history is here set forth. The Northwest Territory, as the term was understood at the close of the eight- eenth century, included the northern por- tion of the territory ceded to the United States by Great Britain in 1783 not forming part of the thirteen original states. This territory was bounded on the north by the Great Lakes, on the south by the Ohio river, and on the west by the Mississippi. It em- braced the present states of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin and Illinois, as well as that part of Minnesota lying east of the Mis- sissippi river. The Northwest Territory was at that time an appropriate designation for the country to which it was applied, for it was the most northerly and westerly por- tion of the domain of the United States, and was, moreover, set off by a natural bound- ary — the Ohio river — from the eastern and southern parts of the new nation. The pop- ular conception of the Northwest was recog- nized by congress in the enactment of the famous ordinance of 1787 or — to quote the text — "Ordinance for the Government of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the River Ohio." In this ordinance our fa- thers struck the keynote of liberty whose vi- brations awakened a responsive chord in ev- ery American heart — a chord that was for seventy years turned into discord by the hum of the cotton-gin, but which has devel- oped into a song whose harmonies compel the world to stop and listen. It is quite pertinent to our topic to dwell for a moment upon this remarkable docu- ment, for it laid down those fundamental principles on which the government of the later Northwest has been built. "In truth," says Theodore Roosevelt, in "The Winning of the West," "the ordinance of 1787 was so wide-reaching in its effects, was drawn in accordance with so lofty a morality and such far-seeing statesmanship, and was fraught with such weal for the nation, that it will ever rank among the foreAost of American state papers, coming in that little group which includes the Declaration of In- dependence, the Constitution, Washington's Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Emancipa- tion Proclamation and Second Inaugural. It marked out a definite line of orderly free- dom along which the new states were to ad- ^ ance. It laid deep the foundation for that system of widespread public education so characteristic of the republic and so essen- tial to its healthy growth. It provided that complete religious freedom and equality which we now accept as part of the order of nature, but which were then unknown in any important European nation. It guar- anteed the civil liberty of all citizens. It provided for an indissoluble union, a union which should grow until it could relentless- ly crush nullification and secession; for the states founded under it were the creatures of the nation, and were by the compact de- clared forevei- inseparable from it." The great Northwest, as the phrase is now understood, comprises the two north- ernmost tiers of states lying west of lakes Michigan and Superior. These states are HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Daliota, Montana, Wyoming, Idaho, Washington and Oregon. OUR TITLE TO THE NORTHWEST. Wisconsin and that part of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi were acquired from Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783. This is the treaty by which the Revolutionary War was formally terminated. In 1803, the United States pur- chased the Province of Louisiana from France, paying her $15,000,000. The north- western states since formed from the terri- tory thus purchased are Minnesota west of the Mississippi, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, and the portions of Montana and Wyoming drained by the Missouri and its tributaries. Washington, Oregon, Idaho and the western portions of Montana and Wyo- ming — the portions lying west of the main range of the Rocky Mountains — originally formed part of the vast territory known as Oregon. The title of the United States to this territory is seven-fold: First — It was discovered in 1792 by Robert Gray, captain of a Boston ship, the Columbia. He sailed several miles up a magnificent river never before navigated by white men, and, naming it after his ship, landed and took possession of the country it drained, in the name of the United States; second, the territory of Lou- isiana, whose boundaries were very loosely defined in the treaty of 1803, was held by some to extend to the Pacific. Assuming this view to be correct, the country became ours by purchase; third, the exploration of tlie Columbia river and its tributaries in 1805-6 by Captains Lewis and Clarke; fourth, the actual settlement of Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia river, in 1811, by the Astor Fur company. The seal of nation- ality was placed upon this enterprise by the presence of a I'nited States naval officer who commanded the leading vessel in the enter- prise; fifth and sixth, the title of the United States to the Oregon country was further strengthened by treaties with Spain (1818) and Mexico (1828), which were somewhat in the nature of quit-claim deeds. In these treaties the two countries expressly relin- quished their claims to the territory in ques- tion, leaving Great Britain as the only ad- verse claimant; seventh, on July 17, 1846, a treaty was signed by which the parallel of forty-nine degrees north latitude was fixed as the boundary between the British posses- sions on the north and the United States on the south. It is from the territory thus ac- quired that the states of Washington, Ore- gon, and Idaho and portions of Montana and ^Vyoming were formed. THE ABORIGINES. V\hen, in 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the island of Guanahani, he sup- posed he had reached the "land where the spices grow," or the Indies. He therefore, in all his accounts of his voyages, spoke of the dusky natives as Indians, that is, na- 1i^■es of the Indies. When the error made by Columbus was discovered, it was too late to change the name either of the locality or of the people. The former was therefore called the West Indies, a name which ap- plied collectively to the various islands and groups of islands which separate the Carib- bean sea from the Atlantic ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. This name distinguished it from the spice regions in southeastern Asia, the discovery of a western sea-route to which had been the object of Columbus' voy- age, and which were thereafter known as the East Indies. The investigations of ethnologists point to an Asiatic origin of the Indians of Amer- ica. A very high authority reaches the con- clusion that the aborigines in the extreme north reached this continent by crossing Bering strait, while others came to our east- ern shores by an overland route which ex- isted in the Pleistocene epoch. The theory of Asiatic origin is based upon resemblances of color, skull measurements, and other physical characteristics which appear to identify the Indians with the great Mon- golian division of the human race. On the other hand, the philological argument leads to the conclusion that the aboriginal inhabi- tants of America were of American origin. ••Philologists have agreed," says Terry, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. "that the Aiiierif-an languages are unique and cannot be traced to an oriental source; that, further, they bear evidence of aborig- inal antiquity — are primitive in character and differ radically from all others." As to the antiquity of the race to which the North American Indian belongs, no pre- cise date can be assigned as that of his first appearance upon the continent. We are not, however, left to mere conjecture upon this point. The investigations of geologists en- able them to fix upon a minimum period ino attempt is made to limit the maximum peri- od) within which our aborigines made their advent in America. John Fiske gives a most interesting discussion of this question in the first chapter of "The Discovery of America." He says: "It is altogether prob- able tliat the people whom the Spaniards found in America came by migration from the Old ^^'orld. But it is by no means prob- able that their migration occurred within so short a period as five or six thousand years. A series of observations and discoveries kept up for the last half-century seem to show that North America has been continu- ously inhabited by human beings since the earliest Pleistocene times, if not earlier. * * * Concerning the antiquity of the Pleistocene epoch, * * * if -^^^ adopt thf magnificent argument of Dr. Croll * * * we obtain a result that is moderate and probable. The Glacial epoch began about 240,000 years ago and came to an end about 80,000 years ago. » * * Xow the traces of the existence of man in North America during the Glacial epoch have in recent years been discoA'ered in abundance, as, for example, the palaeolithic quartzite imple- ments found in the drift near the city of St. Paul, which date from toward the close of the Glacial epoch; [and] the fragment of a human jaw found in the red clay deposited in ilinnesota during an earlier part of that epoch. * * * In July, 18S7, * * * in a deep cut of the Baltimore and Ohio rail- road, in a stratum of Philadelphia red grav- el and brick clay, Mr. Cresson obtained an unquestionable palaeolith. * * * If we accept Dr. CroH's method of reckoning, we can hardly assign to it an antiquity less than 150,000 years." According to a map published by George Catlin, in IS'i'.i, the great Northwest was at that time inhabited by the following tribes of Indians: In Wisconsin, the Chippeways, the Menomonies, and the Winnebagoes; in ilinnesota, the Chippeways and the Sionx; in Iowa, the Sioux, the Sacs and the Foxes; in Dakota, the Assinneboins, the Minata- lees, the Mandans, the Riccarees, and the Sioux; in Montana, the Blaekfeet and the ('rows; in Wyoming, the Crows and the ( 'heyennes ; in Idaho, the Shoshones and the Flatheads; in Washington and Oregon, the ('hilts, the Chinooks, the Flatheads, the Snakes, and the Nez T'erces. There are at present in the Northwest some 82,000 Indians, about 70,000 being col- lected in a hundred different reservations. The remaining 12,000 are self-supporting and are taxed like the whites. The distri- l)utiou of the Indians in the several states is approximately as follows: In South Dakota, 20.000 Brules, (I'heyennes, Blaekfeet,* Sioux, etc.; in Washington, 11,000, belonging to nearly eighty tribes — Cceur d'Alenes, Kute- uays, Nez Perces, Okanagans, Olympias, Pend d'Oreilles, Piutes, Puyallups, Spokanes, etc.; in Montana, 11,000 Assinneboins, Blaekfeet, C'heyennes, Crows and Flat- heads; in Wisconsin, 10,000 Menomonies, Oneidas, etc; in Minnesota, 10,000 Chippe- ways, etc.; in North Dakota, 8,000 Arikaras, Assinneboins, Blaekfeet, Sioux, Gros Ven- tres, ilandans, Unkpapapas, Wahpetons and Yanktonnai; in Oregon, 5,000 Cayuses, Pi- utes, Shastis, Snakes, etc.; in Idaho, 4,500 Bannaks, C(r>ur d'Alenes. Nez Perces, Sho- shones, etc.; in \A'yoming 2,000 Shoshones, Arapahoes, etc; and in Iowa, 500 Sacs and Foxes. As the tide of white exploration and set- tlement moved westward across the conti- nent, various types of the Indian were en- countered. Indians living upon cultivated maize, small grain and vegetables, wild grains, fruits and roots; flesh eaters, root diggers, and fish eaters. Everywhere the Indian was found conforming through ne- cessitv to his environment, taking advan- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. tage of the situation, and ingenious with the elements around him. The highest intelli- gence was found among the Indians of the Atlantic coast and east of the Ohio river, this intelligence gradually decreasing, until the most sciualid Indian was found west of the Rocky ^Mountains, on the Pacific coast and northward, and in regions where the natural resources were limited. Peaceful at the advent of the whites, then hostile, the Indians became more wild and savage as our ancestors proceeded westward, this fierceness being again aggra- vated by the advancing lines of Anglo-Sax- on civilization. In a very instructive mono- graph on "The Aborigines of the North- west" (Parkman Club Publications No. 4, ]81>6), Frank Taylor Terry speaks thus of the change in Indian character in the past 300 years: "The American Indians were, 300 years ago, superior to the better known Indians of our modern frontier. Explorers of the sixteenth century found them an agricultur- al race, living in settled villages, planned often with an eye to comfori and beauty; the houses interspersed with trees, grass plats and groves for tame deer; and, in their proper place, were regularly laid out corn- fields and gardens of potatoes, beans, mel- ons and tobacco. Each town had its public houses, one for worship, one for council, and one for storing grain. '•They seem also to have been a hospita- ble race. When Raleigh's men, in 1584, landed on Roanoake Island, the native vil lagers took them into the large five-room house of their chief's brother, warmed them before the fire, washed and dried their clothes, and hastened meanwhile to dress and cook some meat for them, and the nar- rative says 'their vessels are earthen pots, very large, white and sweet; their dishes are wooden platters of sweet timber.' It is these and other Indians living in fixed vil- lages in comfort and peace that in all prob- ability erected the mounds and made the mound pottery and implements. Found in the midst of plenty, a simple and friendly race living in Arcadian simplicity and rustic happiness, they were slowly crowded west- ward by the whites until they became a ti'eacherous and deadly foe. • ♦ • They are the last vestiges of a social condition That may have been happier than civiliza- tion; and even our nomadic hunting Indians of Wisconsin, who wept with joy on the ar- rival of Perrot. Radisson, and Grosseilliers, might perhaps have wept with grief for the future of their tribes, had they known that a foreign and distasteful civilization would appropriate their hunting grounds and de- stroy their ancient means of livelihood." Before the coming of white men, the principal means of conveyance along the lakes and rivers of the Northwest was the dugout canoe. When the Spaniards brought horses, some of them escaped and in time bands of wild horses were roaming over the western plains. The Indians captured and lamed them, and substituted them for the canoe. These were the ancestors of the In- dian ponies variously designated as bron- c OS, mustangs and cayuses. The plains where the horse was found running wild be- came valuable as horse producing grounds, and almost incessant war was the result; but, if tradition is to be believed, war was the normal condition of the Indian tribes of North America. The horse, enabling the Indian to follow the buffalo for food and clothes, and the claiming of the lands by the tribes, encouraged his nomadic habits and paved the way for his continued unsettled life. The buffalo grounds were also battle- fields where the southern Comanche fought the northern Sioux, and the Pawnee and the Cheyenne met in deadly conflict. The wandering habits of many tribes, and their varied manners and customs may account for the great number of tribal Ian- gauges. The battle for the necessities of life was not a struggle as now, because game was abundant, and people were not so numerous. Skins and furs for clothing and for making lodges, tents, and tepees, were plentiful; and the flesh of the fur animals was used for food. The lakes and streams abounded in fish and the seasons brought the unfailing crops of roots and nuts. War, theft, and indolence were virtues in the men, and labor was the dutv of the women. The HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. patient squaw was the stay of the family, being, in fact, a beast of burden and both camp guard and l^eeper, while the males loafed, hunted, stole horses, fished, and made war. Wants were comparatively few and easily supplied. Lands were regarded by the Indians as tribal, not individual, jjroperty. Before the coming of the whites they had portioned out the surface of the country fairly well, and by consent or tacit agreement, separate sec- tions of the country were occupied by tribes of the several stocks. For example, the Sioux occupied the valley of the Mississippi and stretched far to the southeast; and the Shoshones roamed through the middle basin between the Kocky and the Sierra Nevada mountains in Idaho and farther south. Indian nomadic life was not favorable to the growth of large families. The Indians moved with the seasons, following the game, or going to corn growing grounds. Those who depended most upon agriculture were the most permanent because the climate of the agricultural sections was agreeable, and the country abounded in root crops and birds, and the streams contained fish. These natural resources made this class of Indi- Jins less nomadic than those who, being flesh eaters, depended on game. Wild and free life made the Indian im- provident; it gave him no care for the fu- ture. Even now a week's rations is con- sumed in two days, for he is a ravenous eater, and besides he is not certain there may be any food on the morrow. Nature has also conspired to make the Indian thrift- less and unstable. In his free condition, he was the ideal wild man, pure and simple, and to this day, many Indians are but little changed in their wild instincts. Then the restraint upon his appetite, physical or oth- erwise, was satiety, and death was met with nerve, and as a condition of life. Cunning and ingenious, and with some mechanical skill, he placed nature under tribute for arms, weapons, decoys and game traps. Aa a hunter he was more adroit than the wild- est game, more fleet of foot than the elk or deer, and more stealthy than the wolf. The Indian village was the unit of organ- isation in nearly all the tribes. The individ- ual was and is merged in the village. With the sedentary Indians, the villages were of a permanent character. With the nomadic Indians, lodges or tents, with their live stock and property, composed the village. In peace, the nomadic village was placed in a favored retreat, and here the Indians re- mained until war or the seasons forced them to remove. By marks or signs, a band could tell what Indians had preceded it. As a rule, the bands of a tribe had their well-de- lined camping grounds, which were sacred to them. A tribe seldom, if ever, camped or lived in a compact mass. The villages were frequently separated by long distances, and in war were signaled with fires or alarmed by runners. In war, old men and women s had all the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. advautaj^es arising from contact with beau- tiful scenery — all that bounteous nature could give to please, ennoble, or entrance, in an area so great that all climates were with- in his domain, and all altitudes, from the towering mountain, sublime in its majesty, to the low and i>oetic ranges of hills where Terdure lay the year round and the wild flower blossomed, — no Indian was ever in- spired to the softer ways of life by the grand eflfects of lavish nature. The Indian is the embodiment of cruelty, and the wom- en, in this respect, far excel the men. While the Indians did not learn brutality in war from the whites, the Europeans taught them the use of firearms, diplomatic cun- ning and intoxicating liquors, and also intro- duced some loathsome diseases among them. Eight of the northwestern states have In- dian names, which are here given with their significations: Wisconsin, wild, rushing channel; Minnesota, cloudy (or sky-tinted) Avater; Iowa, drowsy; Dakota, leagued; Wyoming, the large plains; Idaho, gem of the mountains; Oregon, great river of the west. The Indian is very superstitious and holds to a mythology similar to that of all primitive peoples and varying in its details in different tribes. So far as has been as- certained, however, he has no well-defined religious views or beliefs. The Indians of the Northwest are, in their native state, in- capable of inventing, constructing, or build- ing anything that requires the mental power of combination. They are garrulous among thejuselves but they become silent at the approach of white men whom they in- stinctively regard as their natural enemies. Among themselves, in camp, the women chatter as rapidly and loudly as white wom- en, and the children bubble over with laugh- ter and fun. The children seldom, if ever, cry, and a brutal Indian father or mother is very rare. While on the march, an In- dian woman will unstring the portable cra- dle from her back, take the child out, fill her mouth with water, eject it in a spray and wash the vermin or dust from the child, which never even whimpers, replace it on her back, and hurry along to overtake the moving band. All hunters know how the young of most wild animals conceal themselves when their privacy is invaded, and give no sign of their presence by movement or sound, no matter how near the intruder apjiroaches. It is the same with Indian children; they seem to share the secretive instinct with the young plover, rat and deer. Being the original occupant of the land, the Indian cannot understand his being crowded out or absorbed by the white. It has been for centuries bred in his bone that labor is dishonorable. He cannot compre- hend the Anglo-Saxon moral code. For four hundred years there has been intermittent warfare between him and the invader. "Over the old hunting ground, across the silvery streams that thread the brown bar- rens and plains, up the tall mountains, among the towering pines to the snow- ( api)ed and sun-touched summits, in the land once the home of his people, the Indian of to-day can cast only a longing eye and re- flect. * * * Crooning squaws and tot- tering old men on reservations, in most cases in squalor, rags, and hunger, retell the fierce battles of their people, * * • every person mentioned a hero; all now legend and myth. These past Indian glories and splendors can never come again; but the Indian does not realize it, and so he in- vokes their return with his ghost or ilessiah dance. "The Pacific coast fish eaters and root diggers are now peaceable, progressive, and almost entirely self-supporting. The other reservation tribes, even if disposed to war, are so surrounded with white settlements that a war would be of short duration." THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN. It is a notable fact that where lust for conquest and gold have failed to open up new territory to higher civilization, this end has been accomplished through the zeal of Christian missionaries. Columbus, who stipulated with the Spanish sovereigns that he should, if he succeeded, hold high office and receive a share of all gold, precious HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. stones and merchandise acquired, never landed on the North American continent. Ponce de Leon, the discoverer of Florida, was killed bj the Indians. In 1528 Narvaez explored the lands bordering the north shore of the Gulf, endured cold and famine and perished by shipwreck; De Soto, like Narvaez, sought for gold; landing in Florida M'ith a richly appointed company in 1539, he discovered the Mississippi river in 1541. Here he was buried. ''He had crossed a large part of the continent in search of gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burial-place." These expeditions — typical of all purely self-seeking enterprises — entailed upon the future colonists a legacy of unend- ing border warfare. "It was reserved for religious zeal to ac- complish that enterprise in which a desire of conquest and the thirst for gold had failed; the ^Mississippi valley had yet to be reached from the northeast, by the route of the Great Lakes; and all the countless bene- fits which have flowed from its settlement and cultivation, in a commercial point of view, have had their foundation in a promi- nent degree in the religious zeal of the disci- ples of Loyola. The discovery of the north- west region was made, missionary posts es- tablished, friendship cultivated with the nu- merous savage tribes, churches erected; the country was explored, and the upper Missis- sippi not only discovered, but traced from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf of Mex- ico; and all these through the untiring la- bors of the French missionaries." Before 1600, Jesuit missionaries had ex- plored the St. Lawrence basin as far west as the present site of Duluth. In 1641, some Jesuit fathers attended a feast of the dead, held by two thousand Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie (Falls of St. Mary), at the outlet of Lake Superior. Here they learned of the Sioux, who lived eighteen days' journey fur- ther west beyond the great lake (Superior). In 1854, two French fur traders pene- trated the Sioux country west of Superior. In 16G5, Father Claude Allouez embarked on a mission to the far west. Having heard of the copper deposits on the south shore, he sailed in quest of them until he reached ( 'he(iuamegon Bay. Here, at a grand coun- cil, he heard from the Indians of the vast prairies covered with buffalo and deer which stretched to the south and west, and of the noble river called by them the "Mes- sippi." The English intruders into America had ti'ied by both fair and foul means to dis- possess the natives of theii- land, gaining lit- tle land and unlimited ill will, with a liberal expenditure of treasure and blood. The French missionary and trapper brought to Ihe Indians a tender of alliance, an offer of protection and a genial comradeship. The trappers traveled, ate, drank, slept and in- termarried with the red men, so that in time of war, the Indians generally sided with the- French as against the English. In 1673, Father Marquette and the Sieur Joliet started from the fort of Lake Michi- gan to explore the great west. Passing through Green Bay, they entered the Fox: river, made a portage to the Wisconsin, and soon entered the great ^lississippi. Proceed- ing down the river, they discovered an In- dian village upon a tributary floT^g from the west. They were unquestionably the first white men who had ever trod the soil' of what is now Iowa, but the calumet or pipe of peace was tendered to them and they were told that the river on which the village was situated was the Mouin-gouina. We now call it the Des Moines. They continued their descent of the Mississippi to a point below the Arkansas, and on their return, went up the Illinois and reached Lake Mich- igan. In 1682, La Salle descended the Missis- sippi to the Gulf, and, formally taking pos- session of the country drained by the Missis- sippi and its tributaries from its source ta its mouth, for France, he named it Louisi- ana, in honor of Louis XIV. The next year he returned to Quebec. "To La Salle must be mainly asci-ibed the discovery of the vast regions of the Mississippi valley, and the subsequent occupation and settlement of them by the French." To Louis H(>nnepin belongs the credit of having been Ihe first European who ascend- ed the Mississippi above the mouth of the Wisconsin. In February, 1680, he sailed up HISTORY OV THE GREAT NORTIIAVEST. tlie Mississippi from the Illinois, with in- structions from La Salle to jjrocecd, if pos- sible, to its source. At the forty-fifth def;ree of north latitude, he was stopped by a high waterfall to which Father Hennepin gave the name of the Falls of St. Anthony of I'adua. Thus, at the close of the seventeenth century, France, in right of occupancy and discovery, claimed the entire Mississippi ba- sin, including the present states of Wiscon- sin, Minnesota, Iowa, the Dakotas, and the greater i)arts of Montana and Wyoming, be- longing to the great Northwest. For a century or more, the French trad- ers and trappers roamed over the prairies and through the forests of Louisiana (the Mississippi basin) in quest of game, furs, skins, and "the wool of the buffalo." On the 10th of February, 176.3, an event occurred which made a fundamental change in the history of this region. On that day the Treaty of Paris was concluded. This treaty, which terminated the French and Indian War, transferred from France to Great Brit- ain all that portion of Louisiana lying east of the Mississippi except the town and is- land of Orleans. The present state of \Yis- consin and about one-third of Minnesota thus passed from French to British control. It was long, however, before the English ob- tained a fijni foothold. The French traders had taken wives from among the Indians, and the great fur dealers in New Orleans gave more in barter for peltries than the English could afford to pay so that the In- dian trade was retained by the French not- withstanding the transfer of sovereignty. The English, therefore, established no posts of trade or defence west of Mackinac at the foot of Lake Michigan. The country further west appears to have been trodden by few British subjects until after the visit made to it by Jonathan Carver soon after the con- clusion of the French and Indian War. •Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecti- cut, and said to have been a descendant of John Carver, the first governor of Plymouth Colony, left Boston in 17(!6 for the purpose of exploring the Northwest. From the mouth of the Wisconsin, he ascended the Mississippi in a canoe, arriving at the Falls of St. Anthony in November. After this he ascended the Minnesota to a point two hun- dred miles above Mendota. He was ac- companied on his return to the mouth of the Jlinnesota by nearly three hundred Indians, who were making their annual journey to a cave (now known as Carver's cave) in a bluff just below the present city of St. Paul, in order to bury there their dead. Carver's heirs claimed a tract of land lying southeast of St. Anthony, with an area about twice as great as that of the state of Rhode Island, and containing nearly 1,.500,000 acres. They based this claim on a treaty Carver was said to have made with the Indians at the Great Cave. May 1, 1767. The claim was never allowed. At the commencement of the American Revolution, from the first act of hostilities, the savages of the Northwest had been as- sociated as allies of Great Britain, and em- ployed by the British commanders to lay waste the frontier settlements. In 1778 an Amerian expedition under command of Col. George R. Clark set out from the Falls of the Ohio (Louisville) to terminate the In- dian depredations by reducing the British jiosts on the Wabash and the T'pper Missis- sijipi. The story of Col. Clark's success- ful operations in the Wabash region forms one of the most brilliant chapters in Ameri- can military history. We cannot dwell up- on it. The news of his success alarmed the British traders in the Minnesot.a and Wis- consin country, and extraordinary military precautions were taken to protect the fur trade of the British. Five years later a definite treaty of peace closed the Revolu- tionai-y War and transferred from the do- minion of (ireat Britain to that of the Unit- ed States of America that part of the great Northwest which lies east of the Missis- sippi. ^^'e are now to trace the early his- tory of Louisiana — or rather that portion of it which embraces Montana, Wyoming, the two Dakotas, Iowa, and western Minne sota. We ha\e already related that in 1682 the French explorer La Salle, having explored the Mississippi river from the Illinois to the Gulf, formally took possession, in the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. name of France, of all the country drained by that river and its tributaries. The cere- monies by which he declared the sovereign- ty of his king over this country were elabo- rate. The Te Deum was given, a Latin hymn was sung, and a cross was planted bearing the arms of France. This act is the basis of the title under which the United States holds this country to-day, for this ceremony has ever been respected by all nations as the official seal placed by France on the claim she made to the territory by virtue of discovery, exploration and occupa- tion. The name chosen by La Salle — Louisi- ana — applied to the whole Mississippi val- ley until 180.3. The history of this vast ter- ritory for the next century and a half is simply the history of trapping, trading for furs, and the incidents of life among the savages which contribute nothing to human progress. In 1762 France ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain. Eighteen years later Spain re-ceded it to France. This last cession was a secret one. As soon as President Jefferson learned of it he foresaw trouble with France. It was of the utmost consequence that the western states bordering on the Mississippi should have free access to the gulf by way of the river. Willi New Orleans in the possession of a foreign power — our commercial rival — such access was impossible or would inevitably be hampered by vexatious and expensive re- strictions. The danger to free navigation of the river was imminent, for in November, 1802, word came that a French military force was on its way to occupy New Orleans. The Spanish governor of New Orleans at this time forbade the navigation of the Mis- sissippi by American citizens, thus violating the treaty of 1705, by the terms of which the inhabitants of the states bordering the Ohio and Mississippi had flat-boated their bacon, hams, tobacco, and flour to New Orleans and stored it in warehouses preparatory to shipi)ing. The president was urged to take action that might lead to war with Spain. He determined to wait until France openly assumed ownership of the province. The opportunity to reach a peaceful solution of the difficulty soon came. Napoleon was first consul of France. He needed money. He foresaw that it would be impossible for him to hold a vast transatlantic territory against England, a power that was mistress of the seas and the hereditary enemy of France. -Jett'erson offered to buy the island of New Orleans and West Florida. Na- ]K)leon wanted to unload all of Louisiana, and asked for an offer. After much bar- gaining, the American envoys agreed that the I'uited States should pay to France sixty million francs in stocks bearing six per cent, interest, and should in addition assume the payment of all debts owed by France to American merchants, to an amount not exceeding twenty million francs. As the value of the American dollar was then estimated at five and one-third francs, the new acquisition may be said to have cost us .^15,000,000. The .senate ratified the treaty of cession, and on December 20, 1S0.3, the United States formally took possession of its magnificent acquisition of nearly a million square miles — a territory about twenty times as large as England and Wales combined, — enough to make over three and one-half million farms of 160 acres each. From this territory there have since been formed seven states and two ter- ritories in addition to the five states form- ing part of the great Northwest. Our glance at the early history of the Oregon country must be very brief. The term Oregon was in early days ap- plied to a vast territory west of the Rocky ^Mountains, extending along the forty-second parallel to the Pacific, thence north up the coast indefinitely, thence east to the crest of the Rocky Mountains, thence south on the crest to the place of beginning. Spain, Rus- sia. Great Britain, and the Ihiited States had conflicting claims to this region or parts of it. In 1513 the Spanish exjjlorer Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama from north to south and discovered the Southern Ocean, (.r, as he named it from its peaceful appear- ance, the Pacific Ocean, Pope Alexander \'I. liad. ill 1403, issued a hull in which he gave S|)ain all lands and waters she should thereafter discover west of (about) the HISTORY OF THE GREAT ^•ORTH^YEST. fiftieth meridian of west longitude. By virtue of Balboa's discovery, therefore, Spain asserted her sovereignty over the western shore of America bordering on the Pacific, together with all territory drained by the rivers which flowed into the Pacific, or their tributaries. "Good old times, those were." says Barrows, '"when kings thrust their hands into the New World, as children do theii's into a grab-bag at a fair, and drew out a river four thousand miles long, or an ocean, or a tract of wild land ten or fifteen times the size of England!" In 1789 the Spanish authorities captured some English vessels that were attempting to form settle- ments on Vancouver Island. Spain was in- formed by the English ministry that she could "not accede to the pretensions of abso- lute sovereignty, commerce, and naviga- tion" that were claimed. As the protest of England was backed by a powerful navy, Sjjain yielded, and in 1894; quietly withdrew from Nootka Sound (Vancouver Island) without formally relinquishing her claim. When, as has been related above, Spain ceded Louisiana to France, the cession in- cluded all her territory north of the forty- second parallel, — that is to say the Oregon country. The Hudson Bay company having found a region in the far northwest that invited the efforts of capitalists and navigators, James Cook was commissioned by the British government in 1776 to explore the northwest coast, to look for the outlets of rivers, and to take possession, in the name of Great Britain, of any territory not al- ready claimed by any European powers. Cook was soon after murdered by the na- tives on the Sandwich Islands, but the ex- plorations of the agents of the Hudson Bay company formed a weak thread on which Great Britain hung her claim to Oregon. In 179:; Captain Kobert Gray of Rhode Island discovered the mouth of the Colum- bia, and explored the river to a considerable distance from its mouth, fifteen miles. In 1805-6 Captains Lewis and Clarke explored the Oregon country under the authority of the United States. In 1811 Astoria, at the mouth of the Columbia, was settled by American citizens, and in 18-16 all that part of Oregon south of the forty-ninth parallel was relinquished by Great Britain to the I'nited States by treaty. TERRITORIAL CHANGES. 1. By an act of congress approved March 2Q. 1804, the newly ac(iuired domain of Louisiana was formed into two districts. The fii-st, designated as the ''Territory of New Orleans," comprised '"all that portion of country ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies south of the Mississippi territory, and of an east and west line to commence on the .Mississippi river, at the thirty-third degree of north latitude, and to extend west to the western boundary of the said cession." •The residue of the province of Louisiana," was called the "District of Louisiana." The executive power of the governor of Indiana Territory was extended over the new dis- trict, and to the governor and judges of Indiana Territory was committed the au- thority "to make all laws which they may deem conducive to the good government of the inhabitants" of said district. Freedom of religion and trial by jury were established by the same act. In 1805 the name was changed to "the Territory of Louisiana," and a territorial government was organized consisting of a governor and a legislative bodj' consisting of "the governor and three- judges or a majority of them." At this time Wisconsin and the part of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi were part of Indiana Territory. 2. Under an act of congress passed in 1809 the present Wisconsin and eastern Min- nesota became part of the newly formed Illinois Territory. 3. Michigan Territory was formed soon after, and in 1821 we find that it includes the present states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota. -t. Wisconsin Territory was established in 1836. It embraced the present states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and that part of North and South Dakota lying east or the White Earth and northeast of the Mis- souri river — about half of these two states.- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 5. Iowa Territory was organized in 1838 out of the western part of Wisconsin Terri- tory-, It comprised the present state of Iowa and those portions of Minnesota and the Dalcotas that lie between the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers. G. Minnesota Territory came into exist- ence in 1849. Its limits comprehended all of the present state of that name and the Uakotas to the Missouri and White Earth. Iowa was reduced to its present limits. 7. Nebraska Territory was created in 1854. It included all the present Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming and the Dakotas lying between the Missouri river and the Rocky Mountains. 8. In 1860 we find Minnesota with its boundaries as they now exist, it having been organized as a state in 1858. The eastern Dakotas retained the name of ^lin- nesota Territory. 9. Dakota Territory appears in ISfil. It was made up of North and South Dakota as they now are, with ilontana east of the Rockies, and the north half of Wyoming. ■\^'ashington Territory at that time em- braced the present states of Washington and Idaho. 10. Idaho Territory was organized in 186.3, embracing the region now known as Montana. Idaho, and Washington. 11. Montana Territory was formed in 1864, with the same limits as the present state. 12. Wyoming Territory was created in 1868, and was given the boundaries of the state of Wyoming. The ten states of the Great Northwest were admitted into the Union on the fol- lowing dates: Iowa. Dec. 28, 1840: Wiscon- sin, May 29. 1848; :Minnesota. May 11. 1858; Oregon, Feb. 14, 18.59; North Dakota, Nov. 2, 1889; South Dakota, Nov. 2. 1889; Montana, Nov. 8, 1889; Washington. Nov. 11. 1889; Idaho. .Tilly .3. 1890: Wyoming, July 10. 1890. PHASES OF FRONTIER LIFE. To give an exhaustiAe history of the dif- ferent phases of early life in every section of the region under considei-ation would not only transcend the limits which properly be- long to this general sketch of the history of the great Northwest; it would prove un- profitable, wearisome, and unsatisfactory to the reader. The states comjwsing the great Northwest, while they have many commer- cial interests in common, do not form either a political or a geographical unit. Their development has been along different lines, and a series of historical facts closely relat- ed to one or more of them may have no ap- plication to the others. The histories of the individual states found in this volume give details which cannot with propriety be included in this general view. In this por- tion of the history representative phases of life will be portrayed and will be illustrated by events which — while they are more or less local — are typical, to a greater or less degree, of the entire region. THE FUR TRADE. ••In 1783 seA-eral of the principal mer- chants entered into a partnership to prose- cute the fur trade, and in 1787 united wilh a rival company, and thus arose the famous North-West company, which for many years held lordly sway over the immense region in Canada and beyond the great western lakes. Several years later a new associa- tion of British merchants formed the Macki- naw company, having their chief factory or depot at Mackinaw; and their field of opera- tions was south of their great rivals, — sending forth their light perogues and bark canoes by Green Bay and the Fox and Wis- consin rivers to the Mississippi, and thence down that stream to all its tributaries. In 1809 John Jacob Astor organized the Ameri- can Fur company — he alone constituting the company; and in 1811. in connection with certain partners in the North-West company and others, he bought out the Mackinaw comi)any and merged that and iiis American Fur company into a new as- sociation called the South-West company. By this arrangement Mr. Astor became pro- prietor of one-half of all the interests which the Mackinaw company had in the Indian country within the Tnited States; and it was understood that the whole, at the ex- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. pii'iitioii of five vears, was to pass into bis hands, on condition that his company should not trade within the British dominions." After the War of 181:2, congress prohibited British fur traders from prosecuting tlieir enterprises within the United States. Prairie du Chieu was, in 1815, a rendez- vous for the fur traders of the upper Mis- sissippi. The idea then prevailed in the ITuited States that the Indians would be sat- isfied with the most inferior goods in ex- change for their furs and peltries. This was an error, and one that brought upon American traders as well as the govern- ment the ill-will of the Indians. The blank- ets furnished by the British traders were of superior quality, as were also the calicoes and cloths, while those furnished by the Americans were inferior. The American tobacco furnished to the Indians, however, was better than that procured from the British. The Sac and Fox Indians brought from Galena — in addition to their furs — bars of lead, moulded in the earth and weighing from thirty to forty pounds each. It was not an uncommon thing to see a Fox Indian arrive at Prairie du Chien with a hand sled loaded with twenty or thirty wild turkeys for sale. About this time, through the influence of John Jacob Astor, the secretary of war designated certain points throughout the Indian country as trading points, and li- censes to trade were confined to these points. This was done to favor Astor's company, "for if a license was granted to some adventurous trader not connected with that company, he was permitted to trade only at some designated point already occupied by that opulent and formidable corporation; and the cansequence was that the company would drive away the opposi- tion trader by selling goods at half their real value." After the departure of the trader, who was unable to compete with them, the old prices were restored, and the company soon made up the loss incurred in the pro- cess of stamping out competition. It is evident that monopolies and trusts were not invented at the close of the nineteenth cen- tury. But the companj' sometimes met its match in a trader too shrewd to be driven out of business. An agent of the American Fur company at one time reported to a I'nited States military officer that a fur trader by the name of William Farnsworth was violating the law by selling whiskj' to the Indians. The commandant sent an of- ficer with a file of men to destroy Farns- worth's whisky and drive him out of the country. Upon arriving at the place, the officer informed Farnsworth of the object of his visit; the latter expressed his astonish- ment that any one should have made such complaint against him. He invited the of- ficer to search thoroughly and see if he could find any whisky. He freely confessed that he kept a little good brandy for himself and his friends, but he declared he never sold any, and invited the officer to take a little of his choice liquor. He took some. Farns- worth then asked if be might offer some to the soldiers, which request was granted, and the soldiers were lielped to a bountiful sup- ply. The officer stood bravely by the bran- dy bottle and sent his men to search foi the whisky. They peered about in the vicinity of the cabin, and after refreshing them- selves once more with the brandy, reported that they could find no whisky, and that they believed it was pure malice that prompted fhe fur company to cliarge Farnsworth with selling whisky to the Indians. The re- port was satisfactory to the officer. Farns- worth entertained the party with supper, lodging, breakfast, and an abundance of brandy, and they parted good friends — the generous trader not forgetting to supply his departing guests with several bottles of the delightful beverage that had added such pleasure to their visit. During this search Farnsworth had four or five barrels of whis- ky buried close by his house. The fur company now tried another plan. A large party of Indians was em- ployed to go to his house and seize his goods and whisky if he declined to give them up. In the winter of 1820-21 they made their appearance and frankly told their business, adding that they were brave men deter- mined to accomplish their purpose. Farns- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. woi-th replied that he too was brave and would put their boasted courage to the test. He theu produced a keg with the head out and nearly full of gunpowder. Carefully inserting the lower end of a lighted candle in the powder so that the light came within six inches of the explosive material, he cool- ly lit his pipe and sat down beside the In- dians, saying he would soon see who the brave men were. The Indians soon rushed from the house in terror, when Farnsworth cautiously removed the candle, fearing lest a spark would drop. After this exhibition of bravery the Indians became very friendly with Farnsworth and the fur company did not undertalce to molest him again. Xo exact statistics are obtainable to show the magnitude of the fur trade of the Northwest, ^'ast numbers of buffalo, wolf, fox, beaver and other fur-bearing animals roamed over the prairies or were found in the woods and streams of the vast region lying between the Great Lakes and the Bocky ^Mountains. Some concei)tion of the extent of the trade in furs and peltries com- ing from the Northwest may be formed from the following statement, which shows the weight or number of such articles exported from Philadelphia alone in the year 1824: Deer skins, 250,(1(10 ])ounds; beaver fur, 25,- 000 pounds; 17,00(1 buffalo robes; 8,000 bear skins; 4,500 otter skins; 25,000 raccoon skins; 81,000 muskrat skins; 1,000 mink skins; 1,500 fox and wolf skins; 400 fisher and marten skinsT At the same time, British traders were taking annually from our northern frontier 120,000 beaver; 30.000 marten; 20,000 muskrat; 5.000 fox; 4,000 otter; 2,000 bear; 2,000 mink; 5.000 buffalo; 0,000 lynx; 4.000 wolf; 1.000 elk; and 12,000 deer skins. To have a clear idea of the fur trade, it is necessary to know something of the man- ner in which it was carried on. The great depot which formed the center of the fur trade in the Northwest was Mackinac Island — or Michilimackinac (The Great Turtle) as it was called by the Indians. This island is in the strait tliat connects Lake Michigan with Lake Huron. The goods destined for the supply of the northwestern Indians left New York in May, and reached Mackinac in June. Here those who procured the goods met those en- gaged in selling them to the Indians. A thousand different persons from every part of the Indian country assembled here. The most remote outfits, or stocks of goods bought by the retailers, were destined for Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba), Big Stone Lake (Head of Minnesota or St. I'eter's River), Leech Lake (northern Minnesota), and for intermediate points. The entire country between the longitude of Lake Michigan and that of the Red River of the North and from the latitude of the mouth of the Illinois river to the Canadian border drew its sup- plies from that point. Through all this im- mense region, trading establishments were scattered. The traders going to the most rt-mote points left Mackinac in July and the others in August. The goods were trans- ported upon the lakes and rivers in batteaux and canoes, and reached their destination in October. The Indians now leave their vil- lages and scatter throughout the coifhtry in hunting camps. An industrious hunter would, under favorable conditions, collect a pack of peltries worth, at the trading post, from eighty to one hundred dollars, for which he was paid in blankets, provisions, tobacco, guns, ammunition, gaudily-colored calico and other cloth, etc. The furs and pelts being collected at the trading posts were taken to the central depot at Mackinac in the same manner as the goods were car- ried in the opposite direction, and were there disposed of to the large traders. In addition to the business done by American fur companies and traders, the Hudson's Bay company, a British corpora- tion, carried on an immense trade in the great Northwest. "A few years since, in the solitudes of the West, two European tourists were struck by the frequency with which they encountered a certain mystic legend. Eager to solve its meaning, they addressed a half-breed lounger at a small station on the Canadian Pacific Railway. 'Tell us, my friend,' they said, 'what those three letters yonder signify. Wherever we travel in this country we encounter "H. B. aiSTORY OF THE GREAT NORTinVKST. C." We have seen the legend sewn on the garments of Indians; it has been painted on canoes; it is inscribed on bales and boxes. AVhat does "H. B. C." mean?' 'That's the company,' returned the native grimly, 'Here Before Christ.' " The Hudson's Bay company was char- tered by Charles II. in the year 1670, and it is still in existence. The king granted to his cousin. Prince Rupert, and to seventeen nobles and gentlemen, the exclusive right to establish settlements and carry on trade in the vast region called Rupert's Land, which comprised all the territory whose waters flowed into Hudson's Bay. It was a coun- try as large as all of Europe. They were authorized to maintain ships of war and forts, and to carry on war with any prince or people not Christian. The company was also made absolute proprietor of all lands and all mines which had not already been granted to others. The posts of this power- ful company were established not only in the region now known as Canada or British America, — they extended into the Red river country in Minnesota and North Dakota, as well as into the Oregon country, where they formed the basis of the British claim to sovereignty in the first half of the nine- teenth century. It will be instructive here to glance at the methods employed by the Hudson's Bay company and other companies and small traders in dealing with the native hunters and trappers. Each factory or trading post was surrounded by a stockade, within which were warehouses for storing furs and the goods bartered for them. Traders and their assistants were heavily armed. The Indians brought their goods (skins of deer, bison, beaver, marten, fox, etc., and feathers of birds) to the post, and delivered them through a small aperture in the side of the storehouse, as a. tourist hands his money through a window at a railway station. The price (in goods) given for furs was in the discretion of the trader, and was influenced by policy and by the rivalry of French and American traders. When the Indian pre- sented himself at the trader's window, he was by no means sure what his furs would bring. He often journeyed two months in the depth of winter to bring to the post a small bundle of peltries, for which he re- ceived, perhaps, a string of beads, a blanket, a hatchet, a little tobacco and a pound or two of powder. If he demurred to the small price ottered, his furs were passed back to him through the aperture. This was mere- ly a form. In theory the Indian was free to dispose of his goods where he could obtain the best price for them; practically he must sell them to the company or starve. The gross profit to the company on the goods used in Indian barter was often 300 per cent, or more. At first the Indians were content with beads and toys, but it became the policy of the company to render them more efficient as hunters by supplying them with the implements of the chase. Six or seven beaver skins would buy a blanket, three a shirt, fifteen a gun. The Northwest was frequented in these early days by individual French traders known as coureurs des bois (forest rovers) whose activitj' in trade tended to injure the company's business. A tribe would be gath- ered at a post to sell their furs, when a re- port would spread like wild-flre among them that the French coureurs were giving a pound of powder for a beaver, instead of de- manding three beavers as the company did. In an instant there was a stampede, and a rush was made for the rival trader, who was perhaps fifty miles distant. To these Indians fifty miles for a single pound of powder was nothing. The Hudson's Bay company had its posts on the head waters of the Mississippi, the Red River of the North and the Missouri river, — in other words they occupied the country now comprising western Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana. Not only this, — their trade extended over the whole of ^^'ashington, Oregon, and California to the Sacramento river. American enterprise oc- cupied this region with permanent settle- ments, and Amei'ican diplomacy secured our title to it in the treaties of 17S3, 1818, and 1846. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. THK MISSIONARY. As early as tlie year 1011 tlie French Fathers of the Society of Jesus — Jesuit priests — ben;an tlieir missionary work in New France wliicli soon after extended, in F'rench geograpliy, up tlie St. Lawrence and the Great Lakes, down the ilississippi and indefinitely westward. One of the fathers, writino- of the missionary work in the year 1608, says: "The fathers of our society have here expended their labors and their blood, in their efforts for the conversion of ihe savages. Father Menard has penetrat- ed into the interior 500 leagues (about 1,500 miles), carrying the name of Jesus Christ to places where it had never before been adored." We are told by their biographer (delations Jesuites, Quebec, 1858, Notice Eiographique) that "they found ten years sufficient time for the evangelization of the idolatrous people who inhabited the im- mense forests which extended from the gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake Superior and from the New England border to Hudson's bay." From the same source we learn that the In- dians "were impressed with the gentleness and the disinterested spirit as well as with the zeal of these black-robed ])riests, who had come such a distance to teach them the value of their souls, and to show them the road to a happier life, with no other motive than that of a superhuman love." In 184!) and 185L Father P. J. De Smet made missionary tours to the P>ad Lands, the country of the Yellowstone and upper Missouri, the Rocky Mountains, and the re- gion since formed into the Yellowstone Na- tional Park. Father De Smet, in a letter written in 1852 says of the Indians in the great Northwest: "AVith a few exceptions, all the half-breeds are baptized, and received as children of the church. During twenty years they have petitioned to have Catholic priests and have manifested their good-will to meet the wants of Uieir missionaries, and to maintain them. If ("atholic missionaries are not soon sent there, it is to be feared that persons hostile to the true faith may take possession of the ground. On the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, I had the happiness of offering the Holv Sacrifice, in presence of all the gentlemen assisting at I lie council, of all the half-bloods and whites and of a great concourse of Indians. After my instruction, twenty-eight children and five adults were regenerated in the holy wa- ters of baptism, with all the ceremonies pre- scribed by the church. * * » During an instruction in the camp of the Ogallallahs, a Sioux tribe, in which I explained to them the ten commandments, when I arrived at the sixtli and seventh, a general whispering and embarrassed laugh took place among my barbarous auditory. I inquired the reason of Ihis conduct, and explained that the law I came to announce was not mine but God's, and that it was obligatory upon all the chil- dren of men; that the word of God required all their attention and respect; that those who observe his commandments will have eternal life, while the prevaricators of his holy law shall receive hell and its torments as their lot. The great chief at once rose and replied: 'Father, we hear thee; we knew not the words of the Great Spirit, and we acknowledge our ignorance. AVe ar« great liars and thieves; we have killed; we have done all the evil that the Great Spirit for- bids us to do; but we did not know those beautiful words; in future we will try to live better, if tlion wilt but stay with us and teach us.' * * * The next day 239 of tlieii' children were regenerated in the holy waters of ba])tisin. Of the Arrapahoes, I baj)tized 305 little ones; of the Cheyennes, 253; of the Sioux, 280; in the camp of the Painted Bear, 50; in the forts on the Mis- sfoiri, 3!t2; total number of baptisms this season, 1,580.'' In 1852, James Lloyd Breck, who was then engaged in the Indian mission work of the Protestant Episcopal church, received a call from the Indians dwelling in the north- ern forests of Minnesota to go and teach them. Obeying this call, he went^ to Gull Lake, in north central Minnesota, and estab- lished there a mission station. The Indians among whom he settled were the same peo- jile, substantially, with those who greeted the first settleis in \'irginia and with those who signed the treaty with William Penu. Breck erected mission buildings, and a HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. church, where he had dailv service, procured female helpers, and established schools. He also taught them to labor. Rising dailv at 4 a. m., he went to the fields with the Indi- ans, teaching them to plant, sow. hoe, and raise all kinds of vegetables. The Indians tell how "once, when there had been a long- continued drought, and the gardens were just on the point of being ruined, and the skv was still brazen and cloudless as it had been for weeks, that he rang his little bell for pravers. and summoned them all to pray for rain; and though there was not a cloud in the sky when he began, the dropping rain began to fall as they came out of the church, and there was a great rain." They also tell how children who were apparently dying or dead, revived when he knelt and prayed for them and baptized them. Some years later, he left his prosperous mission at Gull Lake, and established an- other at Leech Lake — still deeper in the wil- derness. Here, whisky flowed like water among the Indians, supplied by the traders of mixed blood, who were incensed against the missionaries because the latter, knowing the extortionate rates charged by these traders for their goods, let the Indians have large quantities of mission goods at reason- able prices, in exchange for fish, maple sug- ar, etc. The hostility of the traders being thus excited, they instigated the Indians to acts of hostility which compelled the mis- sionaries to leave. One cause of the failure of this mission — and perhaps of others — was that the missionaries gave the Indians too much and thus encouraged habits of in- dolence and a feeling of dependence, when a spirit of independence and self-help is essen- tial to their becoming well-disposed and use- ful citizens. After the withdrawal of the missionaries the Indians became the prey of frontier liquor dealers and were exposed to contact with all the vices that accompany the white man on the first wave of civiliza- tion. After leaving Leech Lake, Breck estab- lished a school at Faribault, and here he, in conjunction with Bishop Whipple, educated a number of Chippewa and Sioux boys who became missionaries and were thus the foundation of the missions to the Sioux and Chippewa nations. In 1870 or thereabouts, the Chippewas moved to the White Earth reservation, where, removed from the cor- rupting influences of vicious whites, and guided by the missionaries, they have gone on from better to better, until they have be- come one of the most peaceful, well-behaved and prosperous communities in the country. The full-blooded Indians are nearly all mem- bers of the church. "No more striking tes- timony," says J. A. Gilfillan, "to the power (if the gospel of Christ to raise the most hopeless can be found than that com- munity. They who were once such slaves to drink, now never touch it; as a community they never drink; and those who knew them when they were drunken, starving savages, <-an scarcely believe when they hear that Ihey are Christian men and women and re- spectable farmers." No more thrilling story is to be found in the annals of history than that of early mis- sions in the great Oregon country. The briefest sketch is all that can be attempted here. In 18-32, four Flathead Indians ap- peared in the streets of St. Louis, wearing the dress and equipment belonging to their iribe. General Clarke, who understood their language, learned that they were all chiefs, that they had spent about six months on iheir journey from Oregon, and that they had come in search of ''The White Man's Book of Life" and to ask that teachers be sent to their tribe. Why no steps were tak- en to comply with their request does not sat- isfactorily appear. Perhaps it was that an English Bible would have been useless to Them without an interpreter. Gen. Clarke treated them hospitably — so hospitably that two of them died in St. Louis, probably from over-eating rich food. Having remained in St. Louis all winter they started on their re- turn in the spring, but without the book for the possession of which they had undertak- en their long journey. One of the two died on the return trip, and only one of the four lived to reach home to tell that he had been unable to obtain the precious book that was the one object of his journey. Before the two survivors set out on their HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. return trip, Gen. Clarke gave them a ban- quet, at which one of them addressed the guests. No white post-prandial orator ever made a speech more brimming over with elo- quence. Like Lincoln's (lettysburg speech, it cannot be abridged without fatally mar- ring it. The chief said : "I come to jou over the trail of many moons from the setting sun. You were the friends of my fathers, who have all gone the long way. I came with an eye partly open for my people, who sit in darkness. I go back with both eyes closed. How can I go back blind to my blind people? I made my way to you with strong arms through many enemies and strange lands that I might carry back much to them. I go back with both arms broken and empty. Two fathers came with us who were the braves of many winters and wars. We leave them asleep here by your great water and wigwams. They were tired in many moons and their moccasins wore out. My people sent me to get the 'White Man's Book of Heaven." You took me to where you al- low your women to dance as we do not ours" (the theatre) "and the Book was not there. You took me to where they worship the (ireat Spirit with candles, and the Book was not there. You showed me images of the good spirits and pictures of the good land beyond, but the Book was not among them to tell us the way. I am going back the long and sad trail to my 'people in the dark land. You make my feet heavy with gifts and my moccasins will grow old in carry- ing them, yet the Book is not among ihem. When I tell my poor blind people after one more snow, in the big council, that I did not bring the Book, no word will be spoken by our old men or by our young braves. One by one they will rise up and go out in silence. My people will die in dark- ness, and they will go a long path to other hunting grounds. No white man will go with them, and no White Man's Book to make the way plain. I have no more words." The speech was published — the church i-esponded. The ilethodists sent mission- aries in 1S34, and in 1835, the American Mis- sionary Board sent Dr. Marcus Whitman with a companion to explore the Oregon field. The story of Christian missions can- not be told by statistics. Wherever the missionary went — either Catholic or Prot- estant — the children were educated and the adults were instructed in sobriety, honesty iind good citizenship. In the Oregon coun- try, as everywhere else, the good influences disseminated by the missionary were large- ly neutralized by the vices introduced by v.hite traders. In Oregon, the great ob- stacle to progress in early days was a great foreign corporation which claimed exclusive right to trade with the Indians. The debt of gratitude this nation owes to early Chris- tian missionaries has never been fully ap- preciated. This brief and inadequate account of missions in the great Northwest cannot be r-losed without an allusion to Dr. William- son, Eev. A. L. Riggs, Rev. Samuel W. Pond and Rev. (lideon H. Pond, who were pio- neers in this work among the Dakota Indi- ans. For the fascinating narratives of their work, the reader is referred to "Mary and I," "Gospel Among the Dakotas," and "Two Volunteer IMissionaries Among the Dako- las." The work of Christian missions is not yet finished. The labors of the frontier mis- sionary — both Catholic and Protestant — are still being prosecuted in the chapels and schoolhouses as well as in the homes of frontier settlements in ^linnesota, the Dako- tas and Montana. APMINISTIiATION OF JUSTICE. In those parts of the great Northwest which are adapted to agriculture, the char- acter of the first settlers was such that it was comparatively easy to secure the ends of justice by ordinary means, through the courts established by the state or territorial government. In an agricultural community, the pioneer settler labors hard, undergoes many privations, and belongs, usually, to a steady, industrious class, whose habits are simple, and who seldom nwds assistance from courts of justice because his rights are seldom assailed. In fact, the differences that arise among i)eople of this class are often settled by friendly arbitration, or, if the affair is too serious to be settled in this HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. way, an appeal to a lawfully constituted court enables the litigants to reach a deci- sion which, however unsatisfactory it may be to the losing party, is generally acqui- esced in by all concerned as coming from an authority which all citizens have helped to establish and all have an interest in main- taining. In a mining country, the case is far different. The lust for gold attracts thither the discontented and restless spirits who are not satisfied with the slow methods and the humdrum existence of life on the farm or in the town. They hope to make their fortune in a day by striking rich dirt or by robbing those who work the mines in a legitimate manner. In the following ac- count of frontier methods of administering justice, numerous extracts are taken from "The Vigilantes of Montana," by Thos. J. Dimsdale. "Together with so much that is evil, no- where is there so much that is sternly op- posed to dishonesty and violence as in the mountains. Middling people do not live in these regions. There is no man more fit to serve his country in any capacity requiring courage, integrity, and self-reliance, than an 'honest miner' who has been tried and found true by a jury of mountaineers." A "power- ful incentive to wrong-doing" in the early mining camps was "the absolute nullity of the civil law." "No matter what may be the proof, if the criminal is well liked in the community, 'Not Guilty' is almost certain to be the verdict of the jury, despite the efforts of judge and prosecutor. If the offender is a monied man as well as a popular citizen, the trial is only a farce, grave and pro- longed, but capable of only one termination — a verdict of acquittal. * * * T'nder these circumstances, it becomes an absolute necessity that good, law-loving, and order- sustaining men should unite for mutual pro- tection. Being united, they must act in har- mony, repress disorder, punish crime, and prevent outrage, or their organization would be a failure from the start, and soci- ety would collapse in the throes of anarchy. None but extreme penalties inflicted with promptitude are of any avail to quell the spirit of the desperadoes with whom they have to contend; the gangs of murderers, desperadoes, and robbers who infest mining countries, and who, though faithful to no other bond, yet willingly league against the law. They must be secret in council and membership, or they will remain nearly use- less in a country where equal facilities for the transmission of intelligence are at the command of the criminal and the judiciary. An organization on this footing is a vigi- lance committee. "Such was the state of affairs when five men in Virginia and four in Bannack, Mon- tana, initiated the movement which resulted in the formation of a tribunal supported by an omnipresent executive comjirising within itself nearly every good man in the territory, and pledged to render impartial justice to friend and foe without regard to clime, creed, race, or politics. In a few short weeks the face of society was changed as if by magic. * * * The administration of the lex taliouis by self-constituted authority is undoubtedly, in civilized and settled commu- nities, an outrage on mankind. But the sight of the mangled corpses of beloved friends and valued citizens, the whistle of the des- perado's bullet, and the plunder of the fruits of the patient toil of years alter the basis of reasoning, and reverse the conclusion. In the case of the vigilantes of Montana, it must also be remembered that the sherifi himself was the leader of the road agents, and his deputies were prominent mem- bers of the gang." Boone Helm, a desperado who operated in Montana in "the sixties" was "one of those hideous monsters whom neither pre- cept nor example could have saved from a life of crime." The sketch here given of his cai'eer is condensed from a very valuable and intensely interesting work by Hon. N. P. Langford, entitled "Vigilante Days and Ways." Mr. Langford was at one time ter- ritorial governor of Montana. A man known as "Dutch Fred" enjoyed a local reputation in Florence as a gambler and a pugilist. He was. strange to say, also an honest, straight- forward miner. "He was neither a rowdy nor desjierado, and in ordinary deal, honest and generous; but he gambled, drank, and HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. when roused, was a perfect Hereules in a fight. Entering a saloon where Fred was seated at a faro table, Boone Helm, with many oaths, epithets, and flourishes of his revolver, challenged Fred to an immediate deadl}' combat. Fred sprung up, drew his knife, and was advancing to close with the drunken braggart, when the bj-standers in- terfered, and deprived both of their weap- ons, which they entrusted to the keeping of the saloon-keeper, and Fred returned (juiet- ly to his game. "Helm apologized, expressed regret foi- his conduct, and left the saloon. A few hours afterward he returned. Fred was still there. Stepping up to the saloon-keep- er. Helm asked him for his revolver, ])romis- ing that he would immediately depart and make no disturbance. Xo sooner was it re- turned to him than he turned toward Fred, and uttering a diabolical oath, tired at him while seated at the table. The ball missed, and before the second fire, Fred, unarmed, with his arms folded across his breast, stood before his antagonist, who, with deadlier aim, pierced his heart. He fell dead upon the spot. Helm cocked his pistol, and, look- ing towards the stupefied crowd, exclaimed: " "Maybe some more of you w'ant some of this!' "As no one deigned a reply, he walked coolly away. "If Helm was arrested for this murder, he escaped, for the next we bear of him he was captured on Frazer river in the fall of 1862, as will appear from the following ex- tract from a British Columbia paper: " 'The man Boone Helm, to whom we re- ferred some weeks since, has at last been taken. He was brought into this city last night strongly ironed. The first clue of the detectives was the report that two men had been seen trudging up the Frazer river on foot, with their blankets and a scanty sup- ply of provisions on their backs. The de- scription of one corresponded with the de- scription given by the American officers of Boone Helm. \Mien overtaken, he was so exhausted by fatigue and hunger that it would have been impossible for him to con- tinue many hours longer. He made no re- sistance to the arrest — in fact he was too weak to do so — ^and acknowledged without equivocation or attemi)t at evasion that he was Boone Helm. I'pon being asked what had become of his comj)anion, he replied with the utmost sang froid: ^A'lly, do you sn])pose I am a fool enough to starve to death when I can help il ? I ate him up, of course." " 'The man who accompanied him has not been seen or heard of since, and from what we have been told of this case-hard- ened villain's antecedents, we are inclined to believe he told the truth. It is said this is not the first time he has been guilty of cannibalism.' " Ten years later, a scholarly recluse who had built himself a cabin and surrounded it with a stockade in the valley of the Rogue river, shouldered his rifle one day and strolled into the forest in quest of a deer. He says: "A rustle in the underbrush at- tracted my attention. Supposing it to be caused by some animal, I peered out cau- tiously from the shadow of a pine, aftd saw to my surprise a man half concealed in the thicket, watching me. It was the work of an instant to bring uiy rifle to an aim. " 'Who are you?' I demanded, knowing if he were a white man he would answer. "He replied in unmistakable English 'I am a white man in distress.' "Dropping my rifle from my shoulder, I hastened to him and found a shrunken, ema- ciated form, half naked and nearly fam- ished. A more pitiable object I never be- held. " 'My name,' said he, 'is Boone Helm. I am the only survivor of a company which, together with the crew and vessel, were lost on the coast ten days ago. We were bound for Portland from San Francisco, and were driven ashore in a storm. I escaped by a miracle, and have wandered in the moun- tains ever since, feeding on berries and sleeping under the shelter of rocks and bushes. I came in this direction, hoping to find the California trail and fall in with a pack train.' My sympathies were enlisted and I conducted him (o my home, sharing bed and board with him for a month or HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. more, long enough to make the prospect of separation painful, though I felt that I would be better off without than with him. When he left, I gave him a good buckskin suit, a cap, a pair of moccasins, and a gun. JJe wrung my hand at parting, expressing the warmest gratitude. "A year passed, during which I labored diligently at my books. One day I was startled by the distant clatter of a rapidly approaching horse. Seizing my rifle, I sprang to an opening to reconnoitre for In- dians. Judge of my astonishment to behold a woman, well mounted, urging her steed rapidly toward my stockade. Assisting her to alight, I sought to discover the import of her wild errand. She told me that while staying at a hotel she had heard three men enter the adjoining room and engage in ear- nest conversation. She continued: 'I could hear distinctly every word they uttered — Ihey were planning a murder and robbery. One of them, whom they addressed as Boone Helm, seemed to be their leader. He de- scribed the home and surroundings of the intended victim, said he had been there and shared his hospitality for several weeks; spoke of the road leading there; the trail from the road to the house; the location of the herd of cattle; and the ready sale that could be found for them. "\Ye cannot," said he, "make more money in a shorter time, with greater ease, and less liability to de- tection, than to go there, kill the nmn and take his property." They finally agreed that at a certain time the three should go in com- pany and execute their murderous design. I immediately determined to foil them in their bloody purpose or lose my life in the attempt. Be on your guard. Make every preparation to defend j-ourself,- for the men will be here to take your life. And now,' she concluded, 'bring my horse and I will return.' I could not prevail on her to re- main longer. Springing to her saddle, she waved me a farewell, and in a few moments had disappeared. "The next day I made every needful preparation for defence and calmly awaited the arrival of the ruffians. In the afternoon of the dav mentioned by my informant, I saw them approaching, with Helm half a mile or more in advance of the other two. I stood in the gate of my stockade with my revolver in my belt, and as he approached nie greeted him kindly, bade him enter, and closed and bolted the door behind him. I saw at once by his churlish manner that he was bent on mischief. Hardly waiting for an exchange of common civilities, he said: " 'Lend me your pistols. I am going on a perilous expedition.' " 'I cannot spare them,' I replied. '■ 'But you must spare them. I want them.' " 'I tell you I cannot let you have them.' "Flying into a passion, he, with bitter oaths rejoined: " 'I'll make you give 'em to me or I'll kill you,' at the same time grasping his re- volver. "Before he could pull it from its scab- bard, I had mine leveled with deadly aim at his head, and my finger on the trigger. " 'Make a single motion,' said I, emphat- ically, 'and I will shoot you.' "He quailed, for he saw I had the ad- vantage of him. His comrades now ap- proached the gate from without. " 'Break down the door,' he shouted, and ordered them to kill me. " 'If they attempt such a movement,' said I, 'I will kill you instantly.' ''He knew me to be desperately in ear- nest, and, taking the hint, told them to go away. They obeyed. " "Xow, sir,' I persisted, still holding him under fire, 'unbuckle and drop j'our belt, pis- tol and knife, and walk away so that I can get them.' "He begged, but I was inexorable. He tried to throw me off my guard by refer- ring pleasantly to our former acquaintance, and assuring me he was only jesting, and would not harm me for the world. I told him I had been warned of his coming and its object, and detailed the conversation he had ■\\ ith his companions at the time they agreed upon the expedition. He stoutly denied it, and demanded the source of my informa- tion. Knowing that he was ignorantly su- perstitious, I gave him to understand that it HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. was entirely providential. He believed it. I made liim sit down and kept him in range of my revolver all night, conversing with him on such subjects as would win his confi- dence. He told me the story of his life. I have never heard or read a more horrible history than that narrated by this man of blood. "Morning came. Helm's companions were still lingering near the stockade. I ordered them to withdraw to a certain distance, that I might with safety release my pris- oner. I then opened the gate and, with my shot-gun leveled upon him, bade him go, as- suring him that if we ever met again, 1 would shoot him on sight. He marched out and away with his comrades. The next in- telligence I received concerning him was the announcement of his execution by the righteous vigilantes of Montana." The story of Boone Helm has been given at some length (abridged, however, from the account in Mr. Langford's book), in order to give the reader some idea of the desperate, hardened, ungrateful, unrepentant, and treacherous nature of the villains whose presence and whose deeds on the frontier rendered necessary the organization of a vigilance committee. The career of George Ives, epitomized from the same work (Vigi- lante Days and Ways) illustrates the for- malities incident to a vigilante trial. George Ives was regarded as the most formidable robber of the band with which he was connected. It was his custom, when in need of money, to mount his horse, and, pistol in hand, ride into a store or saloon, toss his buckskin purse upon the counter, and request the proprietor or clerk to put one or more ounces of gold dust into it "as a loan." The man thus addressed dared not refuse. Often, while the levy was being weighed, the daring shoplifter would amuse himself by firing his revolver at the lamps and such other articles of furniture as would emit a pleasing sound. A young German by the name of Tiebalt sold a span of mules, and, having received the purchase money, went after the mules, which were at a ranche some distance away. As several days elapsed without his return, the buyers concluded that he had swindled them out of the money and left the country without the mules. Nine days later a hunter sliot a grouse, and, going to the place where it fell, found it on the frozen coi-jise of Tiebalt. The body bore marks of a small lariat about the throat, which had been used to drag him, while still living, to the clump of heavy sage-brush in which the body had been found. The hands were filled with frag- ments of sage-brush, torn off in the agony of that terrible process, and the bullet wound over the left eye showed how the murder had been accomplished. The hunter took 1lie body in his wagon to the nearest town, where the apparent cruelty and fiendishness of the l)loody deed roused the indignation of the people to a fearful pitch. That evening, twenty-five citizens subscribed an obligation of mutual support, and under competent leadership, started at once in pursuit of the murderer. P^rom a desi)erado whom they took into custody, they learned that the per- petrator of the crime was George Ives, and that he was at a wicldup (brushwood hut) near by. The leader promptly repaired to the house and selecting from the seven per- sons present the one he believed to be Ives, asked his name, which was given. Ives and ihroe other desperadoes were immediately placed under arrest and taken to the town of Nevada, near Virginia City. A rancher who was in sympathy with Ives, hastened to Virginia City and secured the legal as- sistance of Messrs. Kitchie and Smith. Before ten o'clock next morning, nearly two thousand people had assembled from the various towns and mining settlements. It was determined that the trial should take place in the presence of the entire assem- blage. To avoid all injustice to people or prisoners, an advisory commission of twelve men was appointed from each of the dis- tricts. 'W. H. Patton, of Nevada, and W. Y. I'emberton, of Virginia City, were selected to take notes of the testimony. Col. Wilbur F. Sanders and Hon. Charles S. Bagg, at- torneys, appeared on behalf of the prosecu- tion, and Messrs. Alexander Davis and J. M. Thurmond for the prisoners. Ives was the first one put on trial. The prisoner, secured HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. by chains, was seated beside his counsel. A day and a half was spent in unprofitable tiuibbling, lonij speeches, captious objec- tions, and personal altercations, when, the patience of the miners being exhausted, they informed the court and peojjle that the trial must close at three o'clock on that — the third — afternoon. The testimony cannot be reproduced. Among other things it was es- tablished that Ives had said in a boastful manner to his associates in crime: "When I told the Dutchman I was going 1o kill him, he asked me for time to pray. I told him to kneel down then. He did so, and I shot him through the head just as he commenced his prayer." Two alibis set up in defense failed of proof because of the infamous character of the witnesses. Many developments of crimes committed jointly by the prisoner and some of his sympathizing friends, were made, which had the effect to drive the latter from the territory before the close of the trial, but for which his conviction might possibly have been avoided. The prisoner was un- moved throughout the trial. Not a shade of fear disturbed the immobility of his fea- tures. Calm and self-possessed, he saw the threads of evidence woven into strands, and those strands twisted into coils as inextri- cable as they were condemnatory, and he looked out upon the stern and frigid faces of the men who were to determine his fate with a gaze more defiant than any he en- countered. There were those near him who were melted to tears at the revelation of his cruelty and bloodthirstiness; there were even those among his friends who betrayed in their blanched lineaments their own hor- ror at his crimes; but he, the central figure, equally indifferent to both, sat in their midst, as inflexible as an image of stone. The scene, by its associations and ob- jects, could not be otherwise than terribly impressive to all who were actors in it; it wanted none of the elements either of epic force or tragic fury, which form the basis of our noblest poems. A whole community, burning under repeated outrages, sit- ting in trial on one of an unknown number of desperate men, whose strength, purposes. even whose persons were wrapped in mys- tery! How many of that surging crowd now gathered around the crime-covered mis- creant, might rush to his rescue the moment his doom should be pronounced, no one could even conjecture. No man felt certain that he knew the sentiments of his neighbor. None certainly knew that the adherents of the criminal were weaker, either in numbers or power, than the men of law and order. It was night, too, before the testimony closed; and in the pale moonlight, and glare of the trial fire, suspicion transformed hon- est men into ruffians, and filled the ranks of the guilty with hundreds of rei-ruits. The jury retired to deliberate upon their verdict. An oppressive feeling, almost amounting to dread, fell upon the now si- lent and anxious assemblage. Every eye was turned upon the prisoner, seemingly the only person unaffected by surrounding cir- cumstances. Moments seemed like hours. "What detains the jury? Why do they not return? Is not the case clear enough?" These questions fell upon the ear in subdued tones, as if their very utterance breathed of fear. In less than half an hour they came in with solemn faces, with their verdict — Guilty! — but one juror dissenting. "Thank God for that! A righteous ver- dict!" and other like expressions broke from the crowd, while on the outer edge of it, amidst mingled curses, execrations, and ho« Is of indignation, and the quick click of guns and revolvers, one of the ruffians ex- claimed: "The murderous, strangling villains dare not hang him, at any rate." Just at this moment a motion was made to the miners "that the report be received and the jury discharged," which, with some little opposition from the prisoner's lawyers, was carried. Some of the crowd now be- came clamorous for an adjournment; but failing in this, the motion was then made "that the assembly adopt as their verdict that of the committee" or jury. The prisoner's counsel sprung to their feet to oppose the motion, but it was carried by such a large majority that the assembly seemed at once to gather fresh life and en- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ••oui'a<:ement for the dischai'oe of the solemn duty which it imposed. There was a mo- nientarv lull in the j)i'Ofeedin<;s when the people found that they had reached the point when the execution of the criminal was all that remained to be done. Thev realized that the crisis of the trial had ar- rired. On the faces of all could be read their unexpressed anxiety concerning the re- sult. What man among them possessed the courage and commanding power equal to the exigencies of the occasion! At this critical moment, the necessity for prompt action, which had so disarranged and defeated the consummation of the trial of two other desperadoes — Stinson and Ly- ons — was met by Colonel Sanders, one of the counsel for the prosecution, who now moved: "That George Ives be forthwith hanged by the neck until he be dead." This motion so paralyzed the ruffians that before they could recover from their as- tonishment at its being offered, it was car- ried with even greater unanimity than either of the previous motions, the people having increased in courage as the work I)rogressed. Some of the friends of Ives now came up, with tears in their eyes, to bid him farewell. One or two of them gave way to immoderate grief. Meantime, Ives, him- self, beginning to realize the near approach of death, begged piteously for a delay until morning, making all those pathetic appeals which on such occasions are hard to resist. "I want to write to my mother and sister," said he; but when it was remembered that he had written, and caused to be sent to his mother soon after he came to the country, an account of his own inurder by Indians, in order to deceive her, no one thought the rea- son for delay a good one. "Ask him," said one of the crowd, as he held the hand of Col. Sanders, and was in the midst of a most touching appeal for de- lay, "ask him how long a time lie gave the Dutchman." He made a will, giving everything to his counsel and his companions in iniquity, to the exclusion of his mother and sisters. Sev- eral letters were written under his dictation by one of his counsel. In the meantime, A. I{. Davis and Robert Hereford prepared a scaffold. The butt of a small pine, forty feet in length, was placed on the inside of a half-enclosed building standing near, under its rear wall, the top projecting over a cross- beam in front. Near the upper end was fastened the fatal cord, and a large dry- goods box abont five feet high was placed beneath for the trap. Every preparation being completed, Ives was informed that the time for his execution had come. He submitted to be led quietly to the drop, but hundreds of voices were raised in opposition. The roofs of all the adjacent buildings were crowded with spec- tators. While some cried, "llang the ruf- fian," others said, "Let's banish him," and olliers shouted, "Don't hang him." Some said "Hang Long John. He's the real mur- derer," and occasionally was heard a threat, "I'll shoot the murdering souls," accompa- nied by curses and epithets. The flash of re- ^■olvers was everywhere seen in the moon- light. The guards stood firm and giim at their posts. The miners cocked their guns, muttered threats against all who interfered, and formed a solid phalanx which it would have been madness to assault. When the culprit appeared ui)on the l)latforni, instant stillness pervaded the as- si-mbly. The usual question, "Have yon anything to say?" was addressed to the pris- oner, who replied in a distinct voice: "I am innocent of this crime. Alex Car- ler killed the Dutchman." This was the only time he accused any one except Long John. He then expressed a wish to see Long- John, and his sym])athizers yelled in appro- liation; but as an attempted rescue was an- ticipated, the request was denied. When all the formalities and last re- (piests were over, the order was given to the guard: "Men, do your duly." The click of a hundred gun-locks was heard as the guards leveled their weapons upon the crowd, and the box flew from un- der the murderer's feet, and he swung "in the night breeze, facing the pale moon, that HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. lighted up the scene of retributive justice." The crowd of rescuers fled in terror at the click of the guns. "He is dead," said the judge, who was standiug near him. "His neck is broken." Henry f^pivey, who voted against the conviction of Ives, was a thoroughly honest and conscientious man. He was not satis- lied that the evidence showed Ives to be guilty of the murder of Tiebalt. and as this was the specific charge against him, he could not in conscience vote for his convic- tion. He said that if Ives had been tried as a road agent, he would have voted "guilty." The execution of Ives terrified the horde of desperadoes. No revelation had yet been made that was sufficient to implicate any of them in the nuinerous murders and robber- ies that had been committed. The people realized that the work of ridding the com- munity of thieves and cutthroats was but just begun. A few of the citizens of Vir- ginia and Nevada, therefore, met for consul- tation on the day succeeding Ives' execution, and within thirty-six hours a league was formed, in which all classes joined, for the punishment of crime and the protection of the people. The vigilance committee ap- pointed bj' the league commenced opera- tions at once. They soon arrested a notori- ous villain by the name of Erastus Yager, who, from the redness of his hair and whis- kers, was familiarly called '"Red." After at first denying any complicity with the robber horde. Red confessed his guilt, and when in- formed that hanging was imminent, gave the names of other members of the gang. '•It's pretty rough," said he, "but I mer- ited this fate years ago. What I want to say is that I know all about this gang. There are men in it who deserve death more than I do; but I should die happy if I could see them hanged or know it would be done. I don't say this to get off; I don't want to get off." "It will be better for you. Red," said the vigilantes, "at this time to give us all the information in your possession, if only for the sake of your kind. Times have been very hard. Men have been shot down in broad daylight, not alone for money, or even hatred, but for mere luck and sport, and this must have a stop put to it." "I agree to it all," replied "Red." "No jioor country was ever cursed with a more bloodthirsty or meaner pack of villains than this, — and I know them all." On being urged by the leaders to furnish their names, which he said should be taken down, "Red" gave the names of twenty-three men who formed the robber band. These men were bound by an oath to be true to one another, and were required to perform services as stool pigeons, spies, fences, horse thieves, telegraph men, and roadsters, ac- cording to circumstances and their qualifi- cations. The penalty of disobedience was death. If any of them, under any circum- stances, divulged any of the secrets or guilty purposes of the band, he was to be followed and shot down at sight. The same doom was prescribed for any outsiders who attempted an exposure of their criminal de- signs, or arrested any of them for the com- mission of crime. "Red" acknowledged that he was a member of the band, but declared that he was not a murderer. He disclosed a long list of atrocities committed by the band. After listening to this disclosure, the party of vigilantes determined that the culprit should be executed immediately. "Red" met his fate with courage. He ex- piessed a wish that he might be kept under arrest and not hanged until he had wit- nessed the execution of those whose names he had divulged, and who, he claimed, were more guilty than he. After the rope had been adjusted about his neck, he turned to' one of the vigilantes and said: "Let me beg of you to follow and punish the rest of this infernal gang." " "Red,' " replied the man, "we'll do it if there's an\ such thing in the book." "(iood-by, boys,' said "Red," "you're on a good undertaking, fxod bless you." The stool on which he stood fell, and the body of the intrepid freebooter swung life- less in the midnight blast. Before the end of the Civil War between twenty and thirty desperadoes had been exe- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. cuted b\ the vijiilancc committee, and others were banished from the territory for vari- ous offenses. In less than three years the vigilance committee had transformed this mountainous mining region from a den of cutthroats into an abode of well-ordered industry, progress, and social order. Politics was not raen- tiontnl in the deliberations of the committee. Men of all ranks, ages, nationalities, creeds, and political atliliations worked together in harmony. A common danger made them one. In a neighboring territory which had no committee, sixty homicides were commit- ted (according to a local paper), without a single conviction. Another paper declared that "cemeteries are full of the corpses of veterans in crime and their victims." That crime was less rampant in the early days of the eastern than those of the west- ern portion of the great Northwest is not due to any conditions of climate or environ- ment which in one case tend to develop men into peaceful citizens and in the other into criminals. The coiuparatively peaceful char- acter of the pioneers of ^linnesota and the Dakotas is to be ascribed in part to the fact that this region was formed by nature for agriculture and that it attracted a class of people who were content to earn their living by the slow process of agriculture. Such people seldom have in their possession large sums of money, and the region in which they live does not, therefore, form as attractive a field for the professional robber as do the gold mining districts. It is possible, in an agricultural section, to administer justice approximately according to the forms pre- scribed by law. A single incident will illustrate the dif- ficulty of holding a court on the upper Mis- sissippi sixty years ago. In the summer of 1842, the region l.ving between Taylors Falls and the mouth of the St. Croix was sparsely settled. In that sum- mer, Judge Irwin, then living at Madison, in Wisconsin (which was then a territory and included Minnesota) was assigned to hold a term of T'nited States district court at Stillwater, the county seat of St. Croix county. He embarked on a steamboat at Calena and landed at Fort Snelling. He had learned that the clerk of the court was a man by the name of Joseph R. Brown, and that he resided at Stillwater; further than that he had no knowledge, and was ig- norant of any route or means of conveyance from the fort to the place of holding the court. The commanding officer at the fort Iirovided him with a horse, and a guide to pilot him through the unsettled country. Street cars now make regular trips every half hour between the same points. Arriving near the head of Lake St. Croix, and inquiring for Mr. Brown, he was directed to go up the lake shore about a mile to his residence, a log cabin. This was a short distance above the present site of the state penitentiary. The judge found the cabin occupied by an Indian woman and children, none of whom could either speak or understand English. Upon inquiry of some people who were building a saw mill, he learned that Mr. Brown was at his trad- ing post on Gray Cloud island, twenty or more miles distant. He returned *» Fort Snelling the next day, and took the first steamboat down the river, disgusted with his trip, and declared that the next time he held a court in Stillwater he would provide himself with moccasins, clout, and blanket. The first term of territorial court held in Minnesota was held in Stillwater during the second week of August, 1849, five months after ^linnesota was organized as a terri tory. The second term of court was held by Judge David Cooper, at Stillwater, in Feb- ruary, 1850. This term is noted for having the first criminal trial for murder under Minnesota laws. It was a case of a boy about thirteen years old, by the name of Snow, killed by a companion about the same age, on Third street, St. Paul. The prose- cution was conducted by Morton S. Wilkin- son and Putnam Bishop; the defense by Michael E. Ames and Henry L. Moss. The tiring was from the southerly side of the street, with an ordinary shotgun, directly across the street, where stood the Snow boy, —the boys looking at each other. A single small bird shot penetrated the eye and brain of the Snow boy. The jury convicted the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. boy of manslaughter, holdlnji; that, even in the absence of malicious intent, the firing of a gun across a public highway where people were passing, was an unlawful act. Judge Cooper, in pronouncing sentence, there be- ing no penitentiary in the territory, commit- ted him to the guard house at Fort Snelling for ninety days, during the first two and the last one of which he was to be kept in close confinement and fed on bread and water. James M. Goodhue, of the St Paul Pioneer, commenting on the decision of Judge Coop- er, said it was a specimen of dispensing jus- tice in homeopathic doses. The first term of court in St. Paul was held by Judge Aaron Goodrich in a public room adjoining the bar-room in the Amer- ican Hotel, corner of Third and Exchange streets, in the spring of 1850. An interesting case brought before the first territorial term of court in Minnesota concerned a prominent member of the bar, Mr. William D. Phillips. The following sketch of the case is related by Judge Charles E. Flandrau. Mr. Phillips was a native of Maryland, and came to St. Paul in 1848. He was the first district attorney of the county of Ram- sey, elected in 1849. On one occasion, when discussing in court the construction of a Minnesota statute with an attorney fresh from the east, his adversary' made some classical allusion in which the names of Cicero and Demosthenes occurred. Mr. Phil- lips, answering, became very much excited, aud in a rising flight of eloquence said; ''The gentleman may be a classical scholar; he may be as eloquent as Demosthenes; he has probably ripped with old Euripides, socked with old Socrates, and canted with old Cantharides; but, gentlemen of the jury, what does he know about the laws of Min- nesota?" The indictment against Mr. Phillips charged him with an assault with intent to maim. In an altercation with a man, he had drawn a pistol on him, and the defense was that the pistol was not loaded. The witness for the prosecution swore that it was, and further, that he could see the load. The prisoner, as the law then was, could not tes- tify in his own behalf, and could not di- rectly dis])rove this fact. He was convict- ed, and fined $2.5. He was very indignant, aud gave this explanation of the assertion of the witness that he saw the load. He said he had been out electioneering, and from the uncertainty of getting his meals in such an unsettled country, he carried crack- ers and cheese in the same pocket with his pistol. A crumb of cheese had got into the muzzle, and the fellow was so scared when lie looked at the pistol that he thought it was loaded to the brim. About the year 1855, says Judge Flan- drau, Mr. John B. Brisbin arrived in St. Paul and commenced practice. A great deal of the business was done in courts of justices of the peace, and Mr. Brisbin was called to Mendota to defend a client who was charged with tresijassing on another's land or, as we then called it, "jumping his claim." Major Xoah appeared for the plaintiff, and filed his comi)laint. Mr. Brisbin demurred to it, and made a very eloquent and exhaustive ar- gument in support of his position. The jus- tice was a very venerable looking old Frenchman (the greater part of the popula- tion being French at that time). He lis- tened very attentively, and occasionally bowed when Mr. Brisbin became most im- pressive, leaving the impression upon the speaker that he comprehended his reasoning and acquiesced in his conclusions. When .Mr. Brisbin closed his argument, Major >soah commenced to address the court in French. Mr. Brisbin objected; he did not understand French, and judicial proceed- ings must be conducted in English. The major replied that he was interpreting to the court what Mr. Brisbin had been saying. "I desire no interpretation; I made myself clear," said Mr. Brisbin. "Certainly," said the major, "your argument was excellent, but the court does not understand any Eng- lish," which was literally true. It is said that when the court adjourned, the judge was heard to ask the major, "Est ce qu'il y a une femme dans cette cause la?" Whether the judge decided the case on the theory of there being a woman in it, history has failed to record. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. In 1S44, Henry Jackson of ST. Paul was appoiuted justice of the peace. There was some delay in the arrival of his commission, and before it came, a couple came to his house and asked him to marry them. When he told theiu he was not yet legally a jus- tice, and therefore could not lawfully marry them, they were terribly disappointed. They assured him that they could not possibly bear the shock of disappointment, aud beg- ged of him to devise some way of uniting them, for their hearts already "beat as one." ''Well," said Jackson finally, "I can nail you together so that perhaps you'll hold till my commission comes, but I can't warrant the job. I'll marry you by bond, if that will be satisfactory." "How's that done'.'" inquired the would-be husband. "\\'hy," said Jaik son, "you can give me a bond that when n)y commission arrives you will appear and be legally married. In the meantime, you may consider yourselves husband and wife, re- membering that you are only quasi married [•eople, and if my commission fails to come, the deal is off."' Both readily assented to the quasi marriage, and having executed their bond, went on their way rejoicing. The commission arrived in due time, but there is no record accessible to show whether the quasi union was ever converted into a legal one. Four years later, the same justice was trying some ordinary case. The matter had been submitted to the jury, and they had re- tired for consultation, being locked up by the constable in a small room lighted by one small window which was at a considerable distance from the ground. One of the six jurymen was a skilled violinist who was al- ways in demand for dancing parties. ( )ii the day of the trial, a man had come from Stillwater for the purpose of securing the services of this musician for a ball that was to be held in that city that very night. On finding the violinist in confinement, he be- came somewhat uneasy lest the wielder of the bow should be detained so long as to prevent his reaching the ball-room in time. Unfortunately, the jury had great difficulty in agreeing upon a verdict. The discussion of the case was conducted with considerable warmth, and several times the jurors nearly came to blows. The man from Stillwater, meanwhile, became desperate. He dared not return without his violinist. He deter- mined to speak with him at all hazards. I'rocuring a high box, he placed it under the window and, mounting it, succeeded in at- tracting the attention of his man who at once approached the window and held an ex- tended ((mference with him. At this point, one of the jurors who had disagreed with the violinist accused him of being in surrepti- tious communication with an outsider and of being guilty of conduct which exposed him to a grave suspicion of having received a bribe. This intimation precipitated a fight. Chairs, tables, heads, shins, and the window wi'ii- broken in the melee. Among the in- jured was the musician, whose right arm was dislocated. The constable unlocked the door and rushed in to restore the peace; the justice and the people followed. The jurors who had not been placed hors du combat slipi)ed out of the room in the confusion, and this ended the case. For the benefit of those who must always be told how a story ''comes out," it may be added that the violinist did not draw the bow that night, and that the Stillwater ball was postponed. The scene now shifts to Dakota. Leav- ing the pastoral region of Minnesota, we find ourselves once more in a rugged, moun- tainous, mining country. The following sketch of the administration of justice in a court of law is taken, with some changes in wording, from "Life in the Black Hills," by Maj. T. M. Newson. Street scene. Post-office. Men coming and going; a strange, mysterious man in the irowd. He is recognized by a passenger, who exclaims: "Here's a mail robber!" Men draw their pistols; the mysterious man also draws and runs. He is pursued by the crowd, firing as he runs, but is finally . A question that has arisen and which continues to arise in every state of the union was in 1861 considered such an important one that Dr. Neill used it for a displayed caption in his report: — Shall the Bible be read in public schools? — The opinion of the attorney general was obtained in order that the state superintendent might answer with authority the many letters which came to him from those who favored or disfavored the practice. The attorney general in 18(50 said: "In reply to your communication, I would call your attention to the fact that in the first sentence of the constitution of the state there is a grateful recognition of God, and also that the school law requires 'that no teacher shall be employed who shall not be first examined and found qualified in moral character.' By common consent the moral- ity of the Bible is esteemed superior to the ethics of any other book. * * * Some profess to be scrupulous in relation to send- ing children to any public school where mor- al instruction is given; and others ecjually honest do not wish to patronize a school where there is no recognition of God. Now, it is unfair that either party should deprive the children of the other of a school support- ed by common taxation. * » * j there- fore recommend that the teacher, a few min- utes before or after the recitations of the day, reads a portion of the scriptures and unites with the scholai's in offering the Lord's prayer, with the express understand- ing that when the parents or guardians make the request, the children of such are not to be compelled to attend the scripture services." It will be interesting to compare with the above the following ruling of another at- torney general of Minnesota, rendered De- cember 10, 1895: "* * * The question involves a con- struction of section 16 of Article one of the constitution, wherein it is, among other things, provided: " 'Nor shall any man be compelled to at- tend, erect, or support any place of wor- ship.' » * « "In Wisconsin, the supreme court * * * held that the reading of the scriirtures in a jiublic school was in violation of the consti- fntion, in that it compelled one to support a place of worship. * * * "No distinction can in principle be drawn between the opening of a school with prayer and the reading of the scrij^ture. * * * If one is unlawful, the other is also. It is the purpose of the law of this state to per- mit no intrusion into our public schools of any religious teachings whatever. They are lo be kept purely secular in character * * * where children may assemble for purposes of instruction in authorized subjects and in- cidental moral improvement. * * * You are advised that the practice * * * is violative of the constitution." In 1851, the legislature of the Territory of Minnesota created in the university a de- partment of the theory and practice of in- struction, and in 1858, a state normal school was established at Winona. In the *year 1860-61 the state had between sixty and seventy normal school pupils; in the year 18!)!»-iy00, it had 2,376. The chairman of the liormal school prudential committee report- I'd at that time that to support normal school instruction for the ensuing year, there would be required an appropriation of at least |5,000: The current expenses of our four normal schools for the year 1899- ]900 amounted to |10S,000. Three normal school instructors were then employed; now there are eighty-five. In 1861, the state university consisted of ;i "costly pile of stone * * * with about fifty rooms without windows,'' together with "a debt of about eighty thousand dollars and no available means for its liquidation." The next year, State Superintendent B. F. Crary reported of the state university: "It is now nothing but a perplexity and a shame to all who feel any desire to see education advance. The building is utterly unfit for educational purposes. * * * The state has no need for it, and no means to endow it." The legislature of 1867 appropriated $15,000 HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. for repairing and furnishing the university building "and for the eniploj-ment of a teach- er or teachers" for the institution. I'rof. W. W. Washburne was employed as princi- pal, and before the end of the year two other teachers were employed. The number of students enrolled was 44; "31 males and 13 females." In 1900, the number of stu- dents enrolled was 3,400. The first apportionment of the current school fund in February, 1863, amount- ed to 112,308. The amount apportioned in the year 1900 was |1,311,000. The per- manent school fund in 1863 was less than half a million dollars. In 1901 it was over 112,000,000. In the following pairs of num- bers, the first number in each pair refers to the year 1862, and the second, to the year 1900; Number of districts reported, 1,072 — 7,000; number of persons of school age, 50,- 644 — 575,000; number attending public school, 22,913—390,000; number of teachers^ 1,165—12,000. In 1863, Freeborn county had the largest number of pupils — 5,024 — of any county in Minnesota; Hennepin county (the county in which Minneapolis is located) comes next, with 4,514; Olmsted county fol- lows with 3,804; and Ramsey county (in- cluding the city of St. Paul) had 3,679 pupils. The corresponding numbers in 1900 were: Freeborn, 9,500; Hennepin, 55,000; Olm- sted, 6,500; and Ramsey, 37,000. In 1863, the average monthly compensation of male teachers was |21, and of female teachers $13. In 1900, the average monthly wages were $65 and |40, respectively. The county superintendency of schools was created in Minnesota in 1864, for such counties as chose to have their county com- missioners appoint superintendents. The law was amended later so as to provide for the election of a superintendent by the peo- ple in each county. The first state educa- tional journal was established in 1867 and was called the Minnesota Teacher. It was founded by William W. Payne, Esq., county superintendent of schools for Dodge county. Mr. Payne is now professor of mathematics and astronomy in Carleton college, in North- field. In 1861, the state normal board was di- rected by law to select a list of text-books for use in the common schools of the state. The books selected were to be used in all the schools for five years. In 1867, the law having expired, the state superintendent recommended its renewal. State uniformity of text-books has been since tried in the state but has been proved unsatisfactory. I'nder the present law, the board of educa- tion in any district may contract with pub- lishers for text-books of their own selection, and may furnish them free to the pupils at- tending the schools. In 1867, the state superintendent of public instruction asked the legislature to appropriate the sum of |3,000 to be used annually for holding teach- ers' institutes in different parts of the state. The legislature responded to this call. The sum now annually appropriated for this pur- pose is $27,000. These institutes and training schools are now attended by about 7,000 teachers. The past thirty years has witnessed a wonderful development of the state. Min- nesota now has 115 state high schools, each receiving |800 annually from the state; 110 state graded schools, each receiving $200 annually from the state; 190 semi-graded schools, each receiving flOO from the state; and 660 stiite rural schools, each receiving |75 from the state. In Dakota, the first biennial report of the territorial board of education was made in 1888. Below will be found in tabular form some statistics which will indicate the growth of the educational system of Dakota in the past sixteen years. Number of School Districts Total Value of School Houses, Sites, and Fur- niture Number of Male Teachers Employed Number of Female Teach- ers Employed Average Montiily Wages of Male Teachers Average Monthly Wages of Female Teachers Number of Children of School Age Number of Children enroll- ed in the Public Schools . . Amount paid for Teachers' Wages 2,04S $38.43 $31.71 77,499 50,031 $394,785.00 1,434 2,587,865 1,178 2,905 $41.72 $35.81 92,009 77,686 $818,792 3,204 $33.01 $30.25 98,013 77,338 $751,950 HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. The following table shows the advance- ment made in the educational field in Mon- tana for the past thirty j'ears: 1868 1878 1888 1898 No. of Districts.. . Enrollment No. of Teacliers... 25 1,359 27 105 5,315 116 $59.70 $88,284.00 316 27,600 442 $62.50 $646,670.00 669 49,478 1,086 $60.00 Value of School $1,875,965.00 Apportionment. .. $12,099.00 $44,478.00 $371,442.00 $575,332.00 Montana has a free text-book law, a compulsory education law, a good school library law, a normal school at Dillon, and an agricultural college at Bozeman. Of the twenty-four county superintend- ents of schools in Montana, twenty-one pre- fix the title Miss, two that of Mrs. and one that of Mr. to their names. MILITARY HISTORY. This section of the history of the grcar Northwest is treated in five subdivisions: 1. Early Indian Wars; 2. The Black Hawk War of 1832; 3. The Sioux War, 1862-63; 4. The Civil War, 1861-65; 5. The Spanish- American War. EARLY INDIAN WARS. In the seventeenth century the Ojibway Indians resided on the shores of Lake Su- perior. They were then on friendly terms Mith the Dakotas or Sioux who then occu- pied the headwaters of the Mississippi and the country lying between that country and the Great Lakes. The good feeling between them was such that intermarriages took place between them. But ill-will was cre- ated through a quarrel between an Ojibway and a Dakota gallant respecting a woman both were courting. The woman was a Da- kota, and the affair took place at a village of her people. She preferred the Ojibway, and the rejected gallant took the life of his rival. This affair did not precipitate war, — it only reminded the warriors of the two tribes they had once been enemies. Shortly after this quarrel, four Ojibway braves — brothers who resided at Fond du Lac, on Lake Superior — paid a friendly visit to the Dakotas at Mille Lacs. During this visit one of the brothers was treacherously mur- dered. Again the three survivors visited grille Lacs, and this (ime two of them were killed, only one returning to his home. Their aged father blacked his face in mourn- ing, and his head hung down in sorrow. Once more his sole surviving son asked l)erniission to pay the Dakotas a peace visit that he might look on the graves of his de- ceased brethren. His sorrow stricken pa- rent said to him: "Go, my son, for prob- ably they have struck your brothers through mistake." A full moon passed and the son (lid not return. Now, for the first time, the bereaved father began to weep, and he mourned bitterly for his lost children. "An Ojibway warrior never throws away his tears," and he determined to have re- venge. For two years he busied himself in making preparations. With the fruits of his hunting he procured ammunition and other materials for a war party. At last he summoned the warriors of his tribe from the remotest villages to go with him and search for his lost children. Nearly all of them collected at the appointed time at Fond du Lac, eager to stain their«Bcalp- ing knives with the blood of their ancient foes. Having made the customary prepara- tions, they left Fond du Lac and followed the ti-ail to Mille Lacs, where the blood of their fellow braves had been spilt. The vanguard of the Ojibways fell on the Dakotas at Cor- morant Point early in the morning, and sucli was the fury of the attack that before the lear had arrived the village had been almost entirely exterminated. The Ojibways then hastened to the larger Dakota village at the outlet of the lake. After a brave defence with their bows and barbed arrows, the Dakotas took refuge in their earthen lodges fi'om the more deadly weapons of their enemy. The Ojibways dis- lodged them by dropping bags of powder through the smoke holes in the tops of the lodges. The Dakotas were not acquainted w ith the nature of powder, and supposed, when the powder bags exi)loded, that the spirits were aiding their foes. They there- fore gave up the fight in despair and were easily dispatched. It was thus that the Ojibways obtained (heir footing in the Mille Lacs region. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. lu two subsequent wars, the Ojibways wrested from the Dakotas the valley of the St. Croix, the upper Mississippi valley, and the valleys of the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers. Many other conflifts occurred be- tween these tribes before the permanent coming of the white man. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. This brief sketch of the Black Hawk War follows nminly the account given by Ueuben Gold Thwaites, secretary of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, in his "Story of the Black Hawk War." Few events in the early history of the Northwest were as picturesque, as tragical, or as fraught with mighty consequence as this. On November 3, 1804, the United States government concluded a treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, by which, mainly for the paltry annuity of one thousand dol- lars, the confederacy ceded to the whites 50,000,000 acres of land, comprising eastern Missouri, southwestern Wisconsin (then in- cluded in Michigan Territory), and north- western Illinois. This would amount to an annual rental of one cent for each 500 acres. There was an unfortunate clause in Article 7 of the treaty, which became one of the chief causes of the Black Hawk War. It was stipulated that "as long as the lands which are now ceded to the United States remain their property" — that is, public land — "the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the privilege of living or hunting upon them." Within the limits of the cession was the chief seat of the Sac power, — a village beau- tifully situated on the banks of the Missis- sippi near Rock Island. The principal char- acter in this village was Black Hawk, — a leader by common consent though not a hereditary or elected chief. He was rest- less and ambitious, but without great ca- pacity. He aroused the passions of his peo- ple by appealing to their prejudices and superstitions. He was probably honest, however, in his motives. But he was in- fluenced by the British agents, who before 1812 continually endeavored to excite the hostility of the northwestern tribes against the Americans. ^loreover the conduct of the Americans, with whom he associated daily, was such as to shock his high sense of honor, and contrasted sharply with the courteous treatment accorded to him by the British officers. At the outbreak of the War of 1812, Black Hawk naturally sided with Tecumseh and the British, and was present at the battle of the Thames in 1813, where Tecum- seh was killed. During his absence with Ihat chief, he claims that a fatal injury was inflicted by the Americans upon an aged friend. It was therefoi-e eighteen months after the treaty of Ghent before Black Hawk could be induced to cease his retaliatory forays. It is not to be wondered at that he hated the Americans. They brought him nothing but evil. A personal insult was, in the winter of 1822-23, added to the national or tribal injuries received at the hands of the Americans. Some white settlers at that time gave him a cruel and unmerited beat- ing, and he nourished revengeful feelings which boded no good to the white race. In the summer of 1823, squatters, covet- ous of the rich fields cultivated by the Sacs, began to take possession of them. The Treaty of 1801 had guaranteed to the In- dians the use of the ceded territoi'y so long as the lands remained the propei'ty of the United States and were not sold to individ- uals. The Sacs would not have complained (so they said) if the squatters had settled in other portions of the tract, and not sought to steal the village, which was their birth[ilace, and contained the cemetery of their tribe. These were outrages of the most flagrant nature. Indian cornfields were fenced in by the intruders, squaws and children were whijiped for venturing beyond the bounds thus set, lodges were burned over the heads of the occupants. The evil grew worse year by year. When the Indians returned each spring from their winter's hunt, they found their village more of a wreck than when they had left it in the fall. It is surprising that they acted so peacefully while the victims of such harsh treatment. Keokuk (head chief of the Sac and Fox HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. fonfederafv) advised peaceful I'etreat across ihe Mississippi. But Black Hawlv was stub- born as well as romantic, and his people stood by him. He now claimed that the Indians had not, in the treaty of 1804, agreed that the land on which Black Hawk's village stood slionld ever become the property of the T'nited States. He ignored the fact that he had subsequently signed three treaties, each of which had reaffirmed the cession of 1804. In the winter of 1830 Black Hawk and his band returned from an unsuccessful hunt to find their town almost completely shattered, many of the graves plowed over and the whites more abusive than ever. During the winter the squatters, who had been seven years illegally upon the ground, had finally jire-empted a few quarter sec- tions of land at the mouth of Rock River, so selected as to cover the village site and the Sac cornfields. This was a trick to ac- cord with the letter but to violate the treaty of 1804. There was still a belt fifty miles wide, of practically unoccupied territory, from which the selection of lands might have been made. When Black Hawk re- turned to his village in the spring of 1831, he was fiercely warned away by the whites, upon which he retorted that he should use force, if necessary, to remove them. Becoming alarmed, the settlers called upon the governor of Illinois for military assistance. He responded by sending into the disturbed region a force of 1,C00 mount- ed volunteers. These, with ten companies of regulars under Gen. Gaines, appeared be- fore Black Hawk's village on June 25, 1831. That night the Indians quietly withdrew to the west bank of the IMississippi. On the 30th they signed an agreement never to re- turn to the east side without the permission of the United States government. The British encouraged the Indians to rise against the whites, and aid was proffered by several tribes of Indians from the East. Many elements in the white population saw benefits to be derived from it. It would give occupation to loafers, cause money to circulate freely, give opportunity for Indian haters to hunt the red man, present chances for jxilitical preferment, and afford excite- ment and adventure for those who craved it. April 6, 1832, Black Hawk, with 500 war- riors, crossed to the east side of the ^lissis- sii)pi, thus invading Illinois, (ieneral At- kinson ordered him to recross, but he re- turned a defiant answer. Sixteen hundred volunteers hurried to the scene of actioa ^Vmong these was Abraham Lincoln, who served as a captain. Jefferson Davis was at this time a lieutenant in a regiment of regu- lars which saw service in the war. In a preliminary skirmish, a body of irregular militia was put to fliglit by an inferior force of Indians, after which Black Hawk's band ravaged the country, killing settlers, — men, women, and children. After much desul- tory marching and fighting, a decisive battle was fought at the mouth of the Bad Axe River in Wisconsin, about forty miles above I'rairie du Chien, the Indians being com- pletely routed. This was on August 2, 1832. A few days later Black Hawk was captured. Out of the band of nearly one thousand In- dians who had taken part in the beginning of the war, not more than one hundred and fifty remained "to tell the tragic story of the Black Hawk War— a tale fraught with dis- honor to tlie American name." Black Hawk was kept a jirisoner in Fortress Monroe until the summer of 1833. Black Hawk died at the age of seventy-one, in 1838, on a small reservation set apart for him and his personal followers in Davis county. Iowa. THE SIOUX WAR OF 1862-63. When Jonathan Carver visited the Northwest in 1706, the country lying upon the Mississippi river above the Falls of Sr, Anthony and below, into what is now north- ern Iowa, and that included in and adjacent to the valley of the St. Peters or Minnesota from its source to its mouth, as well as the prairie conntry between these rivers was occupied by the Sioux or Dakota Indians. They were a powerful and warlike nation, and might be found west of Minnesota as far as the base of the Rocky Mountains. Four tiibes of Sioux resided in Minnesota — the Medawakonton, ^^'apl'ton. Wapekuta, and Sisseton tribes. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. The Wapekutas claimed the country on Cannon river, on the headwaters of the Blue Earth and that lying immediately west. The Wapetons occupied the Big Woods. Their ancient home was the vicin- ity of the Little Kapids on the Minnesota, near Henderson. The Medawakontons at one time lived in the Mille Lacs region. The Sissetons occupied the Minnesota valley from St. Peter to Little Rock. These four tribes comprised what were known as the Annuity vSioux of Minnesota, and had at many times received presents from the gov- ernment of the United States. In 1816, the United States entered into a treaty with the Sioux, in which these In- dians relinquished all claim to lands ceded to the United States by Great Britain, Prance, and Spain. In 1830, the govern- ment entered into a treaty with the four great tribes above mentioned, by the terms of which, in consideration of their relin- quishing all claim to a large tract of land, the United States agreed to make them large presents in goods, to furnish a black- smith to reside among them, to provide an educational fund for them, and to give them three thousand dollars annually for ten years. In a treaty made at Washington, in 1837, and others concluded at Traverse des Sioux and Mendota, Minn., in 1851, the Sioux ceded to the United States all their lands within the present limits of Minne- sota. At the same time, two reservations were assigned to the Indians — on the upper Minnesota. These treaties provided for a large annuity fund of over three million dollars. In another treaty negotiated in 1858, a plan was adopted looking toward the civilization of the Indians. To all who would abandon their tribal relations and adopt the customs of the whites, lands were assigned in severalty — eighty acres to each head of a family. Farm buildings were erected for the Indians on these lands, they were furnished with implements and cattle, and they were, moreover, paid for the labor they performed, and were permitted to keep their crops for their own benefit. By 1862, there were about one hundred and sixty such farms, and among the sav- ages thus civilized were Little Crow — the leading sjjirit in the following massacres — and many of his band. This humane scheme for the benefit of the red men was to a large extent thwarted by the blanket Indians, ihat is, those who declined to yield to the influences of civilization. When the latter tired of the chase and the war path, they camped among the farmer Indians, living off their savings, thus compelling them to aban- don their civilized mode of life. The Indians claimed that the govern- ment had failed to carry out, or, at least, had very imperfectly fulfilled, its treaty ob- ligations. This claim had doubtless some foundation in the dishonesty of traders and others through whose hands money passed after having been disbursed by the govern- ment agent. "The cession of their terri- tory," says I. V. D. Heard, in his "History of the Sioux War," "is necessarily enforced upon the Indians by the advance of the white race. • * * Were the treaties fairly obtained, and all their stipulations fully carried out, regrets for the home they have lost, and the narrow limits, soon desti- tute of game, into which they are crowded, would soon bring repentance of their bar- gain, and force a bloody termination of the conflict of the races. But the treaties are born in fraud, and all their stipulations for the future are curtailed in iniquity. "The traders, knowing for years before that the whites will purchase the lands, sell the Indians goods on credit, expecting to realize their pay from the consideration to be paid by the government. They thus be- come interested instruments to obtain the' consent of the Indians to the treaty; and by reason of their familiarity with their lan- guage, and the assistance of half-breed rela- tives, are possessed of great facilities to ac- complish their object. The persons deput- ed by the government to efl'ect a treaty are compelled to procure their co-operation and this they do by providing that the sums due them from the Indians shall be paid. The traders obtain the concurrence of the Indi- ans by refusing to give thein further credit, and by representing to them that they will receive an immense amount of money if HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST. they sell their lands, and thenceforth will live at ease, with plentj- to eat, and plenty to wear, plenty of powder and lead and of whatever else they may request. After the treaty is agreed to, the amount of ready money 'which the government agrees to pay them' is absorbed by the exorbitant de- mands of the traders and the expense of removing the Indians to their reservations. After that, the trader no longer looks to the Indians for his pay; he gets it from their annuities. Claims for depredations ui)on white settlers are also deducted out of their moneys before they leave Washington; and these are always, when based on fact, dou- ble the actual loss, for the Indian depart- ment is notoriously corrupt, and the hand manipulating the machinery must be crossed with gold. The demand is not only generally unjust, but instead of its being deducted from the moneys of the wrong- doer, it is taken from the annuities of all. This course punishes the innocent and re- wards the guilty, because the property tak- en by the depredator is of more value than the slight percentage he loses. About f 400,- 000 of the cash payments due the Sioux un- der the treaties of iSol and 1S52 were paid to traders on old indebtedness. So intense was the indignation of the Indians that there was serious apprehension that they would attack the government officials and traders. The opposition of Bed Iron, the I»rincipal chief of the Sissetons, became so boisterous that he was broken of his chief- tainship by Governor Eamsey, the superin- tendent of Indian affairs." From the same work we condense an ac- count of an interview between Red Iron and Governor Ramsey in December, 185-. Red Iron was brought in, guarded by sol- diers. He was about forty years old, tall and athletic, six feet high, with a large, well-developed ht^ad, aijuiline nose, thin, compressed lips, and physiognomy beaming with intelligence and resolution. The gov- ernor, in the midst of a breathless silence, ojjened the council. Governor Ramsey asked, "What excuse have you for not coming to the council when 1 sent for you?" The Dakota chief rose with native grace and dignity, his blanket falling from his shoulders, and ])urposely dropping the pipe of peace, he stood erect before the governor with his arms folded and his right hand pressed upon the sheath of his scalping knife. With the utmost coolness and a de- fiant smile playing upon his thin lips and his eyes sternly fixed upon the governor, with firm voice he replied: "I started to come, but your braves drove me back." Governor: "I thought you a good man; but you have since acted badly, and I am disposed to break j-ou — I do break you." Red Iron: "You break me! My people made me a chief; my people love me; I will still be their chief; I have done no wrong." Governor: "Red Iron, why did you march here with your braves to intimidate other chiefs and prevent their coming to the council?" Red Iron: "^\'e have heard how the chiefs were served at Mendota — by secret councils ynu got their names on paper and took away their money. We don't wAt to be served so. We come to council in the daytime, when the sun shines, and we want no councils in the dark. When we signed the Mendota treaty, the traders threw a blanket over our faces, and darkened our eyes, and made us sign papers we did not understand, and which were not explained or read to us. We want our Great Father at Washington to know what has been done." Governor: "The Great Father wants you to leave the money in my hands to pay the debts your tribe has incurred. If you refuse, I will take the money back." Red Iron: "You can take the money back! AVe sold our land to you, and you promised to pay us. If you do not give us the money, I will be glad, and all our people will be glad, for then we will have our land back. The treaty was not interpreted or explained to us. AVe are told that it gives about .fROO,000 of our money to the traders. A\'e do not think we owe them so much. We want to pay our debts. We want our Great Father to send three good men here HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. to tell US how much we really owe, and whatever they say, we will i)ay and that is what all our chiefs and people say." Governor- "That can't be done. You owe more than your money will pay. The agent will pay your annuity — and no more — when you are ready to receive it." Red Iron: "We will receive our annu- ity, but will sign no papers for anything else. We are poor; you have plenty. Your fires are warm; your tepees keep out the cold. We have nothing to eat. We have been waiting a long time for our moneys. Our hunting season is past. A great many of our people are sick with hunger. We have sold our hunting-grounds and the graves of our fathers, \^'e have no place to bury our dead, and jou will not pay us the money for our lands.'" The council was broken up, and Red Iron was sent to the guard-house, where he was kept till next day. It was for a long time doubtful whether the Indians at this council would consent to receive their annu- ities as a price for abandoning their lands. They finally concluded to do so, being in- fluenced by three principal considerations: First, many of them had come hundreds of miles in the dead of winter, and were, with their families, in a starving condition; sec- ond, several Indians who had been impris- oned for attacking the Chippewas were to be released in case the bargain was made; third, large presents were ottered them, and certain braves were promised chieftain- ships if the Indians would sign. The summer of 1862 seemed to the Sioux a remarkably favorable time for redressing their wrongs and sweeping the white invad- ers from their ancient hunting grounds. The Federal army had been meeting with serious reverses in its conflict with the South; the braves noticed as they passed through the settlements that the able-bodied men were absent — they were bearing arms on southern fields — and the half-breeds who could read assured the Indians that soldieis of the Great Father were being whipped by the southern "niggers." They believed that the country h.ad nearly ex- hausted its resources, that it was going to ruin, and that it would not be able to pay them any more annuities. In July, 5,000 Sioux assembled at the Upper Agency (at the mouth of the Yellow Medicine river) to make inquii'v about the payment of their annuity. They remained here for some time, suttering from hunger and sev- eral dying from starvation. They man- aged to appease their appetites with roots which they dug from the ground, and when corn was dealt out to them they de- voured it uncooked. On August 4, they broke into the government warehouse and seized the provisions stored there, cutting down the American flag in the presence of one hundred armed soldiers. Finally they were induced to return to their reservation on the issue of a large quantity of provi- sions. Similar scenes occurred at the Lower Agency, which was situated on the Minnesota river, about fourteen miles above Fort Ridgely. "Thus," says Heard, "on the 17th day of August, lSr.2, we find the instinctive hatred of this savage and ferocious people, who are able to bring into the field 1,300 well-armed warriors, the most expert and daring skir- mishers in the world, fanned to a burning heat by many years of actual and of fancied wrong, and intensified by fears of hunger and cold." On Sunday, August 17, eight Indians found some hens' eggs on the prairie, near Acton (now Grove City), in Meeker county. When one of them proposed to eat them, an- other tried to dissuade him, saying that they were the eggs of a tame fowl and be- longed to the whites. "You are a coward," retorted the first, as he dashed the eggs to the ground; "I am brave; there is a white man's ox; see how brave I am," and raising his gun, he shot and killed the ox. "And now," he continued, "I am going to kill a white man." The party then separated in- to two groujjs of four, each intent on prov- ing its bravery. One party reached the house of Mr. Howard Baker, and seeking a quarrel with him and his family, shot and killed four persons. The surrounding coun- try was thrown into the greatest alarm. When Little Crow heard of this affair, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. hp had some difticulty in deciding how to act. If he became the friend of the whites he would incur the undying hatred of his people, and forfeit his supremacy as a lead- er among them. If, on the other hand, he should join in a war upon the whites, which he now saw was inevitable, he would be in- volved in the ruin which he foresaw must result from a conflict with a mighty nation. He decided to join his own people. "Let us go to the agency," said he, "kill the traders, and take their goods." The war now burst upon the state like a whirlwind. On August 18, the Lower Agency was sacked and the inhabitants murdered: on the same day, the massacres extended on both sides of the Minnesota to within six miles of New Ulm, and up the river to the Yellow Medicine. We quote again from Heard: "The naked forms of the savages, hide- ous with paint, their mad shouts and wild merriment, increased the horrors of the vic- tim. Former friendsliip and kindness availed nothing. On the contrary, the In- dians started oil' at first to the neighbor- hood where they had camped on their hunt- ing excursions, and had been hospitably treated by those whom they now murdered. Helplessness, innocence, tender age, pray- ers, tears — none of these induced mercy. They sened but to furnish embellish- ments to the tale to be told for the plaudits of the camp, where narratives of common slaughter had become stale, and excess in cruelty received the palm. * * * Noth- ing which devilish ingenuity could suggest in the way of groti'scpie horror was omit- ted." On the day of the massacre at Redwood Agency, Captain Marsh and thirty-nine men perished near Fort Ridgely; nine survivors escaped to the fort. Attacks were soon af- ter made on New Ulm and Fort Ridgely, but the Indians were repulsed at both places. To detail the scenes of pillage, burning, outrage and slaughter that fol- lowed would be to fill the mind of the read- er with horror and to repeat a tale with which many are already familiar. Only the salient points of the narrative can be no- ticed. August 20, Ceiiei'al Sibley started from Fort Snelling with 1,-100 men, toward the scene of the trouble. He arrived at Birch Coolie on September 3, too late to save a company of soldiers and citizens which had been surrounded by the Indians in the coolie the day before and nearly all killed. In the latter part of September, about two hundred and fifty captive women and chil- dren were surrendered to General (then ("olonel) Sibley, at Camp Release, near the mouth of the ( "hippewa river, and many In- dians surrendered at the same time. On the I'Cth of December, 1862, thirty-eight of the leaders in the massacres were executed by hanging at Mankato. After his defeat in Minnesota, Little Crow, with his followers, fled to Devils Lake, in North Dakota. Here he vainly tried to enlist some of the western tribes in the war against the whites. In June, 1863, • Jeneral Sibley, with a force of about 2,500 men, started in pursuit of the Sioux ,'anization of the Fifth Minnesota was completed ^larch l!0, 1862. It served in the Indian War of 1802, in Minnesota and Dakota. It afterward bore an honorable part in the battle of Farniinn;ton, Tenn.; the siege of Corinth : the battles of luka and Corinth; c-anipaifins through central Missis- sippi and '\^'est Tennessee; the campaign, siege, and capture of Vicksburg; Banks' Red River campaign; the battle of Tupelo and Abbeyville; a campaign through Ar- kansas and Missouri in pursuit of the Con- federate Gen. Price; the battle of Nashville and the subsequent pursuit of Hood's ar- my; and the campaign against Mobile. The regiment receivt^l its discharge at Fort Snelling. September G. 1865. General W. S. Rosei-rans writes thus of the deeds of the Fifth Minnesota at the bat- tle of Corinth, Miss., on Oct. 4, 1862: "When the enemy from the north assaulted our line and forced it back a few hundred yards into the edge of town. Col. Hubbard, moving by his right flank, faced the coming storm from that quarter, and by his promptitude anticipated Gen. Stanley's order from me, to use the reserves of his division in meet- ing the enemy's charge. He drove back the fragments of his columns, overtaking and bringing back some pieces without horses of our reserve artillery, which the enemy had seized, and covering the retiring of a battery which had gone too far to the front. Veterans could hardly have acted more opportunely than did the gallant Fifth Minnesota on that occasion." The regi- ment was at first commanded by Col. Ru- dolph Borgesrode, and subsequently by Col. Lucius F. Hubbard. The Sixth Minnesota was organized in the summer of 1802. Its record of active service includes the Sioux War of 1862, in- cluding the engagement and rescue at Birch Coolie and the battle at Wood Lake; the Sibley expedition to the Missouri river in 1863; and campaigns in Arkansas, Louisi- ana, and Alabama. The regiment was mus- tered out of service, August 19, 1865. The Sixth Regiment took a prominent part in the storming of Fort Blakely, one of the defenses of ifobile, on April 9, 1865. A member of the regiment says: ''We halted on the crest of a deep ravine about 4 P. M. for a few minutes, and amid a shower of bullets, crossed the creek and dislodged the enemy. The Sixth Regiment was marched in just under the brow of the hill, silently and unobserved by the enemy, and got into I)osition before dark. We were ordered to light no fires, and to be ready to move for- ward by midnight, but we were soon called on to furnish 125 men for guard. In our advance as guard, we drove the enemy from their advance rifle-pits. Following, we drove them from another line, and advanced our regimental front about 100 yards. Gen. ("anby's forces captured Spanish Fort I he evening of April 8, and the long line of fortifiy the enemy, which formed the key-point to his works in front. Quietly and steadily the men moved down one hill and up the other to within a few feet of the enemy's parapet, when they received a volley which did severe execution in the Tenth. "Noth- ing daunted," says the brigade commander, "this gallant regiment, together with the others composing the front line cleared the enemy's works with a bound. Lieut. Col. Jennison, the commanding officer, was con- spicuous for his high daring. He fell, severely wounded, on the enemy's works." The Eleventh Minnesota was organized in August and September, 1S64, with James B. Gilfillan as colonel. Its service in the South consisted in guarding railroad com- munication between Nashville and Chatta- nooga. It was mustered out on the 11th of July, 1865. The First Regiment of Minnesota Mount- ed Rangers, under Col. Samuel McPhail did efficient service in the Sioux War. including the Sibley campaign of 1863, Many men of this regiment were promi- nently connected with the early history of Minnesota; they have filled various state of- fices, from governor on down ; they have held high rank in the state legislature and in the national congress; and have graced the bench and bar of Minnesota, The First Company of Minnesota Sharp- shooters became a part of the Second Regi- ment of the United States Sharpshooters; and the Second Company of Minnesota Sharpshooters was incorporated with the First United States Sharpshooters, Both served in the Army of the Potomac, and both received high praise for gallant con- duct. The Second Regiment of Minnesota Cav- alry came into existence on Jan, 11, 1864, It served with Gen, Sully on his expedition against the Indians. Its last company was mustered out :May 4, 1S66. Its colonel was Robert N. McLaren. Bracketfs Battalion of Cavalry (Major Alfred B. Brackett. commanding) consisted of four companies. It was recruited in Sep- tember, 1861, and was mustered out in June, 1866. The list of its battles and campaigns HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. is a \oii5, securing the election of .Jolin Quincy Adams in the house of rep- resentatives. In 1834, its members adopt- ed the title of the ^^'hig party. The organi- zation which to-day bears the name of the Republican party was formed in the year 1856. It is the lineal descendant of the Federalist party of Washington, the Nation- al Republican party of John Quincy Adams, and the \Miig jtarty of Henry Clay. George Washington was the first Fed- eralist president. The question of his elec- tion created no division; the choice was unanimous,— Federalists and Anti-Federal- ists alike voted for him. During his presidency, the French Revolution was in progress, and Great Britain was at war with France. It was natural that Americans should sympathize with the French people, from whose government they had received substantial aid in their struggle for independeme. Jefferson, the Anti-Federalist leader, was desirous of having this government give assistance to its late ally. Washington, however, main- tained a strict neutrality, and negotiated a treaty (Jay's treaty) with England, thus giving great offence to the opposition. In the administration of John Adams (1797- 180V), the second Federalist president, the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Alien and Sedition laws were jiassed. The Alien law conferred npon tlie president the power to send out of the country any for- eigners who should conspire against the peace of the United States, and the Sedition law provided that any one who should malign the president or congress might be fined and imprisoned. These laws were very unjiopular, and having been enacted by a Federalist congress, led to the defeat of the party at the next election. During the administration of John Quincy Adams (lS25-2!t), the more conserv- ative elements iu the Democratic Repub- lican (Democratic) party gradually came to- gether, and, about 1830, adopted the name of National Republican, which was, not long after, changed to WJiig. It favored a na- tional bank, internal improvements carried on by the general government, and a pro- tective tariif. In 1840, the \Miigs elected William Henry Harrison as president, and John Tyler as vice president. Harrison died one month after his inaguration, and soon after, Tyler broke with his party by liis veto of the national bank act. Henry Clay, whom the Whigs nominated in 1844, -was defeated by the Liberty (Abolition) party, which was composed of the most rad- ical elements among the Whigs. In 1846, the Wilmot Proviso was introduced into congress. It provided that slavery should not be permitted in any territory we might acquire from Mexico. It was supported by northern, but opposed by southern Whigs. Zachary Taylor was elected by the Whigs in 1848, on his military record. The ques- tion of slavery divided the northern from the southern Whigs, — the northern wing opposing the extension of slavery into new territory. Winfield Scott, the Whig candi- date in 1852, was comi)letely defeated, and the party was broken up. A part of it joined the new American party whose ral- lying cry was "American-born rulers for America"; the border state Whigs formed the Constitutional Union Party — a compro- mise party devoted to the preservation of the Union; the southern portion united with the Democrats; and the northern Whigs were swallowed up in the Republican party. The name of the new party was suggest- ed at a meeting of a number of Whig con- gressmen, and was first formally adopted at a convention held in Michigan, in 1854. The bulk of the Free Soil Party — which had voted for Van Buren and Adams, in 1848 — drifted into the Republican party. A na- tional convention held in 1856 nominated John C. Fremont on a platform which de- clared against the repeal of the Missouri compromise and the extension of slavery, and in favor of aid to a Pacific railroad, of the admission of Kansas as a free state, and of the improvement of certain rivers and harbors by the general government. Fre- mont was defeated by a small majority. The Republican party had its great strength in the north. It was solidified and enlarged by the uncompromising at- titude of the slave power, adding largely to its numbers from Democrats and others who, on moral and economic grounds, were opposed to the extension of slavery. The platform of 1860 included the planks of 1856 and added two, demanding a protective tariff and condemning threats of secession. Abraham Lincoln was nominated and elect- ed. In view of Republican anti-slavery prin- ciples, many of the southern states became alarmed for the existence of slavery and se- ceded from the Union, thus precipitating the Civil War. In 1868, Ulysses S. Grant was elected on a platform which declared for equal suffrage to all loyal men in the south, liberal pensions for soldiers and sail- ors, the encouragement of foreign immigra- tion, and the removal of the restrictions im- posed on the late rebels provided they mani- fested a loyal spirit. The thirteenth, four- teenth and fifteenth amendments to the con- stitution, which were Republican measures, were adopted in 1865, 1868 and 1870, respec- tively. The thirteenth prohibited slavery for the future; the fourteenth protected the rights of freedmen, prohibited office-holding l>y the late rebels who had held office before the rebellion, and forbade the payment of the Confederate debt; and the fifteenth pro- vided that the right to vote should not be denied on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Ill 1870, Eutlierford P.. Hayes was the Republican nominee. The jihitfnrni de- clared that the T'nited States is a nation and not a lea<;ue; that i)nblic funds oujiht not to be used to support scliools under sec- tarian control; that no furtlier grants of public lands should be made to corpora- tions; that the honest demands of women for additional privileges should he consid- ered; that polygamy should be extirpated from the territories; and that T'nited States notes should be redeemed in coin. When the returns of the vote for president were made it was found that four of the states had sent in two sets each of official returns. These states were South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana, and Oregon. If the electoral votes of all these states were cast for Hayes, he would have a majority of one in the electoral college. To pass upon the conflicting returns, the electoral commis- sion was created by an act of congress, ap- jjioved January 29, 1S77. The commission, composed of five justices of the sui)renie court, five senators and five representa- tives, ruled that in the case of each of the four states, the Hayes electors were the ones whose \otes should be received. The house of rei)reseiitatives voted to reject the report of the commission and the senate to accept it. As a concurrent vote of the two houses was necessary to reject, the decision of the commission was binding and Hayes became president. On the 2l2d of June. 1877, Tresident Hayes issued the following regulation: "Xo officer should be recjutred or permit- ted to take part in the management of polit- ical organizations, caucuses, conventions, or election cam]>aigns. Their right to vote and to exjiress their views on public ijues- tions, either orally or through the yjress, is not denied, jirovided it does not interfere with the discharge of their official duties. No assessment for political purposes on otfi- lers or subordinates should be allowed." The national convention of the Kei)ubl le- an ])arty was held in Chicago, in 1880. The platfoiui realfirmed the principle that "the constitution of the United States is a su- preme law and not a mere contract. Out of confederate states it made a sovereign nation." It further declared that revenue duties "sliould so discriminale as to favor American labor"; that Chinese immigration ought to be restricted; and that honest vot- ers in the south "must be protected agiiinst terrorism, violence, or fraud." On this i)lat- forin, James A. (iarfield was nominated and elected. Four months after his inaugura- lion, he was shot by an assassin, and the vice ])resident, Chester A. Arthur, succeetl- ed him. James (1. Blaine was noininated in Chi- cago, in 1884. The platform called for pro- tective duties on wool, for an international standard for the relative value of gold and silver coinage; the regulation of interstate commerce; civil service reform ; the enlarge- ment of the navy; and encouragement to the merchant marine. Blaine was defeated. In 1888, the Republicans elected their can- didate, Benjamin Harrison. The ])latform adopted in Chicago said: ''We are uncom- promisingly in favor of protection;" "\\'e declare our opposition to * * * trusts * * * to control the conditions of trade;" we arc "in favor of the use of both gold and silver as money;" "We demand the reduc- tion of letter postage to one cent i)er ounce." The Rejiublican convention of 18!)2 met in Minneai)olis. Harrison was renominated but was not elected. William McKinley was elected in 1896, and again in 19(M). Theplat- foi'iiis reaffirmed Rejiublican ])rinciples as previously set forth, and added (h^clarations in favor of a gold standard and in opjKisi tion to the free and unlimited coinage of silver; in favor of the construction by the govei-iiment of an isthmian canal; and ac- cepting the res])oiisibility of United States sovereignty in I'orto Kico and the Philip- pines. THE DEMOCR.iTIC r'ARTY. This party, which has been known, at (litfereiit periods, as the Anti-Federalist, the Republican, the Democratic Republican, and, finally, the Democratic party, has as its fuiKhimental pi'inciple the limitation of the powers of the federal government to those granted in the letter of the constitu- 51 U. OF ILL LIB. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. tion, and the increase of the direct influence of the people in the conduct of the govern- ment. Thomas Jefferson, the first Democratic president, deviated from the principle of strict construction in the purchase of Lou- isiana, but all parties have since approved his action. To protect the manufactures that had grown up during the War of 1812, and to relieve the financial difficulties caused by the war, the party adopted a pro- tective tariff and established a national bank in Madison's administration. In 1832, a distinctively southern, and pro-slavery faction of the party, under the leadership of John C. Calhoun, threatened nullification and secession, but Andrew Jackson, a Dem- ocratic president, saved the Union by the wise measures he took. The ascendency of the Calhoun wing committed the party, in 1844, to the annexation of Texas. Calhoun was a keen logician, strictly consistent, thoroughly honest, pure in his private char- acter, and unreservedly committed to the maintenance of slavery. "Texas must be acquired," he declared in the senate, "by purchase, if possible, — by war, if necessary, in the interest of our peculiar institution." Under the Democratic president, -James K. Polk, we acquired California and other ter- ritory from Mexico, and cleared up our title to Oregon by treaty with Great Britain. In 1853, Franklin Pierce, a northern Demo- crat, was elected president. The northern Democrats did not favor slavery, but for the sake of party and national union they refrained from opposition to it. Under Stephen A. Douglas' Kansas-Ne- braska bill, in 1854, these states were per- mitted to enter the Union with constitu- tions prohibiting or permitting slavery, as the people should vote. When Kansas was admitted as a free state, the Calhoun wing of the party proclaimed the doctrine of the duty of government to protect slavery. In the party convention, held in Charleston in I860, a split occurred. Douglas was nomi- nated for the presidency on the principle of "popular sovereignty," but the Calhoun wing withdrew, and afterward, in a conven- tion held in Baltimore, nominated John C. Breckenridge. This division resulted in tlie election of the Republican nominee, Abraham Lincoln. In 1864, the Democrats nominated (leorge B. McClellan, and in 1868, Horatio Seymour for the presidency. The platform adopted in New York in 1868 recognized the (juestions of slavery and secession as hav- ing been settled for all time. It d<'manded The immediate restoration of the seceded states to the Union; amnesty for political offenders, abolition of "all political instru- mentalities designed to secure negro su- premacy"; and the grateful remembrance of the soldiers and sailors who "carried the flag of our country to victory against the most gallant and determined foe." Samuel J. Tilden, the nominee of the party in 1876, had a majority of the popu- lar vote, but the electoral commission gave the election to R. B. Hayes, the Republican candidate. In 1880, Winfield S. Hancock • was nominated on a platform which pro- claimed the principles of opposition to cen- tralization; a tarift' for revenue only; civil service reform; free ships; and "no more Chinese immigration." The platform of 1884, on which Grover Cleveland was elect- ed, modified the tariff plank so as to call for revenue reform rather than a tariff for rev- enue only. The platform of 1892 reaffirmed the historic principles of the party. "We hold," it added, "to the use of both gold and silver as the standard money of the coun- try." Mr. Cleveland was in that year elect- ed for the second time. The Democratic national convention of 1896 met in Chicago. July 7. The candidate nominated for the presidency was William Jennings Bryan, of Nebraska. The plat- form announced the adherence of the party to the principles of "freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of conscience, the preservation of personal rights, the equalitj- of all citizens before the law, and the faithful observance of constitutional limitations." The platform further de- clares: "We demand the free and unlimit- ed coinage of both silver and gold at the present legal ratio of 16 to 1, without wait- ing for the aid or consent of any other na- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. tion;" "We denounce the issuance of notes intended to circulate as money by national banks;" "We bold that tariff duties should be levied for purposes of revenue;" "We are in favor of the arbitration of differences be- tween employers * * * and employes;" "we especially object to government by in- junction." The National Democratic ])arty (Sound Money Democrats) nominated John M. Palmer, of Illinois, for the presidency. The most notable planks in its platform — those which indicated its diverjience from the Bryan democracy — declared that gold is the necessary money of the large affairs of business and should be the standard of mon- etary measure; and that the independence and authority of the supreme court must be maintained. "We condemn all efforts to degrade that tribunal, or impair the confi- dence and respect which it has deservedly held." The last clause is a reply to that plank in the Chicago platform which de- nounced government by injunction. The Democrats at their convention held at Kansas City in July, 1900, renominated Mr. Bryan, who had been defeated in ISOfi. The platform condemned the policy of the McKinley administration with reference to Porto Eico, Cuba, and the Philippines; op- posed militarism, private monopolies, and subsidies to American shipping; and reaf- firmed the doctrine of the free and unlimit- ed coinage of gold and silver at the ratio of 16 to 1. In the election that followed, Mr. Bryan was again defeated. The Anti- Imperialists, in a convention held at Indian- apolis, in August, 1!)00, endorsed Mr. Bi-y- an's candidacy, and adopted a platform in which President McKinley was denounced for having undertaken to sulijugate a for- eign people (the Filipinos) "who are of right free and independent." The Silver Repub- licans endorsed, in 1000, Mr. Bryan's nomi- nation. THE PROHIBITION PARTY. The object of the Prohibitionists is to secure the passage of laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating li(i- uors, except for manufacturing industries, science, and art. Such a law was passed in Maine in 1840 and has rciiiained on the stat- ute books ever since. Several other states have also adopted ])roliibifory legislation. Most of the states prohibit the sale of liquor to minors and on Sundays. The first national convention of the party was held in 1S72. The names of the presidential can- didates and the ])Oi)ular vote (in round num- bers) for each quadrennium is as follows: 1872, James Black, 0,000; 1876, Green Clay Smith, 10,000; 1880, Neal Dow, 12,000; 1884, John 1*. St. John, 151,000; 1888, Clinton B. Fisk, 250,000; 1892, John Bidwell, 270,000; 1896, Joshua Levering, 140,000; 1900, John (i. Woolley, 197,000. The platform of 1900 arraigns the president for permitting the sale of liquor in the army exchange or can- teen. THE PEOPLE'S PARTY. The first national convention was held at Omaha in 1892. The party stands for the free coinage of silver and gold; a vol- ume of money equal to not less than |50 per capita; an income tax; government o^yner- ship of railroads, and telegraph and tele- phone lines; an eight-hour law; popular in- itiative and referendum; the establishment of postal savings banks; and the election of president, vice president and senators by di- rect vote of the people. The candidate for president in 1892 was James B. Weaver, who received a popular vote of 1,042,531. In 1890 and 1898, this party endorsed the Democratic candidate, Mr. Bryan. A wing of this party refused to indorse Jlr. Bryan for the presidency in 1900, and, under the name of Populist (Jliddle of the Road), held a convention in Cincinnati, at which Whar- ton Barker was nominated for president and Ignatius Donnelly for vice president. The platform was substantially like that adopted at Omaha, but with this addition: an irredeemable, legal tender, paper money issued by government. THE SOCIALIST LABOR PARTY. The first national convention under the above name was held in New York on Au- gust 28, 1892, and nominated Simon Wing lor president. In 1896, the nominee was UISTORY OF THE (JUEAT XORTIIWEST. Charles H. Matchett. and in 1000, Joseph F. Maloney. The popular vote for this party was 39,000 in 18!t(>. and 32,433 in 1000. This party demands government ownership, free use of inventions, income tax, compulsory education, employment by the government of the unemployed, equal wages for men and women, abolition of the veto power, abolition of the senate and all upper legis- lative chambers, female suffrage, free ad- ministration of justice, and abolition of cap- ital punishment, — also several things in- cluded in the platform of the People's par- ty. The ^^ocial Democratic party, in 1896, nominated Eugene V. Debs for the presi- dency. It declares the supreme political is- sue to be "the contest between the working class and the capitalist." Its demands are nearly identical with those of the Socialist Labor party, with the addition of national insurance of working people against acci- dents, lack of emi)loyment, and want in old age. The I'nion Reform party believes in "di- rect legislation under the system known as the initiative and referendum." The presi- dential candidate in 100(1 was Seth H. Ellis, of Ohio. Jonah F. R. Leonard was, in the same year, the candidate of the United Christian party; the principles contended for are Christian government, observance of the Christian Sabbath, the daily reading of the bible in schools, etc. POLITICS IN THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Minnesota was admitted into the T'niou in 1S5S. The first governor, H. H. Sibley, was a Democrat. Tlie twelve succeeding governors were Republican. In 1808, John Liud, a Democrat, was elected, and in 1000, Samuel R. ^'an Sant, a Republican. In 1896, the popular vote was as follows: For president, McKinley, 193,503, Bryan, 139,- 735; foi- governor, D. M. Clough (Rep.), 165,- 006, John Lind (Fusion-Dem.-Pop.), 162,254. In 1808, for governor, Lind (Fusion), 132,- 024; Eustis (Rij).), 111,025. In 1000, for president, McKinley, 188,015, Bryan, 111,- 400; for governor, Van Sant (Rep.), 152,966, Liud (Fusion), 150,567. North Dakota has cast a majority of its votes for Republican presidents and govern- ors at every election since its admission as a state in 1889. In 1806, the popular vote was, for president, McKinley, 26,335, Bry- an, 20,586; for governor, Briggs (Rep.), 25,- 018, Richardson (Fusion), 20,600. In 1898, for governor, Fancher (Rep.), 27,087, Holmes (Fusion), 10,620. In 1000, for presi- dent, McKinley, 35,801, Bryan, 20,519; for governor, Frank White (Rep.), 34,052, M. A. Whippoimann (Fusion), 22,275. South Dakota became a state in 1889. Her popular vote for the past few years has been as follows: In 1896, for president, Bryan, 41,225, McKinley, 41,042; for gov- ernor, Lee (Pop.), 41,187, Ringerud (Rep.), 40,868; in 1898, for governor, Lee (Fusion), 37,319, Phillips (Rep.), 36,949; in 1900, for president, McKinley, 54,530, Bryan, 39,544; for governor, C. N. Herried (Rep.), 58,803, B. H. Lien (Fusion), 40,091. Montana, since its admission to the Un- ion in 1889, has elected one governor on the Democratic ticket, two on the Republican ticket, and three on a Fusion ticlcet. Since and including 1806, the popular vote has been as follows: In 1806, for president, Bryan, 42,537, ilcKinley, 10,404; for gov- ernor, Robert B. Smith (Fusion), 36,688,* Botkin (Rep.), 14,003; in 1808. for governor, Robert B. Smith re-elected; in 1000, for ]iresident, Bryan. 37,146, McKinley, 25,373; for governor, Joseph K. Toole (F\ision), 31,- 410, David E. Folsom (Rep.), 22,691. I HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. An early inhabitant of the tounti y lying between the St. Croix river and the Red River of the North would need to have been a well-informed man in order to answer cor- rectly the question "^Vhere do you live?" If living in the year 1S60, he might claim the singular experience of having resided in seven territories and states without having changed his location. He might, when our Civil War broke out, have truthfully made this statement: "I am sixty years of age. I have always lived where I do now. My father announced mj' birth to grandmother in a letter dated Northwest Territory, July 12, 1801. When I was seven years old, a trapper who stayed with us over night at our cabin in Indiana, told us that a Mr. Ful- ton had, the year before, sailed on some eastern river in a boat propelled by steam. We lived in Illinois during the War of 1812, and the news of the admission of Missouri reached us at our home in Michigan. We Wisconsin people were little disturbed by the fighting at Cerro Gordo and Buena Vis- ta, but, in common with other dwellers in the Territory of Minnesota, I was intensely interested in the compromise measures of 1850. I have all this time been living in St. Paul, which is now in the State of Minnesota. ^ly friend, who has lived just across the river, near Fort Snelling, for thirty years, has in that time resided successively in Loui- siana, Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota." LOCATION AND AREA. The state of Minnesota occupies the ex- act center of the North American continent, midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and also midway between Hudson's bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Iowa is on the south. South Dakota and North Dakota on ihe west, Manitoba and Ontario on the north, and Wisconsin on the east. The state extends from 43 degrees 50 minutes to ■J!< degrees north latitude, and from 89 de- grees 2!l minutes to 97 degrees 5 minutes west longitude. It contains 84,287 square miles, or about 5.3,943,:579 acres. For every fifteen sections of land in Minnesota there is a square mile of lake. The name of the state is therefore a peculiarly appropriate one, signifying sky-tinted water. EARLY EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLE- MENTS. In 1035, Jean Nicollet, a French youth of great promise, having wintered on Lake Michigan, told in Montreal of the Minneso- ta country then inhabited only by Dakota and Ojibway (Chippewa) Indians. Several years before the first settlements were made in the Carolinas, eastern Minnesota wjjs ex- plored by two French fur traders who are distinguished as being the first white men to visit the country now called Minnesota. They spent the winter of 1658-59 in the vi- cinity of Mille Lacs. These men were Pe- ter Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law, Des Groseilliers. A thrilling narrative of Kadisson's voyages has recently come to light in the discovery of a set of manu- scripts written by himself and which, for two hundred years, escaped the attention of scholars in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum. In 1679, Daniel Du Luth led a party of traders to the western end of Lake Superior, and held a council with the Sioux near the site of the city which bears his name. The next spring, he ex- plored the St. Croix river, and at its mouth met the Dutch Franciscan priest, Louis Hennepin, who had in that same year dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony. Eight years later, Nicholas I'errot built a fort on Lake I'epin, near the site of Lake City, and formally claimed the country for France. Le Sueur fortified an island in the Missis- sippi, near Hastings, in 1696, and four years HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. later established a fort on the Mahkahto or Blue Earth river, near the mouth of the Le Sueur. Here he supplied the Indians with guns and ammunition in exchange for furs. In 1763, at the close of the French and Indian War, France ceded to Spain all her territory between the Mississippi river and the Rocky Mountains, and to Great Britain the country between the Mississippi and the Alleghanies. Captain Jonathan Carver, a native of Connecticut, visited the Minne- sota country in 17G6. He claimed to have made a treaty with the Indians in Carver's Cave (St. Paul), in which they ceded him an immense tract of land. The government did not recognize his claim. In 1783, Great Britain relinquished her claim to all terri- tory south of Canada and east of the Mis- sissippi to the United States. Eastern Minnesota formed part of the Northwest Territory, for the government of which the famous Ordinance of 1787 was passed. In 1803, the United States acquired western Minnesota as part of the Louisiana Pur- chase. In the same year, William Morrison discovered the source of the Mississippi, and about thirty years later, Henry R. Schoolcraft found a name for the lake in which the river rises, by uniting the middle portions of the Latin words signifying truth and source — ver-itas ca-put. Fort Snelling was established in 1819, and fifteen years later, Gen. H. H. Sibley made a per- manent settlement at Mendota. St. Paul was founded in 1838. In that year, Pierre Parrant built a trading shanty on the site of that city, and in 1840, a Cath- olic chapel was erected, and consecrated to Saint I'aul, whose name was afterward adopted for the capital city. Stillwater was settled in 1843 and a saw mill was imme- diately erected there. Another saw mill was commenced in 1847 at the Falls of St. Anthony. THE TERRITORY. On the third of March, 1849, congress passed a bill organizing the Territory of Minnesota with its boundaries extending to the Missouri river, and Alexander Ramsey was appointed its first governor, serving four years. The succeeding territorial gov- ernors were Willis A. Gorman, 1853-57, and Samuel Medary, 1857-58. When Governor Ramsey arrived in St. Paul, May 27, 1849, no suitable accommodations could be found for himself and family, and he became the guest of H. H. Sibley, at Mendota. These two gentlemen were at that time intimately associated for several weeks with two oth- ers — Henry M. Rice and Franklin Steele. "These four men,"' says Judge Flandrau, "have been more prominent in the develop- ment of the state than any others. All of them have been honored by having impor- tant counties named after them, and by be- ing chosen to fill high places of honor and trust." The population of the territory at this time was 4,764 — about equal to the l^resent population of St. Peter. In that year, there were about 500 peojjle in what is now Minneapolis, 609 in Stillwater, 840 in St. Paul, and 33 in Red Wing. In eight years, the population of the state had grown to 150,037 — an increase of about 3,150 per cent. Judge Charles E. Flandrau, in his "His- tory of Minnesota," says: "In my opinion, the first great achievement of the first legis- lature was the incorporation of the Histor- ical Society of Minnesota * * » and now possesses its greatest intellectual and moral treasure in a library of historical knowledge of sixty-three thousand volumes, which is steadily increasing, a valuable mu- seum of curiosities, and a gallery of histor- ical paintings." The motto engraved on the first seal of the supreme court was "Fiat justitia ruat coelum" — "Let justice be done' though the heavens fall." It is said that one of the judges interpreted it thus: "Those who defy justice will rue it when we seal 'em." The Mississippi was, in territorial days, navigable for steamboats to the Falls of St. Anthony and for a considerable distance above. Steamboats ran regularly . up the river to Mankato, and sometimes reached the mouth of the Yellow Medicine. The first Minnesota newspaper was the Minnesota Register, the first number of which bears the date of St. Paul, April 27, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 1849. The first number of the Pioneer was published one day later. The St. Taul Press was established on the first of Janu- ary, 1861. The two last-mentioned were united on April 11, 1875, to form the jour- nal which has since that date existed under the name of the St. Paul Pioneer Press. The iirst daily in Minneapolis was the Tribune, the initial number being dated May 25, 1867. There are now about 580 newspapers jtublished in the state. The railroad system of Minnesota had its beginning in the Minnesota & Pacific, which, in the latter part of 1861, operated a road ten miles long, running from St. Paul to St. Anthony. This road has grown into the Great Northern, which now runs its trains from St. Paul to the Pacific ocean. There are, in round numbers, about 6,100 miles of railroad now operated in Minneso- ta,, on a capital stock of about $264,327,000. THE STATE. On February 26, 1857, congress passed an act authorizing the people of Minnesota to form a state government. On October 13, of the same year, the people adopted a constitution, and in the act of admission in- to the Union passed May 11, 1858, Minne- sota was "declared to be one of the United States of America." The state at that time contained a population of 150,037. The United States censuses since 1858 show the following totals: 1860, a population of 172,- 023; in 1870, a population of 439,706; in 1880, a population of 780,773; in 1800, a pop- ulation of 1,301,826; and in 1900, a popula- tion of 1,751,.3!)4. Minneapolis, which first appeared in the national census of 1860, bad at that time 2,564 inhabitants; the city now numbers 202,718. The census of 1850 gave St. Paul 1,112; that of 1900 gave her 163,- 065. In 1870, Duluth numbered 3,131; in 1900, her population was 52,969. The pop- ulation of Winona in 1900 was 19,714; Still- water, 12,318; and Mankato, 10,599. The first biennial session of the state legislature was held in 1881, the sessions previous to that having been held annually. The Australian system of voting was intro- duced at the general election of 1892. The names of the state governors, with their terms of service, are as follows: Henry H. Sibley, 1858-60; Alexander Ram- sey, 1860-63; Henry A. Swift, 1863-64; Ste- phen Miller, 1864-06; William R. Marshall, 1866-70; Horace Austin, 1870-74; Oushman K. Davis, 1874-76; John S. Pillsbury, 1876- 82; Lucius F. Hubbard, 1882-87; A. R. Mc- Gill, 1887-89; William R. Merriam, 1889-93; Knute Nelson, 1893-95; David M. Clough, 1895-99; John Lind, 1899-1901; Samuel R. Van Sant, 1901—. THE LUMBERING INDDSTEY. While generally considered a prairie state, Minnesota is bountifully supplied with timber, and a large portion of it is cov- ered with dense forests. A strip of hard wood timber extending in a general north and south direction through the middle of the state contains about 5,000 square miles, and is called the "Big Woods." That por- tion of the state between the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers is well wooded, the northern portion of it consisting of Aten- sive jjineries. In 1847, Mr. Daniel Stanchfield explored the Rum river and its tributaries. He says: "The discovery by the exploring party of the almost inexhaustible pine tim- ber above the falls of St. Anthony, heralded throughout all the states and Canada, brouglit immigration from every state, and changed this part of the territory from bar- barism to civilization." Billions of feet of pine that grew on the shores of Rum river have since been cut and made into lumber. The report made by Mr. Stanchfield on his return from his exploring expedition result- ed in the construction of a dam, the build- ing of a saw mill and the manufacture of lumber in Minneapolis — or St. Anthony, as it was then called. The first supply of logs for the new mill to work up was obtained from the Crow Wing river. A bargain was made with the Ojibway chief, Hole-in-the- Day, by which the latter was to receive fifty cents for each tree (pine) hauled to the riv- er, and, in addition, five pairs of blankets, some calico and broadcloth, and a pony. One and a half million feet of logs were cut HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. the first winter, besides timber for a mile aud a half of boom. About the same time, the government erected a saw mill near Long Prairie. The saw mill at St. Anthony began work September 1, 1848, and ran night and day to supply lumber for building the houses of imnngrants. The next year, a gang saw mill aud two shingle mills were added. lu 1856, the surveyor general scaled over six million feet of logs for one St. Paul firm, and many rafts of logs were floated to St. Louis in that year. In 1850, over six mil- lion feet of pine logs were driven to St. An- thony from the Rum river country. The St. Anthony mills had at this time two gangs and three single saws running, be- sides two shingle mills. Many logs went to the St. Paul boom for markets farther down the river. In the year 1857, the cut and drive of logs on the upper Mississippi and Rum river exceeded forty-four million feet. In the winter of 1853-54 the first dam and saw mill were built at Anoka. In the same county, mills were built between 1854 and 1857, near Centerville, at St. Francis and at Columbus. The manufacture of lumber was extend- ed by the building of mills at Orono in 1851, at Princeton in 1856, at Monticello in 1855- 56, at Clearwater in 1856 and 1858, at St. Cloud in 1855 (by Wilson, Brott, AVelles, and Stearns), and 1857 (by Raymond and Owen), at Watab in 1856 (by Place, Hanson, and Clark), at Little Falls in 1849 (by James Green), and in 1856-58 (by the Little Falls Manufacturing company), near the mouth of Swan river in 1856 (by Anson Northrup), and on the SkuJik river, Morrison county, in 1858. Preliminary to the establishment of a saw mill or the cutting of timber in the pin- eries of the upper Mississippi came the work of the "cruiser" whose office was to Iirospect or cruise in search of the most de- sirable areas for lumbering, to determine the areas occui)ied by pine timber available for logging and to estimate the amounts that would be yielded from different tracts on the streams of the region. It was the cus- tom of the cruiser to supply himself with some provisions, a blanket, a rifle or shot- gun, with ammunition, aud matches to start the nightly campfire, and then to go alone or with one or two comrades, into the path- less forests, there to collect the information and estimates needed, remaining weeks or sometimes even months in the woods, and subsisting mostly on game, fish and berries. "The first great gold mine of the North- west was its pine timber, which was taken from the red man almost without compensa- tion. From the ui)per Mississippi region, above the falls of St. Anthony, it has (up to 1900) yielded twelve billion feet of lumber, having a value, at the places where it was sawn, of not less than |75,000,000. This great lumber industry, more than all our other resources, built up the cities and towns on the upper Mississippi and its trib- utaries, at these falls and northward." It will be interesting to compare meth- ods of lumbering in the fifties with those in vogue at the beginning of the twentieth cen- tury. Then, the main logging roads were cut twelve or more feet wide, straight, smooth aud level. One end of a tree trunk was loaded on a bob sled, the other part — The bark being removed from the under side so that it would slip easily on the snow — dragged along, ^^'hen it reached the lake or river shore, it was rolled off the sled and the sawyers cut it into logs, cutting an own- ership mark in each log. In the spring the diivers rolled the logs into the water and drove them down the river. Now, two bob sleds are used, and, by means of a tackle and fall, the logs are lifted upon them, some- times to the height of ten feet. To facilitate the drawing of such heavy loads, the ruts of the logging roads are iced by drawing water tanks along the roads, applying a small stream at each side. The trees, instead of being clioi)ped down with axes as formerly, are sawed off at the stump. The growth of the lumber industry in Minnesota may be seen from the following table, which shows the number of feet of lumber, and the number of shingles and lath cut in the saw mills of the state. Data relative to shingles and lath prior to 1900 are not at hand: HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 1848 1880 1890 1900 Lumber Shingles 2,000,000 2(B,306,000 344,494,000 i.erifi.fi+H.ooo 30X.9t)2,000 379,2,sl.n00 IRON MINING. When Croesus, the Lydian king, dis- played his heaps of treasure to Solon, that wise philosojdier told him that whoever possesses the iron of the world is able to control the gold. Nearly twenty-five cen- turies later, a French economist (Louis Figuier) asserted that "Le roi des ni^taux c'est le fer, et non pas I'or," — iron and not gold is the king of metals. One of the rich- est provinces of King Iron is to be found in northwestern ^Minnesota. The first men- tion of iron ore in northern Minnesota oc- curs in the report of J. G. Norwood, in 1850. Mr. Horace V. \Yinchell says: "Minnesota's iron industry is of recent date but phenome- nal growth. Though it is only fifteen years since the first car load of ore was digged in our northern wild, the industry has grown with amazing rapidity, until to-day an almost incessant stream of purest hem- atite is kept moving toward the furnaces of the east. * * * In 1880 the popula- tion of St. Louis county was 4,504. There was not a settlement north of Duluth." In 1!)00, the population of this county was 81!, 932. In this year the production of iron ore, which began in 1884, was 5,878,1)08 tons. Of this, 4,61.*?, 7fiG tons Avere produced on the Mesalii range, and l,2fi5,142 tons on the Vermilion range. The iron mines of Minnesota, so far as they have been developed, are situated in St. Louis county, north and northwest of Lake Superior. The two iron belts lie about twenty miles apart and extend in an easter- ly and westerly direction. On the south, and hence nearer to Lake Superior and the ore shipping ports, is the Mesabi range, whose rocks may be traced from Cook coun- ty on the east, through St. Louis and into Itasca county on the west, — more than 150 miles. The iron ore of the Vermilion range is not nearly as regular and well defined, but the rocks of that general formation al- so extend from Cook into Itasca through St. Louis county, — a distance of more than 125 miles. The ore deposits are not con- tinuous, but are scattered along in groups, at irregular intervals. On the Vermilion range, there are two groups of mines, situ- ated at Ely and Tower, respectively, — these places being twenty -three miles apart. The shipi)ing point for these mines is Two Harbors, in Lake county, 68 to 90 miles distant from the mines. On the Mesabi range, the groups of mines are centered around the cities of Biwabik, McKinley, Sjiarta, Eveleth, Virginia, Mountain Iron, and Hibbing. The ore from this range is hauled by rail about 75 miles to Duluth and Superior. The iron ore from the iron mines of Jlin- nesota is carried by rail and water to ports on Lakes Michigan and Erie and thence by rail to fui-naces in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The amount of cajiital invested in Lake SuiKM'ior iron mining is estimated at |250,- 000,00(1. This includes the investment in mines, docks, raili'oad transportation, and lake fleets. As methods of handling and mining ore liave improved, prices have declined; the margin between the cost of production and the selling price has grown smaller and smaller, and earnings have been made on larger outjiuts and greater economy of oper- ation. The prices paid for the ore delivered at Cleveland and other lower lake ports have fluctuated much — reaching their high- est point (fl2 per ton) for Bessemer ore, in 1873. From that time, prices have declined. In 1891, this ore brought |6, and in 1895, |2.75 to |3.50 per ton. Non-Bessemer ore brought, in 1895, |1.90 to |2.30 per ton. Inasmuch as several of the mines on the Mesabi range are owned by the state of Jlin- nesota. it is evident that the state has a l)ecnniary interest in their development. The royalties paid from such mines into the state treasury in 1899 and 1900. at the legal rate of twenty-five cents jier ton. amount to .f33,(!fi9.91. QUARRYING. At Sauk Bajtids and St. Cloud, granite (|uarrying was begun in 18fi7. Numerous varieties are quarried and have been much HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. used in the r-onstruction and trimminji of buildings, bridges ete. Gneiss has been ex- tensively quarried near Ortonville since 18S7. Qnartzite — a very hard and crystalline sandstone — was quarried in the Minnesota Valley, opposite New Ulm, in 1850. It forms a great ridge in Cottonwood county and has plentiful outcrops in Pipestone and Rock counties. It is used for building stone under the name of jasper. Near the vil- lage of Pipestone, the red quartzite encloses a thin layer of a red and mottled clayey rock known as pipestone (catlinite). It covers an area of only a few acres, and is the only formation of its kind in the world. It is used by the Indians for making pipes and ornaments. Sandstone quarrying was begun at Hinckley in 1878, and later at Sandstone on the Kettle river. The red sandstone at Fond du Lac was first quarried in 1870. Varieties of sandstone were quarried at Jordan in 1858, at Mendota in 1869, and at Dresbach in 1881. Quarries of valuable limestones were opened near St. Paul and Minneapolis in 1820, at Stillwater in 1847, at Mankato in 1853, at Winona in 1854, at Mantorville in 1856, and at Kasota in 1868. Stone from these and many other quarries in the state are shipped to Chicago, Winnipeg, and many other cities throughout the North- west. AGRICULTURE. The agricultural history of Minnesota is practically the history of the state. Of the four sources from which all the material wealth of the world is drawn— the field, the forest, the mine, the sea — Minnesota is richly endowed with three. The soil is fruitful, the climate is good, there is an abundance of rainfall, and all the condi- tions exist which underlie successful farm- ing. Minnesota is very near the northern limit of the best wheat production, and it is an established fact that the nearer the northern limit animal or vegetable growth can be carried on, the better will be the results. As to quality, Minnesota No. 1 hard is esteemed as the very best in the markets of the world. In the year 1860, Minnesota produced 2.186,!)!):{ bushels of wheat; in 1868 the product was 16,128,875 bushels, — an average of 17.75 bushels per acre. In the latter year the average in Illinois was 14.5 bushels, in Ohio, 11.6 bushels, and in Indiana, 10.5 bushels per acre. The average of corn per acre in ^Minnesota was 23.32 bushels in 1866, 31.95 in 1867, and 39.93 in 1868. Similar statistics show a parallel growth in the production of oats, potatoes, barley, rye, buckwheat, hay, flax, butter, cheese, and other farm products, as well as in the stock- raising industry. The following table shows the principal agricultural and live stock resources of the state from the latest report: Wheat 58,623,241 bu. Horses 559,060 Oats 53,101,86S " Cows 610,496 Com 37,149,314 " Working Oxen 1,220 Barley 12,510,935 " Other Cattle 451,246 Potatoes 9,284,722 " Sheep 316,965 Flaxseed 3,604,632 " Hogs 401,806 Rye 1,521,819 " Timothy Seed... 247,348 " Clover Seed 40,876 " The butter and cheese industries of the state have had a remarkable growth in the past few years. In 1900 there were 641 creameries and cheese factories. Min- nesota butter to-day commands the highest price. Its value is recognized not onlj' throughout the United States, but is in great demand in the British markets. It took four of the five prizes offered at the late Trans-Mississippi Exposition at Omaha. A similar statement would be true in regard to ilinnesota honey. A valuable and interesting account of the development of agriculture in the Red River valley of JMinnesota is contained in Vol. 25 of the United States Geological Sur- vey, by Warren J. Upham, now secretary of the Minnesota Historical Society. There is room here for only a few brief extracts. Condensation requires some changes in lan- guage, and quotation marks are therefore omitted. In pre-Columbian times, and onward to the present day, the Indians of the Red River valley have cultivated fields of maize, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. potato(^s, and s(]naslies. Tlic tirs( iiiiniijii'a- lion of white men to colonize this fertile basin was in 1812, when the early pioneers of the Selkirk settlements established their homes as far south as Pembina. Small bands of farmers settled further up the river in the sixties, but the main tide of im- migration came after the Northern Pacific railroad (1870-72) and the Great Northern (lS7o) had provided means of sending the staple product to the markets of St. Paul, ^linneapolis and Duluth. All the wheat is sown in the sprinji;. It is a remarkable fact that in the year 1890 the Red River valley ])roduced 2S~i busliels of wheat for evei-y man, woman and child of that ref;ion. The de- velojiment of that portion of the state will ap- ])ear in the followinp; comparison of acreage and production of the wheat in 1880 and ]8!)0. The statistics refer to the six most northerly counties of Minnesota bordering on the Red River of the North. In 1880: W.i:My^ acres, 1,092,183 bush.; in 1800, 600,- 000 acres, 8,000,000 bush. In the latter year, the other leading i)roducts of the same counties, excluding Kittson, were as fol- lows: Oats, 102,58-4 acres, 2,784,77.3 bush.; barley, 35,891 acres, 671,850 bush.; tame hay, 15,908 acres, 27,182 tons; potatoes, 5,512 acres, 427,413 bush.; flaxeed, 2,494 acres, 20,252 bush.; wild hay, 183,103 tons. In 1891, the amount of live stock in the six counties first named was as follows: Horses, mules, and asses, 36,910; neat cat- tle, 80,594; sheep, 26,002; swine, 14,473. The first wheat was shipped from the state in 1857, from the Le Sueur prairie. In 1859, a few thousand bushels raised prin- cipally about Le Sueur and St. Peter were shipped by boat to St. Louis. This cargo was supplemented by hickory hoo])-poles from Chaska. In that day Milwaukee was the market for most of the grain shipped out of the state. In 1862, the first flour was shipped from Minneapolis. THE STATE AGRICULTDRAL SOCIETY. This society was incorporated in 1868, although a similar society had been in ex- istence as far back as territorial days, and in 1867, the state had appropriated |1,000 for its encouragement. In 1885, Ramsey county offered to convey to the state 200 acres of land adjoining the city of St. Paul for the purpose of holding annual exhibi- tions, and the state at once appropriated |100,000 for permanent improvements. In 1887, a further api)ropriation of .|50,000 was made. Previous to this the annual fairs had been held in various parts of the state. The state now appropriates $4,000 annually to aid in the payment of premiums to exhibitors. The society is prosperous, and holds an- nual fairs on its grounds in September. Other societies which have done much to promote the agricultural interests of the state are: The Horticultural Society, the Forestry Association, the Dairymen's As- sociation, the Butter and Chese Makers' As- sociation, the Poultry Association, and the Ree Keepers' Association. FARMEUS' INSTITUTES. The chief aim of these institutes is to disseminate among the farmers information that will be helpful to them. More than forty are held every year in the various agri- cultural centers of the state. Those held between November and A])ril continue two days, and the summer institutes — held be- tween seed time and harvest — last one day. The work of this institution began in 1887. As instructors and lecturers in these insti- tutes, persons are selected who have made a practical success of agriculture, horticul- ture, stock-raising etc. Hundreds of ques- tions are asked of these instructors by the farmers and their wives who eagerly crowd to the institutes. Reports of the addresses, discussions, questions, and answers are pub- lished in the county papers, and are collect- ed in an illustrated annual of about 400 pages, twenty thousand copies of which are jtrinted and distributed among the farmers of the state. This work has, for several years, been under the immediate supervision of O. <". rincipal foreign markets are in the follow- ing order: AX'est Indies, Hong Kong, Brazil, and Germany. The ten largest milling centers in the T'nited States "as measured by their flour outi)ut in 1S99 are as follows: Detroit, 504,- 700 barrels; Nashville, 680,S0:i; Buffalo, 1,068,044; Kansas City, 1,094,846; Chicago, 1,125,745; Toledo, 1,150,000; St. Louis, 1,166,- 4:>!t; Milwaukee, 1, 7:57,826; Duluth-Superior, ],7(i:!.020; jMinueai)olis, 14,291,780." OnJan. 21, 1901,Mr. Geo. D. Rogers de- livered an exceedingly interesting and valu- able address on the history of flour manu- facture in Minnesota. At the conclusion of this address, from which most of the above data have been drawn, he says: ''At the World's Exposition at Paris during tbe past yv.iv. bread made from Minnesota flour car- ried off the prize medal for the best bread in the world, and Minnesota flour likewise took first premium in the contest for the best flour in the world, showing that Min- nesota holds the world's sweepstakes for the quantity and (piality of ])r()duct." HISTORY OF SOUTH DAKOTA. C. W. G. HYDE. The state of South Dakota lies in the heart of North America. It is north of Nebraska, east of AA'yoniing and Montana, south of North Dakota, and west of Min- nesota and Iowa. Its area is 77,850 sijuare miles. It is about equal in size to Nebraska or I'ruguay, one and a half times as large as New York or England, more than twice fhe size of Indiana, and nearly seven times the size of Belgium. It would take nearly ten states like ^Massachusetts and sixty-two like Rhode Island to equal South Dakota in area. The natural divisions of South Dakota are the Missouri valley, which has become noted for a production of corn and hogs (■(|ual to that of Illinois and Iowa. The Big Sioux valley, which contains fine quarries of granite and jasi)er I'ock and a fertile soil; the James River valley, which produces the finest wheat grown in the state, and which is the finest artesian well district in the world; centrjil Dakota, which includes the divide and prairies between the Missf)uri and -Tames rivers, and which is well adapt- ed to grain and stock farming; the Sioux reservation in the northwestern part of the state; the Sisseton reservation in the north- eastern corner of the state — a rich tract of agricultural land; and tbe Black Hills in the southwest, which are chiefly noted for their abundant deposits of gold, silver, lead, tin, coi>per, gypsum, niica, cements, clays, coal, graphite, iron, marble, zinc, etc. The aboriginal inhabitants of South Da- kota were the Crow, Cheyenne and Sioux Indians. A detailed account of these abo- rigines is given elsewhere in this volume. TERRITORIAL CIIANOES. 1. South Dakota, in i- inoii with oth- er parts of the west was a hunting ground for roving bands of Indians from time im- memorial. 2. La Salle, a French explorei-. formally took possession of all the country drained by the Jlississippi and its tributaries, and named it for his king — Louis XIV. — Louis- iana. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 3. In 1762, France ceded the country to Spain, but it was retroceded to France un- der the treaty of St. Ildepbonso in 1800. In 1803, Louisiana became the property of the United States by purchase. It is now necessary to distinguish the changes made in the eastern section of the state from those made in the western sec- tion, — the Missouri river constituting the dividing line. 4. The western section of the state be- came a part of Missouri Territory in 1812, and afterward of Mandan Territory. In 1854, it was incorporated in the Territory of Nebraska. 5. The eastern section was a part of Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1834, of Michigan Territory from 1834 to 1836, of Wisconsin Territory from 1836 to 1838, of Iowa Territory from 1838 to 1849, and of Minnesota Territory from 1849 to 1858. From 1858, when the state of Minnesota was organized, until 1861, it had no legal name or existence. In the latter year, Da- kota Territory was organized, including both of the present Dakotas, together with Mon- tana, Wyoming, and part of Idaho. 6. In 1873, the boundaries of Dakota Territory were i-eadjusted so as to include North and South Dakota as they now are. 7. On Nov. 2, 1889, South Dakota was organized as a state with its present bound- aries. EARLY HISTORY. The first party of American explorers to ascend the Missouri river into the land of the Dakotas was that conducted by Cap- tains Lewis and Clarke, and was organized immediately after the consummation of the Louisiana purchase. The party entered the Missouri river in boats from the Mississip- pi, May 4, 1804. Twenty-three days later, they passed the mouth of the James river, and near the place where Yankton now stands, an Indian swam to their boats and informed them that a large body of Sioux was near. The party landed and met the Indians at Calumet Blutf, making speeches and giving presents. On the 24th of Sep- tember, they reached the mouth of the Te- ton, now called the Bad, river. They re- mained in their canoes in the river, opposite the site of Pierre, for one day, the Indians being so hostile that they did not venture to land. On October 1, they passed the mouth of the Cheyenne. Here they met Mr. Valle, a French trader, who informed them that he had passed the preceding winter in the mountains (Black Hills) where the river takes its rise. Soon after the Lewis and Clarke expedi- tion, American traders and adventurers be- gan to push their way into the hitherto un- known Nor-thwest, establishing posts for fur trade with the natives. The furs and pel- tries were taken to St. Louis in the spring, the journeys down the upper tributaries be- ing often made in circular boats of skins, with which the channel could be followed, regardless of sand-bars, snags, and dark- ness. The first trading posts were estab- lished in the country about 1809. It is . claimed that Pierre Chouteau, of the Amer- ican Fur company, was the first man to run a steamboat up the Missouri river into Da- kota, and with him as pilot the steamer An- telope passed up the river into the Dakotas in 1832. It is said that a stone slab has been found on the top of Mount Lookout, near Spearfish, upon which this inscription had been cut: "Came to the Hills in 1833, seven of us. Doctor Lacon, Ezra Kind, G. W. Wood, F. Brown, R. Kent, William King, Indian Crow, all dead but me, Ezra Kind. Killed by Indians beyond the High Hill. They got all our gold, June, 1834." On the op= posite side is this inscription: "Got all the gold we could carry; our ponies were got by the Indians. I have lost my gun and have nothing to eat. Indians are hunting me.'' No permanent settlement was made in South Dakota until 1856, when Sioux Falls was settled. The first census of Dakota was taken in 1861, and showed a popula- tion of 2,402. In 1868, there were 12,000 whites in the territory. The first telegraph line was built from Sioux City to Yankton in 1870, and in 1872, a railroad was finished HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. between the two places. In 1874, pold was discovered iu the Black Hills, and in 1S77, the Black Hills region was opened to white settlement. The governors of Dakota Territory, from the date of its organization, March 2, ISfil, were as follows: William Jaynes, 1861-03; Newton Edmunds, 18G3-6G; Andrew J. Faulk, 1866-69; John A. Burbank, 1869-74; John L. Pennington, 1874-78; William A. Howard, 1878-80; Xehemiah (j. Ordway, 1880-84; Gilbert A. Pierce, 1884-87; Louis K. Church, 1887-89; Arthur C. Mellette, 1889. THE STATE. On February 22, 1889, I'resident Cleve- land signed an act empowering the people of >?outh Dakota to adopt a constitution pre- paratory to admission into the Union as one of the United States. A constitutional con- vention met at Sioux Falls on July 4, 1889. As the people had voted to endorse a consti- tution which had been adopted four years before, the duties of the convention were limited to making such changes in that c(m- stitution as related to the name and bound- ary of the proposed state and to the reap- portionment of legislative and judicial dis- tricts, and such amendments as might be necessary to comply with the admission act. A provision of the constitution relating to the ju-ohibition of the liquor traffic was sub- mitted to the people separately, as follows: "No person or corporation shall manu- facture, or aid in the manufacture for sale, anj' intoxicating liquor. No person shall sell or keep for sale, as a beverage, any in- toxicating liquor. The legislature shall by law prescribe regulations for the enforce- ment of the provisions of this secti(m and provide suitable and adecjuate jtenaltics for the violation thereof."' The constitution, including the ])roliib- itory provision, was adopted by po]>ul:ir vote on October 1, and on November •'', 18S;i, President Harrison issued his proclanuUion admitting Houth Dakota to the Union. Ar- thur C. Mellette was elected governor, and the first state legislature, on October 17, chose two United States senators, viz., K. F. Pettigrew and Gideon C. Moody. The gov- ernors of the state since that time have been as follows: Arthur C. Mellette, 1889- 93; Charles H. Sheldon, 1893-97; Andrew E. Lee, 1897-1901; C. F. Herreid, 1901—. R. F. Pettigrew rejiresented South Dakota in the United States senate from 1889 to 1901; and Gideon (;. Moody, from 1889 to 1891. James H. Kyle succeeded Senator Moody in 1891, and was re-elected in 1897. In 1901, Pobert J. Gamble was elected to succeed Senator Pettigrew. The population of South Dakota in 1870 was 11,776; in 1880. 98,268; in 1890, 328,808; and in 1900. 401,.570. There are twelve cities in South Dakota having a population greater than 2,000. In Ihe following list the first number which comes after the name of each city denotes Ihe population in 1890, the second number, the population iu 190(»: Aberdeen, 3,182—4,087; Brookings, 1,518 — 2,346; Deadwood, 2.366 — 3,498; Huron, 3,038—2,793; Lead, 2,.'581— 6,210; .Madison, 1.736—2,550; Mitchell, 2,217—4,055; Pierre, 3.235—2,306; Sioux Falls, 10,177-1^,266; N'ermilion, 1,496—2,183; Watertown, 2,672 —3,352; Yankton, 3,070-4,125. In 1890, about 12,000,000 acres of fine farming lands embraced in the Sioux reser- vations were opened to settlement, and the lands were promptlj' occupied by settlers. One tract of these lands lay between Ameri- can and Medicine creeks on the east, and < "heyenne and White rivers on the west side of the Missouri, and also included all that ]iortiou of the (* absolutely rciiiiircd for the production of abiiudant crops, a por- tion of it belongs to the semi-arid region, and must depend on irrigation for jiroflta- ble agricultural products. Three plans or methods of irrigation are at present employed in South Dakota. One method is the building of dams on bound- ary lines and on the dry runs and the cre- ation, by this means, of bodies of water which seeps through the ground or is con- ducted in ditches to the points where it is most needed. Another plan is to obtain tlie required water by artesian wells. A notion more or less prevalent that artesian well water is injurious to soils and plants has been proved fallacious. .\ third way is to irrigate from shallow wells and pumps. I'rof. Stacy A. Cochran says: "There is nothing that I more firmly believe than that the intelligence and energy of the South Dakota peojile will ultimately solve the irri- gaticm ])robleiii and our state will become the veritable garden spot of America." HISTORY OF NORTH DAKOTA, C A. LOUNSBERRY. North Dakota, admitted to the Union in 1880, was originally a jjart of the Louisiana Purchase, and was claimed by France from the time La Salle explored the ilississipjii in 1082, till ceded to Spain in 1762. In lS(tO. Spain ceded it to France by secret treaty and in 1803 France ceded it to the United States for 80.000.000 francs. Louisiana then extended from the what was then Dakota was di- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. vided and the present state of North Dakota was admitted into the Union in connection with South Dakota, Montana and Washing- ton. Xorth Dakota, leadino; in the enabling act, takes rank above the others in the or- der of admission. The division of North Dalvota was ac- complished after many hard struggles and much bickerings and strife between the two sections, South Dakota being persistent in her efforts to take the organization and the name, which North Dakota had made fa- mous by its wlieat, leaving North Dakota to take another. Pembina would have been acceptable, perhaps, though it was claimed to be of corrupt origin, meaning little or nothing. Some claimed that it related to a berry found growing on the Pembina river, and others, i)robably better infoi-med, that the application of the name related to the Holy Eucharist and meant "blessed bread." The eastern members of congress offered Huron, Algonquin and various other names, and the controversy was continued until 1889, when, on February 22, of that year, the so-called omnibus bill was approved, which provided for the admission of the fo\ir states previously named as a part of the United States. The constitutional convention was held at Bismarck, beginning July 4, 1889. Many distinguished Americans were present on the occasion and they were welcomed by Sitting Bull and a large number of his braves in full war dress. The constitution was adopted at an election called for the purpose October 1, 1889, by a vote of 27,410 for, to 8,107 against the adoption of the con- stitution. State officers were then elected. The president's proclamation declaring the admission of the state was issued Novem- ber 2, 1889. Returning again to some facts as to ear- ly history. The Hudson Bay company, char- tered by Charles II., in 1070, occupied a con- siderable portion of North Dakota in early days and they did not quit doing business at North Dakota points until sometime after 1870, when their former possessions in Can- ada became crown colonies. Rival fur com- panies contested with them for the trade of this region. They had a post at Pembina as early as 1800, established by Capt. Alex- ander Henry, who also located 82, when La Salle exploi-ed the Mississippi, until 1703, when it was ceded by France to Spain. It was re-ceded to France by secret treaty in 1800, and by France ceded to the United States in 1803, but remained in the possession and occupation of Spain until occupied by the United States. In 1804 it became the District of Louisiana, and in 1805 the Terri- tory of Louisiana, and was governed by the officers of Indiana Territory. In 1812 it be- came Missouri Territory, in 1834 it was of- ticially designated as Indian Country, in 1853 ^A'ashiugtou, in 1S03 Idaho, and in 1804 Mon- tana Territory. That poi'tion west of the Rocky moun- tains was claimed by the United States by right of original discovery and occupation, and the right of the United States to it was confirmed by treaty with Spain in 1819 and by treaty with England in 1846. It was or- ganized as Oregon Territory, created in 1848, became Washington in 1S53, Idaho in 1863, and Montana in 1864. Montana was admitted as a state by the act admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington, approved Feb- ruary 22, 1889. This act provided for a con- stitutional convention, which met at Helena, July 4, 1889, and the constitution then framed having been ratified by vote of the people, admission of the state was duly pro- claimed by the president November 8, 1889. The population of Montana, as shown by the census of 1900, is 243,329, being an in- crease of 84.1 per cent during the decade. The population in 1890 was 132,159, in 1880, 39,159, and in 1870, 20,595. The population is now more than eleven times what it was at the first census in 1870 aftec its organiza- tion in 1864. The area of Montana is approximately 145,310 square miles, exclusive of 770 miles water area. There are 26 incorporated cities, towns and villages in Montana. Eutte, the largest city, has a population of 30,470, in- creased from 10,723, in 1890; (Ireat Falls, 14,930, increased from 3,979; Helena, the third city and the capital, 10.770; Anaconda, 9,435, increased from 3,975; Billings, 3,221, increased from 836; Bozeman, 3,419, in- creased from 2,143; Kalispel, 2,526, not in existence in 1890; Livingston, 2,778; Mis- soula, 4,366, increased from 3,426; Red Lodge, 2,152, increased from 624; Walker- ville, 2,621, increased from 743; Miles City, 1,938, increased from 956; Dillon City, 1,530, increased from 1,012; Deer Lodge, Fort Ben- ton, Havre, Hamilton and Lewiston have ex- ceeding 1,000, and I'hillipsburg falls but five short of 1,000. ♦ The population of Butte was 241 in 1870, 3,363 in 1880, 10,470 in 1890, and 30,470 in 1900. Anaconda, twenty-seven miles dis- tant, developed by the same wonderful en- ergy and mining resources, has 9,975 now against 3,975 in 1880. Butte is connected with the Northern Pacific railroad by a branch, with the Great Northern by the Mon- tana Central, and with the Union Pacific by a branch to Pocatello. It is in the heart of an euormouslj- rich mining district which has added over $300,000,000 to the wealth of the world. An act for establishing trading-houses among the Indians being about to expire, President JetVei'son, in January, 1803, recom- mended to congress, in a confidential mes- sage, an extension of its views to the Indians on the Mississippi. He also proposed that a party should be dispatched to trace the Missouri to its source, cross the Rocky mountains, and proceed to the Pacific ocean. Captain Meriwether Lewis, a native of Virginia, a captain in the regular army, and private secretary to the president at that time, was appointed to take charge of HISTOUY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. this expedition. Later he associated with liini ^\'illiam Clarlie, a brother of General George Rogers (L'larlce, and they started on their expedition that fall, wintering near St. Charles, Mo., but on the east side of the Mis- souri, as the Spanish officers, still in charge, had not heard of the treaty whereby the country was ceded to the United States. Their party consisted of nine young men from Kentucky, fourteen soldiers, two Cana- dian boatmen, an intei'preter, a hunter and a negTo servant to Captain Clarke. They wintered 1804-3 near what is now Wash- burn iu Korth Dakota, latitude 47° 21' 4". They left their fort April 7, 1805, and pro- ceeded on up the river. On June 13 they came to a beautiful plain, where the buffalo were in greater numbers than they had seen before. "To the southwest," says the jour- nalist of the exijedition, "there arose from this plain two mountains of a singular ap^ pearance, and more like ramparts of high fortifications than works of nature. They are square figures, with sides rising perpen- dicularly to the height of 250 feet, formed of yellow clay, and the tops seemed to be level jjlaius. Finding that the river bore considerably to the south, and fearful of passing the falls before reaching the Rocky mountains, they now changed their course to the south, and leaving those insulated hills to the right, proceeded across the plain. In this direction Captain Lewis proceeded about two miles, when his ears were saluted with the agi-eeable sound of a fall of water; and, as he advanced, a spray, which seemed driv- en by the southwest wind, arose above the plain like a column of smoke and vanished in an instant."' And the Great Falls of the Missouri was discovered. They explored and named the Jefferson, Madison and Galla- tin rivers, followed the Jefferson to its source, traveled through the mountains in August and September, and early iu October em- barked in canoes on a branch of the Colum- bia, wintering on the Columbia, having reached the mouth of that stream November 15, 1805. Captain Lewis was appointed gov- ernor of Louisiana Territory, embracing the country which he had explored, on his return, in 1807, and committed suicide in 1801), when en route to \\'ashington, and Clarke was made guveruor of the .same territory, then Missouri, which position he held from 1813 to 1821. I..ewis and Clarke County, Mon- tana, was named in their honor, and well they deserved it. While up to that time there were hunters and traders in the country, they were of the Rritish companies, and the counti-y was en- tirely unoccupied by the Americans. Their work attracted universal attention. As early as 1802 John Jacob Astor had under- laken to establish communication from Hud- son bay to the Columbia river for the pur- poses of trade. The Missouri Fur Company, organized at St. Louis, in 1808, established posts on the Upper Missouri, and later one beyond the Rocky mountains on the head- waters of Lewis river, the south branch of the Columbia. This, the historian of Lewis and Clarke's expedition declares, was the first post established by white men in the country drained by the Columbia. That was given up in 1810, and the Astor interest with headquarters at Astoria was driven out by the ^^'ar of 1812. While there were other attempts to establish trade in this region by .Vmericans it was declared in 1843 that there was then not an American port or trading post in that vast region where trade had nourished for nearly twenty years between the Northwest Coast and China. In 1823 the Rocky Mountain Fur Com- pany commenced regular exj>editions to the borders of the Columbia. Captain Bonne- ville spent nearly two yeai-s chiefiy on the waters of Lewis river, starting in 1832. As early as 1843 it was said: "The parties ar-_ riving with furs are becoming less in number from year to year, as well east as west of the Rocky mountains, below the latitude of 49°, owing to the great destruction of the fur-bearing animals by the hunters of the rival fur companies, both British." Indeed, the country had then been occu- pied for one hundred years, beginning with the explorations of Verendrye, the discov- erer of the Rocky mountains. They ascend- ed the -Vssiniboin, followed a then existing tiail to the Mouse river, and touched what is now Montana, at the mouth of the Yellow HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. stone, and Jannai-.v 1, 1743, came in sij^lit of the Kockj mountains, and on tlie 12th as- cended them. They remained in the conntry until the 12th of May, 1744, and jjhinted on an eminence the anus of France, engraved on a leaden plate, and raised a uionument of stones. Father Conciuard was asscM-iated with Vereudrye. Jonathan Carver's explo- rations, or at least his information, extended to the Montana region in 1708, and his map of that year shows evidence of this earlier French occupation. He gained from the In- dians a very fair idea of the headwaters of the Missouri, and of the Columbia, so suc- cessfully explored by Lewis and Clarke in 1805, sixty-two years after the first occupa- tion of the country by the French explorers, followed, by the Church. Indeed Lewis and Clarke carried out the plan of Carver. They did what he outlined and had hojted to do. In April, 183!t, Fremont, the Tathtinder of the Rockies, i)assed up the Missouri, and though it is doubtful if he reached the Mon- tana country, his influence did. Ten years before Fremont, however, development had commenced. Fort L'nion had been estab- lished above the mouth of the Yellowstone, and in 182!) Kenneth McKenzie had estab- lished a trading post for the American Fur Company near where Fort Buford now is. In 1833 Robert Campbell and Hublette estab- lished a trading post at Buford, and the next year another up the Missouri sixty miles. In 1832 the first steamboat reached Fort Union and after that boats arrived yearly and trade b.^- modern methods commenced with Montana. I'rior to that the dog sleds and carts, and the travois had been the only means of transportation, aside from the bull- boat and the canoe, though the Indians were chary of the Missouri, which below the Yellowstone, at least, never gives up its dead. But earlier than Lewis and Clarke the trappers of Alexander McKenzie had traversed every stream in Montana. Pages, yes volumes, of most interesting matter might be written of the voyages lead- ing up to the occupation of the Pacific coast, the discovery of the Columbia, named fin- the good ship which first touched its watei-s, of the search and research for the way to India, out of which the voyages of Columbus grew, and the efforts to find a northwest passage. Here let us recall the impassioned words of Thomas H. Benton, in the United States senate, when, pointing westward, he said: "Yonder in the west lies the east; there lies the path to India." A new chai)ter opens with the discovery of gold in Montana, first remarking, how- ever, that next to Thomas Jefferson Montana owes her early development more to Thomas H. Benton than to any other living man. The name Mfintana is of classic origin, means a mountain land, and was suggested by Mrs. Jessie Fremont. The Indian name was Toza-be-Shock-uj), mountain cf)untry, or, as Joaquin Miller suggests, Shining Moun- tains, (lold was discovered in California, in 1848. Explorations continued on the moun- tain ranges, jnishing gradually westward un- til the g(dd fields of Montana were opened in 1862, following the immensely lich placer diggings on the bars of Salmon river, where grains of gold were said to lie as thick as wheat on a threshing floor, and about the size and color of wheat. The first record of sluice boxes in operation in Montana Is at Cold creek, May 9, 1800. Then followed de- velopment of mines at Bannack, the first cai)ital of Montana, and other points, but the richest deposits at Adler, and Last Chance, now Helena, are what made Mon- tana famous throughout the world. The Koolenai disti'ict wasexjdored and the mines woi'ked to some extent in the late fifties, but not with success. T\\e first notable work at mining was by (Iranville and James Stuart on (Jold creek in the sin-ing of 1802. Mines were discovered that year at Big Hole. Gold was also found on Williard's creek. The Crold creek mines were soon deserted for Bannack. A party of miners from Bannack in ISO:', started for the Yellowstone, and were driven back by the Indians. On their return ihey discovered the Adler (Julch ])lacers. fabulously rich, yielding as high as four dol- lars to the pan. Nearly one hundred million dollars were taken from this gulch. The discovery of these mines was by Fairweather, Juiir- 1. ISO:!, and that was the bcgiuiiing of fair weather in the develo|)meul of Montana. Adler was in the very heart of the gold region of Montana, Ihe richest ever discovered on HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. the face of the earth. Other discoveries fol- lowed, Harris Gulch, California Gulch, Wis- consin Gulch, Bivens Camp, Silver Bow, Butte, all rich camps. There is only room here to speak of the beginning- and the results. The bullion product of Montana in 1802 was .f.")(l(l.(l(IO; in 1863, |8,00n,000; in 1864, $13,00().()()0; in 1865, 114,500,000; in 1866, #16,500,000; in 1867, 112,000,000; in 1868, .|15,000,000. The first quartz mills erected were in the be- ginning of 1863, and in 1870 the number of mines in operation was 683. Last Chance Gulch, on which Helena was established, or "just growed," the miners" cabins having been established on either side of the pav streak, was "struck" in 1864, and yielded between foi'ty and fifty million dol- lars. Placers were discovered at Butte in 1864, and were steady producers for a number of years. Butte"s real development was com- menced in 1875, when the first mills were erected. In addition to its great silver mines there is a copper vein eighty feet in width extending for a mile and a half just north of the city limits. It is now worked to a depth of more than 1,500 feet, showing better ore the deeper it is worked. The cop- per product of Butte exceeds 25 per cent of the copper product of the world. In 1S07 the copper output of Butte was |38,00(l,0()(); gold, 13,500,000; silver, |6,000,000. Anaconda is twenty-seven miles from Butte. The works of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company are the greatest of the kind in the world. The capacity of the works is 5,000 tons of copjter and 180 tons of silver ore daily. The graphite deposits and the sapphires near Anaconda have no superiors. Bozeman, settled in 1864, has valuable de- posits of gold, asbestos, and inexhaustible deposits of coal. Great Falls is the young- est of Montana cities that have attained greatness. It is located at the head of the falls of the IMissonri and has but a trifle be- low 15.000 population. The Boston & Mon- tana Co])per Smelting and Keflning i)lant is located here, also the large silver smelting plant of the Ignited States Smelting and Re- fining Company. The pay rolls of these two companies amount to $3,000,000 per annum. It is the greatest primary wool market in the world. Tlie water power of the Missouri at Great Falls is 350,000 horse power. The coal fields immediately adjacent cover 4,000 square miles. The total gold product of Montana, up to 1802, when the mining interests of the state reached their flood tide of prosi>erity, was |137,46!),0()4; silver. $172,071,376; cop- ])er, i>ounds, 868,653,427. The copper prod- uct increased from 9,058,284 pounds in 1882 to 159.212,203 pounds in 1892. The metal product of Montana for the year 1892, in- cluding .f990,035.08 of lead, was $42,565,- 026.06. In 1892 the number of ranches was 9.330, containing 2,640,056 acres, with an average of 283 acres in a ranch. The aver- age product per acre was, wheat, 33.06 bushels; rye, 38.71 ; barley, 34.48; corn, 24.92; oats, 40.97; potatoes, 72.95. There were 16.393 daily cows and 1,066,393 pounds of butter were made. The number of sheep shorn was 1.459,791, the average wool per head being 6.97 pounds. The conditions atfording winter grazing prevail in all of the plains regions of the state, and millions of cattle and horses graze upon the hills and in the valleys without thought of provision for winter food. In many instances, though, here, as in North Dakota, it pays to jirovide for contingencies. The mean average height of Mtmtana is about 3,000 feet above the sea, while that of ^^'yoming is 6,000, and of Colorado 7,000, giving Montana a more favorable climate than either of these states. Because of the irfluence of the Japan current, the climate is about the same as Cleveland, Ohio, and any fruits grown in that region are grown in Montana. The apples, peaches, pears, plums and other fruits have the flavor of the moun- tains and are far superior to the fruits grown in the lowlands of the Pacific coast. Mon- tana is well timberetl, well watered; it is a bind of bright sunshine, a land of health and of hapi)iness. Tlie death rate does not exceed 9 jiei- 1,000. Consumption never originates in such a climate. The Yellow- stone Park presents the grandest scenery the eye of man ever rested upon. NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE. Thf North Itakota Agi-icultiual CoUoj-c and Experinu'ut Station, located at Farj^o, are conducted in the interests of industrial education for the youth of the state and to aid in the develoijuient of its agricultural and industrial possibilities. The pollege cun-iculuni eniliraces such academic and technical subjects and man- ual training as are necessary to confer upon the student the necessary culture to fit him for his place in the body politic and at the same time to prepare him to take advantage of the natural opj)ortunities the state affords ffir the production of wealth. Agriculture is the paramount industry of North Dakota. The state being without timber or minerals, manufacturing will never assume large proportions wilhin its borders. The soil, which is by nature ex- tremely fertile, will always be the principal source of wealth. Since the state is located in the far north, its climatic cfinditions are Iieculiar, and many varieties of grain and vegetables must be acclimated before they can be relied upon for jirotitable crops. Many problems relating to cnltivation methods must also be solved tliat the best results may be obtained. These jiroblems can only be solved h\ numerous and accurate experiments continued through many years. The es])eriment station is suppoi-ted by the federal government and thoroughly ecjuipjied for its work, and the data obtained from exx>erimentation are furnished to the farmers of the state through the medium of bulletins and the annual reports of the sta- tion. By a system of selection and hybrid- ization many varieties of grain are im- jirovcd. rendered hardy and more prolific and better able to withstand the iMgor of the climate. The ((uestions of conservation of soil fer- tility and moisture for the growing crops are also given large attention. Where a state has, in the main, but one great source of wealth — an extremely al)undant and fer- tile soil — its study should receive every pos- sible attention. For the sake of future gen- eiations it should be cultivated, keeping its continued improvement in view instead of robbing it of its fertility for the more rapid and less exjjensive accjuiring of wealth by the present generation. The largest variety of wealth-producing industries within the scope of agi-iculture is also encouraged. A single crop country is never more than temporarily jirosperous and seldom that. Animal husbandry, the manu- facture of beet sugar and dairy prodin'ts, the production of wool and the manufacture of woolen goods, linseed oil, potato starch and flax fiber are all legitimate industries belong- ing to an agricultural state, and add to its we.iltli. furnish variety of emplovment»and conserve rather than waste its soil fertility. Large attention is also given to the de- stiMiction of weeds, to diseases of cereals, vegetables and live stock, and remedies are prescribed for their cure or prevention. The treatment prescribed for the preven- tion of smut in wheat alone, will, when gen- erally apjilied, save to the farmers of the state millions of dollars annually. Through the agency of farmers" institutes the work and ideas of the experiment station are disseminated through lectures and vei-- l)al discussions, a farming spirit is fostered and better methods of cultivation are em- phasized. Better ideas also obtain in rela- tion to the feeding and breeding of live stock, of diversified income and of rural economy. The experiment station is without ques- tion the most important institution of the state viewed from the standpoint of the state's material development and future greatness. Through the investigations of the depart- ment of chemistry the feasibility of maun- facturing sugar from beets grown in the southern part of the state has been so far HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. deteriiiiiH^d tliat a company has been orfiaii ized and will in all pi-obahility be<;)n build ing a sugar manufactory at Oakes, Dickey county, the present year (1001). The depai'tment of dairying has also done much toward the development of butter and cheese manufactories in those sections of the state west of the Red River Valley, where mixed farming is more generally encouraged. To direct the attention of the youth of the state to its ojjportunities for making a living and for the sure production of wealth, and also to afford the necessary culture to enjoy the fruits of industry and to discharge intel- ligently the duties of citizenship, the agri cultural college stands with door ajar. It accepts its educational mission fearlessly and earnestly. To prepare young men and wom- en for the largest measure of usefulness and happiness in rural life is the first concern of a purely agricultui'al commonwealth. To dignify labor by supplanting soulless drudg- ery with scientific interest and to eliminate waste, chance and carelessness by substitut- ing economy, reasonable certainty and busi- ness methods through educational training directed to those ends and for those specific purposes, is a work worthy of the state's fostering care. The adaptation of the energies of an edu cational institution to si>ecific practical ends ■ — ends which find their answer in the high- est possible development of a state's natural resources, and also a refined and cultured citizenship — may seem to run counter to all the traditions of education, but it is so much the worse for the traditions. The closing years of the nineteenth century have made havoc of many autiipiated theories — educa- tional and otherwise. America's high des- tiny cannot be achieved without an educa- tional stimulus for her farmers and working millions, no less direct and helpful than that afforded professional and ministerial voca- tions. Not all may avail themselves of edu- cational facilities to better qualify them for the humbler, though not less important, voca- tions of life, but a sufficient number will do so to save the farmer and the working man from the conditions of peasantry. Democratic institutions demand demo- cratic education and the eradication of every force that tends to breed and foster caste or create social strata among the citizens of onr common country. Patriotism manifests itself (|uite as generously by develo])ing the re- sources of a country and safe-guarding its soil and other wealth-producing agencies from impaimient or wanton destruction as it does in protecting the institutions of liber- ty and justice as a heritage for posterity. Our flag represents possibilities as well as freedom — a productive country as well as a free country. The colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts re])resent this modern idea of adapting educational means to practical ends, without ini]iairing their cultural (jualities. It unites both the practical and the cultural in educa- tion that the coming citizen may /.-/ioic some- thing and be able to do something, that he may know how to live and also know how to make a living. To meet the demands made upon it the North Dakota Agricultural College adapts its work, as far as possible, to actual con- ditions and arranges its courses of study, in some instances, to suit the students' conven- ience and time. Three regular collegiate courses of study of four years each are maintained, leading to the degree of B. S., viz.: Agi'icultural, Me- chanical and Scientific. In addition to these gi-aduate courses of study a short course in agriculture is maintained, requiring two years for completion. This course deals with agriculture and other technical subjects hav- ing a bearing upon it, such as dairying, horti- culture, shop-work and veterinary. In con- nection with the technical studies, arith- metic, grammar, geography, history, book- keeping and ci\il government are required, and other elective subjects may be taken. A two-year course in steam engineering is also maintained. In this course steam en- gineering is the major subject and has as- sociated with it practically the same school studies as are outlined in the two-year course in agriculture, with more of mathematics and physics, however. Long and short courses are given in the department of dairy- ing according to the student's desire to fit HISTORY OF THE (JRKAT NORTHWEST. himself for farm oi' creamery work. For the benefit of students unable to attend school during the working season, two three-month winter courses are provided — one in agri- culture and the other in steam engineering. Arithmetic and English are re(iuired in both courses, and those desiring to do so take penmanship. The short course in agriculture consists of sixty lectures of one hour each upon agricultural subjects, thirty of horti- culture, thirty of dairying and sixty of vetei*- inary. Stock-scoring is given two after- noons each week, and all the students take shop-work. ITiese lectures are delivered in pojiulur form and the principles rather than scientific facts are dealt with, care being taken not to go beyond the student's comprehension. The three-month course in steam engi- neering is confined mainly to lectures upon the construction and operation of the trac- tion engine. All the separate parts of the engine are arranged in order in the lecture room, and during the sixty lectures each part is fully explained, together with its function and its relation to other parts of the engine. Afternoons are devoted to engineer practice, shoi)-work, etc., while arithmetic, English and penmanship are required as in the short course in agriculture. The very large number of traction en- gines required in the state every fall to fur- nish p((vver during the threshing season, and the scarcity of competent engineers to ope- rate them, make this department of winter training at the college exceedingly popular. Ladies are admitted to the Agricultural College on equal terms with gentlemen, but in lieu of the technical studies for young men, ladies are offered courses of training in household economics. These courses are varied according to the length of time the young lady remains in school. Those taking a graduate course complete the subject, in- cluding a thorough course in plain and fancy needlework. The subjects are taught in a practical manner, and no pains are spared to emphasize the importance of good housekeep- ing as a necessary adjunct to every woman's education. The shorter courses embrace the more common operations connected with cooking, baking, household sanitation and plain sewing. As far as pos.sible home-mak- ing is rendered a pleasure and economy a habit. This dejjartment is quite popular and but very few lady students nuUriculate with- out availing themselves of its advantages. The short courses alluded to are not in- tended to give more than limited training in si)ecial subjects and are intended to accom- modate a class of students not able, for finan- cial reasons or others, to complete a college course of study. These short courses, how- ever, enable such students to do better work, to become somewhat familiar with the nomenclature of science and to learif the sources of information which they may make use of in after life. Such courses give stu- dents a better ojiinion of agriculture as a vocation and a disposition to observe and in- vestigate on their own account. The students of the Agricultural College will exercise a powerful influence upon the development of North Dakota, shaping its industrial and political career. Though hard- ly more than in its infancy, the college has already demonstrated its usefulness, but as the years go by the students will, by their life work, show the value of their college tri'.ining and silence every opponent of in- dustrial education. MACALESTER COLLEGE. Macalester College is the outgrowth of the Baldwin School of St. Paul, projected by Rev. Edward D. Neill as far back as 1853, and of a similar institution opened in 1873 by the same gentleman in Minneapolis, near the Falls of St. Anthony. The fonner school received its name from Matthew W. Baldwin, of Philadelphia, a liberal contributor to its founding and sujiport. The latter received its name from Charles Macalester, also of Philadelphia, who donated for its use a valu- able property once known as the Winslow House, and located near the jiresent Exposi- tion Building in Minneapolis. The institu- tion springing from the union of these two schools was moved to its present site and opened in 1885. The men most actively interested in the establishment of Macalester College ai'e: William C. Baker, Richard Chute, W. W. McNair, Judge C. E. Vanderburg, Rev. J. C, Whitney, Hon. Eugene M. Wilson, Rev. Robert F. Sample, of Minneapolis; and Hen- ry J. Horn, Henry M. Knox, H. L. Moss, ex-Gov. Alexander Ramsey, H. K. Taylor, R. P. Lewis, Thomas Cochi'an, of St. Paul. To the efforts of the above named trustees must be added the splendid services of Rev. Daniel Rice, D. D., who devoted the later years of his life wholly and gratuitously to the up- building of the college. Drs. Neill and Rice were both graduates of Amherst College, and a number of the trustees were honored sons of eastern col- leges such as Hamilton, Williams and Lafay- ette. The purpose, therefore, in the minds of these men was to build up in the north- west an institution after the noble character and aims of these colleges whence they had come. This was their ideal. Their successors on the Board of Trus- tees have labored earnestly to realize this ideal. They seek to make Macalester Col- lege a center of culture and of warm Chris- tian intiuence — a school to which parents may confidently commit their sons and daughters not only for a thoi-ough education, but also for the safeguard and development of their characters. By a provision of the charter amended in 1885, two-thirds of the trustees are to be members of the Presbyterian church. But in its instruction and internal administra- tion, the college is wholly non-sectarian, and all its privileges are available to students of other denominations on equal terms. Stu- dents preparing for the ministi'y of any Evangelical church, receive tuition at half the usual rates. The college is located in Macalester Park, a beautiful suburb in the western part of the city of St. Paul, one-half mile south and a little east of Merriam Park, and one mile south of the Inter urban Electric Line on Snelling avenue. The college buildings are seven in num- ber and have been erected at a cost of $120,- 000. The college campus contains thirty acres, and has a frontage of six hundred and sixty feet on Summit avenue, a beautiful boulevard two hundred feet in width and laid out with parks, drives, etc. The grounds contain a fine grove and efforts are making to beautify them in a manner befitting their suiToundings. Tlie location is almost ideal for an institution of learning. The college is away from the distractions and temptations of the cities. There are no saloons or other places of temptation in the vicinity. Though the college is in a quiet and retired place, the students are brought more or less in con- tact with the life and culture of the cities. The large iiublic libraries, churches, lecture courses and musical entertainments are easi- ly accessible. The trustees of the college are W. H. Dun- woody, J. A. Gordon, Rev. R. N. Adams, D. D., Rev. John E. Bushjiell, D. D., Rev. J. C. I HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Faries, of Minneapolis; Thomas H. Dickson, Pres., Prof. Thomas Shaw, Vice-Pres., R. A. Kirk, R. C. Jefferson, H. L. Moss, B. F. Wright, Rev. A. B. Meldrnm, D. D., Rev. Mnrdock McLeod, of St. Paul; also Rev. P. H. Cleland, D. D., Duluth; Georfje D. Day- ton, Worthlngton; B. S. Cook, Owatonna; Rev. C. T. Burnley, Hudson, Wis.; Judge R. N. Oaruthers, Grand Forks, N. D. The faculty of the college numbers six- teen members, of which the officers are James ^^'allace, Pres.; George W. Davis, Dean; Mrs. Julia M. Johnson, Dean of the ^N'oman's Department. SHATTUCK SCHOOL. Beginning in 186.5 it has grown into one of the largest and most prosperous of our training schools for boys. Its reputation is almost national, all but ten states having patronized it. Its present enrollment of about two hundred includes boys from 2.3 states and Central America, by which its in- fluence extends over a wider field than a ma- jority of the colleges. Its past work and the conditions of its geographical location and the popular favor assure its success and per- manence. More than 2,000 have enjoyed its advantages, in preparing for college or for an active business life. Its object is to give boys a thorough education, and to train them in body, mind and soul to the right way of thinking and living, and to lead them to a higher iilane of manhood both by precept and example. The school points with pride and confidence to the many it has so trained. Resources. — In view of its high aims and the demands upon it, its resources are all too limited. It began with nothing, either in buildings or money. It has depended wholly iiI)on its earnings for its maintenance, care- ful business management having made it self-supporting from the beginning. It is not curried on for any one's profit. Whatever can be saved is used for the improvement of the school. Every dollar given it has been ajiplied to the erection of a building, or been added to the scholarship endowment. It was never so pi'osperous, nor so wortliy the con- fidence and the cooperation of the friends of education. This condition with the ]n-elimi- nary work done, and the ac(]uisition of a beautiful location and property that have cost more than .|:!.50.0()0, together with a scholarship endowment of .|10.3,000 for the partial aid of boys of limited means, are the guarantee it otters for a wise, economical and .safe use of gifts and bequests entrusted to it. The experience of its managers stretch- ing over more than thirty years has qualified them to expend money to the best advantage to secure its permanent usefulness. An in- spection of the school will convince any one that there has been a wise, careful use of the money donated, and the utmost good faith in carrying out the wishes of the donors. Needs. — A good boarding school has su- perior advantages for fitting boys for college, for business, for life. Amply endowed, it does it better, and works more independent- ly, with more confidence in the future, than the one that has nothing but tuition fees to sustain its work. It does the foundation work for the boy who goes to college; it takes the place of the college with many others. Its instruction is thorough and advanced, bnl the best work of a good school, and which makes it even more valuable to a boy than the college, is character building. The imjiressions on the mind and character are more easily made and are more lasting at the scliool age than at the college age. The im- provement of the secondary work is there- fore of far more benefit to the public than any increase in the number of the colleges. Its endowment, and ample means for the em- jiloyment of the very best teaching ability, foi' providing every building and facility necessary for the best work, and for the hap- ])iness and the well-being of boys in this HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. formative period, will c-ontribiite more to- ward developing the right kind of manhood than anything that can come later. A good endowment is for these and other reasons n supreme need for the best type of training school that is founded with a view to its be- coming a permanent institution. The location, grounds and grouping of the buildings are strikingly beautiful, and some of the buildings are among the best in the country. Three other buildings, and a Primary Department for very young boys, are, in addition to the endowment, the press- ing needs, and plans for these buildings are now in course of preparation. As stated under the head of Eesources, the sum applied from donations and earnings for the upbuild- ing of the school and the scholarship fund is nearly |500,000. To erect the additional buildings, found a Primary Department, and provide the adequate endowment requires as much more. It is not too much to say, that the great endowed school of the West can be established more successfully and with less cost on this foundation than in any other way. Gifts and bequests of money or prop- erty are sought to help in doing this. Need I say more to interest those who can appreciate good management and de- voted work for the training of the young? JAMES DOBBIN, Rector. Faribault, Minn. MEN OF PROGRESS. PILLSBURY. JOHN SAKGENT. -The name of John S. Pillsbury is so interwoven with the development and growtli of Min- nesota from its territorial, inchoate condi- tion, to its present proud and commanding position as the Empire State of the great Northwest, that a synopsis of his successful career would require a large volume, and then not contain the essential ingredients of his character which have most contributed to the result. Integrity, acumen, prescience, public spirit, sagacity, patriotism, loyalty and noble aspirations cannot be weighed and measured in their influence-producing effects. The most intangible forces seem to be the most potent, and yet the most elusive when subject to description. The combination of forces in a person is conventionally called "force of character." When this is exhibited in action some inference may be drawn. But this must be always inadequate to poi-tray the real man. In dealing with the life of John S. Pillsbury. these limitations must be considered. The influence of his character could not be confined to his local habitation any more than could the ai^oma of a flower garden be fenced in. In public estimation — and of very great importance — the preserva- tion of the credit of the .state by liquidating the old railroad bonds and the rescue of the State University from collapse, if not from oblivion, are perhaps the two most distin- guished public achievements of Mr. Pills- bury. Mr. Pillsbury was born at Sutton, Merrimac county, N. H., July 2i), 182S. His father was John Pillsbury, a manufacturer, and a man for a long life, prominent in local and state affairs. He was a desceudant of Joshua Pillsbury, who came from England in 1640, and settled at Newburyport, Mass., where he received a grant of laud, a portion of which still remains in the pos- session of his descendants, one of whom, Micijah Pillsbury, went to New Hampshire in 171)0 and settled at Sutton. He was the great-grandfather of John S. Pillsbury, whose mother likewise was of early Puritan ancestry. Her maiden name was Susan Wadleigh. The descendants of the Pills- burys have been numerous, and many of them have filled positions of honor and trust with fidelity and credit. John's early educa- tion was confined to the common schools of his native town, which, in those days, were of limited facilities. When a sturdy lad he commenced to learn the printer's trade. The business, however, did not prove congenial, so he abandoned it, and secured employment as a clerk in the general country store of his older brother, George, at Warner, N. H. After four years George sold his busi- ness, and John continued to work in the store under the new proprietor for tw*years longer. Then, shortly after he became of age, he went into business for himself, with ^Valter Harriman as partner. It is worthy of remark that each of these partners was afterwards governor of a state — Mr. Harri- man governor of New Hampshire, and Mr. Pillsbury governor of Minnesota. When this partnership was dissolved he went to Concord, in the same state, and engaged in business as a merchant tailor and cloth deal- er, which he continued for two years. In the meantime, becoming satisfied with his apti- tude for mercantile life, he was on the look- out for a good place in which to [)ermanent- ly settle. In 1853 he made a tour of the West for this purpose. The Falls of St. An- thony captivated him. He was satisfied that a metropolis would grow up around them. Without loss of time he settled on the east side of the Mississippi river, where the prin- cipal settlement was made and called St. Anthony. He engaged in the hardware busi- ness, and because of the large demand for such goods in the rapidly developing com- munity, his enterprise was at once prosper- JOHN SARGENT PILLSBURT. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ous. The only way for a merchant to obtain goods in any considerable (luantity. at that time, was by water transportation up the river from the railroad's terminal point. It was therefore necessary to secure in the fall a stock sufficient to supply the demand until navigation opened the following sprinii — that is, for live or six months. In the fall of 1S5C, Mr. Pillsbury had safely housed in his warehouse a larj-e consignment to sui)ply his trade. It was difficult to obtain insurance, there being then only one small Illinois com- pany represented in the town, and that not deemed very strong. Mr. Pillsbury's store was insured for a small amount, but the warehouse containing the hulk of his stock was considered as not being in much danger. But a fire started and a high wind soon de- stroyed this storehouse with its valuable con- tents, involving a loss of thirty-six thousand dollars. The goods had been bought mostly on the usual credit terms. Then, to make the matter worse, the panic of 1857 came on. Those who now know Mr. Pillsbury"s capac- ity for snatching victory from apparent de- feat — as in the University muddle, and in the railroad bonds matter — will not be sur- prised to know that he, instead of succumb- ing to the appalling disaster, went to work to retrieve his misfortune in a manner which may fairly be called heroic. Of course, he was compelled to ask an extension from his creditors. One or two small ones, however, determined to take advantage of the law which gave the first attaching creditor all the i»roperty, without regard to the interests of other creditors. When their design was known Mr. Pillsbury made an assignment to protect all the creditors alike. He then suc- ceeded in obtaining an extension of time for the payment of his obligations, giving his notes for payment. The times continued fearfully dull, but he worked with desperate energy. He lived in a house for which he paid ^150 a year, and he supported his fam- ily on |400 a year. Neither he nor his wife had a new suit of clothes for six years. When his first note for |1,200, given to one of his largest Boston creditors, became due and was sent on for collection, the best Mr. Pillsbury could do was to pay on it the pittance of |25. He made that payment and jiromised to send on more as soon as he could get together $23.00. He kept his promise, and in this way paid the note a few months before the second one of like amount became due. When this was sent on for collection, all the notes c-ame with it, each endorsed to J. S. Pillsbury "for collection." He could not understand it at first. It was a strange proceeding to have his own notes returned to him in this manner. However, he finally paid every obligation and was fairly on his feet again in five years. He then bought a new suit of clothes and went on to Boston. His old creditor greeted him very cordially, saying, "You are the man who pays a •11,200 note $25 at a time. I'm glad to see you.'" Then turning to his man- ager he said, "Whatever Mr. Pillsbury wants at any time, let him have it, and if you haven't got it, send out and buy it for him, and if they want to know anything about Mr. Pillsbury in Xew York, tell them he's the best man on earth," or words to that effect. Mr. Pillsbury was now stronger than ever. Notwithstanding the precarious condition of general western credit at that time, Mr. Pills- iiury could command whatever he needed. Although he was so absorbed in business that an ordinary man would deem it work enough, Mr. Pillsbury did not neglect his work as a citizen. He was always actively interested in public affairs. In 185G he was elected a member of the City Council of St. Anthony, which was then the center of po- litical control. By repeated re-elections he served in this body for six years. He was so tied up with his business obligations that he could not honorably abandon them and go into the army during the war — although that would have been an easy way to escape from his burdens. But when the Civil War broke out he rendered efficient service in organiz- ing the first three regiments. In 1SG2 he also assisted in raising and ecpiipping a battalion of mounted men to serve against the Indians. In 1851 congress gave Minnesota forty-six thousand acres of land to build a university. To raise money the land was mortgaged for forty thousand dollars. When the first build- ing was completed it was moi-tgaged for fif- teen thousand dollars. This was during the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. panic of 1X57. In the tonrst' of two or three jears tlie creditors became clamorons for some paj. The legislatnre was not able to make an appropriation, and the friends of the enterprise "generally, felt that the prop- erty must be turned over to the creditors to let them get what they could out of it. Mr. Pillsbury, though not a scholar himself, was keenly interested in the cause of education, and he determined, if possible, to save the university to the state, that the youth of the state might have the best facilities for an education. It became almost a passion with him. To show the desperate condition of the affairs of the university it may be well to say that the governor of the state in his message of 1802, only voiced the prevailing opinion when he was compelled to own that he could see no other way out of the financial embar- rassment of the university than to give all the granted lands to the creditors to extin- guish the debt. The next year Mr. Pillsbury was appointed one of the regents of the uni- versity and began to investigate the affairs, and finally devised a plan to extricate the in- stitution from its difficulty. For the time being he made its affairs his own, and ap- plied his business sagacity and acumen to its deliverance. He was also, the same year, 1863, elected to the state senate. Here he proposed his plan. It was to create a new- board of regents with plenary power to deal with all the affairs of the university. He was ably assisted by Hon. John M. Berry, later a justice of the supreme court. He drew up and introduced the bill which be- came a law March 4, 1864, which provided that the regents should give bonds each, in the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars. They were empowered to "compromise, set- tle and pay any and all claims" and "to sell at public or i)rivate sale" the whole or any part of the land for cash, or on credit. In a woi"d, the new regents had as full control over the uni\ersity property as if it had been their own. The new regents were John S. Pillsbury, O. C. Merriam, also of St. Anthony, and John Nicols, of St. Paul. Mr. Pillsbury took upon himself the untangling of the com- plicated M'eb of claims — some of long stand- ing, some items in dispute, some scattered east and west. This difficult and delicate task required Mr. Pillsbury to travel to dis- tant jilaces. and to devote months of time in adjusting satisfactorily to creditors and to the friends of the university the jumble placed in his hands. It was, however, finally accomplished. He succeeded in discharging every lien and debt to the satisfaction of all concerned, and yet saved to the university thirty thousand acres of land, the campus of twenty-five acres, and the buildings, which alone were worth about seventy-five thou- sand dollars. ITiis was a voluntary work of his heart, without compensation to himself, except the joy of a noble duty well done. Mr. Pillsbury was in the senate neai'ly all the time from 1863 to 1876, and always managed to secure a liberal appropriation from the legislature — even when others deemed it hopeless. Very naturally his successful deal- ing with university affairs gave him a wide reputation throughout the state. He is a Kejjublican, although in no sense a politician. In 1875 he was nominated by the Bepub- licans for governor, and elected. The state needed the best business ability it could com- mand, for the panic of 1873 had just left its devastating trail; the grasshopper scourge afflicted the farming community, and with it, every business interest; the long repudiated railroad bonds were a stain upon the escutch- eon of the state, which, besides the moral obloquy, were a source of financial trouble. The propositions offered for settling these claims had been so rejected by the people that most of the prominent public men w^ere afraid to meddle with the subject. But Mr. Pillsbury believed that honesty was just as' obligatory to the state as to an individual. He became terribly in earnest that the state should be honest. Here was to be his home, and he did not want to live in a state which rejnidiated its debts — no matter' how they had been contracted. He was almost alone in these views. There were only seven other prominent men in his home community who favored the payment of the repudiated bonds. He did not hesitate to urge at all times the liquidation of the debt. His views were known when he was elected governor. In five successive messages to the legislature HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. and in every legitimate and honorable way lie sought to bring about a settlement. The ojiposition claimed that the bonds were ille- gally issued. It was diffleult to get a judicial decision from the supreme court to deter- mine this question, by reason of technical difficulties in the way. Although the people who did not fully understand the matter and who had been misled by politicians, rejected, by a vote of about three to one, the proposi- tion for settlement. Governor Pillsbury suc- ceeded in inducing the legislature to author- ize him to U]ipoint seven judges of the dis- trict court — or if necessary one or more from the supreme court — to form a commis- .sion to decide upon the legality of the bonds. Tlie first judges approached to accept an ap- pointment on the commission refused to serve — such was the unpopularity of the gov- ernor's motive. There was, for a time, dan- ger that he could not form a commission. However, when he succeeded, and the com- mission met to consider the question, they were confronted by an injunction procured by the repudiationists to prevent the commis- sion from acting. This was the best thing that could happen, for it brought the ques- tion before the supreme court, which not only dissolved the injunction, but pro- nounced the bonds valid, and made the pro- posed work of the commission useless. But the work of extinguishing the hateful debt was not yet done. It was necessary that the legislature should provide funds. In antici- pation of a settlement. Governor Pillsbury had secured the surrender of the old bonds. Now some of the bondholders wanted to re- pudiate their agreement and demanded the surrender of their bonds, which by the decis- ion were valuable. But the governor would not give them up. He held them to their con- tract. When every (juibble against the pay- ment of the bonds had been demolished. Gov- ernor Pillsbury made his final appeal to the legislature. It was a masterly argument, and won. Even then it required great cir- cumspection to execute and deliver the new bonds, for feeling ran high, and the danger of physical as well as legal interference was imminent. But even that was successfully circumvented and the subject has quietly passed into history which redounds to the credit of the persistent and courageous gov- ernor, who declared from the outset that he would 'go into every school district of the state, if necessary, to convince the people of the absolute justice and honesty of paying: the railroad bonds." The scourge of grass- hoppers was at its height during a part of his six years of administration as governor. He vetoed the first crude bills for ai)propriations to purchase seed wheat for the sufferers, be- cause the sowing of wheat was worse than useless, so long as the pest remained. His wisdom was fully justified by subsequent ex- perience. He secured a council of governors of the affected states to organize a co-opera- tion for exterminating the grasshoppers. It met at Omaha, Neb., in October, 1876, and elected Governor Pillsbury president. He traveled, incognito, the infested region in midwinter to ascertain from personal in- vestigation the true situation and the con- dition of the peoi)le. He visited thirty-two counties and met with many pathetic inci- dents. The willing beggars had been forced out of the country. Those that remained had the right stuff in them. To relieve the im- mediate wants of many, he gave liberally from his private means. When he returned with his full personal knowledge, he made such an appeal to the benevolent that a gen- erous response was received from all parts of the country. (Jovernor Pillsbury and his wife attended personally, with scrupulous and exacting fidelity, to the distribution of the supplies. They were generously carried to their destination by the railroads and ex- press companies, free of charge. Ministers and country physicians having no selfish in- terests to serve, and being familiar with the conditions, were appointed as distributing agents. There were over six thousand peo- ple relieved in this manner, and it is safe to say that no supplies were ever distributed more equitably. Later the legislature made appropriations for supplying seed wheat to the sufferers. The execution of this law was put upon the governor, and it involved a stupendous amount of work. To put the seed where it was wanted in so many ditferent lo- cations, in different counties, and in time for HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. early spring planting, was a task of immense difiioiilty. Early in the spring of 1877, at the express wish of several religious bodies, and in accordance with an old New England cus- tom, Governor Pillsbury issued a proclama- tion for a day of "fasting and prayer.'" This attracted attention throughout the country, and provoked some criticism, but it was largely observed in the state, and it inspired many with a new hope. When it was found that the grasshoppers disappeared, and that the harvests of the year were unusually bountiful, especially in the infected districts, many people believed that the prayers were truly answered. There has been since no such affliction in the state. In 1877 Mr. Pillsbury was again elected governor. Dur ing his inspection of the region devastated by the grasshoppers he discovered a number of county ofQcers who w^re totally incompe- tent from ignorance, and some who were dis honest by inclination. He saw that it was necessary to have some remedy for this state of aflairs. He therefore drew the bill for the appointment of a public examiner to investi- gate all public offices and accounts and to devise an efficient method of keeping public records. The bill became a law. It gives the governor the power to remove n.n objection- able officer. This has proved to be a valuable safeguard to the people. By his action the governor saved one county alone thirty thou sand dollars. The law has been adopted in several other states and will no doubt even- tually become as universal as the "official ballot." He also secured the passage of the law creating a high school board to complete the chain connecting the district school with the university. Education has always been a subject close to his heart. He was a stern defender of the school fund and at one time set his face so strongly against a proposition to sell the school lands, that the matter has been dropped ever since. Mr. Pillsbury also succeeded in having the session of the legis- lature made biennial instead of annual, to the marked improvement of the quality of the laws, as well as a saving in expense. When the railroads defaulted ujion their contracts to build railroads the lands grant- ed as aid were forfeited and reverted to the state. These were then sold to settlers. Afterwards the state gave a new contract to the railroad companies and returned the lands to them, except those lands sold to settlers who had gone on and improved their claims in good faith. This gave rise to many contests betewen the settlers and a rail- road company. One arrangement required the settlers to go to the capital. 8t. Paul, to fight for their lands. Governor Pillsbury took the attorney general and judge and proper officers to hold a court in the counties where these lands were in dispute, because the settlers could not meet the expense of a journey to St. Paul and maintenance while there contesting for their fanns. The gover- nor spent eighteen months in settling these claims and saved the farms of 400 settlers. The attempted bank robbery at Xorthfield, where the brave cashier who foiled the rob- bers was killed, brought out another praise- worthy trait of Mr. Pillsbury's character — that of coolness and judgment in times of excitement. There was a clamor for calling out troops to arrest the bandits who were trying to escape from the state. Believing that quick action was better than a military expedition, necessarily slow, he offered on his own resjjonsibility a reward for the arrest of the outlaws. His plan was successful, and the most of them were killed or captured within less time than it would have taken to get a military column in motion. When it was de- cided by the legislature to enlarge the capitol by the addition of a wing to the old building, §14,000 was appropriated for the purpose. Xo one could be found to take the contract at that price, and it was generally predicted that it would cost two or three times that amount. Governor Pillsbury hired men and supervised the work himself and brought the wing within the sum mentioned. The legislature adjourned and by an oversight neglected to nmke the necessary approi)ria- tion for paying the current expenses of the state penitentiary at Stillwater. To prevent the calling of an extra session of the legisla- ture, which would cost the state from fifty to seventy-five thousand dollars, he advanced $55,00 from his private funds to keep the prison running and to save the common- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. wealth that extra expense. Subsequently, when the hospital for the insane at St. Peter was burned, just before winter set in, he saved the state the expense of an extra ses- sion of the legislature, which would have been necessary to provide for the emergency, and he prevented the suffering of the in- mates by advancing from his private ex- chequer the necessary funds. In 1879, al- though contrary to jirecedent, and not de- sired by himself because of the growth and size of his private business, he was elected governor for a third term — the only instance of a third election to the office in the history of the state. From all indications, from the urgent solicitations of prominent public men, and the almost universal approval of his three administrations, he could have been elected for a fourth term, but he positively declined to be considered again. The capitol was burned March 1, 1881, in the early even- ing. Before midnight, by telegraph, a tender of the old market house at St. Paul was made for the use of the legislature. This was the first news of the disaster received by the governor, who was at home in Minne- apolis. In the morning the offer was accept- ed, and subsequently by his influence, the capitol was rebuilt on the old site. Another evidence of his broadmindeduess was shown conspicuously in his selection of judges for the supreme and the district courts, when the legislature increased the judicial service. Al- though a staunch Rejmblican, out of three appointments for the supreme court, he ap- pointed two Democrats, and for the district courts he appointed several Democrats. These selections were approved by the peo- ple generally, and subsequent experience has abundantly conflrmd the wisdom of Gover- nor Pillsbury's choice. His liberality and munificence have always kept pace with his prosperity, from the time that he generously relieved the grasshopper scourge sufferers from his private purse, up to his princely gifts for public uses. In 1889 he built and gave to the University of Minnesota the mag- nificent structure known as "Science Hall," erected at a cost of .1150,000. In 1892 he pre- sented to his native town, Sutton, N. H., a fine town hall, as a memorial of his father, John Pillsbury, and his mother, Susan 'Wadleigh Pillsbury. In 1898 Mrs. Pillsbury, his wife, established an endow- ment fund of .|1 00,000 for "The Home for Children and Aged Women," in Minneapolis. In 1900 he and his wife erected in the same city a home for working girls, at a cost of $25,000. Through his business management the State Agricultural College and Experi- ment Station farm were secured for the state without costing it a cent. In 1901 he deter- mined to give to Minneajtolis as complete a library building for the "East Side" — which has always been his home — as could be de- vised, which will cost .f75,000. This is for the especial benefit of the families of the six or seven thousand mill hands working there. There is no room here for a history of his successful efforts in building up the flour mills which have made the name of "Pills- bury" famous throughout the world, and made the city of Minneapolis the world's greatest milling center. It is enough here to say that this gigantic business is due to the capital and business sagacity of JoUn S. Pillsbury. He has always been the founda- tion and motive power of the enterprise and has never been out of touch with it. The greatest merit of all is the fact that by his firmness and principle, and unswerving loy- alty to Minneapolis and the Northwest, he prevented the transfer of the property to a trust. He resisted the temptation of almost fabulous sums to yield control, which by the scratch of a pen he had the i)ower to do, and thus relieve himself of a vast responsibility when ease in comfoi'table circumstances is grateful. For this integrity and steadfast- ness the whole world owes him honor. Gov- ernoi' Pillsbury, November i!, 185G, was mar- ried to Miss Maliala Fisk, the daughter of ("a])tain John Fisk, who came from Suft'olk, England, in 1837, and settled at Windoui, Mass. She has been a worthy help-uu'ot. deeply intei-ested in ln-r Imshaud's j)lans, and ably assisting \\li('rc Ikm- efforts would avail. Tlicy have had four children — Addie, horn October 4, 1859, the deceased wife of Charles M. Webster; Susan M., born June 23, 1863, the wife of Fred B. Snyder, the well known lawver and state senator HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. from Minueapolis; Sarali Belle, born June 30, 1866, and Alfred Fick Pillsbur.T, born Oc- tober 20, 1868. MENDENHALL, Richard Junius.— Com- ing in the early 50's to the then practically unknown west, and locating at the little set- tlement by the falls of St. Anthony, Richard J. Mendenhall has been identified with the city of Minneapolis from its early growth, and in his 15 years of residence he has had a varied business record — that of surveyor, land agent, banker and florist. In the early decades of the city's development few were more actively identified with those interests which were calculated to advance its wel- fare. Struggling often with poor health, his resolution and power of will overcame every obstacle, and turning by adverse cir- cumstances from one field of enterprise he launched boldly and with enthusiasm into another, finally reaping in later years the success he so richly merited. Entomology and botany have been his scientific diver- sions throughout the whole of his career, and applying to them his business experi- ence he has built up a reputation as a florist which has made his name known through- out the entire northwest. Mr. Mendenhall traces his ancestry directly back to the "Quaker" Mendenhall who came over with William Penn, and who was the founder of the American family of that name. Rich- ard Mendenhall, his great great grandson, and the father of the subject of this sketch, was a tanner by profession and carried on an extensive business at Jamestown, N. C, from which he realized a comfortable fortune. He was a member of the North Carolina legislature for several years, and an ardent abolitionist. The interest he took, however, in organizing Sunday schools among the colored people nearly led to his being hanged by some of the more rabid slave-holders. As his ancestors before him, he was a follower of the Quaker creed and a prominent member of the Society of Friends in North Carolina. His wife, Mary Pegg, was a descendant of an old Welsh family which settled in Maryland at an ear- ly period. She was a woman of strong char- acter and a worthy help-mate. Richard J. was born at Jamestown, N. C. November 25, 1828. His educataional opportunities were of a somewhat limited nature. After a few brief years at the village school, he spent a year at the Quaker boarding school at New Garden, N. C. At fourteen, he went to Greensboro and lived with a physician, who was also the postmaster, and assisted in the work of the oflice, but later returned to his native town, working in his uncle's store. When twenty years of age he went to Providence, R. I., and entered the celebrated Friends' School at that place. For a short time afterwards he taught school at North Falmouth, Mass. During the next few years he followed the occupation of a civil engineer, travel- ing through the eastern states, finally coming west, and had charge of a survey- ing party in Des iloines, Iowa, during the winter of 1855-56. The following spring, be- ing afl'ected by a hemorrhage of the lungs, he decided to come further north for his health, reaching ilinneapolis on the twenty- seventh day of April, 1856. He entered into partnership here with Mr. Cyrus Beede, un- der the firm name of Beede & Mendenhall, carrying on a banking and exchange business. The following year proved disastrous to the young firm through extensive loans made on what proved to be worthless security, but they held on, preserving their credit, and doing such business as was possible under the adverse conditions. In November, 1862, Mr. Mendenhall became president of the State Bank of Minnesota, having purchased ' a half interest in the capital stock of that concern, and continued as such until 1871. He was also president of the State Savings Association, which was connected with the National Bank. When the panic of 1873 came the savings bank was forced to sus- pend and nearly all his fortune was swept away by the crash. He then turned his at- tention to horticulture, a subject in which he had always taken a great interest. In prosperous times he had erected near his family residence a greenhouse, where he de- voted his leisure moments to the cultivation HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of choice exotics, as -well as the more com- mon flowers. The o^reenhouses were at once extended and his business grew in magnitude until he built up what is probably the largest cut flower business in the north- west, and lias in his greenhouses the choicest plants from all parts of the world. Though a man of seventy-two years of age he still takes as much interest in his floral beauties as he did in his youthful days. Mr. Menden- hall has always taken an active part in poli- tics, but never to the extent of seeking office. He has voted for those candidates whom he thought would make the best men for the office to which they aspired, regardless of their political affiliations; but he never shirked his own responsibility as a citizen. He served as treasurer of the town of Min- neapolis in ISGl*, and as treasurer of the Minneapolis school board for ten years. He was also treasurer of the Minnesota Mutual Insurance Company for the same number of years. He was a delegate to the national board of trade for three successive years, a delegate to the river and harbor improve- ment convention at St. Louis in 1867, and was president of the state national park for twelve years. He has been a member of the State Horticultural society since its organi- zation, and was its president for one year. Kut no sketch of the life of Mr. Mendenhall would be complete which did not take into account the share which his wife had in the molding of his character and the guiding of his life. Her maiden name was Abby Grant Swift. She was the youngest of a family of seven daughters. Her father, Silas Swift, was a sturdy sea captain. She grew up to young womanhood in tlie little village of West Falmouth, Mass., attending the com- mon schools, but was prevented by ill health from receiving the advantages of a seminary or a boarding school education. This was compensated for in part, however, by diligent reading and study at home. She spent a few years at New Bedford, where she assisted a relative in the conduct of her business, keeping books and accounts. On February 11, 185S, she was united in mar- riage to Mr. Mendenhall, having met him first when he taught school in West Fal- laCHAltD J. MENDENHALL. mouth. She soon became prominent in the social life of the Society of Friends ia her new home, and took an active interest in the missionary work of the church both at home and abroad. Having no children of her own, Mrs. Mendenhall became by sympathy and choice a mother to the unfortunate, and in every charitable effort she was always a foremost spirit. Her memory is especially cherished in connection with her work for Bethany Home, having been one of the organ- izers of the society which built this useful institution, and was the treasurer of that society during its entire history up to the time of her death, January 11, 1000. LYON, Hiram Rogers. — The custody of other people's money is one of the most re- sponsible duties that can be assumed, not so luudi perhaps because of the value of the trust, but rather by reason of the tempta- tions which inhere to the control of ready money. Diamonds of ten times the value of a sum of money could not attract the temp- tations which seem to hang around and be- leaguer ready cash. Brilliant schemes prom- ising large and (]uick returns seem to crowd HISTOllY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. HIRAM R. LYON. around the money safe when any other form of property would be immune from attack. Hence a banker, to be successful, must have a peculiar mental equipment. It is not enough to be merely honest and to have good intentions. Such a one may tumble into pit- falls, as many of them do. He must be well informed in all matters of finance, stocks, bonds, mortgages and all sorts of securities. He must know about the crops, wool, cattle, commerce, the balance of trade, politics, "strikes" and a host of other things involv- ing money. He must be of sound judgment, conservative, cautious — and yet not too care- ful; alert, yet not so eager as to be blind to risk; bold to seize an opportunity, and yet not rash; kind hearted and jet not maudlin; generous, though not a spendthrift, and have many other qualities not essential for success in other lines of business. There are bankers who are not so equipped, yet they manage to get along, but it is more owing to good fortune than to their own ef- forts. The crucial test of their fitness may never have been met, but in the long run it generally comes. A successful banker of long standing is therefore a man of more than common ability. The First National Bank of Mandan, North Dakota, is fortunate in having a man at the head who may fairly be classed with the ideal portrayed. President Hiram K. Lyon for nearly twenty years has held a large share of the i-esponsibility of the bank. During that time there have been critical periods in financial circles, as many know to their sorrow, and Mr. Lyon has faced the storms like an experienced pilot. Mr. Lyon was born at Zanesville, Ohio, in 1856. His father was Carlos W. Lyon, who came to Minnesota in an early day and set- tled at Wabasha as a grain dealer. He was also the local agent for the Davidson Line of steamboats, which at that time was one of the leading transportation companies and did a large business. He was a man of in- fluence, though only in moderate circum- stances, and was elected mayor of the town. He was serving in this capacity at the time of the Indian outbreak. The neighboring Indians were greatly agitated and the situ- ation was alarming. Through Mr. Lyon's influence they were induced to go to Fort Snelling, where they were kept until the trou- ble was over. He died in 1865, when Hiram was only nine years of age. Hiram's moth- er was born in Philadelphia, her maiden name being Mary Rogers. She married at Zanesville, Ohio, where her son was born. She married for her second husband Capt. David W. Wellman, a civil engineer, who was the city engineer of St. Paul. She is still living, at Los Gatos, California. Hiram was educated in the public schools and took a special course in the University of Min- . nesota. He also attended the Normal school at Oshkosh, Wis., for two terms. He then did some work in civil engineering un- der his step-father. But within one week after he was of age he secured a position as messenger in the Second National Bank of St. Paul. This was really his starting point in life. He found his sphere, for he proved so apt and etBcient that he was rapidly pro- moted to bookkeeper, teller, and cashier within four years. In 1881 he went to North Dakota, or Dakota Territory, — as it had not yet been divided into states, — to look up a place for a new bank. He selected Mandan, HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ever since his home. The present bank was organized by him in August, 1881. The next year, April 1, 1882, Mr. Lyon came and took charge of the bank as cashier. In 1881 he was elected president of the institution, grown to be one of the most substantial in the state. Mr. Lyon has always been a IJe- publican, as bis forefathers have been, but has held few public offices. He served on the governor's staff three terms as a mem- ber of the Agricultural Board. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum and of the Minneapolis Club, which he joined while teni porarily living in Minneapolis in charge of the Xorth Dakota Millers' Association prop- erty. Besides being interested in the bank- ing business of the country, Mr. Lyon has in- terests in lumber and in farm machinery business. He is also president of the Mis- souri Valley ISIilling Company, and of the Lyon Elevator Company, with headquarters at Mandan. Mr. Lyon is a member of the Episcopal church, and is married and has one child, Caroline Rogers Lyon, now near- ly seven years old. He has also a step-son, Robert Meech — his wife's son by a former marriage, — now about fifteen years of age, and a student at Shattuck school, Faribault. SPALDING, Burleigh Folsom, congress- man from North Dakota, comes from old colonial stock. He is a descendant, in the eighth generation, from Edward Spalding, who migrated to Virginia from England in 161"J, settling in Massachusetts in l(j:?0, and on the maternal side, in the eighth genera- tion, from John Folsom, who came to this country from England and settled in Massa- chusetts about 1638. His ancestors on both sides fought in all the early colonial and Indian wars, and at least three of his great grandfathers participated in the Revolu- tionary' war. Benjamin Spalding, his great grandfather, was one of the earliest settlers of Drleans county, Vermont, settling in Craftsbury, where he died, in 1838. liis grandfather, Noah Spalding, was a noted teacher in northern Vermont, and served in the war of 1812. The father of the subject of this sketch was Benjamin Pendell Spal- BUKLEIGH F. SI'ALDING. ding, who was an itinerant preacher of the Methodist Episcopal church in Vermont«nd New Hampshire. Ann Folsom, his wife, was a daughter of Rev. ^Moses Folsom, a Free Baptist preacher of the same two states. She taught school in Vermont for several years before her marriage, and was noted in her vocation as among the best. Their son, Burleigh, was born in Craftsbury, Orleans county, Vermont, December 3, 1853. He attended the common schools of Ver- mont, summer and winter, till he was eleven years old, then only the winter term till he was seventeen. This was supplemented by an attendance at the Lyndon Literary Insti- tute and the Norwich University, the latter being the military college of Vermont. He graduated from this institution in 1877, with the degree of B. Ph., and was honored with the degree of M. A. from his alma ma- ter in 1897. He was compelled to pay his own way through college, and earned the funds with which to do so by teaching dur- ing the winter, and working on the farm or canvassing for books in the summer. The winter of 1877-78 he taught in the Albany Aradriiiy. and then, having a desire to take up the legal ]irofessi(in as his vocation in HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. life, read law with tlie firm of Gleasou & Field, in Montpelier. During the session of 1878 he served as a clerk in the Vermont legislature. He was admitted to the Wash- ington county bar, March 15, 1880, and im- mediately came west, settling at Fargo, Da- kota Territory, March 31. The following May he entered into a partnership with Hon. S. G. Roberts, one of the earliest settlers of Fargo, and at the end of one year purchased his interest and formed a partnership with Hon. C. F. Templeton, which continued un- til 1888. He then practiced alone till 1892, when he formed a partnership with George H. Phelps. In 1893, Mr. Seth Newman was admitted to the partnership. Mr. Phelps withdrew from the firm in 1896, and, in 1S98, the firm of Newjnan, vSpalding & Stambaugh was formed, which still continues, and is one of the best known law tirms in the state. Mr. Spalding has always enjoyed a lucrative practice and has been engaged in many of the most important cases tried in any of the courts of his home state. From the begin- ning of his residence in Dakota he always took an active interest in politics. His po- litical affiliations have always been with the Republican party. In 1883 the legislature of Dakota Territory elected him as a mem- ber of a commission of nine to re-locate the capital and build the capitol buildings, and he served for several years as secretary of this commission. He was superintendent of public instruction for Cass county from 1882 to 1884, and served as a member of the convention which framed the constitution of the new state of North Dakota in 1889. He also served on the joint commission to divide the archives and property of the terri- tory between the two new states of North Dakota and South Dakota. He served as chairman of the Republican state central committee from 1892 to 1894; and in 1896, of Cass County Republican committee. In 1898 he was nominated to congress on the Republican ticket, and M'as elected by the handsome majority of 9,938. He declined a renomination in 1900 by refusing to be a party to a combination formed in the state convention of that year to parcel out state offices. Mr. Spalding made an admirable record during his two years' term in the lower house of congress. He was one of the hard-working men of that body and could always be depended upon to look out for the interests of his constituents. He served on the territorial and war claims' committees, and was chairman of the subcommittee to prepare a system of government for Alaska. He also introduced and secured the passage of the bill opening Fort Buford military res- trvation to settlement. This reservation in- cludes about 517,000 acres. The bill is said to be the most important passed by any new member at the first session of this Fifty- sixth congress. North Dakota lost a valua- ble man to represent its interests in con- gress when Mr. Spalding declined to join the slope forces in their combination to con- trol state offices, and by so doing practically declining a renomination. But she will not be deprived of his services in other ways. He is a man who will always take a fore- most position in public affairs, contributing freely of his time to the best interests of his adopted state. He did effective work on the stump in the campaign of 1900, speaking from one end of the state to the other, and contributed in no small measure to the large vote polled for the Republican ticket in that year. Mr. Spalding is a prominent member of the JIasonic fraternity. He has taken the thirty-second degree in the Scottish Rite, has served as High Priest of Keystone Chapter, and is one of the trustees of the Masonic Temple at Fargo. He is also a Knight Templar. He was married, Novem- ber 25, 1880, to Alida Baker, daughter of David and Emily H. (Cutler) Baker, of Glov- er, Vermont. Their union has been blessed with five children: Deane Baker, born April 12, 1882; Frances Folsom, born December 20, 1888; Roscoe Conkling, born January 9, 1890; Burleigh Mason, born April 9, 1891, and Carlton Cutler, born January 21, 1896. WOOLMAN, Joseph P., is United States marshal for the district of Montana, to which position he was appointed in May, 1898. He was born February 5, 1841, at Woodstown, Salem county, N. J. His HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. father, James Woolman, was a leading- manu- facturer in that place, and was also en- gaged in farming. He was a man who took quite a prominent part in the affairs of his own community and was regarded as a shrewd and capable business man. His wife's maiden name was Mary Ann Pedrick. She was a worthy woman in every respect, self-sacrificing where the interests of those she loved were concerned, and was the moth- er of eleven children. On his father's side. Mr. Woolman is descended from ^^■illianl Woolman, and his son John, who came over from England in 1678 and settled in New Jersey. They belonged to that large and worthy class of Quakers who came to Amei'- ica to escape persecution in their mother country, and who took so prominent a part in the building up of the colonies. John Wool man, the great great uncle of the subject of this sketch, was a noted Quaker jtreacher. The Pedricks were settlers of New Jersey in the early colonial times, and from this fam- ily the village of Pedricktown, in Salem county, derived its name. Joseph received his early educational training in a private school conducted by the Society of Friends and in the public schools of his native town. Later in life he attended the First Pennsyl- vania State Normal school at Millersville, in Lancaster county. He taught school in New Jersey during the winter of 1861-62, going from there to Philadelphia, where he worked as a salesman in a retail and whole- sale dry goods store for the next two years. While living in Philadelphia he served as a member of the Pennsylvania state militia in 1863, which was engaged in repelling the reb- el invasion of that state, and was under fire at Carlisle when Gen. Fitz Hugh Lee burned the government barracks at that place and shelled the town. The gold fever struck him in 1864 and he started for Montana. On his way there he stopped at Centreville, Utah, near Salt Lake City, and taught school during the winter of 1864-65. He reached Montana in April of the following year. His first employment was in placer mining in Last Chance gulch. He gave this work up in a short time, however, and be- gan clerking and keeping books for a gro- .iDSEPH r. wooL^rAN. eery house at Virginia Citj', and later at Helena. Being industrious and frugal*in his habits, he was able after a few years to interest himself financially in a number of ditferent enterprises. He became interest- ed early in ranching and stock raising, but did not give the business his personal atten- tion. He is at the present time, however, largely interested in sheep raising. For sev- eral years he was the owner of the leading boot and shoe stoi-e in Helena. He is now a member of the firm of Holme, Miller & Co., which does an extensive hardware, mining machinery and supplies, and tinware busi- ness in Dawson, Yukon Territory, Canada. Mr. Woolman has been a life-long Repub- lican, and taken an active interest in poli- tics. He represented Montana on the Cen- tennial commission of the Philadelphia Ex- position in 1876, by appointment of Presi- dent Grant. In 1878 he was appointed by President Hayes an honorary commissioner to the Paris International Industrial Expo- sition of that year. He has also served his state in a number of important positions of trust. In 1879 he was appointed auditor of the then Territory of Montana by Gov. Potts, and made such a capable and efficient HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. oflBcer that he was reappointed to this posi- tion by Governors Crosby and Carpenter, serving continuously in this office until 1887. In 1808 he was appointed to his present po- sition as United States marshal of Montana. He served as chairman of the Republican territorial central committee in 1880 and 1881, and as chairman of the Republican state central committee in 1898 and 1899. Mr. Woolman is a member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. His church connections are with the Society of Friends. In 1880, he was married to Mrs. Sarah Ellen Glendinen, n6e McGavran, who died in 1890. In 1893 he was again married, to Mrs. Cor- nelia Miller Goodwin, n^e Swiggett. He has no children. Mr. Woolman resides at Helena. BRIGGS, Asa Gilbert.— One of the lead- ing lights in the legal profession in St. Paul, Minn., is Asa Gilbert Bi-iggs. The success he has achieved has been due entirely to his own unaided efforts. From the age of six- teen he has been dependent on his own exer- tions for his support, as well as his educa- tion. When he opened up an office in St. Paul to commence the practice of his pro- fession he had less than one hundred dollars in his pocket. By careful, painstaking work he has built up, in the thirteen years he has been in practice, an enviable reputation as a lawyer and has the respect of the bar in a high degree, not only of St. Paul, but the state as well. Mr. Briggs is of Welsh ex- traction, his ancestors coming to this country in the early colonial days and settling in Massachusetts. His father, Isaac A. Briggs, was, before he retired, a practicing physician, and, also, owner of a farm, partly within and partly without the village limits of Ar- cadia, Wis., where he resided. He was born in Vermont in ISIG, moving early in life to Michigan. In 1858 he migrated to Wisconsin and located at Arcadia. After thirty years of active practice, he retired in 1881, moving three years later to St. Paul, where he has since resided. Aside from his professional work, he has been interested at different times in cattle raising and the lumber and woolen mill business. His wife, Elizabeth, is also a native of Vermont, where she was born in 1819, and was married to Mr. Briggs in Michigan. The doctor and his wife are both living, he at the age of 84 and she at that of 82. Their son, Asa, was born De- cember 20, 1862, at Arcadia, Trempealeau county, Wis. He attended the district school until his thirteenth year, then entered the graded school at Arcadia. Previous to the construction of the Green Bay & Winona rail- way through Arcadia in 1873, that place only consisted of a small settlement, with a corner store, and no means of communica- tion with the outside world, except by horse, within twenty miles. The schools from that time on began to improve, and when Asa was thirteen years of age a new graded school was built. He graduated with the first graduating class from this school three years later. The next two years were de- voted to teaching in the common district school in the winter, and working on the farm in the summer. He was also engaged in the house-moving business, having pur- chased an outfit for this purpose. In this way he was enabled to earn enough money to pay his expenses for a year's attendance at the University of Wisconsin. He was eight- een years of age when he went to Madison and entered the university, taking the gen- eral science course, with additional studies in modern classics. He graduated with the class of 1885, paying his expenses through the whole course with the money earned by his own individual effort. Going to St. Paul from Madison, he devoted the following year to making money in the real estate business and the study of law. Returning to the uni- versity in 1886, he entered the law depart- ment, and with the knowledge of law already acquired was able to do two years' work in one, graduating the following year. While at college he was a member of Hesperia Lit- erary Society, Phi Delta Theta fraternity. The Senate (an organization specially intend- ed to give experience in parliamentary prac- tice), the U. W. Athletic Association, The E. G. Ryan Debating Society and various other organizations. During his sophomore vear he was a member of the debating team HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of the sophomore class at its public enter- tainment, and was also a membei" of the joint debating team for 1884 repi-esenting the Hesperia Society. Foi' over a year he was managing editor of the University Press, and was business manager of the first "class annual" published at the university. At the commencement exercises he was elected by the faculty a member of the oration class. In fact, he was one of the most enthusiastic and active students at the university during the course. He was a leading spirit in the efforts to obtain a gymnasium, and was elect- ed by a college mass meeting as one of two members of the university to represent it before the legislative committees of the ses- sion of 1885 in making arguments for that purpose. Immediately after graduating he came to St. Paul and entered the employ of the legal department of the St. Paul Title Insurance Company, remaining with that firm four months. Is'ovember 15, 1887, he opened a law office, having desk room only, in the Chamber of Commerce building. Two years later he secured more- spacious quar- ters in the Pioneer Press building, and five years later removed to the New York Life building, where he is now located. He was in partnership for a short time with Hon. George L. Bunn, the firm being known as Briggs & Bunn. In 1891 he formed a part- nership with M. L. Countryman, as Briggs & Countryman, which continued for two years. The following two years he practiced alone, and in July, 1S"J8, associated himself with J. L. D. Morrison, in the present firm of Brigg-s & Morrison. Mr. Briggs has en- joyed a lucrative jn-actice from the begin- ning. He has always had an active court practice and has been very successful in a remarkably large number of contested cases, among which maj' be mentioned: Williams vs. Great Northern Railway Company, in which new rules of expert evidence were es- tablished; McQueen vs. Burhans and others, involving the fiduciary relation of the defend- ant to plaintiff', and a large amount of real estate, and Mowry vs. McQueen et al, all of which were decided in the supreme court of Minnesota. He has also served as attor- ney for Maurice Auerbach, as receiver of ASA G. BRIGGS. Allemania Bank, and A. B. Stickney, as as- signee of William Dawson. He is at present attorney for a number of large coi"porations and has an excellent class of clients. Mr. Briggs has always been a Republican and taken an active interest in politics, but has never sought political preferment for himself. He was president for two j'ears of a young men's Republican club of Ramsey county. He is a member of the Minnesota Club and the Commercial ('lub, of St. Paul, the Ma- sonic fraternity and the Royal Arcanum. Though an attendant of the Presbyterian cliurch, he is not a member. Oct. 21, 1891, he was married to Jessica E. Pierce. They have three children, Allan, Paul Austin and Mary Elizabeth. TODD, Frank C— To the sturdy and rug- ged men who came to the Northwest in the early pioneer days is to be accredited the firm foundations on which Minneapolis was erected and which has assured to her the })rosperity she now enjoys as the metropolis of this great Northwest. And it is to the men who came from the state of Maine, who from their early childhood were trained to HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. FRANK C. TODD. frugal and industrious lives, that she owes much of the energy that was spent in the building up of her natural resources. The development of the lumber industry, the chief of her resources, has made her the largest lumber market in the world. One of the first pioneers in this industry was S. D. Todd, the father of the subject of this sketch. He married Anna Whicher of Ver- mont in 1855 and came to St. Anthony in 1856. He followed the lumber business throughout his whole career, and was en- gaged in the manufacturing branch of that industry. The subject of this sketch was born in Minneapolis. His early education was received in the public schools of Minneap- olis, which was supplemented by an attend- ance at the St. liOuis manual training school. He then attended the University of Minne- sota for two years, taking the scientific course. Later, desiring to take up the med- ical profession, he entered the medical de- partment of the same university, graduating in 1892. After a short period in general practice he decided to take up a special training in diseases of the eye and ear and spent some time in study at the eye and ear hospitals of New York, Philadelphia and Chicago. Returning to Minneapolis in 1894 he was appointed clinical assistant in dis- (^ases of the eye and ear at the University of ^linnesota. In 1896 he was ai)pointed clinical instructor at this institution, and was honored, in 1897, by election as clinical jirofessor of ear and eye diseases. He is also attending eye and ear surgeon at the ("ity and Asbury Hospitals, Bethany Home, Old Ladies' and Children's Home, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., etc. Dr. Todd, though comparatively a young man, has achieved considerable success in his profes- sion and won the respect of his Minneapolis brethren as a skillful practitioner, and is re- garded as among the rising young men of his profession in that city. He is a member of the American Medical Association, the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and sev- eral other societies of like character. MEGAARDEN, Philip Tollef.— As a youth, Philip T. Megaarden's highest aspira- tions were that he become a minister of the gospel of the Lutheran faith. These hopes were dashed to the ground by the death of his father, leaving him, when a mere lad of fifteen, at the head of a family of seven with little means for support. His struggle for a livelihood has been beset with many hard- ships, and Mr. Megaarden can look back with conscious pride to the fact that what success he has achieved is due entirely to his own individual efforts. Mr. Megaarden is the sheriff of Hennepin county, Minne- sota. He is of Norwegian descent, both his parents having been born in Norway. His' father, Tollef K. Megaarden, was a dealer in livestock and later a railroad contractor. He was a resident of Allamakee county, Iowa, when the Civil war broke out, and en- listed in the 4th Iowa cavalry. He served three jears, receiving an honorable dis- charge. Returning to his home, he re- moved to Dickinson county, where he lived until 1877, at which time he removed to Min- neapolis. Philip was born in Allamakee County, Iowa, on October 2, 1864. The edu- cational training of his early years was re- ceived in the district school near his home in HISTOUY OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Iowa and the Minneaiiolis public schools. It had been his intention to prepare for the Lutheran niinistrv, and for this purjjose he entered the Augsburg Seminary at Min- neai>oIis in the fall of 1878. He was com- jM'lIed to ])ut aside this plan, however, In reason of his father dying the year follow- ing, leaving the burden of taking care of tin- family practically to young Philip. He ob- tained such employment as he could find, first as a teamster, then clerk in a fuel office. Ihen as bookkeeper and later as court officer in the municijial court. He did not drop his studies, however, while thus endeavoring to earn a livelihood, but for some time attended an evening school and later employed a pri- vate instructor. By diligent efforts he suc- ceeded in taking a course at a business col- lege, and finally was able to enter the uni- versity law school, from which he graduated in 1802, taking the degree of LL. B. He was admitted to practice before the bar the same year. A year later he completed a post- graduate course in the law school and re- ceived the degree of LL. M. Mr. Megaarden practiced his profession alone for about two years, but discontinued it on January 1, 1895, to accept the position of chief deputy sheriff of Hennepin County. At the end of his two years' term he resumed the practice of his profession, entering into a partner- ship with Judge John H. Steele. In 1808, ^\v. Megaarden was elected Sheriff of Hen- nepin County, and again in 1900 after a very bitter contest. He has made a splen- did record in that office. He has always been a staunch Republican and has taken an active interest in the affairs of his party. He is a member of the I'nion Club and sev- eral other political clubs as well. He is al- so identified with a number of fraternal or- ganizations, taking a prominent part, espe- cially, in the Knights of Pythias. He has at times filled nearly every office in this lodge. He has repeatedly been elected to represent his lodge in the Minnesota Grand Lodge, and being a member of the Grand Lodge of the Domain of ilinnesota he has taken a prominent part in the affairs of the order in the Northwest. lie is a member of North Star Division, No. 1, T'niform Rank rillLlr T. MEGAAKDKX. and of Mahrah Temple No. 77, D. O. K. K. He holds membership, also, in Khtftum Lodge, No. 112, A. F. & A. M., Ark Chapter No. 53; Darius Commandery No. 7, K. T. ; Zurah Temple of Minneapolis; Ridgley Lodge No. 85, I. O. O. F.; Minnewa Tribe, No. 11, Improved Order of Red Men and ^lin- nea polls Lodge No. 44, B. P. O. E. He is a member of the Jlinueapolis Commercial Club. CONROY, Edward James. — A good ex- ample of what may be accomplished by en- ergy and thrift, when reinforced by personal honesty and integrity, is afforded by the career of the man whose name stands at the head of this sketch. In public life his ser- vice has been confined to that of county com- missioner, but in that office he has won for himself an enviable reputation as a man of sterling honesty, integrity and u])rightness in handling public affairs. Mr. Conroy is at present engaged in the fire insurance busi- ness at Minneapolis. He is of Irish descent. Thomas and Jlargaret (Moran) Conroy, his parents, were born in Dublin, and emigrated to this country in 1852. settling at Osh- kosli, \Vis. Mr. Conroy was a larpeuter by HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. EDWARD J. COXROX. trade, and, though in moderate circumstan- ces, always succeeded in malving a good liv- ing for his family. He came to Minneapolis with his wife in 1888, since which time they have been living with the subject of this sketch. Edward was born November 15, 1864, at Oshkosh. He attended the com- mon schools, but later on supplemented this early education by a term at a commercial college, working his way through by doing janitor work at the school. From the time he was able to work the young lad endeav- ored to be of assistance to his family. His first dollar was earned as a lather, at which he became an expert, and which line of work he followed throughout his school vaca- tions. When only seventeen years of age he removed to Minneapolis and learned the plasterer's trade. He followed this voca- tion for the two years following, acquiring a general knowledge of the business of mas- ter mason and contractor. In 1883 he com- menced business on his own account as a contractor of mason work and from the first was successful in building up a remunera- tive business. Aside from his business in- terests, Mr. Conroy has found time to de- vote considerable attention to public affairs. His political affiliations have always been with the Democratic party, of which he has liten a constant and active supporter. In 1801 he served as assistant sergeant-at-arms in the state senate. The following year he was elected county commissioner from the First district of Hennepin county, for a term of four years. Though that district went Republican in the elections of 1S'M>. Mr. Conroy was re-elected by a majority of 1,364. This was an eloquent testimony of the re- gard in which he was held by the people of the district he represented. He was elected chairman of the board of county commis- sioners in 1892, and served in that capacity until 1897. The last two years of his chair- manship a majority of the board was Repub- liian. but Mr. Conroy was so well liked by liis associates that they retained him in this position. Mr. Conroy also served as a mem- ber of the board of tax levy from 1892 to 1897. In the campaign of 1894 he was chair- man of the Democratic county committee, also of the Democratic campaign committee. He also served as a member of the latter committee in 1900. In his capacity as a county commissioner Mr. Conroy won the complete confidence of the public by the efficient manner in which he conducted the affairs of the county. He was one of the first advocates of the building of bicycle Iiaths, and introduced a resolution in the board of county commissioners to construct a path to Lake Minnetonka. This path was constructed and was one of the first built in the state of ilinnesota which really amount- ed to anything. He was also instrumental in having the board adopt a resolution al- lowing all county printing to be done by union shops. This act was especially pleas- ing to organized labor. Mr. Conroy was not a candidate for re-election in 1900. Since 1898, he has been actively engaged in the fire insurance business, with offices in the Guaranty Loan building, and is doing an extensive business in that line. DROPPERS, Garrett.— The Northwest has gradually come to the front in educa- tional as well as business lines. For many HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. jears the only seats of higher education in this country were the larger colleges of the East, but of late years the various state universities have gradually come to assume an important position in the education of our youth, and none more so than those lo- cated in this great Northwest. Their devel- opment has been rapid, and it may truly be said that they are now competing strongly with the older colleges. Necessarily the men at the head of these institutions must be broad-minded and liberal in their views, possessing good administrative ability. Garrett Droppers, president of the Uni- versity of South Dakota, takes high rank among the men who are occupying similar positions of responsibility. He has only served in this position since January 4, 181(0, but in this short time his administra- tion has been marked for the high exec- utive ability shown in the management of the affairs of that institution. He brought to his aid the experience gained while hold- ing a leading professorship for several years in the university of Tokyo, Japan, and has been a leading spirit in everything tending to the upbuilding of the university of which he now has charge. Mr. Droppers is of Dutch descent, and the son of John Dirk and Gert- rude Droppers. His father was engaged in business in Milwaukee, from which he earn- ed a moderate competence, and is now re- tired. His mother died when he was but sixteen years old. The family name is de- rived from a small landed peasant property of that name in Holland, it being cus- tomary in that country to give the holder of such property the name of his property. The subject of this sketch was born in Mil- waukee, Wisconsin, April- 12, 1860. His early education was received in the public common schools of that city, which was sup pleniented by an attendance at the High School in the same city. He qualified him- self early for the profession of teaching, and eagerly devoured what books he could get hold of. From 1879 to 1884 he taught Latin and History at the High School from which he had graduated, going from there to Harvard University. He graduated from this institution in 1887, with the degree of GARRETT DROPPERS. A. 1!., taking double honors in economics, and honors in philosophy. The follo^ng year he taught school at Orange, N. J. Desiring, however, to, pursue the further study of economics, he went to Germany in 1888 and entered the University of Berlin. He took a course in economics and finance at this institution under the direc- tion of Professors Wagner and Schnujller, but did not take any degree. He returned to America the following year, and in Sep- tember received an offer of the chair of Economics in the University of Tokyo, Ja- pan, which he accepted. On September 4th, he was married in Cambridge, Massachu- setts, to Cora Augusta Rand, of that town, immediately afterwards starting for Japan, reaching Tokyo iu the latter part of October. He held the chair of Economics in the Tokyo University until December, 18'J8, a little over nine years. While a resident of that country, Professor Droi)pei's Served as sec- retary of the Asiatic Society of Japan for several years, and was a member of the To- kyo Club. He also contributed a number of articles on Japan to the magazines of this country, among which may be mentioned two for the Quarterly Journal of Economics HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of Harviir(l, and four for the Asiatic Socie- tj-'s transactions. He furnished, also, a re- port on the money standard in Japan to the government at Washington. In 1898 he re- ceived a call to the presidency of the Uni- versity of South Dakota. This offer was accepted, and coming directly to the United States he arrived at Vermillion, South Da- kota, January -i, 18!)1), and immediately en- tered upon the duties of that office. Prof. Droppers has never been much of a par- tisan in politics, believing that American politics are too much concerned with ques- tions which, at bottom, can have very little influence on the country. He has an intense interest in politics, however, in the real meaning of the word, viz., the relation of government to social welfare. He believes that the future progress of the United States depends, not so much upon individual initiative, of which we have abundance, at least in the ordinary acceptance of the term, as upon the true development of government functions in relation to the common welfare. As an illustration of this, he would advocate the nationalization of the telegraph and the railways, and the municipalization of munic- ipal monopolies. He is a member of the Harvard Club, of New York, and while not a regular member of the Unitarian church, he generally attends that church when in Cambridge. Prof. Dropper's wife died at Tokyo, in 1896. The following year he made a flying trip to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and married her sister, Jean Tewkesbury Rand. No children resulted from the first marriage; by the second there are two, Se- ton Eand Droppers, age two, and Cora Rand Droppers, born in August, 1900. BRANTLY, Theodore.— College classes, families and societies sometimes have a picture taken by superimposing successive- ly the likeness of every member of the group to form one portrait called a com- posite picture. It is supposed to represent the aggregate physical characteristics of the class, family or society. The picture is like no one in particular, but in theory it represents all in one. It differs from an ideal picture in having in it a real part of each face. Then, in theory it is supposed to show the physiognomy of the class, just as an indi- vidual may embody all the traits of his an- cestors. The idea may be fantastic, but there is in it enough of the color of science and of plausibility to make an interesting subject of study. The great Northwest is somewhat like this composite picture. It is a blending of numerous races, whose an- cestral traits from diverse countries are so intertwined in warj) as to form one canvas, with one picture differing from all other ]:oints of the earth. There is only one northwest, with its energy, enterprise, cour- age and intelligence. AA'hile this "composite" character of the northwest is real, as a whole, a study of the biographies of the men who are making it — the dominant spirits who mould affairs — will reveal a similar composite character in- dividually. Variegated threads make up the fibre which springs from roots spread- ing to ancestral homes, widely separated. Theodore Brantly. the subject of this sketch, may be taken as an example. He is of old American parentage, but there courses in his veins the blood of the sturdy Scotchman, the earnest Huguenot, the stolid Hollander^ and the languid southerner. Mr. Brantly was born in Wilson county, Tennessee, in 1851. His father is Rev. Edwin Theodore Brantly, a Presbyterian minister of Nash- ville, Tenn. He was born in Conecuh county, Ala., where his father, Edwin Brantly, was a cotton planter. The family l)roperty, largely in slaves, was of course swei)t away during the Civil war. After graduating at the University of Tennessee, he studied theology at Union Theological seminary. New York. The Brantlys came from Holland to America before the Revo- lutionary war. On the female side they were French Huguenot and English descent named Reding. They settled in North Car- olina, whence Edwin Brantly, already men- tioned, after his marriage, emigrated to southern Alabama. Theodore Brantly's mother was Eliza Brown, daughter of Dun- can Brown, of Giles county, Tenn. He was a grandson of Duncan Little, and his HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. wife, i\[arl' it was organized into the Merrill Abstract Company, of which Mr. Merrill was made president and manager, which offices he has filled continuously since the organization of the company, which has become one of the leading establishments engaged in the busi- ness, recognized in all business circles as one of the very highest authorities in all mat- ters pertaining to real estate titles. Mr. Merrill has always been a Republican, and cast his first vote for Gen. Grant. He has been so absorbed in business that he has never held or sought a political office. His popularity, however, was such, especial- ly in business circles, that he was nom- inated under the new primary law for reg- ister of deeds of Hennepin county on the Re- publican ticket in I'JOO, over eight compet- itors, where, owing to the unusual number of candidates, the contest was more than commonly warm. This is an office for which Mr. Merrill is peculiarly fitted by training and experience. It is so closely in line with his life business that it may be said to be really a part of it. His great strength in the canvass was his public spirit as a citizen, as well as his technical skill and experience with title records. The judgment of his friends at the primaries was fully sustained by his election in November by a large ma- jority. He is a member of the Business Union, Board of Trade, and kindred organ- izations, and has always been active in promoting the interests of the city. His nomination was a tribute to his activity. In 1875, Mr. Merrill was married to Mary Alice Swindler, and has two children, Alice Reba Merrill, and Fred Raymond Merrill. He enjoys the esteem of a wide circle of busi- ness and social friends who show him in many ways the highest regard a man can win for sterling qualities of character. COMSTOCK, Solomon Gilman.— Much of the work which men do, especially in pub- lic service, is paid for only in the satisfac- tion found in the doing. It is its own re- ward. If busy and useful men received the Aalue of their labor at its true worth, they would have more of the good things of life than they could use, and would be overload- ed by the weight of their honors. Yet some of them cannot complain of meager rewards in ])ublic appreciation, at least. This is en- couragement for others. Solomon G. Corn- stock, of Moorhead, Minn., so long iden- tified with the interests of the great North- west, is one of the busiest of men in the mak- ing of it. While his recompense has in no wise been commensurate with his abundant labors, his usefulness and fidelity to the in- terests of the people have been recognized and they have accorded to him distinguished honors. Mr. Comstock was born at Argyle, Maine, in 1842. His father, James M. Com- stock, was a lumberman and farmer in com- fortable circumstances and of Scottish de- scent. His ancestors came from Edinburg about 164(1 and settled in Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Mr. S. G. Comstock's moth- er was of English descent, her people com- ing to New England in 1834, settling in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. He was educated in the public schools and acad- emies of Elaine. When he decided to be a lawyer he began to read law in the office of Judge S. F. Humphrey, at Bangor, Maine. He then came west and attended the Law School of the University of Michigan in 1868 and 1869. Coming to Minnesota in 1879 he pursued his studies in Minneapolis, in the law school, and with D. A. Secombe. He was admitted to the bar at Omaha, Neb., in 1869, and was subsequently admitted to practice in the courts of Minnesota and Dakota. In 1871 he was made county at- torney of Clay county, Minn., which of- fice he held for six years. He continued to practice his profession until 1888, when he engaged in locating town sites on the Great Northern railroad. He was interested in locating and promoting the towns of Hills- boro, Grafton, Bathgate, Rolla, Bottineau, Rugby, Towner, Minto, and other North Da- kota towns, and the town of Kalispell, Mont. Mr. Comstock has always been a Re- publican, and one of the active leaders of HISTORY 1)1" THE (JUEAT NORTHWEST. tlii^ party. He was elected to the lower house of the lenrislature in 1876, and served six years, beinj; twice re-elected. He was then jii-onioted to the state senate, and served there for six years, closing his legis- lative career by resigning from the senate To accept a nomination for the Fifty-flrst (■oiigr(^ss. to which he was duly elected. During Mr. Comstock's service of twelve A ears in the legislature, he participated in all the settlements of what were then ques- tions of absorbing interest. They are now forgotten to a large extent, it is trne, but not because they were unimportant; rather for the reason that wise legislation settled them on sound principles, so that they re- main settled. He served on the Judiciary committee in both branches of the legisla- ture. This is the most important committee in legislation, for nearly all proposed laws must be submitted to this committee. Here Mr. Comstock's legal attainments and acu- men were almost invaluable. He was chair- man of the Judiciary committee of the sen- ate. He took part in settling the trouble- some state railroad bond matter. He also secured the State Normal School, located at ^loorhead, and the appropriiition to build it, Mr. ( "omstock made a gift to the state of the ground on which the school stands. He served as resident director of the institution and member of tlie State Normal Board for four years. While in congress, owing to his legal talents, he was made a mem- ber of two imjwrtant conmiittees of the house, "Privileges and Elections," "Coinage. AVeights and Measures." He assisted in the I)assage of the Sherman silver purchasing bill, to forestall the i)assage of a free silver bill. He also assisted in the passage of the McKinley tariff bill, so much discussed, the Iias.>ake. He had engaged in much of the gov- ernment surveying of the territory up to 1870, and had established most of the me- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ridians and standard lines in southern Da- kota and along the Red River of the North. He also was selected to execute for the gov- crumeut the re-survey of the state bound- ary of Nebraska, near Sioux City, Iowa, where the treacherous river had cut a large island into the state from the Dakota boundary. Jlr. Armstrong received from Ihe gdverinuent a charter for the first iia- lional bank established in Dakota territory and located at Yankton, he serving for some time as president. Mr. Armstrong has a deep interest in historical matters, and his life has been such as to give oi)p()r- tnnity to accjuire invaluable knowledge of matters concerning the early history of Da- kota. He served as secretary of the Dakota Historical Society for ten years. In ISfifi he prepared and published the "Early His- tory of Dakota," and the book contained much matter that could not be found in tlie lecords, but which he knew from his own observation and notes. In 187G the govern- or of the territory delegated him to jire- pare and deliver a centennial address at Philadelphia on the resources of the terri- tory. This address was afterwards repro- duced in the leading magazines of the day. Mr. Armstrong decided in 1877 to return to ilinnesota and accordingly ('oncentrated his business affairs, and in 187S located at St. ■James, filling the position of railroad land agent. In 1878 he organized the Old Bank of St. James and has since remained in that business, and is known as one of the most prominent business men in southern Minne- sota. He is a writer of known ability, and is the author of a recent historical work of 400 pages, entitled "The Early Empire Builders of the Great West." He is a life member of the Dakota Historical Society and of the Minnesota Historical Society. The prominence of the Armstrong family has not been confined to one member, as Thomas H. Armstrong, a brother, has served as lieutenant governor of Minnesota, and another brother, Augustus Armstrong, served four years as United States marshal for Minnesota, and his youngest brother, Edward (\. Armstrong, the only one now living, is a well known lawyer of Olmsted \UMSTl:0.\G. county, Minn. He was married in 1872 to JIartha Bordens, of Detroit, Mich. He has no children living. ^ BARTHOLOMEW, Joseph Milton, of the supreme court of North Dakota, is one of the first selections by the people of that state for that position. This fact will al- ways be an honorable distinction. He was born in McLean count}-. 111., in I84;i, and conu's of old American historical lineage. His grandfather was General Joseph Bar- tliolomew, an associate and warm personal friend of President William Henry Harri- son, being second in command under Gen. Harrison at the celebrated battle of Tippe- canoe. Judge Bartholomew's father was a farmer and civil engineer in moderate cir- osi- tion. He has made an enviable record on the bench, and has won special credit by his decisions in the notorious "pine land ring" case and the '"Avon school'' case. His declaration in the latter case was the most direct and emphatic ever issued by any court in the country, prohibiting sectarian jirayers and religious instruction in the public schools. The same qualities which united to make Judge Searle a good lawyer serve him equ.ally well in discharging the duties of judge. He is honest, painstaking and trustworthy. In the investigations es- sential to a correct decision, lie is just as patient and just as thorough as if conduct- ing a case in court for his client. There is perhaps no judge in the state more indus- trious in the examination of authorities, and none more desirous of reaching a right conclusion. During his years of general practice. Judge Searle was attorney succes- sively for the Northern Pacific, the IMinne- apolis & Manitoba, the Great Northern and the "Soo" roads. In politics, he has always been a Republican, and previous to taking the bench figured iii-ominently in state poli- tics. He served as a member of the Repub- lican state central committee in 1880 and 1887, and took an active part in the national campaign of 1884. He was nominated for congress from the Sixth district in 1892, and made a brilliant campaign, being defeated, however, by a very small majority. Judge Searle has always been liberal of his time in support of public enterprises and given his best judgment in the proper conduct of the municipal affairs of his own city. He is a prominent member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and on October 24, 1896, was appointed aide-de-camp, with the rank of colonel, on the staff of the commander-in- chief. He was department commander of the Department of Minnesota for the year 1899, and served as senior vice commander the year prior thereto. He is also a Knight Templar, of the Columbia Commandery of Washington, D. C, a Knight of Pythias, and a member of the Elks. He was united in marriage, February Id, 1875, to Elizabeth Clarke, of Worcester, Mass. The only child boi-n to Iheiii died at the age of five years. WERNER, Nils O., the president of the Swedish American National Bank of Min- neapolis, is a splendid representative of that class of American citizens who, coming to this country from the ice-bound shores of the Scandinavian peninsula, have contribut- ed so large a share to the upbuilding of this great northwest. He is recognized as one of Minneapolis' most substantial business men, and his careful and conservative busi- ness methods have won for him the con- fidence of the public in a high degree. His ancestors for many generations were tillers of the soil in Sweden and representative of that sturdy class which has been the back- hiinc of the nation and i)reserved it intact from the grasping hands of other European HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST. NILS O. WERNER. countries. He is the son of Ola Werner and Cherstin (Swenson) Werner. His paternal grandfather was a soldier and non-commis- sioned officer in the regular army of Sweden, and fought in the wars against Napoleon in 1813-14. At the close of the war he re- turned to his farm. Nils was born on the old ancestral homestead near Christianstad, Sweden, January 19, 1848. He attended the common schools of the parish until he was thirteen years old, when he entered the Christianstad college, taking the full classi- cal course, and graduated in June, 1868. In September of the same year he emigrated to the United States. His parents and brother and sister had preceded him a few months, locating at Princeton, 111. Shortly after his arrival at this place, Mr. Werner took up the study of law in the office of Hon. James S. Eckles, remaining there for nearly two years, when he removed to Red Wing. Minn. Here he resumed his law studies in the oflice of Hon. Wm. W. Phelps, one of the first congressmen from the state of Minne- sota. He was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1871, and commenced practice at once in Red Wing. He continued in the practice of law until 1888. From the first he won the respect of the bar and succeeded ill building up a lucrative law practice with- in a comparatively short time. In 1874 he was elected to the office of Judge of Probate foi (Joodhue county, which office he held continuously for the next ten years without (i]iposition from either of the political par- lies. Mr. Werner, while a resident of Red ^^'ing, always found time to take some in- terest in the public affairs of the town, and for many years served as a member of the board of education and the city council, holding all of these positions at the same time. His political affiliations have always lieen with the Republican party, of which he has been an active member ever since his residence in the state. He represented his district in both state and congressional con- ventions for many years, and was a member of the Republican state central committee twice, from 1886 to 1888, and from 1898 to 1900. In 1888 he removed to Minneapolis and assisted in organizing the Swedish American bank, becoming its cashier. In January. 1S!)4, he was elected president of the bank. This bank was organized as a state bank with a capital of flOO.OOO, which, however, was increased in 1890 to |1250,000. In April, 1894, this institution was made a national bank, and given the title of the Swedish American National Bank of Minne- apolis. It has carried on a very successful business from the start under the careful and conservative business management of Mr. Werner. Mr. Werner is also connected with a number of other successful business enterprises. He is a member of the Minne-. apolis club. His church connections are with the St. John's English Lutheran church of Minneapolis, of which he is a member, as well as his family. He was married August 17, 1872, to Miss Eva C. An- derson, at Red Wing. Mrs. Werner is also a native of Sweden. They have three chil- dren: Carl Alexis, Anna Olivia and Nils Olof. HI'LBERT, Charles Smith.— Charles Smith Hulbert is city treasurer of Minneap- olis, to which office he was elected in March, HISTORT OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ISnT, by the t-ity council of Minneapolis, to fill the vacancy caused by the resij;nation of A. C. Haujran. Mr. Hulbert took hold of this office at a time when it seemed almost impossible to induce any man to take it and furnish the large bond required. Such a jteculiar situation was due to the determina- tion of the city council not to accej)t any- Ihinji but gilt-edged securities in the shape of bonds. The treasurer-elect had failed to c|ualify, and after repeated failures to se- cure a successor, Mr. Hulbert stepped in to till the breach. He is a native of New York state, and was born ^larch 7, 1832, in Fay- etteville, Onondaga county. His parents, Stephen and Anna \Yright Hulbert, were both natives of the Emj)ire state. The fa- ther was a mechanic and acquired a moder- ate competence by working at his trade. Charles attended the common schools until he was fourteen years of age, when he began working on a farm. Not being strong phys- ii-ally, he was compelled to give up this kind of work, and coming west secured a posi- tion as clerk in a store at B'elvidere, 111. Having been frugal and industrious in his habits, he was able, at the age of 22, to em- bark in the hardware business at Lyons, Iowa. This business proved successful un- til the winter of "oG-'oT, when he suffered heavy losses by fire, which, followed by the hard times of the latter year, drove him to the wall. He settled up all his indebted- ness, however, and, with a very limited capi- tal, moved to Minnesota and located at Xorthfield in the spring of ISOO, where he lipened up a general merchandise store. In 1862, Mr. Hulbert moved to Chicago iind ac- cepted a position with the wholesale firm of Wm. Blair & Co. His health failing a year later, he returned to Xorthfield and again engaged in the genei'al merchandise busi- ness. On the opening up of the Iowa and .Minnesota division of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul railway in the fall of 1865, he accepted the position of local agent of the company at Xorthfield. In connection with this, he built up a good business in grain, lumber, agricultural implements, etc. He also had charge, on this division, of the wheat buying for the Millers' Association CHARLES S. HUI.IiKKT. of Minneapolis. In the spring of 187G, Mr. Hulbert moved to Minneapolis and took a position as traveling agent for this associa- tion. In October. 1878, he organized the rillsbury & Hulbert Elevator Company for the building and operating of grain eleva- tors in the northwest. At this time, what is now the Great Xorthern railway was rap- idly constructing its line, and the new firm followed closely in its wake and soon had 1600,000 invested in elevators along this line. The venture proved a very successful one. The last year Mr. Hulbert managed the attairs of this company it received from fai'uiers' wagons more than 10,000,000 bush- els of grain, which is believed to be the lar- gest amount of grain handled by a like num- ber of houses in one year. Breaking down from over-work, Mr. Hulbert closed out his interest in the firm to C. A. Pillsbury & Co., and with his wife and daughter spent sev- eral years abroad. \Miile absent, the Inter- State Grain Company and the Swedish American National Bank were organized. .Mr. Hulbert was largely interested in both (if these institutions. He served as presi (lent of the Inter-State company until it sold out to Van Dusen & Co., after having en- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. joyed several years of successful business. lie has also served as vice-president of the Swedish American National bank ever since its organization. In ]\Iarch, 1897, he was elected city treasurer of Minneapolis by the city council. It was only, however, at the solicitation of the substantial business men of the city that Mr. Hulbert was induced to accept this position. He was persuaded, al- so, to take the nomination for this office in 1898, and received a handsome endorsement at the polls in the election of that year. He was re-elected to the office in 1900. He has made an admirable record in that office, and is the best treasurer the city ever had. His administration of the office has been on thor- ough business principles and he has the con- fidence of the business community in a high degree. Mr. Hulbert is a Republican in pol- itics, but he has never taken a very active part in political affairs. He is a member of the Plymouth Congregational church. In September, 1856, he was married to Julia Jennings Goodsell, a daughter of Charles Morehouse Goodsell, the founder of Carle- ton College, at Northfield. Mr. and Mrs. Hulbert have one child, a daughter, now Mrs. Willard Jerome Kling, of Minneapolis. VAN TUYL, Charles White.— After six- teen years in railroad business, in which he had achieved a fair amount of success, the subject of this sketch entered the insurance business. He is now the general agent of the State Mutual Life Assurance Company, of Worcester, Mass., at Minneapolis, and is regarded as one of the leading under- writers of that city. He was born Decem- ber 17, 1859, in Addison, Steuben county, N. Y. As his name would indicate, he is of Dutch descent. His ancestors were originally natives of Holland, and the full family name there at present is van Tuyl van Serooskerken. The family is of Frisian origin, and Tuyl was the name of a small town in that province. The American branch is descended from several brothers who came to this country about 1720. Mr. Van Tuyl's direct ancestor located in the Mohawk Valley, New York. It was here that Ebenezer Van Tuyl, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born, who died in October, 1900. He was for many years engaged in railroad business, and until re- cently was manager of the Western Car Service Association of Omaha, Neb., re- signing on account of advanced age and poor health. Mr. Van Tuyl had an honor- able war record. He was captain of Co. G, of the 1st New York volunteers, remaining in the service about two years. He was in the army of the Potomac during McClellan's peninsular campaign, and the events follow- ing, until the battle of Chancellorsville, when he was wounded and taken prisoner. He was so badly wounded that he could not be moved from the battle field, and this was all that saved him, probably, from death in a Confederate prison. He was exchanged a few days after this battle, which ended his military career. Since the war he has been engaged almost continuously in railroad business. The maiden name of the mother of the subject of this sketch was Sarah A. McNeil. She was the daughter of a well-to- do farmer living in Tioga county. New York, and of Scotch-Irish descent, her ancestors having settled in Central New York in the early days of that colony. The first school Charles attended was the primary depart- ment of the village school in Hornellsville, N. Y. His family removed from Hornells- ville to a farm in Tioga county, about six and one half miles from Owego village, when he was six years of age. From his sixth to tenth year his only schooling consisted of a few months each je&v in the district school. He then spent one year in a first class graded school in Binghamton, N. Y. The next three years his educational facil- ities were limited to the attendance of only a few months each year in the district school. When he was fourteen his family moved to Binghamton, where he enjoyed the advantages of the Binghamton graded school and high school for the next three years. He commenced his business career in the employment of the United States ex- press company at Binghamton, serving in the position of a driver for a few months. This was in 1875. He was then given u[s-i'<>i:y oi' TiiK (;ki;a'I' n(ii:tii\vest ;i i-Ici-Usliip in till' t'i('i';lit siiii>iis iu the office, for about six veaiis. He removed to Onialia. Neb., in Man-h, 18S2, joining his father and family who had ])i-efeded liiui tlieie six montlis. In September of that year he ob tuiiied :i rlerkslii]! in the freij;ht auditor's oflice of tile I'nion I'aritii- railway. He was promoted throuiih various <;radations in the freifiht auditor's oHice until he was appoint- ed i-hii'f rlerk (if rhe freijiht claiiu de])art- nicut. wliii-li was a snlidi-parlnieiit of the former oflice. In October, ls(i, on his father's farm near Lacoi;. the county seat. Ilis father. Washington l». Fort, was born iu Scioto county, Ohio, and moved with hia parents in an early day to Illinois. Chicago, one hundred and twenty miles from the farm that he selected, though only a small village, was the nearest trading point. He w.is a man of great energy and industry, and ]pros]iered. He became one of the leading men in the townshij), ever ready with a help- ing h.iiid to the needy, and highly resiiected tor his siiotless integrity, being frequently |ilaccd by the jieople in jiositions of trust. His wife, who was married to him when only seventeen years old. was a native of Keii- liickv. born near Frankfoii. and came to Illi- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. GKEEXBURY L. FORT. nois with her parents when in her teens. Her maiden name was Sarali S. Fostei'. Her father was John Cracraft Foster, a noted woodsman and hunter, who, without the advantages of a school, became, by his own exertions, a well-informed man of good general information. The Fort famil}- is of French extraction, its progenitors settling first in Maryland. The original name was De la Fuert, which in English was pronounced "Fort." The descendants, beginning with Mr. G. L. Fort's father, uncle, and aunt, adopted the simpler English s[)elling of the name. His grand- father, lienjamin, and grandmother, Mary, born in Maryland, retained the old spelling "Feurt." The early education of the subject of this sketch was, like that of most farmer boys, in the old-fashioned district school, where, perhaps because of the few studies pursued, pupils learned most thoroughly the funda- mentals of education. Many believe that the methods of modern schools, with their multitude of subjects, do not produce results equal to those of schools limited strictly to the primary branches of reading, spelling, arithmetic, geography and grammar, with the continuous and strenuous drill of the olden time. When young Fort was "well grounded" in the studies taught at the old "Rosemont" district school he went to the Illinois Wesleyan University, at Blooming- ton. To obtain means to pursue his studies he taught school in Marshall and Woodford counties. But, like many other young men, having reached the sophomore year of his college course he concluded to take a short cut to his profession, and entered the law department of the Northwestern University and graduated in the class of 1882, being also a member of the college fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. He immediately pushed out to Bismarck, X. D., and entered into partnership with his brother, now Judge John F. Fort, who is still on the bench as county judge of the county of Burleigh, serving his second term. In January, 1886. Mr. Fort came to Minneapolis and entered upon practice with the result that he soon took influential rank in his profession. In 1S04 he was elected to the city council from the Tliirteenth ward by a large majority, re- ceiving sixty per cent of the popular vote against the opposition of both the Democrat- ic and Populist parties. In council he was chosen chainnan of committee on ordinances, where his legal talents were called in requisi- tion to the advantage of that body. Owing to the high estimate of his character the coiincil, on the expiration of his term, elected him, in 1809, city assessor. Mr. Fort is a staunch Republican and has always taken an interest in public affairs. He assisted in the organization of the First Regiment of the Dakota National Guard, the first miltary organization in that ter-- ritory. He held successively the three com- missioned ofTices of Company "A," the first company formed, O. W. Bennett being the first captain. On the organization of the brigade he was appointed judge advocate with rank of major. In 1887 Major Fort was nuirried to Miss Clara Fortier, of Granite Falls, the daughter of Joseph and Sarah E. Fortier, early set- tlers in Yellow Medicine county. Joseph Fortier was one of the very first men in that region, being a post trader. He was a mem- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. bei- of the Benville Rangers and fought in the Indian war of the frontier from ISOl to lS(i5, receiving a severe wound. He then be- came a merchant, and was for many years the sheritT of the county. The union was a liappy one, and they are parents of one chihl. now eleven years old, named Arthur Fort. Mr. Fort is one of the most influential men in the ward and his position as city as sessor gave him a prestige throughout the whole city. He has a bright future, which his many friends will be glad to assist in making hapjiy and useful. RUNCE. August Henry. — Coolness, courage and (juick judgment are essential in the equipment of brave men who daily risk their lives in the hazardous occupation of protecting life and projterty from tii-e in our large cities. No man ])ossesses these (juali- flcations in a higher degree than August Henry Runge, first assistant chief of the Minneapolis fire department. !Mr. Runge has been connected with the lire department of that city for the past twenty-six years, and takes high rank among the fiieflghters of the country as a brave and efficient ol!i- cer. He was born in New York City Felnni- ard 12, isr)2, of Oermau descent, both his l)arents having been born in Germany. His father, Henry August Runge, was engaged in the grocery business in the city of New York. He died when the subject of this sketch was but four years of age. His wife's maiden name was Marie Christina Sophia Kracke. She survived her husband for many years, passing away at her son's home in Minneajmlis in 18S5. August attended the public schools of New York until he was twelve years of age, at which time his ad- venturous spirit led him to follow life on the high seas. He enlisted in the navy Sejitem- ber 22, 1864, as an apprentice bity of the third class. His good behavior and close at- tention to his duties won for him in a short time promotion to the second class, and from there, by successive stei)S, to first class landsman, ordinaiy seaman and seaman. He was discharged from the navy, March 1, 1870, in the latler class. Duriu'; his term of service, Mr. Runge served in the Cnited States ships, "Savannah," "Fah Kee," "Sa- bine," "Colorado," "Newburu," "rensacola," "Independence" and "Vermont," %hich were attached to the North Atlantic, Euro- pean and I'acifie squadrons, under Admirals Farragut, I'orter, (ioldsborough, Thatcher and Craven. After leaving the navy, he went to the oil regions in Tennsylvania. He here learned all there was to know about the drilling of wells, from running an en- gine to dressing tools. He was unfortunate enough, however, to sink all his sui-jjIus cash in a "dry hole. This discouraging him, he decided to seek his fortune in the west. He arrived in Jlinueapolis October 28, 1873, and was immediately engaged as an engineer with the Tribune company, which at that time had its offices in the old city liall. He renutined with this concern nufil May, iss;^,, when he resigned to accept the appointment of first assistant chief en- gineer of the fire department. When Mr. Runge came to ^Minneajiolis the city was protected by only a volunteer fire depart- iiHiii. He joined this force October ."5, 1874, Willi truck No. 1. I'pon the dispersement of the VKliinlccrs. and the orgaiiizaticm of HISTORY OF THE (iUlOAl' NOHTHWEST. the regular depai-tineiil in IST'.I, he was aji- pointed captain of Tru(k >«o. 1. lu Decem- ber, ISSl, he was appointed second assistant chief engineer, and in May of the following year tii-st assistant chief engineer "at call."" This (ittice was made permanent in May, lS8i{, and from that time on Mr. Kunge de- voted all his time to the duties of this posi- tion. He was appointed chief engineer in January, 1S!>0, and held this position until January, 1895, when he resigned. In Janu- ary of the following year he was apjiointed to his present position of first assistant chief of the fire department. Mr. Kunge has made an admirable record in this capac- ity. His judgment has been quick and ac- curate in the handling of large tires, and he has won for himself the complete contidence of the business community. He is a promi- nent member of the G. A. R. and Jsaral Vet- erans. He is present commander of Jacob Schaefer Post, No. 1G3, G. A. R.; past colo- nel and adjutant of Gettysburg Regiment, No. 8, Union Veterans' Union; general of the Army of Minnesota, Naval Veterans' Union; ex-captain of Minnesota Naval Vet- erans' Association, and lieutenant-command- er of the National Association of Naval Vet- erans. Mr. Runge is also prominent in Masonic circles and a thirty-second degree Mason. He is identified with the Episcopal church, and is a member of St. Andrews. February 12, 187(i, he was married to Miss Louisa von Ende, eldest daughter of the Hon. August von Ende. They have two daugh- ters, Mabel Sophia, born March 22, 1878, and Anna Louisa Hazel, born September 4, 1885. Both the girls are musically in- clined, ^label sings soprano at the Church of the Redeemer, and Hazel, who is in the eighth grade at the Blaine school, has exhib- ited considerable talent in songs and dan- cing. BARRET, Anthony Hundley.— The ca- reer of the present state treasurer of Mon- tana, the subject of this sketch, pre.sents a series of striking vicissitudes. It is typical, however, of the life of many of the men who have succeeded in winning fortune and fame in I Ills far western state. The hardships of frontier life only strengthened their moral fibre, and no matter how many .set-backs they met wilh in their struggle for a competence, they commenced the battle anew with in- creased energy and dererniinatiou. Mr. Bar- ret's unique exjierienrc in falling back on a legislative clerkship at earli succeeding ses- sion for many years, after a strenuous con- test with opposing elements wliich held him down, makes very interesting reading. Tlie story will be told in its proper plai-e in this sketch. Mv. Barret is a native of Kentucky, as were his parents. His grandparents were Virginians. He was born in Leitchfield, (Jrayson county, January 25, 1834. His father, Augustus Melville Barret, for thirty years served his home county (Edmondson) in the capacity of county clerk and circuit court clerk. The maiden name of the mother of our subject was Mary Jane Cunningham. She died at about the age of 28 years. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Barret served as a private in the Revolutionary War, becoming aftemvards a missionary Baptist preacher. His father was a colonel in that great strug- gle for America's independence. Tlie mater- nal grandfather of Mr. Barret was a noted politician in the Blue Grass state. He served in botli houses of the Kentucky legislature for several terms. His father was a Gen. Smith of Revolutionary fame, and a resident of \'irginia. The educational privileges en- joyed by the subject of this sketch were of a somewhat meagre character. They were lim ited to the log school houses of the early days of Kentucky, in which the insti'uction afforded was very crude in its nature. When twelve years of age he went to Texas with an elder brother and learned the har- ness and saddlery trade. He did not follow this occupation very long, however, but be- gan clerking in a country store. He was en- gaged in this line of work until 1858, at which time he removed to Missouri, where his father had preceded him, and assisted in the winding up of his father's estate. Dur- ing the session of the Missouri legislature in 'G0-"61, he served as a clerk in the house of representatives. He then went to St. Louis and secured a position with A. W. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Sproiile & Co., a leading clothing' house in that city. He reuiaiiied with this firm until ISO;"), coiiiiiig to Montana in the spring of lliat yeai-. His tirst eniiiloynient was cbo])- jiing wo(j(l at the liead of Alder Gulcli, in whiili work he was engaged during the fol lowing winter. In the early jiart nf ISlifl he worked at jtlacer mining. In March, he was elected ilerk of the legislative council of Montana, and later was ajjpointed (iov ernor Aleagliei-'s pi-ivate secretary, also clerk of Indian affairs ((ien. Meaghei- being ex-olHcio superintendent of Indian affairs), and assistant territorial auditor. In Feb- ruary, 18()7, he was apjioiuted S])ecial In- dian agent for the Joco, or Flathead, Indian reservation, and remained in this position until an agent was appointed and arrived at the agency. For some time after this he worked at placer mining, and then engaged in the grocery business at Springville and Kadei-sburg, Jefferson county, but failed. lie was elected to the house of representa- tives for the session of 1869, and after the legislature adjourned returned to Kaders- burg and chopped wood in the mountains for a year. He clerked in a grocery store the following year, and served as chief clerk in the house of representatives at the next session of the legislature. The winter of 1873 he was again engaged in the laborious work of chopping wood near ^'^irginia City. He then built a shop at Adobetown, in Al- der Gulch, to take up the trade he had learned as a youth in Texas, that of saddle and hainess making. A short time later he moved to Madison county, and opened a shop at Pony. In the legislative sessions of '75-'7(i and '76-77 he also served as chief clerk in the house. In 1878, he removed to IJutte, and succeeded in building up here the largest business, as a dealer in saddles and harness, wagons, carriages and farm- ing implements, of any of the kind in the state. Mr. Barret retired from active busi ness three years ago, but still has an inter- est in stores at Butte and Dillon, .Mont. He is held in high esteem in business circles for his strict business integrity, and greatly admired for his public spirit as well as his jiersonal character. He has always taken AN'-niOW II. IlAltUET. an acti\e interest iu public affairs, and his service in the legislature is quite uiiiciue, having served as chief clerk of the lower house and the territorial council |pr ten sessions, and as a member of the house for one session. He was a member of the Butte city council for two years, and justice if peace for eight years. He is a Democrat in politics, and as a reward for his long services iu behalf of his party was elected state treasurer, in TJOO, by a large major- ity. Mr. Barret is quite prominent in Ma- sonic circles. His record in that lodge is summed up briefly, as follows: Wiis made a Master Mason in George Washington Lodge, No. 9, St. Louis, Mo., February U, 1805; a Royal Arch Mason in Deer Lodge Chapter, No. 3, Butte, Mont., May 23, 1879; (Council degrees in Helena Council, No. 9, Koyal and Select Masters, October 9, 189r); was created Knights Templar in Montana Commandery, No. 3, Knights Temjilar, at Butte, Nov. 3, 1882; the Degrees of the Scottish Rite, in<-luding the thirty-second, were communicated by Harry K. Comley, acting inspector general Thirty-third De- gree for ^Montana, .lanuary 31, 1882; was elected K. C. of the Court of Honor, October HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NORTHWEST. L'(i, l,sS(i: was ((iroiR'ltcd IldiiinahU' Insjiec- lor (iciicral of the Soiitlicrii .Iiirisdiction. A. and A. IJilc .Maicli U, I'.lOd, a) Little Hock, Ai-k., l)y Cluiflcs K. Koscnliauiii, Act- inji' Iusi)ectoi' (ieiieral Tliirty-tliii'd Dejjjree; was W. M. of P.ulte Lodge. No. Ii2, in 1887; Ilisili Priest of Deer Lodge ("liapter. No. :i. in 1S82, and Eminent Coinniander of Mon- tana Coniniandei y. No. :', in 188G. AVas elected Junior (Jraud Warden of the Grand ]^odge in 18!t(i, and by regular advancement became (Jrand blaster, September 21, 189!). \^'as chosen R. E. (Jrand King at the organi- zation of the (Jrand Chapter in 1891, and ^lost Eminent (Jrand High Priest in 1893. ^A'as first V. E. (Jrand ('ommander of the (Jrand Commandery of ilontana in 1888, and K. E. Grand Commander in 1889. Mr. Barret enjoys the unifjue distinction of being the only person who has ever been called upon to serve at the head of the three Masonic Grand bodie.s. It was upon his motion that the (Jrand (I'hapter set apart !|!500 from its general fund, and ten per cent of its reve- nues, for the Masonic home endowment fund. November 9, ISSO, ^Mr. Barret was married to Miss Lizzie A. Brooke, at Hel- ena, Mont., by the late Bishop Gilbert. Mrs. Barret is a native of Morgantown, Va. No cliildren have been born to them. They liavc. however, raised two adopted children, both happily married now, and one who died at the age of fourteen. The oldest, a boy, was sent to college and is now a prac- ticing lawyer in Louisville, Ky. The younger, a daughter, is living with her husband in Kansas City, Mo. RUSSELL, Benjamin Stillman. — Among the men of New England lineage who have exerted a powerful intiueuce in moulding the institutions of the great Northwest, Benja- min S. Russell stands almost without a peer. (Joniing to the Territory of Dakota in 1879, ten years before it was a state; controlling a large body of land; having a wide experience in a multii)licity of atlairs; well informed in history; thoroughly imbued with religious and educational instincts; generous almost to a fault, and abounding in energy, he could not fail to be an animating foice in any in- choate community. -Mr. Russell's ancestors were very early emigi'ants to New England from (Jreat ]?ritain. The first settler of the family was AVilliam Russell, who landed at Quinebaug, now New Haven, Conn., August 2o, 1(!?>S. His son, Noadiah, was a ministei' of the Congregational church. In his house the first steps were taken towards founding Yale College, and the first gift toward tin' institution was his donation of books. Both he and his son, William Rus.sell, were pas- tors of what is now the Fii-st (Congregational church of ]Middletown, Conn., the father serv- ing tifty-five j'ears, and the son twenty-five. Benjamin's father, Hamlin Russell, was a farmer, bom in (Jonuecticut in 1781, and moved to Erie county. Pa., in 1802. He settled on a farm on which he lived until he died in 1852. It is now in possession of his grandson. He was a man of great influence in his day. He served as quartermaster to the trooi>s during the building of Commodore Perry's fleet on Lake Erie, during the war of 1812. His wife, Benjamin's mother, was Sarah Norcross, of Scotch-Irish descent. She was maiTied to Hamlin Russell in 1810 and died in 1831. She was a woman of strong character, an excellent wife and mother, and left an abiding influence on her children. Benjamin S. Russell was born in Erie coun- ty. Pa., in 1822. His early education was ob- tained in a priniative school organized by the neighborhood before the Pennsylvania "Com- mon School Law" was passed. The books were few and there were no paraphernalia common to modern schools. But that the in- structions were thorough and efficient is evident from the scholarship and literary ability shown by Mr. Russell, who completed his course when only fourteen j'ears of age, and has had no other scholastic training. In 183C he left home, went to Philadelphia and secured employment in a wholesale hard- ware store. The '"hard times'' following the panic of 1837 cut short his term of office after four years. He then obtained emjiloyment as a clerk in various occu- pations until 1813, when he secured a position as teller and liookkeejier in a Har- risburg bank, holding this place until Sep- HISTORY OF THE GREiAT NOUnn\KST. tcmber, 1850, when he moved to Towanda, Pa., and formed a partnership for a bank of his own. When the war brolce ont in 18G1, although i)revented from enlistment by crippled arms, Mr. Russell t(M)l< an active part in every movement for tiic s\iii|iorl of the government. He was a]ii)ointed a tiscal agent for the government under Salmon 1'. C^hase, the secretary of the treasury, and sold the securities issued to support (he bonds, selling many hundreds of thousands of dol lars worth where government securitii's had never before been bought. Failing health compelled him to make a change. In 18()^ he sold out his business and moved to I'hila- deljihia, taking a general agency of a life in surance company with the banking house of E. W. Clark & Company, where he remained until 1871, when he removed to Dubitli, Minn., as a partner of a branch house of that firm, and a director of the Lake 8ui>erior \- Mississippi — now St. Paul & Duluth — rail- load. The business was continued with suc- cess until the great i)anic of 187;{ shook the financial world. Mr. Russell struggled with his affairs for two years longer, then suc- cumbed with the rest. In 187:{ Mr. Russell was appointed one of the commissioners, by Governor Austin, of Minnesota, under an act of the legislature, to settle the controversy existing between the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota concern- ing the entrance of the Bay of Superior, the jurisdiction of which had been in dispute, and litigation in the United States court for five years, at a cost of more than one hunderd thousand dollars to the city of Duluth, one of the parties to the controversy. The com- mission met at Washington. There were nine men present at the meeting, including the commissioners: Governor Wa.shburn, Tinio thy O. Howe, Senator Philetus Sawyer — then member of the lowei' house and on the com- mittee of commerce having in charge the rivers and harbors — Jerry Rusk, member of congress; Senators Alexander Ramsey and William Windom, and the commissioners. Sidney Lnce, mayor of Duluth, Ex-mayor Joshua B. Culver, and B. S. Ru.ssell. This aiTay of noted men indicates the importance of the subject under consideration, and the HION.IAMIN S. IM'SSKLL. public interest in the result of the delibera- tions of the conference. Of the nine men present only two survive — Alexander Ram- sey and Mr. Russell. The commissicth was successful in devising a jilan of set I lenient. It was, to stop all controversy over the en- trances by making them all eciually avail- able for commercial jiurjMjses. Tliis could b( done by an ajtjjropriation from the gov- ernment to imjjrove I hem. The modest sum of one hundred thousand dollars was asked for this i)uri)ose, and it was granted. Gov- ernor Washburn then predicted that (he har- bor of Duluth would be "the best on the lakes." This has come to pass through the muniflcience of (lie geneial government, which has already expended (wo million of dollars in improving the harbor, and has ap- jiropriated two millions more for contracts extending over five years. It is just ly a inal tei- of pride to Mr. Russell that he was iden tified with this magnificent enteqirise and contributed to bring about the result. The reverse at Dululh would have o\-er whelmed most men of .Mi'. Russell's years. r.ne he, buoyant by nalure, and with courage undaunted, again resumed his business activ- i(\-. After skirmishing some time in Phila- IIISTOUY OF TIIH i;i!EAT XOUTIIWEST. (li'lltliia, be secured control of a large body of laud in Dakotii — now the state of North Da- kota — and in 1S7!) went there to dispose of if. He settled fii-st at Spiritwood. He sold the land within two rears and removed to Jamestown, wliere he now resides. Mr. Rus- sell in politics was a Whig until 1854, a suj)- jtorter of David AVilmot, of "Wilmot I'ro- vise'' fame, and one of the promoters of the Kepublican party. He voted for John C. Fre- mont, in lS,")(i and has voted for every llepuh- lican i)residential nominee since. He has never sought oftice nor accepted a nomination when offered, but he has chosen to be identi- fied with the educational institutions of the state, and with the advancement of religious interests. He is a trustee of the normal schools of Xorth Dakota, and a member of the board of management of the school at Mayville. He is an active Ejjiscopalian and the beautiful, noble church at Jamestown is one of the evidences of his zeal. Mr. Russell was married to Mary Gaskill at Philadelphia in 1847. She died in 1891. Five children survive her, four sons and one daughter, and four preceded their mother to the grave. The sons are well settled in business. The daughter was married to Samuel Bucknell, in 1882 ,and resides at East St. Louis. Notwithstanding his business activity, Mr. Russell has found time to cultivate his men- tal powers. He has a remarkable memory and has made good use of it. He is a man of scholarly attainments and among his friends is regarded as an authority in hi.story, sacred and profane, ancient and modern. The im- ]»ress of his forceful character will be re- tained in that growing state for generations to come, and men will bless the day when the panic of 1873 sent him to live among them. HUNTER, (Miarles Henry.— To nii-et a man who has attained eminence as a physi- cian and surgeon, inspires one's admiration; but to know one, who has not only accom- I)lished this, but who is also widely known because of his active interest in all that tends to the advancement of mankind, is as unusual as it is jileasing. To be a judge of what is best in literature, to be familiar with the books of the day, to be able to dis- cuss intelligently the <-omplex political prob- lems of the nation, to keep abreast of all scientific advancement, to be actively inter- ested in athletics, to be in demand as an after- dinner speaker, to appreciate a joke, as well as know how to tell one, in addition to sus- taining an eiivialde rejiutation in a ])rofes- sion which ordinarily demands all of one's time and energy, entitles one, surely, to be known as a many-sided man. Such a man is Charles Henry Hunter. Rorn February (5, 18o:}. at ('linton. Me., his early youth was spent in the home of his fa- ther, (Jeorge H. Huntei-, now a meri-hant of the neighboring town of I'ittstield. Here he received his elementary education, after which he attended the Maine Central in- stitute, located in this village. In the fall of 1870 he entered Rowdoin ("ollege, from which he graduated with honor in 1874, re- ceiving the degree of A. M. in 1886. The fol- lowing two years he served as principal of the Limerick academy, after which he began the study of his chosen profession, attending first the I'ortland School of Medical Instruc- tion, then the Medical School of Maine, and afterward the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, from wliich he received the degree of doi-tor of medicine in 1878. On February 9 of the same year he was married to Miss ilargaret Orr Stone, daugh- ter of Col. Alfred J. Stone, of Brunswick, Me., who points with just pride to a noble line (if ancestry, and whose cultured mind and charm of manner have won friends for her everywhere. Dr. Hunter settled for the jiractice of his profession at Newport, Me., but his sjihere of usefulness was to be a broader one than this, and after one year had I)assed, in company with his wife, he went to Europe, for the j)urpose of extending his knowledge of medicine and surgery. Three years he remained abroad, di\iding his time among the most celebrated schools of Eng- land and the continent. He heard the most noted lecturers in the universities of Berlin, Vienna, Strassburg, Paris and London, and attended the clinics where surgical science HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWKSP. was demoustrated by the most euiiiifMit sur- geous of the world. Ou his retui'u to America, in 1882, he set- tled iu Minneapolis, which city has since claimed him as a resident. Although com- ing here a stranger, his splendid prepara- tion, his tireless energy, and his pleasing personality (jnickly won for him a host of friends, and the confidence of the comniii nity. He has adhered to a general practice, both in medicine and surgery, and his repu tation has extended over the entire North- west. Dr. Hunter was one of the founders of the Minnesota Hos])ital college, and upon its identification with the University of Min- nesota, which was accomplished largely through his efforts, became and is now i)ro fessor of theory and practice of medicine in the College of Medicine and Surgery. He is one of the visiting physicians of St. Barnabas hosjjital and is on the attend- ing staff of the University of Minnesota free dispensary. He has long been a member of the Hen- nepin County Medical society, and is activt in promoting its interests. With him ori- ginated the idea of founding the Academy of Medicine, a society composed of a limited number of medical men from the twin cities. It has existed since 1887, is the only organ- ization of its kind in the Northwest, and has met with marked success. It is founded on such broad scientific and social lines, that its influence is continuous and progressive. Dr. Hunter enjoys the social side of life and is a member of the Masonic fraternity and the Elks. In college he affiliated with the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and en- joys an occasional evening with the chapter here. He was instrumental in founding the Western Alumni Association of Bowdoin Col- lege, in 1S84, and its annual meetings are to him a source of rare pleasure. He has always been an enthusiastic wheelman. Ho was for some time state centurion and is at present chairman of the National Sidejiath committee of the L. A. W. All out of door sports have for him a CHAitLKs II. iir\Ti:i; particular fascination. He is a member of the Bryn Mawr Golf club, Minnetonka Ice and Yachting club and Long Meadow Gun club, and when he is able to steal a few hours from his professional duties, delights in the recreation and sport to be attained through these mediums. The pleasant home of Dr. and Mrs. Hun- ter is at Second avenue south and Ninth street. In it the son and daughter just grow- ing to young manhood and womanhood find everything conducive to their happiness and advancement, and here their hosts of friends delight to call upon them, assured always of a hearty welcome and royal entertainment. SHOEMAKER. Waite Almon, is known as one of the leading educators in Minnesota and has been for many years a resident of St. Cloud where he has been engaged in educa- tional work for nearly twenty years. He is a son of Aehsa Waite Shoemaker, grand- daughter of one of the early settlers on the western reserve, and Abraham Shoemaker, a descendant from the Pennsylvania family of that name. Abraham Shoemaker was for over fifty years a minister of the Disciples of UISTOKY OF TlIK GUEAT NOltlllWKST. WAITE A. SHOEMAKER. Christ. \V. A. ^>li()Lniuikei- was boru iu 1800, on a farm at Meutor riain near Willoughby, Ohio. When he was but three years of age his parents came to Minnesota, settling near Plainview, but in 1S70 removed to Steai'ns cotmty. He received his early education in the country schools. In 1S72 he first attend- ed the normal school at St. Cloud, enrolling in the model school. He had a hard struggle to secure his education and was obliged to do manual labor at times to earn the money necessary for his expenses. He taught his first school when but fifteen, and earned enough to spend a year in the normal school. He then taught for several years in the coun- try districts. He re-entered the normal school in 1878 and was graduated, in 1880, from the elementary course, and was valedic- torian of the class, and also class orator. He then entered the advanced course and was graduated in 1881. While a student he taught some of the classes in mathematics and upon graduation received a place on the faculty of the school, serving as principal of the grammar grade in the model school, and was also a critic teacher. The second year he became principal of the preparatory de- partment and again served as critic teacher. The following year saw him advancing in his work. He filled the position for several years of general assistant, but finally settled upon mathematics and methods as his favor- ites. Mr. Shoemaker decided that a course iu graduate work would be of benefit and secured leave of absence and entered New York university; in 181)7 he received the de- gree of master of pedagogy, and in 1898 that of doctor of pedagogy. Dr. Shoemaker then resumed his work at the normal school, but in 1900 he was elected superintendent of city schools at St. Cloud, which position he now fills. He has been engaged in furthering the higher education of teachei-s for a number of yeai's. He has taken special interest in sum- mer school work, and has been conductor of over a dozen summer schools in this and neighboring states, and has also conducted classes at numerous "teachers' institutes." He has been a deep student of psychology, metaphysics, and methodology; and with Miss Isabel Lawrence, also a worker along educational lines, published a text book known as "The New Practical Arithmetic." Dr. Shoemaker is a member of the Minnesota Educational Association and served as presi- dent of that body during 1899. He was mar- reid in 1881 to Miss Louise Polley and they have two children, Isabel and John. TUFTS, DeWitt Clinton, receiver of the land office at Fargo, N. D., is a native of Maine, and was born August 9, 1851, in Farm- ing-ton, Franklin county, on the old home- stead where his grandfather settled, on his removal from Massachusetts, over a century ago. This farm is still in possession of the Tufts family. His father, J. Warren Tufts, followed the occupation of farming the same as his ancestors before him. He was, however, of a speculative disposition, and, getting the gold fever in 18.51, went to r'alifornia by the way of the Isthmus. Not finding there, like thousands of others, the fortune he sought, he returned in a short time to his native state and resumed farm- ing. He was a life-long Republican and held various offices of trust in his township at Waterford in 18.5."i. His father was I^evi HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. and home county. He also served in the Maine lejjislature for two terms. He was a great admirer of Horace (ireeley, and weni with the Greeley party during the hitter's j)i-esidential campaign. The maiden name of the motlier of the subject of this skctili was 5Iartha A. Tarbox. She vas born in Oldtown, Me., and was a member of a nii merous and prosperous family wlio were early settlers in New England. DcWilf re ceived his early education in llic common schools, and later the free high schools of his native county. When twenty-one years of age he entered the Western State Normal at Farmington, Me., graduating from this institution in 1874. After leaving the state normal, he taught for the next three years in both the common and high schools of Maine. He came west in the spring of 1877, and spent a little time in the Black Hills mining country in South Dakota. In June, however, he left Deadwood for Fargo, going over all the railroad lines then constructed in the two Dakotas — 35 miles from Vermil- lion to Yankton, and 196 miles from Bis- marck to Fargo. He settled on a home- stead, four miles north of Fargo, and com- menced farming. He has been very suc- cessful in his farming operations since that time, and attained a prominent position in his own community. Shortly after remov- ing to North Dakota he taught school for one year. He has always been a Republic- an in politics and has taken an active inter- est in political affairs. He was elected to represent his district in the second session of the state legislature, held the winter of 1890 and '91, after North Dakota was ad- mitted to statehood, and was one of the orig- inal supporters of Senator Hansbrough, remaining with him till the unexpected hap- pened, as it frequently does in North 1 )akota politics, and he was elected to the United States senate. Mr. Tufts served for eight years in the state legislature, two terms in the house and two terms in the senate. In recognition of his eminent services 1o the party, he was appointed receiver of the Far- go land office by President McKinley, in Jan- uary, 1898. Mr. Tufts is an attendant of the Congregational church, though not a mem- DE Wri'T C. TUFTS. ber of that body. He was married in the fall of 1881* to Miss Mary I. Campbell. Mr. and Mrs. Tufts have eight children^ four boys and four girls. BROWN, Calvin Luther.— Interest will so often warp calm judgment that it has come to be regarded as almost impossible for an ordinary man to hold the scales of justice without prejudice. There is, how- ever, a cast of mind — sometimes called "ju- (lifiar'—which can easily lay aside all bias and then penetrate to the marrow of a sub- ject. It would seem that the subject of this sketch belongs to a family distinguished for this characteristic. His father, John H. Brown, was esteemed such an efficient judge that he was elected and re-elected judge of the Twelfth judicial district of Min- nesota until he sei-\ed for fifteen years. Judge Brown was a descendant of John r.rown, who rved in the Revolution- ;iry war; he was the brother of the late L. M. Brown, of Shakopee. Calvin L. Brown's mother's maiden name was Orrisa Maxfield. HISTOKY OF JIIE GREAT NORTHWEST. CALVIX L. BKOWX. He was born at Goshen, N. H., April 26, 1854. His father, after the fifteen years of his judgeship, was only in moderate finan- cial circumstanfes. Young Brown came to Minnesota territory as an infant, with his parents, in 1855. The family settled at 8hakopee. In 1871 the home was changed to Willmar, Minn. He received his educa- tion in the district and higher schools of the state. AMien of proper age he very natur- ally took up the study of law, which seemed almost hereditary to him, both by direct and collateral descent. He was admitted to the bar at Willmar, in 1876. Two years later he opened a law office at Morris, Minn. From the outset he showed aptitude and spe- cial ability in his profession, as might have been expected from his ancestors. So marked was his proficiency that in four years, or in 1882, he was elected county attorney of Stevens county, and discharged the du- ties so satisfactorily that he was kept in office until 1887, when he was appointed by Gov. McGill judge of the Sixteenth judicial district, embracing the counties of Big Stone, Grant, Stevens, Pope, Traverse and Wilkin. He was then elected by the peo- ple, and held the office for two terms, or un- til 1899. During this time he had so estab- lished his character as a jurist that he was elected, in 1898, as judge of the supreme court of the state, and. of course, resigned the office of district judge, and took his seat on the supreme bench in 1899, which posi- tion he now holds. In the meantime he had not ignored his duties as a citizen. He held numerous minor positions of honor and trust, aside from his judgeships. The fidel- ity and integrity shown in what may be called obscure offices were no small factors in securing for him the confidence of the community. He was also an enterprising, ])nblic-spirited private citizen, taking his full share of the responsibilities naturally falling to a prominent man. He attends tlie Congregational church and contributes to its various departments of work, al- tliough not an enrolled member. He is a prominent member of the Masonic frater- nity, and was the Grand Master of the state of ^Minnesota in 1895 and 1896. He was married September 1, 1879, to Miss Annette Marlow, at Willmar, and they have been blessed with five children. Olive, the first- born, died. The others are Alice A., Mon- treville J., Edna M., and Margaret E. Brown. The judge is yet a comparatively young man and has a bright future. Taking the brief outline given as a true indication of his sterling character, it is a safe assurance that the supreme bench will be honored by his service, and that a brilliant career awaits him. STBLETTE, George Washington.— This is pre-eminently an engineering age. The services of the civil engineer contribute more to the health, comfort and convenience of the people than does the work of all the other learned professions combined. Yet how few value these services at their true worth. A doctor who saves one life is given full credit for his work, and is very proper- ly honored. But the civil engineer of a city may save hundreds of lives by his skill, and yet passed unnoticed. Minneapolis is for- tunate in having a competent and efficient engineer, in the person of George Washing- HISTORY (IF THK (JKKAT NORTHWKST. ton Sublette, the distinguished chief of the city engineering department, president of the Minneapolis Engineers' Club, and uicni- ber of the Texas Academy of Science. Mr. Sublette is of French Huguenot de- scent. His forefathers left France to escape religious persecution, and settled in Vir- ginia. They afterward became prominent in the fur trade and in the explorations of the far west. Capt. Wm. Sublette, one of the brothers of the family, was general man- ager of the American Fur Company. He ex- j)lored the Rocky Mountains and determined the shor-test route to California. It was from Capt. Sublette that Sublette Lake of the old geographies was named. It is now the Yellowstone Lake. Peter Jackson Sublette was nianicd to Sarah Russell Warfield. of a well kndwn Maryland family, and emigrated to Missouri, where he became a prosperous farmer in St. Louis county. He was a soldier of the Mex- ican war and a member of the Missouri mili- tia during the Civil war. It was here that Geo. \A'. Sublette, the city engineer, was born. Young Sublette was educated in ilif pub- lic and private — or '"select"" — school, as it is called sometimes, and prepared for college at the academy, graduating at the State Normal at Kirksville, Mo. Later he took a post-gi"aduate course in mathematics and engineeiing in the University of Min- nesota, under Professors Downey and Pike. Mr. Sublette had a natural aptitude for the profession he has chosen. He may fairly be said to have been born to it, for having taught school at the age of fifteen years, he surveyed land at sixteen, joined a surveying party at eighteen, and at twenty-one be- came the county surveyor of Adair county. Mo. Such precocious ability was sure to find abundant employment, ilr. Sublette's subsecjuent career has fully carried out his early promise of usefulness. He was en- gaged in railroad construction — only a part of which can be mentioned — the Wabash, the Chicago & Northwestera and the Union Dejjot at Minneapolis. Under city engineer Andrew Rinker he was placed in charge of the North Minneapolis tunnel. He was also GEORGK W. sriiLETTE. engineer of construction for the city of Aus- tin, Tex., completing the power house and dam. He also held the same official position for Helena, Mont., while constructing the light and power house at Canon Ferry. His election as city engineer of Minneap- olis in l>S!t9 was a well merited recognition of his practical experience and rich profes- sional acquirements. Mr. Sublette is an active Odd Fellow, holding the highest office in the subordinate lodge. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, and has his church relations with the Church of Christ. In politics he has always been a Republican. He was married to Miss Anna B. Baldwin in 1S70. and is the hapjiy father of two chil- dren, lo and Marguerite. So long as the att'airs of the city are in the hands of such a man, Minneapolis may rest assured that its physical welfare will be efficientlv conserved. BERii. Otto C.. secretary of state of South Dakota, is a resident of Redfield, Spink .-onnty. He was born September 10, 1S4!). ai Bn'Miuiii. Ringsager, Norway, and HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST. OTTO C. BERG. is the son of Cbristence Berg, nee ovre Rudd, and Cliiistian T. Berg. His father was a government employe and was over- seer of government roads, and other im- j)rovements. He received a common school education in his native village and at the age of sixteen started on a business career and was employed as a clerk in a general store at Lillehammer, and then for several years was bookkeeper in a wholesale estab- lishment at Drammen. He became dissat- isfied with conditions in Norway and deter- mined to come to America, and came to this country in 1873, locating at Norwalk, Mon- roe county, Wis., engaging in the mercan- tile business. He came to South Dakota in 1883 and settled at Northville and started a general mercantile business. He after- wards located at Redfield, his present home. Mr. Berg is one of the best known men in the Republican party in the state. He ear- ly affiliated with the party and has always been a hard and enthusiastic party worker, and his recent election to the responsible position of secretary of state is a just re- ward, not only for his party work, but for merit. He served as postmaster at Nor- walk, Wis., and also as county clerk of .Monroe county, ^Vis. He has served for six years as clerk of the circuit and county courts of Spink county and goes from the office of clerk to that of secretary of state. Mr. Berg is a prominent member of the Ma- sonic bodies at Redfield. He is a member of Redfield Lodge, No. 34, A. F. & A. M., and has twice served as master of the lodge. He is a member of Redfield Chapter, No. 20, R. A. M., and has served as High Priest. Me is also a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He was married May 1, 187D, to Miss Edith Rowe, daughter of the late David B. Rowe, of Whitewater, Wis. He has two children, Edna M. Berg, a young lady of twenty, and Paul B. Berg, a boy of thirteen. HOFOHTON, James Gilbert.— One of the most important functions of a city gov- ernment is that of safeguarding the people against their own folly, ignorance and par- simony in building their houses. If left unrestrained by laM% the perils of the city from fires, from insanitary homes and facto- ries, from flimsy tenements for rent, and from encroachments on the rights of the public would be greatly increased. Hence it is necessary to have a thorough supervi- sion of all the building operations in the city. This is an immense work in a rapidly growing community. To accomplish this properly requires system, combining ac- curacy, care and impartiality with a clear method of registry. It can be readily seen that although the duties are not showy, they are of great importance. A regular depart- ment is organized for the work, the officers of which are known as building inspectors. To be competent for the office they must have both thorough building knowledge and experience, together with mechanical skill to decide what is feasible and what should be prohibited. In this exacting duty James G. Houghton has made a record for the city of Minneapolis worthy of the highest credit. Mr. Houghton is from Maine, a state con- tributing many sons noted in the develop- ment of Minnesota, and especially in the building up of Minneapolis. He was born 142 HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST. Howard Houghton, a farmer and a mason in moderate circumstances. His mother's maiden name was Elizabeth T. Robbius. Both were of Englisli descent. Mr. Hougli- ton liad the advantages of a district school education and worked on his father's farm at W'aterford during school age. He then learned the carjienter ti-ade in the good old way. Like most of the energetic men in that region, where the towns are to a large degree finished, young Houghton took Hor ace (ireeley's famous advice to "go West." He landed in Minneapolis June 25, 1880, a date which is a mile stone in liis career never to be forgotten. He immediately went to work at his trade and for several years served as foreman to one of the contractors in the city. He then established himself in business on his own account, and conducted it until 1894, when he was appointed first assistant building inspector for the city of Minneapolis. He was elected to the of- fice of building inspector January 1, 1899, which put him in full charge of the depart- ment. His superior fitness for the place was soon demonstrated by the improve- ments he made in the administration of af- fairs. In the first place he very materially reduced the expenses of the ofiSce. Al- though there was more work than in any other year subsequent to 1894, Mr. Hough- ton managed the business with two less men. His thorough knowledge and practical com- mon sense enabled him to simplify the sys- tem of keeping the records so as to keep them in better form with less labor. He also insti tuted sevei"al new records, greatly needed and which will be of great value in the work of the department. Therefore the whole labor is better done and with less expen.se than ever before since the office was estab- lished. In addition to this Mr. Houghton makes a jiractice of personally inspecting buildings in the course of erection. Mr. Houghton is a Republican in politics, and was a ward committeeman in 1898. He is a member of Hennepin Masonic Lodge, No. 4 of which he is also a P. M.; a member of Ark Lodge, R. A. M., and Past High Priest; member of the Minneajiolis Mounted Commandery, IS'o. li:{, of Knights Templar; member of Minneapolis Camp, No. 445, Modern Woodmen, and member of Modin Tent. No. '2'\, order of the Maccfflbbees. He was married in 1882 to Susan C. Drew, and has three children, Harry D., Lucy M., and Robert J. Houghton. He is likewise a member of the Simj)Son Methodist Episcopal church, so that his social and religious as- sociations give him a very extended fellow- ship with a host of desirable friends by whom he is highly esteemed and universally respected as a husband, father, and citizen without reproach. FTTNK, William Albert, is a prominent lawyer, politician and real estate owner of Mankato, Minn. He is a native of Illinois, and was born in La Salle county, February 25, 1854. His father, Abraham Funk, was born in Virginia, but moved to Ohio with his i)arents when he was but a mere child. He grew up to manhood in the Buckeye state, and for several years taught school. Later he engaged in the occupation of farm- ing in this state, and afterwards in Illinois, where he removed in 1852. For the last fif- HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. WILLIAM A. ITNK. teeu years Le has lived in the vilhige of Odell, 111. He was married in 1840 to Mar- garet Jane Hutchinson, the mother of the subject of this sketch. She was born in Fairfield county, Ohio, and was of English descent. The ancestors of Abraham Funk were Swiss-Germans. The American branch of the family is descended from three broth- ers who came to this country from Switzer laud about 176.5, aud settled in Virginia and Pennsylvania. The subject of this sketch received his early education in the public schools of La Salle county. 111., which was supplemented by an attendance at an acad- emy. Desiring to take up the legal profes- sion as his vocation in life, he entered upon the study of law and was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Illinois in Sep- tember, 1875, when 21 years of age. He be- gan the practice of his profession in Odell, HI., forming a partnership with J. H. Funk, lately speaker of the Iowa house of repre- sentatives. This partnership continued until 1878, when the subject of this sketch remov- ed to Streator. 111. He formed a partnership there, in 1880, with Joel T. Buckley, the firm being known as Buckley & Funk. This part- nership continued until 1882, when he associ- ated himself with (Jeorge E. (Jlass, the pres- ent mayor of Streator, under the firm name of Funk & (jlass. In 1885, this partnership was dissolved and Jlr. Funk practiced his lirofession alone. In March, 1887, he remov- ed to Minnesota and located at Lakefield, in Jackson county, where he practiced law until November, 1895, when he removed to Man- kato, where he now resides. From the first, Mr. Funk enjoyed a lucrative practice, and assumed a prominent position in legal cir- cles. He has held many jwsitions of public trust, and has always taken an active inter- est in political affairs. He has been a life- long Republican, and has done effective work for his party on the stump. He stumped the state of Illinois during the campaign of 187G, and has contributed like service to his party in every campaign since that time, both in Illinois and in Minnesota. He ser\-ed as an alderman in Streator, 111., for two years, also three years as chairman of the Rex)ublican city committee of Strea- tor. In 1890 he was elected county attor- ney of Jackson county, Minn., and was re- elected in 1892 and 1894, making an enviable record in that office. He resigned this posi- tion in 1895 on his removal to Mankato. In 1896 he served as chainuan of the execu- tive committee of the Mankato McKinley club, and was on the stump for forty-seven nights during that exciting campaign. In 1898 he served as a member of the executive committee of the Republican state central committee. He was a candidate for the congressional nomination from his district in 1900, but withdrew after the result of the first caucuses was announced, it being ad- verse to his candidacy. During the cam- paign of this year Mr. Funk served as presi- dent of the McKinley and Roosevelt club of Mankato. He has always been a prominent worker in his party's interests, and is recog- nized as one of the leading political speak- ers in the North Star state. Mr. Funk has also interesed himself largely in real estate and is the owner of the unsold portion of the town-site of Lakefield, Minn., as well as several hundred acres of land adjacent to that town. He also owns rich farming HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST. lands in several oilier sections of Minne- sota, as well as in Wisconsin. Mr. Funk has been an Odd Fellow for many years, and is a member of the grand lodge, both in Illinois and ^[innesota. He also served as consul of Camp No. 4, M. W. A., when that order was organized in Illinois. He also held this position later at Lakefield, Minn. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias. He is identified with the Presby- terian body, and is a member, trustee and elder of the First Presbyterian church of Mankato. He has been the superintendent of Hope Mission Ir^unday school, of Mankato. for three and one-half years, and is a trustee of Alb(n't Lea college. He was married in October, 1879, to Nellie Douglass, at Strea- tor, 111. They have four children: William D., aged 20; Nettie M., aged IS; Leslie A., aged 14, and Edgar N., born in September, I'JOO. HKNUY It. PORTER. PORTER, Henry Rinaldo.— The duties of an ordinary busy physician are said to be exceedingly depressing. Some go as far as to say that the drain of vitality is greater in the work of a medical man than in that of any other occupation, however laborious. Cou- tinually in contact with suffering — for when absent from the patient his case, if critical, is ever in the mind of a faithful doctor; pouring out sympathy on friend and stranger day by day; listening to complaints of all sorts of ailments; called up at all hours of the night, sometimes on frivolous pretexts, and, the worst of all, constantly reminded of his utter impotence where he most desires to be of help, it is not strange that with the weight of these anxieties he should be borne down with weariness of mind and body. His sympathies, his emotions and his intellectual powers are on the rack with but little relief. If a doctor in ci^^l life, pro- fessionally associated with whom he may consult, with friends who may atlord him some cheer, and with social amenities to re- lieve the monotony and perhaps furnish some recreation, must undergo the anxieties and anguish of spirit portrayed, what must be the condition of the anny surgeon subject to the same or greater strain, and yet, not only deprived of these alleviating items, but re- stricted intheappliancesof his profess^pu and curtailed in his medicinal supplies? Can his situation be less than positive torture? Yet how little consideration is given to the army surgeon. The public is prone to find fault with the hospital service on the slightest pretext, while the extraordinary achieve- ments of the medical staff have only meager mention. Dr. Henry R. Porter, the eminent surgeon and medical practitioner of Bis- marck, N. D., has had the chastening experi- ence of both civil and military life, so that if ihe adage be true that "practice makes per- fect" he ought to be well nigh the goal. Be- sides, with him the profession may be called hereditary, for his father, Henry N. Porter, M. D., was a distinguished physician in the state of New York, having practiced in Oneida county of that state for thirty-live years. He then retired and moved to the less rigorous climate of Washington, D. C, where he died in 189!). His wife was of Scottish birth and came to this country when seven years of age. Her maiden name was Helen Poison. Dr. Henry R. Porter, the son, was born at Lee Center, Oneida county, N. HISTORY OF THE CRKAT NORTHWEST. Y., in 1848. He was, of couisp, surrounded with the atmosphere of his profession. When he had completed his literary prepara- tion, he went to the Mic-hias born at Nashville. Tenu., Oc- tober 13, 1802. His father, James G. Moore, was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was born in Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland. He learned the saddler's trade. When he came to Nashville he engaged as a merchant in the harness and saddlery business, and be- came well-to-do. During the Civil war he lost a large amount of cotton, and by the emancipation x>roclaniation of course lost all his slaves. Mr. Joseph B. Moore's mother belonged to the Hiter family, of Virginia. They were of Irish extraction. Her name was Mary Ewing Hiter. The middle name indicates a connection with that well known family. Young Moore «as educated in the schools of his native city, Nashville, and was what is sometimes called "city-bred." Un- der such circumstances his first entrance into the field of Lead, as a day laborer, was not far from the heroic. From that time on he worked as a laborer in the saw-mill, in the mine as a shoveller, then as tool-packer, miner, and timekeeper for the Deadwood- Terra Mining Comjiany, one of the group be- longing to the Homestake Mining Company. In the spring of 1883 he began work on the Homestake railroad, known as the Black Hills & Fort Pierre railroad, as brakeman, and continued to work for this company as brakeman, fireman, and conductor until April 5, 1884, when in attempting to get on a moving train he fell under the cars and lost his left leg just below the knee and the four smallest toes on his right foot. In- capacitated for manual labor by this terrible HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOUTHWEST. accident lie left Lead for his did liniiic at Nashville, Tenn. In the fall of 1884 he en- tered the law department of the Vanderbilt University. He doubled his studies, taking' a two years" course in one year, and gradu- ated with honors the followinjj; spiinji', bcinu one of the iloot Court coiuniencenient day orators, winning the Moot Court case on the trial. He then returned to Lead and began to practice his profession with inuuediate success. In 1889 he was made city attorney of Lead. He held this office until May 1. lSlt2. He was then ai)])ointed state's attor- ney for Lawrence county, and served during 1893 and 1S94. In 1S97 he was elected judge of the Eighth judicial circuit of South Da- kota, which position he now holds, and the term of which will not expire until Decem- ber, 1901. In the campaign of 1900 he was one of the candidates for congress on the "fusion" ticket, a union of Democrats and Populists, but was defeated, although run- ning ahead of his ticket several hundred votes. Mr. Moore was a South Dakota mem- ber of the National Populist convention which met at Sioux Falls, in 1900, and se- cured the insertion of a resolution in the platform denouncing the incarceration of miners in the Cneur d"Alene bull pen as an outrage. He had also represented South Da- kota in the National Populist convention held at St. Louis in 1890. He has always been a constant, consistent fnend of the la- boring men, being himself one for years. It is said of him that he never refused to take a law case for a poor man or woman, for lack of fees. ITnable to go to the Spanish war, he had, nevertheless, a warm interest in it. When troop "A" of the Cowboy regi- ment United States Volunteer Cavalry of South Dakota perfected a permanent organi- zation, Mr. Moore was made an honorary member, then the list of honorary members was closed. The troop presented him with a button badge, which he takes pride in wearing on the right lapel of his coat, in- tending, he avers, to so wear it as long as he lives. June 2, 188G, he was married to Susie B. Jordan, born near Franklin, Wil- liamson county, Tenn. Her father was one of the great landed proprietors of middle Tennessee, owning a large number of slaves. There is a coincidence between his marriage and that of Grover Cleveland, which was on the same day. This, however, was unpre- meditated on the part of Mr. :Moore,ee months, until the end of the war. When mustered out of service he picked up whatever job he could find, among other things chopping cord wood for Luke Blair, a Winona county farm- er. In 1867 he started for the Idaho gold fields with Captain Davy's expedition, which was to leave Fort Abercrombie on the first of June, that year. Part of the outfit failed to arrive and Mr. Winship declined to go. The few who determined to proceed reorganized and started late in the summer, but on reaching the Missouri river late in the fall they were massacred by the Indians. Mr. Winship engaged to drive a freight team hauling goods from St. Cloud, the rail- road terminus, to the various military posts in the west. The next year, 18G8, he re- sumed his old business of printing, in the Winnipeg, Man., "Northwestern,'" under the charge of Dr. Schultz, afterwards lieutenant governor of the province. This was the only paper north of St. Cloud. Mr. Winship remained there about two years, during which the Riel rebellion broke out. In 1870 he went to Pembina, and was employed as clerk in a post trader's establishment. When the Blakeley-Carpenter lines of stages were put on between Breckenridge and \Vinnipeg, Mr. ^^'insllip formed a partner- GEOKGE BAILEY WINSHIP. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ship with William TSudsp and established a stage station at Turtle River— now Man- vel — fourteen miles north of Grand Forks. In 1873 he sold out his interest in this en- terprise and went to St. Paul, where he re- sumed his trade as printer, being employed on all the papers, at times. He was em- ployed on the Pioneer as compositor when it was consolidated with the Press, and af- terwards on the Pioneer Press until 1877, when he started a weekly paper named the "Courier," at Caledonia, Minn., inde- pendent in politics. In 187U the plant was transferred to Grand Forks, Dakota Terri- tory, where the weekly Grand Forks Herald was established. In November, 1881, the Daily Herald was launched as an evening paper. In the meantime the facilities of the office were continually increased to meet the wants of the growing business, which required not only new material, but more house room. In 1891 the full Asso- ciated Press franchise was secured and the paper entered upon its career as a metro- politan morning daily paper. It has now all the most modern appliances — Mergen- thaler typesetting machines, rapid Miehle presses, together with a complete modern bindery from which is turned out every form of blank books for state, county, and minor officials, and blank forms carefully prepared for every use in the state. These are kept in stock for immediate delivery. Mr. Winship has been the animating spirit of the vast enterprise from its inception, the Herald being in his control ever since its establishment. The energy, perseverance and business sagacity required to overcome obstacles, harmonize interests and to un- tangle the complications involved in the development of such an enterprise and in bringing it to its present commanding posi- tion, is an achievement worthy of the high- est honor. Mr. Winship, in addition to this immense labor, has not neglected his duties as a plain citizen. While his great- est inlluence has, perhaps, been exerted through the Herald, his strong personality has been a large factor in directing public affairs. In early life he was a Democrat. In the Hayes campaign he was an enthusi- astic supporter of the Republican party and voted for its nominees. He has since been a consistent Republican. He was the first state senator from the Seventh legislative district of the state. He championed the ])rnhibition law and has always advocated its rigid enforcement. He led the forces opposed to the Louisiana lottery when an effort was made to establish it in the state. He served one term as oil inspector under Governor Allen, and was strongly sup- ported in the state Republican conventions of 1898 and 1900 as a candidate for gover- nor; in the latter convention a large ma- jority of the delegates were favorable to him, but through deft maneuvering the nomination went elsewhere. Mr. Winship was appointed and served as provisional department commander when the Grand Army of the Republic department was in- stituted in the state. He was subsequently first department commander of North Da- kota, and had previously served as senior vice commander of the Dakota Territorial department, besides being a post command- er, having been a member of the Grand Army of the Republic sixteen years. He has been active also in the Masonic order, being a member of the Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commaudery, Lodge of Perfection, and El Zagel Temple. He is one of the charter members of Acacia Lodge of Grand Forks, and has served as senior warden. He was married to Josephine Minshall, at La Cres- cent, in 1874, but they have no children ex- cept an adopted daughter, Barbara, mar- ried to Francis W. Weego, Dec. 27, 1899. Mr. Winship, although not enrolled as a member, is a regular attendant and sup- porter of the Methodist Episcopal church at Grand Forks. HEINRICH, Julius J., the efficient head of the department of oil inspection of the state of Minnesota, under Gov. Lind's ad- ministration, came to the state with his pa- rents, John Heinrich and ^Minnie Heinrich, when a mere lad, in 18G5. His father en- gaged in brewing, an industry then in its infancy in the state. He was an energetic, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. practkal man, and determined to train his sou, Julius, to be a like character. Accord- iufily, after Julius had completed his educa- tion in the public schools, he went to the business college, where he was duly indoc- trinated in the intricacies of accounts and in business routine. He then went in busi- ness with his father, continuing in that pur- suit until 1S90. He had, in the meantime, taken an active interest in politics, and had become a recognized leader in the Demo- cratic party. Being a man of genial man- ners, attractive personality, and of a gener- ous disposition, he was very XJopul'U' with all who knew him. A natural result fol- lowed. He was nominated to one of the most important oflBces in the city, that of register of deeds, on the Democratic ticket, and triumphantly elected. Upon entering upon the duties of the office, he sold his in- terest in the brewing business, and, with characteristic fidelity, devoted his whole at- tention to the public service. The city of -Minneapolis has never had a more satisfac- tory discharge of those duties than during the administration of Julius J. Heinrich. The whirligig of politics let Mr. Hein- rich out of office at the close of his term. But a man of his activity, fertile in re- sources, could not remain idle. He engaged in various pursuits, among them the laun- dry enterprise. He is still president and treasurer of the Phoenix Laundry company, the well known establishment at 315 Third avenue south. Yet his interest in public affairs did not abate. His practical com- mon sense made him one of the leaders in the broader field of state politics. A proof that his sterling qualities were fully ajtpreciated is shown by the fact that he has been twice nominated by his party for secretary of state. When Gov. Lind was elected lie appointed Mr. Heinrich to the important position of state oil inspector. Mr. Heinrich is no less popular in the social sphere than he is in business life and in political circles. This is evident from his fr.aternal associations. He is a member of the Elks, Modern Woodmen, Druids, Knights of Honor, besides being an Odd Fellow and a Mason. He was happily mar- JULIUS J. HEIMtlCH. ried in 18S2 to Hattie A. Stremel, and re- joices in a daughter and son, Minnie A. Heinrich, 16 years of age, and Gustaf A. Heinrich, 12 years of age. His hoifte is 1115 Sixth street north, where he has lived twenty-five years, honored as a citizen and respected as a man, in every relation of life. As if to emphasize this high regard, his friends determined to confer other honors upon him. In the campaign of 1900 they made him the nominee of the Democratic party for the responsible office of city treas- ui-er of the city of Minneapolis, a position of trust of the very highest character. A man wlio can inspire such confidence may well feel that he has not lived in vain. WILSDN, Samuel Bailey, county attor- ney of Blue Earth county, is a resident of Mankato. His career can but show the possibilities awaiting a young man who has iduck and energy supplemented by an edu- cation. Samuel B. Wilson was born May 12, 1873, at Price's Branch, Montgomery county. Mo., and is a son of Rebecca (Suth- erland) Wilson and Charles Wilson. His father was at one time a prosperous farmer HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. SAMUEL B. WILSON. owning a large farm on the Missouri river, but a sudden change in the current of that treacherous river washed it all awaj', leav- ing him with what little personal property be could save. He died in 1878 and, while fairly well situated, left but a small amount for his large family. Mrs. Wilson died soon after and Samuel, at an early age, was obliged to hire out to a farmer for his board and clothes. He was thus employed for several years and received but scanty schooling during this time, as he was only able to attend school during the winter mouths, and then had no time for outside study. For the next five years young Wil- son was emi)loyed as farm hand, day labor- er, section hand and railroad brakeman; any employment that was honest being gladly accepted. In 1889 he rented a farm in Montgomery county, Mo., and after a year of fairly successful farming, sold the proceeds and decided to attend school, and entered the high school at Mexico, Mo., but, for financial reasons, had to leave before the year was finished. He then came to Minnesota and entered the state normal school at JIankato, working on a neighbor- ing farm for his board. The next few years saw a struggle for means to complete his normal course. He was employed as farm hand, carpenter, bookkeeper, salesman, etc. Perseverance won and he was graduated from the normal school in 1894 with special mention from the faculty. Mr. ^^'ilson now determined to become a lawyer and went to Miuneajjolis to attend the law department of the state university. In connection with his college work he was employed by a col- lection agency, but before the year was over was appointed assistant librarian and later librarian of the library at the law school, which position he filled until graduation. While in college he was very prominent in college affairs and was law editor of the college paper. He was a delegate from the TTniversity of Minnesota Eepublican club to the national convention of the American College Eepublican League, and as such took a prominent part in the proceedings and secured the following convention for the University of Minnesota. He was also appointed chairman of the Ninth district, comprising Minnesota, Iowa and Wiscon- sin. He is a member of the legal fraternity of Phi Delta Phi. Mr. Wilson was gradu- ated in the class of 1896 and located in Man- kato, where he has built up a steadily grow- ing practice. In 1896 Governor Clough ap- pointed him judge of probate, to fill an un- expired term, and he was at the time the youngest judge of probate in the history of the state. He did not seek a re-election as the position interfered with his private practice. Judge Wilson is an enthusiastic Republican and has been rewarded in sev- eral ways for his faithful work. In 1897 and again in 1899 he was elected a member • of the board of education of Mankato. In 1900 he was elected county attorney of Blue Earth county. The judge is a member of several secret societies, among them the Royal Arcanum, Modern Woodmen of America, Eastern Star, Masonic Order and the Elks. He has filled several chairs in the blue lodge of the Masons, and has served in like capacities for the Elks, in- cluding two years as Exalted Ruler, and as delegate to the grand lodge at Atlantic City, X. J., in July, 1900. He was married on HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. June 21, 1899, to Miss Daisy Sheehau, a critic teacher in the Mankato state normal school. Judge and Mrs. Wilson attend the Presbyterian church, the latter being a mem- ber of the same. KENT, Ernest Howard.— North Dakota has become known throughout the country for the prominence of its young men in pub- lic affairs, and its remarkable growth is in no small way indebted to the push and vig- or of this young blood. Ernest Howard Kent, of Lakota, was appointed register of the TJnlted (States land office at (Jraud Forks in 1898, when he was barely thirty, and his career previous to that time shows that the people of his state had long known his abilities. He was born February 10, 1868, at Osceola, Wis., where his father, John folk Kent, born and raised in Maine, followed the business of boat builder; in fact, most of the upper Mississippi and St. Croix boats of that time were built by him. The mother of the subject of this sketch, Mary Jane Wilson, was born in Pennsyl- vania, and is a direct descendant of John Alden, the pilgrim. Young Kent spent his boyhood days on the pictures(iue banks of the St. Croix, near Osceola, and when eight years old the family removed to Ashland, Wis., where he received most of his early education. In 1880, James P. Kent first heard of the then newly opened Red River valley country and made his plans to move there with his family, but died before ma- turing his arrangements. However, Mrs. Kent, too, had become enthused with the fu- ture of the new country and located at Crookston, Minn. In 1883, Ernest followed the extension of the then St. P., M. & M. railway, and located at Bartlett, N. D., at that time the end of the line. He had a varied experience, as the only boy in a new western town. He clerked in various stores and gained valuable business experi- ence. In company with other residents of Bartlett, he removed to Lakota, as the old town, ruined by a disastrous fire and the at- titude of the railroad company, praclicall.y went out of existence. In 1885 young Kent KUNKST H. KENT. formed a partnership under the name of Kent & Brown, and carried on an extensive mercantile business. Ernest Kent has al- ways been an ardent supporter of Ifte Re- publican party and in 1888, before he was of age, was sent as a delegate to the last ter- ritorial convention, held at Watertown, and has since attended several conventions, both state and national. The first public office held by Mr. Kent was that of postmaster at Lakota, which position he filled for about five years. He was not of age at the time he received his appointment and, in 1889, when he was sworn in, was the youngest postmaster in the United States. In 1891 Mr. Kent retired from business to become a newspaper man, he having purchased the Xelson County Herald, a Democratic paper struggling for an existence. He changed the politics of the paper and has made it a success, and to-day, known as the Lakota Herald, it is regarded as one of the leading ])aj»ers in the state. Mr. Kent was the orig- inal McKinley man in North Dakota, and in 1893 wired Wm. McKinley congratula- tions on being elected governor of Ohio, and pledged North Dakota for him in 189(5. He was the only North Dakotau in attendance HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. at the banquet of the Marquette club in Chi- cago, February, 1806, when the formal can- didacj of Wm. McKinley for the nomina- tion of president was announced. He was an alternate to the St. Louis convention when McKinley was first nominated. March 2, 1898, President McKinley ajtpointed him register of the United States land office at Grand Forks, and he is now filling that ])()- sition. Mr. Kent served and is now secre- tary of the North Dakota State Business Men's Union. He is also president of the North Dakota State Press association. As a true Dakotan, he is much interested in the Chautauqua movement and is a member of the board of trustees of the organization at Devils Lake. While acting in his present position, Mr. Kent is putting in his spare time by taking a course at the law school connected with the state university at Grand Forks. He is a thirty-second degree Scottish Rite Mason and belongs to the lodge at Lakota and the consistory at Far- go. He is also a member of El Zagel Tem- ple of the Shrine. KOEHLER, Robert.— One of the promi- nent members of his profession in the United States is Robert Koehler, director of the Minneapolis School of Fine Arts. He is rec- ognized as one of the leading instructors in art, and the Northwest is proud of the dis- tinction of having such a talented artist in its midst. Mr. Koehler is a native of Ger- many. His father, Theodore Alexander Ernst Koehler, was a resident of Berlin, where he was born in 1816. His ancestors, as far back as 1690, were weavers. He was a mechanic, possessed of unusual skill. As was the custom in Germany, Mr. Koehler entei-ed upon his ''wanderjahre'' after leaving school, visiting various foreign countries. Returning, he established himself in business in Hamburg. He was married in 1846 to Louise Charlotte Christiane Bueter, who was the eldest child of Nicolas Basilius Bueter, a master-builder in Hamburg. She was a lady of artistic tastes and attainments, especially in the line of fine needlework, to the teach- ing of which she devoted many years of her life, both before and after marriage. In Mai'ch. 18.54, Mr. Koehler came with his fam- ily to New York, subsequently locating in Milwaukee, which he made his permanent home. Mr. Koehler (^tablished here a little machine shop of his own which enabled him to give a good private school education to his cliildren, the public schools at that time not offering such advantages as he was anxious to provide them. This appeal's to have been his chief, if not his sole, ambition. He was not aggressive, and did not care for public distinction of any kind, but in private organi- zations of an educational character he was a wise counsellor and an active worker. He died in his eightieth year, after a short ill- ness, in the fullest posse,ssion of his mental powers, though failing strength had for some time prevented his continuing his wonted work. His faithful wife did not long survive him, dying, at the age of 81, the following year (1897). Three children, two boys and one girl, were born to them. The subject of this sketch, who was the second born, first saw the light of day November 28, 1850, at Hamburg. He received his early education at the "AVest Side German and English High School" in Milwaukee, where all the regular branches of study were gone through in both the English and (ierman languages. Besides the regular courses in languages and the higher mathematics, considerable attention was given to chemistry, physiology, literat- ure, and drawing, free hand and mechanical. In the latter branches Robert easily excelled, so that some career in which he could apply his skill in these directions was decided upon, and he was apprenticed to a lithographer on quitting school. His dislike for the purely uu'clianical part of the profession grew apace with his more artistic leanings, and he re- solved to devote himself for some time ex- clusively to the study of drawing, finally choosing this more congenial and artistic branch of lithography as his future occu- pation. After having served his appren- ticeship in Milwaukee, he accepted a posi- tion in a lithographic establishment at Pitts- burg in 1871, removing to New York the same year in order to have his eyes treated. Having undergone a successful operation he HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. decided to remain tliere, but suffered a short jieriod of disajnioiutment before be was able to secure a paying- situation. This he finally did in a lithographic establishment, where he continued to ply his vocation for the next year and a half, in the the meantime attend- ing night classes at the National Academy of Design. Having now saved enough mon- ey for the purpose, he went to Europe, where he took up the study of art in Munich in 187:3. His funds giving out at the expira- tion of two years he returned to New Yoik and began the struggle for existence anew. For four years he had a hard contest with ad- versity; but, finally, through the munificence of George Ehret, the wealthy New York brewer, he was enabled to resume his studies abroad. The next dozen years he sjjent chiefly in Europe, coni])leting his course at the Royal Academy at Munich, under Profes- sors LoelTtz and Defregger, finishing with his laVge painting "Tlie Strike"' (now on exhibi- tion in the Minneapolis Public Library), for which he received a silver medal at Munich, and a Mention Honorable at the World's Fair in Paris in 1889. After leaving the academy he assumed charge of a private art school in Munich, which he conducted for several years until he decided on his return to Amer- ica in the fall of 1892. He took up his abode in New York, where he occupied one of the Van Dyke studios for the next nine months, when he received and accepted the offer of the directorship of the Minneapolis School of Fine Arts, which he has filled ever since, coming to Minneapolis in September, 1893. While in Munich he was twice delegated to America by the Munich Artists' Association for the purpose of organizing an American department at the International Art Exhibi- tion of 1883 and 1888, the successful accom- plishment of which, in the face of very dis- couraging conditions, gave proof of energy and executive ability of no mean order, and earned him official recognition by the Bavari- an government in the bestowal of the cross of the order of St. Michael. During his sojourn in Munich he took a prominent part in all af- fairs of the American colony there, being four times elected president of the American Artists' club. The experience thus gained, OniOUT KOEHLER. while holding various oflices and as a teacher of ai-t, tended to qualify him exceptionally for the position he now holds. When the history of the art development in the North- west will be written, Mr. Koehler's earnest and conscientious work will appear as of the greatest importance. His faith in the future of art in the great Northwest keeps his en- thusiasm fresh and finds him ever ready to sui)j(()rt with advi(e and assistance every artistic enterprise, ^^'ith pen and pencil, on the lecture platform and in the class rooms, he works indefatigably and unselfishly for the cause of art. In September. 1895, Mr. Koehler married Marie Fischer, born in Rochester, N. Y., of German parents, her father being a civil engineer of great ability. Mr. Koehler met his wife some years previ- ously on the beautiful shores of Lake Con- stance, in Germany. Mr. Koehler has built himself a handsome residence on Portland avenue, within two blocks of lovely Min- nehaha creek. The house is of striking ap- ]iearance, being modelled after the old Ger- man houses of Nuremburg. Tlie second floor is mainly occupied by the artist's studio, and in this ideal sanctum Mr. Koehler spends what time is left from his vocation of teach- HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ing — considerably less than he could wish. Among the pictures Mr. Koehler has painted, aside from the aforementioned "Strike"' are "A Holiday Occupation" (owned by the Penn sylvania Academy of Fine Arts); "Her Only Support," "Love's Secret," "The Socialist," "In the Cafe," "The Carpenter's Family,"' "Bainy Evening in Munich," "Evening, I'l'om- enade I'latz, Munich," (referred to by Pi'o- fessor Muther in his "History of Modern Painting""); "The First Guests," "Violet,"' "Judgment of Paris," "Spanish Nobleman," "Listening to the Sermon,"' "Lunch Time," "In Summer," "The Sower," "Homeward Bound," and "At Lake Minnetonka"; also a num])er of portraits. WULLING, Frederick John. — Pharmacy as an art is as old as history, but phamiacy as a science, like chemistry, is of compara- tively recent development. The old-time doctors' materia medica M'as limited to the few organic drugs they collected themselves and carried about with them. The advance of the profession of medicine compelled ex- pert knowledge to such an extent that the compounding of drugs gradually developed from a mere adjunct to a doctor's qualifica- tions into a separate and true profession. I'harmacy is now recognized as one of the most important arts and sciences in the cir- cle of the professions, and takes rank with and includes chemistry. When the LTniver- sity of Minnesota was expanding its curricu- lum to more fully embrace the field which its name implies — university — a college of pharmacy was included and a young man of superior attainments and practical expei>i- ence was secured to organize it. Tliat man was the present dean of the college, Frede- rick J. Wulling. He was born at Brooklyn, N. Y., December 24, 1866. His father was John J. Wulling. an architect by profession. He was also a manufacturer of artistic in- terior woodwork. During one of the almost periodical depressions of the country he became so involved that he closed out this business, stripping himself and fam- ily of all but the necessaries of life to meet his obligations, which he paid to the last dollar, sacrificing even his home- stead for this purpose. The family is of German descent and can be traced back to the fourteenth century. It held a landed estate in Germany up to about the middle of the last century, when so many changes took place. The name was originally Von Wullingen. This was changed by Mr. Wul- ling's great-grandfather to its present fonn. In 1870 John J. Wulling moved from Brook- lyn to his summer home at Carlstadt. N. J., eight miles from Xew York. Here Frederick received his earh' education and spent his boyhood days. He passed through tlie gram- mar and high s<-hools, graduating from the latter at the head of his class. Besides this, during the last two years of his high school course, he attended Bryant & Stratton's busi- ness college at night, and was emjdoyed on Saturdays in the office of a wholesale import- ing house in New York city. This shows the indomitable energy of the boy and his capac- ity for work. His father's reverses came at about the close of Frederick"s high school course. After graduating he took up the univei'sity studies under tutors, and then be- gan the study of medicine and phanuacy. His father was so broken down by his busi- ness troubles that the support of the family, grown to be a large one, devolved upon Fred- erick, who was the oldest, although scarcely more than a boy, but the responsibility in stead of discouraging him stimulated him to increa.sed energy. He took a position with college privileges with Dr. C. W. Braeutigan, of Brooklyn. A part of his time was given to the Columbia University, and to translat- ing articles on chemistry, pharmacy and medicine from French. Gemian, Italian and Spanish journals. He did this so rapidly and well that he earned enough to support his father's family and to provide for his own college course. In 1885 he passed the senior examination in pharmacy and allied branch- es before the boards of New York and Brook- lyn, and of New Jersey. He had matricu- lated at the College of Pharmacy of the city of New York in 1884. After the final junior examination of the college in 1886 it was made known to him that his rating was the highest of the class, and that he was entitled HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. to enter the competitor's examination for the free scholarship of the senior year. He won the scholarship — the first that had been won for several years, because of the failure of candidates to reach the required percentage. lu 1887 he graduated at the head of a class of one hundred and six, taking as prizes the gold medal, one hundred dollars in gold, a microscope, and an analytical balance — all the prizes possible for one person to take. His general average in marking was 98f. This has not since been equalled in the col- lege. During the three years at the College of Pharmacy and after — as time permitted, while keeping up with his class — he attend- ed the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons in the Columbian University. In the spring of 188G he resigned the position with Dr. Braeutigan to accept one in Dr. S. Fleet Speir's laboratories on Brooklyn Heights, where he was promoted so rapidly that he became managing chemist before he had graduated from college, and when he had just turned twenty years of age. In 1880 he was appointed lecture assistant to I'rofessor Bedford, the foremost pharmacist of the pro- fession. In 1887 he was promoted to the in- structorship, and in 1890 to the assistant professorship of phannacy in the New York College of I'harmacy. From 1889 to 1891 he was associate editor with Editoi-in-Chief Professor Bedford on the Pharmaceutical Record of Xew York. During the early spring and summer of 1S87 he visited the chief universities of Eurojje, studying for brief periods at Munich, Berlin, (joettingen and Paris. Before he returned home he vis- ited every country in Europe except Eng- land. The versatility and activity shown by Mr. Wulling during the yeai-s from 1887 to 1891 exhibit his ability and capacity for work. He was managing chemist in a large laboratoiy, teacher at the New York College, doing post-graduate and original research work with Professor Charles F. Chandler, and later with Professor Parsons, attending the College of Physicians and Surgeons three times a week, ti'anslating, doing edi- torial work, and writing of articles on chem- ical, pharmaceutical, medical and allied sub- jects, attending the Hoagland Laboratory of FItEDEiaCK J. WULLING. Bacteriology at Long Island College, lectur- ing before the Brooklyn Institute, and be- fore the Brooklyn Ethical Association, be- sides doing work for physicians in clinical microscopy, and instructing private c*asses in chemistry. During this time he recovered his father's old home and added surrounding ground to it and acquired other real estate. He also entered into partnership in drug stares with some of his most successful stu- dents. In 1889, as might have been expect- ed from this multifarious activity, his health began to fail and he took another trip to Europe for a rest, but did some advanced work in chemistry at Munich. He, however, returned fully recovered. In 1891 Professor AVulling was called to the chair of Inorganic I'harmaco-Diagnosis at the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy. He resigned from the New York College to devote his attention to his new duties and to a larger business venture with his uncle, which, not proving i)rorttable, was disposed of. In 1892 he published his work "Phannaceutical and Medical Chem- istry" which lias now reached its third edi- tion. A brief history of botany, which he wrote in 1891, has passed through ten edi- tions of a thousand each. In the spring of HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 1892 Professor Wulling was called to the University of Minnesota to organize a de- partment of pharmacy. This work he did, surmounting many obstacles. The depart- ment took high rank from the start, and it is now one of the leading colleges of the United States. He was at once given the title of dean of the faculty and made an ex- ecutive officer of the university. He has giv- en his time and energy exclusively to the college and higher pharmacy since his ap- pointment as dean. In 1894 Dean Wulling made a trip to England, Scotland, France and Belgium. He there enlarged his ac- quaintance with men i^rominent in his own field and in other sciences. He has been in all the states of the Union, and has visited Canada. Soon after his return from Eng- land he was elected Fellow of the Society of Science at London. To sum up his literary work it may be mentioned that besides being the author of the two standard books men- tioned he is the author of more than four hundred original essays, papei's and lectures outside of college work, and of a work pub- lished serially in "Merck's Report" on the subject of "Carbon Compounds." This work is now complete and will shortly appear in book form. His writings are widely copied in journals in the United States and in the leading countries of Europe. In 1897 Dean Wulling was married to Miss Lucile T. Gis- sel, daughter of Henry Gissel, a pi'ominent citizen of Brooklyn, N. Y., and a well-to-do merchant. He has four sisters and three brothers, for whom he has provided a liberal education, besides contributing liberally every month to his parents. In 1896 he graduated from the law school of the Uni- versity of Minnesota with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, and in 1898 took the de- gree of Master of Laws. He has therefore earned the degrees of Ph. G., Ph. C, Phm. D., LL. B., F. S. C, and LL. M. He is also affiliated with the following organizations: Honorary member of the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy and of Alumni associations of the College of I'harmacy of the city of New York and of the Minnesota University Col- lege of Pharmacy. He is a member of the American Pharmaceutical Association, American Chemical Society, Chemists' Club, New York; New York State Pharmaceuticjil Association, Minnesota Pharmaceutical State Association, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Letters, Brooklyn Ethical Association, Min- nesota Bar, and of other minor associations. TUENBLAD, Swan Johan, is owner and publisher of the Svenska Amerikanska Pos- ten, published at Minneapolis. This publica- tion is the most influential Scandinavian weekly issued from the presses of this coun- try, it has a circulation of over 50,000 copies, exceeding by a good many thousand that of any other paper of its nationality, and is the largest in point of size, running usually from sixteen to twenty pages. Mr. Turn- hlad is in every sense of the world a self- made man. He is a prominent representa- tive of that class of American citizens who make up such a large portioni of the popula- tion of this great Northwest. What success he has achieved is due entirely to his own unaided efforts. Taking hold of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten in the second year of its existence, when it had only 1,400 sub- scribers and an indebtedness of $5,000 weighing it down, his business sagacity has succeeded in thirteen years in making it one of the best paying newspaper properties in the Northwest. Mr. Turnblad was born Oc- tober 7, 1860, in Tubbemala, Sweden. He is the son of Olof Monson and Ingjard Turn- blad, who came to this country when he was but nine years of age. His father had pos- sessed a considerable fortune in the old coun- try, but he lost it all through the unfortunate endorsement of worthless notes. On his ar- rival in America, he came directly to Minne- sota and located at Vasa, in Goodhue county, where he engaged in farming. The subject of this sketch attended the Vasa public schools and P. T. Lindholm's high school in that place. He taught school for two terms after leaving the high school. Quite early in life Mr. Turnblad exhibited a strong pre- dilection for the art of printing. While at- tending school he sent away for a set of t3'pes and a small hand press. Up to this time he had never seen a printer's case, but through HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. a small instruction book he obtained he quickly learned how to use the small printin}^ equipment he had ordered. That he was ambitious may be judged by the fact that he attempted' to publish ;iu arithmetic compiled by Professor P. T. Liudholm. He had to distribute his type after setting and printing each page, but in six months' time he suc- ceeded in getting out a book of 120 pages. He was but seventeen years old when he com- pleted this pretentious task. In 1S79 he re- moved to Minneapolis and worked as a type- setter on the Minnesota Stats Tidning and Svenska Folkets Tidning. He followed this line of work for the next eight years, part of the time soliciting in the insurance business. In 18S7 he took charge of the management of the Svenska Amerikanska Posten, which at that time was in a bad financial condition, but under his able management it was soon put on a solid footing. The paper is inde- pendent in politics, and is an advocate of temperance principles. It may be men- tioned in this connection that at one time Mr. Turnblad took a prominent part in tem- perance work. He assisted in organizing the first Scandinavian temperance society in Min- neapolis, meetings being held at the old Har- rison hall every Sunday afternoon to crowd- ed houses. He was also a Good Templar and helped to organize several lodges throughout the state of Minnesota. When 3Ir. Turnblad first came to Minneapolis he did not have over |5 to his name, but by industry and fru- gal habits ho has now amassed a comfortable fortune. In the days when he worked at the printer's case, his inventive mind evolved a secret letter writer, which is now extensively used. He sold the sole right to its patent to an eastern party at a handsome figure, thus first securing his start in life. He owns the Cecil flats at 1511 Stevens avenue, one of the handsomest and best paying apartment build- ings in Minneapolis, and also possesses con siderable other real estate property. He is now erecting a handsome grey-stone resi- dence on some property he owns, on Central Park and Oak Grove street, at a cost of 1100,000. Mr. Turnblad is independent in his political affiliations, but has always re- fused to accejit [tolitical jirefciuicut for him- SWAN J. TUUM'.LAl). self, with the exception of his appoiutment as a member of the board of umuagers of the state reformatory at St. Cloud, which he was ottered by (iovernor Lind in 1899^ He is a projuinent nu'mher of the Masonic lodge, having taken all the degrees up to the thirty- second in the York and Scottish Rites. He is also a Shriner. He is identified with the Presbyterian church, and is a member of Westminster. In 18S;! he was married to Christina Nelson, of Worthing-ton, Minn. They have one child, Lillian Zeuobia. Mr. Turnblad and his family, in the last few years, have enjoyed considerable traveling, and in 1895, 1897 and 1S99 they made ex- tensive Eiuoiiean tours. MARSHALL, Cla ranee Alden, came to Minneapolis in 1891 from Boston, to take the directorship of the Northwestern ('ouserva- tory of Music. His father was Alden B. Marshall, a con- tractor and builder of Newton, Mass., a vete- ran of the Civil war, and a man of sterling character, universally resix'cted in the com- munity. His nu)tlier was Clarissa Hemeu- way, a member of a prominent family in HISTORY OF THE OREAT XORTHAVEST. CLARAXCE A. MAltSHALL. Fi-auiingliam, Mass. Both families came from the oldest Puritan stock. Clarance A. Mai-sliall was born at Marl- boro, Mass., March 15, 1859. His education was obtained in the public schools of New- ton, Mass., where his parents removed in his ninth year, attracted by the i-eputation of the public school sj'stem of the city. He graduated from Newton High School at the age of eighteen, and entered Harvard Col- lege a year later as special student in art and music. Here, for a period of six years, he pursued his studies in music and art under John Knowles Paine and others. His musical education was continued un- der some of Boston's most famous instru- mental and vocal artists, with a large num- ber of whom he was associated as pupil or in some higher capacity until he became asso- ciate conductor with Carl Zerrahn, the well- known director of the famous Handel and Haydn Oratorio society. Positions as church organist and choir director were held in Wa- tertown, Eoxbury and Boston, and as direc- tor of choral societies in Watertown, Dor- chester and other Massachusetts cities, also in Bangor, Waterville, Augusta and other Maine and New England towns. In the fall of 1887, a choir and three choral societies in Saginaw, Mich., held out inducements which were accepted, and a sea- son was spent in that state. The next au- tumn, poor health making a southern climate preferable, he went to Nashville. Tenn., as leader of a surpliced choir and vocal instruc- tor in a large young ladies' seminary. In the spring of 18S9 he organized and made a success of the first great musical festival ever held in the city. In the fall of that year he accepted an offer from the Mozart Society, of Richmond, Va., where two years were spent as director of the chorus and or- chestra of the society, and booking ai'tists for the semi monthly concei'ts. Here two large and successful festivals were organized and a great stimulus given musical matters. In the summer of 1891 he purchased the Northwestern Conservator}' of Music at Min- neapolis, immediately assuming active direc- tion. The institution had been in operation for six years, and his first year showed an attendance of about 130. During the nine years following, energy and ability in man- agement has increased the annual attendance to nearly 500, the last graduating class num- bering 24. Over 3,500 students have been connected with the school, and an alumni association of over 100 organized, the quar- ters occupied have been enlarged, and a great school, exerting a wide influence over the Northwest, has been firmly established. Mr. Marshall became a member of the Immanuel Baptist church of Newton, Mass., when a lad, and still retains the membership, his professional connection with churches of various denominations making a transfer im- {tracticable. During his residence in Minne- apolis he has been organist and choir direc- tor of Westminster Presbyterian, Gethsem-' ane Episcopal, and the First Congregational churches. He was married in 1891 to Miss Marion Howard, of Waterville, Me., and has one child, a daughter. HUGHES, Thomas, is one of the leading lawyers of Southern Minnesota, and has been practicing his profession in Mankato since 1882. He is a native of Ohio, and was born in Miuersville, Meigs county, September 23, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 1854. His father, Henry Huolies, was bora in Monnioutlisliii-e, Soutli Wales, in lS:?;i, and came to this country in 1851, settling at Minersyille, where, two years later, he was married to Eliza Davis, a native of Cardi- ganshire, Wales, who had emigrated to this country the same year as her husband. Mv. Hughes moved with his family to Minnesota in October, 1855, and settled on a farm in the present town of Cambria, Blue Earth county, and was one of the first settlers in that section of the state. He retired from his farm in 1880, removing to Mankato, where he now resides in fairly good circum- stances. He always took an active interest in all matters of a public nature, has been a leader in local affairs, and held a number of town and school offices. The subject of our sketch enjoyed the best educational ad- vantages the country schools afforded, and when twenty years of age went to Northfleld and entered the preparatory department of Carleton College, graduating in the regular classical course in 1880, with first honors. He then took up the study of law in the of- fice of the late Judge F. H. Waite, of Man- kato, Minn., and was admitted to the bar in 1882. He formed a partnership with Mr. M. Z. Willard in 1884 under the firm name of Willard & Hughes, which continued until 1887. For the past ten years his brother, Evan Hughes, has been associated with him, but the finn name has been "Thomas Hughes." Ho enjoys an extensive practice and has the respect of his clients and fellow- members of the bar in a high degree. Ik- has been attorney for the First National IJank of Mankato, the Mankato Mutual Building and Loan Association, and several other corpoi'ations, for a number of yeare. During his practice he has handled a large number of important cases, and with very good success. In 189C he was elected coun- ty attorney of Blue Earth county and was re-elected by a large majority in ISflS. His record in that office is acknowledged to have been second to none in the state. In politics he has always been a Eepublicau and a con sistent supporter of Kepublican ])rinciples, taking an active interest in the party's wel- fare. He has been identified with evei'y piib- TIIO.MAS HUGHES. lie enterprise tending to build uji and pro- mote the best interests of his adopted city, and has been a director of the Mankato Mutual Building and Loan Association for a number of years. He is also a member of and on the board of directors of the Man- kato Board of Trade, is a director of the Y. M. C. A. of that city, and is connected with a number of other associations. The only fraternal organization with which he is con- nected is the Knights of I'ythias. He is a member of the Congregational Church of Mankato, a trustee and deacon, and superin- tendent of the Sunday school. November 25, 1885, he was married to Miss Alice O. Hills, daughter of Amos B. and Sybil Hills, of Faribault, Minn. Tlieir union has been blessi^i with two children, Burton E. and Evan Raymond. Mrs. Hughes is a graduate of Cai-leton College in the class of 1881. WINTEKEK, Herman.— North Dalvota has allorded boundless ojiportunities to the young man of pluck and determination. Success, however, was not to be achieved without a struggle, and the ambitious youth who took lip his residence in the Territory HISTOUY OK THE GREAT ^•OUTH^A•EST. HERMAN WIXTEUEIl. of Dakota in the early clays liad his share of adversity and misfortune. When the sub- ject of this sketch first settled in the Flicker- tail state and hung out his shingle he had neither money nor books nor experience as a lawyer. He did, however, jjossess a facul- ty for persevering and the prominence he has attained in the legal profession is due largely to this particular part of his make-up. Mr. Winterer was born in Philadelphia, Pa., January 1, 18.57. His father was a native of Gennany, and was born and reared in Et- tenheim. Grand Duchy of Baden, and here he learned the trade of a locksmith. He came to the United States when a young man and located in Philadelphia, where he secured employment in a locomotive shop. He was married here to Francisca Kohlif- rath, who was also a native of Ettenheim. In 1858 they migrated west and settled in Sibley county, Minn. The Sioux uprising in the early sixties compelled the family to move away for a time from the claim on which they had settled, and in 1867 Mr. Win- terer purchased another farm at Lake I»rai- rie, in Nicollet county. He died in 1889, his wife's death preceding his about seven years, leaving a large family sui'viviiig them. Her- man's early education was received in the district schools, but the instruction afforded was crude in its character. The desire of the parents to give their children the best education at their command inspired the lad to make diligent use of his time after the evening chores were done. He taught school and later he attended the high school at Le Sueur, Minn. lu 1877 he entered the State Tni versify, and after comjileting the four year's work at this institution, took up the law course in the University of Iowa, gradu- ating in the class of 1882. The following spring he went to Dakota and located at ^'alley City, where he began the i)ractice of his profession. A few months later he formed a partnership with Judge Seth Mills. ^Mr. Mills died shor-tly afterwards, however, and Mr. Winterer continued his practice alone until his younger brother, Edward, be- came a partner and the law firm of Winterer & Winterer was established. Ever since his residence in Dakota Mr. Winterer has taken an active interest in politics. Although not a partisan, he has generally asso- ciated himself with the Democratic party. He was first an applicant for political hon- ors in 1800, when he aspired to the office of state's attorney for Barnes county, and was elected by a two-thii-ds vote of the county against strong opposition. He was i-e-elect- ed in 1892, and again in 1891, without oppo- sition. His brother succeeded him in this office at the close of his third term. While serving as state's attorney he successfully conducted a number of important tax cases growing out of the Northern Pacific land grant. Both in 189G and in 1900 Mr. Win- terer was solicited to become a candidate for district judge of his home district, but in each instance declined, feeling that he could not aftord to give up his practice for a judgeship). In 1890 he was elected vice president of the First National Bank of Val- ley City, which position he still holds. He has also served for a number of years on the board of education of that city and is president of the board at the present time. Since his graduation from the Iowa law school Mr. Winterer has been admitted to practice in the state and federal courts of HISTORY OF TUE (JUEAT NORTHWEST. Iowa, Minnesota, North and Soutli Dakota, and, on March 28, 1898, was granted the priv- ilege to practice before the snpreme court of the United States. He is prominent in ^Ma- sonic circles, is Eminent Commander of St. Elmo Commandery, No. 5, Valley City, and Warden of the Grand Commandery of the state of North Dakota. He is also a. mem- ber of El Zagal Temple of the Mystic Shrine of Fargo, also a member of the A. O. U. "W. January 1, 1887, he was married to Emma A., daughter of Cyrus (1. Myrick, of Le Sueur, Minn. Mr. Myrick is a Vermonter and a graduate of the Norwich ^Military School and Middlebury Colk^ge. Althougli 84 years of age he is able to read Creek and Latin and handle the higher branches of mathematics as easily as though he had just graduated. Mrs. Winterer is a graduate of the Le Sueur High School, and, thereafter, the recipient of special instruction. Three children have been born to them: Florence Nightingale, Francisca Eloise and Hermione Winterer. MARTIN, Eben W.— The congressman- elect from South Dakota, Eben W. Martin, might be said to be indigenous to the soil, for he is by birth, training, education and exi)erience a product of the Northwest and a fair example of what its institutions can do for its citizens. Mr. Martin was born in Maquoketa, — a name suggestive of westeni ozone, — ^lowa, in 185.5. On his father's side the ancestry is Scotch-Irish, while his mother is of English descent, from a family which settled at Stonington, Conn., in the seven- teenth century. Her maiden name was Lois Hyde Wever, and she was the youngest child of Rev. John M. Wever, a Methodist Episcopal minister of the Troy (N. Y.) con- ference. Mr. Martin's father, James W. Martin, was a traveling salesman in modest iinancial circumstances, who served in the war of the Rebellion as captain of Company I, Twenty-fourth Iowa Volunteers. Eben \V. Martin's great-great-grandfather was a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and served under General Washington. By reaso7i of this military lineage Mr. Martin is a member of the Loyal Legion through his father's EI'.KN W. 1I.\UTIN. service, and a member of the South Dakota Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolu- tion by virtue of his great-great-grandfa- ther's record in the struggle for indepen- dence. Mr. Mai'tin's early education 1lan- tation near the foothills leading to the Iron Range dividing North Carolina and Tennes- see, who volunteered, with the consent of their slave parents, to pilot him over the mountains, and, it was hoped, to liberty. After many hardships and nights of travel they came to a detachment of one hundred Union soldiers belonging to the Third North Carolina Mounted Infantry, commanded by Colonel George W. Kirk. The detachment was under orders from (Jeneral Schofield to cross tlie mountains into North Carolina, to destroy some railroad bridges. When I'ine informed them of a rebel camp of instruc- tion, called Camp Vance, near Morgantown, N. C, they determined to attempt its cap- ture. Dr. Pine and his two colored guides volunteered to go with the command. The command was surprised on the 28th of June. Under a flag of truce borne by Dr. Pine and Oscar M. Coburn, who had been discharged from the First Ohio Heavy Artillery to re- ceive a first lieutenant's commission in Colonel Kirk's regiment. Lieutenant Bullock and about three hundred men under his com mand surrendered without firing a shot. The camp of supj)lies, railroad station and other property were destroyed. On the se- vei'e march out of the country, some of the more delicate prisonei-s were paroled. About two hundred were safely landed at Knoxville. In an action with a force which had been sent to rescue the prisoners, one man was killed, and five wounded. Dr. Pine received a flesh wound, near Piedmont Springs. This has been regarded as one of the daring and successful of the minor ejii- sodes of the war. Dr. Pine rested at Knox- ville, and assisted in recruiting Cokmel Kirk's regiment. He then received a furlough of sixty days as an escai)ed jirisouer, so that he did not join his regiment until November, and then only to be captured again before Petersburg, while trying to take from the field the wounded adjutant of his regiment. He was, however, liberated after two days in Ri. Tliis venture proved very suctessful; but believing that the west attorded wider op- portunities and would give better returns for the money invested, he sold out in 1883, com- ing to Montana the year following. He lo- cated on the Missouri river, near Gleudive, and engaged in the wool-growing industry, in which he has been highly successful. In politics he is a staunch Republican and an earnest supporter of party interests. He was elected a member of the board of county commissioners of Dawson county in 1892 and served as a member of that board for four years. It was largely due to his influ- ence, and as a result of his activity in that office, that the magnificent steel arch bridge over the Yellowstone at Glendive was built. In 1890 he was elected to the lower house of the legislature, and was re-elected in 1898. His record in the house has been one of which his friends feel proud. His devotion to the best interests of the state in standing out uncompromisingly against legislative cor- ruption won for him many warm friends, but made luany bitter enemies. He was a can- didate for the state senate in 1900, but was defeated, the opposition putting up a fierce fight against his election. Mr. Lindsay en- joys the confidence of the public in a high degree. He has faced the contumely which was heaped on him by his political enemies with a brave, untiinching spirit, secure in the knowledge that he has always acted for the welfare of party interests and the interests of his constituents. His career is not yet end- ed; so far, however, it is a shining example for younger men to pattern after. Mr. Lind- say is a member of the L O. O. F. and A. F. & A. M. His religious connections are with the Methodist Episcopal church, of which he is a staunch member and an active church worker. He served as a lay delegate from IMontana to the general conference of that body held at Chicago in May, 1900. He was married August 7, 1886, to Miss Alice M. Reehl, of Beaver Falls, Pa. Their union has Ik en blessed with two children: Grace M. ;iii(i \\illiaiii Lc I\ov Liudsav. FORD, James William.— The educati(mal institution at Owatonna, Minn., founded in 1877, enlarged and endowed by Hon. Geo. A. Pillsbury, and known as the I'illsbury .Vcademy, is so rapidly outgrowing the char- acter of a mere preparatory school that i>eo- l>le are ready to call it the Pillsbury College. In the year 19(10, less than twenty-five years after its foundation, it had six buildings worth |12o,(IOO, and an endowment fund of ^225, (100 hearing interest. It is only fair to say that very much of this prosperity is due to the combined qualities — scholarship, financial skill, and executive ability — of Pro- fessor James \A'. Ford, A. M., Ph. D., the present principal, who has been in charge of the institution for eleven years, or since ^'ovember, 1889. He was one of the faculty of the well known Colgate Academy, Hamil- ton, ;N'. Y., for twelve years, being principal for the last six years. He is not only a scholar and teacher of experience, but he is a "man of affairs,"' made so by early training and jiractice, which capacity is of even more value sometimes than are mere literary qual- ifications. Mr. Foi'd was bom at Lowell, Mass., December 20, 1846. His father was David P. Ford, a native of Deerfield, N. H., born in 1821. He and Benjamin F. Butler attended the same district school. He was a man of sound judgment and marked abil- ity, and was overaeer in the Boott Cotton Mills when he died, at the age of twenty- seven, of typhoid fever, leaving two children, James "\Y., two years old, and a brother still younger. He was of English descent from progenitors who came to this counti'y before 1700. James W. Ford's mother's name was Lydia Iseal, born in South Bei-wnck, Me., in 182-1, and of the same descent as her hus- band, but her people were Friends, or Quakers, in religion. Her father and grand- father were farmers and made a good farm out of the wilderness. They were sturdy, industrious, courageous. Godfearing men. Thev were of the same stock as Neal Dow, HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. She was likewise courageous, liopeful, self- reliaut aud bad a woudei-ful trust in God. Mr. Ford attributes to liis mother whatever success he has obtained. She brought up her cliildreu to self-support, aecumulatiug considerable property, and inculcated hon- esty and faithfulness in the discharge of every trust. She still lives ou the ancestral farm, where Mr. Ford usually spends his summer vacation, and which he now owns. Mr. Ford was educated in the public schools of Lowell, and there entered the high school at the age of thirteen. At the end of the first year he became a messenger of the Boott Cotton Mills counting room. His duties wei'e to distribute and charge all supplies to six large mills, and to find and bring to the office any employe wanted. Here he learned promptness, accuracy and quick- ness of observation and apprehension. He studied double entry bookkeeping evenings with Charles Farnsworth. From 1862 to ISOT he was bookkeeper and general sales- man for H. W. Hilton & Co., of Lowell, Mass., and became so expert in his various duties that in four years he was offered a partnership in the concern. He, however,_ declined. His ideals of life changed about that time because he had become a Christian. He now wanted to have a college education. At the end of five years' service he returned to Lowell High School, where his old teacher still remained, very ready to aid Mr. Ford in his new resolve. He took the Latin and Creek of a four yeai"s" course in two years, with double honors; the Carney silver medal for scholarship, aud the valedictoi'y honor, the highest that could be given. He had, when prepared for college, |1,200 which he had earned. This, with a little aid from friends, enabled him to go through the col- lege course free from debt. He entered the Madison University, at Hamilton, N. Y., in 18C9, and graduated in 1873, with the saluta- tory, or second honor of the class. He was a member of the Madison Chapter of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. Mr. Ford's high scholarship gave him a place also in the graduate fraternity of Thi Beta Kappa. Ex- pecting to go into the ministry, in 1873 he entered the Hamilton Theological Seminary. J.XJIKS W. FOltU. lie left after a year's study on account of an affection of the throat, which turned him from preaching to the work of education. In 187-1 he was appointed professor of Latin aud science in Colby Academy, New Loudon, N. H. The next year he held the same chair iu Cook Academy, Havana, N. Y. In 1876 he was appointed professor of Latin in Col- gate Academy, Hamilton, N. Y., and re- mained with this institution twelve years, as previously mentioned, during the last six of which he was principal. He left this thriv- ing school in 1888, bringing with him the vigor which had made Colgate such a suc- cess, to accept the position of treasurer of all the institutions under the control of the hoard of trustees of Madison University. Although he was successful and gave satis- faction to the board, at whose urgent solicita- tion he undertook the duties, the work was not as congenial as that of teaching, nad when the urgent request of Mr. Tillsbury, seconded by the board of trustees of Pills- bury Academy, came to him, he regarded it as an opening for larger woi-k along lines both jileasing and familiar. Since engaging iu this work Mr. Ford has been offered several attra'tive positions iu both Eastern and HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHA^EST. Western institutions, among them at differ- ent times tlie presidencies of three colleges; but he is greatly attached to academic work, and his nati^'e qualities, early training and mature experience lit him peculiarly for his present responsible position. The Baptists of Minnesota own Pillsbury Academy. Mr. Ford was licensed to preach by the First Baptist church of Lowell, in 1869, and in 1898 he was ordained, but never was the pas- tor of a church. He has, however, preached a great deal, and has always been in demand for addresses on special occasions both among Baptists and elsewhere. During the Civil war Mr. Ford proved his patriotism by enlisting a&a soldier, but he was rejected be- cause of physical disability. In politics he has always been a Republican, and while in New York served for two years on the state Republican committee. He has been repeat- edly solicited to accept office at Owatonna, but has always declined because his work seems to be along lines taking him away from political office. He has been a mem- ber of the Baptist church since 1SC6, and of the board of trustees of the Baptist state convention since 1890. He was upon the building committee, erecting the Owatonna Baptist church, when about $20,000 was raised by public and private solicitation. He was first president of the Owatonna Public Library, and spent much time in selecting plans, erecting the building and organizing the library. In 1876 Mr. Ford was married to Katie E. Jones, at Cazenovia, N. Y. They have six children — Mrs. Elizabeth Ford Shedd, wife of Professor t>hedd of Pillsbury Academy; James W., now at Nome, Alaska; Grace Brett, Paul Boyn- ton, Hugh Pillsbury, and Neal Kelly Ford. Besides his degree of A. B. on graduating, Mr. Ford has received from Madison Univer- sity the degrees of A. M. and of Ph. D. A more useful man in the field he has chosen would be difficult to find. FARMER, John Quincy. — To condense into an epitome the life and experience, the public sei-vice and useful work of a man of such varied attainments and ability as those demonstrated by Judge John Quin- cy Farmer, of Spring Valley, Minn., is not un- like trying to compress the statutes of a state into a small pamphlet. The limits of ''Tlie History of the Northwest" compel such an attempt which must of necessity be a meagi'e outline. He was born in a log house at Burke, Caledonia county, Vt., in 1823. The Farmers were of English descent. John Quincy Farmer's grandfather, who filled him with patriotism by rehearsing to him many a tale of Revolutionary times, was a hero of that war. His father's name was Hiram; his mother's, Salina Snow (Farmer). She was of Scotch descent. Her people were merchants. Until seventeen years old he had only the limited resources of the winter district school to give him schooling. Then, by permission of his father and by paying his own way, he attended several academies in Ohio. He attributes his most important training to the Summit county institute, under the Rev. Samuel Bissel, of Twinsburg, Summit county, Ohio. He then taught school and "boarded around," earn- ing about |14 a month. He began to study law M'ith Perkins & Osborn, at Parrisville, Ohio, and completed his course at the Bals- ton Springs law school. New York. He be gan to practice at Omro, Wis., in 1850. On returning home with the intention of getting married and coming back to Omro, he was persuaded by Brewster Randall to go to Conneaut, Ohio, and take up the law prac- tice which ilr. Randall wished to give up. It proved to be a fortunate step. He re- mained there six years, then formed a part- nership with Hon. L. S. Sherman at Ashta- bula, Ohio, where he continued also six years, serving in the meantime as county at- torney. In 1852 he was married to Maria N., the daughter of Dr. Jos. R. Carpender, of Painsville, Ohio. His wife's health fail- ing, he determined to try a change of cli- mate for her and moved to Spring Valley, Minn., where he had relatives who had set- tled at an earlier day. His wife, however, did not entirely recover, and died in 1866, after a residence of about two years, leaving two sons and a daughter, who died when five years old. Mr. Farmer at first engaged in farming, but later resumed his profession. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. His abilities very soon marlved liim as a leader in tlie state. In 1S65 he was elected to tlie legislatnre to represent Fillmore county, and was reelected in 1SG6 and chosen speaker of the house. The next year he had the same honors, beino; ajjain si)eaker, a fact which sjjeaks well for his ability and capa<'ity for administration. In 1S7() he was promoted to the senate for a term of two years, but a new apportionment comi)elled a new election the next year, at which he was again honored by the people. He was chairman of the judiciary commit- tee of the senate for both terms. This is the highest honor as well as the most in- fluential position in the senate. In 1871) he was elected judge of the Tenth judicial dis- trict, and at the expiration of the term was re-elected for another term, making thirteen years of service on the district bench. Al- though renominated for a third term against his earnest i)rotest, he was firm in his re- fusal of the protfered honor, and has since stayed by his profession and simply busied himself with his own affairs and in looking after the interests of his numerous sons, the most of whom are in business for them- selves, practicing their professions of law and of medicine. He gave each of them a university education. The youngest, about nineteen, James D., is in the State Bank of Spring ^'alley; George and Charles arc piacticing law at Howard and Madison, S. 1).; J. Frederick is practicing osteopathy at S])ring Valley; John ('. is i)racticing medi- cine* at McKinley, Minn.; Dan E. is at Des Moines, Iowa; Ernest M. is practicing law at Detroit, Minn.; Frank O. is ])racticing oste- opathy at Kankakee, 111. In 1S(J0 Judge Farmer was married to Susan C. Sharp, who became the mother of six more sons, making in all eight in Mr. Farmer's family, still alive, an unusual experience in these days. Mr. Farmer was a Henry (May Whig, and helped such men as Joshua R. (iiddings, Henj. F. Wade and President (larfield, with whom he was familiarly acquainted, to or- ganize the Kepublican party, to which he has always been loyal, being especially firm on the question of jtrotection to American industi'y and sound money. He was presi- .70HN Q. FARMER. (lent of the ^Minnesota Farmers' Insurance company for twelve years. This was an organization to furnish farmers safe in- surance at cost. In religion Judge FiWint'r holds broad views. He assisted in Ih" or- ganization of a church which attiliated with the Fnitarian body. He is a niembei- of the hoard of trustees of the church at Spring N'alley. Judge Farmer has a very wide ac- (|aaintance, and no man in the stale com- mends higher respect among all classes. START, Charles M., chief justice of the supreme court of the state of Minnesota, has had an enviable judicial career. He was appointed judge of the Third Judicial dis- trict of the state by Governor Pillsbury, in ISSl, and was elected as district judge with- out opposition for three successive terms. He then resigned to accept the position of chief justice of the suiireme court, to which he was elected in 1894. At the election of 1900 he was re-elected without o|)position. Charles M. Start — as the judge usually writes his name — was born in Bakersfield, Franklin county, Vt., Octobei' 4. 1S3!). His father, Simeon (Jould Slail, was a farmer. HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST. CHARLES M. START. and the judge was boru on the farm. His mother's maiden name was Mary Sophia Barnes. He is of English extraction, and traces his ancestry to progenitors who came to America in 16.52. His common school education was obtained in the district school of his native town. His academic training was received at the noted Barre academy in Vermont. Having chosen as his life work the profession of law, he "read law" — as the preparation for the bar was then called — with Judge William C. Wilson, of Bakers- field, and was admitted to practice in 1860, at St. Albans, Vt. He came to Rochester, Minn., in 186.3, and began his professional career. That place has since been his home, although his elevation to the supreme bench requires an oflicial residence at St. Paul. He was county attorney of Olmsted county for eight years. In 1879 he was elected attorney general of the state and sensed in this office from January, 1880, until Mai'ch 12, 1881, when he resigned to accept the po- sition of judge of the Third judicial district, tendered to him by Governor Pillsbury. This was strong testimony to Judge Start's ability, for the governor was noted for the scrupulous care which he always exercised in making his appointments, fre(inently go- ing outside of his party to select the proper man. He enlisted July, 1862, in the Tenth Regiment Vermont Volunteers. August 11 he was commissioned first lieutenant of Com- jiany "I" of the same regiment, and Decem- ber following he resigned on a surgeon's cer- tificate of disability. In i)olitics he has al- ways been a Republican. In religion, by birth and jtractice, he is a Congregationalist, although not. enrolled as a member of the church. In 1865 he was married to Clara A. Wilson, daughter of William C. Wilson, one time judge of the supreme court of Ver- mont, and with whom Judge Start studied law. They have one child, Clara L. Start. TO5ILINS0N, Harry Ashton.— This is an age of specialism — if such a word may be used to denote a concentration of energies on a single division of a subject. It has been conceded in all departments of human activity that life is not long enough for any man to master more than a fraction of any of the great divisions of knowledge. The '■good all round" man is therefore falling to the rear in the rapid progress characteristic of the times. The specialist is in demand, and rightly so too, for only by making use of thorough knowledge at every step can the best results be obtained. Thus in the col- leges the sciences are subdivided into small sections, where once the whole field was covered by one or two professors. In law there are recognized divisions, as criminal law, commercial law, corporation law, real estate law, even probate law, and the best result is obtained by employing an expert in the law governing the case. In manu- faclures, where the best mechanical skill is required, the same principle prevails. The greatest success is achieved by men who do only one thing. Experience has thoroughly demonstrated the correctness of this prin- ciple. But in the learned professions, the true specialist — ^the man who excels nearly all others in a certain field of the profession — is rare. Hence he is more valuable. An ordinary surgeon is common, but here and there may be found one whose superiority HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. is beyoud question. He is a specialist wlio can command wliatever fee he may demand. The same is true also in other de])ai'tments of the medical profession, one of which is now especially under consideration because the subject of this sketch — Dr. Harry Ash- ton Tomlinson — is a noted specialist in the treatment of nervous diseases. Dr. Tomlin- son is the son of George Washiniiointuu'nt of superintendent of schools in Schoolcraft, Mich., and served in this position from 1891 to 1894, resigning to go abroad in the summer of the latter year. He spent a little over a year in travel and study, the latter chiefly at the University of Leipzig, where, in July, 1895, he was given the degree of I'h. D. — summa cum laude for the examination, and egregia for the thesis. This combination, of first rank in both, ap- pears not to have occuri'ed, so far as could be ascertained, more than three times in four centuries. The subjects for examination were political science, economics and medi- eval history. The thesis was entitled "The Nature of the Federal State." Professor Carl Victor Fricker, Ph. D., of the Leipzig University, in commenting on Jlr. Eobinson's successful examination, spoke very highly of him and the excellent manner in which he had handled the subject of his thesis. Re- turning to America in 1895, Mr. Robinson was appointed jtrincipal of the high school at Muskegon, Mich. He held this position until 1897, when he removed to Rock Island, 111., to accept the position of principal of the high school of that city. In Scptembei', 1899, he came to St. Paul to accejit the po- sition he now tills. Mr. Robinson has achieved considerable reputation as an au- thority on political science and economics, and has contributed a numlier of articles to leading educational and jiolitical science pub lications, among which may be mentioned: EDWARD VAX DYKE KOBINSON. "The Nature of the Federal State," (re- jirinted from the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, No. 92); "Topics for Supplementary Reading and Discussion in United States History," (School Review, May, 1897); "The Caroline Islands and the Terms of Peace," (Indepen- dent, October, 1898); "An Ideal Course in History for Secondary Schools" — a paper read before the National Educatitmal Asso- ciation at Milwaukee — (School Review, No- vember, 1898); "Review of J. Novicow: La (pierre et ses prt^tendus bienfaits," Ameri- can Journal of Sociology, November, 1898); "Review of G. de Molinari: Gi-andeur et A{>- cadence de la guerre," (Political Science (Quarterly, December, 1898); "Germany and till' Caroline Islands," (Independent, Janu- ary 2(i. 1899); "History in Relation to the For mation of Character," (Chicago Teacher, Jlay 1, 1899); "Review of A. C. McLaughlin: A History of the American Nation," (School Review, June, 1899); "Review of Ch. V. Laug lois and Ch. Seiguoi)es: Introduction to the Study of History," (School Review, Septem- IxM-, 1S99); conimunicatiou in re "Kh'clivc Studies in Iligli School." iSrliool Kcvicw. October, 1899); ronniiunication rclaliiig In lln- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. "Review of Laiifj;lois and Seignobes," (School Review, January, 1900; "TheAVest Indian and Paiifio Islands in Relation to the Isthmian Canal," (Independent, March 1, 1900); "Re- view of F. M. Colby: Outlines of General History," (School Review. March, I'.tOO); "Medieval and Modern History in the High School," a discussion before the National Herbart Society, (School Review, May, 1900); "Review of H. H. I'.ancroft: The New Pa- cific," (Political Science Quarterly, June, 1900); "Waste in High School Education," a discussion before the Minnesota Education- al Association, (School Review, September, 1900); "Review of Katherine Koman and Elizabeth Kimball Kendall: A History of England," (School Review, November, 1900); "What Should the High School Alumni Ac- complisli?" (reprinted from the forty-second annual rejjort of the board of school insjiec- tors of the city of St. Paul; December, 1900); "War and Economics, in History and in The- ory," (Political Science Quarterly, December, 1900); "Review of Trueblood, the Federation of the World: McCabe, Can We Disarm? Richet, Les guerres et la paix; Von Stengel. Der ewige P'riede," (Political Science Quar- terly, December, 1900). He also published a catalogue of the Schoolcraft Public Schools, in April, 1S92, and a catalogue and manual of the Rock Island High School, in April, 1898. Mr. Robinson is usually a Re- publican in national i>olitics, though indepen- dent in state and local affairs. He is a mem- ber of the St. Paul Commercial Club, the St. Paul Informal Club, Ancient Landmark Lodge F. & A. 51.; Prairie Ronde Chapter, Royal Arch, and the American Historical Association. His religious connections are with the Presbyterian clwirch. He was mar- ried June 30, 1897, at St. Paul's rectory. Mus- kegon, to Miss Clare Howard. Their union has been blessed with one child : Helen How- ard Van Dyke, born June 2G, 1900, in St. Paul. LEWIS, Robert Steele.— The develop- ment of the Northwest has afforded bound- less opportunities to the young man of pluck and energy, and success lay within easy grasp of the man who possessed self-confi- dence and was willing to do his share in the work of upbuilding. No matter what form his activities took, if he possessed those dom- inating traits that count for so much in a successful career, he ultimately reaped his reward. The credit for the rapid develop- ment of this large section of our country is to be accorded in large measure to the men of this generation. This is particularly true in the case of North Dakota. Her citizens of prominence, in public as well as business life, were, as a rule, young men without capital when they entered her bordere. Their success has been due to the untiring energy and perseverance with which they have devoted themselves to their special lines or callings. Robert S. Lewis, vice president of the Red River Valley National Bank of Fargo, is a splendid type of the self-made man. In his eighteen years of residence in the Flickertail state he has built up an en- viable reputation as a reliable business man and attained a position of prominence in financial circles. He is a native of Tennes- see, and was born at luka August 15, 1856. His father. Josiah F. Lewis, was for a num ber of years a professor in one of the leading colleges of the South. Having acquired some means in this way, he came north with his family in 180.3 and located at Monticello, 5Iinn., where he engaged in farming. He was dcejjly interested in everything pertain- ing to educational matters and took a promi- nent position in local affairs. He was elect- ed county superintendent of schools for Wright county, and held this office for seven years, filling it very creditably. He took an active interest, also, in state grange matters. His wife's maiden name was Mary Steele. She was a native of North Carolina, and was connected with the wealthy Steele families of the South. She was a woman who pos- sessed many excellent traits of character, had received a college education, and was an un- selfish, devoted mother, impressing strongly upon her children her personal characteris- tics. Robert received his early education in till' common schools of Minnesota. This was supplemented, however, by the wider knowl- edge of his parents and their careful guid- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ,'ince of liis stmlies. lie Wdi-kctl on tlio farm until liis niuetcenth year, when he he);an teaching in tlie conuti-y schools. Me was very .snceessfnl in this vocation, and taughl foui* tei-ms in one district and three in an- other. In the fall of 18S0 he moved to ^lin- neapolis and secured employment as a clerk, remaining; here until his removal to Farjio, July 8, 1882, to accept a clerkship in the Red River Valley National Bank. He has been connected with this institution ever since, winnintf jiromolion <;radnally in recognition of his faithful, conscientious service, lie served for the first year and a half as a col- lectoi-, from which he was advanced to the jiosition of teller. This i)osition he held for two years, when he was promoted to assist ant cashier, at the same time being eleited to a position on the board of dii-ectors. In 18!)1 he was again promoted, to the position of cashier. He remained in this office until 1897, at which time he resigned in order to devote his i)ersonal attention to the various outside Interests with which he was identi- fied. On his resignation he was elected vice president of the bank, which position he still holds. In 1892 Mr. Lewis invested in a tract of land known as the Gardner farm, owned by (leorge M'. (Jardner, of Hastings. This proved to be a very fortunate investment and he has been unusually successful in his farming operations. He ke])t adding to the original purchase fi-om time to time until now he owns and operates over 5,000 acres of fanning land. It is well stocked and is probably the best equipped farm in the Northwest. He is also interested in the Fargo Cold Storage and Packing ComiJany, a thriving business institution of that city, and is secretary of the company. Mr. Lewis is held in high regard in financial circles for his strict business integrity. He has exhibit- ed a high order of business capacity and has won foi- himself the esteem of all who know him. Aside from the various business inter- ests with which he is identified, Mr. Lewis has also found time to take an active interest in municipal and county politics. Although coining from a Democratic family he has al- ways voted and worked for the success of the Republican i><'>rty, before and since his resi- 189 ItOBEUT S. LEWIS. dence in North Dakota. He served as secre- tary of the Kejiublican state convention, held at F'argo, in 181)8, and was elected in 1900 to the state senate, for a term of four years, by a handsome majority against one^^f the strongest combinations ever put up in the state in a legislative contest. He has also taken an active interest in educational mat- ters, is president of the school board of the city of Fargo, and a member of the board of trustees of th(> North Dakota Agricultural College. He is a brother of J. H. Lewis, superintendent of public instiiiction for the state of Minnesota. Mr. Lewis is also prom- inently identified with a number of fraternal organizations, is a thirty-.second degree Scot- tish Rite 5Iason, a Shriuer, a member of the Knights of Pythias, the A. O. U. W. and the Elks. He was married December 25, 1870, to Alice M. Cari)enter, daughter of Judge Carpenter, of Mt)nticello, Minn. Their union has been blessed with three children, Robert C, Olive M., and Alice. DEARTH. Elmer H., was born in Sanger- \ille, Piscatacpiis county. Me., June 0. 1859. He icceived a high school and acad<'mic edu- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ELMER H. DEARTH. cation, gniduating in 1878, and from that date until 1880 taught school in his native state. In 1880 he entered the office of the Bangor (Me.) Daily Whig and Courier, where he remained until the latter part of 1883, thoroughly mastering the business of news- paper work. He came to Minnesota in the fall of 1883, first locating in St. Paul. From 1881 to the latter part of 1886 he was editor and manager of "The Independent" at Hen- derson, and from 188C to 1890 he owned and edited the "News"' at Le Sueur, disposing of his interest in the latter year and returaing to St. Paul. Through his newspaper affilia- tions, and personally, he always took an ac- tive interest in the i)olitics of this state, his jiapers being at all times vigorous advocates of Republican ])rinciples. His efforts for the party did not remain unnoticed by the lead- ers, and Mr. Dearth received, in 1889, from Governor Merriam, the appointment of Depu- ty Insurance Commissioner of the state. In this new post he soon developed a large amount of executive ability and he filled it with credit to himself and the state, and hon- or to the insurance depai'tment. After re- maining in this position for three years he voluntarily resigned to accept a iiosition with the Equitable Life of New York. In Janu- ;iry, 1897, Mr. Dearth received from Gover- n and limb hourly. That is, the automatic coupler and jiower-brake bill, so called, which was l)assed, and directed all railroads to provide their cars with automatic couiders of uni- form type, and to have at least a certain number of cars of each train equipjjed with ail', or rather power, brakes, so as to obviate JOHN LIND. the use of hand brakes, which were very dan- gerous in icy or sleety weather. Tliisbill was opposed by a strong and insistent lobby, led by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, but after a hard contest the lobby was beaten and Mr. Lind's bill became a law. Another bill of commercial value to the Northwest niad(- Minneapolis a port of entry. Mr. Lind was a conceded authority in the House on the subjects concerned with public lands — Congressman Payson, of Illinois, being the only man on the floor considered his peer in this special branch of so much importance to the West. In the contest over the tariff Mr. Lind was a hard fighter, and showed his indejiendence by declining to be bound by the declarations of the Republican caucus. He fought the tariff on lumber because, as he said, it committed the nation to the idiocy of destroying its own forests rather than those of other people. He fought for free sugar, for free materials for making liindiiig twine and for free twine. In IX'M) Mr. Lind was elected a thii-d time, defeating General James H. Baker, of C.arden City. In 1802 he declined to become a candidate again, for ])ei'Sonal reasons, and the ]irescnt congress- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. man, James T. Mt-Cleary, then professor of political economy in the State Normal School at Mankato, was nominated and elected to succeed Mr. Lind. The i)latform adopted at Mankato accorded the retiring conf;ressman this (ompliment: "We recognize in Hon. John Lind, our present member of congress. an able and efficient representative, and trust that his voluntary retirement from the field of active legislative duty will be only tem- porary." In 1803 Governor Nelson appoint- ed Mr. Lind, who had returned to the prac- tice of law at New LTlm, a regent of the T'ni- vei-sity of Minnesota. Mr. Lind was an early recruit to the financial policy espoused by Senator Teller and other Silver Eepublicans. In 189C the Democratic and People's party nominated him for governor, and he made a sjjlendid run, David M. Clough defeating him by only a small majority of about three thou- sand votes. In the spring of 1898, when President McKinley called for volunteers to defend the national honor and avenge the destruction of the Maine, John Lind, at the sacrifice of his law practice, tendered his services to Governor Clough in any capacity in which he might be available. Governor Clough, at the request of Colonel Bobleter, in command of the Twelfth Minnesota, made Mr. liind regimental quartermaster with the rank of first lieutenant. His record as quar- termaster was attested by Lis popularity with the regiment, which had a chance at Chattanooga to compare with other stand- ards the efficiency of Mr. Lind's arduous la- bors in keeping the men well equipjied and well provisioned. It M'as while the Twelfth Kegiment was encamped at Camp Thomas, Chickamauga National Park, that the Demo- cratic, People's and Silver Republican par ties, in state convention, unanimously nomi- nated Mr. Lind for governor. It was his desire, after the defeat of 1800, not to again enter the field of politics, but so unanimous was the call, and so insistent were the friends who had sui)ported him so warmly in previ- ous campaigns, that Mr. Lind at last put aside his desire for political retirement and consented to make the race, subject to the necessary limitations of his military service. With the surrender of Santiago and the sub- sequent return of the Minnesota troops from the South, Mr. Lind was enabled to make two short series of speeches in a few of the citit^ and towns of the state. There has rarely been such a series of popular demon- strations of personal admiration and sym- ]iatliy. These tours, brief as they were, were splendid auguries of the magnificent vote which the men of Minnesota gave him on election day. This is the public and politi- cal career, epitomized, of the man who has fought his way, despite rebuffs and tempo- rary revei-ses, to attain success at last and a full realization of the fact that "he cannot appreciate victory who has not suffered de- feat." Governor Lind's energies have not been spent alone in politics and public af- fairs. He has had a lucrative practice at the bar and has not sacrificed it in the public service. New Ulm is the center of a thriv- ing farming community, prettily situated in the picturesque valley of the Minnesota, and is such a town as might well be selected for* ihe home of a man of Governor Lind's char- acter, earnest, faithful and unaffected. Gov- ernor Lind has been identified with some of the best institutions of New Ulm. He has served as director in the Brown County Bank, and was one of the committee of five New I'lni men who had charge of the con- struction of the Minneapolis, New I'lni & Southwestern railroad and other enterprises that have materially benefited his home town. Governor Lind was married in 1879 to Jliss Alice A. Shepard, the daughter of a then prominent citizen of Blue Earth county, since removed to California. He, Kichard Shepard, was a soldier of the Union army in the Civil War. His father also fought for the young republic in the War of 1812, while his grandfather was a soldier in the Revolu- tionary War. To Governor and Mrs. Lind have been born four children, Norman, Jenny, Winni- fred and John Shepard. The first named is now a student at the State Uuivei-sity, and with four generations of soldiers before him, might be looked for to enter a military career rather than that of politics, in which his fa- ther has attained his greatest fame. HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST. CRITCHETT, Eruest Thomas, superin- tendent of public scliools, Kew Ulni, Minn., comes fi'om old New England stock. On both sides of the house he is descended fioui the early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshiie; his paternal ancestors, for many f>enerations, having lived on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, settling there in 1630. He was born July 30, 1803, at Concord, N. H., the son of M. B. Critchett, a merchant of that city from 185G to 1883, and Emily J. (Yeaton) Critchett. He attended the public schools of hs native place and graduated from the Concord high school. He then entered Dartmouth College, at Hanover, N. H., grad- uating from this institution in 1885, with the degree of A. B. Three years later he was honored with the degree of A. M. by his alma mater. While at Dartmouth he was a member of Kappa Kappa Kappa fraternity, and at graduation became a member of Phi Beta Kappa. Immediately after graduating he came west and located at Mankato, Minn., where he began teaching as the principal of the Pleasant Grove grammar school in that city. Later, he was appointed principal of the Mankato high school and held this posi- tion for two years. In 188U he was offered the position of principal of the Duluth high school, which he accejjted, and was at the head of this institution for four years, during which time a new high school, one of the finest in the country, was erected. He was appointed to his present position in 18i)4. The enrollment of the New Ulm city schools has increased more than one-third in that time, and one of the best high school build- ings in the state has been built. Mr. Critch- ett is an earnest student of educational mat- ters and his administration has been efficient in every respect. He has aimed to introduce the most advanced methods into the school work and has brought the New Ulm schools up to a high standard of excellence. He is an active member of the National Education- al association, and for the past fifteen years has been a member of the Minnesota Educa- tional association. In politics, Mr. Critchett is a Republican, but has never taken an ac- tive part in political affairs, or held office. He is a member of Charitv Lodge, A. F. & ERNEST T. CUrrCIIETT. A. il., of New Ulm; of New Ulm Chapter, R. A. M., and of DeMolay Commandery, K. T., of New Ulm. He is active in church work, is a member of the First Congregational church of New Ulm, a member and secretary of the board of trustees, and superintendent of the Sunday school. June 15, 1887, he was married, in Minneapolis, to Helen M. Crook- er, whose father was one of the old residents of Minnesota, having settled in Owatonna in 1857. Two children have been born to them, Francis Eruest, in 1888, and Edward Fowler, in 1892. JONES, David Newton., is a native of Ohio. He was born at Gomer, in that state, September 1, 1850. His father was Maurice F. Jones, the son of Richard Jones. His mother's maiden name was Mary Evans. His early education was obtained in the public schools of Gomer, and at the high school of Lima, Ohio. He then entered the Northwest- ei'u Ohio Normal School at Ada, until he was pre[)ared to teach school. He then taught for three years at Veuedocia. Jones- town, and Gomer, his native town. He was now twentv-one vears old, and chose for his HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. AVID N. JOXES. life work Iht- piofessiou of medicine. He be- gan his study uuder the direction of Profess- or W. A. Yohn, M. D., and attended the med- ical department of the jS'orthern Indiana Normal School at Valparaiso for two and a half years. In 187'J-S0 he took a course of lectures at the Medical College of Ohio, Cin- cinnati, and another at the Kentucky School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky., and one at the Kush Medical College, Chicago, 1880-81. Ee- turniug later, he graduated from this insti- tution with the degree of M. D. He began to practice at Lima, Ohio. After one year, he moved to Gaylord, Minn., in August, 1882, and established his practice there, where he has since lived. He is the medical examiner for the New York Life Insurance Company, the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, the Equitable Life Assurance Com- pany of the United States, the National Life Insurance Company, Montpelier, Vt., and the ^tna Life Insurance Company of Hart- ford, Conn. Dr. Jones is a member of the Amei'ican Medical association. International ^Association of Hallway Surgeons, Minnesota State Medical society, of which he was vice ])iesident in 1801 and 1802; Minnesota Val- ley Medical association, Minnesota State Koard of Medical Examiners, 1806-8; Board of Trustees of the Minnesota State Hosjiitals for the Insane, appointed in 1808, and still a member, serving as president since 1800. He has been surgeon of the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railway since 1883. He is also secre- tary of the United States Board of I'ension Examining Surgeons, located at Gayloi-d. Dr. Jones has also presented several papers to the Minnesota State Medical society, which were well received, having been pub- lished in 1801, in the "Northwestern Lancet," as well as in the proceedings of the society. The principal subject was"Phlegmonous Ery- sipelas.'" The doctor devotes his attention, however, largely to surgery But while so active and prominent in his profession, he does not neglect the amenities of life nor public affairs. Politically he affiliates with the Democratic party, in which he is promi- nent and active, having been chairman of its county committee for ten consecutive years, but guards against all partizan bias in pub- lic matters. He was a member of the board of examiners for teachers, 1883 to 1806, and he served as mayor of Gaylord in 1888-89. In social matters he is likewise interested. He is a Mason and an Odd Fellow, being the first noble grand of his lodge, in 1888. He has passed all the chairs of the encampment branch, and is a major of the Fourth Battal- ion, Division of the Lakes. He is also a mem- ber of the Modern Woodmen of America. July 18, 1882, he was married to Miss Mary Foley, of Lima, Ohio. They have one daugh- ter, Florence, bom November 5, 1886 . WHITE, Frank T., county attorney of Sherburne countj', Minn., is a young man who has shown more than the usual amount of pluck and energy required in the struggle for success. He has worked against disad- vantages that would have discouraged most young men, but these obstacles only spurred him on to renewed labors. Mr. White was born April 0, 1866, on a farm near East Bur- lington, Kane county. 111., and is a son of Edgar White and Emma C. (Thurston) White. His father, now a merchant and postmaster at Clear Lake, was for many yeai-s a farmer, and much of the success attained by Frank HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. T. is due to the earlj' traiiiiug secured ou the iarm. He is a desueudaut, ou his father's side, from good >;ew Euglaud stock, the early members of the family beiug resideuts of Vermont. James White, the great grami- father, served as a (ireeu Mouutaiu Boy lu the Coutiueutal army during the Kevolutiou, aud held the positiou of orderly sergeant. Mr. White came to Miunesota in 1872, with his people, they coming overland in au emi- grant wagon, and settled upon a farm near Clear Lake. He led the customary life of a farmer's boy of that period, attending school whenever he could be spared from the farm. He earned his hrst money by selling furs, which he obtained by trapping, game being plentiful near his home. He attended the public schools at Clear Lake and also at Clearwater, and the high school at Creston, 111. His high school course was interrupted frequently in order to earn the money neces- sary to pay his expenses. He taught school for a number of years, starting iu his home district when but seventeen years of age. He then taught at Monticello I'rairie. Mr. ^^'hite had now decided that he would be a lawyer and he came to Minneapolis and en- tered a law office as clerk, and began his studies, besides working in the law library located in the same building. He earned his meals by working in a restaurant dui'ing the noon hour; he also carried papers for one of the morning newspapers. He then taught the village school at Clear Lake the winter of 1888 and 1889, and early in the latter year went to California, where he remained for a couple of years, working at various places. He returned to Minneapolis in 18!J1 and en- tered the night law class at the State Univer- sity. His course was interrupted again, how- ever, and for the better part of a year he taught school at Clear Lake and managed his father's farm. In 1S93 he returned to the university, and by taking both day aud night lectures, was able to be graduated with the class of 1894. Mr. White then went to his home at Clear Lake to rest up before begin- ning practice. He was unexpectedly nomi- nated for the position of county attorney of Sherburne county, his home county, and in spite of the oppositon of the bosses in his FK.VNK T. WHITE. (jwn party aud the ettorts of the other cuiidi date, was elected by the narrow margin of seven votes. He has filled the office in so creditable a manner that he has been re- elected at each succeeding election. Mr. \Vhite was married December 29, 1897, to Miss Daly, of Elk Kiver, and has a family of two children, Kuth Mary and Lavina Esther. Mr. White has made his home at Elk Kiver since his first election as county attorney, and carries on a very successful, law, real. estate aud insurance business, in connection with his work as county attorney. Mr. ^^■hite belongs to several fraternal and beneficiary orders, including the Modei-n Woodmen of America, the Ancient Order of United \\'ork- men, the Odd Fellows, the Maccabees and the Elks. DOBBIN, James.— The Shattuck School at Faribault, Minn., is one of the great suc- cesses of the iS'orthwest in the educational field. Beginning in 18(J5, with neither money nor buildings, it has trained more than 2,000 boys, from nearly all parts of the Union — the attendants for the year 1900 representing Iwentv-four states. It now has fine build- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. JAMES DOBBIN. iiig.s and a propei-ty worth uearly a half mil- lion dollars, including a scholarship endow- ment of more than one hundred thousand dollars, all in the custody of a strong cor- poration which gives a sense of permanence and of a faithful administration of the whole establishment. This remarkable achieve- ment is lai-gely the work of James Dobbin, D. D., rector of the school, who has had en- tire charge and responsiblity for the care, maintenance and growth of the institution since 1SG7 — ^more than a generation. He was born at Salem, jS'. Y., June 29, 1833. His father, Josej^h Dobbin, w'as a farmer in mod- erate circumstances, who came from the north of Ireland when a lad, at the begin- ning of the last century. The Dobbins are of Huguenot extraction, which is shown by historical records I'eaching back to William the Conqueror, with whom Peter Dobbin, afterwards high sheriff of Dublin, came to England. James Dobbin began his educa- tion in the common country school. When seventeen years old he entered the Washing- ton Academy at Salem for a few mouths, walking daily to and from home, each way, three and a half miles. Here he was instilled with the desire for a college course, and was jirepared there and at tlie academy in Argyle. He entered the Union <"ollege, and gradu-ated in the class of 18i5n, with a standing among the ten highest in a class numbering eighty- three. AMiile in college he was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and for his scholarship he was made an honorary member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity. He was principal of the Argyle Academy for two years before entering college, and after he graduated, served two years as the prin- cipal of the Greenwich Academy, both in the state of Xew York. In 1864 he took up theo- logical studies for orders in the Episcopal church, and was ordained on Trinity Sunday, 1807. He had, however, been appointed, in April preceding, rector of the Shattuck School, then in its infancy, and wholly with- out means for its future growth. While thus empty-handed and without buildings, the school has been self-supporting from the first, has contributed a large amount from its earn- ing-s toward its imin'ovements and equip- ments, and has become one of the foremost and largest schools of its Idnd in the country. The result of his work, his ability, sagacity, and management will be proclaimed to fu- ture generations more effectively by the Shat- tuck School than could words however elo- quent proclaim his merit. He first came to Faribault in 1859, remaining one year. He returned in 1801, and has resided there ever since. In 1801 he was married to Fannie I. Leigh, of Argyle, N. Y., who died in 1865, leaving one daughter, Jessie Leigh, now the wife of G. Carl Davis, of Red Wing. In 1874 Mr. Dobbin was married to Elizabeth L. Ames, of Niles, Mich. They have two sons, John Edgar and Edward Savage Dobbin. HEINTZEMAN, Christian Carl, is one of the leading teachers of music in Minneapolis, Minn. He is a native of Gennany. His father, Heinrich Heintzeman, was for fifty- lour years a teacher in the Kormal school of Bad Wildungen, a summer resort in the prin- cipality of Waldeck. He held the position of "Cantor," musical director of the school, and was the organist of the Lutheran church of HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTinA'EST. (hat place for fifty years. In recognition of his \(mg and faithful service he was deco- rated by the prince with the gold medal of merit. He then retired, and is still living at the ripe old age of eighty years, in the enjoy- ment of his pension. He was a very con- scientious teacher, and a strict disciplinarian, and it was under his guidance that the sub- ject of this sketch began the study of the pianoforte, organ and harmony. Afterward, he studied with Karl Stracke, then with Tewes, and later under Kuehne, all noted in- structors. After coming to America, Pro- fessor Ileiutzeman began to study instru- mentation, and, to thoroughly equij) himself as a composer and teacher, he worked hard learning to understand the whole string fam- ily of instruments, as well as those of brass and wood. This developed an especial liking for the military band, henceforth much of his time has been devoted to that particular line of work. After playing for a consider- able time with flrst-class eastern organiza- tions, his services as a teacher became so much in demand that Professor Heintzeman abandoned his jirofessonal playing and has since devoted all his time to the teaching of bands and orchestras, although not neglect- ing his earliest choice, the i)iano, having con- stantly a large class of piano pupils. Profess- or Heintzeman came to Minnesota from I'rovidence, E. I., in September, 1887. He enjoys the reputation of being one of the best band instructors in the United States. This has been borne out by his services in con- nection with The Minneapolis Journal News- boys' Band, one of the most unique musical organizations in the country. It is a full mili- tary band of fifty pieces, and is composed of genuine newsboys, every one of whom was taken from the streets when the band was organized. Professor Heintzeman was en- gaged as the instructor of the boys in 1807, and the band made its first public api)ear- ance on Memorial Day the following year. Since then it has been in great demand for all sorts of public engagements. It has played over sixty engagements, including concerts at the Lyceum Theater and T'entury Hall, music for baseball and football games, place of honor in Memorial and Labor Day parades, CI1KI8TIAN C. HIOIXTZEMAN. and the iKinic-roiiiing of the Thirteenth Min- nesota Volunteers, in Minneapolis, besides numerous concert engagements throughout the Northwest at street fairs and (^unty fairs, also at the Minnesota State Fair. Early in 1!(()0 the band played a concert tour through Southern Minnesota, meeting with great success. It has a large repertoire, and after their long practice together the boys can jilay the most difficult music with the confidence of old-time musicians. Iii 1879, Professor Heintzeman was married to Miss Matti(» Pheljis, at Bridgewater, Mass. No children \\er<' born. ilrs. Heintzeman died in l.S!)2. ALLEN. William Duncan, one of (he most prominent and successful business men of Faigo, N. D., was born at Fpper Darby, Delaware county. Pa., August 1, 1858. His father, -Jose])h Allen, was a fanner of Irish extraction. His mother's maiden name was Mary Duncan. Slie was of Scotch descent. Her Scotch father was a sea ca])tain. Will- iam recei\-ed his early education in tlie dis- li-ict schools of liie counliy. and Iheii tooli a coiii-seat l]ie K|iisco]ial .\cadeniy, a scliool of HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. WILLIAM D. ALLEN. liigli grade in Philadelijliia. He then took a business course, graduating at the Philadel- phia Business College. Thus equipped with a good practical education, he learned the plumber's trade in I'hiladeljjhia, and came to what was then Dakota Territory, now North Dakota, settling at Fargo, in May, 1882, where he established himself in business on his own account, and yet carries it on. By his su- perior skill and upright dealing he has made it one of the leading and most successful business enterprises iu the state. He has also been an active and prominent man in public affairs, as well as in business circles. He has been a member of the cit^- council for three tenus, and in 1900 was elected presi- dent of the council. He is now acting mayor of the city. In 1S!)8 he was elected to repre- sent his district and citj' in the lower branch of the legislature. He has always filled every position to which he has been elected with credit to himself, and to the advantage and honor of his constituents. In church rela- tions he is an Episcopalian, being thus loyal to the traditions of his people and to his early training. His interest in social life and fraternity mattei-s are shown by his standing in Masonic circles. He has received all the degrees of the Masonic order up to the Thir- ty-third degree. He was married March 12, 1SS4, to Annie C. Jones. They have three children: Martha R. Allen, 15 yeai-s of age; Harry C. Allen, 11 years of age, and Eliza- beth ('. Allen, 8 years of age. Mr. Allen is niic of those solid men who make no preten- tions. His ])ractical sense, sound judgment .uid iiiitlinching integrity have won the confi- (li'iuc of all who know him. His election as jiresident of the city council shows the esti- mate in which he is held by his associates. He is a kind and indulgent father, and good neighbor, and a successful, public-spirited citizen. LUtiGER, Otto, professor of entomology at the I'niversity of Minnesota, and State Entomologist, is a native of Germany, and was born in Hagen, Westphalia, September 1.J, 1S14. His ancestors on both sides of the house were mostly officers in the Prussian army, and members of old Prussian families whose records are traced back to the four- teenth century. His father, Fritz Lugger von Hagen, was a professor of chemistry, an orig- inal investigator in that and allied sciences, and a man of great prominence in scientific and educational circles. His mother's maid- en name was Lina von Fischer. He was edu- cated at the Gymnasium at Hagen, and later at the universiities at Munster. Bonn and Ber- lin. He then joined a cavalry regiment sta- tioned at Munster, and was commissioned a lieutenant in 1804. He left the army shortly after to enter the Polytechnicum at Berlin, and later at Heidelberg. In 1805 he came to the United States, and almost immediately entered the United States engineer sei-vice in the lake survey at Detroit, Mich. He re- mained in that service for three jeara, when he became assistant to Prof. C. V. Riley, state entomologist of Missouri. He held this position until 1875, when he was appointed curator of the Maryland Academy of Science at Baltimore. Shortly afterwards he entered the Johns Hopkins University at Baltimore, at the same time serving as naturalist of the public parks in that city. Later he went to Washington and spent three years in the di- OTTO LI-GGICU, $05 HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. vision of entomology of the Department of Afiricultiire. He was appointed professor of entomology and botany at the Minnesota Ex- periment Station, at St. Anthony Park, in 1880. Professor Lugger is a high authority on the subject of entomology, particularly with reference to the Northwest. He is a noted experimenter, and his discoveries have been of the greatest value to the agricultur- ist. He has also written a large number of books and bulletins which are of great im- portance to the farmer and fruit grower. He was appointed state entomologist in 1800. February 5, 1850, he was married to Lena Eosewald, a native of Iserlohn, Westphalia, Germany. To them have been born two chil- dren : Linnea and Humboldt. ELLIOTT, Charles B.— Fearless and cour- ageous in the discharge of his duties, Charles B. Elliott has made a record on the district bench of Hennepin county which has won for him the respect of every right-thinking citi- zen of Minneapolis. He is a man of strict fidelity to principle, of calm temperament, and clear and impartial judgTuent. His just administration of the law has made him feared by those who would seek to pervert it to their own base purposes, and has given him the complete confidence of that element of the community which stands for what is best in society. Judge Elliott is a product of the farm, from which have sprung the men who have been the most prominent in the history of these United States. His father was an Ohio farmer, who spent the larger share of his life scratching a poor liv- ing out of even a poorer farm. It needed but the stimulus of an ambitious temperament to make the young farmer boy break away from his environment and seek in the world beyond the reward awaiting patient and per- severing effort. Charles was born in Morgan county, Ohio, .January 0, 1801. He is the son of Edward and Anjaline (Kinseyi Elliott. The Elliott family came to Ohio shortly after the Eevolutionary War, and were among the early settlers of Morgan county. The father of Charles" mother was also an early pioneer in Ohio. The ancestors of these two families emigrated to this country from England in the early days and settled in New England. The common schools of southeastern Ohio, in which the subject of this sketch received his early education, were just one step removed from the old log school house. But they were good schools of their type, and the sturdy and ambitious country lads who at- tended them were duly impressed with the idea that they should get in training for the presidency. At the early age of sixteen Charles had sufficiently qualified him.self to begin teaching. He spent all his spare time in hard study and in a short time was able to enter the preparatory department of Mari- etta College. Being compelled to work his own way, he was only able to attend inter- mittently. He taught country schools in the winter, worked on the farm in the summer, and while in college taught night school and did janitor work. In fact the young student worked so hard that he temy>orarily ruined his health. His father having moved to Iowa, Charles followed him and entered the Iowa State University, graduating from the law department in June. 1881, with the degree of L.T-. B. The following winter was spent in the law office of Brannan & Jayne, at Musca- tine, Iowa. In 1882 he moved to St. Louis, 'Slo., where he suj)ported himself by writing for the legal magazines and reviews, but his health breaking down the year following, he was obliged to give up this work and went to Aberdeen, S. D. He remained here for a little over a year, engaged in outside work, until he had regained his health. Going to Boston, he spent some time studying, but came west and located at Minneapolis in 1884. He o])ened uj) an office and began the practice of his profession, but the first three years were a hard struggle with adversity. He was unremitting in his studies, however, taking a post-graduate coui-se in history and international law for three years at the Uni- versity of Minnesota, graduating in 1887, with the degree of Ph. D., the first granted by that university. He continued the prac- tice of law until January, 1801, when he was ap])ointed, by Governor Merriam, judge of the municipal court of Minneapolis. The fol- lowing November he was elected to this office HISTORY OF THE GItKAT NORTHWEST. for a term of six veal's. In Januarj-, 18U4, he was appointed jiuljie of the district court by Governor Xelson, to till an unexjtired tenii. In the November elections of that year he was elected to the full term of six years on the district bench, and has served in that capacity up to this time. He was renomi- nated to the same office in the primary elec- tions of 19(10 after a hard and bitter fight. His fearless conduct of the cases against what was known as the "city hall gang"' had incurred for him the ill-will of the friends of the convicted man, as well as the element they represented, but he won out "hands down"' against their open, undisguised and revengeful opi>osition to his renomination, and received a handsome endorsement at the polls in November. Judge Elliott is a stu- dent and a man of high attainments, and has come to be recognized as an authority on in- ternational law. From 1890 to 1898 he was a member of the faculty of the law depart- ment of the University of Minnesota, lectur- ing on corporation law, insurance and inter- national law. He is still engaged as a lec- turer on the latter suliject. He has written extensively on these subjects, and among his most noted books may be mentioned '"Law of Private Coii>orations,'" now in its third edition; "Law of Insurance," in its second edition; "Law of Public Corijorations,"" "Min- nesota Trial Practice,"" recently pul)lished, and a historical volume entitled "The United 8tates and the Northwestern Fisheries"' (1887), which is regarded as the highest au- thority on that subject. Judge Elliott has also contributed many articles to the maga- zines and reviews, such as the Atlantic Monthly, the Forum, the American Law Re- view, and numerous French, German and Russian reviews, devoted to public and in- ternational law. The active duties of his of- fice, and his prodigious activity as an author have not, however, kept Judge Elliott from mingling among liis fellow-men in a social way, by whom he is highly esteemed, not alone for his intellectual ability, but for his social qualities as well. He is a Republican in politics, and a member of the Masons, Knights Templar and the I. O. O. F. In 189.1 he was complimented by the State University CHAIILKS l:. ELLIOTT. of Iowa with the honorary degree of LL. I). He is also a member of the Phi Beta Kappa fraternity, and is president of the Minnesota chapter. A\'hile not a member of any (Aurch, he is. with his family, an attendant at St. Mark's Episcopal church. He was married. May 13, 1883, to Edith Winslow, at Musca- tine, Iowa. Their union has been blessed with four children, Charles Winslow, Edwin I]ugene. Ethel and Walter A. I'ERKINS, George Albion. — Thorough Iirejiaratory training is more essential in the medical profession, jirobably, than in any other. The practitioner in that profession can achieve prominence only through demon- strated skill, and the wider his experience in ronnecfion with the various hospitals during his ((lur^c iif studies the better he is equip- jjed to take upon liimself the responsibilities of a general practice. If he wins the confi- dence of his patients early in his career it is a strong indication that he has acquired con- siderable skill and will later take high rank in his profession. Dr. George A. Perkins, of Dickinson, N. D., is a good example of the young, successful practitioner. He is a na- HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHV\EST. GEORGE A. PERKINS. tive of the [Norlb Star state. His father, T. E. Perkins, was one of the earlj' and well-to- do settlers of Goodhue county, Minn., having located on a farm near Red Wing, in 1865, where he has resided continuously ever since. His mother's maiden name was Ehoda A. Boston. In common with other heroic wom- en of those days, she suffered the hardships of a pioneer life, but now enjoys the comforts to be obtained by a prosperous farmer. The paternal ancestry of our subject was Scotch, and was fli-st represented in America by three brothers, who came here about the time of the first settlement in Maine. The one from whom Di-. Perkins is directly descended settled in Maine, the others in Xew Hamp- shire and Massachusetts. On his mother's side, he is of English descent, her ancestors hanng settled in New England in early colonial days. He was born on his fathers farm, near Ked \Ying, July 17, 1S71. His early education was received in the public schools. AYhen twenty years of age he en- tered the State University of Minnesota and took two years in the scientific course. De- siring to take up the profession of medicine as his vociition in life, he entered the medical department of the same institution in Oc- tober, 189-1, and graduated in June, 1897. He was president of his class in the freshman year, and in the junior year, iu a comijetitive e.'v'amination. he won the position of house jiliysician and surgeon at St. Luke's Hospital. St. Paul, which he held from June, 1S9G, to -iinic. 1>-'.I7. In the senior year he was again suicessful in the competitive examination and secured the position of house physician, and suiegon in the City and County Hospital of St. Paul, which position he held until Ajiril, 1898, when he removed to North Da- kota and located at Dickinson, where he be- gan the active practice of his profession. Shortly afterwards he formed a partnenship w ith Dr. n. A. Davis, under the firm name of l>rs. Davis & Perkins. This partnership was dissolved Jan. 1, 1901, since which time he lias i)racticed alone. In his short temi of practice. Dr. Perkins has acquired a reputa- tion for being a thoroughly comi>etent and skillful practitioner, and if his present suc- cess is a safe criterion he is bound to rise in his profession. Dr. Perkins is a Republican iu politics, but has never taken an active part in political affairs. He is a member of the North Dakota State Medical association and the American Medical association. In his junior year at college he was elected to mem- bership in the N. E. N. Medical fraternity. He is also a Mason. June 28, 1899, he was married to Miss Minnie F. McDowell, of Minneapolis. THOMAS, David Owen, was born in 1852. He is the youngest son of Thomas and Mar- garet Thomas, of Penybenglog Mill, Nevern parish, Pembrokeshire, Wales. He is of an- cient Welsh lineage, being on the i>aternal side of the well known Lloyd family of Car- diganshire, and on the maternal side of the Owen family of Pembrokeshire, whose rec- ords are connected with the history of the principality since the fourteenth century. Several men of this branch were distinguish- ed as well in the literary annals of Wales. In his nineteenth year David Owen Thom- as came to this country and made his home at Youngstown, Ohio. .In 1873, in order to con- tinue his education, the foundation of whioh HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. was well laid in Wales, he entered Bethany (,'ollege, ^^■est Virginia, where, in ISTS, he {iraduated with the degree of B. A. After some indecision with regard to liis future plans, he decided upon the practice of medi- cine as his life work, and accordingly enter- ed the Medical College of Indiana, at Indian- aj)olis. Here, in 1884, he graduated, receiving, with the degree of M. D., the Mears gold med al for the best thesis on "Caesarean Section."' In 18S5 he was married to Miss Anne E. Butler, youngest daughter of the late Ovid Butler, founder of Butler College. I'liivei- sity of Indianapolis. After his marriage Dr. and 'Siva. Thomas went at once to Minneapolis, where they established their home. Three years later, desiring a more extended clinical experience, he left there. He went first to the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons of New York, where he again graduated; crowding two years" work into one. He then went abi'oad, and, after some travel in Europe, returned to Lon- don and continued his clinical work for two years at St. Bartholomew's Hosjiital. He successfully passed the examinations of the Conjoint Board of the Royal College of I'hy- sicians of London and the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Dr. Thomas is the only physician in Minneapolis who holds Lon- don d<'grees of L. R. C. P. and M. R. C. S. In 18t)l he returned to Minneapolis and resumed the practice of his profession, and is well esteemed by his fellow practitioners as a safe and experienced man. He has filled for many years the chair of Dermatology and Genito-Urinary Diseases in the medical de- partment of Hamline University, Minneapo- lis; and holds appointments of visiting phy- sician to both the Asbury Methodist Hospital and the City Hosijital. He is an active worker in both the Henne- pin County Medical Society and the Minne- sota State Medical Society, and is a frequent contributor to the medical journals. Politi- cally he adheres to Republican principles, but in local politics favors right men and meas- ures rather than a party label. He became a member of the Christian church while a student at Bethany College, which was found- ed by Alexander Campbell, and is the oldest scliool of the Disciples of Christ. He is a iiK'inher of the I'ortland Avenue Church of Christ, and has served as elder for a number of years. It was largely through hi»iuflu- ence that the annual missionary convention of the Christian church was held in Minne- ai)olis in 1!)01, for the preparation of which he acted as chainiian of the executive coni- uuttee. His literary taste has made him conver- sant with the best thought and latest discov- eries, not only in his own jtrofession, but also in the principal fields of learning and re- search. He is a man of broad sympathies, quiet and thoughtful disposition, and while excluding violent measures, advocates moral reform and religious liberty and progress. MITCHELL, Charles Luther. — Over- crowded farming communities and unremun- erative occupations in the humbler walks of life, in the eastern and middle states, have furnished their quota of men — a large per- centage, too — to the development of the Northwest, especially the Dakotas. These were young men who sought in newer fields of activitv oiieuings \vlii<-li were denied them HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. mines he received a certifleate from the board Li;. iial associates is no less ci-edilable to his so- cial (jualities. Mr. Koddle was married Jan- uary 1, 187assed. Mr. Getty began the i)ractice of his i)rofession at Caro, Mich., the same year, entering into a part- nership with Mr. John Huist. He won rec- ognition for his legal ability early in his practi(« and was quite successful for a young man. In the fall of 1882, tlie first year of HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. his practice, lie was elected circuit court commissioner for Tuscola county, of which Caro is the county seat. Among the im- portant law cases which Mr. Getty has con- ducted may be mentioned: State of Wiscon- sin vs. Whitmore, in which new principles of law were enunciated and the insurance de- partment of Wisconsin compelled to change its ruling affecting a lai'ge number of insur- ance companies. Mr. Getty moved to Min- neapolis in 1884. He has practiced alone most of the time, giving the larger share of his attention to life insurance law, and is recognized as an authority in that par- ticular branch of the legal profession. He is at present secretary and treasurer of the National Mutual Life Association, of Minne- apolis. Mr. Getty's political affiliations are with the Kepublican party, but his interest in that direction has not been to the extent of seeking personal preferment, aside from the office he held while at Caro, Mich. He is a member of the Commercial Club of Min- neapolis, Board of Trade, Minnesota Lodge A. F. & A. M., St. John's Chapter, Zion Com- mandei-y, Zurah Temple, and the Minnesota State Bar Association. His religious con- nections are with the Methodist Episcopal church, and he is a member of the Wesley church of Minneapolis. He was married Oc- tober 30, 1879, to Sarah Catharine McPher- son Risher. Two children have resulted from this union: Gertrude Lois, born Novem- ber 24, 1880, died October 9, 1890, and Jay Paul, born December 15, 1892. STAR, Sol. — Some men have a genius for poijularity. With no effort on their part they become a sort of social or political center from which there seems to radiate an aroma of good fellowship, permeating the entire community. Frank and generous; genial in disposition; ever ready with a help- ing hand for a fellow in distress; jovial and social, yet, in serious matters keen and pen- etrating; sound in judgment; full of i"e- sources in emergency; energy unbounded, and a public spirit ready for war in the in- terests of his town, country, or state. These are some of the characteristics of a natural- ly popular man. The combination is not common, it is true, but it exists now and then, as if to demonstrate the possibilities of human nature. Solomon Star, of Dead- wood. S. D., comes very near to this ideal, if his fellow-citizens who know him best are fair in their estimate of him. He writes his name "Sol," and is known every- where as "Sol" Star. He came to the Black Hills in 1870 with a stock of goods and set- tled in Deadwood as a merchant. From the very outset, with no desire on his part, he became a leader. Xo public gathering was complete without his presence; no enter- prise began without his active influence; no delegation left the "Hills" to a convention but Sol. Star was the animating spirit and "set the pace." Without assuming superior wisdom or ability, he was spontaneously accorded a leadership, if not even a guiding hand. He never sought to use his popular- ity for his personal advantage, but for his friends he was a great power. His peculiar influence in the Black Hills spread his name throughout the territory of Dakota, from Bismarck to Yankton. Solomon Star was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1840. He came to this country when young and re- ceived a good acadamic education, although he is not "college bred." He is a stalwart Republican. He has filled numerous posi- tions of honor and trust with fidelity and credit. He was appointed by President (Jrant receiver of the LTnited States land office in Montana territory. He was also auditor of the same territory. He was post- master of Deadwood under President Gar- field. He was mayor of the city of Dead- wood for thirteen years — a very remarkable _ career in a western city. It is doubtful if a parallel can be found in the history of the Northwest. It is likewise strong testimony to his executive ability and integrity. He was chairman of the first state Republican convention, when the state of South Dakota was admitted into the I'nion. He was also state auditor of South Dakota. In 1898 he was elected clerk of the circuit and county courts of Lawrence county, S. D., and was re-elected in 1900, receiving the highest vote and largest majority. Mr. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Star is uumai'ried. Althougli his intorest in public affairs lias been so eonspifuous, his activity in fraternal affairs has been scarcely less marked. He is a member of the popular Olympic club of Deadwood. He is a member of the Masonic order in which he has reached the thirty-second dejj,ree. He is also a Knight of Pythias and a member of the order of Red Men, as well as a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. This brief epitome of Mr. Star's career gives only a meager idea of his strong personality, which has drawn to him in close friendship more associates than it is the good fortune of many men to enjoy. He is just in the prime of life, and whatever good fortune the future has in store for him, there are but few, if any, of whatever social or political position, high or low degree, but will rejoice in his success. BRAS, Harry Leonard. — The work of an educator, or teacher, is less appreciated than any other labor requiring years of prepara- tion and considerable natural aptitude to in- sure success. In a new state the vocation is especially thankless, for the labor of laying the foundation for a system of education is necessarily obscure and of a character to pro- voke opposition by reason of the heterogene- ous material which must be welded into some sort of unity. The people from all parts of the world have different ideas, and these must be harmonized to a certain extent, before anything can be accomplished. The man who can do this successfully must have gifts which may fairly be called genius. Among those who have done noble work of this kind in the new state of South Dakota, no one stands higher or is entitled to more credit for substantial, permanent results than Harry Leonard Bras, of Mitchell, S. I). His activity was not confined to im- parting instruction, although this is a very important function. But, out of chaos, he organized a system for others to follow. He established landmarks which serve as guides to the hosts of teachers coming after him. Mr. Bras' father was C. W. Bras, a lawyer in good practice and fair circumstances. He was married to Hannah Mary I)e Motte, of South Bend, Ind. She was a neighbor of Schuyler Colfax, with whom she was per- sonally acquainted as a social friend. In 1S4() the young husband and wife moved to Iowa and became pioneers in the settlement of Louisa county. On the breaking out of the California gold fever in 184!), the young lawyer went to California, and in three years amassed a fortune of |l>o,(l(M», but lost the most of it subsequently by bad investments, after his return. Harry L. Bras was born at Toolsboro, Iowa, in 1862. When Harry was five years old his parents moved to New Boston, 111., where he received a public school education, going through the grades and finally gradu- ating from the high school in 1880. He then attended the state normal university, and later the LTniversity of South Dakota, from which he received his diploma. After a service of three years as a teacher in the . state of Illinois, he came to South Dakota to take up land, and became a farmer. He set- tled at Mt. Vernon, Davison county. Here he engaged in his old occupation of teaching for three years, and was then elected county superintendent of schools in Davison county, serving the people in this capacity for three terms and declining the election for the fourth term, to accept the editorship of the South Dakota Educator, the official organ of the State Educational Association. In the meantime he had become a partner in the mercantile firm of Betts, Bras «fe Co., though not employed in the store. This establish- ment was destroyed in the fire of April 2, "1889, which also burned up the whole town. A detailed history of the early struggles of Mr. Bras with the crude conditions of school matters would make an interesting volume. When he entered upon his duty as county superintendent of schools, there was no uni- formity of method, nor anything which could be called a system. During his first term the schools were graded, and the people were in- duced to adopt a uniform course of study, with a system of free text book«. The peo- ple in their laudable desire to have schools had heavilv bonded their districts to build HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. schoolhouses. Much of the money obtained was at a high rate of interest. Mr. Bras i"e- duced the bonded indebtedness more than one half, and refunded the bahmce at a much lower rate of interest. He took also an ac- tive interest in state educational work. He was chairman of the committee which jire- pared a state course of study for the district schools of South Dakota. This was adopted and is now in use in every county in the state, and has done more, probably, than any other agency to improve the schools of the state. Mr. Bras was for two years secretary, and for four years treasurer of the State Educational Association. For twelve years he has been one of the managers of the State Teachers' Reading Circle, and for eight years secretary of the I'ujiils" Heading Circle. He became editor of the South Dakota Educator in 1892, a i)osition whch he still holds. From 1800 till 189G, when the body was abolished by law, Mr. Bras was a member, and, at the second session was made president of the board of trustees of the state normal school at Madison, S. D. In 1892 he was very strongly supportc^d at the state Repub- lican convention for the nomination of state superintendent of public instruction, being beaten by only ten votes. He is a Repub- lican, and has been one of the leaders of his party. He was chairman of the Republican county central committee for four years. He was elected to the legislature to represent the Thirteenth district in 1898, although the county was carried by the opposition. He was made chairman of the committee on education, and succeeded in having passed several important bills among them the Pure Food P>ill. At the recent election Mr. Bras was re-elected. Mr. Bras is at present vice- president of the Mitchell Building and Loan Association, also treasurer of the Commer- cial Fire Association of Mitchell. Although not a member, he attends the Methodist Episcopal church. He was married 1o Miss Hattie E. Betts at Mt. Vernon, in 1885. and has four children: Elsie Louise, Lilian, Flor- ence, and Sara Bras. His has been a very busy life, but nothing has suffei"ed from his neglect. He has tilled all the numerous po- sitions which fell to him in a manner credit- H.\l:l!V L. IlKAS. able to himself and profitable to those who put their trust in him. No higher honor can be achieved. DUNN, James Henry.— The achievements of the surgeon and physician, for some rea- son unnecessary now to discuss, are not her- alded like the doings of men in the other learned i)rofessions. One case at court, in which there is public interest, may make the lawyer noted throughout a wide region. The utterances of a preacher, published from week tf> week in the press, may make his name a household word. The statesman may, in championing one cause, leave an imperish- able name in history. But the surgeon, how- ever skillful, and the physician, however learned, though dealing with human life, of ;ill things most i)recious. may live in com- parative obscurity and die unheralded by fame. The chief recompense of a life in this profession is the consciousness of doing good work for fellow Tuen. Like ^'irtue, the pro- fession is largely ils own reward. Yet, in spite of the etiquette which represses pub- licity, and notwithstanding the private char- acter of much of the best work, many sur- HISTORY OF TflE GREAT NORTHWEST. JAMES H. DUXX. geons a;id pbysicians win satisfactory houors and renown. They are not, it is true, spec- tacular like those of heroes in battle, but substantial and permanent in the annals of progress. One of the men who has won distinction in his profession among his compeers — and this seems to be the only eminence coveted by the guild — is James Henry Dunn, who occupies the chair of Professor of the Prac- tice of Surgery in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Minnesota. Only a brief outline of his career, taken largely from Wilson's "Physicians and Sur- geons of America,'' can be given. He was born in 1853 at Fort Wayne, Ind., son of James and Mary (O'Hair) Dunn, and grand- son of James H. Dunn. He completed his literary course in the public and high schools and at the First State Normal School at Winona, graduating in 1872. He was a lec- turer in the Minnesota State Teachers' Insti- tute from 1871 to 1876. He then determined to pursue the study of medicine and surgery, and entered the University Medical College in New York city, and graduated in 1878. For still further equiinnent he went to Ger- many and took two years of post-graduate work at the universities of Heidelburg and \'ienna In 1885 he settled at Minneapolis, where he has since pursued a busy practice, chiefly surgical. He was city physician of Minneapolis in 1886 and served in that capac- ity for three years. He was professor of skin and venereal diseases in the Minneapolis Hosi)ital Medical College from 1885 to 1889; professor of genito-urinary diseases in the College of Medicine and Surgery of the State University from 1889 to 1891, when he was elected professor of clinical surgery in the Univeisity of Minnesota. When Professor ^^'heaton resigned in 1899, Dr. Dunn was elected to fill the chair, a position which he now holds. In the meantime Dr. Dunn has been surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital since 1886, surgeon to Asbury Hospital since 1892, and to the City Hospital since 1893. He is a fellow of the American Surgical Associa- tion, member of the American Medical Asso- ciation and of the Minneapolis Academy of Medicine, and of many other local, state, and national medical societies. He was president of the Minnesota State Medical Association in 1888, and of the Minne.sota State Medical ] >efense Union in 1900. He is also a contrib- utor to various surgical and medical jour- nals. He was married in 1885 to Miss Ag- nes, daughter of Hon. J. L. Macdonald, of Kansas City. They have one son, born in 1887. ARCHIBALD, Alexander Russell.— Edu cational institutions founded for instruction in sijecial lines have enjoyed great popular- ity during the past two decades, but none have attracted more students or contributed more invaluable service to the business com- munity than those established to instruct young men and women in the rudiments and principles of commercial business. One of these institutions is the Archibald Business College, of Minneapolis, conducted by Alex- ander Russell Archibald. Mr. Archibald is a native of Nova Scotia, and was born in Musquodoboit, Halifax county, July 27, 1847. His father, Matthew Archibald, was a farmer in moderate circumstances. The Archibald family is of English descent. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. They located originally in Londonderry, Kew Hampshire, and afterwards removed to Nova Scotia. Many members of this family attained to positions of prominence in Nova Scotia, such as the governorship, member- ship in the people's parliament, etc. A brother of the subject of this sketch was a member of the people's parliament for the city of Halifax for several terms, and has now a life position as sheriff in that city. The maiden name of the mother of Alexan- der was Jane Grant. Her father was a na- tive of Scotland. Alexander received his early education in the common schools, where only the rudimentary branches were taught. Later he attended the Kimball Un- ion Academy in New Hampshire, and gradu- ated with high honors. He was president of his class and was selected to give the parting address. From the academy he went to Dartmouth College. Being com- pelled to work his own way through college, he earned the money necessarj- to pay his expenses by teacliing school. Yet his rank in his class was among the first third during the whole course. He also competed for and secured the prize for oratory. While in college he was a member of the Theta Delta Chi fraternity and represented that society as a delegate to its national conven- tion in New York in 1873. He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1874, with the de- gree of M. A. In September of the same year he came west and located at Glencoe, Minnesota, where he was engaged as princi- pal of Stevens' Seminary. He remained there through the school year of 187(> and '77, but in the latter year came to Minneap- olis and founded the Archibald Business C'Ollege. This school has taken a high rank among institutions of its class, and its grad- uates occupy nmny positions of trust in the northwest. It has been successful from the start and the pupils in attendance come from all parts of the great territory con- tiguous to Minneapolis. Mr. Archibald i)os- sesses a thorough and practical knowledge of the principles of commercial business, and has the complete confidence of the busi- ness community, which recognizes his fit- ness for the task he performs in educating ALEXANDER ]i. AUL'UIDALI i. young men and women to assume the prac- tical duties of life. Mr. Archibald recalls with pleasure and pride, in the success of liis after life, that he earned his first dollar while working in a hay field on a Nova Sco- tia farm. He is a Republican in jOlitics. He has always voted that ticket, and is a substantial supi)orter of the Republican party. He never sought political honors for himself, but as a delegate to local and state conventions has rendered Invaluable assist- ance in securing political honors for his friends, many of whom have reason to re- member his aid with gratitude. He was married in August, 1877, at Glencoe, to Miss Sarah Jane Appleton. They have one child, George S., now in his nineteenth year. HICKS, Henry George.— The early ca- reer of the major proiiortion of the men who have achieved prominence in the legal pro- fession has been nuirked by a hard struggle with adversity. Ardent study and persever- ance have been the foundation stones on which their future success was built. Such, in brief, is typical of the early life of the sub- ject of this sketch. Henry G. Hicks is one of the leading members of the Minneajjolis bar, and an ex-judge of the district court of HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. HENKY G. HICKS. Hennepin county. He was born January 26, 1S38, at Varysburg, Genesee (now Wyoming) county, N. Y. His father, George A. Hicks, a harness maker by trade, was born at Castle- ton, N. Y. He died at Freeport, 111., in 1881. His mother, whose maiden name was Han- nah Edwards, was a cousin of Jonathan Ed- wards. Sophia Hall, his wife, was a native of Rutland, Vt. Her father, Asa Hall, was a soldier in the War of 1812, and was wound- ed in a skirmish with the British forces at the battle of Lake Champlain. Mrs. George A. Hicks died in 1855, at the age of seventy, at the home of her son. Judge Hicks, in Min- neapolis. The subject of this sketch received his early education in the common schools of New York and Pennsylvania. During the winter of 1851-52 he attended the academy at Arcade, N. Y. At the age of fifteen he commenced teaching school, but was enabled four yeai's later to enter the preparatory de- partment of Oberlin College, where he re- mained for three years, supporting himself in the meantime by teaching and work of other kinds. In August, 1860, he entered the freshman class of Oberlin College, but his enlistment in the ai'my in 1861 prevented further college study. He enlisted as a pri- vate in Company A of the Second Illinois Cavalry, July 21, 1801. August 10 be was a])]>ointed sergeant major, and Octijber 10 was commissioned adjutant of his regiment. He was mustered out of this regiment on June 6, 1802. Shortly afterwards he was a]ii)ointed adjutant of the Seventy-first Illi- nois Infantry, a three months' regiment, and was mustered out of this regiment on No- vember 1. On November 15 following he «as appointed adjutant of the Ninety-third Illinois Infantry, and was honorably dis- charged therefrom, as adjutant, February 27, 1801, on account of disability resulting from wounds received in battle. On February 13, 11 and 15, 1862, as adjutant of the Second Illinois Cavalry, he was present at the battle of Fort Donelson. As adjutant of the Nine- ty-third Infantry he was present at the battle of Jackson, on May 14, 1863, the battle of Champion Hills on May 16, the charges upon Vicksburg on May 19 and 22, and in the siege thereof from May 22 to July 4; also at the battle of Mission Ridge, November 24, 1863, where he was wounded, receiving a minie ball through the face. At the close of the war he came to Minneapolis, arriving there in April, 1865. His first visit to Min- nesota, however, was in 1857, when he came as an agent for a dealer in lightning rods. At that time he only remained here two months. During the winters of 1865 and 1866 he taught school at Hopkins, in Henne- pin county, and in the summer was engaged in selling lightning rods and farm machinery and operating threshing machines Decem- ber 2, 1867, he was appointed sheritf of Hen- nepin county to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Sheriff Byrnes, In the fall of the following year he was elected to this office for the next ensuing term, serving until Januai'y 1, 1871. In April of that year he was elected city justice of Minneapolis, and was re-elected in 1872, serving until April, 1874. He then began the practice of law, forming a partnership with Hon. E. A. Gove, which was continued until October 14, 1875, at which time the partnership was dissolved. He then entered into a partnership with Jud- son N. Cross, under the finn name of Cross & Hicks. Subsequently, in 1881, Frank H. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Carleton was admitted to the firm, and the name of the firm changed to Cross, Hicks &; Carleton. This partnership continued until March 15, 1887, when Mr. Hicks received the appointment of judge of the district court of the Fourth Judicial District of Minnesota. He held that oi3ace until January 5, 1895. The larger portion of the latter year was spent in travel abroad. On October 14, 1805, just twenty years from the date of forming the partnership with Capt. Cross, Judge Hicks again resumed the practice of law with Capt. Cross, Mr. Carleton and Norton M. Cross, son of Capt. Cross, under the firm name of Cross, Hicks, Carleton & Cross, which firm continues to the present time. This firm is considered one of the strongest in Minneapolis and conducts a large and suc- cessful law practice. From early manhood Judge Hicks has always affiliated with the Republican party, and has served it in a num- ber of important positions of trust He was elected and served as a member of the house of representatives in the Minnesota state legislature during the sessions of 1878, 1871), 1881, 1883 and 1897, and was chairman of the judiciary committee in 1881 and 1883. He was president of the board of managers on the part of the house that, in 1882, suc- cessfully conducted the impeachment trial of E. St. Julien Cox, a judge of the district court of the Seventh Judicial District of Min- nesota. In 1809 he was appointed by Gov. Marshall a member of the board of trustees for the sildiers' orphans in Minnesota, serv- ing continuously on that board during its en- tire existence. He was annually elected president of the board from 1872 to 1883, when the board, having finished its work, was dissolved. Judge Hicks became a mem- ber of the Grand Army of the Republic in April, 1867, joining the Geo. N. Morgan Post, No. 3, at Minneapolis, and was several times commander and quartenuaster of that post. In January, 1868, he was elected department commander of Minnesota, the honors of which were lost by the surrender of the department charter some time in 1871 or 1875, but to which he was reinstated by the National En- campment in August, 1883, at Denver, Colo. He became a member of the Loyal Legion in 1888, and has since held subordinate offices in that order. He was elected commander of the Loyal Legion of Minnesota in May, ] 9()U. He was married May 3, 1864, to Mary Adelaid Beede, of Freeport, 111., who died in July, 1870, and to whom were born four children, all of whom have since died. No- vember 5, 1873, he married Susanna R. Fox, his present wife. There have been no chil- dren of this marriage. COBURN, George W., is overseer of Hennepin County Poor Farm, located at Hopkins, Minn., to which position he was appointed in 1895. On his father's side, Mr. Coburn is of English descent. His grand- father, Joseph Coburn, one of a family of eleven children, came to this country from England shortly after the War of 1812, lo- cating at East Constable, Franklin county, N. Y., where he built in 1816 the first flour mill erected in that section. Here he lived until his death in 1840, at the age of sixty- six. Alexander Coburn, his son, and the father of the subject of this sketch, learned the flour milling trade, taking charge of the mill erected by his father and conducting it throughout the larger share of his life. He came to Minneapolis when the weight of years rendered it necessary for him to cease active work, and here he died in 1889. His wife, I'hidelia Chamberlain, and the mother of ( Jeorge W., died in 1842, a few years after her marriage, at the age of twenty-three. She was a direct lineal descendant of Sir John Lawrence and Mary Townley, of Eng- land, who were married at The Hague, Hol- land, in 1093. The subject of this sketch was born October 11, 1838, in East Con- stable, N. Y. He attended the common schools of his native town, and later, the Fi'ankliu academy at Malone, N. Y. He learned the trade of a mechanic and for a short time followed this line of work. When the war broke out he enlisted for three years as a musician in the 60th Regi- ment New York Volunteers, serving until lie was discharged by act of congress Sep- tember 0, 1862. He re-enlisted as a mu- sician in General John P. Slough's brigade HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWEST. GEORGE W. COBURN. band on Julj' 13, of the following year, serv- ing until the end of the war, receiving an honorable discharge June 24, 1865. During his service he served under Generals Slough, Greene, Sigel, Pope and others, and was in the battle of Harper's Ferry, Win- chester, Front Royal, Bealeton, Catlett's Station, and second Bull Run. On his re- turn from the war he located at Lawrence, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., and engaged in the sash and door and pail and tub business. lie came west, however, in 1SC7, and located on a farm in Richland county. Wis. He re- mained here until 1S70, at which time he re- moved to Minnesota, settling at St. Anthony Falls, which at that time had not been in- corporated in the city of Minneapolis. He entered the employ of Wheaton, Reynolds & Co., sash and door manufacturers in Minne- apolis, retaining his connection with this firm for eighteen years. In 1881) he was elected county commissioner of Hennepin county, and served for four years in this position, acting as chairman of the board in 1893. In February, 1895, he was ap- pointed to his present position of overseer of the Hennepin County Poor Farm. In politics Mr. Coburn is a staunch Republi- can. He was a member of the Lincoln Wide Awake club in Lawrence, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 18G0, and cast his first vote for Lincoln and Hamlin in the election of that year. He is a member of Dudley P. Chase post, Xo. 22, (J. A. R., in which he has held at various times the offices of surgeon, adjutant and commander. He is also an active member of the Masons, Odd Fellowa and A. O. U. W., having held offices in each order. He was married December 31, 1862, to Mary E. Smith, of Brasher, N. Y. They have two children: Fred Elmer, born May 21, 1807, at Lawrence, N. Y., and Ida Lillian, born January 2i, 1876, at Minneapolis. BAXTER, Luther Loren. — Governor Hubbard, of Minnesota, elected as a Repub- lican, and a staunch and even stalwart mem- ber of his party, appointed in 1885 Luther L. Baxter, a staunch Democrat, judge of the district court of the Seventh Judicial dis- trict of Minnesota. While such a non- jjartisan executive act is not without prec- edent, yet it is uncommon. What is still more uncommon is what may be called the remarkable ratification which the act re- ceived, for at the next election, in 1886, Judge Baxter was chosen for the same office by the people when the Republican majority in the district was 3,500, arid a candidate was nominated by the party for the position. The term of the judgeship is six years. At the next election, in 1892, and again in 1S98, Judge Baxter was elected without opposition. It must be a strong personality which can achieve such honor in a community of adverse politics. Judge Baxter's residence is Fergus Falls, Otter Tail county, Minn. He was born in Corn- wall, Vt., in 1832. His father was Chaun- cey Baxter. His mother's maiden name was Philena Peet. They are both old New England names of English lineage. Judge Baxter received his early education in the district school of his native town. This was supplemented by private tuition, a year at Castleton semiuarj', and a two years' course at Norwich university. He began his study of law when nineteen years of age with HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Lindslpy & Beokwitli at Miadl(4imy, Vt., and continned the study witli Jiidsc Horatio Seymour. In the fall of 1.S53 he moved to Illinois, and was admitted to the bar in that state in 1S.54, and hcjian his jiracticc at Geneva, Wis. Here he riMcivt'd a j^ood elientajie. Hut a strong tide of emigration set towards the territory of Minnesota, and young Baxter was eaught in its eddies. He moved to Carver county and resumed the jiraetice of his jirofession, wliicli lie con- tinued, except while in the army, until 1SS5, when he was aj)])ointed judge, as stated. From INTO until ISSl!, however, he jtracticed at Jlinneapolis, then at Fergus Falls, where be now lives. During this time lie held many positions of honor and trusl. He was judge of probate of Carver county in 1858; prose- cuting attorney for the Fourth Judicial Dis- trict in 1850; county attorney of Scott county, 18(53; senator from Scott county for the term 1865 to 1868; representative from Carver county, 1869; senator from that county from 1869 to 1876; county attorney of Carver county from 1876 to 1878, and member of the legislature from 1877 to 188L'. He filled all these various positions with exceptional ability, fidelity and efficiency. His brilliant career has been singularly free from those errors of judgment and mistakes which sometimes mar the j)iiblic life of the best men. Judge Baxter's army service was scarcely less felicitous. He entered the war as cap- tain of Company "A" Fourth Minnesota Vol- unteer Infantry in September, 1861. He was assigned with two companies to the com- mand of Fort Ridgeley. In March, 1862, he rejoined his regiment, which was at Fort Snelling, and was promoted to the rank of major. The next month his regiment was ordered south. In October, Major Baxter, owing to sickness, was compelled to resign. Regaining his health he again entered the service, in November, 1861, as major of the First Minnesota Heavy Artillery. In Feb- ruary, 1865, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel of the regiment, and com- missioned colonel the same year. He was elected to the senate of the state of Minne- sota in the fall of 1864, while serving in the LUTHER L. U.\XTKK. army, lie obtained a leave of absence to attend the session of the legislature. On returning to the army, in February, 1865. he was assigned to duty as chief of artillfry at Chattanooga, and remained there with his regiment until mustered out of service in October, 1865. QUINN, Gliomas H.— Among the self- made men in the southern part of Minnesota, who have become conspicuous in their field of endeavor, Thomas H. Quinn, the city at- torney of Faribault, Rice county, Minn., is justly entitled to a place in the front rank. He is a native son of the great Northwest, having been born at Berlin, Wis., November 6, 1854. He came to Minnesota with his pa- rents and .eight brothers and sisters in 1865, and settled at Faribault. Thomas obtained his early education in the common schools of Wisconsin and ]\Iinnesota. His father was I'atrick Quinn. The maiden name of the mother was Catherine Brady. They were pioneers in the settlement of Hie west, al- ways keeping well to the frontier of civiliza- tion during the second quarter of the nine- teenth century. They were blessed with a HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. THOMAS H. QDINN. large family, tlie exigencies of which com- pelled Thomas to leave school when thirteen years of age to contribute to the family fund. But this did not stop his progress in educa- tion. Although doing the hardest kind of labor during his "teens," he persistently kept at his studies nights and holidays, with an endurance and fortitude which only a rug- ged physical constitution could have made possible. In this laborious manner he mas- tered the elementary studies and took up the study of law. With the same energy and in- dustry he fitted himself for the profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1877, at Fari- bault, where he had struggled all these years of toil. He then commenced practice at once in the same place where he was brought up and best known. The next year he formed a partnership with G. N. Baxter under the firm name of Baxter & Quinn. This was terminated in 1880, when he went into part- nership with John B. Quinn, under the style of J. B. & T. H. Quinn, which terminated in 1883, since which time Mr. Quinn has been m practice alone. His business has been a general prac^tice, and he has met with his full share of success. Mr. Quinn, as he ex- presses it, was bom into the Democratic party, and has always affiliated with it, ex- cept in 1890 and in 1900, when he was op- posed to its platform, and could not support its candidates. Notwithstanding the gen- eral adverse majorities in his county, he was twice elected county attorney of Rice coun- ty, serving from 1884 to 1887, and again from 1891 to 1893. He has also been city at- torney of the city of Faribault for the last five years successively — a position which he still holds. Since it is said that a "prophet is not without honor save in his own coun- try," this compliment to Mr. Quinn's ability and character is no small honor. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was mari'ied. May 1.5. 1893, to Elizabeth Nolan, of Rich- land. Rice county, Minn. They have two chil- dren, Thomas H. and Beati'ice. OARLBLOM, Albert Nathaniel.— Honesty and integrity in public life are as essential to success as in private life. It is true that dis- honesty and trickery have succeeded in plac- ing some men in positions of prominence in the public eye, but sooner or later they have fallen into the abyss of obliAion. Not so, however, with the honest and conscientious official. The public is quick to recognize faithful service and show its appreciation by bestowing higher honors upon the object of its favor. Albert N. Carlblom is State Au- ditor of North Dakota. He was selected to this office in 1898 after a long and efficient service in positions of a similar character in his home county. Mr. Carlblom was bom on a farm near Cokato, Minn.. December 17, 1865. His father, John C. Carlblom, was a farmer, in moderate circumstances. He emigrated to this country from Sweden in the early 60's, locating in Wright county, !Minn. He removed to North Dakota in 1881, settling on a farm at White Stone Hill, in Sargent county, where he resided until his death in 1899, at the age of 74. His wife's maiden name was Elizabeth Anderson, to whom he was married in the old country. She crossed death's portals a year earlier than her husband, at the age of 73. The subject of this sketch received his early edu- cational training in the common schools of HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Wright county. This was supplemented by a course in Gustavus Adolphus College, at St. Peter. Directly upon leaving school he commenced his business career by clerking in a store. Later, he was employed as a book- keeper. He was also for some time engaged in teaching school. Having actively interest- ed himself in politics, he was appointed in 1890 deputy county treasurer of Sargent county. He served in this office for one year, at the expiration of which time he was aji pointed deputy in the county auditor's office. He acquired such a familiar knowledge ot the business affairs of his home county that his services were recognized by his party and rewarded in 1892 by nomination and election to the office of county auditor. This position he held for three consecutive terms, up to and including 1808. In the fall of that year he received the nomination for the office of state auditor of North Dakota, and was elect- ed. He was re-elected to the same office in 1900. In every instance Mr. Carlblom has been nominated by his party without oppo- sition, and in each elected by large major- ities. He has always had the confidence of his constituents as a faithful, conscientious and capable officer, his integrity being con- ceded even by his political opponents. Upon all important questions of the day he has al- ways been found on the side of the people. In politics, Mr. Carlblom is a consistent and conservative Eejjublican. He has been presi- dent and secretary at dilferent times of the various Republican leagues and clubs of Sargent county and Forman, where he has resided for the past eighteen years, and has always taken an active part in the interests of his party. Aside from the interests of his public office Mr. Carlblom has also found time to engage in a number of business enter- prises. He has extensive farming interests, and a paying real estate and loan business, and is connected, also, as an officer or stock- holder, with several other enter])rises of a business character. Mr. Carlblom is active- ly identified with the Augustana Lutheran church, of which he is a member, and con- tributes freely to the support of the work of that church. He was married March '2t',. 1898, to iliss -Josephine A. Peterson, of Cot- ALIiERT N. C.\1!LBLUM. ton wood county, Minn. They have one cliild, a daughter named \'era Lenore. PHELAN, Francis Norton, is one of the leading physicians of Duluth, Minn. He was born May 16, 18G1, at Fond du Lac, Wis. His father, William M. Phelan, came to this country from Ireland at a very early age and settled in Albany, N. Y. He was mari'ied here to Miss Mary Norton, the mother of the subject of this sketch, who was also a native of Ireland, and shortly afterwards moved west, locating at Fond du Lac. He was en- gaged in the business of contracting for many years and acquired a comfortable fortune. He became prominently identified with the business interests of his adopted city, and for a period of over thii-ty years held many im- l>ortant offices of public trust. He died at the ripe old age of seventy-four years. Mrs. Phelan passed away in her fifty-fourth year. Francis received his education in the public schools, and graduated from the high school at the age of seventeen. He then entered the office of Doctors Cray & Wyatt. at Fond du Lac, for the pui-pose of taking up the studv of medicine. A vear later he entered HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. 1SS,3 he was married to Lela Ann Evans, a (luugliter of Rk'hard C. Evans, a wealthy lumberman, and owner of the townsite of biirchester, ^Yis. Two children have been Ixirii to them, ("leoj)atra and Francis Evans. FltAXCIS X. PHELAN. Rush Medical College, remaining in this in- stitution for two years. He then entered Wooster University, at Cleveland, Ohio, and graduated with the class of 1884. Returning to Wisconsin he located at Colby and began the practice of his profession. In 1885 he formed a partnership with Singleton B. Hub- ble for the practice of medicine at Medford, in the same state. On account of failing health, however, he was comj)elled to leave here a few months later, and moved to South Dakota, locating at Watertown. This field did not prove a very lucrative one, and, hav- ing regained his health, he decided to make another change, going from here to Duluth, where he located in June, 1886. Dr. Phelan soon established a reputation for being a thor- oughly competent practitioner, and has suc- ceeded in building uj) an extensive practice. He wasi attending physician and surgeon to St. Mary's Hospital for a number of years, was a member of the board of health for three years, and is examining physician for fifteen different lodges. Dr. Phelan takes an active interest in all public matters, and has been identified with every enterprise tending to build up the Zenith TMiy. He is a member of the Cathedral Parish Catholic church. In DT'NX, Robert Campbell.- -There is no oftice in the state government more impor- tant than that of state auditor. One of the ])rinci]»al duties of that office in ^Minnesota is the administration of the large land inter- ests of the state, the honest discharge of wliich is of incalculable value to the com- monwealth and the people as a whole. The man whose name stands at the head of this sketch, was elected to the office of state audi- tor of Minnesota because he represented a ]'iin<-iple in state government. He had been at the head of a refonn movement for the more careful administration of the land in- terests of the state, and had so completely demonstrated the necessity of reform in that ]iarticular, and was so successful in protect- ing the state through his work in the legis- lature, that the people elected him to this office in 1894 and committed those interests to his charge. He has fully justified the con- fidence which was reposed in him, and has administered the office to which he was elect- ed with distinguished ability. "Bob" Dunn, as he is familiarly known, is a native of Ire- land, and was born at Plumb Bridge, County Tyrone, February 11, 1855. His father, Rob- ert Dunn, was a comparatively rich man, viewed from the standpoint of business affairs as conducted in that country. He owned about 250 acres of land, and aside from his agricultural interests, was also a storekeeper. Though a liberal Protestant, and a member of the Episcopal body, he never affiliated with the Orangemen. His wife, Jane Campbell, was descended from an old Scotch family of strict Presbyterians. Two of her uncles. Col. Robert Campbell and Hugh Campbell, were among the best-known citizens of St. Louis, the fonner settling there in the early days, when there were only 200 jieople in the village. Andrew and Samuel Dunn, brothers of Robert Dunn, were among the first settlers of Columbia county, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Wis. The eldest brother of the subject of this slvctch has for many years been a magistrate in Irehind. William, his young- est brother, is a graduate of the (llasgow Medical College, and a successful physician in London. Robert C. Dunn's early educa- tion was received in the common national school near his home in Ireland. This school was conducted t'ontinuously throughout the year, with the exception of one month. He attended it until he was 14 years of age, when he was apprenticed for five years to a dry goods merchant at Londonderry, about 20 miles from Plumb Bridge. The man to whom he was apprenticed proved a hard task-mas- ter and the young lad found his situation a very uncomfortable one. Six months later, by the aid of a brother at home, he succeeded in raising enough money to pay for a second- cabin passage to America. On arrival here he immediately came west, and was with bis uncle, Samuel Dunn, in Wisconsin, before his parents knew he had left Londonderry. After remaining with his uncle for nearly a year, assisting in the work on the farm, he removed to St. Louis, hoping to better his condition. From there he went to Missis- sippi and was employed in a store in the Yazoo Valley for six or eight months. Ke turning to St. Louis, he learned the printer's trade and followed this occupation up to 1876, when he came to Minnesota and located at Princeton. In the fall of that year he commenced the publication of the Princeton Union, and has been the editor and ])ublisher of that paper ever since. The venture proved a successful one, and the Union is one of the most flourishing weeklies in the state. Two years after settling at Princeton he was elected town clerk, and served in that office for eleven years. The fees of the office were not large, amounting to only |:iOO a year, but this sum was a valuable addition to the finances of the country editor. In 1884, he was elected county attorney of Mille Lacs county, and re-elected in 1880. In 1888, he was elected to the house of representatives on the Republican ticket from the district composed of the counties of Todd, Crow Wing, Morrison, Benton and Mille Lacs. He was re-elected in 1890, but was on the losing KOIiEUT C. UUNN. side in a contest for the seat. He was re- nominated two years later, and elected, and was one of the most ett'ective members of the lower house in the session of 1893> He represented the Sixth district of Minnesota in the Republican national convention held at Minneapolis in 18i)2, was a member of the committee on credentials, and was one of the most enthusiastic of the Blaine sup- porters. In 1894, he was elected to the office of state auditor, and was re-elected in 1898. Jlr. Dunn devotes all his energies to the best interests of the state and is one of the most popular men at the Minnesota capitol. Feb- ruary 14, 1887, he was married to Lydia Mc- Kenzie, of Spencer Brook, Isanti county. They have two children, George R. and Grace. Mr. and Mrs. Dunn reside at Ham- line. KUNTZ, Philip J., is the city superin- tendent of schools at Owatonna, Minn. He is a practical educator and has had a long experience in his chosen profession. He is of foreign parentage as both his parents were natives of Alsace Lori'aine. Their pa- rents came to this country when they were HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. PHILIP J. KUNTZ. both young, ami settled in Indiana. Here on the farm in Dearborn county, in 1844, Milton Kuntz was married to Magdalena Haclauer, and for forty years they lived on the same place and reared their children. Philip J. Kuntz was born on their fann, March 17, 1857. His parents were only in moderate ciix-umstances, but they were de- termined that their children should have a good education, and Philip attended the country schools near his home and enjoyed the experience of having several typical "Hoosier Schoolmasters'" as instructors at various times. He entered Hedding College, at Abingdon, 111., and was graduated with the degree of Ph. B. Mr. Kuntz, liow'ever, has not been satisfied to let his education di"op behind in any waj', and has done much grad- uate study, and has received certificates from the University of Chicago Extension as- sociation, one in Universal History and one in Universal Literature. He decided upon educational work as his career and be- gan his work as a country school teacher, and has steadily w'orked up. In 1881 he be- came principal of the school at Arlington, Ind.; in 1885 he went to Sheldon. 111., to as- sume a similar position. In 1888 he became superintendent of schools at Centerville, Ind., where he remained until 1892, when he was elected for the same position at Aledo, 111. In 1899 he was elected city superintendent of schools at Owatonna, Minn., which posi- tion he now occupies. He has made a spe- cialty of history, and also of reading, writing and spelling. Mr. Kuntz has prepared a text in spelling — now in manuscript — the funda- mental idea being words in genei'al use and a division into words adapted to the work in each grade of the schools, and such words as are used in these grades. Mr. Kuntz is a supporter of the Republican party, but does not allow his politics to interfere with his school work. He is a Mason and a member of the Knights of Pythias, and has held vari- ous positions in both orders. Mr. Kuntz is an active member of the Methodist Episcopal church and is an earnest supporter of all forms of Christian work. He was married, April 8, 1880, to Miss Effle Smith, of Newton county, Ind. She died in 1890, leaving three children, Magdalena, Ada and Irene. His second mara-iage was to Miss Anna M. Wright, of Cambridge, Ind., and there is one child by this union, Frances Lucille, bom in 1894. FREEMAN, John William.— The hospi- tal is comparatively a modern institution. It was generated and developed by the kind- ly humanitarian influences of Christianity and is now one of the permanent requisites of every civilized country. The necessity of the hospital is so undeniable that it is a reproach to a city of any size to be without one or more. These conditions have created a demand for a class of professional men who combine medical and surgical skill with trained administrative ability, to take charge of the institution. A man may be compe- tent as a surgeon and skillful as a physician, and yet be inefficient, and even worse, as a manager of this benign provision for the unfortunate. Therefore hospital manage- ment has come to be almost a profession by itself. Besides, the establishment being generally educational — not as a trainer of nurses but as a branch of some medical col- JOHN WILLIAM FKEEMAX. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. lege, it is desirable that the responsible heads should have a still further iiualifica- tio — ability to teach. Hence it is that the men selected for this service take high rank in the field of medicine and surgery and be- come conspicuous in their profession. The northwest is not yet endowed with numerous hospitals, but a good beginning has been made. The grade of the institu- tions existing is, however, in every respect praiseworthy. They are strong, especially in the progressive character of the profes- sional staff. The subject of this sketch, John W. Freeman, M. D., of Lead, S. D., one of the useful men described, is connected with the Homestake Hospital at Lead, S. D., in the region popularly known as the "Black Hills," where gold mining is a leading industry. This business is of a hazard- ous nature and surgical aid is in frequent demand. Dr. Freeman was boi'n at Vir- deu, Macoupin county. 111., in 1853. His father, Feter S. Freeman, was a native of New Jersey. He was born and reared on a farm, and was a thorough farmer by occupa- tion. He came to Illinois in an early day — about 1840 — and bought a large farm in Macoupin county in that state, on which he lived until his death in 1874. He was mar- ried to Elizabeth Fierce Warriner, who was born in Kentucky and came to Illinois in 1841). She died on the farm in 1886. Dr. Freeman received his early education in the common district country schools and then graduated in the high school at Virden, supplementing this literary training by a year's study at the Blackburn University at Carlinville, 111. When he chose the medical profession for his life work he began the study of medicine and surgery under the di- rection of Dr. David Frince, at the Sanitari- um in Jacksonville, 111. — which was practical- ly a hospital — and in the meantime attended for two years the lectures of the Miami Medi- cal College of Cincinnati, Ohio. He then went to New York city and entered the medical col- lege of the New York university and gradu- ated in the class of 1879. Returning to Jacksonville, he accepted a position in the Sanitarium with Dr. Prince, his old tutor, and remained with him two years. In 1881 he was appointed acting assistant surgeon of the Ignited States army, and reported to Fort Snelling, Minn., for duty. He was assigned to Fort Meade, Dakota territory, now South Dakota, where he served until June, 1883. In 1884 he was appointed sur- geon of the Homesteak Mining company at Lead, and entered into partnership with Dr. D. K. Dickinson in the Homestake hospital, where he has since remained. He has, how- ever, several times during this period, visit- ed New York and Chicago to be abreast of the progress made in his profession and to keep in touch with the various organizations to promote its interests. In 1887 he was elected president of the Black Hills Medical society. In 1889 he was made first vice- president of the South Dakota State Medical society, and in 1890 was elected president of the organization. He is a member of the American Medical association, also of the International Association of Railway Sur- geons. Dr. Freeman was married in 1885 to Hattie V. Dickinson. They have four children, Carrie E., Marion E., John D., and Howard Freeman. He is a Republican in politics, and is a member of the Masonic order. He is past master of Central City Lodge No. 22, F. & A. M., past high priest of Dakota Chapter No. 3, past eminent com- mander of Dakota Commandery No. 1, and past potentate of Naj'a Temple, Deadwood, S. D. He has taken an active interest in educational affaii*s, and has been a member of the board of education of Lead for the past six vears. STRICKLER, O. C, is one of the foremost physicians and surgeons of Southern Minne- sota. He has been practicing his profession at New Ulm for the past sixteen years, mov- ing there from Michigan. He is a Canadian by birth and first saw the light of day in York county, Ont., January 7, 1863. He conies of old Pennsylvania Dutch stock. Daniel Strickler, his father, migrated to On- tario from his birthplace in Bucks county. Fa. He still remained an American citizen, however, and after a few years' residence in HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Canada moved with his family to Michigan, where his wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Henderson, has relatives. The snb- ject of this sketch was afforded the advan- tages of a liberal education. His early train- ing was i-eceived in the famous Markham (CInt.) high school. This was suppleuiented with studies in mathematics at the British- American College at Toronto. He then en- tered the Ann Arbor Medical College and graduated with the class of 1885. Immedi- ately after graduating he came west and lo- cated at New lllm. Dr. Strickler's profes- sional career has been eminently successful. His native talent, indomitable perseverance and courteous demeanor have plnced him in the first rank and won for him a large and lucrative practice. He belongs pre-eminent ly to that class of ])hysicians who are in their profession because they love it. The practice of medicine and the study of the ever-varying forms of disease are to him at once a recrea- tion and a delight. He is an earnest student of the advances made in surgery, and devotes his practice largely to that important branch of the profession, as well as that of gynecol- ogy. Dr. Strickler is surgeon for the Chicago & Northwestern and the Minneapolis & St. Louis Railways, and is a member of the American Medical association, the Minne- sota State Medical society, the Academy of Kailroad Surgeons, the International Asso- ciation of Kailroad Surgeons, and the Minne- sota Academy of Medicine, besides several local societies. He has also ser\'ed as presi- dent of the Minnesota Valley Medical socie- ty. He has been a member of the State Med- ical Examining Board and served as its presi- dent in 1808. Up to 1806. Dr. Strickler was a Democrat. He supported the Republican ticket that year, however, and since then has affiliated with the Republican party. He is now a member of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota, having been ap- pointed by Governor Van Sant. Tliis ap- pointment was all the more gratifying as it is the fir-st instance in the history of that in- stitution that a i)hysician has been a mem- ber of this board. Dr. Strickler is prominent in Masonic circles, and has taken the thirty- third degree. He is also a Knight Templar. O. C. STUICKLEK. While of strong religious convictions, be is a liberal in his beliefs and is not a member of any church. In 1887 he was married to Emilie Doehne, of New Ulm. To them have been born two daughters, Vera Eleanora and Leola May. A brother of Dr. Strickler (A. F. Strickler) is also a medical practitioner, practicing his profession at Sleepy Eye, Minn. SWIFT, Lee, the superintendent of the city schools of Tracy, Minn., is a college bred production of the great Northwest, which, ill the minds of many men of keen observa- tion, is the best possible foundation for a sue- ce.ssful career in any field. He was born, December 5, 1850, at Cazenovia, W^s. His father, Charles Byron Swift, was a farmer. He came from Ohio to Wisconsin in 1856, thus constituting himself one of the pioneers of the state. He was a member of Company F, Third Wisconsin cavalry during the Civil War, and was in fair financial circumstances. The maiden name of Lee Swift's mother was Caroline A. Huntly. Mr. Swift modestly savs that his earlv education was obtained HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. LEE SWIFT. in a "small \illaj;e stliool." His success as a teacher makes it evident that it must have been one of good quality, however small. He then took a college course at Eipon Col- It ge, Wisconsin, and graduated in the class of 1886. He chose teaching for his life work. He began in Wisconsin and taught three years in that state. The next four years were spent in the schools of South Dakota, and he has been in school work in Minnesota nine yeai's, coming to Tracy, where he is now engaged, in 1892. This succinct record, however, does not show his real preparation for practical work in a position which requires a knowl- edge of men and things, as well as a knowl- edge of books, and a literary training, so to speak. Before entering college — an event so curtly noticed — Mr. Swift clerked in a gen- eral store i]i Wisconsin, where, if anywhere, a man can gain a knowledge of human na- ture, so essential to school discipline. While teaching in the same state, he was elected county surveyor of Sauk county, and served one tenii. In 1886 he was married to Carrie May Blanchard. They have three children — Carrie May, Vera Blanchard, and Ernest Fremont Swift. ^Ii-. Swift is a member of the Presbyterian church. LEWIS, Charles Lundy. — A position on the supreme bench is one of the highest hon- ors in the power of the commonwealth to bestow. The universal wish of the people, regardless of party, is to have a supreme judiciary made up of men of acknowledged ability and stainless character. It is a seri- ous fault of our judicial system that the bench should be brought into the arena of jiolitics. Though mistakes are sometimes made, yet it is to the credit of the voter that it is the man, not the party, that he looks to in exercising his privilege at the polls. One of the most capable men on the supreme bench of Minnesota is Charles Lundy Lewis. He is a man of sterling integrity and posses- ses in high degree those qualities which go to make up the best equipment of a consci- entious and able jurist. Judge Lewis was born on a farm (in the house in which his parents still live), near Ottawa, La Salle county, 111., March 8, 1852, His father, Samuel R. Lewis, followed the occuijation of farming since boyhood. He has always oc- cupied a prominent position in the commu- nity in which he lives, filling various posi- tions of trust, and representing his home county in the state legislature. He was an active member of the original Abolition party, and took a prominent part in connec- tion with the well-known ■"underground rail- way" in the exciting days before the outbreak of the Civil war. His political affiliations have always been with the Rei)ublican party. He is still living at the ripe old age of 82 years. His wife, Ann E. Harley, was of Dutch descent, and the daughter of a sub- stantial fanner of Central Illinois, who was one of the pioneers of that state. She was . born in Pennsylvania, but came with her parents to Illinois when quite young. Self- sacrifice in the interest of others, particular- ly her husband and children, has been a dom- inant characteristic of her life. She has al- ways shown great affection for her family and wonderful perseverance in promoting the welfare of those she loved. Though sim- ]>le and quiet in her habits of life she has been a most positive force in the character building of her children. She is still living at the age of 80. Judge Lewis' ancestors on HISTORY OF THIO GREAT NORTHWEST. his father's side were Qualvers. The original Lewis, knowD in family history as Henry II., was of mixed Scotch and Welsh blood, and came from Wales about the time of William Peun and settled in Eastern Penn- sylvania, near l'hiladi'lj)hia. As a rule the members of the family have all been agri- culturists, with the exception of one who was noted in Eastern Pennsylvania as a mathematician. They did not attain ])rom- inence in the public eye but were honorable and worthy members of that class of men who contributed so largely to the upbuild- ing of this country. The subject of this sketch enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education. He attended the coinmou school of his district until he was sixteen years of age, and then spent two years in the high school at Ottawa, HI. He went from here to Chicago, taking a two years" course in the academic department of the Chicago University. He entered the freshman class of this institution in 1872, and completed the classical course in this and the sopho- more class, but the university falling into financial trouble he was compelled to leave. He complett'd the course in Oberlin College, graduating in the class of 187fi, and tak- ing his share of the jjrizes in literature, oratory and debates. While in attendance at college, Mr. Lewis came in contact with two different phases of religious thought and methods of teaching. The University of Chi- cago, in those days a very strict Baptist in- stitution, was liberal in its teaching, devel- oping independence in study and self-govern- ment on the part of its pupils. Oberlin Col- lege, on the other hand, while also under strict sectarian influence, interfered with the individual development of the student by rules and regulations more adapted to schol- ars of a tender age. This wide contrast in method could not fail to impress the receptive mind of the subject of this sketch. He was able to perceive the grievous tendency in the educational system of those days to contine the student to routine and tixed standards, and its logical result in hindering his de- velopment through original processes of thought. This served as an incentive in his own study and in the development of latent CH,\I!LES L. LKWIS. resources within himself. He realized early that the student's natural trend of thought should be given a practical turn in his educa- tion, and this no doubt was of great influence in shaping his after career. He did not en- joy, on leaving college, the advantages of a training in a law school, but gained his knowledge of the legal profession by a three years" clerkship in a law office and private reading. He was admitted to the bar in 1879, coming to Minnesota in September of that year, settling at Fergus Falls. He be- gan here the practice of his profession, and succeeded in winning for himself a fairly successful law practice. He was elected county attorney of Otter Tail county in 1884, and was re-elected to the same position in 1886, serving to the end of his second term. Believing that Duluth afforded wider oppor- tunities for the successful practice of his profession, he moved there in 1891. In 1893, he was appointed judge of the Eleventh Ju- dicial District by Gov. Nelson to fill the po- sition provided by the legislature of that year. In the November elections of the year following he was elected to this office for the next ensuing term of six years. In Septem- ber, 1895, he resigned his judicial ofiQce to HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. resume general practice. This was contin- ued until his election as associate justice in November, 1898. Judge Lewis has dis- charged the duties of his office with great ability and has won the confidence of the people as well as that of members of the legal profession. He is a quiet and unas- suming man, reserved in his habits and a lover of home life. His natural inclinations are toward what is most beautiful in life, and in the loving influence of his home he finds the greatest hapjjiness. When in need of recreation nothing gives him more pleas- ure than to piclc up the rod or gun and take a tramp in the woods. Judge Lewis is a member of the Masonic fraternity. While not a member of any church, he belongs to the liberal class of thinkers along religious lines, and generally attends service where he can have the advantage of listening to the most intelligent discourse from the pulpit. He was married, in 1880, to Janet D. Moore, of Minneapolis. They have four children: Laurel, aged 17; Murray, aged 14; Charles L., aged 11, and Margaret, aged 9. ANKENY, Alexander Thompson, of Minneapolis, is of German and French de- scent on his father's side and of English and Scotch on his mother's. His paternal ancestors were Huguenots, in the border- land of Germany and France. The founder of the family in America was De Walt Ankeny, the great grandfather of the sub- ject of this sketch. He was born in Wur- temburg, Germany, in 1728, came to Phila- delphia in 1745 and the following year made a settlement on lands in Washington coun- ty, Md., naming his farm "Well Pleased." He was twice married, first to Mary Jane Uomer and at her death to Margaret Fred- erick. Peter Ankeny, the grandfather, was the second son of the first marriage and was born in 1751. He was married in 1773 to Rosina Bonnet, who was a daughter of John Bonnet and Mary Bickley, also from the same part of the old country. The new couple at once set out with pack horses and crossed the Alleghenies, settling at what afterwards came to be Somerset, Pa, He also served as a captain in the Revolution- ary War. Isaac Ankeny, the fourth son, and the father, was born in 1792 and in 1820 was married to Eleanor Parker. She was a daughter of John Parker and Agnes < Jraham. John Parker was a son of Thomas Parker and Eleanor Ferguson, born in the north of Ireland in 1720 and 1727. respec- tively. Agnes Graham was a daughter of Judge John Graham, of Bedford county, Pa., and was born in 1770 and died in 1852. The family of Grahams traces its connec- tion back to the Grahams of Scotland. Isaac Ankeny was a man of prominence, holding several important public positions of honor and trust. He died at Somerset in 1853, his wife surviving until 1879. They had a family of four boys and six girls, four of the family still living. William P. An- keny, of Minneapolis, was the oldest, and was an early settler and an honored citizen. He died in 1877. John J. Ankeny, an older brother, was postmaster of Minneapolis under President Cleveland. Alexander Thompson Ankeny, named after a distinguished judge of Pennsylvania, w^as born at Somerset, Pa., December 27, 1837. His early education was in the home schools. At the age of fifteen he was sent to the Disciples' college at Hiram, Ohio, at which time President Garfield was an instruc- tor. Two years later he attended an acad- emy at Morgantown, W. Va., then under Rev. J. R. Moore, and at which time Judge William Mitchell of Minnesota was an in- structor. The acquaintance thus formed with these men, who afterwards became so distinguished, ended only with their death, and was in several instances helpful to all concerned. In 1857 Mr. Ankeny entered Jefferson college at Canonsburg, Pa., where he remained until the spring of 1859, when he received an appointment at Washington, D. C, in the office of Hon. Jeremiah S. Black, attorney general. At this time Hon. Edwin M. Stanton was also connected with the office. Here he read law, and at the close of the administration returned to Somerset and entered upon the practice of his profession. He tried and won his first case on the day Fort Sumter was fired HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. upon. Upon the appointment, by President Lincoln, of Mr. Stanton as secretary of war, in 18C2, Mr. Anlceny accepted a position in the war department, where he remained to the close of the war. He returned to Som- erset, engaging in the practice of law, and was also connected with a private bank. In 1872 Mr. Ankeny removed to Minne- apolis and engaged in the lumber business with his brother, William P. Ankeny. On the death of the latter he devoted himself to closing up the affairs of the large estate, and ill 187!) resumed the practice of law, in which he has ever since engaged, main taining a high position at the bar. Puring his life in Minneapolis few citizens have rendered more or more valuable services to the public, and almost uniformly without compensation. In 1S77 he served as a mem- ber of the board of education of the west division of the city. He was then one of a committee of ten which formulated the plan for the complete union of the east and west divisions of the city. In 18SG he was elected a member of the board of education, re- elected in 1889, and up to January, 1895, served as president of the board, being also ex-officio a member of the library board. He had much to do with securing the pas- sage by the legislature of our present free text book law, and aided materially in plac- ing the system in successful operation in Minneapolis. In 1899 he was appointed by Governor Lind a member of the board of directors of the State Normal schools, and was at once elected as its president. On the subject of public education Mr. Ankeny has justly been regarded as an authority, as his many public addresses on that subject amplj' testify. By birth and conviction Mr. Ankeny has always been a Democrat. He believed that its principles were such only as could bring to the people the fullest development and the greatest happiness. He therefore clung to it in good as well as evil report. If it erred he did not forsake it, but simply waited until it should resume its rightful position on public questions. He frequent- ly stood as the candidate of his party al- though, as a rule, living in a minority dis- ALEXANDER T. ANKENY. Irict. In 1885 he was the candidate for municipal judge, in 1890 one of the four candidates for district judge, and in 1896 for mayor of Minneapolis. From IgiSS to 1894 he was a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Association of Dem- ocratic clubs. From 1886 to 1888 he was a member of the Democratic state central committee. In the state campaign of 1886 he was chairman of the committee on plat- foi'm, and for the first time in this country a recommendation was made for the adop- tion of the Australian system of voting, now in almost general use. In the state campaign of 1898 he practically outlined the poli(-y of the party in its platform, and largely through that policy a Democratic governor was elected. In the campaign of 1900 Mr. Ankeny did not actively partici- pate, though honorably supporting the par- ty candidates. He then firmly believed in maintaining control of all the territory ac- quired through the treaty with Spain, and could foresee nothing but defeat in any at- tempt to thwart what he believed was our manifest destiny. In his profession as well as in other business enterprises Mr. Ankeny has al- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ways been regarded a man of cool and de- liberate judgment. Ue was one of the in- corporators of the Masonic Temple associa- tion, of Minneapolis, and has ever since been first the vice-president, then president of its board of directors. In January, 1900, he was appointed by the judges of the dis- trict court one of the fifteen charter com- missioners, and in the revision of that year rendered valuable and conspicuous services. Mr. Ankeny was married at Wheeling, W. Va,, in 1801 to Miss :Martha V. Moore, daughter of John Moore. They had one son and four daughters, all residing in Min- neajwlis, except the oldest, Mrs. Florence McKusick, who died at Duluth, Minn., in February, 1900. The family are connected with the I'ortland Avenue Church of Christ of this city. FARNS WORTH, Sumner Amasa, princi- pal of the Cleveland High School, of St. Paul, Minn., is a native of Wisconsin, and was bom at Bristol, Kenosha county, November 26, 1852. He is descended from Puritan stock. His paternal great great grandfather, Matthias Farnsworth, was one of the original settlers of Groton, Mass., about 1664. Simeon, his tenth son, moved to Washing- ton, N. H., in 1781. His son, Daniel, was born at Goshen, in that state, April 9, of the following year. Joel Farnsworth, the son of Daniel, and the father of the subject of this sketch, was born March 15, 1818, at Wash- ington, N. H. He was married June 18, 1840, in Stoddard, N. H., to Mary B. Fair- banks, who was a native of that town, born March 20, 1820. Her grandfather, Aaron Fairbanks, was an early settler of Dedham, Mass., where his son, Amasa, the father of Mary, was born. Joel Farnsworth moved with his family to Bristol, Wis., in April, 1852. His wife died June 10 of the follow- ing year. He is still living at the advanced age of eighty-three years, and is retired from active work. While a resident of New Hampshire he served as a captain of the state militia. Sumner received his early educa- tion in the country schools, and later in the village schools of River Falls, Wis. After finishing the course ollered therein, he taught five years in the country schools. In the fall of 1875 he entered the advanced class in the State Normal School at River Falls. He was compelled to give up his studies, however, after a year of hard work. In September, 1876, he was elected superintendent of the public schools of River Falls. He gave this jiosition up the following spring and came to Minnesota, locating on a homestead at Ada, Norman county, and proceeded to open up a farm. He gave up agricultural pursuits, however, the following fall, having been elected superintendent of schools at Brainerd. He served in this position for three yeai-s, resigning to take a position as cashier and bookkeeper for L. L. Ramstad & Co., a large general merchandise firm at Ada. He re- mained with this concern for two j-ears, at the same time serving as deputy postmaster. He was also chairman of the town board of supervisors for one year. He was one of the pioneers of the Red River Valley and a dele- gate from Norman county to the Red River Valley drainage convention and was elected secretary of the commission that so suc- cessfully conducted the topographical survey of the valley, which survey has been the basis of all drainage work done in that sec- tion. In 1882, he was elected superintendent of the schools at Crookston and served in this oltice for two years, resigning to accept a similar position at Ada. In 1886 he was offered the i^osition of principal of the Cleve- land High School at St. Paul, which he ac- cepted, taking charge of the school in Sep- tember. He has held this position ever since. The enrollment has gradually increased to its present figure, 1,300, which makes it the largest graded school in the North Star state. The enrollment includes 200 high school pu- pils, and the curriculum covers a period of twelve years' work. Mr. Farnsworth is a firm believer in the power and influence of good men and women in the educational field, and the thirty-two teachers on his staff are thoroughly competent in their particular lines. In 1896, he took the examination of the board of regents and graduated in the advanced course of the River Falls, Wis., State Normal School. In the fall of the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. same year, upou the uuanimous recoiumen- datioii of the presidents of the four uornial schools, he was granted a life professional certificate for Minnesota. Mr. Farnsvvorth has alwa.ys taken a deep interest in educa- tional matters. He has taught in the state summer schools at different times, and was the first president of the Twin City School- masters" Club. For six years he was gen- eral secretary and financial manager of the State Teachers' Association, and was presi- dent of the associarion for one year. He was Instrumental in having the proceedings of its annual meetings put in printed form for the first time, and later succeeded in gefting the legislature to pass a law which provided for the printing of the proceedings by the state. He was chairman of the committee on legis- lation of this association for twelve years and aided in the securing of much needed legislation. He has been an active mem- ber of the jN'ational Educational Associa- tion since 1891, holding at one time the position of state manager. For three con- secutive terms he has been elected presi- dent of the St. Paul City Teachers' As- sociation. He has always been active in pro- moting the welfare of the teachers of his home city, and instrumental in having many points in question decided for the board and teachers. He is a strong advocate in favor of perfect freedom of action on the part of employes of boards of education. He was editor and proprietor of the "Twin City Teacher" for one year. He is also a member of the National Geographic Association. Mr. Farnsworth's position as a teacher has in a certain sense kept him out of active poli- ties, but he has always felt free to express himself and been independent enough to vote for men as well as principles. Mr. Farns- worth is prominently identified with a num- ber of fraternal oi'ders. He has been a mem ber of the I. O. O. F. since 1873, has held all the offices in the subordinate lodge, is present deputy grand master of Minnesota, and is a member of the encampment branch. He is also a member of the A. F. and A. M., and has held the ofiices of senior deacon and senior warden in St. Paul Lodge No. 3. He has been a member of the Masonic Union of SUMNER A. FAUNSWORTH. St. Paul, the Order of the Eastern Star, St. Paul Chapter No. 24, and is a past worthy^ patron in the same, and has taken th^ four- teenth degree in the Scottish Rite. He is president of the East Side Business Men"s Club of St. Paul. Every enterprise tending to promote the business interests of his sec- tion of the city has always received his ear- nest and heartj' support. While not a mem- ber of any church, Mr. Farnsworth has been an attendant and a supporter of the Pres- byterian church since his residence in the Saintly City. He was married October 21, 187!), at Glyndou, Minn., to Eliza L. Gross. One child, a boy, died in infancy at Crooks- ton, Minn. NYE, Carroll Anderson, who has the noted record of being county attorney of Clay county for eight years — a county which embraces Moorhead, with its State Normal School and a population not surpassed in pro- gressive ideas and intelligence in the state — was born in St. Croix county, Wis. His father was a native of Maine, and a farmer. He was of mixed descent, French and Welsh. His wife was also a native of the same state, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. CARROLL A. NVE. and Freucli and English. In 1S52 lie came to St. Oroix L'ouuty, Wis., and took up a farm. Carroll was brougbt up on a farm, going to dstrict school winters and working on the farm in summer, until he was seventeen years of age, when he went to the State Nonnal School at River Palls, Wis., for several tenus, paying his way by teaching schools at inter- vals. The first money he earned, however, was by working on a farm in the neighboi"- hood by the month. His brother, Frank M. Nye, the well known attorney of Minnesota, and formerly county attorney of Hennepin county, Minn., was then pi-acticing law in a small town in Wisconsin. Carroll began to study law in his ofBce. After a preparatory course there he entered the law department of the State Univei'sity, and graduated in the class of 1886. A few months afterwards, January, 1887, he went to Moorhead, Clay county, Minn., and began to practice his pro- fession. Previous to this, December 30, 18S6, he was married to Miss Mary A. Gordon, of Madison, Wis. They have a boy, James Gor- don Nye, nine years old. Mr. Nye met with almost instant success at Moorhead. His fine natural abilities supplemented the thorough training he received, and he only needed an ojiportunity for exercise to demonstrate his capacity for taking a high rank in his pro- fession. Within two years he had establish- ed a reputation which secured for him the {)osition of city attorney of Moorhead. So well did he discharge the duties of the ofiBce that he was continued in it for four tenns. In 1893 he was elected county attorney of Clay count}', and was re-elected again and again, until, as already mentioned, he was elected for the fourth temi. No comment on such a career need be made, when the char- acter of the service required and the intelli- gence of the community are considered. This is also more remarkable when it is known that he is absolutely independent in politics. In January, 1899, Goveraor Lind appointed him resident director of the State Nonnal School of Moorhead for the term of four years. He has built up a large and lucrative practice, outside of his official sphere, em- bracing neai"ly all branches of his profession. In religion he affiliates with the Congrega- tional church, of which he is a liberal sup- porter, although not enrolled as a member. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, the Knights of Pythias, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. BUDD, Joseph Danly, is one of the lead- ing surgeons in northern Minnesota and is regarded as one of the best railroad surgeons in the state. He is chief surgeon of the Du- luth & Iron Range Railway Company and re- sides at Two Harbors. The Budd family can be traced back to an early French family of that name. The members of the family resid- ing in this country held a reunion at Budd's Lake, Morris county, N. J., in 1878, and Col- onel Enos G. Budd, a prominent member of the family, read a paper tracing the name back to the period before William of Nor mandy came to England. From this address it is learned that in the early days of Nor- mandy and the French Empire one Jean Budd was a bai'on of influence and took an active part in the stirring events of that time. His descendants naturally followed in his footsteps and one branch of the family, after taking the side of the people against a tyran- HISTORY OF THE OIJKAT XOir|-II\VKST. nical ruler, were obliged to flee with their families. They joined the following of Will- iam the Conqueror and with him landed in England when thev took rank with the others of the invading force. The family has always been among the leadere in publi'- matters and one member became a minister of high rank in the English church. The first of the family to come to America were three brothers. John, Joseph and Thomas, who. in 16.3.3, located at various places in yew England, and from these three are de- scended nearly all of the Hudd family resid- ing in America. I). H. liudd. the father of the subject of this sketch, came west in 1847 and located at Lancaster, Wis., and carried on a manufacturing business, dealing in wagons, carriages and sleighs. He was an active Hepublican and held numerous ]»ublic offices, including that of judge of i)robate for four years. Tlie mother of .Joseph J). IJudd was formerly a Miss Eliza M. Rich, and she is a direct descendant of John ,\ldeu and Priscilla, of Puritan fame. Dr. Hudd was born. ^Nfay ."j. 1"*48. at Lancaster. \\'is., and was attending the village high school when, in ISO."), at the age of sixteen, he enlisted in f'omjiany H. of the .50th Wisconsin Volun- teer Infantry. He saw service in ^lissouri. and in Dakota on frontier duty. He entered Lawrence T'ni versify at Appleton, Wis., and was gi-aduated in 1872 with the degree of M. S. He taught school for several yeai-s and then decided to study medicine and is a grad- uate of the St. Paul :Medical Colh-ge. then otfering instruction at St. I'aul. but discon- tinued at the time the State T'niversity Med- ical College was organized. Dr. Budd jirac- ticed for a numV>er of years at Fayette, ^fich.. but came to Minnr'sota in 1887. In 1880 he was appointed chief surgeon of the Duluth & Iron Range Railroad and removed to Two Haibors. his jiresent home. He is deeply in- terested in his profession and has taken jiost graduate courses at the Chicago Policlinic during the years ISOO. 1808 and 1000. He is a member of the International .\ssor-iation of Railroad Surgeons. Dr. P.udd is a follower of Republicanism and has taken an active part in local jiolitics, and has served as cor- oner and as county physician. For ten years .iiisi:iMi h. r.i i/ii. he has also Im-i-m IiimIIJi uHicer ;il Two ll;ir bors. He is a member of ihe udd, born in 180r{. S.M'TER. Otto Edward. — Judge (). E. Sauter. of Crafton. >.'. D.. has shown unusual stability of character in the fact that having ciutie to Craftcm immediately after gradua- tion from the law dejiartment of the ^Miclii- gan I'niversity, with the degree of P.achejoi- of Laws, in 1882, he has ever since made that cily his home. He was also a memf)er of the Phi Delta I'hi law fraternity. He was born ai Chicago. 111., Sei.tember 17, 18.10. He was tin- son of Jacob Sauter, who removed from Connecticut in 1837. He was in moderate financial circumstances, and served the city of Chicago as a lieutenant of the police. He died of pneumonia in 180.5. He was married in L'<42 to Anna M. Schmidt. vvhos<' parents came from France in 1818 and settled in New York, where they remained until 1840, when they came to Chicago. Otto was only six vears old when his father died. Much of his HISTORY OF TPIE GREAT NORTHWEST. OTTO E. SAUTER. success must therefore be attributed to his mother, who lived until October 13, 1893. Judge Sauter obtained his early education in the public schools of Chicago. That he was a good scholar is shown by his taking the "Foster Medal" for scholarship on gradu- ating from the grammar school to the high school in 1876. Afterwards he entered the University of Michigan. When he chose the profession of law he did not confine himself to the mere school studies. He read law in Iowa in 1881, and in 1882, previous to his graduation, he took the bar examination in Michigan and was admitted to practice in Januai-y of that year. He came to Grafton, May 28, 1882, and opened an oflSce on the first of June, in partnership with C. A. Cle- land, under the firm name of Cleland & Sau- ter. This partnership was continued until 1890, when Mr. Sauter practiced alone until 1893. January 1, 1893, he formed a partner- ship with J. H. Fraine. This firm was dis- solved by the appointment of Mr. Sauter to a seat on the bench as judge of the Seventh judicial district of North Dakota, April 15, 1895. In November, 1896. Judge Sauter M'as elected for four years to succeed himself, his term of office expiring January 1, 1901. He had as competitors in this election C. A. M. Spencer, and N. C. Young, afterwards judge of the supreme court of the state. Judge Sauter was not a candidate for re-election, and retired from the bench on the expiration (if his term. On the eighth of January fol- lowing, he opened an ofiice in Grafton to re- smiie his practice. In 1881 he was married Id Mamie M. McCarthy, the daughter of Col. I>. F. McCarthy, formerly of Faribault, :Minn.. hilt now of Ansgar, Iowa, where the marriage took place. They have two children, Marie Sauter, born in 1889, and Jean Sauter, bom in 1891. The judge is not enrolled as the meiuber of any church. In politics he is a Republican. He was active in the Garfield campaign of 1880 and made political ad- dresses in Iowa. He then cast his first vote, and has at all times affiliated with the Re- publican party. With the exception of the judgeship, which was in the line of his pro- fession, he has never held office. KNOWLES, Hiram.— A seat on the bench of the United States court is one of the highest honors of the legal profession. It is a dignity of which any man might feel proud. It carries with it prima facie evidence of at- tainments and character which cost some- thing to acquire, and which secure the re- spect of the community. The people of the United States have been fortunate in the na- tional judiciary, the high character of which has never been impeached, and it is natural that the lives of the men who have worn the ermine with such honor, should be of inter- est to the public. Among those of the North- west who have served in this cai>acity with credit, the name of Judge Hiram Knowles, of Helena, Mont., could not be omitted. He is of New England lineage, to which the Northwest is so greatly indebted. He was born at Hampden, Maine, in 1834. His father was Dr. Freeman Knowles, a descendant of Richard Knowles, a sea captain, who settled in eastern Massachusetts between 1640 and 1650. Freeman Knowles was also a sea cap- tain in early life, but afterwards studied med- icine and become a physician, and was in fair material circumstances. His wife, Hiram's mother, was Emily Smith, bom in Maine. HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHAVEST. Her father was a land surveyor, born in New Hampshire, at or near Concord. Judge Knowles received his early education in the public schools of Iowa, and prepared for col- lege at the Denmark Academy. He attend- ed Antioch College, Ohio, when Horace Man — one of the most distinguished teachers the country has produced — was president. His professional education was begun in 18.58 and 18.59, in the office with Hon. Samuel F. Mill- er, late a justice of the sujjreme court of the T'nited States. He then entered the Harvard Law School, one of the most eminent law colleges in the United States, and graduated in the class of 1860. He selected the Terri- tory of Nevada as his field of practice, and in 186.S was appointed prosecuting attorney of Humboldt county. The same year he was elected probate judge of the county. After serving his term until 1865, he went to Idaho and practiced law there one year, in partner- ship witli Frank Ganahl. In 1866 he settled in Montana, then a territory. Two years later he was appointed as associate justice of the supreme cour-t of the territory of Montana. He filled this resjjonsible position for eleven years, and finally resigned in 187i1, to re sume the practice of law at Butte, Mont. In February, 1890. he was appointed United States district judge for the state of Mon- tana, the office which he still holds. Judge Knowles has had a professional experience almost unique. Few men have been so close- ly connected with the novel conditions of communites in formation. While the prin- ciples of law may be well established in old settled countries, circumstances in a new one may compel such application of legal deci- sions as will be tantamount to a new depar- ture, upsetting many preconceived notions. Questions arise which have never been ad- judicated because similar conditions have never before existed. Statutes are called into being to meet emergencies that could not be anticipated; thus a body of laws, dithering in many respects from that ever before known, was developed in the new mountain states. A man schooled for more than thirty years in such a curriculum should become fitted to occupy a seat on the bench of the very highest courts. Judge Knowles has al- HIItAM KNOWI.KS. ways acted with the Kepuhlirau party. Hold- ing most of the time a positicm incompatible with active political work, he has held but few political offices. In 1884 he was tfie Re- jiublican candidate for congress, but was de- feated by Joseph K. Toole. He was a mem- lier of the constitutional convention, under which the state was admitted to the Union, in 1889. He is a member of the Masonic fra- ternity and was the Grand Master of the order of Montana in 1880. He is also a member of the Ancient Order of United ^Yorkmen. lu religion he is a Unitarian, being a member of the church of that denomination at Hel- ena, Mont. He was married to Mary L. Cur- tis at Athens, Mo., in 1871, and they have had seven children, three of whom are now living. CRIER, Thomas Johnston.— Cold mining in the "Black Hills" of South Dakota has made the region noted far and wide. The foundation of its reputation is the success of the operations of the Homestake Mining Company, which, for a generation, has pour- ed foith its stream of gold with the regularity of a never-failing sjuing. When it is con- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. THOMAS J. GIUER. sidered that the ore from which this wealth is drawn is called of such low grade that it would be spurned by many prospectors and mining experts, the business management which has never skipped a good dividend for a generation creates admiration. The man who has been for many years largely respon- sible for this uniform success is Thomas J. Grier, the present superintendent, who has been at the helm, boy and man, for twenty- three years. The details of the work have been enormous, involving the employment and management of several thousand men, and, it may be said, the business life of the community is involved, for without the Homestake Mining Company in successful operation, there would be stagnation. Mr. Grier was born. May 18, 1850, at Pakenham, Can. His father was James Grier, a car- riage manufacturer by occupation. He was a man of strong character and of moi'e than common ability, as shown by the fact that he was postmaster of Iroquois, Ontario, Can., for twenty-six years. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of Thomas, was Eliza A. Patterson. The boy was reared and edu- cated at Iroquois, finishing in the high school. He then went to work as a clerk in the post- office, under his father, and while there learn- ed telegraphy. The next step was to Mon- treal, Can., where he became an operator in the office of the Montreal Telegraph Com- ])any. He then secured a position in the of- tice of the Western Union Telegraph Com- jiany at Corinne, Utah, from which he was transferred to be chief operator of the same company at Salt Lake City. In 1878, when twenty-eight years old, he was engaged as bookkeeper by the Homestake Mining Com- pany, and put in charge of the principal of- tice at Lead City, Dakota Territoi-y, now South Dakota. In 1884 he had made him- self so efficient and so demonstrated his abil- ity, that he was appointed superintendent of the company, the position which he now holds and has held ever since. His interests, liowever, have not been confined to that duty exclusively. He is president of the First Na- tional Bank at Lead, and vice president of the First National Bank of Deadwood. He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is active in every public movement of in- terest to a good private citizen, contributing with purse and personal influence. In re- ligion he is an Episcopalian. August 8, 1896, he was man-ied to Miss Mary Jane Pale- thorpe, of Glasgow, Scotland. They have two children, a boy and girl. The boy has been named Thomas Johnston Grier, Jr. The girl's name is Evangeline Victoria (trier. STT'ART, Wesley A., ofSturgis, S. D., is prominent throughout the western coun- tr\- for the interest he has shown in the irri- gation movement. He was born, April 13, 18.19, at Ottumwa, Iowa, of New England jiarentage. His mother, Fannie A. Stuart, nee Riley, was one of the Riley family of musicians known throughout New England and the South during the period just before the Civil War. Addison A. Stuart, the father of Wesley A., came from Massachu- setts and settled at Ottumwa, Iowa, and en- gaged in the practice of law. He entered the Union army in 1801 and served as a captain in the 17th Iowa Infantry for nearly the whole period of the war. He came out from service disabled for life by wounds and loss HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of hearing, resulting from the explosion of a bomb. He afterwards was the author of a book entitled "Iowa Colonels and Regi- ments." We.sley A. Stuart received onlv a common school education, and at seventeen was api»renticed to a blacksmith. He fol- lowed this work and that of carriage ironing until 1884, when he entered an office for final preparation for admission to the practice of law. Mr. Stuart had early decided that he should be a lawyer, and while working at his trade had started on his studies with that end in view. He entered the oflice of one of the oldest firms in the state. Mills & Keeler, of Cedar Rapids. His studies were followed with success in June of 1887, when he was admitted to practice before the supreme court. He started in practice at Williams- burg, where he remained until 1800, when he decided to locate in the Black Hills, and accordingly settled at Sturgis, S. D. He has had more than the average success at the bar, and has become known as an active and aggressive lawyer, faithful to his clients, ex- celling in the trial of cases, and has been con- nected with nearly all of the important liti- gation in his county for the past ten years. He is conceded to be the leader of the Meade county bar and in the front rank of Black Hills practitionei's. He represents the prin- cipal mercantile agencies in his county, has been twice appointed city attorney, and is local attorney for the Fremont, Elkhorn & Missouri Valley Railroad. He has also been an active member of the executive commit- tee of the Commercial Club of his city for several years. Mr. Stuart has always been a Democrat and takes an active part in po- litical matters, but has never sought or de- .sired public office. He is deeply interested in irrigation matters, and is a member of the National Irrigation Association, and is now the South Dakota member of the National Executive Committee. At the Irrigation Congress, held November 21 to 24, 1900, in Chicago, he delivered one of the principal adresses, his topic being '"What the National Irrigation Congress Stands For," and the same was very favorably mentioned in the Associated Press accounts of the meeting. He represented South Dakota at the Trans WESLEY A. STUART. ^lississippi Congress, held at Wichita, Kan., and at the meeting held at Houston, Texas. He was also one of the state commissioners for South Dakota of the Trans-Missftsippi Exposition at Omaha. He was married at Cedar Rapids, Iowa, in July, 188'J, to Minnie E. Durham. She is a leading worker of the Black Hills Federation of Women's Clubs. Their only living child is Karl K. Stuart, born in 1890. KILGORE, Wallace Warren.— The super- intendent of public schools at Willmar, Minn., Wallace W. Kilgore, was born March 10, 1862, at North Neury, Maine — a state which has furnished more enterprising men, in propoiiJon to its population, to develop the great Northwest, than any other state in the Union. His father, Isaac T. Kilgore, was a carpenter and farmer — occupations which, in the early days of Maine, a great lumber- ing state, were very frequently combined. Wallace obtained his early education in the common schools. He then attended Bridgton Academy, the Mecca of all wide-awake New England boys, where he prepared for college. He entered, in 1882, Bowdoin College, the HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST. WALLACE! W. KILGORE. well known jS'ew England institution which has always stood high for scholarship, and which has tui-ned out many brilliant and use- ful men. While at college Mr. Kilgore was a member of the Theta Delta Chi Greek let- ter fraternity. He won the oratorical prize in the junior year, and at the same time was prominent in athleticism, being the manager of the Bowdoin College baseball team in 1886. That same year he graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. In 1889 he took the degree of Master of Arts. His active work of teaching was begun in the country schools of Franklin county, in that state. In winter, especially, when many young men taking college courses engaged in teaching to pay their way, these schools are of a high grade. After he graduated Mr. Kilgore came to Wisconsin, as superintendent of the public schools at Mazomanie, which position he held until he resigned to accept the appointment of superintendent of schools at Mar.shall, Minn. He was also principal of the Red Wing high school for six years. He then ac- cepted the superintendency of the Spring \'alley schools, where he remained for two years, and then resigned to take the position which he now holds at Willmar, Minn. In the meantime, for the last eight years, he has been emjiloyed as a conductor of slate sum- mer training schools for teachers. In poli- tics Mr. Kilgore has always been a Repub- lics u, but from the nature of his business has ne\er taken a very active part. He is inter- ested in fraternal society matters, and is both a Mason and an ( )dd Fellow. He is also, by virtue of the services of his early ancestors in the Revolutionary War, a member of the Sons of the American Revolution. He was married, June IT, 1889, to Emma A. Ward, of Mazomanie, Wis. WOODARD, Francis R., the well known physician and surgeon of Minneapolis, was born in Madison, Lake county, Ohio, July 15, 1848. His father is Joseph S. Woodard, and his mother's maiden name was Frelove M. Baker, a descendant of Francis Baker, who settled at Yarmouth, Mass. They were mar- ried in Ohio in 1847. When Francis was ten years old, the family moved to Rochester, Olmsted county, Minn., then a village about two years old. The mother and children cauie by rail to La Crosse — there was no rail- • road beyond that point — and from there by sleigh, seventy-five miles, to Rochester. Mr. >\oodard drove his team, with a top buggy, in December, 1S5S, all the way from Chicago, and opened the first drug store in Rochester. In winter his goods were hauled by team from La Crosse, and in summer, from Wi- nona. Mr. Woodard on one occasion accom- panied the team himself, and had some amus- ing and thrilling experiences. Indians were common, and their disposition was uncer- tain, resulting sometimes in disquieting con- ditions. On one trip from La Crosse Mr. Woodard met on the road far from any house, a band of fifteen, in feathers and paint. He was glad to give them the whole road, as they were determined to take it, anyway. He had in his load several barrels. After passing some distance the band returned and demanded '"whisky,'" repeating the word over and over — probably the only English they knew. He told them he had none, but they compelled him to wait until they had care- fully overhauled the whole load, when they HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. went away with a dissatisfied grunt. In iy59 he bought from a Chicago agent five gallons of kerosene oil and six marble-foot lamps, which were sent to him from Chicago by ex- press. This was the first kerosene ever brought to the state. He sold the oil for $1.40 a gallon and the lamps for .f 1.25 apiece. The first gallon and lamp were sold to Judge Barbour, of Rochester. Mr. Woodard also kept a news dejiot and sold the daily Chicago papers, which came by stage from La (Jrosse, and he disposed of from 130 to 1.50 a day, at ten cents ajnece. This was the only way to get news from the Civil War, as there was not a telegraph or daily paper in the state. Francis began to go to school at I'ainesville, Ohio. He continued to attend school at Rochester until he could be trusted to put up prescriptions and then was for some time the prescription clerk in his father's store, and thus very naturally turned to the pro- fesson of medicine and began to study for it. In 1869 he entered the Michigan State University and took a literary course for two years, and then a year in the law department of the same institution. In 1S75 he returned and took one coui'se of lectures in the med- ical department. The following year, 187C, he entered the Rush Medical College at Chi- cago, at the same time doing service in the Cook County Hospital. He graduated in the class of 1879 and came to Minnesota and went into practice at Claremont, where he remained until 1881, when he came to Min- neapolis, where he has since lived. His pres- ent home is 2104 Park avenue. Dr. Woodard soon built up a large practice. He was ap- pointed by JIayor Winston one of the com- missioners of the City Board of Charities and Corrections, and he has been i-e-appointed to the position by each mayor of the city up to the present time, serving in all ten years, during six of which he has been president of the board, and during nearly all this time he has been chairman of the City Hospital Committee. He is attending physician of the Asbury Hospital, consulting physician at St. Mary's Hospital, and Lutheran Deaconess, and Gynecolgist of the City Hospital. He is a member of the American Medical Asso- ciation, the Minnesota Academy of Medicine, FRANCIS R. WOODARD. the Minnesota State Medical Society, and of the Hennepin County Medical Society. In 1870 he was married to Miss Helen C. Nich- ols, of Wells, Minn., a woman of culture and refinement. They have had five children — Frances Helen, Harry Smith, Joseph Nich- ols, Luella, and Lawrence Baker Woodard. The doctor is an attendant and supporter of the Park Avenue Congregational church, with which his family is identified. In poli- tics, although too busy to take an active part, he is a Republican, having cast his first vote for President Grant. JONES, William Alexander, specialist in nervous and mental diseases. Dr. Jones is a native of Minnesota, and was born at St. Peter, May 24, 1859. His ancestors were ^^'elsh on his father's side, and Scotch on his mother's. Both of his grandfathers were American jjatriots, and fought in the War of the Revolution. Dr. Jones' father was born in Vermont in 1832, and when four years of age went with his parents to New York City, where he grew to manhood. He came to Minnesota in "54, and located at St. Peter, where he kept a drug store, returning HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. WILLIAM A. JOXES. to New York in "58, in which city he was married to M. A. Virginia Christian, who was born and reared in that citj'. The young couple returned at once to their western liome, to witness and share in the most stir- ring scenes of frontier life. While watching a scalp-dance of the Sioux, Mrs. Jones was forced to join in the circle; and a few years later they saw the terrible Indian outbreak, and they sheltered many refugees in their home. Dr. Jones was then a mere baby. His education was gained in the common schools of St. Peter, and at the end of his course in the high school, he spent six years as a clerk in his father's drug store, where he gained a thorough and practical knowledge of drugs. After graduating from the medical depart- ment of the University of the City of New York, in the class of "81, he became assist- ant phy.sician in the State Hospital for the Insane at St. I'eter. Dr. Jones came to Minneapolis in Octo- ber, 1883, and spent three years in general practice. He was married at Denver, Colo.. in 1880, to Annie R. Johnson, and, accom- ]ianied by his bride, went abroad for special study in the schools and hospitals of Berlin and Vienna. Since his return from Europe his practice has been limited to nervous and mental diseases, and very extensively to con- sultation work, for he enjoys the confidence and resjject of the medical profession in a high degree. Dr. Jones has taken an active part in the advancement of the medical department of the State University, and for a number of years has been clinical professor of nervous and mental diseases in this institution. He is also attending neurologist for St. Mary's, Asbury ^lethodist, the City and Northwest- ern hospitals, besides being chief of staff of the Northwestern. He is an active member of many local, state and national medical so- cieties, including the American Medical As- sociation, and the American Neurological As- sociation, and has been president of the Min- nesota Academy of Medicine and the Henne- pin County Medical Society. He seized two years on the board of tinistees of the State Hospital for the Insane, to which position he was appointed by Governor Nelson. Dr. Jones is editor of the Northwestern Lancet, whch is one of the oldest and most influential medical journals in the west. Dr. Jones" political affiliations are with the Democratic party. He is a member of Westminster Presbyterian church of Minne- apolis. He has offices in the Pillsbury Build- ing, Nicollet avenue and Sixth street. ZOCH, Herman. — During the past de- cade Minneapolis has rapidly come to the front as a musical center. The remarkable growth of the previous decade had left her in a somewhat chaotic condition, but as busi- ness institutions became more substantial her citizens grew more responsive to the refining influences of the higher arts. No man contributed more to that development along musical lines than Herman Zoch. He is a pianist of rare skill, and his concerts have come to be a leading feature in musical circles each season. Since his location in Minneapolis in 1884, Mr. Zoch has given about sixty recitals, without any assistance, in that city, besides many others in which he has assisted other musicians. This is a remarkable record, as few pianists can hold HERMAN ZOCH. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. and chain an audience an entire evening un- aided and unrelieved bj vocal or other in- strumental music. Mr. Zoch is a native of Prussia. His father, Carl Friedrich Zoch, was director of the estates of the Polish Count Dziedusziclvi, and it was on one of these estates in Theerkeute, in the province of Posen, Prussia, that Herman was born. His {grandfather was an officer of the army and especially distinguished himself in the war against Napoleon in 1813. His mother's maiden name was Augusta Kunau. The educational facilities he enjoyed were of a most liberal character. He was provided, as a child, with a private tutor at home, but afterwards entered the state gymnasium in Halle, Saxony. He went from there to Leip- sic and continued his studies in the Thomas Gymnasium, from which he graduated in the classical course. His musical talent had developed itself at an early age and his parents afforded him every opportunity to improve it. After his graduation from the gymnasium he secured admission to the Royal Conservatory of Music at Leipsic, where at the end of the third year he gradu- ated with students who had been there five or six years, and took the first prize in piano playing. His instructors in piano were Carl Reinecke, Jadassohn and Coccius, the first two being his teachers in counterpoint and composition. The next few months Mr. Zoch spent in Paris, making the most of the opportunities there afforded for advance- ment in his art. He attended the recitals given by the players of note in that city of culture and studied their methods of execu- tion. From there he went to Munich, where he formed the acquaintance of the best musi- cians of that city. He lived there for two years and enjoyed the friendship of Joseph IJheinberger, the great composer, for whom he performed the latter's piano concerto, op. 94. This selection Mr. Zoch subsequently introduced for the first time at concerts in Berlin and Leipsic, with orchestral accom- paniment. He had at this time come to be recognized as an artist of great merit, and a series of recitals that he gave in Leipsic, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Gotha and other large musical centers in Germany proved very successful. He had decided, however, to seek a newer and more promising field where his skill as a pianist would not only be appreciated but would yield larger finan- cial returns, and so came to America in 1883. A year later he came to Minneapolis and be- gan teaching. In this he has been very suc- cessful, and is an artist whom Minneapolis is proud to number among its citizens. Mr. Zoch is a player of great power and brilliant technique. Since 188!) he has made several concert tours and has given jiiano recitals in all the large cities of the country. His programs indicate a remarkable versatility and no composition seems too difficult for him to perform. Mr. Zoch is devoted to his art and finds in it all the pleasures that one seeks in this life. For this reason he has not cared to ally himself with any orders or societies. Neither has he married. THOMPSON, Frank Jared, came to the state of North Dakota in the spring of 1878. He had just been admitted to the bar and was looking for a location. His father had previously come to the state and was run- ning a locomotive engine on the Minnesota Division of the Northern Pacific Railway be- tween P.rainerd. Minn., and Fargo, N. D. His father's name is Jared Childs Thomp- son, and he is a locomotive engineer. Prior to coming to take a position on the Northern Pacific railway, he had been employed in that capacity on the Michigan Central for about thirty years. His mother's maiden name was Sarah Jane Mason. The Thompson family moved into Maine some time in the early part of 1700, and the descendants scattered to the southwest i)or- tion of that state, and also into the northern portion of Massachusetts. Benjamin Thomp- son, direct lineal ancestor, participated in the battle of Lexington and also served dur- ing the Revolutionary War. His mother's family is descended from Hugh Mason, who was a brother of Captain John Mason, well known to colonial fame. Captain Hugh Mason came to this country HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. in 1634 and settled in Watertown, Mass. His first son was named Joliu. aftei- liis brotlier. His second son, Huuli, after liiniself. His mother's family is descended from the second son, Hugh. The Mason family is a A^ery ex- tensive on(\ and has numbered among their members some of the brightest minds in the country. — not only in politics, but esjjecially in the professions. Mr. Thompson's direct lineal ancestor on his mother's side, Joseph Mason, was also a minute man of colonial times, and participated in the battle of Lex- ington. Mr. Thompson was horn at Uockford. 111., August 2?>, lSi)ij, where his mother wa« visit- ing tempfu-ai-ily. His grandfathers moved into Jlichigan during the thirtii^s of the nine- teenth century. He spent his childhood days, until about seventeen or eighteen years old, at Marshall, Mich., attending the j)ublio schools of that city. When only a lad he en- tered the Michigan Central Eailway shops, located at that place, and served his time as machinist apprentice. Mr. Thompson, being of a musical turn of mind, began to study music while working at his trade, and after finishing the same, devoted his time largely to musical studies, and, subsequently, for a time, made the teaching of music his profession. Not being satisfied with that kind of life, he entered the Jackson College and took up the same course by sjjecial studies as was taught at the Michigan University, after which he studied law and was admitted to practice in the courts at Jackson, Mich. He was, by birth, a Republican in poli- tics and remained so until 1804. In 1889 he was elected a member to the first legislature of North Dakota and was chairman of the judiciary committee of the house. While serving as such member, he introduced, in a spirit of fun, a resolution naming the chil- dren born in the state of North Dakota "Flickertails." The resolution was ado])ted, and ever since then North Dakotans have been known as "Flickertails." On his own motion the following morning, after the reso- lution was adopted, he asked to have it ex- punged from the records of the house, but the name stuck nevertheless. FRANK J. THIlMl'SO.N. In 1S!)1, during the second session of the legislature, he was appointed assistant attor- ney general of the state. Becoming dissatis- fied with the a})parent political conations, and not being satisfied with the Cleveland policy, he joined the Independent movement of the state, which affiliated with the Popu- lists. He stumped the state for that party, and has ever since remained with it and has served as chairman of the state central com- mittee since 18!t(i. At the session of the legis- lature in ISO!) he received the full vote of the Populists and Democrats for United States senator. He has always been active in fraternal societies. He was Master of Shlloh TiOdge, No. 1, A. F. & A. M., Fargo. N. D., for six years; Potentate of El Zagal Temple (the Shrine), of the same place, for six years, and the head of some of the Scottish Rite bodies. In June, 1890, he was elected Grand Mas- ter of ]\ra'aper, The Huronite, one of the strongest in the state. In 1SS!» President Harrison ap- ]>ointed Mr. Longstaff' jiostmaster of Huron. He has been a member of llie Ke])nblican State Central Committee since lS!((i, and is one of the five members of the executive com- mittee. He has always taken an active in- terest in the affairs of the South Dakota Press Association, and was elected president of the association at the midsummer meet- ing at Madison in 1892. In 1897, when the legislature api>ointed a commission to inves- tigate the state institutions and state otfi- cers. Governor Lee, of the opposite party from Mr. Longstatf, appointed him as a fair- minded man, a member of the commission,. as a Republican. He also takes an interest in social affairs, being a member of the Syra- cuse Lodge, No. 16, of the Knights of Pythias, of which he has been an officer up to the highest rank. He is a member of the Benevolent Protective Order of Elks, Huron Lodge, No. 444. He is second to none as a public-spirited citizen, being always ready with purse, pen, and personal effort, in every movement for the general welfare of city, county and state. He was married to Miss Rose Schichtl, of Racine, Wis., in 1887. They have three children, all boys: Ralph S., Cjeorge E. and J. Walter Longstaff'. MARQUIS, William James.— I'ride of oc- cupation is an essential element of success in any calling. Where this prevails, accom- panied with natural aptitude, the result is not doubtful. The secret of the marked im- provement in the Sauk Rapids schools under the superintendency of William J. Marquis may be atributed to this happy combination in his character. He was born at Pickering, Ontario, Can., August 25, 1871. He is of Scotch-English extraction. His father, lliomas B. Marquis, came from England with HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. his parents when a child, and is now a fann- er in comfortable circumstances. The maiden name of William's mother was Anne Dickie. She came from Scotland with her parents when only five yeare of age. Both are still living to rejoice in the success of their son, who when only ten years old determined to be a teacher. His early education was ob- tained in the country schools, where he was fortunate in having good men teachers. AMien prepared for high school his school training was interrupted by five years' work on his father's farm, but the germ of a teach- er was in him. In ISSS he entered the noted Collegiate Institute of Whitby, Ont., where the instructors are held to be si)ecialists in their departments, and where the i)ersonal infiuence of the pi'ofessors is deemed a factor in the training received. Here Mr. Marquis took a foui- years' classical course with train- ing in commercial details. He immediately took a teach(M-'s ti'aining course in the Whit- by Model School, and then began to teach in country and village schools. The pay was too low for a life work, so, after two years of this teaching, Mr. Marquis determined to try something else. In February, 1895, he went into a general store business with his broth- er. This did not jtrove congenial to him. He could not be contented in following it, and had a desire to return to his first love — teach- ing — where the circumstances were more favorable than at home. Concluding to try the T'nited States — the Mecca of so many young men of the Dominion — he came to Jlinnesota. Although already well equipped for teaching, and having had considerable experience, he entered the State Normal School at St. Cloud. Here he carried off a large share of the honors. He was, in May, 180S. awarded a diploma from the advanced Latin class. In 1S97 he was elected presi- dent of the junioi' class, and in 1898 he was elected president of the graduating class. In the same year he Avas editor-in-chief of the school paper, "The Normalia," and during his course was frequently selected to repre- sent the students in i)ublic exercises and meetings. In September, 1898. he was en- gaged as sujierintendent of the city schools of Sauk Rapids, Benton county, Minn., the WII.I,IA>1 .1. MAItlillS. jiosititm which lie now holds. The schools are already nearing a complete orticial high school standing. He also takes an aitive interest in general educational mattery be- ing an active member of the Minnesota Edu- cational Association, and is secretary and treasurer of the Northern Minnesota Educa- tional Association. Mr. Marquis is a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal church, an Odd Fellow, and belongs to the Council of Jlodern Samaritans. He was married, Au- gust 24, 1898, to Miss Lilian B. Holliday, of Brooklin, Ont. They have one son, Harold Holliday Manjuis, born IMarch fi, 1900. DUNN, John Benjamin, surgeon to St. Raphael's Hospital, St. Cloud, Minn., was born at Winona, Minn., Nevember 27, 1859. Is the son of James and Mary O'Hare Dunn, natives of Dul)lin, Ireland, who emigrated to America in 1845. His father served as a vol- unteer in the Mexican War, and subsequent- ly, in 185fi, took up land in Winona county and engaged in farming. Dr. Dunn's early education was in the common schools of Winona. In 1877 he en- tered the Second State Normal School grad- HISTORY OF THE GRKAT N( »KT1J\VKST. JOHN B. DUNN. uatiuo ill 1880. He tlieu began the study of medicine, graduating from Rush Medical College in 1884. He at once located at Shakopee, Minn., taking a large general prac- tice established by his brother. Dr. J. H. Dunn, in Scott and adjoining counties. De- siring to especially qualify himself for sur- gical practice, after nine years of active gen- eral experience, in 1891 he went to Chicago and New York for about two years of post- graduate study under Drs. Senn, Murphy and other prominent surgical teachers. In 1893 he located in St. Cloud, Minn., as- sociating himself with Dr. N. J. Pinault, who had a very large general practice in the northern part of the state tributary to St. Cloud. It was the intention of Dr. Pinault, whose taste and learning leaned towards in- ternal medicine, to associate with himself an expert surgeon and the firm thus formed was a very strong one. The following year Dr. Pinault unexpectedly retired, and for a time Dr. Dunn continued the very heavy practice of the firm, both medical and surgical. Since the rebuilding of St. Raphael's Hos- I)ital, which gives St. Cloud modern hospital facilities equal to the best in the Northwest, he has limited his practice largely to sur- goiv and consultaiioii \\oik. Here be has Ills own jirivate oiicialing room, fitted with all tlie modern conveniences and ajipliances. He is a member of the State Medical Associa- tion, the American Medical Association and other medical societies. In 1SS4 Dr. Dunn was married to Miss yiMy OT.rien, of Minneapolis. They have Iliici' daughters, Irene, aged Ki. Adelaide. ai;c(l 11, and Margai-et. aged 5. CANTERBURY. James Rudolph.— Pro tection against fire is one of the prime neces sities of a modei-n city. The appliances de- \ised to fight fire are mai-vels of ingenuity and mechanical skill. It follows, of course, that the men in charge of them must be skill- ful and well trained in their calling, to be efficient. This requires time; therefore a modern fireman is an expert. He has a pro- fession akin to that of a soldier, and like him, risks life and limb in the battle, and- although with the elements, it is scarcely less hazardous. When the fireman, by his knowledge, skill and intrepidity attains dis- tinction he is as fully entitled to the honors of his rank as is the perhaps more ostenta- tious military officer. The fire chief, who may be called the general, earns credit for the efficiency of his force as does the com- manding officer in an army. Tlie rush of an engine to battle with fire is scarcely less thrilling than a charge of soldiers. The value of the two services can hardly be com- jiared, for the fireman's duty is to defend and save, while that of the soldier is to attack and destroy. Among the names of the men in the Northwest distinguished for their fire serv- ice, that of J. R. Canterbury, the Chief En- gineer of the Fire Department of the city of Minneapolis, will always be prominent. He attained this distinction by a course of training which peculiarly fitted him for his career. It may with truth he said that he lias also a hereditary aptitude for his profes- sion, as his fathei', John David Canterbury, was a stationarv engineer. He is still liv- ing at Pomeroy, Ohio, surviving a service of three years and a half in the army during HI.STORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. the Eeliellion. He is of English parentage, wliile his wife, who was Harriet Stanley, was of early Ameriean descent on both her fa- ther's and mother's side. John David Can- terbury's mother was of (ierman birth. Thus Chief Engineer Canterbury can boast of hav- ing in his veins three strains of sturdy Anglo-Saxon blood — English, Aniei'ican and German. He was born at I'oiiieroy, Ohio. March 15, 185S. Having rcccixcd a com nion school education lie began his active life when fifteen years of age, in the employ of the New Cumberland Towboat Company of New Cumberland, \V. Va., where he re- mained for five years. He then werjt into service on a line of steamers as lamp trim- mer, watchman and mate, plying between Pittsburg, St. Louis and New Orleans. He left the river in ISIS and was engaged in the Belcher Sugar Refinery at St. Louis. In 1882 he came to Minneapolis and bought shares of stock in the Co-operative Barrel Manufacturing Company. He was appoint- ed to the jjosition of pipeman in the fire de- partment of Minneapolis, May 1, 1883, and assigned to duty with chemical engine No. 1 where he remained for a year, and was then transferred in the same cai)acity to hose No. 5, February 26, 1886. Ho was then promot- ed to the lieutenancy of engine No. 5, and again to the captaincy of engine No. 6, December 8, 1887. He was appointed second assistant chief engineer June 0, 1801, where he seiTed until he resigned from the de- partment, February 1, 1895. He was appointed assistant boiler inspect- or June 20, 1895, and held the position until he was elected to his present office of chief engineer of the tire department. Tlie whole secret of his successive promotions lays in the fact that he filled every place with ex- ceptional ability and fidelity. He was al- ways equal to any duty placed upon him. Mr. Canterbury has always atTiliated with the Eepublican party, and has identified himself with the organizations which were designed to promote the interest of the cily. He is a member of tlie board of trade, and of the Commercial club. He is an active member of the iLasonic order, Minneai)olis No. 11), Blue Lodge; St. John Cliapler, Royal JAMES U. CAN'TEIUSUUY. Arch; Zion Comniandcry, l\iiights T(MMplar; Minneapolis Council No. 2. He is connected also with other associations of social and ci\ic interest, among them Nicollet Codge No. 1(>. A. O. U. W., Minnehaha Council 1160, R. A. He is likewise president of tlie Fire- men's Relief association, and vice-president of the international association of chief en- gineers of lire departments. In church rela- tions he is a Methodist. He was married in 1SS:{ to Lizzie IMunier Hanscom, of Minne- apolis, and has two children, Ethel May, 15 years of age, and James Raljih, two years younger. Mr. Canterbury is a genial companion and an ui)right. public spirited citizen, reflectiug upon the community the honor which he so abundant! V earned. HEALY, Frank.— The law department of a large city is its citadel of defense against assaults on the city treasury. The city at torney is the general in command. WOc be to the taxjiayers if this otticcr be iiicomiicteiil or inetticient to i(']iel raids on the city's •'strong box." I'eople are })rone, on the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. FItAXK IIEALY. slightest pretext, to sue the city, as if it weie everybody's legitimate plunder. The num- ber and frivolous character of the claims made upon the public treasurj'; the ingenuity with which they are concocted; and the cun- ning displayed in prosecuting them, are won- derful. To successfully cope with these multifarious attacks, more especially as they are very frequently conducted by legal talent of a high order, requires much more than ordinary ability. Mr. Frank Healy, the city attorney of Min- neapolis, has made an enviable record in this important work during the nearly four years that he has been in charge of the office. In this time, there have been made attempts to collect from the city claims which in the aggregate amounted to hundreds of thou- sands of dollars, and yet but two small ver- dicts have been secured against the city. This result is certainly very remarkable. In not a few of these cases Mr. Healy opposed distinguished members of the bar who had the so-called "prestige of never losing a case." What the result )night have been had the office of city attorney been in the hands of a less competent lawyer, it is easy to imagine. Defending suits is only part of the duty de- volving upon the incumbent of this office. He must prosecute in behalf of the city, he must give advice to the city council and al- dermen and to the other departments of the municipality, and decide questions of law submitted to him by any of the city author- ities. All this requires sound judgment, as well as a wide range of legal knowledge. Jlr. llealy has been as successful in this depart- ment as in the defendant position. Mr. Healy barely escaped the honor of be- ing a native of the state. He was born near the city of Syracuse. N. Y., in 1854. In 1850 his parents moved to Minnesota, and took up a homestead near Preston, Fillmore county, w here his father still lives. His mother died in 1873. In that picturesque Boot river re- gion, Mr. Healy spent his boyhood, beginning his education in a log school house. His next step, in 1874, was attendance at the Preston graded school for two years. In 187(j he entered the preparatory department of the state university, and began his college course in the institution in 1878, graduating with the degree of A. B. in the class of '82. He chose law as his profession and entered Ihe law department of the state university of Michigan, graduating in 1884, with the de- gree of LL. B. Beturning to Minneapolis he began his law career as clerk in the office of Col. C. H. Benton, who was then city at- torney. Soon after he became a partner of his employer with S. A. Plumley, the firm being under the style of Benton, Plumley & Healy. Later Mr. Plumley retired, and the firm became Benton & Healy, so remaining until the death of the senior partner in 1890. Mr. Healy then practiced alone until 18!»3. when, with Judge John P. Eea and Frank R. Ilubachek, the firm of Bea, Huba<'hek & Healy was formed, which continued until 1897, when Mr. Healy was chosen city at- torney by the city council — the position which he now holds so creditably to him- self and profitably to the city. Mr. Healy was married in 1889 to Miss Louise Henry, who graduated from the state university in the class with him. They are blessed with a bov and a girl. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. PETERSON, John.— No class of emi- grants have contributed more to the upbuild- ing of this great Northwest than those who came here from the Scandinavian peninsula. A typical repre.sentative of that sturdy and thrifty class of citizens is the subject of this sketch. Mr. Peterson earned his firsi dollai- in Minnesota, working as a grader on a new railroad in course of construction. Since that day he has taken a proniineni jiarl in the construction of the railway systems of the Northwest, and has been identified willi many other important business interests. He is at present Collector of Customs for the District of Minnesota. Mr. I'elerson was born July 6, 1841, in tlie province of Vermland, Sweden. His parents, I'eter and Carrie Johnson, belonged to the agricultural classes and were in but moderate cix-cum- stances. They were people, however, of strong character and earnest Christians, and spared no efforts to give their son John a fairly good education. Their self-sacritices in his interest taught him early in life the value of an upright, honest character. The lesson he thus learned exerted a deep influ- ence on his after career. From his sixth to eighth year he attended a small children's school near his home. His later educational training was received in the public schools. Upon his graduation from them he learned the trade of a mechanic and builder and for several years followed this line of work. His skill and conscientious attention to his du- ties soon earned for him promotion to the po- sition of superintendent of the construction of railroad bridges on the governmental rail- roads of Sweden. But his ambitious tem- perament was not satisfied with the pros- pects held out for him in the old country and he decided to seek his fortune in America. He emigrated to the United States in the spring of 1869, coming directly to Minnesota and locating at St. Peter. He sought the first work at hand, and that was helping to grade on the new railroad line being built from St. Paul to Sioux City, and which is now a part of the Northwestern system. During the following summer he also worked in the harvest fields in the vicinity of Rochester. His experience in railroad con- JOHN PETERSON. struction work came in good stead about this time. Many different railroad lines were then being constructed, and Mr. Peter- sou commenced operations as a sifb-con- tractor on the Winona & St. Peter railroad. In 1871 he became a member of the firm of C. J. Larson & Company, which, until its dissolution in 188, took a most active part in the building of the great railroad systems of this northwestern country. In 1886, Mr. Peterson also entered into part- nership with Fred Widell, of Mankato, and was for several years engaged in stone quarrying and building. But Mr. Peter- son's business activities have not been di- rected along these lines alone. He has also been identified with a great number of other business interests and his whole ca- reer has been one of unceasing activity. He has conducted extensive farming operations in Northwestern Nebraska and has been largely interested in the iron industry in northern Minnesota. For several years he has been a director of (he Nicollet National Bank of St. I'eter, :Minn., and [iresident of the Northwestern publishing company, of St. Paul. He is also vice-presi- dent of the Svenska Folkes Tidning, of Min- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. nea polls, oue of the leading Scandinavian papers published in this country. Mr. Peter- son has also held many positions of public trust. He is actively identified with the Re- publican party and has served as a delegate to numerous congressional and state conven- tions. For several years he was a member of the central committee of the Second con- gressional district. He was elected to the state senate from St. Peter in 1894, and was three times appointed a member of the board of trustees of the State Hospitals for the In- sane, twice by Gov. Merriam and once by Gov. Nelson. From 1881 to 1896 he served as a member of the city council of St. Peter, and for two years was its president. He was appointed collector of customs for the Dis- trict of Minnesota in 1897. Mr. Peterson has also taken a special interest in educational matters and has served as a director of Gus- tavus Adolphus College of St. Peter for over twenty years, and its treasurer for many years. He is connected with the Swedish Lutheran church, of which he has been a member since 1871, and for many years served as a member of the church council. He was married in 1873 to Frederica Eliza- beth Lundberg. They have seven children, Agnes L., Adolph C, Bernard R., Hjalmar N., Mabel F. C, Vernan J. (\ and L. Russell F. MORRIS, William Richard.— The disad- vantages of birth present an almost insur- mountable obstacle to members of the Afro- American race, but there are a few notable instances in this country affording a shining example of the ability to rise above race prejudice to positions of standing and influ- ence. William R. Morris, a lawyer prac- ticing his profession in Minneapolis, is a mag- nificent type of that manhood which is dis- couraged at no taslv, and finally, through dint of persevering work, achieves a success which makes him marked among his fellows. Mr. Morris has a mixture of wliite blood in his veins. On the paternal side of the house, his great grandmother was born in Eng- land and was a member of the English nobilitv, while his irreat grandfather was a negro and a slave, as was also his grand- mother. His paternal grandfather, half English, half negro, was a preacher learn- ed in the Scriptures, and noted for his great physical strength and powers of endurance. His great grandmother, on ihe maternal side, was an English wo- man, and a slaveholder, as was also his maternal grandmother. His father, Heze- kiah, was a slave in Kentucky, but bought his freedom, and was a mattress-maker by trade. His mother's maiden name was Eliza- beth Hopkins, who was born free. William R. was born in Fleming county, near Flem- ingsburg. Ivy., February 22, 1859. His fa- ther having died when he was two years of age, his mother moved, after the war, to Ohio. He attended the public schools in New Richmond, and also a private school in the same place; later, the public schools of Cincinnati as well as a private Catholic school in that city. This was supplemented by a term in a Catholic school in Chicago, 111. When seventeen years of age he en- tered Fisk University at Nashville, Tenn., graduating from the classical department of that institution in 1881, with high honors. He was recognized by his instructors as oue of their brightest scholars. He was apt in his studies, a logical debater, and his exami- nation papers revealed a vigor of thought and an accuracj' of expression that proved the thoroughness of his investigations and the possession of high legal attainments. After his graduation he was made a member of the faculty, and for more than four years was the only Afro-American member of that body of twenty-five professors and teachers, teaching classes in mathematics, languages and the sciences. Mr. Morris regards the in- fluence exerted on his after career hj Fisk University as broad and deep. While a stu- dent at the university, he taught in the pub- lic schools of Mississippi and Arkansas dur- ing his vacations. In 1885 he represented the Afro-Americans of the South at the an- nual meeting of the A. M. A. at Madison, Wis., delivering an address entitled "The Ne- gro at Present," which won for him a wide reputation. In 1886 he was employed by the superintendent of education of Tennessee to HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. hold institutes for Afro-Aineripan teachers of that state, lie has also at different times contributed articles for the press which have been highly commended. He completed a course in law in 1887, and in the same .year was admitted to the bar by the supreme court of Illinois, in a class of twenty-seven, being one out of three to receive the same and highest mark. He was also admitted to the bar by the sujjreme court of Tenessee, and practiced some at both Chicago, 111., and Nashville, Tenu. In June, 1889, he resigned his position at Fisk University and came to Minneajtolis. He was the first Afro-Ameri- can lawyer to appear before the courts of Hennepin county. He enjoys an extensive practice, and has handled a number of im- portant cases, winning for himself an envi- able reputation as a lawyer, both in civil and criminal practice. One of his most im- portant cases was the defense of Thomas Lyons, in the famous Harris murder trial, in which he succeeded in having Lyons dis- charged. Mr. Morris is an active member of the Republican party, and has served it on several local committees. Notwith- standing the active duties of his profession, Mr. Morris has also found time to take the lead in everything tending to the upbuilding of his race. He was elected president of the Afro-American State League in 1801, and is the acting general attorney of the National Federation of Labor of Colored Men of the United States and Canada. Mr. Morris is also prominent in Masonic circles, and has taken the thirty-third degree in the Scottish Rite. He is grand secretary of the Minne- sota Grand Lodge, scribe of Royal Arch Chapter, thrice illustrious master of the Council of Royal and Select Masters, general- issimo of the commandery, potentate of Fez zan Temple, treasurer general of Imperial council, and second vice president of the Masonic Veterans' Associatnon of the United States. He is also deputy supreme chan- cellor and brigadier general of the Knights of Pythias, and P. N. F. and P. G. M. of the Odd Fellows. Other social organizations with which he is identified are the Clio Club, the Business Men's Club, and the English and Ancient Literature Club. He is a mem- WILLIAM K. MORUIS. ber of the Plymouth Congregational church. July 14:, 1S1)(J, he was married to Anna M. La Force, of Pullman, 111., a young woman possessed of considerable literary ability and refinement. Their union has been blessed with one child — Richard Edward. IVERSON, Samuel Gilbert. — Any one having public business to transact at the cai>it()l building in St. I'aul will find many genial and obliging officials, but none more popular than Samuel <,i. Iverson, deputy in the state auditor's office. Mr. Iverson has been associated with the oflicial life of the offices of the state treasurer and the state auditor for the past thirteen years, and hav- ing become thoroughly informed with all the details of the conduct of those offices, has made himself indispensable to those who, seeking his aid, have been spared a great deal of time and trouble in the transaction of their business with the different depart- ments of state govenimeut. Mr. Iverson is of Norwegian descent, his i)arents having both been born in Norway. His father, John Ivei'son, was iiorn in Sogn, near Bergen, and his mother, (iuuhild Ciundersou, in Thele- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. SAMUEL G. IVEKSOX. mai-keu. They were among the earliest set- tlers in Fillmore county, Minn., and were married at Rushford, Minn., in 185G, where they have resided ever since. Mr. Iverson was a merchant in this place for manj* years, but is now engaged in farming. Samuel G. was born in Rushford, April 21, 1859. His early educational training was received in the common schools, and later the high school of Rushford. This was supplemented by a course at the Shattuck School, in Fai"i- bault, one of the best schools of its kind in the North Star state. Later in life he at- tended the law department of the State Uni- versity, from which he graduated, and was admitted to the bar in 1SD3. Mr. Iverson ob- tained his first business experience by clerk- ing in one of the stores of his native city when seventeen years of age. In 1881 he was ajipointed postmaster at Rushford by Presi- dent Hayes, and that he served the public satisfactorily is attested by the fact that he held that position until October, 1886. He was elected in the November election of that year a member of the state legislature and served through the legislative session of 1887. At its close he was ai)pointed an ac- countant in the state auditor's otHce by Capt. A\'. \V. Braden, remaining in that position until Mr. Braden's retirement in January, 181)1. Joseph Bobleter, then state treasurer, recognized Mr. Iverson"s capacity and im- mediately ottered him the position of deputy in his office. Mr. Iversou's long experience in the two principal financial offices of the state has made him perfectly familiar with the state's business affairs, e.specially of the lare and management of the large area of school and other public lands. The tax and revenue laws of the state have been subjects to which he has given especial study, so that he has made himself invaluable to his prin- cipal in the auditor's office, and secured for himself a position of high standing in official life and a leading position in the Republican party of the state. Mr. Iverson always took an active interest in political affairs, even before lie became a voter. His first ballot was cast for President CJarfield. He has also been much interested in the national guard of the state and served six years in the First regiment, two years of the time as first lieu- tenant of Company C, at St. Paul. He is also an active member of several societies and fraternal organizations. He was mar- ried, April 21, 1900, at Rushford, Minn., to Mrs. Calista Bentlev Retel. HALLAM. Oscar, bears the surname of one of the most distinguished writers of his- tory. He does not, however, depend upon the fame of the illustrious author of the "History of the Middle Ages," for the posi- tion Avon at the bar and in forum of the states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. Oscar Hallam's father was a farmer at Linden, AYis. He married Miss Mary Wood. The name indicates English ancestry. Oscar was born at Linden, Wis., in 1865. Here he received his start in climbing the ladder; the district school furnished the means. Having mastered the primary branches of education, he entered the Dodgeville High School and prepared for college, and for his higher education he chose the Wis- consin University at Madison. Here he immediately showed more than common OSCAR HALLAM. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ability. He became active in the various organizations of the university designed for literary culture, joining the Athenian Literary Society and the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity. In the great "joint de- bate" in 1886 between the literary societies, an event always of great interest and importance, and one of the established pub- lic contests, Mr. Hallam was elected as one of the best speakers, to represent his so- ciety. It proved to be a good choice, for his side was successful. He appeared on various other public occasions, and always acquitted himself with such credit as to give promise of a successful professional cai^eer. He grad- uated in 1887, as one of the honor men of the class. He then chose law as his profession and entered the law department of the uni- versity, and graduated in 1889. With char- acteristic promptness he at once selected St. Paul as his home and began to practice his profession. He has recently tilled the re- sponsible position of treasurer of the Ramsey County Bar Association, which testifies to the appreciation he has won by his ability and integrity, as well as his genial personal- ity. Mr. Hallam has always been a Repub- lican, with a keen interest in the current po- litical questions of the day. The college training which he received as a forcible pub- lic speaker has been of great service to his party. He is always in demand as a popular orator in campaigns, and i)resided over the last Republican county convention of Ram- sey county, yet he has never held a political office. He has identified himself as a public- spirited citizen with every movement for the welfare of the community, and especially in matters intended to promote the business in- terests of the city. For this purpose he is a member of the Commercial Club and the Chamber of Commerce, and is a member of the board of directors of both bodies. He is also a member of several of the most promi- nent fraternal societies, among them the Masonic Order, the Ancient Order of United AYorkmen, the I. O. O. F., the U. O. F., and others, in which he has filled various official positions. He is a man of high moral char- acter, and in religion associates with the organization known as the People's church, one of the most progressive religious organi- zations in the Northwest. Mr. Hallam was married to Miss Edith L. Lott in 1892, and has two children, Cornelia Mary and Rus- sell Hallam. JORGENS, Joseph.-- ^Mr. Jorgeus" first home was a log house in the pioneer settle- ment of Frankford township, Mower county, Minn. When a year old the family moved in a prairie schooner drawn by a yoke of oxen to Otter Tail county. — a territory which was then the hunting ground for a band of Chippewa Indians, very few pioneers as yet having found their way thither. The family settled on a homestead claim on the north shore of Wall lake four miles east of the present city of Fergus Falls. The natural resources of the county in soil, tim- ber, numerous beautiful lakes and streams — in fact a veritable park region — soon attract- ed homeseekers and with the increasing pop- - ulation came the organization of the county. The father of the subject of this sketch, O. Jorgens, was chosen by the people the first county auditor, was re-elected and served in all three terms. He took the leading part in the early development of the county, in the organization of townships, school districts, the establishment of post offices, mail routes, the final establishment of the county bound- ary lines, and in locating the county seat at Fergus Falls which was then the settlement center. After several years' residence in the county the family removed to Grand Mead- ow, Minn., and engaged in general merchan- dising. They have many relatives in this community and the father is highly respected for his probity and estimable character. There are two children, a married daugh- ter — a former teacher in the public schools — and the son whose full name is Joseph Oscar Jorgens. Mr. Jorgens, Jr., after finishing the com- mon school branches at Grand Meadow was' induced by a former teacher of his who had great interest in him to go to Lanesboro. Finding work with W. W. Wall, the present editor of the Lanesboro Journal, thus pay- ing in part his expenses, he attended the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. high school which was then pi'esided ovei" by Snpt. K. W. Budl, of Fillmore, as prin- cipal. He next taught country school a term, having received his first teachers certificate at the age of thirteen. Later he went to Carleton college; taught another term of school and worked each year in the interim of summer on the farm. At Carleton he wrote a history of his class which jiroved a praisworthy piece of work. In 18SC he went to ilinneapolis to attend the State university, entering the sub-fresh- man class. Shortly after beginning his stu- dies he obtained employment with the IMin- neapolis Tribune, first as a paper (;-arrier, then a manager of .several newspaper routes, and later as a reporter on the Pioneer Press, beginning liis ap])renticeship with that re- markable staff composed of Chapin, Jones, Mannix, Barnes, Mart Williams and Pickett. By this method, earning from thirty to forty dollars per month, he worked his way through the university, keeping up and grad- uating with his class in 1891. At the university he was known as a good student, bright and faithful in his studies, yet developing along all lines that pertain to a well rounded college life. In athletics he was captain and manager of the winning base ball team in '88. In literary society and college organizations he was an enthusiastic worker and made a finn and efficient presid- ing ofTficer. His college fraternity, T'hi Kap- pa Psi, did much at this time to promote scholarship, literary work, and oratory. Fi'om '87 to '03 this society took each year the first place in the oratorical contests and in "01 had both the Valedictorian and Saluta- torian of the class. The stimulus and in- fluence of such an order on its members were inestimable. Though Mr. Jorgens makes no pretense at oratory now, if is interesting to note that during commencement of '01 he gave three orations in one week — every one seemingly gems. For his speech "Political Parties" he received one of the prizes in the Pillsbury contest. His oration on the "Col- lege Graduate" received a place on com- mencement day in the old coliseum, and as memorial orator on class day he presented the bust of Dr. W. W. Folwell to the uni- JOSEI'H J(JRt;KXS. versify, fhe response being by (Jov. J. S. I'illsbury. The memorial oration was spoken of by the press as an exceptional- ly elocjuent ett'ort and one of th% best ever delivered by an undergraduate. Upon leaving college, affer several months' out- ing on a survey on the "Soo" in Noi'th Dakota, he took up teaching again, spend- ing a year in tlie country, then two years at Lyle as principal. In educational mat- ters at this place, his enthusiasm brought new interest in the work; the enrollment was enlarged and the building capacity doubled. In order to retain him for a third year to ex- tend the high school work, several of the parents, owing to the inadequacy of the sala- ry, offered to assist the school board by per- sonal contributions; but this was deemed im- practicable by the state officials and he ac- cepted the ])osition as superintendent and principal at Clear Water. Besides the edu- cational work at Lyle, as a hit in the literary line, an old file of the local ])ai)er mentions in a very flattering manner a Masonic ad- dress delivered by Mr. Jorgens at that place. The work at Clear Water brought him to the attention of the Minneajiolis schools, his work receiving espi'cial mention by the stale HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. inspector of schools in liis annual report. The Clear Water school board strove to re- tain him by holding out as an inducement the highest salary ever offered at that place, but a Minneapolis ai)pointnient with its fu- ture proved more tempting and he accepted a position in the south side high school with civics, history and political economy as his specialty. After two years' service, his nat- ural executive abilities promoted him to the princi])alship of the Jackson school, which in point of number is the second or third largest in the city, if not in the state, with an enroll- ment of 1,202 pupils and 23 teachers. Though successful in the class room, to use an expression of a co-worker he is "extreme- ly practical and a genius at management" and would succeed in any active vocation. He is, however, much interested in the teach- ing occupation as a profession, being an ac- tive worker for the teachers of the city, and is at present a member of the executive com- mittee and secretai-y of the Minneapolis Teachers' club — an organization potent in promoting culture in the community and the professional and advanced interests of the teaching body. Mr. Jorgens' life is interesting because it is a typical one of many ^Minnesota boys who have with grim determination strenuously battled their way to obtain an education, ■winning, as he has done, an early success. He is still a young man employing his spare moments in advance study, and with his well rounded abilities, experience, schol- arship, it is safe to predict for him one of the brightest futures in the state. VON BAUMBAOH, Frederick.— Men of German ancestry have always been promi- nent in American affairs since the days of the Re^•olution. Citizens of this nationality are recognized among the most sturdy, in- telligent and patriotic citizens of the repub- lic, and many of them have become distin- guished in literature, art, commerce, and politics, or, perhaps, more properly, states- manship. The Northwest has been especial- ly indebted to the virile, enterprising and scholarly characteristics of the German race. Frederick von Baumbach is a scion of this lineage. His father, Louis von Baumbach, was an officer in the Prussian array and served against the first Napoleon. He was very prominent and influential in German public affairs, being president of the diet of Ilcssc-Cassel and a member of the German parliament of 1848, celebrated as one of the most important ever held, being, in fact, ei)ochal. In the crisis which arose Mr. von Baumbach was on the progressive side with the plain people. In the upheaval which took place when the cause of the people failed, he, with other distinguished men, emi- grated to the United States, coming in 1849 first to Ohio, near Elyria, where he settled on a farm. After a time he removed to Mil- waukee with his large family and became the German consul, a position which he held until in 1883. His wife was Mina von Schenk, of a family noted, like that of von Baumbach in the history of Hesse-Cassel, where they figure as soldiers and statesmen of the highest rank. She died in 1809. The old Baumbach estate, Kirchheim, in Hesse- Cassel, founded in the year 1300, is still in possession of the family. On this estate Frederick von Baumbach was born, August 30, 1838. His education was begun under the private tutor always resident with the family. When the family emigrated to the United States, Frederick was ten years old, and one of the youngest of the family. He was sent to the public schools of Elyria, Ohio, near his home. On the removal of the familj' to Milwaukee, he went to a business college, and was also employed in a bank until 1860, when he went to San Antonio, Texas, and was there when the war excite- ment was intense. His sympathies, of course, were with the north, and after some exciting adventures in escaping from the south, he reached home, and on June 1, 1861, enlisted as a private soldier in Company C, Fifth Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer In- fantry. His efficiency as a soldier and his scholarly qualifications secured for him rapid pi-omotions as soon as the fighting begfln in earnest. He was made successively corpo- ral, sergeant, and sergeant-major, and on June 13, 1862 — a little over a year from the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. time of his enlistment — he was commissioned a second lieutenant. He then soon rose to first lieutenant. On December 11, 18G8, he was appointed captain of Company 15, Thirty- tiftli Kegiment \Yisconsin Volunteers, and October 24, 1805, he was promoted to major, in which rank he was mustered out at lirownsville, Texas, March 15, ISGO, having served nearly live years, and terrible years they were, for he participated in many of the most important battles of the war, besides laking part in almost innumerable skirmish es. Among the battles may be mentioned the following: Yorktown, Williamsburg, seven days" battle before Richmond, second battle of Bull Run, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Mobile, and Spanish Fort. After the war, in looking around for a home, for he was married in 1803 to Sarah J. Decker, of Milwaukee, he visited Douglas county, Minn., and, although pleased with the prospect, he returned to Wisconsin and opened a drug store at Fond du Lac. With- in a year his establishment was burned. He Ihen turned to his first love, Douglas coun- ty, Minn., where, on the shore of Lake Agues, near Alexandria, he has one of the most lovely homes in the state. He has al- ways been a Republican and active in the campaigns of the party. He was very soon elected to minor ofBces in the gift of the people. In 1872 he was elected county audi- tor of Douglas county. He was re-elected again and again until he was chosen for the high office of secretary of state in 187"J. lie filled this position so well, also, that he was twice re-elected. When he again returned to Douglas county the people once more elected him county auditor, and put him in charge of the construction of the new court house. On the passage of the new internal revenue law in 1898, to provide funds for the Spanish war, Mr. von Baumbach was ap- pointed by President McKinU\v a collector, with an office at St. Paul. Mr. von Baum- bach, as stated, was married in 1803, to Saiah J. Decker, but they have no children excc]it tho.se adopted, Jacob and Julia. The family attend (he t'ongregutional church, of which the husband and wife are members. He is a member of the veteran soldier organiza- FUEliEUlCK VCliN BAUMBACH. tions, the Orand Army of the Republic and the Loyal Legion, the latter composed ex- clusively of those who were commissioned officers in the war of the Rebellion. Be is also an Odd Fellow and a Mason. PETERSON, James A., is a lawyer and prominent member of the Minneapolis bar. He was born on his father's farm near the village of Alderly, Dodge county. Wis., Jan- uary IS, 1859. He is of Norwegian descent, both his parents having been born in Thele- marken, Norway. His father Aslak Peter- sou, is a farmer and lives in the town of Ash- ippuu. Dodge county. Wis., where he has lived since 1849, at which time he came as an emigrant from Norway and took the farm he is now living on as a homestead from the United States government His mother's maiden name was Karen Marie Ostenson. She was married to Mv. I'eterson in the old country. The subject of this sketch attended I he country school near his home until he was fourteen years of age, leaving it to at- tend school in the neighboring villages of Hartford and Oconomowoc. James was of iiiubitious temperament and was anxious to HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. JAJIES A. PETERSON. receive the benefit of a college education. His parents, however,were unable to provide him with the means to accomplish this, so he was compelled to rely upon his own re- sources. He taught school for a part of the time to pay his expenses while attending col- lege, and with the exception of the last year, when he had some help from his father, earn ed the money to pay for his own education through the entire course. This education was received in the university' of Wisconsin. He entered the freshman class in the fall of 1880, taking the ancient classical course, and graduated in the fall of 1884, with the de- gree of A. B. While at the university he was a member of the Hesperian debating societ}' and was the leader of the debate for his society in 1881. He was also a mem- ber of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. Having the legal profession in view as his ultimate career he continued his studies in the law department of the same university, from which he graduated in 1887. Mr. Pe- terson had commenced the study of law in 1885, after graduation from the classical de- partment of the university, with W. S. Field, of Yiroqua, and while in the law school stud- ied in the office of J. L. Connor, of Madison. He came to Minneapolis August 18, 1887, and began the practice of his profession. In 1893 he was appointed assistant county attorney of Heunei)in county under Frank M. Nye, and was re-ai)i)ointed to the same office in 1895. In 189(j he was elected to the office of (oiiuty attorney of Hennepin county, and served one term. At the expiration of his term of office as county attorney, he resumed the active practice of his profession in part- nership with Eobert S. Kolliner, under the firm name of Peterson & Kolliner, until July, 1900, at which time the partnershij) was dis- solved. Since then Mr. Peterson has prac- ticed alone, his offices being located at GIO Boston block, and enjoys a large and success- ful practice. During his term of service as county attorney Mr. Peterson's ettorts in the direction of breaking up the old "city hall gang"' resulted in the conviction of the presi- dent of the State Bank of Minneapolis for ir- regular banking, as well as the city treasurer of Minneapolis and two aldermen, one for ir- regular conduct in his office and the other for perjury. He has always been a Eepublican and taken an active part in campaign work. In 1881 he stumped northern Wisconsin for Blaine, and has done a like service in Minne- sota at other general elections. He is at present a member of that body of freeholders who framed and presented a new charter to the mayor of Minneapolis in 1900. Mr. Pe- terson is a member of the Masonic lodge, the Knights of Pythias, and the Elks. He has always been identified with the Episcopalian church, and is a member of Gethsemane. He was married Nov. 19, 1889, to Marie Emilie Dahle, of Dane county. Wis., who graduated in the same class with him at the university of Wisconsin. They have two children liv- ing, Amy Belle and James Dahle. One daughter, Olge Dorethea, died in 1895. TRYOX, Charles John. — It is always a pleasure to trace the pedigree of a successful man back to a worthy ancestry, no matter what may be the estimate placed upon hered- ity. Those who value it are encouraged to tontinue the family name with honor, and HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. those who give "blood"' no value iu the race of life are t-oustrained to prove it by their own exertions iu outstripping the aehieve- nients of those who have gone before them. It is worthy of note, however, that very many of the men who have made the Northwest famous are lineal descendants of the people who made New England what it is in history. Charles J. Trvon is a fair example of this truth. He was born in Batavia, Genesee county. N. Y., a region once as famous for its wheat product as the most favored section of the Northwest. His father, Anderson D. Tryon, was for thirty-five j'ears the leading druggist and bookseller in the place. His mother, whose maiden name was Amanda Hatch Shepard, was born in the first log house built in her town in Genesee county, N. Y., moving to Batavia after her marriage. Al though both the parents were born in New York they were of Connecticut lineage, dat- ing from 1040, when William Tryon came from England and settled near Wetherstteld, and from a Huguenot family.on the mother's side, dating from the Revolutionary war. The maternal ancestors first went to Ver- mont, and from there to New York state. The family had emigrated from Scotland, whence they were refugees to America. The great grandfather of Charles J. was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and was in the force which brought about the surrender of Burgoyne. Tliis battle of Saratoga, as it is called, it put down in history as one of the decisive battles of the world because of the influence it had on the Revolutionary con- test. It secured the aid of the French gov- ernment and enabled the struggling colonies to obtain a loan of money from the Dutch, two things which made independence more l)robable, if not absolutely certain. John Tryon, the grandfather of Charles J., fought in the war of 1S12. This honorable and patriotic parentage is done no discredit by the success of Charles J. Tryon. He was school of Batavia, an institution of high grade, under the supervision of the state board of regents, with an academic depart- ment leading to the university. He was compelled, howevci', to leave school when CHAIfLES J. TRYON. fifteen years of age and assist his father ill the store, as clerk. After four years of lliis service he procured a clerkship in the treasury dei)artment, at ^Vashillgton^ hold- ing the position from 1S7S until 1SS(;. In the meantime he had taken up the study of law. He entered the National University Law school at Washington and graduated as bachelor of laws in ISSO, when he was admit- ted to the bar. He took the higher degree of master of laws, LL. M., at the Columbian university, in 1882. He finally in 1886 se- lected the city of Minneapolis as his home, and resumed his practice by entering the of- fice of Messrs Kitchell, Cohen & Shaw. Within a year he became the examiner of titles for the Minnesota Title Insurance X- Trust company, and was soon made assistant counsel of the company. He was promoted to counsel in 1802 and in 1895 he entered up- on a general practice, making a specialty of real estate, corporation and insurance law. Mr. Tryon is a Re]>ublican in i)olitics and takes an interest in all public affairs, and is active in social and religious circles. He is a member of riymouth Congregational church, the Miuneaj)olis club, the Minikada club and the ;Miinii'toiika Ice Yadil clnb, the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. leading religious and social organizations of the city. He was mai-ried June 10, 1891, to Miss Isabel Gale, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Harlow A. Gale. He lias an interesting fam- ily of four children— Fredericli (i., Elizabeth G., Philip D., and Kichard M., Tryou. Cer- tainly his ways are pleasant and his paths are peace. KNOX, Thomas J. — Eminence in the le- gal profession is only attained by merit. The successful advocate does not win his laurels without a severe struggle. He must commence at the very beginning, must plead and win his first case and work his way up- ward by ability and integrity. It requires perseverance, close application and hard study. He wins only because he has led in the race. He obtains clients because the public has confidence in his ability and in- tegrity. He is successful as an advocate be- cause every fact is carefully studied, the law applicable thoroughly investigated, and with his well-trained mind a clear, logical and for- cible argument is presented to the jury. Minnesota has many eminent men practicing before her bar. One of the foremost is Thomas J. Knox, of Jackson. Mr. Knox has been engaged in the practice of law iu Minne- sota since 1872. The years immediately fol- lowing his location in Jackson county were not favorable to the development of south- eastern Minnesota and the young lawyer had a hard struggle to maintain his position dur- ing the early years of his practice; but by perseverance and close attention to business he eventually succeeded in building up a large and lucrative clientage, his reputation extending beyond his home county. Mr. Knox was born at Covington, Tioga county, Pa., February 16, 1846, descending from Revolutionary stock. His grandfather, Geo. Knox, who was born September 27, 1757, was a member of the Colonial anny dur- ing the greater part of the struggle for independence. By trade he was a tanner, following that pursuit after the close of the war until the time of his death. He erected the first tannery built at Covington, Pa., and owned and operated the same during his life- time. His wife, Ann Knox, was born No- vember 2a, 1761, and died June 21, 1808. He survived her for a number of years, passing away March 10, 1831. Their children were: Thomas, who was born April 28, 1785, and died August 7, 1795; Jean, who became the wife of William Kirk; Betsey, who was born October 31, 1787, and married James Crown- over; James Knox, born December 21, 1789, who in 1845 removed to Oregon, where most of his descendants still reside; Nancy, who was born March 31, 1792, and married Rob- ert Montgomery; Bell, who was born No- vember 22, 1794, and married John Bennett, and, after his death, became the wife of John Jenkiuson; Hannah, born August 8, 1797, and married Jesse Minshall; Ann, who was born September 1, 1802, and became the wife of William Annstrong: George, the fa- ther of our subject, and Samuel Bell, who was born January 14, 1808, and died in 1875. The maternal grandfather of T. J. Knox, . Royal Cole, was also a Revolutionary hero, and a soldier in the war with England in 1812. He made his home in Wellsboro, Pa., and some of his descendants are still resi- dents of that locality. His children were: Gideon, who was killed in the war of 1812; Rachel, who married Daniel Odell of Duchess county, N. Y.; Betsey, who first married Mo- ses Johnson, and after his death wedded Erastus Fellows; Deborah, who married Ly- man Wetmore; Jerusha, who was born No- vember 25, 1812, and became the wife of Alanson Andrews; Ruth, twin sister of Je- rusha and the mother of our subject; and Lewis, the youngest George Knox, the father of Thomas J., was born December 22, 1805. He followed in the footsteps of his father and became an expert worker in the tanner's trade, pursuing this vocation during the greater part of his life in the east. He came west in the spring of 1854 and located on a farm near Geneva, Wis., removing to Minnesota in the fall of the following year and pre-empting a claim in Fillmore county. Later he purchased a farm in Racine township, Mower county, where he passed his remaining years. He was a man of considerable strength of char- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. acter and occupied an influential position in his own community. lie served in many i)o- sitions of public trust, from that of justice of the peace to member of the state legisla- ture, and discharficd with marked fidelity llie duties devolvinj;: ujion him. He died Novem- bep 11, 1867. Tliomas" early school privi- leges were limited, but he was of a naturally studious disposition and had access to a fiood library in his own home, for his jiarents were possessed of cultured and literary tastes. This home training was su]>])le- mented by a year's attendam-c at a jirivale academy. In 1SG8, he secured a lopy of Rlackstone, and undirected began reading law, but the following year entered the law office of (". T. licnedict. then of Roches- ter, IMinn., but now of .Milwaukee, "Wis. The succeeding year he became a student in the law office of Stearns & Start, who have become prominent in the affairs of the nation, the former as a judge and Ignited States senator and the latter as chief justice of the sujireme court of Minne- sota. Mr. Knox was admitted to practice before the courts of the state Octobei- 14, 1871, and before the United States courts December 12, lS7t!. Though he had original- ly intended to locate in Dakota, he was i)er- suaded by some friends to open an office in Jackson, which he did November 17, 1872. He has always been an earnest student, and the high rejuitation he has achieved as .a lawyer is due to his tireless energy and close application to his jirofession. He has never been associated with a partner, but has been the preceptor of several young men who have assisted him in his professional transactions. Mr. Knox's political affiliations are with the Democratic party. lie served as probate Judge for a short time l)y a])pointment, and in December, 1870, was elected superintend- ent of the public schools of Jackson county on an independent ticket, and for two suc- ceeding terms was elected on the Re])ub]ican ticket. He served as county attorney from 1887 to Ism, and in May of the latter year was a])i)ointed a member of the state board of examiners in law to represent the Second Congressional District, serving in this posi- tion till the summer of 1000, when he re TUOJIAS J. KNOX. signed. Jn January, 10(10, he was appointed a member of tlie state railroad and ware- house commission by Gov. Lind, and was a candidate for election to that office in No- vember of that year, but was defeated. Mr. Knox is ca charter member of Des ISloines Valley Lodge, No. 15G, I. <>. O. F., and Jack- son Lodge, No. 40, A. (). IT. W. He was married September :'., 1877, to Miss Jane Cowing, daughter of John and Elizabeth ("owing. Four children have been born to (hem: Elizabeth, John Cowing, Kuth and Thomas Start. Elizalieth died in inlanev. KOfJEKS, Arthur Curtis.— Care of feeble minded and epileptic children is a compara- tively modern philanthropic work. This be- nevolence was left at first to private en- deavor. The method of treatment — if meth- od it could be called — was naturally hap- hazard, depending upon the vagaries of the ]>erson in charge. The subject had not been studied. There was no scientific basis on which to iiroceed. ^\'llen the importance of the work was in some degree recognized the state, very properly, took hold of the matter with the result that it induced study and investigation, which have evolved a HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ARTHUR C. ROGERS. rational course of treatment and has de- veloped a cori^s of educated and trained professional men, devoted to this neglected tield of humanitarian effort, and who have attained a degree of success heretofore deemed impossible. The Jlinnesota school for feeble minded at Faribault is one of the most noted in the United States, if not in the world. The institution, al- though at times a sufferer from parsimony, is well appointed and equipped and is a credit to the state. The high rank of the school is largely due to the j)rofessional and admin- istrative ability of Dr. Arthur Curtis Rogers, who has been in charge of the institution since 1885. He was born in Iowa, near Decorah, July 17, 185G. His father, Ansel Rogers, was a minister in the society of Friends, or Quakers. As the ministers of this church are not paid salaries, they gen- erally follow some secular occupation for a livelihood. Ansel Rogers engaged in the mercantile and milling business. He was of English descent. His grandfather came from England during the revolutionary period, and settled at Greenfield, Mass. In the decade of 1840-50 he removed to Mich- igan and was one of the ])ioneers of I^enawee county. In 1853 he went to Springwater, ^^'inneslliek county, Iowa. Here he was post- master as well as miller, and his establish- ment was a popular center for a large region. He kept an open house for many a traveler in those early times. He was very devoted to Friends' principles, and to the interests of the society. He moved to a new state two different times, sacrificing a good business and a prospect of certain competency for what he believed to be his religious duty. He moved from Springwater to Leavenworth county, Kan. Here he was the agent, and his mill was made the depot for the distribu- tion of supplies sent from the eastern states to the sufferers from the severe drought of ISGO. Young Arthur began his schooling in the common schools of Crawford and Dela- ware counties, Ohio, and continued his stud- ies in the common schools of Lenawee coun- ty, Mich. He then took a two years course — it might well be called a preparatory course for college — at the Raisin Valley seminary, near Adrian, Mich. His next step was to Earl- . ham college, at Richmond, Ind., where he look the scientific course. All this training fl as secured only by the most persistent and indefatigable labor, for he was obliged to pay his own way through the schools. This he did by working during vacations, by the month, day, or hour, as he could get a job. Nearly all the time in college he taught clas- ses in general or analytical chemistry to as- sist in paying his tuition. Besides this, he taught a village school; took charge of a small country store for the owner; and was bookkeeper, clerk and steward for a state institution. Having chosen the profession of medicine he took the medical course at the state university of Iowa. He was then made assistant physician of the same state institution in which he had served as book- keeper, clerk and steward. His next service was that of physician and clerk to the Hai'ri- son institute, a training school for Indians at Chemawa, Or. He was then appointed to the position he has now held for more than fifteen years. Dr. Rogers is singularly mod- est in speaking of his valuable work for the feeble minded; he claims no original dis- coveries. But he has stood for principles, especially for the generous and humane care HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of all iiieiitally defective children, aud for their training, when possible, to a condition of usefulness. He was probably the first in his profession to insist on cond)ining indus- trial and manual training with school work. He was also the first to organize training- classes for attendants to feeble minded chil- dren. He has also the distinction of being the editor of the only perif)dical in the English language devoted to the interests of the fee- ble minded, the journal of "Psycho Asthen- ics," publised (juarterly. He believes thor- oughly in the retention of defectives in vil- lage communities, by the state, where they have a variety of occupations, under restric- tions to protect society from increase of the class, and to protect such unfortunates from the misunderstandings and tlie mistreatment of society. Dr. Rogers is a member of sev- eral medical societies — the American Acad- emy of Medicine; The Association of Medical Officers of the American Institutions for Feeble Minded Persons, of which he was president in ISOO, and of which he has been permanent treasurer and secretary since 1804; The Minnesota State Medical Society; Tlie American Medical Association; The American Medico-Psychological Association ; The National Conference of Charities & Cor- rection, being also chairman of the Section of Feeble Minded in 18S9 and again in 1894; president ]\Iinnesota State Conference Chari- ties and Correction in 1899; The National Educational Association, being in 1900 vice- president of the department of the society devoted to the interests of the feeble mind- ed. In religion Dr. Rogers belongs to the Society of Friends, but affiliates with the Congregational church. His liberality is shown by the fact that notwithstanding his ti-aining he lield the rank of first lieutenant of com])any "C," Iowa National (luard, and was sergeant major of the .^th I'cgi- nient, to which the company belonged. In |ioIitics he has always affiliated with the Ixepublican party, though independent in all local issues. In 1882 he was married In Phoebe A. Coltiii. of Columbus, Kan. riiey have thi'ce children, Eloise Hazel, age i'-i; Helen Lola, age 11, and Aitliiir Williain Rogers, six years old. AAKER, Hans H., mayor of Moorhead, Minn., M'as born on a farm near Ridgeway, Iowa, on the IGth day of April. 18f)2. His father, Hans O. Aaker, was born in Sauland, Telemarken. Norway, in 1825. He emigral- ed to America in 1848, settling first in Wis- consin and in 18.51 removed to Winneshiek county, Iowa, where he was one of the early settlers and for fifty years a prominent and well lo do farmer. Ragnild Aaker (n^e Cutehus), llie mother of H. 11. Aaker, was born in Hjerldal, Telemarken, Norway, and was married to Hans O. Aaker just l)efore his emigration to this country. 'S'oiing Aaker received a good ])rimary education and entered Luther college at Decorali, Iowa, where he remained nearly four years, when coming to the conclusion that a busi- ness course would be better than prepara- tion for the ministry, which at that time seemed to be the chief aim of the college, entered a business college at Decorah, grad- uating in 1882, and from the commercial department of the northern Indiana Normal school and business institute in 188?.. Mr. Aaker then assumed charge of the com- mercial department of the Willmar semina- ry, a new scho(d started at Willmar. ^inn., by Prof. A. M. Hove, now a teacher at Augs- burg seminary, ^Minnesota, I'rof. H. S. Hille- boe, now principal of the schools at Benson, Minn., and Mr. Aaker. The Willmar semi- nary was one of the first schools of the kind in the Northwest and starting in 188.3 with twelve students gi-ew in five years to a school with an attendance of over two hundred and fifty. In 1888 Prof. Aaker decided to engage in business and resigned his school position and in partnershij) with a brother oi)ened a mercantile house in Twin Valley, where a [irofitable business was carried on. In 1891 the Northwestern Lutheran College Associa- tion was incorporated and a school styled Concordia College was started at Moorliead. The record made by Prof. Aaker at the AN'ill- mar sensinary was well known and the of- ficers of the new school were very anxious to secure liis services. Finally, after repeated icfnsals to consider the matter, he was in- (liircd lo accejil a ]pusili(iM willi this insli- (Ml ion. In -Tanuaiv, 1S92, he assniiied HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. HANS H. AAKEU. cliai'ge of the commercial departmeut and two years later he was elected principal of the school. Concordia College is one of the most prosperous i)rivate schools in the Northwest and much of the success of the school is due to the system in- augurated by Professor Aaker. In political matters he is known as a Prohibitionist and he has taken an active part in the work of the party. While located at Twin Valley lie was the party nominee for county superin- tendent of schools and lost by a narrow mar- gin in a county where his party had but a small jiart of the vote. In 1893 he was the Prohibition candidate for secretary of state. In the spring of 1900 the business men of Moorhead requested Prof. Aaker to become a candidate for mayor. The city had been for many years the dumping ground of the di"inking element of Fargo, N. D., a city across the state line, and undei- prohibition laws. The resorts barred from Fargo found a place in Moorehead, and, as no re- lief could be obtained from the regular nom- inees, the business men decided upon Prof. Aaker as the man to redeem the fair name of the city. He was elected by a plurality of eight votes over the opposing candidates. The city of Moorhead has undergone a change under his guidance, and would not be recognized as the lawless place of a few years ago. Prof. Aaker was nominated for congress by the Prohibitionists of the Seventh congressional district, in the spring of 1!MM). He was also a candidate for the nomination of the People's party and had the support of the leading men of the party, but owing to saloon influence he was de- feated for this nomination. Prof. Aaker, though defeated, ran ahead of his ticket, receiving more than double the votes cast for the nominee for governor. He is a young man yet and will be heard from in the future, not alone in politics but along educational lines. Prof. Aaker is a member of the United Norwegian Luthcn'an church of America. He was married Sep- tember 5, 1900, to Miss Annette Peterson, for several years a teacher at Concordia College. CAIRNS, Charles Sumner. — How what is deemed at the time an unimportant, or even a trivial, incident of life may determine a career, is illustrated almost daily. This small, potent factor, though so common, is never without interest. It is frecpiently re- called with pleasure, or regret, as it is re- lated to subsequent events. Charles Sumner Cairns, the brilliant at- torney who was so conspicuous as the effi- cient supervisor of the twelfth United States census of the fifth congressional district of the state of Minnesota, may well have pleas- ant memories of the episode which estab- lished him in Minneajiolis. When a young man just entering upon his professional career, he selected the staid old city of Decatur, 111., as a suitable place and formed an advantageous partnership with Judge Wm. E. Nelson. Mr. Cairns had friends in Minnesota. After a year's hard work he concluded to spend his short vaca- tion with them. He was so delighted with the city of Minneapolis and its environments and prospects that what was meant for a casual visit, terminated in a permanent resi- dence. This was in 1883. His marked pro- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. fessional success is evidence that he has nev- er had cause to regret the incident. Mr. Cairns traces his American descent, on his father's side, to William Cairues — or Careins, the archaic form of the name hav- in;; an '"e" in it — a Scotch-Irish Preshv- terian who came to Maryland in 1774, and settled north of Baltimore, in what is now Jarrettsville. His son, also named "William" was born, grew up and married there. He was a soldier of the war of 1812. This son, about 1830, with a young boy, Rob- ert, emigrated to Ohio and took a farm in Muskingum county. Robert grew up and received a better than common education, his district school studies being supplemented by some college training. He taught district school in Ohio, when a young man, and set- tled down to become a prosperous farmer. He was the father of Charles Summer Cairns, Charles' mother's maiden name be- ing Mary A. Haynes. On his mother's side Mr. Cairns is of Pu- ritan stock. She descended from Samuel Haynes (or Haines), who came over in the ship "Angel Gabriel,'' which was wrecked on I he coast of Maine in 1035. He, with eight others, founded the city of Portsmouth, jS\ H., and was a "selectman" of the town. One of his descendants (a lineal ancestor of Mr. Cairns) served under Washington four years in the Revolutionary War. Mary A. Haynes — aftei-wards Mrs. Robert Cairns — the mother of Charles, was a remarkable woman, distinguished for mental endow- ments and literary attainments. She was the author of a volume of poems of some note. Although for many years a great suf- ferer from rheumatism, she never lost in- terest in public affairs. Her memory was very tenacious, and she read with avidity everything accessible pertaining to the im- portant questions of the day, and formed conclusions worthy of a seer. Judge John Haynes of the supreme court of California was her brother. From these facts it is easy to discover how Charles S. Cairns came by his superior nat- ural talents and intellectual trend. He w;is born on the home farm near Duncan's Falls, Muskingum county, Ohio, July i, 1856. The CHAULES S. CAIKNS. district school which he first attended was a mile away. One of the established practices of the school was "speaking pieces" every Friday afternoon. His interest in the^ ex- ercises first prompted in young Cairns the ambition to become a lawyer. He entered Muskingum College at New Concord, Ohio, in 1872, and received his A. B. degree in 1876, taking also in due course the master of arts degree. Having read law one year in the office of Roby, Outten & Vail at Decatur, 111., he entered the law department of Michi- gan university, graduating as LL. B. in 1882. He began to practice at Decatur, as already stated. When he came to Minneapolis, in 1883, the year of the fateful visit, he formed a partnership with David S. Frackelton but soon, however, struck for himself and has conducted his practice most of the time alone. It is of a general character, covei-ing civil, mercantile, and patent law; his patent cases leading him to practice in the Federal circuit courts in several states and in the I'nited States supreme court. jNIr. Cairns has taken an active interest in political affairs, as a stalwart Republican. He was elected to the legislature of 1893, where he was recognized as one of the ablest HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST. of his party. He made his mark as a pro- gressive legishvtor by introducing a bill to provide for the nomination of candidates by a direct vote of the people, dispensing with delegate conventions. This principle was af- terwards embodied in the "primary election law" passed by the Minnesota legislature of 1899. Mr. Cairns being one of the authors of this law, he took great pains, — in pub- lic meetings called for the purpose — to ex- plain its various provisions to the electors. His name will always be connected with this great reform which dethrones the political "boss" who had come to be regarded as the "sum of all villianies" in politics. His ap- pointment as supervisor of the census men- tioned, was made by the president on the rec- ommendation of the business men of Min- neapolis. Although the items of the sched- ule were more numerous than ever before re- quired, the general results, under Mr. Caii'us" direction, were the most accurate and satis- factory ever obtained, showing that his appointment was no mistake. He is a di- rector of the Board of Trade, and a member of the Commercial club, the tw'o organiza- tions which represent the business interests' of the city. He is a member and elder of the Westminster Presbyterian church, is married and has two sons, Millard S. and Cai"l A. Cairns. His wife's maiden name was Frances V. Shellabarger, daughter of one of the old- est families of Illinois, and a cousin of the late Judge Samuel Shellabarger, of Wash- ington, D. C. WHIPPLE, The Et. Rev. Henry Benja- min, Bishop of Minnesota. — It is no exaggera- tion to say that Bishop Whipple, the subject of this sketch, has no compeer in the North- west, if indeed in the world. Future genei'a- tions may be pardoned for regarding the words of sober truth used by contemporaries in trying to dejjict his unique pei-sonality, as extravagant hyperbole, but the naked facts alone, without embellishment, cannot be ex- pressed in the boldest jnanner without seem- ing, to those beyond his generation, as mere- ly fulsome eulogy. Exaggeration, however. is scarcely possible when dealing with his life and services in the Northwest. Henry Benjamin Whipple, who has been bishop of the Episcopal Church of Minnesota since ISoit. was born at Adams, Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1823. His father, Hon. John AVhipple, was a merchant of New York, and a staunch supporter of the old Whig party. The maiden name of his mother was Eliza- beth ^^'ager. She was the daughter of Hon. Henry Wager, one of the electors who chose Jefferson pi-esident of the United States. Of the ancestors on both the father's and moth- er's side, sixteen were officers in the Revolu- tionary and Colonial wars. Many of the family were noted for usefulness in church, state and countiT, one a signer of the Decla- ration of Independence. By virtue of the services of these ancestors Bishop Whipple is a member of both the Sons of the Revolution and of the Society of Colonial Wars of the United States, and is also the chaplain-gen- eral of both organizations. He was educat- ed in the private schools of New York state, and holds the college degree of D. D. from Hobart and Racine colleges, and degrees of D. D. and LL. D. from the English universi- ties of Oxford, Cambridge and Durham. When Bishop Whipple chose the ministry as his profession he took his theological coui'se under the direction of Rev. Dr. Wil- liam D. Wilson, afterward professor in Cor- nell University, Ithica, N. Y. He was or- dained deacon in 1849 in Trinity church, Geneva, N. Y., by Bishop De Lancey, and ordained priest by the same bishop a year later in Christ's church, Sackett's Harbor, in the same state. In 1850 he was called to Zion church, Rome, N. Y. Under his rec- torship the parish increased and grew so that he soon built a beautiful and substantial stone church. Here his power and influence over men was so recognized that he received calls from a number of wealthy parishes. But he refused them all. His unselfish de- votion was conspicuously shown when he ac- cepted an urgent call to go, at a smaller salary, to Chicago, where the field offered such a chance for work among a hetero- geneous mass of men of all conditions of life that it seemed like a Macedonian cry. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Here his rare eloquenue, persuasive power, courtesy, kiuduess uud euergy served to wiu all hearts. He seemed to neglect no class. He labored with prisoners and men of all na- tionalities. Among the Swedes he had great influence, devoting to them much time and labor. He established the free church sys- tem at Chicago. His efficiency, sound judg ment, and judicial temper, together with his successful administration as a rector pointed him out as a natural bishop. A year after the organization of the state of Minnesota, he was bj* a unanimous vote elected first bishop of Minnesota, in 1S59, and consecrated in St. James' church, Richmond, Va., Bishop Kemper being one of the cousecrators. There probably never was a choice more thorough- ly justified by results. It was in this posi- tion, by his devotion, sacrifices, courage, en- durance, manliness, keen sense of justice, ut- ter self-abnegation, and stainless integrity, that he rose to the spiritual grandeur he has attained. Every injustice found in him an instant antagonist. But it was more espe- cially as the valiant champion of the Indians of the Northwest that he exercised his won- derful power against wrong. Like a true Knight of the Cross, he fought iniquity wher- ever found, but his almost single handed combat, by masterly pleas, addresses, and every personal influence he could bring to bear against the rascalities carried on under the system of Indian agencies, rises to the majesty of the heroic. His woi'k of evan- gelizing the Sioux and Chippewa Indians, in which he was very successful, was greatly aided by the friendship he showed for their material interests. He secured their confi- dence so thoroughly that he was named ''Straight Tongue," because he never lied to a red man. He became an authority on every jdiase of the Indian question, and he has been appointed by different presidents of the United States on important commissions, and has proved himself to be not only a spir- itual guide of the first order, but a philan- thropist of the practical sort, a statesman of sagacity, and a successful advocate and dij)- lomat. As successful and as notable as his work has been among and for "Red men" — and which has been to him trulv a '-White HKNKY I!. WHIPPLE. Man's Burden"' — his labors for the people of his own race have been greater, and the fruits of them will continue to grow when 1 he Indians have disappeared as a race. His great school at Faribault will remain* mon- ument of which not only any man, but a state, might feel proud. He laid the walls of the beautiful stone buildings of St. Mary's hall for girls, which he first opened in his own home; Shattuck Military school for boys; Seabury Divinity School, and the Cathedral of the Merciful Savior, the first Protestant cathedral erected in the United States. He has also largely directed the management of the schools to their present thriving condi- tion. In 1871 the archbishop of Canterbury offered him the bishopric of the Sandwich Islands, but he declined it in the interest of these diocesiau schools and his Indian work. He has been a trustee of the great I'eabody fund for educational work in the South since 1873, being one of the vice presidents. He has received many honors in England, where he is not only esteemed, but revered. The ojM'ning sermon of the Lambeth Conference at Lambeth Palace, London, in 1888, was I>reached by Bishoj) Whipi)le. He has preached on special occasions at almost every cathedral of England. Queen Victoria in- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. vited him as a guest to \A'indsor Castle, and afterwards she presented biiu with a jwr- trait of herself and with a copy of her book, "Highland Journal."' He was presiding bishop of the American church at the Lam- beth Conference in 1897, and has so served several yeai-s at the church functions in the . Fnited .States. He preached the sermon at the centennial of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in Xew York, in 1889. In 1899, on invitation to be present as the representative of the I'rotestant Episcopal Church in Amer- ica, he delivered an address at the centenary of the Church Missionary Society of Eng- land. At the request of the i)residing bishop he visited Porto Kico in 1900 to examine the field for church work. He held the fii-st protestant public service ever known in Cuba. When Bishop ^Vhipl)le began his work in Minnesota in 1859, there were about 20,000 Indians in the state, his diocese spreading over an area of 81,259 square miles. For twenty-seven years, during the most rapid period of growth. Bishop Whipple did the work of this vast diocese alone, and did it efticieutly. At the beginning there wei"e no railroads. The immense amount of travel- ing necessary where every town in the state needed attention, can scarcely be imagined, — the hardships involved in the methods of travel — on horseback, in rude wheeled vehicles, in canoes — the rough ac commodations for sleeping, often on the ground in the forest, and the exposure to summer heat on the prairies, and the snows and blizzards of winter. There was in fact no physical hardship that he did not cheerfully undergo to accomplish any mission which he felt was in the line of his duty. After years of this heavy burden- bearing, in wliich the conditions of life and travel had greatly changed for the better, he asked for an assistant. Mahlon N. Gil- bert was ajjpoiuted as his coadjutor in 1886. He was a bright, vigorous young man, but he died in 1899. Bishop Whipple is still hale and ready to undertake with energy any duty which falls to him. In addition to his labors in the episcopate, he has written much on the Indian question, and on miscellaneous subjects. His latest work is "The Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate,'" which is full of the spirit of the venerable bishop. He was twice married, and has four children, three married daughters and one son, Major C. H. Whipple, V. S. A. The bishop himself would, no doubt, have made an ideal soldier and general. He was, before he chose the ministry, interested in military affairs. He has been a general of the highest rank — when labors and achievements are consid- ered — in the church militant, and deserves the highest rewards. His relations to the patriotic societies have already been men- tioned. He is a member of the Victoria In- stitute of Great Britain. COOPER, Walter.— The last thirty-five years have witnessed a marvelous transfor- mation in the great Xorlhwest, for during this short period the almost limitless region, for years known as the American desert, has been wrested from hostile tribes, and its vast area converted into rich, prosperous and pro- ductive states. The men who have accom- * plished these wondei-f ul results, now present- ed to the view of those who roll across the boundless west in a luxuriant palace car, were, it is needless to say, men of iron, of restless activity, of more than ordinary en- durance and persistency of purpose; for their achievements outrank the efforts perhaps of any previous generation since the first set- tlement of North America, when religion was the mainsjjring of their actions. As a faithful private in the ranks of the early pioneers, ^^■alter Cooper now deserves to rank as an officer in the army of those hardy veterans who with gallant hardihood hewed the way for "millions yet to be." He was but sixteen years of age when, in 1859, he reached the Rocky Mountain region. He was without the benefits of an education when he was first thrown amid the wild scenes and rugged men of Colorado, where he grew to manhood unfettei-ed by class- room, but schooled for life's battle by the un- couth usages of the wildest and roughest of frontiers, where one"s native ability is brought to a keen edge, and mere book learn- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ing does not add :m iota to the scale of merit, as weijffhed by tlie discriniiiiating bands of the pioneers. Worth it is that makes the man, wliere people are forced to estimate him in times of peril, and eA'ery hour is fraught with danger and imperiled life. Such was Mr. Cooper's school. Little time had he had to seek the polish of a higher education, but it would be erroneous to assume that he is lacking in this particular, for, with an un- usually well-equipped mental reservoir, and expanded by his eai'ly training, Mr. Cooper's relentlessly active mind has gathered to it the attributes of the thinker and student, well able to present his views in the jiublic prints and upon the rostrum. Mr. Cooper was born in the town of Ster- ling, Csiyuga county, state of New York, July 4, 1843, and was the third son of Andrew H. and Sarah E. Cooper. His jtaternal grand- father was of Irish descent, and his grand- father on the mother's side was of Scotch descent. Both father and mother were from the town of Argyle, Washington county, N. y. Argyle was founded by Donald McGill- vra, great-grandfather of Mr. Cooper, and was by him named for his birthplace, Argyle county. Isle of Mull, Scotland, where he was bora in 1723, and whence he came to Amer- ica, — first to Canada, as a private soldier in the British anny. In 1752 he served with General Wolfe during the latter's camjiaign against the French, and fought under Wolfe on the plains of Abraham, September 13, 1759. This sturdy Scotch soldier gained an enviable i-eputation for courage and stability, and was honorably discharged, in the year 1759, after seven years' service. The orig- inal discharge is now in the possession of the Cooper family. After his discharge Donald McGilhTa went directly to New York City, where he remained three years, and then lo- cated at the town of Hebron, in Washington county, N. Y. There he remained a number of years. Having cast his lot with the Amer- ican party, he was set upon by Indians and Tories to such a degree that he was forced to abandon his home, and he finally joined the American army and entered the Revo- lutionary struggle. In 17S9 he settled again in Washington county and founded the town wAi/ri:u ('(((ji'i:!!. of Argyle, where he died in 1812, aged eigh- ty-nine years. George Cooper, grandfather of Mr. Cooper on the father's side, and Dan- iel McGillvra, son of Donald McGillvra, grandfather on the mothei''s side, emiffrated from Washington county, N. Y., to the town of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y., arriving April 27, 1827, and being among the early settlers in that section. George Cooper was of Irish parentage and served in the war of 1812, being stationed at Fort Oswego, where he was taken prisoner by the British squad- ron under Sir James Yeo, who bombarded and captured the fortress in 1814. Andrew H. Cooper, father of Walter Cooper, was bora at Argyle, Washington county, N. Y., in 1813, and married Sarah E. McGillvra, daughter of Daniel McGillvra, at the town of Sterling, Cayuga county, N. Y., October 30, 1832. Sarah E. McGillvra was born in A\'asli- ing-ton county, N. Y., November 29, 1S14. Mr. Coojier lived in the near vicinity of Ster- ling until 1845, when he emigrated with his family, consisting of wife and foui- sous, to Shiawassee county, Mich., where he died, June 24, 1851, leaving a wife and six sons. Tlie oldest son was but sixteen years of age, HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. and upon Iiim the care of this young family largely devolved. Shortly after the death of his father, at the age of eight years, Walter was sent to Lansing. Mieh., to live with a naternal aunt, who promised to educate and care for him as her own. For three years the boy lived with this aunt, not having seen the inside of a school house. Becoming dissatis- fied, he ran away from his aunt, and hence we find him, at the early age of twelve, work- ing as a farm hand in summer and in the lumber camps in northern Michigan in win- ter, — depending entirely upon his own re- soui'ces. Mrs. Cooper had in the meantime returned to New York, takng her second and three younger sons. In the fall of ISoS Walter started west, reaching Leavenworth, Kan., in the month of November, where he passed the winter, driv- ing team for the government and doing such work as he could find to do until Febmai'y, 1859, when he engaged to drive a team across the plains to Pike's Peak, where he worked as a herder on a ranch. In the spring of 1860 he joined a prospecting expedition to the San Juan mountains. The party left Denver, Colo., early in May, and visited old Mexico. Returning to Colorado in the win- ter of 1861, our subject spent the summer and fall of 1862 near Colorado Springs, act- ing at times as scout for the First Colorado regiment. In November, 1863, he started for Montana (then Idaho), arriving at Virginia City in February, 1804, and engaging at once in mining in Alder Gulch. In May he became interested with Charles Cooper in a freight train, with which he started for Fort Benton to meet the steamboats, — expecting to return to Virginia City with freight. During 1864 the water was so low in the Missouri river that little freight reached Fort Benton, and he was forced to return with his teams empty. Arriving at Virginia City in August, he disposed of his train, fitted out a team with supplies for winter, and located and passed the winter of 1864-5 in the Missouri River valley, near Round Grove, spending the winter in hunting. In the spring of 1865 he engaged in mining at Nelson Gulch and other points, which occupation he followed with varying success until the fall of 1869, when he settled in Bozeman, Gallatin county, Mont. On the 10th of April, 1870, Mr. Cooper married Miss Mariam D. Skeels, only daugh- ter of Nelson Skeels. of Boulder Valley, Jeff- erson county. Mont., and he has since resided at Bozeman. Mr. and Mrs. Cooper have had one son and two daughters born to them, the son and one daughter having died in infancy; they have one daughter. Mariam Cooper, liv- ing, aged ten years. In 1870 Mr. Cooper founded in Bozeman a mercantile house which became famous as the most complete establishment of its kind in the Northwest. He also engaged in the fur business in 1872, giving this branch of business such energy that, as a result of his efforts, Bozeman in three years became sec- ond in importance as a shipping point for fur robes and skins. Mr. Cooper invented and patented many improvements in firearms, and at one time manufactured the most fa- mous long-range hunting rifle ever used in the west. He was selected as one of the in- corporators of the city of Bozeman in 1883, on the adoption of the city charter, and was a member of the first city council ; was nomi- nated for mayor of the city of Bozeman by the Democratic city convention in 1888, but declined for business reasons. On the organ- ization of the Board of Trade of Bozeman, in ] 883, Mr. Cooper became its first president, in which capacity he served two years. In 1884 he was nominated by the Democratic district convention of the First judicial dis- trict, was elected to the constitutional con- vention as delegate at large, and was made chairman of the committee on privileges and elections. He was again nominated and elect'^d to the constitutional convention in 1889. on the admission of IMontana into the Union, and was made chairman of the com- mittee on appointment and representation. As chainnan of this committee Mr. Cooper reported and strongly advocated the adop- tion of the famous article giving one senator to each county. This article was bitterly op- posed by delegates from populous districts, but was ratified by the convention after a fierce struggle, became a part of the constitu- tion, and is thoroughly appreciated, especial- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ]y by the less populous counties, being con- sidered a safeguard against reckless legisla- tion, and serving to dignify the senate and render it a more conservative body. Mr. Cooper was selected by the state con- vention as a delegate at large to the National Democratic convention held at Chicago in 1892, was selected and served on the com- mittee on credentials, espoused the cause of the regular delegates, Henry P. Henderson and John T. Coign, of Utah, against the con- testing delegation backed by an influential club, in which contest Mr. Cooper developed rare qualities as a debater, showing, as well, a thorough knowledge of western affairs. The regular delegates were seated, and ]Mr. Cooper received a letter of thanks from the Utah Territorial Central Committee. Mr. Cooper was nominated as an elector on the Democratic ticket in 1892, and ran several hundred ahead of his ticket. He was elected president of the State Pioneer Society in 1892, serving two years, and was elected president of the Pioneer So- ciety of Gallatin county in 1893, serving one year. He served as a member of the legis- lature in 1895, and secured the pas.sage of an act which made possible the erection and equipment of the buildings now occupied by the Montana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. He was appointed by Governor Richards, in 1892, as a member of the local executive board of the Agricultural College, serving six years. In the business world, Mr. Coopers fore- sight, courage, and, above all. his tireless energy, have won for him a position in the forefront. His associates say he was never known to express a doubt in the ultimate success of any enterprise in which he was interested. When, in 1889, the city of Bozeman want- ed a supply of fresh water for fire protection and domestic use, Jfr. Cooper acquired the water right on Lyman Creek, organized the Bozeman Water Woi-ks Company, and caused the construction of the most perfect system of water works in the Northwest. He be- came vice president and one of the largest stockholders of the comjiany. In 1884 he secured control of the coal fields on Bockv Fork, and, together with Hon. Samuel Word, of Helena, brought about the building of the Kocky Fork & Cooke City Railway, and the development of this great coal field, with its limitless supply of the most excellent coal. From the inception of this entei-jirise to its completion, — covering a period of six years, — much of Mr. Cooper's time was occupied with it. As an enterprise bearing upon the general welfare of the state it will doubtless rank among the most important achieve- ments of the last decade, and its history from start to finish stands in pei^jetual ci'edit to the master mind of Mr. Cooper. As one fa- miliar with almost every detail of this enter- jirise, the writer regards Mr. Cooper's con- nection with it as Napoleonic. The difficul- ties surmounted, the energy displayed, and the benefits accruing to the state at large make it a memorable page in Montana's his- tory. Mr. Coojier has, among other things, de- voted some of his attention to mining. He organized and is president of the Bozeman Gold & Silver Mining Company. He was also instrumental in organizing the Bozeman Jlilling Company, operating one of th» larg- est flouring mills in the state, and of this he was its first president, as well as its largest stockholder. Mr. Cooper is identified with many other enterprises of a i)ublic and private nature. In politics he is a Democrat, and has taken a jirominent part in the councils of his party since the fonnation of Montana as a terri- tory, as well as rendering it and his beloved state valuable services whenever called on. Mr. Cooper took an active part in the political affairs which agitated Montana in 1898 and 19(10. He was one of the ]»rincipal factors in the conduct of the preliminary campaign which culminated in .seating the regular Democratic delegates at the Kansas City con- vention, July 4, 1900. Later he successfully conducted the preliminai-y contest against the Amalgamated Copper Company, and se- cured for the regular Democratic party the control of the state convention, and was made its chairman. He was elected by the convention chairman of the State Central Committee, and conducted the great cam- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. paijjn of 1000 against the united Republican and Independent Denioci-atio forces of Mon- tana, whicli wei-e bac ked by the Anialganiat ed Copper and Standard Oil Companies, re suiting- in a complete victory for the regular Democratic national and state tickets, and the election of a large majority of the state legislature, insuring the election of two Dem-- ocratic United States senators, as well as ac- complishing the complete overthrow of the Amalgamated forces, which have so long controlled ]\[ontana. He has earned and deserves the reputation of being a skillful leader of men, — an oiganizer whose magnet- ism, personal courage and unceasing activity have always won and merited approval. Time and again he has led his party to vic- tory, directing its movements with cool judg- ment and clever generalship. Mr. Cooper has a pleasing and engaging pereonality. He is exceptionally well in- formed upon all subjects, and takes a lively interest in the welfare of the state, for Mr. Cooper's predominating characteristic is loy- alty to his country. Tliere is no man proud- er of the American flag, more devoted to his country, or who feels like drawing himself to a greater height when he says, "I am an American, and from the state of Montana." HARE, William Hobart.— No man is more thoroughly identified with the progress and development of the great Noi'thwest than William H. Hare, D. D., S. T. D., bishop of South Dakota. His successful labors have been so largely in the Indian field that he has been called "The Father of Indian Missions" in that I'egion — not that he was the first to undertake the work, but because of the en- thusiasm and force wheh he brought to bear upon the work, the character of the fellow- laborers whom he rallied about him and the "boarding school" featui-e in missions to which he gave great prominence and which revolutionized the system of influence exert- ed, and made the results more permanent. His St. Paul's School for Indian boys at the Yankton Agency, was the first boarding school of anv kind for either race, erected within the limits of South Dakota. His labor in the white field is fully as significant. If he had no other monument than the All Saints" School for girls at Sioux Falls to in- dicate his interest in the state at lai-ge, it would be a worthy life achievement. He completed twenty-five years of service as bishop January 0, 1898, and this fact was commemorated at the general convention of that year when, in a joint meeting of the House of Bishops and of the House of Cler- ical and Lay Deputies, he was presented with a handsome silver loving cup, and a minute l)laced on record in which this language was used: "The difficult task of mediating be- tween the red man and the white he has discharged with consummate skill and tact. ***** j^Tpypp 3 sentimental apol- ogist for Indian crimes, he has been always and invariably a staunch upholder of Indian rights. The people and the government have learned to trust him as one who could be de- pended upon to tell them the whole truth." Bishop Hare was born, May 17, 1838, at Princeton, N. J., to which place his father had moved from Philadelphia to take the rectorship of the Episcopal church. His far ther was the Rev. George Enilen Hare, D. D., LL. D., a professor in the Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Phila- delphia, and a member of the American Old Testament Committee, appointed under the directiim of the Convocation of Canterbury, England, in 1870, to act with the English committee in revising the authorized version of the Bible. He was the nephew of the cele- brated Robert Hare, of Philadelphia, famous for his scientific attainments. Francis Hare, bishop of Chichester, England, 1671-174:0, was an ancestor. The American branch of the Hare family settled in Philadelphia in 1773. Bishop Hare's mother was Elizabeth Catherine Hobart, from whom he obtained his middle name. She was the daughter of Bishop Hobart, of New York, and through her mother, a grand-daughter of Rev. Thomas Bradbury Chandler, D. D., a distinguished churchman in colonial days. Tlie founder of the Ilobai't family in America was Edmund Hobart, who came from Hiugham, Norfolk HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. county, England, in 1633, to secure a more peaceful home than England then penuitted nonconformists to enjoy. He founded and named the town of Hingham, Plymouth county, Mass. He had eight sons, six of whom graduated at Harvard, the newly established university of the colony. Five of them entered the ministry, a profession which attracted the Hobarts in the old coun- try, also, the late Earl of Buckinghamshire, one of the family, being a clergyman of the Church of England, and a peer of the realm. The early education of the young bishop was obtained in the Episcopal Academy of Phila- delphia, a school managed after the prin- ciples of the great Arnold of Rugbj'. To the influences surrounding him in this school he traces the interest and faith whch he has shown and the methods which he has follow- ed in education. Here he won high honors. He then entered the sophomore class of the University of Pennsylvania, where lie took rank in the "first class of distinguished stu- dents." Failing health and want of means compelled him to withdraw from college at the end of the junior year. He secured a po- sition as assistant in a classical school and at the same time began his theological studies in the institution of which his father was the immediate head. It was founded by Uisbop Alonzo Potter, and is now known as the Episcojial Divinity School. Here he was brought into immediate contact with that high sense of the value of moral education, earnest faith in the fundamental truths of Christianity and broad-mindedness which characterized the founder and his coadjutors. June 19, 1858, he was ordained deacon by Bishop Bowman. May 2.5, ISG'2, Bishop Alonzo Potter ordained him priest. While deacon he was assistant minister of »St. Luke's church, Philadelphia, and then became rector of St. Paul's church. Chestnut Hill, Philadel- phia. He married, October 30, 1861, Mary Amory Howe, daughter of the Rev. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, I). D., afterwards bishop of Central Pennsylvania, and a woman of rare force and beauty of character. She died a few years after marriage, leaving a son, who is now Dr. Hobart Amory Hare, a professor WILLIAM H. HARE. in the noted Jefferson Medical College of I'hiladelphia, and the author of several well known standard medical works. In^l863, to seek a restoration of his wife's health, he went with her on a six months' visit to the great lakes of Minnesota, a visit which has a distinct relation to his settlement in after years in the great Noi-thwest. On returning he took charge of St. Luke's church, Phila- delphia, dui'ing the absence of the pastor. In 1861. he took charge of the church of the Ascension in the same city, and was later made its rector, and served in this capacity until 1870, when he was appointed secretary and general agent of the Foreign Committee of the Board of Missions of the Episcopal Church. In October, 1871, the House of Bishops elected Dr. Hare missionary bishop of Cape Palmas, and parts adjacent in West Africa. The House of Deputies, however, represented that his services in the office he held were invaluable, and induced the bish- ops to withdraw his nomination. In No- vember, All Saints' Day, 1872, the House of Bishops again elected him bishop, with the title of Missionary Bishop of Niobrara, a dis- trict ill Dakota Territory inhabited chiefly HISTORY (IF THE CHEAT NORTHWEST. by wild ludiaiis. After some hesitation be ai-eepted aud was consecrated in St. Luke's church, I'hiladclphia, January i), 1873. He received at the same time the degree of D. D. from Trinity and from Kenyon Colleges, and the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia College. liishojjHare entered upon his duty with char- acteristic zeal aud energy. He reached Yank- ton, Dakota Territory, April 29, 1S73, at an unpropitious time, for it was just after one of the most memoi-able storms ever known in Dakota. The ettects of it were seen in the carcasses of cattle which perished in it, and in the huge banks of still unmelted snow. Custer's cavalry, encamped near Yankton, had abandoned horses and camp equipment to seek shelter from the wild fui-y of the storm in the houses of the village. From Yankton the bishop passed up the river among the Indians and established himself at the Yaukton Indian Agency, where, be- fore the summer of 1873 was over, he had erected a stone building, which served as his home and a boarding school for Indian boys. He devised a light traveling conveyance, and snug portable tent and made himself famil- iar with his whole field, establishing mission posts and schools until the territory under his charge was well covered. At the Gen- eral Convention of 1883, hs jurisdiction was changed and extended so that it now in- cludes the whole state of South Dakota, with the Santee Indian Keservatiou in Nebraska. His title was also changed to Missionary Bishop of South Dakota. At a special meet- ing of the House of Bishops, February i, 1891, Bishop Hare was requested to go to Japan as its special representative to take charge of affairs there for six months or a year at his option. The Ghost Dance craze had disturbed the conditions in South Da- kota and he was reluctant to go away, but the unanimity of the House of Bishops, coupled with a statement of the needs of Japan and of the fact that the bishops "were moved to the choice of the Bishop of South Dakota in view of his special fitness for the delicate and important mission on which he was going at their bidding,'' overcame his scruples. He held this special commission for a year, making two visits to Japan and extending his second visit to the missions in China. Bishop Hare's administration has been marked by a great interest in educa- tion. Four industrial boarding schools for Indians, placed at different places in the In- dian country of South Dakota, testify to his efforts in behalf of that I'ace, and the All Saints' School at Sioux Falls — a boarding and day school for young ladies, which occu- pies one of the finest buildings in the North- west, with his cordial interest in the public school system of the country, is jjroof of his broad sjTupathy with general education. COMPTON, James.— In 1887, when a member of the state senate, Mr. Compton was appointed a member of a .special senate committee of three, to draw and submit a bill for the establishment and government of the Minnesota Soldiers' Home. By virtue of the bill then reported the present institution exists and is governed. It seems exceedingly appropriate now that he should be command- ant of the noble institution with which he was so closely connected at the outset, and that he should administer the rules and I'egu- lations founded upon the enactment which he was instrumental in providing. The gen- erous provisions of the bill only reflected his sympathy for his old comrades, and his ap- preciation of their sendees. Mr. Compton was born near Mead\ille, Pa., January 14, 1840. His father, William Compton, a farm- er in limited circumstances, was born in New Jersey and came to Crawford county with his parents about the year 1800. They settled near Meadville, and were among the first pioneers of that region. Mr. James Comp- ton's great-grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary War, while his grandfather and father were both in the war of 1812; his brother in the Mexican War. Mr. Compton's son, AVilliam G., it may here be added, serv- ed in Company C, Thirteenth Minnesota Regi- ment during the whole period of the regi- ment's service in the Spanish War in the Philippines. Since Mr. Compton himself HISTORY OF TIIK GREAT NORTHWEST. served in the W'av of the Rebellion, it will be noticed that the family has the reniarlv- able record of having one or more represen- tatives in every war in which the nation has been engaged. This certainly speaks well for the public spirit and patriotism of the Comptons. Mr. Conipton's mother's maiden name was Mary Buchanan. She was born in Pennsjlvania of Scotch-Irish ancestors. Young Compton received his early education in the common or district school. He then entered the Meadville Academy and prepar- ed for college. In 18C0 he became a student in Alleghany College and remained there un- til 18()1, when the war sijirit carried him into the army. He enlisted at the first opportuni- ty, April I'J, 18(>1, for three months — as the call for troops limited the term — in the Mead- ville volunteers. November 2, 1861, he re- enlisted at Chicago, 111., in Company (', Fifty- second Eegiment, Illinois ^'oluuteer Infantry. March 3, 1802, he was promoted to first lieu- tenant, and April 7, 18G2, he was made cap- tain. He served with the "Army of Tennes- see," and participated in nearly all of the battles of that army, from the capture of Fort Donaldson, in 18(52, to that of Savannah, Ga., in 18(il. He is a member of the Stanton Post, (irand Ai'mj' of the Republic, at Fer- gus Falls, and was Department Commander of the State of Minnesota in 1890. He is also a member of the Loyal Legion and was Senior Vice Commander of the Commandery of Min- nesota in 18'J!). He has served as colonel and aide-de-camp on the staff of Governors Hub- bard, Mc(iill and Merriam. It was in 1872 that he came to Minnesota and settled at Fer- gus Falls. The same year he assisted in organizing the First National Bank of Fer- gus Falls — the first and the oldest national bank northwest of Minneapolis — and became its cashier. He followed the business of banking at Fergus Falls until 18!J1. In the meantime he was county auditor of Otter Tail county from 1873 to 1877. He was elected to the state senate in 1882 and re-elected for another term of four years in 188G, making eight years' service. His efficiency as a mem- ber of the senate is indicated in some degree by at least two permanent and visible JAJ[KS COMl'TUN". acliicvements. He secured for Fergus Falls the establishment and building of the third State Hospital for the Insane. His promi- nent service tor the State Soldiers' Home has aheady been mentioned. I'resident Harrison appointed Mr. Compton, in 181)1, surveyor general of public lands for the state of Min- nesota, which position he held until 18115. Before his term of office expired he was ap- pointed assistant bank examiner for the state, which position he resigned, August 31, lUOO, to accept the responsible duties of com- mandant of the Minnesota Soldiers' Home, which office he now holds. He was married, September 25, 18GG, to Louise Gould, of Erie county, Ta. They have three children — Mary, married to Frank J. Evans, cashier of the Fergus Falls National Bank; Margaret, who is a kindergarten superintendent; William (i. Compton, the soldier ivf the Spanish War, as stated. In religion Mr. Compton is a niem- hei' lit the Presbyterian church. In j)olitics l:e is a Republican, "past and present,'' as he stales it. The honors which have come to him, his friends — and they are many — regard as only a natural tribute to the numly quali- ties characteristic of him in business and social life, as well as in public service. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. KOI5ERT G. MOUIMSOX. MOREISOX, Robert G., is of Scotch de- scent on both bis father's and mother's side. He was born at Blair's Mills, Pa., in 1860. His father was David Harbison Morrison, whose ancestors emigrated from Scotland to the north of Ireland in the beginning of the eighteenth century, where he was born and educated. He was then apprenticed in the old-fashioned way to learn the mercantile business. When a young man, having gradu- ated in the business, so to speak, he emi- grated to the United States and found his first employment in a wholesale house at I'hiladelphia, where he remained until he had accumulated sufficient to start in business for himself. This he did at Blair's Mills, Pa. In 1872 he moved to Morning Sun, Iowa, and opened a general store, where he has since successfully conduct- ed the business and become in very com- fortable financial circumstances. The maid- en name of Robert's mother was Margery B. McConnell, whose ancestors came from Scot- land and settled in Pennsylvania, with many others of the race, in a very early day. Rob- ert's grandfather was in the wiir of 1812, and later was a colonel of the Pennsylvania mil- itia. The family ranks with the oldest in the state. Young Morrison's education began in the country schools of the state of Pennsyl- vania. His instruction was continued in the common schools of Iowa — whither the fam- ily had moved — until he entered the high school at Morning Sun, Iowa, from which he graduated in 1870. The next year he spent in supplementing the high school course by studying Greek and Latin, to be prepared better for college. He entered the Univer- sity of Iowa in 1877, where he distinguished himself by his proficiency. He was elected president of the literar-y society and was placed on the program of exercises in two of the annual exhibitions of the society, and was still further honored by his associates in being chosen valedictoi-ian of the class for the "Class Day" exercises. He graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Ai'ts in 1882. In the fall of the same year he entered upon the study of law in the same university and graduated from the law department in 1883 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, which' admitted him to practice in all the state courts of Iowa and in the Lfnited States Dis- trict and Circuit courts. In 1890 he took the degree of Master of Arts from the Univer- sity of Iowa. He was also commissioned first lieutenant of the battery of the Iowa Nation- al Guards. In 1883 he moved to Minnesota and settled in ^Minneapolis, his present home, where he entered the office of Worrall & Jor- dan, and continued his study of law for an- other year. He then went into the employ- ment of the Western Union Telegraph Com- pany, in the business office of the company at Minneapolis, where he I'emained until 1880. when he opened an office to practice law on his own account. He continued this ja-actice for six years and then formed a pai-t- nership with Mr. Jayne, under the style of Jayne & Morrison. This partnership con- tinued for four years, dui-ing which time the firm built up a large and lucrative business in commercial and corporation law, especial- ly. On the dissolution of the partnership in 1896, Mr. Morrison resumed his practice alone, taking a more general practice. This he still continues, although commercial and corporation law predominates in his busi- ness. He has become a prominent citizen in HISTOKY OK THE GUKAT N( lUTIIWlOST. the best sense of the word, for he does not neglect his civic :ind social duties. He is an ardent Republican in jiolilirs; a iiicniluM- of the Westminster l.ilcrary ("lab, of which lie was elected first president; the treasurer of the Minnetonka Ice Yacht Club, and an ac five member of the ^yestmiuster Presb.v terian church. HAYCKAFT, Julius Everett, is an attor ney-at-law practicing- at Madelia, Minn. lie is a native of Minnesota and was born on a farm near Madelia August 26, 1871. His [)arents were well-to-do farmers and were early sc^ttlers, coming to the state in 18G1. His mother. Sarah I'. (Jolly) Haycraft, was born in Kentucky, as was Isaac Hayci-aft, the father of the subject of this sketch. They are both of English descent, their peo- ple coming to this country in an early day, locating in ^Maryland. The next generation went to Virginia, and their descendants were in turn seized with the migratory fever and came to Kentucky. The families next nmved to Illinois, and here the young i)eople were married. 'AVestward ho" was also their cry and they came to ^Finnesota nad located near Madelia. Isaac Haycraft was an ardent supporter of the Union and served in Com- pany F of the Second Minnesota Cavalry. Julius llayciaft was brought up on the farm and received a country school education He determined to bi'tter himself, and came to Minneajjolis to attend a business college. He then decided upon the law as a profession he would enjoy, and accordingly set out to become a lawyer. He entered the law office of Judge Cooley at Madelia, and under his supervision prejiared for the state bar exam- ination. He was admitted to practice in Oc- tober, ISnS, and in consequence of his oftice training was in a j)osition to start at once. In January, IS!)!), Mr. Haycraft and Mr. E. H. Either formed a partnership under the name of Bither & Haycraft and succeeded to the practice of Judge Cooley. The firm i)rac tices before all the courts and has succeeded in l)Milding up a lucrative i)ractice. Mr. Haycraft has taken an active interest In po- litical matters and is an ardent supporter of ■Tl'I.irs 10. IIAVt'I!.\FT. tile Re]iulilicaii pait\. He was aii])oiiited postmaster at Madelia in 18!)!) and still holds the position. Mr. Haycraft is a member of the Sons of Veterans and is a prominent*man in the order, and was from lS!t7 to 18!)!) a member, and secretary, of the council in chief of the national organization. He is a firm believer in the princijiles of the Masonic order and is a member of the lodge at Ma- delia, and has served as Master for three tcriiis, an unusual honor for so young a man. EDDY, Frank M.. of (ilenwood, Pope county, Minn., enjoys the distinction of be- ing the first of Minnesota's native born to represent her in either branch of congress, and he is now serving his fourth term as member of congress from the seventh con- gressional district. Mr. Eddy is essentially ii selfiuade man, and under any other form (if governiiienl his laleiils weiild have gtuie unrecognized and lie would iiol have been able In I'vcii secure a hearing. -Mr. lOddy comes from excellent <-oloiiial stock which has not deteriorated with ige. His father, Richard Eddy, was a farmer and teacher and was a son of Kichard Eddy, an American HISTORY OF THE GUICAT NORTHWEST. FKA.NK JI. EDDY. soldiiT ill the War of 1812. The great grand- father of F. M. Eddy wa.s previous to the KeTolution an officer in the British colonial armj'. He resigned his position, and at the outbreak of the war became a captain of a Khode Island company in the Continental arniv, and his commissions in both armies are now in the possession of a member of the Eddy family. Through his father's family on his mother's side Mr. Eddy can trace his lineage back to the youngest daughter of Roger Williams and through her to Pere- grine White, the first while child born north of Virginia. The mother of the subject of this sketch was formerly Mary Eliza Sand- born, a daughter of (1. T. Sanborn, a mem- ber of the 3rd Minnesota volunteers. Her ancestors also fought in the War of the Revolution. Her mother was a great grand- daughter of George R. T. Hewes, one of the leaders in the "Boston Tea Party." Frank M. Eddy was born April 1, 1856, at Pleasant Orove, Olmsted county, Minn., and his early boyhood days were spent near the same locality. He attended the village schools whenever he was able and worked in a brick yard in order to earn the money neces- sary to kec]) up liis studies. In 1SG8 he moved with his parents to Pope, returning to Olmsted county in 1873 to attend school. In 1878 he became a school teacher and taught country schools for several years. In 1880 he returned to Pope county and taught school, and has since continued to reside there. In 1883 he became a land ex- aminer or cruiser for the Northern I'acific railway. He was elected clerk of the dis- Iricl court in 1884, and held the position foi- ten years. He studied shorthand and also became court reporter for the Sixteenth judicial district. This position threw him in contact with people in all parts of northern Jlinnesota. Mr. Eddy aciiuired a thorough knowledge of the Scandinavian hmguage, and his studies have repaid him many fold in enabling him to carry on a po- litii-al canvass in a country district largely settled by Scandinavians. In 1894 Mr. Eddy received the nomination for congress in his district. At the time the office was tilled by a Populist and the district was normally against the Republicans, but Mr. Eddy won out. He has been re-elected at each election since, and in spite of determined efforts to defeat him has increased his lead on every occasion. Mr. Eddy's success as a campaigner has been remarkable and his powers of endurance are wonderful. Mr. PJddy is regarded as one of the strongest men in the Minnesota delegation, and is a close observer and a thorough student of mc^n and events, and his political future is deemed very bright. He is a Mason, a mem- ber of the Knights of Pythias and of the Sons of the American Revolution. He is a member of the Christian church, sometimes called Campbellites. He was married June 24, 1886, to Miss Frances Fraser, of Wash- burn, 111., and has a family of five children, Ruth, Joyce, Jessie, Richard Fraser and Frances Marion. \\'EISER, George Brosins, whose home is at New Ulm, Brown county, ]\Iinn., is a native of Pennsylvania, having been born at (ieorge- town, Northumbeiland county, Sei)tember 7, 1857. He adopted the profession of his fa- HISTORY OF THE GIIBAT NORTHA\'EST. ther, Charles S. Weiser, who was one of the best known physicians in Northnmberhind conutT, and a prominent man in the com- munity. His wife, George B. Weiser's moth- er, Sarah Brosins, was a native of George- town, and the adopted daughter of George Brosins, of tliat i)lace. He was a merchant and ])rominent liusiness man of that locality. The ^^'eiser family is of (ierman extraction, and sprang in this country from Conrad 'SAViser, who came from Gennany to Amer- ica and founded the German settlement in Berks county. Pa. He was a man of great force of character, whose sterling qualities have been liberally transmitted to his de- scendants. The settlement which he founded left the impression of its institutions upon a wide surrounding region, and its influence is still a living force in the commonwealth. Conrad Weisei* was apjtointed, by the colonial governor, an Indian agent. He learned the language of the Indian tribes, and, as inter- preter, he settled many disputes and made treaties with the Indians. ]?y his tact, firm integrity and sagacity, he won the confidence of the red men and exerci.sed more influence over them than did any man of his day, so that he saved much bloodshed in the valley of the Susquehanna. Young George had favorable surroundings. He was liberally educated in the public schools, and, when old enough, attended the Fi'eeburg Academy. From there he went to the Berrysburg Semi- nary, and finally took a complete literary course at the Sunbury Academy or Institute. His father died in August, ISOl, so he began the study of medicine with Dr. B. L.Kerchner, who had much of George's father's practice. After having finished his preparatory studies with his preceptor, he entered the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia — there is no higher grade school of medicine in the world — and graduated March 12, 1879. Dr. Weis- er also took a special course at the Philadel- phia School of Anatomy, and another at the Pennsylvania Disjiensary for Skin Diseases. These might propei-ly be called }>ost-gi-adu- ate courses, although they were pursued dur- ing his regular college course at the Jeffer- son. Immediately after graduating, he went GEORGE B. WEISER. to McKee's Half Falls, Snyder county, Pa., and began practice. He remained there until 1893, when he went to New Illm, Brown county, Minn., where he has remaiuea ever since, and has built up an extensive practice in surgerj' and medicine. In politics he is a Republican, and very early took an active jiart in public afl'airs. In Pennsylvania he represented Snyder county in the State Ee- I)ublican Central Committee. He was also elected coroner for the county, and served for three years. He was auditor of his town from 1881 to 1891. He is now a member of the board of education of New TUm, and in 1896 he was made county physician of Brown county. He is a mendier of the Brown Coun- ty Medical Society and the Minnesota Valley Afedical Society. He belongs to the Masonic order, and has served as Master of Charity Lodge, No. 98, and as High Priest of New TTlm Chapter, No. i57, and is a Sir Knight Tem])lar — belonging to Demolay Command- ers. New Tim. He is also a member of the Mode] II ^^'o(((llll(■ll of America, and the ex- amining iihysician of Harmony Cam]). He holds the same relations to the A. O. U. W'., Ilic (). D. H. S,. and the AV. C. O. F. He was HISTORY OF TIIK OUKAT NOUTIIWEST. married to Sarah C. Schoch, daughter of (leorse J. Scliorli, of Selinsgrove, Pa., «)c tober 2, 18!)0. They have one child: Kath- erine Georgia Wciser, born January 2, lltOO. STEELING, Thomas, is a hiw.ver practic- ing his profession at Redfield, S. D. Mr. Sterling was born in Faii-field county, Ohio, February 21, 1851. His parents belonged to the agricultural class, and were a sturdy, hard-working, independent people. Charles Sterling, his father, is a progressive fanner and in good circumstances. He removed from Ohio in 1S55 and located at LeRoy, McLean county, 111., where he now resides. He is of Scotch-Irish descent. His wife, Anna Kesler, is of German descent. Though Thomas had only the meager educational fa- cilities afforded by the district school, and was compelled to work on the farm during the spring and summer months, his teachers were for the most part of a splendid type and from them the lad received an inspira- tion to go beyond the limited training of a counti'y school. When nineteen years of age, he entered the Illinois Wesleyan Univer- sity at Bloomington, 111., and in order to earn the means with which to complete the course he taught for three tei-ms in the district school. During his term at college he was the winner of the sophomore prize essay, and was class orator on his graduation in 1875. He was a member of the Munsellian Literai>y Society of that institution. The two years following his gi-aduation he was principal of schools at Bement, 111., and devoted his leis- ure hours to reading law. In June, 1877, he entered the law office of Hay, Greene & Lit- tler, at Springfield, 111., for the purpose of taking uj) the study of the legal profession in earnest, and was admitted to the bar in June of the following year. He immediately began to practice at Sjjringtield in partner- ship with Joseph M. Grout, a fellow-student in the same office, and was city attorney of Springfield in 1881-2. The healthful climate and the prospc^ctive settlement and rapid de- velopment of the then Territory of Dakota attracted the young lawyer, and in October, 1882, he located at Northville, Spink connty, S. I)., where he at once engaged in the prac- tice of law and in the real estate business. In 1886 he was elected district attorney of Sjiink connty and in 1887 removed to Ked- ticld, where he has since resided. In Janu- ary. 1.8(»1, he formed a law partnei-shij) with Mr. AA'. A. Morris, under the firm name of Sterling & Morris, which continued until January, 1001. Mr. Sterling has succeeded in building uj) an extensive law jiractice, and is regarded as one of the leading lawyers of South Dakota. He has been engaged in a number of important civil cases affecting ]iublic interests, and relating to questions of procedure in the new state. He was made jiresident of the South Dakota Bar Associa- tion at its meeting in February, 1901. In politics he has always been a Republican. He was a member of the constitutional con- ventions of 1883 and 1889, and was chainnan of the judiciary committee in the latter con- vention. He was also a member of the first state senate in 1889-90, and served as chair- man of the judiciary committee in that body. In the following year he was a candidate be- fore the legislature, though not previously, for the United States senate. He was de feated by the combined Populist and Demo- cratic votes which were given to Senator Kyle. He is a member of the Masonic and .V. O. U. W. fraternities. His church con- nections are with the Congregational body. In 1887, he was married to Anna Dunn, at Bement, 111. She died in 1881. In 1883, he was again married, to Mrs. Emma R. Thayer, of Xorthville, S. D. He has one child. Cloyd Dunn Sterling. IIANNA, Louis Benjamin, is a resident of Fargo, X. D., where he is prominently connected with the banking interest of the state. He was born August 9, 18(;i, at New Brighton, Pa. His mother was Margaret A. Hanna, n6e Lewis, and was a descendant of a prominent French Huguenot family, that came to this country in an early day. Jason R. Hanna, the father of the subject of this sketch, although of Quaker descent, forsook HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. his principles for the sake of his country, and enlisted durinpr the ("ivil War in the 148d Pennsylvania Volunteers, and was lieuten- ant colonel of the reji;iment. He died shortly after the war as a result of the hardsliijis and exposure. The boyhood days of Louis B. Hanna were spent in Cleveland, Ohio, Pittsfield, Mass., and New York City, and he received an excellent common school edu- cation in the schools ot these cities. He came to Noi-th Dakota in 1881, when he was a young man of twenty, and for over a year ran a fann near Hope. He came to the con- clusion that farming was not to his liking, and in the fall of 1882 removed to Page, and engaged in the lumber business, which he followed until 1886, when, perceiving the op- l)ortunities ottered in banking, became in- terested in the State Hank of Page. He is now president of the bank and also president of the First National Bank of Cooperstown. He gradually became interested in other banks in the state, and in 1S99 removed to Fargo to become vice president of the First National Bank of Fargo. Mr. Hanna has had a varied experience in both mercantile pursuits and banking, and has come to be I'ecognized as an able man in the various lines of commercial activity. Mr. Hanna has always been a believer in the principles of the Bepnblican party, and has taken a promi- nent place among the leaders in North Da- Ivota. He was postmaster at Fargo from 1887 to 1894, and has represented the people of North Dakota in both branches of the state legislature. In 181)4: he was electwl a mem- ber of the house, and his ett'oi-ts were such that the people of his district rewarded him by electing him to the senate in 18!)G, for a four years' tei'm, and as senator he was inter- ested in much of the important legislation ))assed during his tenn. He served as chair- man of the Cass ('ounty Kepublican Central committee during the campaign of 1900. Mr. Hanna is a member of the Masonic order, and is still a member of the Hii'am Lodge, No. 20, at Page, of which he is a Past Master. He is a Eoyal Arch ]Mason, and a Knight Templar. He also belongs to the Scottish Rite bodies, and is a Shriuer, having joined El Zagel Shrine at Fargo. Mr. Hanna is an attendant of the Baptist church. He was married in November, 1884, to Lottie L. Thatcher, of North Adams, Mass., and has had a family of three children, Margaret, who died in 1S94; Jean E. and Dorothy L. DAKE, Arthur Newman, is a very promi- nent newspaper man and liepublican poli- tician residing at Elk Kiver, Minn., where he is editor and publisher of the Sherburne County Star News. Mr. Dare is regarded as one of the best exponents of country journal- ism in the state, and the opinions advanced in his editorials are widely quoted and com- mended. He was born in Jordan, Onondaga county, N. Y., May 25, 1850. Alfred Dare, his father, came to this country in 1838 from Wales, where the family can be traced back to as far as 1545. His occupation was that of a miller. He married Mary Matilda Allen, a native ot Vermont. The family came to Minnesota in 1807 and located in Minneapo- lis, ^'oung Dare received a good common school education is his native town iftd a few terms in the village academy. He enter- ed the emi)loy of the Minneapolis Tiibune and learned the trade of a printer. In 1807 a spirit of wandering seized him and he de- cided to become a sailor. He joined the crew of a whaling vessel from Bedford, Mass., and was gone for over two years, and had mimy exciting adventures in the Pacific ocean. He visited in many foreign countries and tinally decided to return to Minnesota, and located at Elk Hiver in 1874, where he was employed as a printer on a local paper. He became local editor for the Elk Kiver Star and pur- chased a half interest in the paper. The fol- lowing year he became sole owner. In 1870 he jturchased the Elk River News and con- solidated the two publications under the name of the Sherburne County Star News. Mr. Dare has always been a Republican and has ser\ed the party in many ways. He was chairman of the Republican County Commit- tw of Sherburne county from 1884 to 189(i. In 1894 he was elected to rei)resent his dis- trict in the state legislature: his work was lUSTOKY OI' I'HK GltKAT XCJRTIIWEST. ARTHUR ^'. DAUE. sucli that be was le-elwted iu IS'JS aud made speaker of the bouse for the session of ISlit), which i>ositioii he tilled with yi-eat credit to himself aud bis district. Mr. Dare was ap- pointed to take charge of the United States census of IDOO for the Sixth congressional district of Minnesota and made many new friends by the satisfactory way in which he pei-formed bis duties. Mr. Dare is a man who will be heard from again in political cir- cles, for his abilities are sucb that the peo- ple of tbe state will still further reward him. Mr. Dare was married in IIST.S to Susan May Albie, and he bas a family of three children, Dapbne D., Susan and Lawrence A. He is a member of Sherburne Lodge of Masons, and of the lodge of Elks at St. Cloud. CAMl'HELL, .James Cray., of Dickinson, N. D., is a native of Scotland. His father, Blair Campbell, was for many years a dealer in boots and shoes in tbe city of Edinburgh, and towards tbe close of bis life came to America. His wife's maiden name was Isa- bella Cray. The subject of tbis sketcb was born in p:diiil)urgli, and received bis earlv education iu that city. He emigrated to America when still a young man, and located at Cass county, 111. June 17, 18G1, be was luustered into the service of tbe United Slates as sergeant of Company F, Nineteenth Illinois Infantry. He served with tbat or- ganization and was mustered out with it at tbe end of its three years" term of service, at Chicago, 111., as captain of his company, tak- ing rank as such from January 2, 1863, the day when bis predecessor in command, the gallant Cai)tain Knowlton H. Chandler, was killed at the battle of Stone River, while leading his company in the charge of the Nineteenth Illinois upon the advancing en- emy in re.sponse to the call of General Neg- ley: "AMio'll save the left?"' — a charge which did save the left of Kosecrans' army and led to liual victory. Mr. Campbell then devoted himself to the study of law, and after his admission to the bar went to Michigan and began the practice of his profession. In the spring of 1882, he came west and settled in Stark county, N. D., taking up a government claim. He followed agricultural pursuits, however, for only the short period of two yeare, when he again turned his attention to the legal profession. He served as judge of lirobate and district attorney during terri- torial days, and since 188!), when North Da- kota was admitted to statehood, has served ten years in tbe oftice of county judge of Stark county. Judge Campbell was one of the three commissioners appointed to organ- ize this county. He is a Republican in poli- tics, and has been a member of that party ever since it was organized. His fraternal connections are with the Masonic body and the I. O. O. F. He is an adherent of the Presbyterian church. Judge Campbell was lirst married to Martha Hitchcock; two chil- dren were born, one died in youth, the other, Archibald James, now resides at Danville, 111. He was again married at Muskegon, Mich., to Alice Davis, and nine children have been born to them: Clyde Leith, Clenlyon Drysdale (died in infancy), Alice Isabella, Nina Lucy, Clarence Argyle, James Douglas, Clementine Corenia, lone Genevieve, and Theodore Blair. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. HALL, William Asbury. — It is not long since it was tbought necessary in the North- west to take any case requiring skillful sur- gery to some eastern city for a critical opera- tion to be performed. It would have been considered presumptuous to trust any sur- geon of merely local rejiute in any operation thought to imperil life. The establishment of hospitals and the accumulation of medical and surgical talent, fostered by the necessity of such skill, have changed all this. Some of the men who labor in this field have won a wide celebrity by reason of noted cases which they have successfully treated and managed, so that there is no longer a ques- tion as to the efficiency of the Northwestern medical and surgical service, both in hospital and private i^ractice. William Asbury Hall, the subject of this sketch, is prominent among the men who have wrought this change. He was born in Aurelius, N. Y., June 17, 1853. His father was a farmer in only moderate circumstances. His mother's maiden name was Mary Jane Caldwell. The paternal side of the family descended from the Fairfield branch of Halls, who came to this country from England in 1039, and first settled in Connecticut. They were active and conspicuous in the War of the Revolu- tion and the War of 1812. It was a family noted for its learning and scholarly work, ratlier than for its ability to accumulate property and great wealth. The maternal side of the house of Dr. Hall was of Holland- er descent from progenitors who came from Holland and settled in New Amsterdam — now New York — and afterwards spread into the celebrated Mohawk Valley, New York. Willam Asbury Hall received his primary education in the common schools, and his academic training in the Auburn (New York) Academic High School. He passed success- fully the literary examination of the board of regents of the l^niversity of the State of New York when only fourteen years of age. Two years later he began to teach mathe- matics and continued this work for three years, when he entered the office of Dr. A. S. Cunimings, of Cayuga, N. Y., and began the study of medicine. In 1872 he entered WILLIAM A. HALL. the Albany Medical College and graduated December 23, 1875. That his early, it might be said precocious, proficiency was maintain- ed in his professional studies seems certain, for he took the "Obstetrical I'rize" and re- ceived a special honorable mention for his graduation thesis on the subject, "Inflam- mation."' Immediately after graduation, though only twenty-two years of age, he re- ceived, after a competitive examination, the appointment of senior resident physician and surgeon of the Albany (New York) Hospital, where he remained until 1877, when he set- tled at Fulton, Oswego county, N. Y., and engaged in the general practice of his pro- fessiou. As a result of his thorough prepara- tion and his hospital experience, he soon so- cured a large practice. In 1881 he read a paper on "Uterine Fibroids" before the New York State Medical Society, and exhibited a specimen weighing three pounds and nine ounces, removed from a patient, per vaginum, by cutting through the cul-de-sac of Douglas, the patient recovei'ing. This was the second opeiation of the kind reported in medical literature, the first being done in lS7(i by Dr. Vanderveer, of Albany, N. Y., at which ope- HISTORY OF XilK . His father, Thompson McOleary, was an architect and builder. His mother's maiden name was Sarah McCutcheon. He at- tended the common schools and the high school of his native town, where his pains- taking study and hard work won him the respect of his teachers. From there he went to Montreal and entered the McGill Univer- sity, where his education was completed. He came to the United States shortly before coming of age, and settled in "Wisconsin. He entered here upon the vocation that he fol- lowed up to the time he received his election to congress. He began teaching school in that state, winning such respect for himself as a student and teacher that he was elected in the course of a few years to the superin- tendency of public schools of Pierce county. His active interest in teachers' institutes soon won for him considerable reputation as a champion of the newer and better methods of education, and the quality of his work stamped him as a man of mark. He was offered in 1881 the position of state institute conductor in Minnesota and professor of his- tory and civics in the state nonnal school at Mankato. This offer was accepted, and he held these positions until his entrance into the field of active politics. He took an ac- tive interest in educational work of all lines, and during his vacatiolitics Mr. Randall has always been a consistent and active Re- jmblican. In 1891 he was appointed post- master at Morris by President Harrison, and served in that capacity for one term. He has also served as a member of the state central committee, and as chairman of the Stevens county committee. He was married in 1882 to Miss Eudora Stone, of Morris, the youngest daughter of Hon. and Mrs. H. W. Stone. Mr. and Mrs. Randall have four chil- dren, Clarence, Ward, Frank and Martha. One child, Dorothy, died when less than two years old. The family have their residence EUGEN'E W. RANDALL. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST upon the state fair grounds at Hamline, a residence there being required by reason of his official ])()sition in connection with the state agricultural society. TROBEC, Rt. Rev. James.— It is practi- cally impossible, within the limited scope of a biographical work of this kind, to give any dear conception of the duties of a bishop of the Catholic church, or to form any esti- mate of the real services to humanity per- formed by this faithful servant of the reli- gion of Christ. That his influence for good is incalculable may be readily understood. Men who occupy such exalted positions are accorded this honor only when they have demonstrated eminent capacity for the great responsibilities of the office. Prepar- atory training of the most thorough and complete character, lasting over a long term of 3'ears, is the first and pre-eminent quali- fication for the man who seeks to enter the priesthood. Then follow a life of self-denial, a life of devotion to the spiritual and tem- poral needs of the people whose adviser and counsellor he has become by virtue of his office, the carrying of burdens to lighten those of others — these and many more are the crucibles in which the priest's soul is tried, and from which, if he emerge with strengthened moral fibre and increased men- tal power, he may rise to greater authority in the church and have larger responsibili- ties entrusted to his care. Rt. Rev. James Trobec, of St. Cloud, Minnesota, bishop of the diocese of St. Cloud, can truthfully be said to have filled all these requirements. He was born July 10, 1838, in Billichgraz, Carniola province, Austria, the son of Math- ew Trobec, a farmer, and Ellen (Pecovuik) Trobec. His early education was confined to two years' attendance at a parochial school in his native town. Later, he was sent to Leibach, in the same province, where he entered the seminary at that place. He remained ten years in this institution, re- ceiving a thorough preparatory training in the classical and philosophical course, and a partial training in the theological course. Early in the spring of 1864 he emigrated to tlie T'nited States and continued his theo- logical studies in St. Vincent's College, Pennsylvania. He remained here until the fall of the following year, wlien he came west and was ordained priest in St. I'aul, Minnesota, September 8, the same year. His first pastoi'ate was at Belle Prairie in Mor- rison county, Minnesota, — from October, 1865, to October, 1866. His next assign- ment was at AVabasha, Minnesota, as pastor of St. Felix church. He served his church long and faithfully in this field, his pastor- ate extending over a period of twenty-one years. In October, 1887, he was entrusted with the organization of a new parish, called St. Agnes parish, in St. Paul, Minnesota, and served as its pastor for ten years. Sep- tember 21, 1897, he was appointed and or- dained bishop of the St. Cloud diocese. Bishop Trobec has made many warm friends during his residence in Minnesota. He is greatly loved and admired by those mem- bers of his church whom he served as spir- itual father and counsellor for so many years, and who recognize his advance to the bishopric as a worthy recognition of his faithful service to the church and of his in- tellectual capacity. He is also highly es- teemed outside the sircle of his own reli- gious faith for the deep interest he takes in all charitable eftorts, as well as for his ad- mirable personal qualities and the high or- der of his intellectual attainments. FLETCHER, Loren, has represented Minneapolis in the United States congress since 1892, serving as a member of the house, from the Fifth district of Minnesota. He is one of the pioneers of the city of Min- neapolis, his connection with the city going back to 1856, when he brought his young wife to the little village then known as St. Anthony and established his home. He is a son of Capt. Levi Fletcher, who was a prosperous farmer living in the town of Mount \'ernon, Kennebec county, Me. Lor- en was the fourth son and he was born HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. April 10, 1833. He received a good eduea- rion in the village schools and two years at Kent's Hill seminary, a famous institution of that period. At the age of seventeen he started to learn a trade, but a short experi- ence as a stone cutter satisfied him that he would prefer a mercantile career. He ob- tained a position as clerk in a shoe store, where he worked for one year. He received but small wages, but with New England thrift, saved what he could and then decid- ed to make a start for himself. He sought new fields for his activity and came west, locating at Dubuque for a short time, and then at St. Anthony, arriving in the sum mer of 1,S56. He secured a temporary posi- tion as a clerk and then entered the employ of Dorilius Morrison, who was then carry- ing on an extensive lumber business. Young Fletcher had a varied experience, some- times in one place, and then in another, in the office, in the woods and on the drive, and then in the mills at St. Anthony Falls. In 18G0 he purchased an interest in a dry goods store, and in the following year formed a partnership which continued in various forms for over thirty-five years. The new partner was Charles M. Loring, and the firm was known as L. Fletcher & Co. They established a general store on the site of the old city hall and the business was carried on for over fifteen years at this stand. They dealt largely in lumbermen's supplies. The business extended to other lines; and at various times included lumber- ing, farm lands, city lots, government con- tracts, Indian supplies, pine lands and final- ly milling. The firm has been prominent in this line for many years. Tlu-y owned several mills, including the Calaxy and Minnetonka mill. Both members of the firm became quite wealth}' through their various ventures, and long since retired from active participation in business. Jlr. Fletcher has always been a Republican mid found time, in spite of his many duties, to devote himself to the public welfare. For nearly ten years he was a member of the lower house of the state legislaturr. lie served as speaker of the house for three LOREN FLETCHER. years, the last time elected by the unani- mous vote of the house, securing ^every vote of all parties, a rare instance of polit- ical favor in any state. His long service testifies more than words to the merit of his work. Mr. Fletcher retired from active })olitics for several years only to return as a candidate for the nomination for member of congress, and was the first member to represent Minneapolis when that city and Hennepin count}- were constituted a dis- trict. This was in lSi)2 and his long reten- tion in that much sought for place is a tes- timonial of his worth. Mr. Fletcher has been elected for five successive terms and has acquired a position among his col- leagues which enables him to be of especial service to his district. He is not much of a speaker but has a way of securing the passage of bills he is interested in, and this fact makes him a most valuable member. Mr. Fletcher was nuirried while in Maine to Miss Ameretta J. Thomas, of Hangoi-. She died in 1891', leaving Mr. Fletcher without :i family, as their only child died while quite young. HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST. WILSOX L. RICHARDS. RICHARDS, \\"ilsou L.— The career of Air. Richards, banker and stockman of Dick- inson, N. D., shows what niaj- be accomplish- ed in our newer states. He was boru, August 16, 1S62, near Louina, Ala. His mother was of Irish descent and her maiden name was Mary J. Lawson. His father was T. S. Rich- ards, and he came from an old English fam- ily. He naturally took the side of the South during the Civil War and served as an officer in the Confederate army, receiving a com- mission as captain in an Alabama regiment. After the war the conditions were such in Alabama that he decided to seek a new home where the prospects were better; accordingly he removed with his family to the frontier of western Texas, locating at Mineral Wells, whei'e he was for many years a hotel man, and became very well-to-do. Young Richards received only the primitive education afford- ed by the country schools of the South, and in all attended school but about one year. His further education has been obtained through experience and reading. He natural- ly drifted into the life followed by the boys of his locality, and when quite young entered upon the career of a cowboy. His work taught quick decision and self-reliance. Mr. Richards came to North Dakota in 1885 with a herd of cattle which he had helped to drive from Texas. He followed the life of a North Dakota cowboy until 1889, when his abilities were recognized and he became manager of a large cattle ranch for W. L. ('rosby, of La Crosse, ^Vis. He had an opportunity to learn the business side of ranch life as a working manager. In 1897 he decided that the time liad arrived to branch out, and so, in com- jiany with one other, started in tlie sheep business; but finding that cattle ranching was more to his liking, sold out, at a hand- some profit. He bought out his fonner em- jiloyer, and engaged in an extensive cattle business, and is known as one of the largest stockmen of his district. Mr. Richards has not confined himself to one line of business, but in 1900 organized the Dakota State Bank at Dickinson and has become a successful banker, and is president of the institution. He is interested in several ventures near Dickinson, and is looked upon as one of those who has contributed largely to the prosper- ity of the town. Mr. Richards came natural- ly by his belief in the destinies of the Demo- cratic party of North Dakota. He is one who belives that much pleasure can be found and many lasting friendships formed in se- cret societies, and is a leading member of the Masonic lodge at Dickinson. He was mar- ried, October 12, 1893, to Mabel E. Smith, and has two sons, Wilson Crosby Richards, born January 7, 1895, and Thomas Franklin Richards, born October 15, 1899. JORDAN, Charles Morison, Ph. D.— When it is understood that eight hundred and fifty teachei's are employed in the public schools of Minneapolis, and that they have thirty-seven thousand pupils in training, and the number constantly increasing for whom educational facilities must be provided — some conception may be entertained of. the labor and responsibility required to keep this vast educational organization running so as to be effective for the purpose designed. The man who has so successfully performed this HISTORY OP THE GREAT NORTHWEST. complicated work for nearly ten years is Charles M. Jordan, the superintendent of schools. By natural aptitude and traininjj; he has been able to acconijilish this task in a manner satisfactory to a large constituency. He was born at Eangor, Me., November 12, 1851. His father, Nelson Jordan, the son of Samuel and Kachael Humphrey Jordan, was a teacher for several years in western ^Maine, before he became a merchant, at Bangor, where he had a general store for six years. In 1851 he moved to Lincoln Center, and was engaged in fanning, lumbering, and manu facturing until 1S74, when he went to Somer ville, Mass. In 1877 he came to Minnesota, where he purchased and operated a large farm in the southern i)art of the state, until he came to Minneapolis, in 1881, where he li^ed the remainder of his days. He died ]\rarch 26, 1805. He was an energetic man and took an active interest in public affairs, atlliliating witli tlie Democi'atic jiarty in poli- tics, and in religion with the Universalists. Tlie Jordan family in America date from Rev. Robert Jordan, who came from Eng- land in Ifl.'IO, and settled at Richmond's Island, Me. Dr. Jordan's mother was a Morison. Her maiden name was Dorcas Staples ]\Iorison, boiii a( Livcrnmre, Me., December 12, 1826. She was the daughter of Samuel and Betsey Benjamin Morison, and also sister to Dorilus and H. O. G. Mor- ison, the well known early settlers of Minne- aiiolis. The IMorisons are descendants of William Morison, who came from Scotland in 1740, and settled at Bridgewater, Mass. The vigor, tenacity and practical sense of these races — English and Scotch — seem to be united in Dr. Jordan, and, — as a New Eng- lander might say — it has been improved by the New England atmosi)here. He obtained his early education in the district schools of Maine until old enough to go to academy — the stei)ping stone then, in New England, to all higher education. He spent one year at Westbrook Seminary, and tlien entered Tuft's College, where he graduated in 1877, taking the highest honor, the valedictory oration. On graduating he immediately made appli- cation for the position of jirincipal of the IIAliLKS M. jriKD.XX. Itangor, Me., high school. He secured the apjiointment in a competitive examination. Two years later the lower grade schools of the city were jilaced also under his^harge. In 1883, after six years of this service, he re- signed this position to accept the principal- ship of the Winthrop School of Jlinneapolis. In March, 1884, he started the East Side High School, and carried it on in the Adams school building. As if this were not enough, in 1886, in addition to his other work, he was made the supervisor of the evening schools of the city, and he continued this labor until he was elected superintendent of schools, for three years, by the board of education, in 18!)2. He was re-elected in 1805, in 1808 and in 1001. He received the title of Ph. D. from Tuft's College in 1802. In politics he is nominally a Democrat, but he never held nor sought a political office. He is the ])resi- deiit of the National Council of Education, and is a member of two Greek letter college fraternities— Zeta Tsi and the Phi Beta Ka]ipa. He is also a member of the Sons of the Revolution, and a Mason in the thirty-sec- ond degree. He is superintendent of the Sundav school of the Church of the Redeem- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST. er, belongiiifi to the T^niversalist bodj. May 7, ]S!)5, 111' was niairiwl to Miss Maude Grim- sliaw, dau;;litcr of IJobert E. Grimshaw, of J[iiin<'ai)olis. They have two childreu: Helen Doiras. boi-n February !•. 18110, and Mildred Salome, born Auj^ust 17, 1899. CKAWFORD, Gorie Isaac— The bust- ling events of a young state cannot fail to test the metal of the men who are active in its construction. There is a sifting process always in force in such a community which eventually winnows the chaff from the grain, the adventurer and charlatan from the men of substantial merit and serious purpose. Those who survive this ordeal, jiroving their stability of character, worth and ability, are the men who — as a painter would say — give tone and color to the in- stitutions of the embryo commonwealth, and a definite trend to its pi-ogress. Among the men of South Dakota who are typical of this character, Corie — usually contracted to "Coe" — I. Grawford, the subject of this sketch, must ever stand prominent by his sturdy qualities and notable achievements. He was born upon his father's fann in Allamakee county, Iowa, in 1858. He is Scotch-Irish on his father's side, and Irish- English on his mother's, both of Presby- terian faith. Giandfather and Grandmoth- er Grawford were Scotch, whose ancestors emigrated to the north of Ireland and were connected with the Ramseys, Fun- stons and McConnels, who came from the north of Ireland and settled in western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio immediately after the war of 1812. General Fiinston of Kansas, and of Philippine fame, is one of this family. Goe I. Crawford's father, Rob- ert Grawford, was a wagon maker and farmer, born in Ohio in 1828. He moved to Allamakee county, Iowa, in 1853 and opened up a farm. He was in comfortable circum- stances and raised a large family. He died in 1896. He was a sturdy man of unflinch- ing integrity, and a member of the Presby- terian church. In politics he was a staunch Republican, and a leading man in his county. He was for a number of years chairman of the Board of Gounty Gommissioners. His wife, Coe I. Crawford's mother, was born in Ohio in 1830. Her maiden name was Sarah Shannon. Governor Shannon, so well known in the early history of Kansas, was of the same family. Mr. Crawford's opportunity for educa- tion in early life was very meager, consist- ing of three months of schooling in the win- ter and occasionally a summer term of three months; these were ungraded, common country schools. When fifteen years of age he was permitted to attend the village school for one year, and thus made such ])rogress that he was prepared to teach. AMien he began to teach it was in the coun- try district schools. For this he received twenty dollars a month in summer and thirty-three dollars a month in winter, out of which he had to pay his board. He did the janitor work besides, gratis. He taught three years in Iowa and two in Ohio. In the meantime he studied hard in a private way, and read very extensively. He was assisted very materially in his study of Latin, Geom- etry and Literature by an educated phy- sician in whose family he lived for two years. After he quit teaching he secured a position as a field agent for a subscription- book publishing house of Chicago, and trav- eled extensively through New York, Ohio and West Virginia, for two years. The work was not (ongenial; in fact he detested it, although it was not without its value in after life. He left it to enter the law de- partment of the University of Iowa in 1881, from which he graduated in 1882. His pro- ficiency may be judged from the fact that ' he was made president of the Law Literary society, and was one of the speakers chosen for the commencement exercises. He also was awarded a share of a dividend prize for his written thesis. In 1883 he formed a I)artnership with Hon. W. H. Holiiian, for the practice of law at Independence, Iowa, whei-e he remained for one year. He then removed to Pierre, where he met with im- mediate success. His first case of any im- Iportaiicc was the defence of a poor German, HISTORY OF TIIK GltKAT NORTHWEST. charged with murder. Three men had come to his corral not far from Pierre, and en- gaged with him in a quarrel over some cat- tle. A light followed in which he resorted to a gun, killing one man and wounding the other two. Mr, Fawcett of Pierre, lately deceased, was Mr. Crawford's associate. They convinced the committing magistrate that their client acted in self-defense and lie was discharged. The next suit was a per- sonal Injury case which he prosecuted, ask- ing f 5, 01)0 for his client. It arose from the negligence of a telephone company in leav- ing a wire obstruction in the street. The first trial resulted in a compromise verdict, awarding his client only fifty dollars. A new trial resulted in a verdict of over three thousand dollars. On appeal to the su- preme court the judgment was affirmed. In 1885 Mr. Crawford formed a partner- ship with Mr. C. E. Deland, under the firm name of Crawford & Deland, which con- tinued for twelve years, during which time the practice was large and lucrative. Mr. Crawford was a leading counsel on one side or the other in nearly one hundred cases in the supreme court. The wide range and profound character of these suits may be seen in the Sixth South Dakota Territorial Report, and in the first ten volumes of the South Dakota Supreme Court Reports. Mr. Crawford was attorney general of the state of South 1 )ikota from 180.3 to 1897. He was admitted to practice in the supreme court of the Cnited States in 1893. During the years 1895 and lS9fi it became his duty to ]Mosecute the state treasurer and his bonds men and others charged with conspiracy to defraud the state. The suits were both civil and criminal; also to prosecute the commis- sioner of schools and jiublic lands for failure to distribute school funds. These cases were complicated with habeas corpus and extradition proceedings, writs of error and other intricate litigation, involving the most specious pleas that could be devised by the defense, supported by ample means. The cases were historic and among the most ex- citing events in the history of the young state. The parties so successfully prose- cuted were, many of them, personal friends and associates of Mr. Crawford in fraternal orders. He has been strongly commended for his unswerving fidelity to the interests of the people of the state in these arduous and prolonged litigations. The prodigious labors connected with them nearly ruined his health. In 1897 he accepted the posi- tion of attorney for the Chicago & North- western railway for the entire state, and moved to Huron, where he now resides, still engaging in the general practice of law, al- though the railway is his principal client. He was president of the State Rar asso- ciation of South Dakota during the year 1899. Mr. Crawford has no military record, for he was too young for the Civil war and too old to enlist for the Sj)anish war. He lias, however, a brother, Robert T. Craw- ford, a first lieutenant of the 42d Regiment I'. S. Volunteers, now in the Philippines. He has always been a Republican. He was state attorney for Hughes county from 18SG to 1888; member of the last legislature of the territory of Dakota, that which con- vened at Bismark in 1889; member of the first South Dakota state senate, 1889 and 1890 at Pierre, the new capital ; in 1892 elect- ed attorney general of the state, and re- elected in 1894: by the largest majority of any candidate on the ticket. He was nom- inated for congress in 1896, but the wave of free silver and populism rose to high tide that year, and the Republican electors, mem- bers of congress and candidate for governor were defeated by small pluralities ranging from fifty to three hundred and fifty. He made in that, the greatest political conflict in the history of the state, one hundred and three speeches. Since then he has with- drawn from active work in politics, al- though still staunch in the faith. He is a Mason and a Knight Templar, and a mem- ber of the Presbyterian church. He was married in 1884 to ^Sliss May Robinson, daughter of Levi Robinson, a lawyer of Iowa City, Iowa. She died in 1894, leaving two children, :Miriam, now fourteen years of age, and Irving, eight years old. In 1896 he was married to Lavinia Robinson, of the same family, at Iowa City. They have also a child, Robert, now two years old. HISTORY OF THE GRIOAT NORTHWEST. ALBEUT A. AMES. AMES, Albert Aloiizo, who enjoys the distinction of being four times mayor of Min- neapolis, and who, when his party was thought to be in a hopeless minority, reduced the usual overwhelming majority of tens of thousands to 2,G()0, is beyond question the best known man in the state. His personal following is unequalled. There must be some reasonable foundation for his remarkable popularitj'. It cannot be an accident when it has stood so many public tests, extending over so many years. He came to Minneapolis with his parents in 1852, before the place had a name, and when it was a part of the Fort Snelling reservation. He was then only ten years old, and it may be fairly said that he has been in the "public eye'' ever since, although for some years absent from the city. He was born at (Jarden Prairie, Boone coun- ty, III., January 18, 1842. His father, Alfred Elislia Ames, was a physician. He came to Minneai)olis, as mentioned, and he had a fam- ily of seven sons, of whom the many times mayor was the fourth. Young Ames was a boy of great energy and an apt pupil. He was educated in the juiblic schools and grad- uated at the high school — then on the square occupied by the new court house — when six- teen years old. In the meantime he had secured employment in a ]irinting ottice, and, among other duties, served the paper, the Northwestern Democrat, published by Major \\'. .\. Hotchkiss, and the first published in .Miiiiicaj)olis proper, that is, on the west side (if tlie river. The office, still standing, was cm the southeast corner of Third street and Fifth avenue south. Here the dashing young- ster earned his flrst dollar. In 1858 he be- gan the study of medicine and surgery with his father. He then attended two prelimi- nary courses and two regular courses at the Kush Jledical College of Chicago, and gi'adu- ated, when only twenty years of age, with the degree of M. D., February 5, 1862. He returned to Minneapolis in August of that year and began to practice, but his ardent patriotism led him into the Civil War. There was an urgent call for troops. He enlisted as a pi'ivate soldier and heljied to organize Company B, of the Ninth Minnesota Volun- teer Infantry, and was made orderly ser- geant. The regiment was given a furlough of fifteen days to prepare for going to join the army. Owing to the Indian uprising the furlough was rescinded and the regiment was ordered to gather forthwith for active duty. Anns were distributed and young Ames re- ceived his, with the rest of the company which he mustered. He still keeps that musket as a trophy. Shortly afterwards he Avas commissioned as assistant surgeon of the Seventh Minnesota Volunteer Infantry, and served with his regiment during its term of senice, being promoted to full surgeou in 1801. when only twenty-two years old. He returned to Minneapolis after military serv- ice terminated, but in 18G8 he went to Cali- fornia, by way of the isthmus. Here his early taste for newspaper work came back to him, and he became the managing editor of the Alta California, one of the leading i)apers of the Pacific coast. In 1871 he returned to Minneapolis on account of his father's sick- ness and has been a resident of the city prac- tically ever since. He was always interested in public affairs, and has taken an active part in many campaigns. He is a forcible and convincing public speaker. In 1867 he was HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. elected to the legislature from Henuepin (Oimty, on what was called the '•Holdiers' Ticket," the success of which was due large- ly lo his personal popularity. In 187(5 he was elected mayor of Minneapolis, and because of the celebration that year of the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Indepen- dence, he has jjassed into history as the "Cen- tennial Mayor." He was elected again in 1SS2 and once more re-elected in 1886. He was nominated for governor the same year, on the Democratic ticket, and reduced the cu.stomary Republican majority, as already mentioned. He was also nominated for con- uress and for lieutenant governor, but the large adverse majority was too strong to be overcome. Dr. Ames' position in politics seems to have been misunderstood. -The prin- cipal plank in his platform has always been "the rights of the people." He has been in- dittereut to the party designation, preferring lo go for the substance, rather than the name. Ills sympathy for what is called the masses has always been pronounced. That is the key-note of his apparent change of party. In 188G he induced the Democratic party to declare in favor of building a Soldiers" Home. This was the first public movement in the state for this purpose. When subsequently it was built. Dr. Ames served as surgeon of the institution for many years. In 1900 he was nominated by the Republican par- ty for mayor of Minneapolis, and was elected, this being a fourth term. His election was notable, and will always be a land mark in political progress, because, for the first time, the nominations were made by a direct vote of the people, and not by party conventions. It was the first application of what is called the new "pri- mary election law." It was therefore a di- rect i)ractical test of Dr. Ames" principles. Dr. Ames is interested in fraternal societies, and is prominent in several of the leading brotherhood orders. He is a Mason and has been Master of Hennepin Lodge, No. 4; High I'riest of St. John"s Chapter, No. 9 ; Eminent Commander of Zion Commandery, No. 2, Knights Templar, and Grand Generalissimo of [he Grand Commandery of Minnesota. He has been also Chancellor Commander of Min- neapolis Lodge, No. 1, Knights of I'ytliias; Grand Chancellor of Minnesota, and Supreme Representative to the Supreme Lodge of the AVorld. He was on the charter list of No. 41, IJenevolent and I'rotective Ordei- of Elks, the tirst lodge of the Northwest, and he was its first Exalted Ruler. He is a member of G. N. Morgan Post, No. 4, Grand Army of the Republic. BURNETT, William J.— The first busi- ness industry cifiried on in the Northwest was the trade in furs. Although the char- acter of this industry has greatly changed since the days when the traders trafficked with the Indians for the furs of the various animals which then roamed the forests in large numbers, it still confines to be an im- portant adjunct to the commerce of the larger cities. One of the most prominent and successful enterprises in this and allied lines is the Northwestern Hide and Fur Co|u- pany of Minneapolis, of which >Villiam J. liurnett is manager and proprietor. Mr. Bur- nett was born in 1843, at I'iltsburg, I'a. His father, Mrgil Justice Burnett, was engag- ed in the grocery business in Newark, N. J., but the panic of 1837 swept away his fortune, and after a vain endeavor to realize on his accounts he started west with his family to begin life anew. It was while they were en route that William J. was born at Pittsburg. The family remained here a short time, Mr. Burnett, who was a carriage blacksmith by trade, working at his handicraft in order to earn money to pursue their journey west. They came by boat from Pittsburg to \'in- cennes, then by canal to Terre Haute, Ind. On arrival here the father had but fifty cents left, but by his industry and skill at his trade he was soon in comfortable circumstances. He became prominent in the atlairs of his own community, was elected to the state leg- islature in 185(i, and was one of the most earnest advocates in favor of the passage of the famous Indiana liquor law. He was also one of five to found the free schools of HISTORY OF TUR OHKAT NORTHWEi^T. WILLIAM J. BURNETT. ludiiiua. He died iu 1838, honored by all who knew him, and sui'vived by his wife (Harriet S. Burnett), six boys and two girls. Mrs. Burnett is still living in the enjoyment of full health and vigor up to the advanced age of 93. The Burnett family is of Scotch- English descent on both sides of the house, and on the paternal side is presumed to be closely related to that of Bishop Burnett. The subject of this sketch came to Minneap- olis November 22, 1890, and established the Northwestern Hide and Fur Company, at 417 Main street southeast, as dealers in hides, furs, wool and tallow. In the fall of 1895 the property at 407 and 109 Main street, where the firm now conducts its business, was purchased. From the first this firm has en- joyed an unusual degree of success. It estab- lished most favorable relations with produc- ers throughout the Northwest, and does an extensive business as dealers, jjaying cash for all consignments on arrival. These con- signments are disposed of to the large manu- facturer and export buyers. A most im- portant feature of the business is the trade in North American fur skins, the firm having exhibited great enterj^rise in sending men Ihrougliout the Northwest to place it in close touch with the trappers of the wild regions to the north. Another important kindred interest conducted by this firm is sheep dip. They are the sole agents in the United States for the celebrated Highland sheep dip manu- factured bj' Alexander Robinson, of Oban, Scotland, and are also the Northwestern agents for E. S. Burche's wool gi'owers" sup- plies. This feature of the business is being rapidly built up and agencies have been es- tablished in various cities and sheep-growing districts throughout the United States. The gratifying success of this firm is largely due to the progressive methods pursued by Mr. Burnett in the conduct of its business, and to a number of valuable devices of his own in- vention pertaining to the hide and fur trade. He is acknowledged as one of the be.st in- formed men on hides and furs in this country, and a "Hunters' and Trappers' Guide," which he published, and which is now in its sixth edition, is a leading authority on this subject. Mr. Burnett was selected by the Minnesota state commission to collect and make the wool exhibit at the Trans-Mississippi Exposi- tion at Omaha. His skill and good judg- ment was evidenced by the fact that this ex- hibit received the highest award, a gold medal. In June, 1888, Mr. Burnett was mar- ried to Miss Alida Suits, of Huron, S. D. They have one daughter, Harriet Alida, aged ten. COOLEY, George ^Vashington.— The men who are making the northwest are so busy with the work in hand that little atten- tion is paid to the historical value of what they are doing. Men yet comparatively young have laid the foundations of enter- prises and institutions and set in motion in- fluences of great enduring value, with no thought of future fame or renown as found- ers or originators. But the time is coming when the part they have acted will be conned with great interest by those who have profited by the labor of these piopeers. The first schoolhouse, the first church, factory, mill, bridge, courthouse or railroad is a land-mark of progress that will grow in interest as years pass on. The men instru- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. mental in projecting and bnilfling it will be- come the heroes of subsequent generations, for thev have made history. Among those who have had the good fortune to link their names with these landmarks, the civil en- gineer stands foremost, and of these none have been in closer relation to these initial enteri)rises than the distinguished engineer, Geo. W. Cooley, the efficient county survey- or of Hennepin county, Minnesota. Mr. Cooley was born in New York city in 1845. His common school education was supi)lemented by a course at the Cooper In- stitute, the well known institution founded by Peter Cooper, the successful business man and philanthroi)ist. Mr. Cooley's prac- tical professional training began in the field as chainman and sub-assistant on railroad surveys. He may be said to have graduated in the practical school of the field, than ^\liich there is none better. In 1864 he came to Minneapolis and en- tered the employ of the St. Paul and Pacific — now the Great Northern — railroad, as as- sistant engineer on surveys. He drove the first stake of that great system west of the Mississippi, a notable incident. After two years" service in this capacity he opened an engineer's and surveyor's office in Minneap- olis. Here he took in a wide range of work. He was not only identified with all the local surveys, of which, in a new city, of necessity there were a great many, but he engaged in professional work throughout the north- west and south from Texas to Oregon and Washington. In 1870 he became the assist- ant engineer of the Northern Pacific rail- road and first constructing engineer of the system. He was also, for several years, the assistant engineer on the Falls of St. An- thony and sclent one winter on the improve- ment of the ^Minnesota river, for the United States government. Since 18GG ilr. Cooley has been an active man in his pi'ofession, yet he has not ig- nored his duty as a citizen, nor his social obligations as a man. He has always been a Kepublican in politics. In 1884 he was elected an alderman from the Eighth ward of the city of Minneapolis, one of the most influential wards in the city. Mr. Cooley made a brilliant record in his service. He originated the system of underground elec- tric wires for the city, and secured the pas- sage of the ordinance through the council. He was also one of the originators and pro- moters of the "patrol limit" system for the regulation of the licjuor traffic, one of the most beneficent systems ever devised for controlling the evils of licensed saloons. These two measures alone would entitle Mr. Cooley to distinction and honor, for they show a high order of foresight and original- ity, as well as public spirit and legislative capacity. He was I'enominated on the Re- publican ticket for county surveyor of Hen- nepin county, Minnesota, in 1000, after a warm contest under the new primary law, and was triumphantly elected at the polls in November. Mr, Cooley is a member of the Masonic order and is prominent in the fraternity. In 1872 he was married to the daughter of the late R. E. Grimshaw, and has six children. He is highly esteemed socially, as well as in his profession, and bears his honors with the modest dignity becoming a successftil man of affairs. SNYDER, Harry, Professor of Agricul- tural Chemistry in the University of Minne- sota, was born January 2(i, 1867, in the town of Cherry Valley, Otsego county, N. Y. His anci'stors were among the original settlers of the Mohawk Valley, and many of them participated in the French and Indian and Revolutionary AVars and the War of 1812. His mothers maiden name was Mary Ann Harter. She was of Gennan-Dutch descent. His father's ancestors were of English-Ger- man exti'action. His father, David W. Sny- der, was a carpenter and farmer, and a man of much mechanical skill and natural ability. He was educated at the old Cherry Valley Senunary and taught school for a number of years. In later years he was superintendent of bridge and wood work construction of the Herkimer, Newport & Poland Railroad. HISTOIIY OF TIIK GRIOAT XORTHWEf^T. liAltltV SNYDKU. The subject of this sketch attended the counti'.v school, Saltspriuyville, Otsego coun- ty, N. Y., and hiter the graded school at Hei- kimer, N. Y. After working two summers in a grocery store and a .year in a printing office he entered the Clinton Liberal Institute at Fort Plain, N. Y., where he prepared for college, and in the fall of 1885 entered Cor- nell University. At the end of the first two yeai-s of college he was appointed private as- sistant to Dr. Caldwell, the head of the chem- ical department of the university, a position heictofore always held by a graduate stu- dent. While serving in this capacity, Mr. Snyder was engaged mainly with the analy- sis of foods, drugs and farm products. Thus he became thoroughly familiar with the lab- oratory methods of instruction and investiga- tion, particularly along the lines of agricul- tural chemistry, a subject not then generally taught in American colleges. He graduated in 188!) with special honors in chemistry, and was appointed to the position of instructor at Cornell. A year later he was appointed assistant chemist of the experiment station at that institution. His work in this jjosition was mainly along Ihe line of milk investiga- tion and animal nutrition, in I8!tl he came to Minnesota to accept the i>osition of chem- is! at the Minnesota Experiment Station, and was a]i])ointed to his present i)osition the fol- lowing year. He has been engaged in in- struction and research work along agricultu- ral lines and has been employed as an expert in nutrition investigations by the United States Department of Agriculture. He has pul)lished thrive text books: The Chemistry of Soils and Fertilizers, The Chemistry of Foods, and the Chemistry of Dairying. These works are used as text books in many lead- iiiu agricultural colleges and schools. He has also published a large number of bulle- tins covering a number of topics. Some of his bulletins and reports have been trans- lated and published in the French, German, Italian and Russian scientific journals. He has contributed a number of articles to chem- ical journals and to leading agricultural pa- pers. His work in soil and food investiga- tions has been of the highest value to the farmers of the Northwest. As the results of careful experiments he has shown that it is possible by adopting proi)er methods of farm- ing to conserve the fertility of the soil, and at the same time i)roduce large yields of grain and other fann products. His work in foods has shown how it is possible to make the best economic use of farm crops after they have been produced. The studies that have been made of Xorthwesteni wheat and flour by I'rofessor Snyder have been of the highest value, and they have assisted materially in establishing the fact that Northwestern wheat and flour have the highest food value of any that can be grown or manufactured." He is a fellow of the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, a mem- ber of the American Chemical Society, and the Society for the Promotion of Agricul- tural Science. He is also a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, the I. O. O. F. and the Royal Arcanum. He was mari-ied in 1890 to Miss Adelaide Churchill Craig, daughter of Rev. Dr. Austin Craig, formerly president of Antioeh College, Ohio. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. VAN SANT, SamiR'l R.— Miimesota, the largest state of the gn^at Northwest, the "reatest in i)opulatioii, wealth and natm-al resources, has for f;overuor a man whose suc- cessful career is an inspiration to every younji' American of the United States — Samuel 1{. ^"an Saut. This is not liecause he is oiiitcd superinlendeni of the boatyard where ho learned his trade — no small compliment to A young man of his years. Later, in connec- tion with his father, he bought l lie same l)oat- building business and carried it on. The fa- ther and son built the tirsi laige-si/,ed raft- SAMUEL It. VAN SANT. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. boat constructed exclusively for the lumber rafting- business. The success of the first venture led to the construction of others by them, and since that time the Van Sants have been actively engaged in rafting and lumbering on the Mississippi river. In the spring of 1S83, Samuel R. Van Sant, for the better facilities for managing the interests of the Ann's business, came to this state and made his home at "NV^inona, Minn., where he still resides, although liis otTicial residence will, while governor, be at St. I'aul. ^A'ith the same public spiiit and energy always ex- hibited, he immediately identified himself with all the public affairs of his new home, just as every active citizen should. He has always been a consistent Republican. His neighbors liked him, and he was elected alderman of the city. T'hen they made him a member of the legislature, in 1S92. He filled tJie position so satisfactorily that he was reelected in 18!)4. Then the legislature had such an estimate of him that he was chosen sjieaker of the house. At home we was twice (Vimmander of John P>all I'ost, (irand Army of the Rejiublic. He has taken great interest in this philanthropic organiza- tion, and he legards its honors second to none in the gift of the people. In 1804 he was chosen Senior \'ice Commander of the Department of Minnesota. In 1895 he was made Commander. Such was his fidelity to his duties that he traveled over twenty thou- sand miles visiting posts, attending reunions, celebrations, establishing new posts and mak- ing iiublic addresses. He was elected gover- nor of Minnesota in 1000. His genial nature and aptitude for social life is indicated by his fraternal associations. He is a Mason, mend)er of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, of the Veteran Masons, of the Elks, of the Woodmen, and of the Sons of the American Revolution. In 181)8 he was mar- ried to Ruth Hall. They have had three chil- dren, only one of whom survives. Grant Van Sant, a graduate of the Law Department of the University, and now jirarticing his pro- fession. WILLI Ajr It. KOIKiEIiS. RODCERS, William l!;iker.— It has been truly said tlu'.t the weslern states are the young nmn's paradise. Opportunity, for w liiili a man may wait for years in the thick- ly populated centers of the east, is always at hand, and if the one that grasps it is made of the right material, his success is assured. William R. Rodgers, although a young man of thirty-five, has for over two years occu- [lied the responsible position of United States District attorney for the District of Mon- tana. The Rodgers faiiiiiy comes from tlii' good old Scotch-Irish stock, so well known in this country. John White Rodgers was an Illinois faioner in good circumstances; lie was a man of firm convictions and was deeply interested in public affairs. He mar- lied Margaret Elizabeth Gillenwater, a daughter of one of the early pioneers of Illi- nr)is. One of their children is the subject of this sketch, William Baker Rodgers, born January 7, 1803, in Coles county. 111. lie grew ujt on the farm and attendi'd a country school when his work was such as to permit. He also received much instruction from his mother, who was well educated, and devoted HISTORY OF TIIK GItKAT NOKTHWEST. iiiiicli tiiiu' to the wirly traiiiiug' and cdiica- tioii of Ir'i- cliildien. lie excelled as a de- batei- in srhool contests, and in fact, he at- tribntes much of his subsequent success as a lawyer and public speaker to the earlv traiuinj; obtained at that time. He deter- mined to secure a collejie education and to become a lawyer, and accordingly entered Lincoln University at Lincoln, 111. He was obliged to attend college a year and then teach a year in order to secure the necessary funds. Mr. Eodgers attended the law de- partment of Cumberland Univereity, at Leb- anon, Tenn., and was graduated in 1891 with the degree of Bachelor of Law. The young attorney decided to locate in Montana, and opened an oflBce at Phillipsburg. In 1892 he formed a partnership with his brother, Hiram AV. Rodgers. The firm bad offices at Phillipsburg and at Deer Lodge, the county seat. Subsequently the county seat was i-e- moved to Anaconda, and the firm removed to that place, whei'e the business is now car- ried on. The brothers have been very suc- cessful, and have engaged in most of the im- portant litigations in that locality for several years. Mining and water right law has naturally been their specialty, although not exculsively. Mr. Rodgers has always been a staunch Republican, and back at his home town in Illinois was elected tax collector when barely of age. He took an immediate interest in Montana politics, and within one year after his arrival was elected county at- torney of Deer Ix)dge county, although the county was nonnally largely Democratic. Mr. Rodgers made so favorable an impres- sion that in IS94 he was elected as joint rep- resentative for the counties of Deer Lodge and Missoula in the state legislature, and served on several important committees in- cluding the judiciary, and as chainuan of the committee on state boards and otfices. The year 1896 saw the Republican party in Mon- tana badly disrupted by the silver question, but Mr. Rodgers remained a loyal worker and did his best to preserve the party and its organization. In 1897 he was appointed Assistant United States Attorney for the District of Montana, and in 1898, upon the expiration of the term of Mr. Preston H. Leslie, a DeiiHic rat. Mr. Rodgers was ap- jioiiited to succiH'd liinj, and now occupies the position with much credit to himself. Mr. Rodgers is a member of the Alpha Taw Omega college fraternity, and of the Knights of I'ythias. He is also a Royal Arch Mason. He was married June 17, 189(i, to Miss Alice Knowles, of I'etersburg. 111., and has one child, ilargaret Elizabeth Rodgei-s. HO AG, William E.— In 18.55 the great Northwest, which was attracting so many of the sturdy sons and daughters of New Eng- land, gave a home to Milton .John Hoag and his young wife. Catherine Everitt Hoag (n^e Ricketson) in the form of a quarter section of land in Fillmore county, Minn. The am- bition to establish a home of their own led them to leave ancestral homes in central Xew York state and "seek their fortune" in the west. Here were born to them three children, Ida May, in 185G; William Ricketson, in Feb- ruary, 1859, and Minnie Ann, in 1861. The subject of our sketch began his edu- cation in the district school, which was con- fined to the winter tenn after he became old enough to help with the faion work. In his school work he early developed a fondness and cajjacity for mathematical studies which later became of great service to him in his professional work. His father, after twenty years of success- ful fanning, during which he was recognized as a leader in progressive farming, in mat- ters of education and all questions of public interest, mo^ed to Rochester, where he de- voted himself to the nursery business to which his early tastes and training directed him. Here the son took his high school coui-se with exceptional credit, a pleasant interrup- tion to it being a visit to the Centennial Ex- I)osition at Philadelphia in 1873. So successful was this gather- ing that it was resolved to make it a perma- WILI.I SM K. HO.\(i. neut, national organization, and it continues as the Society for the Promotion of Engineer- ing Education, with I'rofessor Hoag a promi- nent worker. In 18!»2 he was appointed state topograph- er by the board of regents of the university. In connection with the government work he jirosecuted a system of secondary triangula- tion and levels which will furnish absolute control for the state topographic survey when the work is resumed. Two seasons have bcH^n spent as a com- missioner and engineer of the State Drainage Coinmission in the supervision and stud}' of state drainage ijuestions relating especially to the Ked river valley. A valuable report at the conclusion of this work attests the ability with which these studies were prose- cuted. A fair measure of honors have fiiilen to the lot of Professor Hoag. Upon the estab- lishment of the Phi ISeta Kajjpa honorary society at the university he was the only graduate of the College of Engineering to whom luembershi]) was accorded. He was one of tlie four original members establish- ing I he Sigma \'i scientific honorary societj" HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. at the universit.y, he having received his membership at Cornell University while there pursuing graduate studies. At the Columbian International Exposi- tion Mr. Hoag was a member of the jury of award and worked exclusively with instru- ments of jjrecision a class in which his close study and professional work especially fitted him. This honor was repeated in still fuller measure by his appointment to similar duties at the Paris Exposition in 1900. He was one of two jurors from the T'uited States sitting with the general jury judging instruments of precision and medals. The fidelity with which the interests of exhibitors from this country were guarded in his class may be in- ferred from the fact that compared to the number of exhibits, the number receiving awards in his class was greater than in any other country in the world. Professor Hoag was among the first in this counti'y to develop a strong course in highway engineei-ing as a part of the civil engineering course. Through his teaching, his newspaper articles and his work with the state and national good roads associations he has become one of the leading workers in this worthy cause. In the discharge of his university duties, both in the work of instruction and of ad- ministration, Professor Hoag is a strong, sympathetic and progressive factor. This has resulted in winning the confidence and per- sonal friendship of his students, as well as avoiding conflict with other olficers of the college whose personal ambitions have been thwarted by his fearless opposition to what he believed to be contrai'y to the best interests of the college. In all important is- sues his views have ultimately prevailed, and the present high standing of the school of civil engineering, of which he is the official head, stands proof of his foresight and pro- fessional sagacity. In 1885 Mr. Hoag married Miss Annie L. Lawrence, a classmate of his at the uni- versity, and daughter of Leander C. and Susan B. Lawrence, one of the first families of old St. Anthony. Professor and Mrs. Hoag are members of the First Congregational church, where Mrs. Hoag is active in church and Sunday school work. Three children have come to their home, Richard Lawrence, in 1887; Helen, in 188S, aud William Milton, in 1898. Though Professor Hoag refers with pride to his connection, on his mother's side, with Edward Everett, and on his father's, with Elijah Hoag, the celebrated Quaker prophet and preacher, and to Charles Hoag, who first formed and jjroposed the name Minneapolis, yet he has depended upon neither the influ- ence nor financial aid of family or friends. This spirit of independence inspired him to work his way through the university with out^ aid from his father, who was able and willing to furnish such aid. He furnishes a good example of what may be accomplished by a sturdy farmer's boy who makes the full- est use of the educational advantages offered, and rises to a full appreciation of the pro- fessional opportunities offered in the great Northwest. SMITH, Charles A., is a prominent lum- berman of Minneapolis, Minn. Compelled to rely upon his own resources from early youth, with pluck, industry, and the exhibi- tion of a high order of business sagacity, he has achieved a success in business life that reflects great credit upon himself and en- titles him to recognition in a history. of the Northwest. Mr. Smith was born in the coun- ty of Ostergottland, Sweden, December 11, 1852. His father was for thirty-three years a soldier in the regular army of Sweden. Two of his sons having emigrated to America, the father decided to follow them, bringing with him Charles and an elder sister. They ar- rived in Minneapolis June 28, 1867. In the old country Charles attended the counti"y school, but the instruction there imparted was not of a kind to convey much knowledge of a practical nature, being confined largely to committing to memory the catechism and Bible history. Shortly after his arrival in Minneapolis the lad was placed with a farm- er to work for his board and clothing, and was employed chiefly in herding cattle. The HISTORY OF THE GKKAT NORTHWEST. first money hi' ever earned was by collecting a large quantity of hazelnuts on the farm, re- ceiving therefor seven dollar's, which he loan- ed to his brother at ten per cent. Charles" first lessons in English were received in a small log school house in Wright county, lie devoted his spare time to study, and in the fall of 1872 entered the State University wiili the intention of taking the regular couisc He applied himself so closely to his studies, however, that his health failed him and li' was obliged to leave at tlic end of the first year. He then obtained employment in the general hardware store of J. S. Pillsbury iS: Co., remaining here for five years. .Frugal and industrious, he succeeded in laying by some money, and. in 1878, with the assistance of ex-Govern(U' Pillsbury. built a grain ele- vator at Herman, Minn., and, under the fli-m name of C. A. Smith & Co., engaged in the grain and lumber business. In July, 18S1, he returned to Minneapolis to engage in the business of lumber manufacture. The part- nershij) with Governor l'illsl)ury was con- tinued until 189:;, at which time the C. A. Smith Lumber Companv' was incorporated, of which Mr. Smith is the president and gen- eral manager. This firm has enjoyed unusual prosperity. In addition to the saw mill and lumber manufacturing business in Minneapo- lis, which ranks among the largest in the United States, the company has a controlling interest in a number of retail lumber yards in Nebraska and North and South Dakota. But Mr. Smith's business activities have not been confined exclusively to this one firm. He is identified with a number of other enter- prises in Minneapolis and elsewhere. In poli- tics, Mr. Smith is a Republican. Though he has taken an active interest in party affairs, he has never been an oltice seeker. He has been a delegate to various conventions, local and national, and was a presidential elector in ISDO, and honored by being elected to carry the presidential votes of the state to Wash- ington. He was one of the organizers and is a trustee of the Salem English Lutheran church, of Minneapolis; is a member of the board of directors of the English Lutheran Seminary of Chicago, and is treasurer of the CIl.VKLKS A. SMITH. Evangelical Lutheran Synod of the North- west. February 11, 187S, he was married to Johanna Anderson, a daughter of Olaf An- derson, for many years a member of the Swedish riksdag, who came to America in 1857, locating in Carver county, Minn. From this union five children lun e been born : Nan- na A., Addie J.. Myrtle E., Vernon A. and Carroll W. BROAVN, James Warren. — The superin tendent of the Minnesota State Trainin School for Boys and Girls, at Bed Wing Minn., James ^^'. Brown, is a native of Maine having been born in the town of Millbridge \\'ashington county, of that state, April 21 1847. His father was Joseph B. Brown, a farmer and stone cutter in moderate circum stances. The mother's maiden name was He becca S. Nichols, of the same nativity. Young James obtained his early education in the common schools of his native town. He then attended the Christian Institute at Wolfbor- ough, N. H., going from there to the Western State Normal School at Farmingion, Me., then under the direction of the noted edu- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST. .lAMKS W. I;U(_IWN. cator, Di'. C. C llouuds, whose personal in- fluence for good made a lasting- impression upon Mr. Brown, as it did upon many others so fortunate as to come under the direction of this "grand old man." Mr. Brown grad- uated from this institution in the class of 1871. He was accustomed to hard manual labor. When not attending school he was occupied on the farm and in stone cutting, stone masoning and in some blacksmithing and carpenter work. Before he graduated he was recommended for the position of as- sistant superintendent and principal teacher in the Reform School of his native state, and was appointed to it in July, 1S71. He served in this capacty until the winter of 1873, when he accepted the position of principal teacher in the State Reform School at Lansing, Mich. While serving here he accepted the invita- tion of Dr. Riheldart'er to till the place of as- sistant superintendent of the Minnesota school. In the fall of 1875 Mr. Brown left to occupy a similar position in the Connecti- cut school, but in 1879 returned to his old position in the Minnesota school, and served in that capacity until 1880, when Mr. Rihel- daffer resigned. Mr. Brown was then made sii])erintendent, and has since filled that re sjionsible position. The school was then at St. I'aul. and was known as the State Reform School. During ^Ir. Brown's administration nuxrked improvements have been made in the iiistitntion. The location has been changed to Red Wing, where commodious buildings were erected for its purposes. The school and the manual training have been organized on a better and broader plan. In point of etjuipment and elliciency it is now second to no similar institution in the country. In 1895 the legislature changed the name to one more in accord with its character. It is now offi- uchy of IJadcn. lie learned the lock- smitlfs trade, and came \\ lien a young man to I'hiladelphia, where he secured employ- ment as a machinist in a loconuitive shop. Before the Civil War he came to Minnesota HISTORY OF THE GUKAT NoKTUW HST. KDWAUD WINTEKEU. and took up land in Sibley county. While opening- up his farm he secured employment in the mill at St. Peter. The Indian uprising drove his family away for a time. In 1807 he bought another farm at Lake Prairie, Nicollet county, to which the family moved and continued to live. He died in 1SS9 and left a large family. Edward's mother was Franciska Kolifrath. a native of the same place as his father. She was married in Philadelphia. Edward's education began in the country schools near the first farm. He worked on the farm summers, attending school only winters. Later he went to the Lake Prairie school, held in a log school house, fitted with benches made of hewn logs. It was called a "loud school" because the pujjils studied "out loud," making a babel of voices. During part of the winter of 1871) and 18S0, he walked three or four miles to attend the Le Sueur high school. In the fall of 18S(), he obtained a school near Dressel- ville, Le Sueur county, to teach, at a salary of thirty dollars a niimth, and worked for his board. In 1881 he entered the University of Minnesota as a special student. The next summer he worked on the farm at home, and secured a school near St. Paul to teach for seven months during the following fall and winter. In the summer he again worked on the farm, but spent the fall and winter at the university. He jjursued this course of work- ing and studying, being employed as a book agent, rodman for the survey of the Wiscon- sin, Minnesota & Pacific Railroad, and a con- struction civil engineer on the "Soo" road, until he graduated in 1887 at the university, with the degree of Bachelor of Literature. While at college Mr. Winterer was a mem- ber of the Hermean Literary Society; editor one year of the "Notebook" department of "The Ariel"; an efficient and interested work- er of the society' and in oratorical contests, and in ]887 he was one of the speakers in the intercollegiate oratorical contest, and won strong commendation for his theme, "Home l\ule for Ireland." He is a fluent, effective speaker and was rated among the very best of his class. The year he graduated he was elected principal of the high school at Valley City, N. D., where he has since lived. He held the position two years. During the last year of that service he was nominated for the office of county superintendent of schools, but in the election he was beaten by 23 votes. This, no doubt, considered by him at the time a misfortune, proved to be a blessing in dis- guise, for the next year he entered upon the career in which he has been so successful, by taking up law in the law department of the university. He graduated in 181t0, with the degree of Bachelor of Law, being the first of the graduates from the academic department to take a degree from the professional col- leges. He formed a partnership at his home with his brother, under the style of AMuferer & \\'interer, which still continues, and has be- come one of the leading law firms in the state in the amount and important character of the litigation conducted. In 189C Mr. Win- terer was elected state's attorney on the Ke- publican ticket, by a majority of about two to one. He was so efficient that in 181)8 he was re-elected without opposition — a remark- able compliment. This was partly due to his unai)proachable success in prosecutions for \ iolations of the liquor law. He secured eleven convictions without a miss. One noted case was carried through all the courts HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST. to the United States supreme court, where judgment was affirmed. He is a lueiiiher of tlie Masonic fraternity. In IS'Jl lie was mar- ried to Emogene Ingersoll, daughter of the hite H. M. Ingersoll, of Concord, ilich., and graduate of the State Normal School at St. Cloud. The wedding took place at the home of 5Ir. S. H. Lovejoy, now iwstmaster at Min- neapolis, Minn., whose wife is a cousin of Mrs. Winterer. They have three boys. Jlr. AVin- terer attends the Congregational church, of which his wife is a member. He declined a re- election in 1000 as state's attorney, and refus- ed, though urged very strongly, to become a candidate for judge of the Fifth judicial district. He and his talented wife have trav- eled considerably throughout the United States and Canada, spending some time camping in the Selkirks, in the "Rockies,'' and taking in the jilaces of interest in the interior, as well as on the .\tlantic and Pa- cific coasts. (lArciLVN. .lames Henry.— I'astor duty in a church parish, though a service of great imjiortance in promoting the welfare of the people, is often overlooked in recording the activities contributing to development of the gi-eat Northwest. Yet the men who labor assiduously in this field are entitled to a full share of the credit due for the progress made. A frontier town without a church is only a temporary camp. It requires the chui'ch and the school to fit it for true homes and real I)rosperity. Why, therefore, should not the minister be accorded a place in the record of advancement? Reverend J. II. Gaughan, the pastor of St. Joseph's church at Red Wing, is one of the men who have labored success- fully in this unostentatious service. He is of Irish parentage, born February 27, 185.5. His father, Michael Gaughan, was married to Katherine Dunbar, in Ireland, and in 1857 they moved to Minnesota with their infant son. He began his educational career in the common schools. He was a studious lad, and early designed for the ministry. After com- pleting the district schools in Wisconsin, whence his parents had moved in the mean- time, he entered the Hinckley Academy, at Hudson, Wis., then just (U-ganized, ;ind was one of the flrst pupils to enter the institution, to prepare for college. He then attendec^St. P^rancis Seminary, Wisconsin, and studied philosophy at St. John's College, Minnesota. In 187!t he entered the Gnmd Seminary, Mon- treal, Can., and studied theology under the Sulpician Fathers. December 'I'l, 1883, he was there ordained priest, by Bishop (later Archbishop) Fabre. Returning to his home he celebrated his first holy mass, and later on, reporting to Kishop Grace, he was as- signed to duty as assistant to Father Tissot, in St. Anthony church, at Minneapolis, where he remained until June, 1881. His next serv- ice was with Rev. M. E. Murphy, at St. .^lichael's church, Stillwater, where he re- mained four years. Archbishop Ireland l)laced him in charge of St. Mary's church, at Shakopee, July, 1888, from which place, Sep- tember 25, 18!)0, he entered upon his present iliarge at St. Joseph's church. Red Wing, with which were combined for a time the missions of Pine Island and Zumbrota, which now have a resident pastor. He attends to the religious instruction of the Catholic boys and girls at the State Training School at Red Wing. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. JULIUS A. SCHMAHL. aCHMAHL, Julius August.— While the "art preservative of arts" — the printing busi- ness — does not produce a large proportion of the millionaires of the country, it does offer a chance to show a man's pluck and business capacity. The man who succeeds in it dem- onstrates that he has traits of high character. Mr. Schmahl, of the Redwood Gazette, be- longs to this craft. He was born at Traverse de Sioux, Nicollet count}', Minn., in 1867. His father, Jacob Schmahl, a brewer by occupa- tion, was not blessed with a large share of this world's goods. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of Julius, was Rosetta Ap- ple. Although Julius was a studious boy and an apt scholar, at the early age of thirteen years he went to work to learn the printer's trade, with James Aiken, of the Redwood Gazette. But he did not forsake his books. As the best thing within his reach, he pur- sued a "Chautauqua Course" of four years, and became a graduate. The perseverance and industry required to accomplish this, while at work, made the achievement very praiseworthy. Mr. Schmahl then went to complete his trade in the job rooms of the Fargo Argus, at Fargo, N. D. Besides this mechanical equipment he took a business course. In 188.5 he went to the Twin Cities and secured a position as reporter for the newspapers of St. Paul and Minneapolis, and was so employed until August, 1892, thus completing in a very thorough manner his training for all branches of the printing and newspaper business. He then bought a half interest in the Redwood Gazette, at Redwood Falls. It was an ordinary "patent inside" country paper. The paper was enlarged to an eight-page "all home print.'" He was suc- cessful from the start. He has since erected one of the finest country newspaper build- ings in the state, and has equipjjed it with the latest improved machinery for both news- paper and job work, so that no more com- plete establishment can be found outside of the large cities. In politics Mr. Schmahl has always been a Republican. Mr. Schmahl was chief clerk of the house of the 11)01 session of the legislature. He is especially interested in fraternal societies, being a Mason of the thirty-second degree. He is also a Forester and a member of the Knights of Pythias. In February, 1895, he was married to Miss Eliza- beth T. Dunninglon. They have one child — Dana Caswell Schmahl. JOHNSON, Edward Morrill.— Among the men who have left a lasting impress on the state of Minnesota, and particularly upon the city of Minneapolis, Judge Edward M. John- son must be accorded a high rank. He was born in New Hampshire November 24, 1850. He came to iMinnesota in 1851, with bis pa- rents, who settled at St. Anthony, now a part of Minneapolis. They were of early New England ancestry, prominent in colonial times. His father, Luther G. Johnson, en- gaged in mercantile business and in manufac- turing, and established the first furniture factory in the city. His son, Edward, at- tended the first public school of the city, held in a frame building on University avenue, be- tween Second and Third avenues southeast. He also attended the first high school, organ- ized about 1803. He was sent away to the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. noted military academy at Chester, Pa., for study and training- during the school year 1866-7. The State Uniyersity, permanently I'eopened in 1867, wa.s then attended by Mr. Johnson for four years, hut he left before any class had been graduated, and was for a time employed by his father. In 1873 he went to Europe, where he remained for nearly three years, studying at the Uniyersities of Heidel berg and Herlin. On his return home he en- tered the law office of Shaw & Levi, and later the law school of the Iowa State Uni yersity, from which he graduated in 1S77, since which time he has continuously jirac ticed his profession, except when upon the bench. As a lawyer, Mr. Johnson has made a sjiecialty of the law of corporations, of real estate and of municipal bonds, of which he is considered a high authority. He was elected clerk and attorney of the board of education in 1877, and held such of- fice for several years. From 1883 until he resigned to go upon the bench in 1897 he was the attorney of the Farmers' and Mechanics" Sayings Bank. Mr. Johnson's public services began in 1883 when he was chosen one of the alder- men of the Second Ward in the city council. This position he held until the autumn of 1890, when he resigned upon receiving the nomination of state senator for his district, which office, however, in that Democratic year, he failed to secure. At the time of his resignation he was serving for a second term as president of the council, in which position he had won for himself an enviable reputa- tion. During nearly all the years of his serv- ice in the city council he w-as clearly the lead- er of his party there, and largely dominated its more impoi-tant legislation. One of the results of his labors in the city council is the permanent improvement revolving fund — then a novelty in municipal legislation — but since adopted by many other cities. AVhile he was an alderman, the city was making rapid growth, and measures were being con- stantly proposed demanding the most thor- ough examination for the protection of its interests. This he gave. To all the needs of the hour, and of the future, he devoted the Er>W.\RD M. .lOHXSON. closest attention, bringing to his work the zeal and energy of a public-spirited, conscien- tious and forceful man. The steel arch Ijridge, the jniblic library and the city and county building are, by those who know him best, invariably associated with him. While today there probably is not a Miuneapolitan who would believe that the traffic between the two sides of the river could be handled without the steel arch bridge, yet when he secured its construction, it aroused the most bitter opposition. The daily papers and many prominent citizens were arrayed against it, and it was even sought to secure the opposi- tion of the United States government be- cause of alleged danger to its work upon the falls. A lover of books, it may be said without hesitation, that of all he has accomplished for his city, that which he did in connection with the public library has given him the most pleasure. He drafted, and was largely inter- ested in securing the passage of the act under which it was created and exists, a law which was pronounced by Mr. Pool, the highest au- thority on library measures, the ablest one he had ever examined. From the creation of HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. the board, uj) to January, 1901, he was al- most eoutiuuously one of its members. He was appointed a member of the Court House aud City Hall Commission in 1881), and lias been ever since actively interested in its work. For years, except when upon the bench, he has been its president. In May, 18',)7, he was appointed by Gover- nor Clouyh to till the vacancy on the District Court Eeuch of Hennepin County caused by the resignation of Judge Henry C. Belden. That his temperament and wide legal knowl- edge made him esjjecially fitted for such a position, those who knew him best had long believed, and now he did not disappoint them. Ever patient and courteous in the hearing of causes, never fearful lest his own dignity be affronted, but regardful of that of the court room, he won the respect and esteem of those who appeared before him, and how well he succeeded in his earnest ef- fort to understand aud interpret the law cor- rectly, and to rule judicially, is known by all those familiar with the history of those cases which he decided. A man of keen intelligence and good judg- ment, fearless of criticism, never seeking the popular side of a measure, nor fearing to do what was unpopular, but doing at all times, and in all places, that which seemed right to him to do. Judge Johnson has given to Min- ueaiJolis much of his best strength. Believ- ing absolutely that a public office is a public trust, he has used in the discharge of the duties placed upon him the best of his ability, an unflinching honesty of purpose, and a de- termination to guard the interests that have been entrusted to him. In politics he is a Republican, aud has always been greatly interested in the success of that pai'ty. In 18'J2 he was chairman of the Minneapolis City Campaign Committee, in 18'J4 of the Hennepin County Executive Campaign Committee, and in 18i)G was sec- retary of the State Central Committee. Dur- ing the campaign of 1898 he was on the bench, and in the summer and fall of 1900 he was in Europe. During the life of the Business Men's Union, he was one of its most industrious members. He is a member of the Society of May- flower Descendants, and was for years a di- rector in the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, lie is an attendant of the First Con- gregational church. He married, in 1880, ]\Iiss Effie S. Richards, daughter of Dr. W. O. Richai-ds, of Waterloo, Iowa, and lives on the corner of Tenth avenue and Fourth street southeast, which neighborhood has been his home continuously since his parents moved from New Hampshire. TOWLER, Silas II., president of the Board of Trustees of the Minnesota Soldiei"s' Home, was born at Xenia, Ohio, January 3, 1816. He came of old colonial stock. The first of the family in America was Chris- topher Towler, who settled in Virginia col- ony in or about 1700, and became a planter and slaveholder. James Towler, the grand- father of the subject of this sketch, becom- ing convinced of the iniquity of human slav- ery and foreseeing its blighting influence, sold his landed property in Virginia, freed his slaves and moved to Ohio in 1804, build- ing the first hewed log house in the town of Xenia. He was a zealous member of the Protestant Methodist church and a lay preacher, and was prominent in his communi- ty. The father of Silas H. was Dr. Thomas Sturrock Towler. He was five years old when his parents moved to Ohio from Petersburg, Vi{. ^^'hen thirteen years of age he acted as a guide to soldiers in the War of 1812. He studied under James P. Espy, the "Storm King''; later, took up the study of medicine under Dr. Daniel Drake, and began practic- ing at Cincinnati. He was intensely anti- slavery in politics, and was so active and pro- nounced in his opposition that a party of Kentuckians theratened to tar and feather him. He organized the Free Soil party in Green county, Ohio, which was victorious at the polls, became a Republican on the organ- ization of that party and remained such to the time of his death in 1871. He was com- nussioned surgeon of Dragoons of the state troops. He established a school in Xenia for the advanced education of youth, and later HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. established a ladies' seminary, aud was known among the students as "Old Moral Basis." He explored the geograi)hical forma- tion of Green county, Ohio, and his work was incoi-porated in the state reports. He was an active worker in the cause of temperance, and was instrumental in securing the pass- age of a law in the legislature granting local option to the town of Fulton — now a part of Cincinnati. This was probably the first local option law in existence, and proved success- ful. The mother of our subject was Jane White Howell, who was connected with some of the wealthiest families of Ohio at that time. She was a woman of lovely character aud a devout Christian. Though Silas H. at- tended the old log school in his early years, up to his eleventh year his education was nuiinly received at home. Afterward he at- tended the graded schools, and spent one year in the high school. In the spring of 18G2, with the consent of his father, he en- listed in Company H, Eighty-fifth Eegiraent, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, for three months' service. Volunteers being called for to resist Morgan's I'aids, his corajjany responded and went to Frankfort. While there he came down with typhoid fever, but inside of four weeks was again with the regiment, and went with it to Covington to repel Kirby Smith's anticipated attack on Cincinnati. After his discharge, he remained about two months at home, and again enlisted as the first recruit in the Twenty-second Battery, Ohio Volun- teer Light Artillery, having by subterfuge secured his father's signature to blank forms consenting to his enlistment. He was placed in command of the first lot of recruits, and succeeded in holding them in check through- out the winter, with only two desertions. In the spring, enough nu'n having been secured to man four guns, the battery was ordered to West Virginia. Their services not being needed, they returned to Camp Chase, Ohio, and from here were ordered to Parkersburg, W. Va.; then, supported by other trooj)S, i)ro- ceeded to the I'otomac to assist in harassing Lee in bis retreat from (lettysbuvg, but ar- rived only in time to see his rear guard cross- ing the river. Returning to Parkersburg, Mr. Sir.AS H. TOWLEIt. Towler was ordered to take one gun on board the steamer Emma Graham and proceed to a fording place on the Ohio at the mouth of the Little Hocking river. Here he was placed in command of a large number of farmers congregated to repel Morgan. Morgan not coming that way, Mr. Towler, with two guns, and su])ported by a company of the Eighty- eighth Ohio, patrolled the Ohio until the Con- federate leader's capture. He then returned to Camp Thomas, near Columbus, where the battery was mustered into the United States service. Up to this time, there being no bat- tery organization, Mr. Towler was only a pri- vate soldier, but commanded two guns, aud was called sergeant. From here the battery was ordered to Camp Nelson, near Nicholas- ville, Ky., and attached to a brigade under the command of John DeCourcey, colonel of the Sixteenth Ohio Infantry, and assisted in the capture of (Cumberland Gap. It was then stationed at the Ga]i as a part of the garri- son. In January, 1S(>4, Sergeant Towler was ordered to accompany the captain of the bat- tery — Henry M. Neil — to Ohio on recruiting service, ^^■hile thus absent. Captain Neil re- signed, and Mr. Towler was ((inimissioned second lieutenant and laler promoted to first HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. lieutenant of the battery. He rejoined his battei'T, and ininiediatelv on arrival was de- tailed as adjutant of the artillery battalion, formed of the independent batteries luanniu}; the forts. I,ater he was placed in command of his old battery, and with it was ordered to Knoxville, Tenn. Scanty rations and im- proper diet brought on acute dysentery, but his strong constitution pulled him through though the surgeon had given up hopes. While garrisoned at Knoxville, Lieutenant Towler was detailed on boards of survey to inspect and pass upon the sen-iceableness of ordinance, quarteruuister and commissary stores, and to sit as a member of the general court martial of the District of East Tennes- see. He remained on the latter detail until July, 18G5, when the battery was ordered to Camp Chase, ()hio, for muster out. Re- turning home, Lieutenant Towler took a coui-se of instruction in a business college, and then entered upon an active career in the grocery business. His strict attention to business, and his honesty, won the comi>lete confidence of his employers, and eventually brought him success. Up to 1889 he was con- nected with the grocery business, both retail and wholesale, and for a time was a member of the firm of E. E. Shedd & Co., of Colum- bus, Ohio. He came to Minneapolis in 1884, under contract with Murray, Warner & Co., wholesale grocers. In 1889. he engaged in the laundi'y business, which he has conduct- ed ever since under the name of the Minne- apolis Steam Laundry. Mr. Towler was ap- pointed president of the Board of Trustees of the Minnesota Soldiers' Home in 1897, and since then has devoted a large portion of his time in the interests of the old soldiers, win- ning their respect and esteem. He is a mem- ber of John A. Rawlins Post. Xo. 12G, G. A. R., Department of Minnesota, was quarter- master for four years, and has served as Senior Vice Commander and (I'ommander. He was ai)pointed chairman of the (ieneral Memorial Day Committee of Minneapolis for 1901. He is a staunch supportei- of the Re- publican party. He is a life member of Mag- nolia Lodge, Ko. 20, A. F. & A. M.. and was \A'orshipful Master in 1874; is a member of -Vrk Chapter, R. A. M., and Minneapolis Mounted Commandery, Knights Temjjlar, and ])resident of the Ohio Association of ^Minneapolis. He is an active member of I'ark Avenue Congregational church and chairman of its board of trustees. Novem- ber 21, 1871. he was married to Mary J. Lon- nis. Nine childien have been liorn to them: (Jeorge H., (married to Mary Shepard); Mer- tie L., (wife of Rev. John (i. Briggs); Mary Belle, Henry Lonnis, Lucy, Dora A., Edna E., Robert S. and David Kinsman. CROSS, Judson Newell. — For original ideas, in and out of his profession, and for fertility of re.sources in cari-ying out his l)lans, Judson N. Cross, a noted leader of the Hennepin county bar for more than twenty- five years, has but few equals in this or any other state. He would have won distinction by his natural gifts, probably, in any other pursuit chosen. He was born at Pogueland, in the town of Philadelphia, Jefferson coun- ty. N. Y., January 16, 1838. His father was ( rorham Cross, a Congregational minister, at Richville, St. Lawrence county, for fifty-six years, from 1S3S to 1893, when he died. He was well known as the "father of Congi'ega- tionalism'" in northern New York. He was a native of New Hampshire. His father, Theo- dore Cross, a mill owner at S. Weare, moved to Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1818, and built a saw mill at Sterlingville, on the Josejdi Bonaparte estate. The family later followed, and he rented the mill and bought a faiTu near by, on the same estate, when Gorham was thirteen years old. He was sent to school and obtained a good comm'on school and academic education. Gorham was at first a surveyor and a school teacher, and he also studied law at Gouverneur, St. Lawrence county, but finally settled into the ministry. Sej)tember 13, 1831, he was mar- ried to Sophia Murdock, a native of Wynd- ham county, ^'t. She had come to northern New York, where her three brothers were in practice as physicians, to teach school. She and her four brothers wei-e greatly interested in miuei-ology, then a new science. She was HISTORY OF THE GREAT XOUTHWEST. tlie daughter of Samuel Murdock. the son of Benjamin Murdock, a soldier of the Revolu- tionary War. Samuel married Lois Temple, a daug;hter of another soldier, Joseph Tem- jile, the descendant of the first Temple, New- England emigrant. Rev. Hollis Read, the first missionary to Bombay and who first translated the Bible into the Indian language, and the author of '"India and Its I'eoi)le," "God in History," and other notable books, was a cousin of ilrs. Cross, the mother of Judson N. Cross. Many other progenitors of Mr. Cross, on both sides of his house, have borne conspicuous j)arts and they are noted in the annals of the country. The Crosses, now in the tenth generation, live in the "rock elm"" house built by John '"niss. one of his ancestors in direct line, in the town of Methuen, on the north bank of the Merrimai- river, just east of Lawrence, Mass., in 1070. His ancestors were the first settlers in Essex county, Mass. ; among them was Martha Read Epps, whose sister was the wife of John Winthrop, the younger governor of Connecti- cut. Her brother, Colonel Read, distinguish- ed himself in the Civil wars in England and was governor of Sterling, Scotland. She married, for her second husband, De])uty Governor Symonds, and she was related to General Dennison, the commander in King Phillip"s War, and also to several other colo- nial governors. Mr. Cross also has for ances- tors the celebrated Noyes brothers, of the era 1629, and Lyonel Chute, the first teacher of a Gei-man school in America, at Ipswich, Mass. Professor Parker Cleveland, of Bow- doin College, the author of the first work on minerology ever published, was a cousin to his grandmother Cross. He had three great- grandfathers in the Revolutionary War. Great-grandfather Cross, however, died in 1769. When Grandfather Cross, his son, was fourteen years old, he wanted to enlist. His mother said: "I have half a dozen boys in the army already, and you, the youngest, can't go." Joseph Temjtle, of Dummerston, Vt., the grandfather of Mr. Cross" mother, was the first person who was wounded in Ihe Revolutionary War, and lived. ^^'illia^ll White, his companion, was killed by his side, .March IL', 177.'), at Westminster, Vt. I'his ante-dates the battle of Lexington by more than a mouth. See Hairs "History of East- ern ^'ermont."" Mr. Temple"s life was ^ved by a pewter porringer in a haversack, which hung over his shoulder, and it protected his heart by stopping the musket ball. But he was clubbed with a musket until his skull was broken on the temple, and he was left for dead. Mr. Cross, from the education of his parents and the admirable village and select schools at his home — which were large- ly attended— was prepared for college. He left, on the day he was seventeen years old, to study at Oberlin College, Ohio, where his eldest sister had preceded him, and where five of his brothers and sisters were also edu- cated. He had clerked some in a store at Richville, and after spending nearly a year at Oberlin. he entered his Uncle John Cross' store at Boon vi lie, N. Y., where he was em- ployed for a year. He then returned to Ohio and taught school and studied at Oberlin until the War of the Rebellion broke out, when, at the first call for troops, the inherited military spirit i)romi)ted him to enlist, April 20, 1861. This, of course, cut off his college HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. course. He was elected first lieutenant of a company of college students who enlisted at Oberlin at a meeting held in the great church that evening. It became Companj- C, of the noted Seventh Ohio Regiment, which, after going through the campaigns of West Vir- ginia under McClellan, Eosecrans, and Cox, took part in the campaigns of 1862 and 1SG3 in Virginia, and in the battle of Lookout Mountain under Hooker, and in the subse- quent battles under Sherman, losing at Ring- gold, in one charge, thirteen officers killed and wounded — including the colonel and lieutenant colonel killed — out of fourteen en- gaged. Mr. Cross had his left arm, from shoulder to elbow, shattered at the battle of Cross Lanes, W. Va., August 26, 1861, and he was taken prisoner by the forces under Floyd — Buchanan's former secretary of war — and Wise, governor of Virginia, who hang- ed John Brown. At the battle of Carnifax FeiTy, Mr. Cross, and fifteen others, like him, too severely wounded to be taken to Rich- mond, were re-captured by Major Rutherford B. Hayes, of the Twenty-third Ohio Regi- ment, by gallantly crossing the swift Gunley river on a raft, under severe fire. Mr. Cross' ann was not operated upon until he reached the Marine Hospital at Cincinnati by boat, via Charleston. He was promoted to captain November 25, 1801, and, by slow stages, final- ly went to his home in northei-n New York. In the spring of 1802, he was ordered to Cleveland, as recruiting officer for his regi- ment. At his own urgent request — against the ad\dce of his surgeon — he was ordered to his regiment at Dumfries, Va., being still obliged to cari-j' his arm in a sling. This im- prudence nearly cost him his arm, for he caught cold in a severe snow stomi, and was obliged to resign, for disability, in March. He then took up the .study of law, and en- tered the Albany Law School until the month of June, 1803, when he was again called to military duty as an officer in the Veteran Resen'e Corps, serving in various western cities. He commanded a post of six com- panies at Madison, Ind., during the winter of 1803-4. In the si)ring he was made as- sistant adjutant genei'al of the district of Indiana, and ordered to Kentucky during Morgan's raid. In July, 1804, he was order- ed to Washington, D. C, where he served on the military governors staff as assistant pro- vost marshal of the department. In Decem- ber of that year he was ordered to Annapolis, with four other captains — among them J. S. Poland, a major general during the late Span- ish ^A'ar — to muster for pay and exchange 18, ()()() pi-isonersfrom Andersonville and else- where. He resigned at the close of the war. In 180.5 he resumed his law studies at the Columbia College Law School, but went back to the Albany Law School, where he gradu- ated in 1800. On the 10th of May, in that year, he went to Lyons — now Clinton, Iowa — and began practice in fellowship with Hon. A. R. Cotton, and continued it for nearly ten years; during the last four years of his part- nership Mr. Cotton was member of congress. In the spring of 1875 he left Iowa to seek a larger field, and spent the summer in travel- ing, going to California and other western states. He finally selected Minneajjolis, Minn., arriving there on the 0th of October, 1875. On the fourteenth he settled the mat- ter by forming a partnership with Hon. Heni-yG. Hicks — a college classmate at Ober- lin, and a fellow teacher in southern Ohio — under the style of Cross & Hicks, which con- tinned until the spring of 1882, when Frank H. Carleton was associated, and the firm be- came Cross, Hicks & Carleton, and so re- mained until 1887, when Colonel Hicks was made district judge of Hennepin county, where he served until 1805. In 1889 Mr. Cross' son, Norton M. Cross, was taken into the partnership, making the style Cross, Carleton & Cross. When Judge Hicks took his ])lace again in the finn it became Cross, Hicks, Carleton & Cross, and was a leading firm at the bar. It had a large share of all imiiortant litigation in the city. They num- bered among their clients such establish- ments as the Pillsburys, the T^nion National Bank, and The Tribune Comi)any. They were in the noted Finney will case and in all the Harwood cases. As showing the originality of Mr. CiHiss, it may be mentioned that he suggested to General Grant the use of ex- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. plosives from a bellows to blow up forts; to General Fry, the use of photograpliiL- records in connection with other data, copyrighted by some one twenty j-ears later. He edited the first paper published by soldiers in the field, July 4, 1801, at Weston, W. Va. He established before the supreme court the le- gality of "patrol limits" for saloons, against such lawyers as tiordon E. Cole, E. M. Wil- son, and V. M. Babcock. As city attorney, he compelled the railroads to sink the tracks and bridge A\'asliingtou avenue. Third, Fourth, and Fifth streets. In 181)1, when a member of the United States Immigration Commission, he was sent to Europe and fer- reted out the system by which thousands of "jail birds" were dumped into the United States. Mr. Cross has always been an active Republican. He was mayor of Lyons, Iowa, in 1871. He was a member of the first park board in Minneapolis in 1883; but declined to serve again, as he had been elected city attorney. He has been a member of the Board of Trade, Commercial (Jlub, the Athe- naeum, the Bar Library Association, Minne- sota Forestiy Association, of which he was president in 1891) and 1900. He was a char- ter member of the Congregational Club. He is a member of Plymouth Congregational church. He was married September 11, 18G2, to Miss Clara Steele Norton, a graduate of Oberlin, who was one of six young ladies refused admission to Ann Arbor for a class- ical course on equal terms with men. She is a descendant of John Steele, a leading found- er of Connecticut, and of Anthony Hawkins, whose name was on the hidden "Charter Oak" charter, and of Mathew Grant, the an- cestor of President Grant. They have had five children — Kate Bird, wife of United States Engineer F. C. Shenehon; Norton M., member of the law Ann; Cleve Sophia, de- ceased in infancy; Nellie Malura, wife of Mr. Theodore McFai-laue Knappen, city editor of the Minneajtolis Journal, and Clara Amelia, a high school teacher. Mr. Cross suggested and kept before the people by his writings in the Pioneer Press the project of what is now the "Soo" railroad. He also suggested in a letter to President Dole that Hawaii an- nex itself to the United States, which was practically done. He also nuide valuable sug- gestions to Senators Davis and Nelson con- cerning the Monroe Doctrine as applied to Canada. The letter was placed before the United States and Canada High Joint Com- mission, at its session in 'Washington, and was highly coumiended. This brief outline will serve to Indicate in some degree the originality, large grasp of mind and activity which have won for Mr. Cross the eminence he occupies. In G. A. E. matters and in the Loyal Legion — in both of which he is a mem- ber — he takes great interest, though he has never been so active as manv. 3I0KEY, Charles Anson.— The school of adversity is a good training for any young man. Through it he learns self-reliance and the value of application. If he possesses tal- ent or skill, and has the energy and deter- mination necessary to fight the battle for pre- ferment, success is sure to crown his efforts. The truth of this is attested in the following biography. Mr. jMorey was born at A^ershire, Orange county, Vt., August 9, 1851. •His father, Royal Morey, was a fanner by occu- l)atiou. His mother's maiden name was Jean- ette Ellen Felton, a native of Vermont, born at Stratford. She is a grand-daughter of Sarah I'utnam, a niece of General Israel Put- nam, and is still living at Lake City, Minn. Charles attended the country school in Ver- mont until his tenth year, at which time the family moved to Illinois. After remaining there one summer, they decided to go further westward in search of a healthier climate, and came overland in a covered wagon to U'abasha county, Minn. The boy's early life in the North Star state was one of hardship and toil, with all the privations of farm life on the frontier. He attended the common school at Chester, Wabasha county, where he had excellent teachers. Later, he took a course in the high school at Lake f'ity. In order to seiaire the means with which to ac- (]uire an education, however, the young man was compelled to serve his apprenticeship as .1 teacher in the country schools. He also HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. CHARLES A. MOREY. learned the trade of carpenter and a mill- wriglit, and used his skill in those directions to increase his slender resources. He grad- uated from the formal School at Winona in 1872, and in September of that year went to Boston and took a conrsein the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, preparatory to as- suming a position as teacher of sciences in the Winona IS'ormal, which lie had been offer- ed, and to which he was ajipointed in 1874. In 1876 he was elected president of that in- stitution. Mr. Morey had, however, devoted much time for five years to the study of law, and in 1879 he was admitted to the bar, re- signed his position as president, and began the practice of law at Winona as a member of the flnu of Berry & Morey. He has suc- ceeded in building up an extensive practice, and is regarded as one of the leading attor- neys of southern Minnesota. He has also ac- quired numerous business interests, and is prominently identified with public affairs. He has been president of the Winona Sav- ings Bank for a number of years, secretary of the Winona Building & Loan Association for twenty years, was a member of the city council for four years, and the board of edu- cation for six years. He is a director of the public library, is the resident director and treasurer of the ^^'inona Normal School, and has been a member of the State Nonual Board since 188H, Mr. Morey is a commis- sioner of the Circuit Court of the United States, and was selected by the government authorities to hear the famous Minneapolis census cases in 1800. He is a Rej)ublican in politics, has represented his district in nearly all county and state conventions for many years, and was a member of the executive committee of the Republican State Central Committee in the campaign of 1900. His chnrcli connections are with the Episcopal denomination. He was married Nov. 28, 1877, to Miss Kate Louise Berry, daughter of Judge C. H. Berry, of Winona, deceased. They have four children, Jeanette, Charles Berry, Frances and Bertha Louise. COOLEY, Clayton R., is deputy collector of United States customs and custodian of the Federal building at Minneapolis, Minn., to which position he was appointed in 1898. He comes of old Xew England stock. His father, Warren Cooley, was a native of Massachusetts, and was boim at Palma in 1820. He was a mechanic by trade and fol- lowed this occupation during his lifetime, attaining a moderate competence. He came to Minnesota in the early oO's and settled in Houston county, but afterwards removed to Iowa. He died in Minneapolis in 1887. His wife, Eleanor F. Morris, was a native of Illinois, and was born at Alton in 1833. Their son, Clayton, was born in Houston county, Minn., October 16, 1859. Short- ly after his birth they migrated to Iowa, first locating at Dubuque, afterwards at Cedar Falls and Eldora, in the same state. It was in the public schools of the latter town that Clayton received his early educa- tion. He commenced his business career directly upon leaving the public school. A^'hile a lad he had earned his first dollar working in Burt's novel factory in East Du- buque. The first business engagement he secured, however, was in a drug store at HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Eldoi-a. He did not remaiu very long at this line of work, but took a position in an abstrai-t and loan office in the same city, ac- quiring there his first knowledge of the real estate business, which he followed for sev- eral .years. He held this position until his removal to Minneapolis in 1884. His first employment here was secured in the office of George W. Chowan & Co., but, subse- quently, he entered the office of Merrill & Albee, an abstract firm. In September, 1886, Mr. Cooley ac(]uired Mr. Merrill's in terest in the firm and the business was con- ducted under the name of Albee & Cooley. This firm continued until Mr. Cooley's elec- tion to the office of county auditor in 18!)2. Mr. Cooley's political affiliations have al- v.ays been with the Republican party, and his first vote was cast for James A. Garfield. He has taken an active interest in the affairs of his party, and for his faithful services in local politics was rewarded with the nomina- tion and election to the office of county au- ditor of Hennepin county. He made a capable and efficient officer, and his valu- able services were recognized by a re-elec- tion to the same office in 1804. At the ex- piration of his term, January 1, 1897, he again devoted all his energies to his private business, but gave it up in 1898 to accept his present position as deputy collector of Unit- ed States customs and custodian of the Federal building at Minneapolis. He has made an enviable record in this office, and is held in high esteem by all who know him. As an aid to him in his private business, Mr. Cooley took a course in the law depart- ment of the University of Minnesota, from which he graduated in 1893. He does not intend to take up the legal practice, how- ever. He is prominently identified with a number of fraternal organizations, and is a member of the Masonic order, the Royal Arcanum, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. RHODES, Jeremiah M., the superinten- dent of the public schools of ^^'iudom, ^linn., was born at Point Pleasant, Ohio, March 1, 1866. Like most other men who have be- JEUK.MIAII M come efficient in the profession of teaching, his school training began in the common school. He early selected his vocati^ as teacher. After some experience in common school work, he entered the State Normal School at Emporia, Kan., in 1886, and gradu- ated in 1889. He then served as superinten- dent of the public schools of Council Grove, Kan., and of Hiawatha, of the same state. In 1892 he went to California and attended the Stanford University, remaining there un- til 1893. The same year he returned east and entered the Indiana University at Bloom- ington, Ind., where he graduated in 1894 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. But this equipment did not seem to satisfy his ambition for scholarship, for, in 1896, he ex- tended his studies at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., and in 1898 secured from that institution the degree of Master of Arts. Even this high honor he supplemented by a post-graduate course at Columbia College, New York City, completing it in 1899. His scholarship and ability are shown by the fact that he won prizes in both essay and debate, and became a member of the Phi Delta Theta HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. college fraternitv. In August, 1899, lie came to Windoui to take diai-ge of the city schools. In polities Mr. Ehodes is a Republican. He is a member of the Masonic order, including the degree of Knights Templar. His thor- ough scholarship and practical experience of a dozen years in teaching in a variety of schools, in widely separate localities, give him advantages in his profession which few men can claim, and as the Cottonwood Coun- ty Citizen says: "The city can be congratu- lated upon securing so able an instructor." MATHEWS, Marvin E.— The task of writing the biographies of the leading repre- sentative men of any community is an ex- ceedingly difficult one because of the prevail- ing modesty of the successful business man, who almost invariably manifests a certain repugnance to anything that partakes of per- sonal notoriety or prominence, and thus dis- courages even friendly attempts to uncover the secret of his success. Genuine success is not likely to be the result of mere chance or fortune, but is something to be labored for and sought out with consecutive effort. Ours is a utilitarian age, and the life of every successful man bears its lesson, and as told in contemporary narration perhaps is pro- ductive of the greatest good. Thus there is a due measure of satisfaction in presenting even a brief review of the life and accom- plishments of such a man. The subject of this sketch is one of the eminent members of the bar of southwestern Minnesota; nor is his reputation limited by the confines of this section. He is one of the popular men of the state, widely known, and his prominence in public and professional life makes him well deserving of biograph- ical honors. Mr. Mathews was born near Jamestown, N. Y., September 25, 1849; removed with his parents to this state in the spring of 1854, and settled on a farm near Rochester. At that time the Indians and wild animals were sole possessors of this portion of the coun- try, except that here and there a small log cabin marked the coming of civilization. There were no school laws, school teachers nor schools, and it was several years before a school could be established in that country. At length, when this was accomplished, the school year was of only a few months" dura- tion. The schools were supported by con- tributions from those in the ueighboriiood having children to send, and the school house was some claim shanty chosen so as to be as near the center of the settlement as possible. It was furnished with seats and desks made by splitting logs into slabs and placing them on legs at the desired height. The school- room contained no floor save that which nature provided, and was heated by an open fire-place built of stone. Iso certificate of (pialification was required from the teachei-s, and very little education. Reading, writing, spelling, geography and arithmetic were the only branches taught in those schools, and consequently those desiring a further educa- tion were compelled to obtain it by their own unaided exertions. Mr. Mathews studied grammar and other branches while working in the fields, and soon made the contents of such volumes his own. He is a master of the English language, and is considered good authority in many of the higher branches ol education. After leaving the country school he con- tinued his studies in the high school of Roch- ester. From seventeen years of age he work- ed as a farm hand by the month, chopped wood in the forest through the coldest winter weather, later taught school, and thus made his way in the world unaided, pushing for- ward to the goal of success with an ambition that nothing could daunt. He studied law in the office of the Hon. R. A. Jones, at Rochester, and in 1872 he went to New Ulm, Minn., where he accepted the position of teacher in the high school. While thus engaged he also studied law in the office of George W. Kuhlman until the fall of 1873, at which time he opened a law office and practiced his profession at that place until 1876, when he came to Marshall, where he has continued the practice of law ever since. He is a graduate of the law de- partment of the University of Michigan, at HISTORY OF THE (JKEAT NOUTIIWEST. Ann Aibm-, and is one of the foremost iirac- titionei's of tlie state, and nearly alwavs con- nected on one side or the other with the most important litigations in this region. He has an analytical mind which enables him to see and handle all the details of a case, giving to each its projier weight, and at the same time his comprehensive grasp of affairs enables him to master a subject in its en- tirety. His argument is clear, forcible and logical, and liis deductions follow one an other in logical sequence. He has labored earnestly, has made his clients' interests as dear to him as his own, and has steadily worked his way u])war(l mil 11 he is today en joying a large and distinctively represinta five clientage which biings him in a hand some and well deserved income. ^Ir. Ma thews is a life-long Democrat, is a recognized leader in jiolitical circles, and is now promi- nentl.y connected with the several Demo- cratic organizations of the state. He has served as county attorney of his county and also as receiver of public mone,vs and special disbursing agent of the I'uited States land office at Marshall, Minn. In the campaign of 1900 he was nnanimousl.v nominated by both the Democratic and Peojile's parties for mem- ber of congress from the Second ^linnesota district. He has never been a candidate for any office, and it was with considerable difficul- ty that he was persuaded to accept the nomi- nation. The prosecution of a murder case in Lin- coln county and other important legal busi- ness during the campaign took up a large portion of his time, but he made a few .speeches in his district. His arguments were plain, logical and im- partial, and his speeches were clear state- ments of facts bearing upon the issues of the cami)aign, and so inten.sely loyal and patri- otic in their chai-acter for good government and good <'itizenship as to cai)tivate his large audiences and give rise to an increased con- fidence in his intellectual greatness and his ability to grasp the salient points of the sub- ject and present them so they could not be misunderstood. M.\UVIX K. MATHEWS. Although he ran many xotes ahead of his party, he, with all other candidates ojj his ticket, was defeated. 5Ir. Mathews was married in New I'lm to ;\[iss Minnie TJoesch. She was educated in New Ulm and St. Paul, and is a lady of cul- ture and refin<^ment, presiding with gracious hospitality ()\-er her pleasant home. Four children have been born to their union: Wer- ner B., Logan B., Sidonia A. and Roland >r. Socially Mr. ilathews is a member of the Knights of Pythias fraternity, the Indepen- dent Order of Odd Fellows, the Modern A^'oodmen of America, and the Eastern Star; and in Masonry is connected with the council, the consistory and with the Mystic Shrine at Minneapolis. He is the soul of honor in busi- ness life, and in social relations his career is alike blameless. He never regards lightly the duties of citizenship; for his friendship is inviolable, home sacred and family devo- tion not sim])ly a dnt.v, but the best inspira- tion and hapi)iness of his life. His home is one of the finest in southwestern Minnesota. It is handsome airhitecturally, and the lawn is adorned with the devices of the landscai)e HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. gardenei-. But the clianii of his residence is the true hospitality which abounds within. Mr. JIa thews is one of the most popuhir men in this part of the state. His friends are limited in number only by the circle of his acquaintances, and he has the happy faculty of holding them closer as the yeai-s roll by. NORTHROP, Cyrus.— The great state universities of the Northwest were establish- ed reluctantly and with considerable trepi- dation. Many doubted the ability of a popu- lar government to manage successfully edu- cational institutions of high grade on so ex- tensive a scale as was necessary to carry out the university idea. The charge was openly made that a state institution on the plan pro- posed could be nothing more than a nest of politicians, always scheming for personal ad- vantage; that legislatures would appropriate funds for maintenance only by fits and starts, controlled by an economical freak at one ses- sion, giving inadequate support, while per- haps at the next session the authorized ex- penditures might be so lavish as to sustain the charge of extravagance; that the teach- ing staff would be made up of men whose only attainments consisted in ability to in- fluence party managers; that professorships in the institution would be bones of conten- tion among politicians, and therefore subject to such continual changes as to impair the efficiency of the instruction and prevent the engagement of a high grade of competent in- structoi-s; and, lastly, that the people would not willingly tax themselves year after year to sustain such an institution, especially, as at best, only a moiety of the population would be directly benefited. These reasons for doubt as to the feasibility of establish- ing state universities seemed to many cogent and plausible. There were, no doubt, pei-ils in the scheme, as one or two such institutions have suffered at times from some of the causes enumerated as objections. Experi- ence, however, has demonstrated so clearly the wisdom of the system of universities that there is no longer a question of their utility. They have become the pride of the nation. They arc recognized throughout the world as flowei-s of the highest culture in our civiliza- tion. As educational centers they wield a wide, inspiring influence, while the well train- ed graduates whom they annually send forth become the leaders in thought and action in all parts of the nation, thus serving as a leaven among the peoi)le, with an uplift to- ward better things. This success of state universities comes, chieflly, from one source: the forceful character of the man at the head of the institution. Experience has compelled the recognition of this fact. Lack of execu- tive ability, tact, sound judgment or an at- tractive personality in the president entails disaster. The defect permeates the adminis- tration. The president is largely the univer- sity, however ably he may be assisted. The University of Minnesota might be cited to show this fact. When Dr. Cyrus Northroj) was called to be its president in 1884, the in- stitution had scarcely a hundred collegiate students. The catalogue was largely made up of the names of pnpils in the prepara- tory department — equivalent to a high school — and of those in detached classes of even- ing technical studies until nearly three hun- dred seemed to be present. Three buildings fonned the plant of the college. This was apparently sufficient, for there is no dormi- tory system attached to the university. In 1901 the enrollment is about thirty-four hun- dred. There are now more than twenty build- ings equipped with all the modern apjdiances required by the most advanced university dealing with all departments of knowledge. 80 wonderful as this growth has been, it is, perhaps, the least important change wtich has taken place under Dr. Northrop's admin- istration. From a college teaching only lit- erary courses of the simplest character, the institution has become a true university, em- bracing all branches of scientific and tech- nical studies. Nor is this all. The standard of scholarship has been so raised that a diploma of the University of Minnesota takes the highest rank in the literary, professional and technical world. The conditions under which President Northrop began his work were in no respect different from those of the HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHAVEST. previous decade. Hence, the success and prosperity of the institution must be attrib- uted to the guidino' hand and leading spirit of the man responsible for results. Cyrus Xorthrop was born at Ridgefield, Conn., in 1834. His father, also named Cy- rus, was a fanner. His mother's maiden name was Polly B. Fancher. She was born in New York. Young Northro]) began his education in the district school of his native town. When eleven years old he entered the academy of the town. The building in which the school was held has historical interest, being the birth-place of Samuel (1. Ooodrich. noted as Peter Parley, the author of a multi- tude of juvenile books which were exceeding- ly popular for several generations. The teachers of the academy were H. S. Banks and Rev. Chauncey Wilcox, both gi'aduates of Yale. At seventeen years of age he fin- ished bis preparation for college at Williston Seminary, Easthampton, Mass., under Princi- pal Josiah Clark, and graduated at the end of the year 18.51. He entered Yale as fresh- man in 18.52, but owing to a loss of a year by sickness, he did not graduate until 18.57, when he stood third in rank in a class of one hundred and four. While in college he was a member of the Phi Beta Kapjia, Delta Kap- pa Epsilon, Alpha Sigma Phi and the Skull and Bones college fraternities. He was also first president of the "Brothers in T'uity,'" a literary society made up of one-half of the students at college. In the fall of 1857 he entered the Yale Law School, intending to pursue the profession of law. He graduated in 1859. While attending to his law studies he taught Latin and Greek in the school of Hon. A. N. Skinner in New Haven, and pre pared two classes for Yale College. Ujion comjileting his law course he entered the law offfce of Hon. Charles Ives, of New Haven. He became interested in political affairs and took an active part in the Lincoln campaign, s])eaking for the LTnion, and liberty — as the struggle seemed to him — in both New York and Connecticut during the campaign. He was elected assistant clerk of the Connecti- cut house of representatives in 1860, and be- came clerk in the next vear. In 18G2 he was rVKUS .NOKTIII elected clerk of the state senate. He had opened a law office and fully expected to re- sume his practice at the close of the session of the legislature. He was, however. tW^art- ed in his desire, being called to the manage- ment of the New Haven Daily Palladium. Tlie paper was prominent and influential and was therefore compelled to express opinions or publish comments on all subjects of public interest. Mr. Northrop himself wrote all the editorials and attended to the nunierous de- tails then common to daily newspapers. It is said that Dr. Northrop now regards the work of that year the hardest toil he lias ever undertaken. It seems, however, to have been needed to round out his preparatory experi- ence. In 18fio he was appointed jirofessor of rhetoric and English literature in Yale Col- lege. He occupied the chair for twenty-one years, or until 1884, when he was tendered the presidency of the University of Minne- sota, a position which came to him unsolicit- ed and unexpectedly, as did the professor's chair at Yale, which clianged the current of his life. During the war and "reconstruc- tion" time he also took an active part in pub- lic att'airs, making many political addresses. [IISTORY OF THE GKEAT NORTHWEST. He was induced once to accept a nomination for congress. But since 1870 he lias talcen no part in politics, except to cast his ballot. During the administrations of Presidents Grant and Hayes he was collector of customs of the port of Xew Haven. Since Dr. North- roj) came to Minnesota, while unceasing in his endeavors to build up the university, he has made many addresses and delivered num- erous lectures on a wide range of subjects, which have shown the versatility of his pow- ers. He is said to be easily the best after- dinner speaker in the Northwest. The numer- ous demands made upon him for platform service forced him finally to decline many in- vitations, literary as well as social. He is a forceful speaker, singularly successful in holding his audience, no matter what the subject may be, while he makes his points in a manner very effective to the popular ear. He is no less happy in his style of writing, thus contradicting a common saying that "no man can be both a good speaker and a good writer." He is an active and prominent mem- ber of the Congregational church, sometimes occupying the pulpit. In 1889 he was mod- erator of the National Council, held at Wor- cester, Mass., a distinction rai-ely accorded to a layman. He was one of the two vice presi- dents appointed from America by the great International Council of the denomination held in London, in 1891. to which he was a delegate. In 1862 he was married to Miss Anna Elizabeth Warren, of Stamford, Conn. They have had three children. The first born, Minnie, was taken away when only ten years and six months old. Their son, Cyrus North- rop, Jr., is a graduate of the university. The surviving daughter, Elizabeth, was also a student of the institution, but was com- pelled to give up study because of ill-health, before graduation. ROBERTS, William I'reston.— Some of the most successful men of the Northwest came to this region in search of health, rather than for business pui-poses, as its bracing and invigorating climate has a wide reputation. ^Villiam P. Roberts, twice the representative from Hennepin county in the lower house of tlie legislature, is one of the number. He is a native of I'ennsylvania, having been born in . 1']., and the Two Harbors Commercial Club. Dec. 18, 1890, Mr. Miller was married to Mary Agnes Roth, of Oconto, Wis. They have three sons: Gregor A., J. Vivian and F. Newman. ^^■RIGIIT, Fred B.. so well known throughout the state for his efficient service for two years as the president of the State League of Republican Clubs, was born Janu- ary 17, 1856, in Coos county, N. H., where it is said that the best product of the state is men and women of the finest grade. The merit of the saying is that it is largely true. He is enthusiastic in his praise of Minnesota, claiming that he came to the state because of the "vast possibilities for a great and wealthy" commonwealth, and to Minneapolis "by i-eason of its splendid natural location, the loyalty and push of the people, which HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. FRED T'.. WniGHT. made Bliiuicapolis ccrlain of becoming a large city." His fatlier, Beiiali Wright, was a farmer in moderate circumstances, and had a large family. He had a great amount of native ability, and he was held in high esteem in the community. He was named after his grandfather, Beriah Wright, who was a native of ^'ermont, and a captain in the United States army in the War of 1812. The captain had only one child, a son, Sey- mour H. Wright, also born in Vennont, and who reared a large family consisting of Solon B., Beriah, the father of the subject of this sketch, Lumon F., William H., Arthur A. and Hosea D. ^Vright, and four daughters, Sarah, Surei)ta, Ellen and Alice. These are all living except Sarah, Ellen and Solon. The last lived at St. Johnsbury, Vt., and died there at the age of seventy, after a busy and useful life, having occupied many places of trust and confidence. Lumon is a wealthy and prominent farmer of Linn county, Iowa. Arthur is a prominent physician in the state of New York. Eliza R. Wright, the grand- mother of Fred. B. Wright, was also a native of Vermont, and belonged to a leading fam- ily. Her brother, Elum, was a leading law- yer at the New York bar for many years. Mr. Wright obtained his early education in tlic district sclidols, and then entered the St. .Tolinsbury Academy, from which he gradu- ated in the class of 1878. He then taught scliool until he entered upon his law studies. For this pui-jjose he entered the law office of Hon. (Jeorge A. Bingham, at Littleton, N. H., and completed his law course at the Bos- ton Law School. In 1883 he came to Minne- ai)olis to practice his profession, and has continued it ever since with marked success, winning a high standing at the bar, which is esteemed the strongest in the Northwest. Mr. Wright's practice has been of a genei*al character, as shown by the History of the Bench and Bar, where many interesting de- tails are noted. Mr. Wright has always been an active, public-spirited citizen. In politics he is an unmistakable Republican. For two years he was the president of that most ag- gressive Republican organization, the State League of Republican Clubs. Mr. Wright's vitality gave it much of its success. He has held no other political office. He is a Mason of high degree, belonging to the Blue Lodge, Royal Arch Chapter, and to the Commandery. He was married to Helen M. Conant, of Greensboro, Vt., August 27, 1884. They have four children: Ralph C, Fred B. Wright, Jr., Barbara, Helen and Donald Orr Wright. CREER, John N., principal of the Cen- tral High School, Minneapolis, Minn., is a native of Iowa, and was born in Scott county, April 17, 1858. His father, Nathan Greer, was a farmer. His mother's maiden name was Rebecca Logan McGrew. In his early youth. Professor Greer was passionately fond of the wild animals of the prairies and lost no opportunity to study them and their hab- its, thus acquiring that taste for natural his- tory and that habit of close observation which are now so characteristic of him. Farm life, however, had its restraints, and the lad's natural inclinations were smothered somewhat through being compelled to assist in labor on the farm when only ten years of age. Two vears later his father died, leaving HISTOIIY OF THE GHIOAT NORTinVKST, him in charge of the farm ; but the boy proved equal to the arduous task and for three years successfully carried on the farm work, lie attended the district school during- the win- ters until fifteen years of age, then, desiring to obtain further advancement, entered the pub- lic schools of Davenport, Iowa. Five years afterward he was graduated from the high school, having mastered in three years the full four years' course, and was valedictorian of the class. Tlie following year he taught at Blue Grass, in his home county. In Sep tember, 1870, he entered Iowa Tolh-ge, and was gi^aduated in 1882. His rapid advance through the classical course, paralleled by sjjecial work in the sciences, secured for him in this short time the two degrees of A. B. and B. S., an honor bestowed upon only one other student in the history of the college. This was a deserving tribute to his close ap- plication to his studies. In 1885 he was hon- ored by his Alma Plater with the degree of M. A. While at college he took an active in- terest in athletics and was always foremost in all kinds of sports. He was also an active member of the Chrestomathian Literary So- ciety, receiving through it a training that proved of much practical value. Soon after leaving college. Professor Greer entered the law office of Cook & Dodge, in Davenport. After about a year with this firm, during which time he had almost prepared himself for admission to the bar, he accepted a re- sponsible position with a telephone company, which had its headquarters at Cedar Eap- ids, Iowa. A year later he accepted the ap- pointment of principal of School No. 2, of Davenport. He resigned this position in Jan- uary, 1880, to became principal of the North Side High School in Minneapolis; and in Au- gust, 1892, he exchanged this positioTi for the corresponding one at the Central High. Though succeeding a most popular man — Professor Crombie — and placed in a position calling for much tact and executive ability. Professor Greer has achieved a great sn<'- cess. He at once secured the respect and ad- miration of both teachers and pu]tils, and now enjoys such a degree of popularity as is seldom the reward of one in his position. A •IDHN N. (.UtEKI!. man of kindly nature, in com])lcte sympathy with youth, his inlluence has been of inesti- mable ^■alue in inspiring the students of his school with a love for the higher and nobler things of this life, and stimulating them to more strenuou.s efforts for advancement. In 1884 Professor Greer was married to Sarah Elizabeth Russell, daughter of Hon. Edward Russell, of Davenport, Iowa. A sou, E. Rus- sell, and two daughters, Marguerite R. and Abby E., complete the membership of his family. ESCH, John Jacob, of La Crosse, Wis.. is a member of congress from the Seventh district of Wisconsin. He is descended from old (ierman families, as his ancestors on both sides came from the old country. His mother, Mathilda (Menn) Esdi, was a (laughter of one of the earliest settlers in .Monroe county, NNis. His father, Henry Ksch, was in early life a minister. He set tied in ^Slonroc coniily in I lie tcrrilorial (lays of Wiscdusiii, and cleared a, farm in I he Idlest. He was one of the pioneer min- islcrs (if llial liuic and traveled a circuit. HISTORY OF THK GUKAT NOKTIIWEST. John J. Escli was born on a farm near Nor- walk, Monroe county, Wis., March 20, 1861. His education has been secured in the schools of Wisconsin and he is essentially a product of the Badger state. He received a very thorough preparatory course in the high school at Sparta, graduating in 1878, and entered the University of Wisconsin, taking up the work of the Modern Classical Course, and was graduated in 1882. He took a prominent part in college life and was es- pecially interested in debating, and was a joint debater in one of the annual debates. He was class prophet at commencement and was also a commencement orator. During his senior year he was managing editor of the college weekly. In 1882 he began teach- ing school at Sparta, Wis., which position he left in 1886 to enter the law department of the state university. He had been study- ing law while teaching and declined an of- fer of the principalship that he might be- come a lawyer. He completed the course in 1887 and located in La Crosse, becoming a member of the firm of Winter, Esch «S: Winter, and has been engaged in many of the more important cases in that locality. Mr. Esch has always been interested in mil- itary affairs and while in Sparta was one of the organizers of the Sparta Kirtes, a com- pany in the Third Regiment. Wisconsin Na- tional Guard. He served four years as cap- tain of the company. He also organized Company M of the Third Regiment, at La Crosse and was captain of this company for some time. In 1891 he was appointed judge advocate general, with the rank of colonel, on the staff of (iov. Upham, but declined a reappointment. Mr. Esch has always been an active Republican. His first office was that of city treasurer at Sparta, in 1884. In 18!)6 he was temporary and peiTnanent chairman of the state convention which nominated delegates at large to the nation- al Republican convention at St. Louis. He has also been prominent in several state conventions. He was elected to congress in 181)8 by a plurality of over eight thou- sand votes. He has secured the passage of several measures of great importance t9 his district and is identified with several meas- ures now before congress. He was re-elect- ed to congress in 1900 by a largely in- creased plurality. Mr. Esch is a member of the Modern Woodmen of America and of the Hamilton and Nineteenth Century clubs — both literary societies — at La Crosse. He is a member of the Congregational church, ilr. Esch was married, December 24, 1889, to Miss Anna Herbst, of Sparta, and has five children, Paul, Irene, Helen, Marie and Ruth. ANDREWS, John Wesley, is a physician and surgeon, practicing his profession at Mankato, Minn. His father, John R. An- drews, was a Methodist minister, and one of the pioneer messengers of the gospel in south- western Jlinnesota. John R. Andrews and his wife, Delilah (Araistrong) Andrews, came to Minnesota from Illinois in the autumn of 1856, and located first near St. Peter, but the following spiing Mr. Andrews pre-empted one hundred and sixty acres of what is known as the big woods. The business de- pression of 1857 came on, and for the next two years the Andrews family, in common HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. with their neighbors, endured great priva- tions. Flour was fD.OO a barrel, and had it not been for the high price of ginseng and the abundance of tliat root in their region, many would havo suffered for food. The An drews family is of English descent, the father of John 11. being an English sea cai)tain. The subject of this sketch was born at Kus- sellville, Lawrence county, 111., April G, 1S41). The country district schools of that time were i)ooi-Iy ecjuipped, and the educational advantages he enjoyed were of a very insuf ficient and limiled chai-acter. After comjilet- ing the course affoi'ded by the ])ublic schools, he entered the State Normal School at llan- kato, but at the end of his course and before graduation he was taken sick willi lyphoid fever and was not able to rel ui ii. 1 le became a leacliiT ill llie high scliool al SI. IN'lcr, where he was engaged for three years, when he took up the study of medicine, and jirose- cuted it as diligently as his means would jier- mit. He attended the medical department of the University of Michigan, and later Rush Medical College, where he graduated in Feb- ruary, 1S77. iVfter practicing in Minnesota for about two years he went to New York and entered Bellevue Hospital Medical Col- lege, where he took the regular course in medicine and surgery and the allied branches of study and was graduated in March, 1880. He again returned to the practice of his pro- fession, which he continued until the sum- mer of 1886, when he went to Europe for a year of study in Berlin and Vienna. Upon his return to Mankato he resumed his jiro- fessional work, and continued it up to the present time, with intervals of six weeks or two months sjient every two or three years in study and observation in some of the larger cities, for the purpose of familiarizing himself with any new discoveries or methods which may have been adojited in his jirofes- sion. Dr. Andrews is a member of the Min- nesota Medical Society, of the Minnesota Val ley Medical Society, of the American Jledical Association, and of other medical organiza tions. He has taken very little interest in politics, although he was nominated for mavor of Jlaiikato in 1893 and came within .iiiii.N \v. .\.\iii;i;\vs. seven votes of being elected. In the spring of 1895 he was induced to take a seat in the council as a representative of the Fourth ^Vard of that city. Dr. Andrews is at p^sent devoting himself largely to the practice of surgeiy, and but few physicians in the state enjoy a larger or more lucrative practice. He has always been a Kejiublican and identi- fied with that party. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and was for two years senior warden, and then for four consecutive years master, of the Blue Lodge, Mankato, No. 12. He is a member of the Mankato Board of Trade, and of the Social Science Club of Mankato. He was reared in the Meth- odist church and became a member of that society when about tweiily years of age. He was married, April 4, 1877, to Miss Jennie French, formerly of Wellsville, N. Y., but at the lime of her marriage residing in Mar- sh.ill, Mh\u. They have one child. Boy N. Andrews. ilKOl'in', Batrick Jerome, of 15utte, Mont., is regarded as one of the leading wholesale merchants in the state. He is quiet ,111(1 unassuming, but his success as a mer- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. PATRICK J. BROPHY, chant has shown to the people that he is a man of sterling worth and strict integrity. He came to Montana in February, 1881, when the state was a territory and practically un- deyeloped, and when the stage was the only means of transportation to Butte. P. J. Brophj was born in 1855, in Carlow county, Ireland. His mother, Johanna Barry Welsh, was a natiye of Wexford county, and his fa- ther, Thomas Brojjhy. was a well-to-do farm- er in Carlow county. Their son was giyen the education proyided by the commissioners of National education. The schools were of good quality, with a fine influence on the scholars. Young Brophy seryed a four years' apprenticeship, without pay, in a large estab- lishment near his home. He then went to Dublin and to Liyerpool and gained yaluable experience. He decided that the opportuni- ties ayailable afforded better prospects in America, and came to the United States. Mr. Brophy liyed in Chicago for a few years be- fore going further west. He then went to Y\'yoniing, locating at Eyanston. He yery soon heard of the possibilities of Montana, and, in company with Mr. George H. Casey, came to Butte, arriying in 1881, and started in business. The firm carried a general mer- ca.ntile line and built up a protitable business in a few years. Mr. Casey desiring to change his work, Mr. Brophy bought his interest iu isss. and lias since continued the business under the name of P. J .Brophy & Company, working into wholesale and retail groceries, .ind is now one of the largest dealers in that line in the state. Mr. Brophy, while a be- lieyer in the principles of the old line Deni- iicracy, is not a politician, in the ordinary ac- ceptation of that term. He has, howeyer, always taken an actiye interest in local af- fairs. He seryed for two terms as school tiiistee, with much credit to himself and beneflt to the public schools of the then in- fant mining camp. He was. also, chainnan of the board of police commissioners for two years, during the entire period that this method of police goyernment was proyided by Montana's municipal laws. Mr. Bi'ophy is an attendant of the Eoman Catholic church, and is a prominent member of the Ancient Order of Hibernians. He is also a member of the Piher Bow Club, at Butte. Mr. Brophy was married in 1893 to Marguerite Gertrude D'Arcy, at Joliet, 111., and has a family of three fine boys, Thomas D'Arcy, John Anthony and Patrick Joseph. DEAN, William J., is one of the sub- stantial business men of Minneapolis, Minn. He was born July 19, 1813, near Port Hope, Ontario. His father, Matthew Dean, was a pioneer in the North Star state, haying set- tled on a farm in Scott county, near Shako- pee, in 1855. Though he did not hold any po- sition of particular prominence, Mr. Dean was an honest, upright man in all his dealings, and was esteemed and respected by his neigh- bors. He was born in Ireland, as was his wife, Ann Longmoor, and on coming to America first settled in Ontario. The parents were unable to give their children the ad- yantages of a yery liberal education. There were yery few schools in the state of Minne- sota in those days, the school tenu in most cases not extending oyer sixty days at one time, and the subject of this sketch did not HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. attend school a wliole year in his life. He helped his father to break up the prairie, cut off the limber and open up the faiTU, and re- mained at home until August 22, 1802, when he enlisted as a private in Company I, Ninth Regiment. Minnesota Volunteers. He served for three years, and was engaged in the bat- tles of (iuntown. Miss.; Nash\ille, Tenn., and ilobile. Ala.; also particijjated in a number of skirmishes. For a short time he was de- tailed as company clerk, and then promoted to corporal. A\'hen mustered out, he return- ed home and resumed work on the farm. ],;iter, lie took a two months" course in a business college for the jjurpose of acquiring a business education. Mr. Dean came to Minneapolis in 1S77 and engaged in business as a dealer in agricultural implements, and his fii-m was the first to engage in the whole- sale imijlement business in Minneapolis. He had but a limited amount of capital, yet with great pluck and the exhibition of a remai'k- able business capacity he has built up prob- ably the largest business in this line in that city. He is held in high esteem for his busi- ness integrity, and for the deep interest he takes in all matters of public welfare. Mr. Dean was one of the first business men in Minneapolis to advocate the introduction of a profit-sharing system among employes, and has had this .system in practical operation for a number of years, a fact which has won for Mr. Dean and his firm the unusual loyalty of their numerous employes, ^^'heu the valu- able property of the Y. M. C. A. in Minne- apolis was sold under foreclosure about five years ago, Mr. Dean was induced to take charge of the finances of that institution. Under his conservative management a debt of $25,000 has been paid, the property redeem- ed, and the association placed on a sound financial footing. He is still president of its board of directors. He was, also, a member of the board of charities and corrections for four years, and jjerformed valuable services in that connection, saving the city a consid- erable sum of money by the introduction of practical business methods in the manage- ment of the various charitable institutions under its charge. Mr. Dean's political afflli- WII.LIA.M .7. DEAN. ations were witii the Jiepiililican party unlil ISSG, since which time he has been a Tro- hibitionist. He was twice the nominee of that party for the office of governor of the state. In 1900, at the earnest solicitaflbn of a large number of business men, he ran as an independent candidate for the office of mayor of Minneapolis, but failed of election. Mr. Dean has been an active member of the Meth- odist church since 18C6, and has been hon- ored with every office in the church to which a layman is eligible. December 25, 1867, he was married to Cordelia Rebecca Pond. Four children were born: Janette C, Arthur J., Anabelle Ireland and Irene Rebecca. LIBL5EY, Elias David, is adjutant gen- eral of the state of Minnesota, having been appointed to that office by Governor Van Sant. January 21:, 1901. This appointment was a fitting recognition of a capable and effi- cient officer, and of a military career in which any soldier miglit take more than a passing pride, (ieneral Libbey has been an active woiker in the cause of the National (Juard of ^[innesota since his first connection with it in ISSS. But his military record is not con- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST KLIAS D. LIBBEY. fined to the aunals of the citizen soldiery. He enjovs the distinction of ranking among the first in the number of engagements par- ticipated in daring the Civil War, though one of the Tounge^it veterans. He was bom at Stockton, Me., June li, 1.S44, the son of John C. Libl>ey, a shipbuilder, and .Vngeline E. (Steele) Libber. His early education was limited to an attendance at the common schools of his native town. He had not yet reached the age of eighteen when he enlisted in the seirices of his country as a volunteer. His military ability was so marked that it at- tracted the notice of his superiors, and he was steadily advanced through the list of non-commissioned officers, and six months before hijs majority was commissioned lieu- tenant of the Sixth Banery, Maine Light Ar- tillery. He was honor-ably discharged June 17, 1865. He i>articipated in the engagement at Cedar Mountain, the second battle of Bull Run, and the battles at .Vntietam, Gettys- burg, the \^'ilderness. SjK»tt.sylvania Court House. Cold Harbor, Petersburgh, and num- erous others, of more or less importance, both in "\'irginia and the S«^>uth. ilr. Libbev came west in 1873, and settled at St. Paul. iLnn., where he has resided ever since. For a number of years he has occupied a high position in commercial and manufacturing circles as a member of the Libbey-Scribner Company, of which he was one of the found- ers. In 1888. he was commissioned aide-de- camp on the staff of Governor McGill. with the rank of c-aptain, and in 1890 was elected major of the First Battalion of Artillery. Minnesota National Guard, and commission- ed October 3 of that year. For nearly a decade he has guided the destinies of the battalion and won the admiration and the esteem of officers and men alike. He has been a leader in all efforts to secure needed legislation in the interests of the National ey enjoys almost universal popularity, not only in national guard, but business cir- cles as well. In 1866 he was married to Lizzie G. Stajjles. Two children have been born: Allen S. and Faustina H. SCOTT, Hugh Balph. — The county audit- or of the city of ilinneai>olis, Hugh B. Scott, was bom in ilinneapolis, Jime 6, 1863. His father was Charles Scott, the senior member of the fir-m of Scott & Morgan, noted in local annals for building the first foundry and ma- chine .shoji in the city of Minneapolis, in 1858, at the Falls of St. Anthony. They cast the first iron in their foundry January 1, 1859. Besides this interesting achievement. Mr. Scott's i>ersonal experience made him^ man of consider-able note. His progenitors came to America with the distinguished Rog- er ^^'iUianls, of religious liberty fame. His grandfather, also named Charles Scott, was a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and was wounded during Gener-al Sullivan's expedi- tion to Rhode Island. His father was a sol- dier in the ^Var of 1812, while he himself was a veteran of the Mexican War. He serv- ed on the L'nited States ship Constitution. He was wounded in an engagement during HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Commodore Stockton's expedition to Califor- nia, and received a medal from congress for gallant and distinguished service. He died in 1804. His wife, the mother of the county auditor, was Margaret Hamilton, of Dexter, Me. Her ancestors were early Scotch-Irish people. Young Hugh obtained his early edu- cation in the schools of Hennepin county, Minn. This was followed by a course at the high school at Stillwater, Minn., which pre- pared him for the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, where his school training was completed. While at the university he be- came a member of the Phi Chi college fra- ternity. He then returned to Stillwater and learned the drug business, which he followed until 18'Jl, when he entered the city engi- neer's office, at Jlinneapolis. In 1897 he was appointed second deputy county auditor, which position he held at Ihe breaking out of the Spanish ^Var, when, true to the military spirit of his lineage, he accepted the position of second lieutenant of Company L, 13th Min- nesota Volunteer Infantry, and went with that organization to Manila, I*. I., where he participated in the native uprising at Manila, February 22, 18t)'J; battle of Salacot, capture of San Miguel; of San Kogue; of San Isidro; of Cabiou; of Aryat, and the skirmish near the latter place. He was mustered out with his regiment at San Francisco, October 3, 1899. When he returned home he was em- ployed in the county treasurer's office. At the first election under the new "rrimary Law," September 18, 1900, he was chosen as the Eeijublican nominee for the office of coun- ty auditor of Hennepin county, Minn., and was elected on the ensuing Cth of November, by a majority of 8,G31 over his Democratic competitor. He assumed the office January 1, 1901. He has always been a Republican. In 1896 he was a member of the party cam- paign committee. He is a member of the Masonic order; of the Royal Arcanum; of the A. O. U. W., and of the Spanish War Vet- erans. In 1894 he was High Priest of the Masonic Royal Arch Ark Chapter, and in 1896 the Master of Ark Lodge, No. 176. He is a member of the Westminster Presbyterian church of Minneapolis. He was married. HIGH R. SCOTT. June 27, 1888, to Mary Alice Graves, of Still- water, and they have two daughters: Mary Alice, born March 16, 1891, and Jeanette Hamilton, bom May 22, 1892. SHEEHAN, Timothy J., the Commander of Fort Ridgely, Minnesota, during the Sioux Massacre of 1862, is one of the best known men in the state. He was born in the County Cork, Ireland, December 21, 1835. He was the son of Jeremiah and Ann McCarthy Sheehan, who lived on a farm in that county. Both his parents died in 1836 when he was but three years old, and he was reared almost from infancy to young manhood by bis parental grandfather. He was given the rudiments of education in the national schools of his native land, being kept at his studies until he was fourteen years of age. In 1850 he came to the United States, landing in New York City in the month of November, and going thence directly to Glen's Falls, N. Y^., where he again attended school for some time, and where for two years he was engaged as a mechanic's ap- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. jn-enticc. In 1855 he went to Dixon, 111., wheie he remained two years, at work in a saw mill in the summer and attendinjj school in the winter. In the sprint; "f 1857 he eame to the then Territory of Minnesota, arriving May 3 at Albert Lea, then a frontier village only a year old, and Minnesota has ever since been his home. On Lake Albert Lea, three miles from the village, he made a homestead and for some years worked his claim. In 18G0 he was elected clerk of the township of Albert Lea, was re-elected in 1861, and held the office nntil he resigned to enter the Union army. On October 11, 1861, when the war of the rebellion was fairly on, he left his home at Albert Lea and enlisted as a private in Com- pany F, 4th Minnesota Infantry Volunteers. He was made a corporal and soon became so proficient in the duties of a soldier and evi- denced such fitness generally, that General John B. Sanborn recommended him for a commission. Feb. 15, 1862, at Fort Snelling, he was disany. At the sanu^ time he disi)atch(Hl a messager, Cor- poral McLean, with the following order to Lieut. Sheehan, who was (hen on his way to Fort Ripley: "I[ead(|uartei's, Fort Ridgely, August 18, 1862. Lieutenant Sheehan: — It is absolutely nec(^ssary that you should return with your <-ommaiid immedi- ately to this post. The Indians are raising hell at the Lower .\gency. Return as soon as ]M)ssible. JOHN S. MARSH, Captain Commanding I'ost." Corjioral .McLean did not oxi-rlake Lieut. Sheehan's detachment until evening, when it was in camp near (ilencoe, forty-two miles from Fort Ridgely. The men had nmrched l\venl\li\c miles that hot day and were g(!ing into bivouac for the night, but (he lieiUenant ai once ordered them to "about face" and they obeyed cheerfully, and the i-eturn march was begun. Meantime Capt. Marsh and twenty-three of his men had jierislied in the deadly Indian ambuscade at the Redwood Ferry. Fort Ridgely \\as being filled with citizen refu- gees — men, women and children — ^many of them wounded and all destitute and terror stricken. The prairies, the roads, ly^d the little farms were strewn with mangled bod- ies; murder and rai)ine were in the air; the glare of burning buildings illuminated the sky. The savages had besel the fort and (lie surrounding country. The fort was merely a military i)ost. a collection of build- ings about a sipiare with not a stone in place as a fortification, not a spadeful of earth thrown u]) as a breastwork. As a garrison to defend the place, there were but twenty-nine men with muskets, under Lieut, (icre, a young officer only nineteen years of age. Following is an extract from Lieut. Ceie's account of the situation at this time: "The Indians, hilarious at the desolation they had wrought during the day. were at (he agency, celebrating in mad orgies their successes, and neglected their opjiorl unity (o capture what proved to be the barrier to (he devastation of the ilinnesota Valley. Tuesday nuirning dawned on mingled Iiojk" and a|ii)rehension for the coming hours, and when sunlight shone upon the prairies, TIMOTHY J. SHEEHAN. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. every quarter was closely soanned from the roof of the highest building through the powerful telescoi)e fortunately at hand. At about !) o'clock Indians began congregat- ing on the prairie some two miles west of the fort, mounted, on foot and in wagons, where, in plain view of the fort, a council was held. This council was addressed by Little Crow and their movements for the day decided upon. While this was in progress, cheers of welcome announced the arrival at the fort of Lieut. Sheehan with his fifty men of Company C. The courier dispatched by Capt. Marsh on the previous day had reached this comnmnd at evening soon sifter It had gone into camp, forty-two miles from Fort Ridgely, between New Auburn and Crlencoe. I'romptly obeying the order for his return, Lieut. Sheehan at once struck tents, and the command commenced its foi-ced march, covering during the night the entire distance traversed in the two preced- ing days, arriving the first to the rescue and meriting high ])raise. Lieut. Sheehan now took command at Fort Ridgely." The lieutenant and his men reached the fort in the nick of time, at ten minutes of nine a. m., on Tuesday morning, having marched forty-two miles in ten hours and seventy miles in twenty-two hours. There is no parallel to this great endeavor in the otHcial records of the war department, and no account of its having been surpassed is mentioned in history. Reaching the fort, he found the place thronged with weeping and sorrowful peo- ple; illy supplied with food, water and am- munition; without protection even against the Indians' bullets; with but few arms save those of the soldiers, and no prospect of re- inforcement or relief of any sort. But when the Renville Rangers arrived, he had then one hundred and fifty brave and resolute men in his command, three good cannon, and a great interest at stake, and he deter- mined to defend the post and its helpless occupants to the last. He knew, too, that Fort Ridgely was the gateway to the lower Minnesota valley, and that if it were forced by the savages, not only would there be one of the greatest and bloodiest butcheries in history, but the en- tire beautiful valley would be desolated with fir(> and gun and tomahawk. The In- dians were present in vastly superior num- bers and were eager to attack him, confident of success. Of the defense of Fort Ridgely during its eight full days of siege and investment by a very largely superior force, history speaks; but of the responsibilities upon the young commander,, his trying experiences, his great exertions, there can be no adequate de- scription. He was greatly aided and sup- ported by his gallant and faithful subordi- nate, Lieut. T. P. Gere, and by every soldier and also by the citizen defenders, whom he oi'ganized into a company, with Hon. R. H. Randall as their captain. The first formidable and concerted at- tack on the fort by Little Crow and his chiefs, with about six hundred braves and warriors, on August 20, began about two o'clock p. m., and did not cease until dark. It was met and repulsed at every quarter, for the commander was prepared for it. He had placed his aitillery, had built breast- works, and distributed his men to the oest advantage and the result was all that could be desired. In a desperate fight during the afternoon, the Indians wt^'e whipped and driven off. The heaviest and most desperate attack was made on Fort Ridgely on August 22. Little Crow, believing that if Fort Ridgely were taken his path to the Mississippi would be comparatively clear, resolved to make one more desperate attempt at its capture, his numbers having been increased to 1,200 or 1,500 warriors. The second and most fu- rious attack was made at about one o'clock ]). m. With demoniac yells the savages sur- rounded the fort and at once commenced a heavy musketry fire. The garrison re- turned the fire with equal vigor and with great effect on the yelling demons. Early in the fight. Little Crow, with his warriors, took possession of the government stables, 1lie sutler's store and all outside buildings, and in order to dislodge the Indians from HISTORY OF THE OltEAT NORTHWEST. tliose buildiuffs, Lieut. Sheehan ordered them set on fire. Then on came tlie painted, yellinjj warriors, firinj^ volley after volley, as they charged on the ffarrison. The hero- ic defenders opened an all-around fire from the artillery and musketry, which paralyzed the Indians and drove them back. Thus, af- ter six hours of continuous blazing conflict, alternately lit up by the flames of burning buildings and darkened by whirling clouds of smoke, terminated the second and last at- tack on Fort Kidgely. T"]) to this time more than 1,000 innocent people were slaugh- tered, scalped and otherwise mutilated by the savages. Four more days and nights of sus])ense ensued until, on the morning of the liTth of August, the fort was relieved by the ad- vance of General Sibley's force, consisting of 175 mounted men, mostly from Minneap- olis, commanded by Capt. Anson Northrop. Before the fight the following message was received from Hon. (". E. Flandrau, commanding at New Ulm: "New Ulm, August 20. Commander, Fort Eidgely: — Send me 100 men and guns if possible. We are surrounded by Indians and fighting every hour. Twelve whites killed and many wounded. C. E. FLANDRAU, Commanding New L"lm." Flandrau's message was most discour- aging, for it showed the general situation at New Ulm and the surrounding country. But the young lieutenant rose to the occasion with the address of a veteran, although this was his maiden battle. He assumed charge of everything and directed the defense in every detail. f)n August 31, 1862, he was promoted to cai>tain of his company. He continued in command of Fort Ridgely until September 18, when he was ordered with his company to Fort Ripley. After the Sioux massacre in November, Companies B and C were sent to the South to join the main portion of their regiment, from which they had been sei)arated since its organization, and rcachi'd it near Oxford, Mississippi. Decem- ber 12, 1862. Capt. Sheehan served at the head of his comi)any in the south during the war of the rebellion from December, 1862, to Septem- ber. 1865. He particii)ated in several im- ])(>rtant campaigns and was engaged in a number of battles and skirmishes, promi- nent among which were the siege of and as- sault on Vicksburg; the battle of TujjcIo, Mississippi, where he was in command of the portions of the Fifth ^linnesota and Eighth Wisconsin present, and other de- tachments, in all three hundred men; the ac- tion at Abbeysville; the long and arduous campaign through Arkansas and Missouri, known as the Price campaign; the battles about Nashville, notably that of December 16, 1864, and the siege of Mobile in the spring of 1S65. He was discharged from the service at Demopolis, Ala.. September 6, 1865. He was frequently mentioned in or- ders and on many occasions distinguished himself. In the gallant charge of Gen. Hub- bard's brigade at Nashville, which swept away a part of Hood's strongest line, Capt. Sheehan was among the foremost. His was the ''color company" of the regiment. Five color bearers were shot down. Capt Shee- han seized the colors and charged with his ( ompany over the breastworks, command- ing the Confederates to surrender to the flag. For his conduct on this occasion, he was especially mentioned in the reports. On the first day of September, 1865, Capt. Sheehan was commissioned by Gov. Miller, lieutenant colonel of his regiment. The fine substantial monument ere'cted by the state in 18D6 on the former site of P'ort Ridgely, to conmiemorate its defense in 1862, bears upon it a brief history of the memorable engagement and a life-size, bronze medallion of Lieut. Sheehan, the ctmimander, as he appeared at the time. The dedicatory inscription reads, "In mem- ory of the fallen, in recognition of the living, and for the emulation of future genera- tions." and altogether the monument is a most befitting and appropriate structure. After his return from the army to his old HISTORY OF Tlir: GREAT NORTHWEST. lioiiio at Albert Lea, Minnosota, f'ol. i^heo- lian reengaged in his foimer ociMipatlon, that of farming. In 1871 he was elected sheriff of Freeborn county and at subse- (]uent elections was re-elected Ave times, holding the office, in all, six terms or twelve years. In that iiosition he showed great ac- tivity, adroitness and expedition in arrest- ing criminals of various kinds, and was a popular county oflRcer. February 25, 1885, Col. Sheelian was aji- pointed, by President Arthur, agent for the ("liipi)ewa Indians of the White Earth Agen- cy of Minnesota. This office he held for more flian four years, or until June, 1889. His service was of great value and impor- fance, and acceptable both to the govern- ment and the Indians. He took a promi- nent part in making what was known as the I'.ishop Whipple treaty of 188G, and the Hen- ry M. Rice treaty of 1889, with the Chippe- v»as of Minnesota. In May, 1890, he was appointed dcpuly United States marshal, by Col. J. <'. Dcma- liower. He has held the position evei- since, under all the changes of administration, in- cluding the present Republican incumbent. Hon. W. H. Grimshaw. Col. Sheehau him- self has always been a Republican. He has made a most efficient and valuable officer, has often been entrusted with matters of large responsibility' and has always dis- charged his entire duties with intelligence and satisfaction. While in service as deputy marshal un- der Marshal O'Connor, in October, 1898, Col. i^heehau took a prominent and an active part in the incidents connected with the bat- tle with the Chippewa Indians at Sugar I'oiut, which is described elsewhere in this volume. His intimate acquaintance with the Leech Lake Indians — having for four years been their agent — and his thorough knowledge of Indian character generally, en- abled him to be of great service on this oc- casion. He was first sent up to Leech Lake to arrest the turbulent Indians who had re- sisted and who were still defying the au- thorities and the law. He accompanied the force under General Bacon and Alarshal O'Connor that went from Walker to Sugar Point, and it was Col. Sheehan in person who arrested the first of the lawless Bear Islanders for whom warrants had been is- sued. When the battle began he at once became a participant and fought as he did at Ridgely. During the fight he was wound- ed three times — in the right arm, in the hip, and severely across the abdomen — yet he never left the field. The wounds he re- ceived at Sugar Point made seven given him ii) battle — two at Ridgely, two at Nashville and three at Sugar Point. In the opinion of the best informed a jiiece of work performed by Col. Sheehan in the battle of Sugar Point contributed very largely to saving the white forces from ut ter defeat, if not from annihilation. This was his charge with a platoon of soldiers and deputy marshals on the Indian left tiauk which was being pushed around and threatened to envelop Gen. Bacon and his entire command. Mr. Will H. Brill, of the St. Paul Pioneer Press, who has written^and jmblished the standard account of the Sugar I'oint affair, says: "Meanwhile Col. Sheehan had taken charge of the fighting on the right of the flank, and he did wonders with the green men that composed his command. He also ri'fused to take shelter, but kept on walking up and down the line, encouraging his men and imploring them to keep cool. After the first two or three volleys he ordered his men to charge the fence on the right, under cover of which the Indians were pouring in a cross lire. The charge was successful and the In- dians were driven off. In this charge twelve of his detachment of twenty men were killed and wounded." Col. Sheehan's conduct in the Sugar Point fight was the theme of admiring com- ment from the public press of the state and ihc nation and he received numerous letters of congratulation from friends and associ- ates. Ex-Governor xMcGill wrote him as fol- lows: HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHAVEST. "St. Paul. October 12, 1898. IXnir Col. Sheehan : — I fongi-atulate you on the gallant part you played in the recent battle at Leec-h Lake with the hostile Indians, and I am pro- foundly grateful that your life was spared. In your ease the hero of '6'J has become the hero of '98. It has been thirty-six years since your famous tussle with the red men at Fort Ridgely. The lapse of time seems neither to cool your blood nor modify your courage. You are the same gallant oflfieer you were when I first met you at St. Peter, after the siege of Fort Ridgely. I did not meet you personally then, but saw you, and have always since that time carried you in my mind and heart as one of Minnesota's most gallant soldiers and bravest men. God bless you. Colonel, for all you have done and endured. But don't do so any more. You have won the right to refrain from fur- ther Indian fighting. Let the younger men do the rest of it. We want you with us as long as the rest of us live. Poor Major Wil- kinson! How sincerely I mourn his death. It was simply the chance of war that his life was taken while jours was spared. Again congratulating you on j-our courage and never-failing grit, and again admonishing you to stop fighting, I am sincerely. Your friend, A. R. McGILL." Col. Sheehan was married in November, 1866, to Miss Jennie Judge, who was also bcrn in Ireland. They have three sons now grown to manhood and named Jeremiah, George W., and Edward Sheehan. Mrs. Sheehan is an accomplished and most esti- mable lady and a worthy companion for her husband. She is jn-ominent in church work and other beneficent movements and a well known member of the best social circles. One of the state historians, who has long and intimately known Col. Sheehan, says: "All the woi'ld admires a hero. And when he has been brave and imperiled him- self in a right cause and the fruit of his courage is a substantial benefit to his fellow u:en, he is to be honored for all time. With true courage come the other qualities and elements which constitute right manhood and make a man worthy of right distinction. As one who fills this measure — as one who has fought the battles of liis state and his country and by his invincible courage and fidelity saved hundreds of valuable lives and a great area of territory from destruction, and as one who, as a citizen, soldier, and public official has made an unblemished rec- ())-d, Col. Sheehan well merits his place among Minnesota's most honorable and distinguished men. And it is gratifying and good to say that, with the blessings of Providence, there are many more years of distinction and usefulness before him. Well does Col. Sheehan deserve the gold and bronze medals which adorn his breast." The fine, substantial monument erected at Fort Ridgely to commemorate the defense of the fort against the Sioux Indians during the massacre of 1862, is 52^ feet in height from its foundation, with a base of 14 feet square, and composed of Minnesota granite from the Rockville quarries near St. Cloud. The inscriptions are on white bronze tab- lets, securely fastened to the granite dies. Upon the east side of the main shaft, above the dies, is a life-sized bronze medallion of Lieut. T. J. Sheehan, cast at Philadelphia from a photograph taken near the time he was in command. The monument was com- pleted and set during the month of Septem- ber, 1896. It stands on the exact site of the former flag staff of the fort in the center of the parade ground. The inscriptions are as follows: IN MEMORY OF THE FALLEN; IN RECOGNITION OF THE LIVING; AND FOR THE EMULATION OF FUTURE GENERATIONS. Erected A. D. 1896, by the State of Minne- sota, to preserve the sight of Fort Ridgely, a United States military post established in 1853, and especially to perpetuate the names and commemorate the heroism of the sol- diers and citizens of the State, who success- fully defended the Fort during nine days of siege and investment, August 18-27, 1862, and who gallantly resisted two formidable HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST and protracted assaults upon it, made Aug. 20 and 22, 1SG2, by a vastly superior force of Sioux Indians under command of Little Crow and other noted Indian leaders and ■warriors. August 18, 18G2, the Sioux Indians of the Upper Minnesota River, in violation of their treaties, broke into open rebellion, and with- in a few days thereafter massacred about one thousand citizens in the southwestern part of the state, and destroyed property of the value of millions of dollars. Many men, women and children fled to Fort Ridgely and were under its protection during the siege. The successful defense of the fort by its garrison, consisting of parts of Companies p. and C, Fifth Regiment Minnesota Volun- teer Infantry, the "Renville Rangers," and citizens and refugees, was very largely in- strumental in saving other portions of Min- nesota from ravage and devastation, and greatly contributed to the ultimate defeat of the Indians and their expulsion from the State. During the entire siege of Fort Ridgely the garrison was skillfully commanded by Lieut. Timothy .J. Sheehan, of Co. C, 5th Regiment, Minnesota Infantry. He was ably assisted by Lieut. Norman K. Culver, Co. B, of the same regiment, Acting Post Quarter- master and Commissary, in charge of de- tachments; Lieut. Thos. P. Gere, Co. B, oth Minnesota Infantry, in command of the portion of his company present (Capt. John F. March and 23 men of that company, and Peter Quinn, U. S. Interpreter, having been killed by the Indians at Redwood Ferry, Aug. 18, 18fi2); Lieut. James Gorman, in command of the Renville Rangers; Hon. Benj. H. Randall, in charge of armed citi- zens; Ordnance Sergeant John Jones, of the Regular Army, in general charge of the artillery, with Sergt. James G. McGrew, Co. B. 5th Minnesota Infantry, and Mr. John C. ^^'hipple. each in charge of a gun. Dr. Al- fred Muller, Post Surgeon. The names of the other defenders of the Fort appear else- where on this monument and are as follows: CO. B. 5th MIXN. INFTY. 1st Lieut. K. K. ("ulver, I'ost Quartermaster and Commissary. 2d Lieut. Thos. P. Gere, Commanding his (I'ompany. Sergts. Jas. G. McGrew, A. C. Ellis, Jno. F. Bishop. Corpls. W. E. \Yinslow, T. I). Huntley, C. H. Hawley, Michael Pfremer, Arthur Mc- Allister, Allen Smith, J. C. McLean. Drummer, Chas. M. Culver; Wagoner, Elias Hoyt. PRIVATES. (Jeo. M. Annis, Jas. M. Atkins, Chas. H. Baker, Chas. Beecher, Wm. H. Blodgett, Christ Boyer, John Brennan, L. M. Carr, W. H. H. Chase, James Dunn, Caleb Elphee, A. -J. Fauver, J. W. Foster, Columbia French, Ambrose Gardner, W'm. Good (w'd), W. B. Hutchinson, L. W. Ives, J. W. Lester, Isaac Lindsey, Henry ^Martin, J. L. McGill (w'di, •lohn McGowun, J. M. Muuday, Jas. Murray, E. F. Ilehrhood, Thos. Parsley, \\'. J. I'errington, II. F. Pray, Antoine Rebenski, Heber Robinson, Andrew Ruf ridge (w'd), Lauren Scripture, • John Serfling, R. J. Spornitz (w'd), Sam'l Steward, Wm. J. Sturgis, Wm. A. Sutherland, Ole Svendson, M. J. Tanner, J. F. Taylor, J. A. I'nderwood, Stephen Van Buren, Eli Wait, O. G. Wall, A. W. Williamson, M. II. Wilson. CO. C, 5TH INFTY. 1st Lieut. T. J. Sheehan, Coiiimanding (w'd). Sergts. John P. Hicks, F. A. Blackmer (w'd), John C. Ross. Corpls. M. A. Chamberlain, Z. C. Butler, A\in. Young, Dennis Porter (w'd). HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. PRIVATES. !S. P. Beighley, Ij. C. Jones (w'd), E. D. Brooks, K. I. Lowtliian, J. M. Brown, A. J. Luther (w'dj, J. L. Bullock, Jolm Malachy, Chas. E. Chapel, John McCall, Zachariah Chute, Orlando McFall, L. H. Decker, F. M. McKeynolds, Chas. Dills, J. H. Mead, Chas. H. Dills, J. B. Miller, Daniel Dills, Dennis Morean, S. W. Dogan, Peter Nisson, L. A. Egj>leston, Andrew Peterson, ITalvor Elefson, J. M. Rice, Martin Ellingson, Chas. A. Rose, C. J. Graudy, K. F. Ross, Mark M. Greer (killed), Edward Roth, J. P. Green, C. O. Russell, A. K. Grout, W. S. Russell, Andrew Gulbrauson, Isaac Shortledge (w'd), Peter E. Harris (w'd), Josiah Weakley, Philo Henry, G. H. Wiggins, Jamas Honan, J. M. Ybright, D. N. Hunt, James Young. RENVILLE RANGERS. 1st Lieut. James Gorman, Commanding (wounded). Sergts. Theophile Richter, John McCole, Warren Carey. Corpls. Louis Arner, Dieudonne Sylvestre, Roufer Burger. PRIVATES. Urgel Amiot, B. H. Goodell, Joseph Auge, R. L. Hoback, Geo. Bakerman, Geo. La Batte, Rocque Berthiaume, Fred La Croix, Ed. Ribeau, Joseph La Tour, John Bourcier, Cyprian Le Claire (w'd), Pierre Boyer, Medard Lucier, Sam'l Brunelle, Moses Mireau, l»avid Carpenter, Theophile Morin, Antoine Chose, A. B. Murch, Geo. Dagenais, Ernest Paul, Fred Denzer, Henry Pflaume, Henry Deuzer, Henry Pierce, Alexis Demerce, Joseph Pereau, Francois Demerce, Thos. T. Quinu, Carlton Dickinson, Magloire Robidoux, James Delaney, Joseph Robinette (w'd), Louis Demeule, (>has. Robert, Joseph Fortier (w'd), Francois Stay. ARMED CITIZENS. B. H. Randall. Commandinf;. \A'm. Anderson, Victor Rieke, Robt. Baker (killed), Louis Robert, Werner Boesch, Louis Brisbois, Wm. Butler, Clement Cardinal, M. A. Dailey, J. W. De Camp, Frank Diepolder, Henry Diepolder, Alfred Dufrene, J. C. Fenske (w'd), Jo. Jack Frazer, T. J. Galbraith, E. A. C. Hatch, Patrick Heffron, Geo. P. Hicks, Keran Horan, John Hose, Joseph Kochler, Louis La Croix, James B. Magner, John Magner, Oliver Martelle, Pierre Martelle, Louis Sharon, Chris. Schlumberger, Gustav Stafford, Joshua Sweet, Louis Thiele, Nikolas Thinnes, (). "\'anasse (killed), A. J. Van Voorhes, John Walter, J. C. Whipple, C. G. WykofE, Xavier Zolner. John Meyer, John Nairn, Dennis O'Shea, Joseph Overbaugh, B. F. Pratt, J. C. Ramsey, John Resoft, Adam Rieke, August Rieke, Geo. Rieke, Heinrich Rieke (died), A number of women cheerfully and bravely assisted in the defense of the Fort. The fol- lowing named rendered especially valuable services. They were detailed by Lieutenant Sheehan to cast bullets and cook for the men during the siege: Anna Boesch, Mrs. E. Picard, Kenney Bradford, Mrs. E. Pereau, . Elizabeth M. Dunn, Wilhelmina Randall, Margaret King Hern, Valencia J. Reynolds, Mary A. Heffron, Mary Rieke, Eliza Muller, Mrs. R. Schmahl, Juliette McAllister, Mrs. Spencer, Mary D. Overbaugh, Julia Sweet, Agnes Overbaugh, Emily J. West. Julia Peterson, The historian of this volume will say that the honors of this great defense belong to all those who participated in it, but the young Irish lieutenant who inspired his men to such deeds of heroic valor and marched his company forty-two miles in ten hours HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. to the defense of Fort Ridgely; took coiii- inand of the fort, and directed its defense with consuniniate skill, deserves to go down to history along with those of the most hon- ored commanders in all the years of border warfare. His name shonld be written side by side with those of Forsyth, Crooks, Wayne and Jackson. He held the fort and saved the lives of three hnndred women and children and gave time for the people of the state to rally to its defense. May his well-won laurels ever be green. and his name, indelible on the scroll of fame, never receive ambition's taint, but like the burnished gold be reflecting more glory when children's diildren shall recount with pride the valor and achievements of Timothy J. Sheehan. IRWIN, Alexander Francis, is one of the most prominent of the younger physicians of the city of Minneapolis. He has been assist- ant city physician of Minneapolis since 1893, and in that position has become favorably known among all classes of the people. Dr. Irwin was born in Chatham, Ontario, Can. His mother was formerly a Miss Margaret Campbell and his father is Thomas Ii*win, a well-to-do farmer and a university regent from his distinct. The early education of young Irwin was obtained in the schools of Canada and this was supplemented by courses at the University of Toronto, and the University of Michigan, from which institu- tion he was graduated with honor in 1889. He was honor graduate in natural science and a gold medalist in ancient history. He had early decided to become a physician and his college work had been preparatory for a medical course and considerable of it had been completed when he entered the medical department of McGill University, at Mon- treal, from which university he was gradu- ated with honors in 1890. Dr. Irwin decided to locate in the middle west and came to Min- neapolis in 1890, where he soon became well known as a careful and successful physician. In 1893 he was appointed assistant city ALEXANDER F. lUWIN. physician, and the experience gained in this position has been invaluable to him. Dr. Irwin is a member of the Hennepin County Medical Association, and has served ag its secretary. He also belongs to the State Med- ical Association and the American Medical Association. Dr. Irwin has traveled quite extensively, as ill-health in 1896 caused him to spend the winter in the South, when he touied through Texas and Mexico. In the winter of 1897 he again went South and on this trip toured Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and part of South America, go- ing as far south as Buenos Ayres. He re- turned to Minneapolis In the summer of 1898 and resumed his practice. Dr. Irwin is an ad- herent to the principles of the Republican party. He is a member of several fraternal societies, among them the Royal Arcanum and the Masonic order. He is not married. NOHTON, Aretus K., M. D., one of the best known physicians and surgeons of Min- neapolis, was born at Byron, 111., August 13, 1850. His father, Hamilton Norton, a mem- ber of one of the oldest families of the state of New York, came from Rome, Oneida coun- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. AKE'I'IS K. XOKTdX. ty of that state, to (Jalena, 111., in 1835 as a colporteur of the American Tract Society. He labored in that field for two years, and then moved to Byron and engaged in farm- ing. In 1854 he removed to Polo, 111., and engaged for a time in the grain and lumber business. He was appointed postmaster by President Lincoln, and served in that capac- ity during the administrations of Lincoln, Johnson and Grant. He was a Republican from the organization of the party. He died in 1877 at the age of sixty-seven. The Nor- ton family has an honorable position in the early history of New York. B. F. Thomp- son's "History of Long Island" has an ex- tensive sketch of one member, of whom Dr. Norton is a direct descendant. Nathaniel Norton, the history says, was a native of Long Island, born at Brookhaven in 1742. At the lireaking out of the French War in 1756, he is recorded as having volunteered as a private in the Provincial Corps commanded by Major General Bradstreet. In the year 1760 he was stationed at Osewgo, N. Y., and "displayed on all occasions the characteris- tics of a brave and prudent soldier." In the War of the Revolution he took the patriotic side, and accepted a commission in 1776 as a lieutenant of the Fourth New York Conti- nental Regiment, commanded by Col. Henry B. Livingston, with which he was connected until 1781. He participated in the battle of Monmouth, June 26. 1778, serving the artil- lery in the organization known as the "Corps (le Reserve." He afterwards accompanied General Sullivan in the expedition against the Six Nations Indians in the western part of New York. He was prevented by sickness from taking part in the battles of Bemis Heights and Stillwater, which led to the sur- render of Burgoyne and his army. When the five New York regiments were consolidated, lie was left without anny command, but was commissioned the same year, by the governor of the state, to raise money for the cause, among the Whigs of Long Island and New York. It was a secret commission, and the better to conceal the matter. Captain Noi'ton was put in command of a small vessel called the "Suffolk." He was very successful and disiliarged the duty with conspicuous fidel- ity. Owing to his important services, con- gress, by a special I'esohition, continued him in rank, pay and enrollment until the close of the war. At the close of the war he retired to his farm at Brookhaven. He was gifted as a public speaker, and eventually became a minister of the Baptist church. He sei'ved as pastor in Connecticut and at Herkimer, N. Y. Owing to the disabilities of age, he relinquished the ministry and lived in retire- ment on ihe liberal pension granted him by the government, and died, full of honors, while on a visit to New York City, October 7, 1887. He was buried according to his de- sire, at Brookhaven, his old home, and rests in the Baptist church burial ground at Car- um, having been escorted hither by his old comrades of the Cincinnati, of which he was the senior member. Dr. Norton's mother was Ann J. Allyn, a native of Vermont, born at Bennington, of early Colonial and Revo- lutionary War ancestry. She was a descend- ant of the noted Captain "Sam" Robinson and of Stephen Dewey, one of Admiral Dew- ey's ancestors. She is still living. The young doctor obtained his academic education in HISTORY Of THE GREAT NORTHWEST. the public schools. Having chosen the pro- fession of medicine, he began his study in the office of Dr. W. W. Barns, at Polo, 111. In 1868 he entered the Chicago Medical ("dl- lege — which was the medical department of the Northwestern University — from which he graduated March 12, 1872. He was im- mediately ai)i)ointed physician with the Clu- cago Relief and Aid Society, the ''great tire" organization, in which service he remained for two years. Tlie next two years were sjient in the practice of medicine at SaA'ana, 111., removing thence to New Milford, and then to Rockford, 111. In 1882, mainly on account of his wife's health, he removed to Minnesota, and settled at Detroit City, Bed; er county, where he remained nine years and established a large j)ractice. To secure the advantages of a large city for his family, he then removed to Minneapolis. In 1802 he was aiijtointed medical inspector of the City Health Department, and .sened in this capac- ity until 1898, when he was made health com- missioner, and occupied this j)osition until January 8, 1901. Dr. Norton in politics has always been a Republican. He is interested in fraternal societies, being a ]Mason of high degree, including the Scottish Rite and Shrine. He is also a past grand master of Odd Fellows, and has served as grand rep- resentative to the Sovereign (Jrand Lodge. He is likewise a member of the Commercial Club. In religion he is a Congregationalist. December 27. 1875, he was married to Mary Lilla McArthur, daughter of the late Dr. Alonzo McArthur, surgeon of the Civil War Examining Board. They have three chil- dren: Clinton McArthur Norton, William Hamilton Noi-ton and Allvn Kent Norton. SARGENT, George B., an early resident and capitalist of Duluth, Minn., now de- ceased, was of old New England stock, his ancestors having come to this country from England in early Colonial days. He was born at Boston, Mass., in 1818. His advan tages in early life were limited, and what schooling he received was only elementary in its character, yet it proved sufficient as a GEIIKCE P.. S.VUGENT. basis for the broad, practical education later acquired by self-culture. He chose civil en- gineering as his vocation in life, and being industrious and economical in his habits by his eighteenth year had laid by a c^psider- able sum of money. He left his native state in 1830 and came west, locating at Daven- I)ort, Iowa, where he engaged in the banking business. He met with considerable success as a banker, and continued in that line of business for about sixteen years, when he was appointed surveyor general for the dis- trict comprising the states of Minnesota, Wis- consin and Iowa. In 1857 he was elected mayor of the city of Davenport, and served for a term of two years. He then resumed his financial operations at Davenport, with connections, also, in Boston. In 1863 he re- moved, M'ith his family, to New York City, and for six years was engaged as a banker and broker in Wall street. He returned west in 1809, locating at Duluth, where he organ- ized the banking hou.se of Geo. B. Sargent & Co., which acted as western agent for Jay Cooke & Co., of New York, and other promi- nent banking houses in the East. In 1870, Mr. Sargent was appointed financial agent for the Northern Pacific Railway Company, and HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. tile same year made a trip to Eiiroiie in the interests (if that eomjian.v, transacting for it many inijiortant deals. Duluth owes nuich to Mr. Sargenfs aggressive spirit and his deep interest in the development of the Northwest. More than ten years before he took up his residence at the head of the (Jreat Lakes, he appreciated its strategic po- sition and foresaw its commercial import- ance when the vast resources of the country to the west were developed, and so expressed himself in a lecture delivered before the Chamber of Commerce at Tremont Temple, Boston, February 24, 1858. He was a man of exceptional ability, and his long experiences in the handling of finances made him a po- tent force in the financial world. With the co-operation of such strong institutions as Jay Cooke & Co., Dodge & Co. and J. S. Mor- gan & Co., of T\'all street, he was able to do much toward laying the foundations for the Northwest's future greatness. Duluth had no citizen more devoted to its interests than Mr. Sargent. Many of its early improve- ments received their first impulse from him, and it was largely due to his tireless energy that they were successfully consummated. He encouraged the erection of substantial buildings and progressive enterprise general- ly, often to the extent of contributing from his individual capital; he laid out the London addition to the city of Duluth, which is now a beautiful suburban section, and was instru- mental in attracting immigration toward that city in the early 70's. Mr. Sargent was mar- ried in 18.30 to Mary Perin. To them were born ten children, only two of whom are liv- ing: William C, whose biography appears elsewhere in this work, and Mrs. F. W. Paine, now living in Duluth. Mr. Sargent died in 1875. BEADLE, William Henry Harrison.— It is doubtful if any single person in the state has been more influential in moulding the policy and institutions of South Dakota than fieneral W. H. H. Beadle, president of the State Normal School at Madison, S. D. Com- ing to the Territory of Dakota April 30, 1879, when it was scarcely more than a paper or- ganization, he has been a continuous, intelli- gent, uplifting force in the development and progress of the commonwealth from its crude, inchoate condition, to its present proud posi- tion of mature statehood. He has put his impress especially upon the public school sys- tem of the state, by securing the establish- ment of the township school cor])orations, and by his labors for the preservation of the scliool lands and school funds. His services as secretary of the commission to codify the general laws of the territory were likewise far-reaching in their results. General Beadle was born January 1, 1838, in Liberty township, Parke county, Ind., in a tidy, hewn-log house built by his father in 1837, and which is still standing. His father, James Ward Beadle, was born in Kentucky, although his father, the grandfather of Gen- eral Beadle, was a native of Virginia. The Beadle American ancestors came from Eng- land and settled in New York about the time of the first English occupation of the prov- ince. James Ward Beadle was one of seven sons. His mother was of Scotch-Dutch ex- traction, a woman of remarkable industry and excellence of character. She educated her own children, and made them honorable and successful men. Some of the English ancestors were Liberals and preachers of the Nonconformist churches. James, however, was a fanner and a merchant, dealing in pro- visions. He packed pork and made eighteen voyages to New Orleans in his own boats, loaded with produce. Later he became a land owner in good financial circumstances. The maiden name of General Beadle's mother was Elizabeth Bright. She was the daughter of Captain John Bright and Elizabeth Bur- roughs, of Maryland, where she lived until 1816, when the family removed to Kentucky. ^Mien a child she saw the burning of Wash- ington by the liritish in the War of 1812. Some of the troops landed on her father's farm to get water from a great spring on the place. Not long after, at the call of their mother that "Washington was burning," the children climbed up a ladder to the top of the house and watched the fire during the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. evening. On their journeT to Kentucky the family crossed the Potomac at Harper's Fer- ry, then kept by Harper and his son-in-law, Schwartz. Elizabeth was on horseback and Harper advised and helped her to dismount, for crossing the river, and then helped her to remount. Her maternal grandmother was Margaret Harrison, a native of England, and, through ancestors, a relative of Benjamin Harrison, of Virginia, a signer of the Decla- ration of Independence. Collaterally Eliza- beth was related to John Hanson, the ilary- land patriot. Otherwise she was of pure Scotch origin, and had the virtue and indus- trial eiliciency of the women of that stock. She remembered some Scotch songs taught her by her grandfather, James Bright, and she could speak the Scotch dialect a little, and a few phrases were frequently on her tongue through life. She had a twin sister, Ann. Both lived to be nearly eighty-eight years of age. Captain John Bright, and hi.s wife, lived to the age of ninety-four, and lacked only from December to May of having lived sixty-five years as husband and wife. He was the oldest soldier in Parke county, Ind., and the (t. A. K. keeps a flag over his grave every day in the year. The early edu- cation of young William was begun in the "subscription school," taught by a traveling master, in a log school house, surrounded by forests full of mystery. He saw a panther before he was eight years old. His mother, however, was a better teacher. His first book was "Peter Parley's America''; the second, "Robinson Crusoe." His maternal uncle had a considerable library. He read the "Vicar of Wakefield'' at ten, and Burns' poems at twelve years of age. He holds in honored re- membrance Miss Lavina Tucker, the first woman teacher in that region. She had at- tended for a jear the Quaker Academy at Bloomingdale, eleven miles distant, and she greatly advanced the education of the neigh- borhood. In the fall of 1841) his father be- came sheritt' of the county. This gave the embryo general an opportunity to attend the Rockville county seat school, where he took an advanced standing, and while living upon a farm near Rockville, he prepared for col- WILLl.VM H. II. BEADLE. lege. His father, one day, told him to look forward to the ownership of the farm of 240 acres. But William declared that he would not get married for a long time yet, and that he wanted to go to college. After %iany weeks of debate the father concluded to keep the farm and to advance enough money to give William a college education. He at- tributes his energy to his father, what indus- try he has to his mother, and many of his best incentives to both, as well as to Miss Tucker, his first woman teacher. Anti-slavery senti- ment was then rising. His father and moth- er and all their ancestry were anti-slavery in principle and practice. Miss Tucker, from the Quaker school, added her gentle influence to the paternal trend. A fugitive slave was one day reported captured north of his home. He and five other boys went over to see him. They saw two men on horseback ahead, one of whom was leading a horse on which the bareheaded, barefooted slave was tied by the feet. Two more men rode behind. The four white men were armed. This composed what one of the boys called afterwards "the pro- cession ol slavery.'' It made a deep impres- sion on till' lads, anil of the six boys three lie in soldiers' graves in the South. In the fall HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of 1S57. Mr. Beadle enteit^ the T'niTersity of Michigan, anil, taking the < lassiial omrsi-. graduated in 1801, in a ehiss strong in num- bers and abilily. The first year in toUege he secured a high standing. He was one of the charter members iu ISaS of the Zeta Psi col- lege fraternity; he was also one of the orators chosen for the "Junior Exhibition," then a lironiinent function in the college course. Duriug the first semester of the senior year he was unanimously elected president of the Alpha iS'u — the leading literary society of the university. Among his classmates were the late President Edward Searing, of the Minnesota Mankato 2Cormal School; Presi- dent Charles K. Adams, of the Wisconsin Universitj; General Byron M. Cutcheon and Jonas H. McGowan, members of congress; late Walter S. Perry, Charles H. Denison, General Isaac H. Elliott, of Illinois; James J. Hagerman, of Colorado, and others of note in education and other professions. The same institution bestowed ujion him the de- gree of Master of Arts. In 18G7 he graduated in the law department of the same university. A college publication mentions him as a "suc- cessful man of affairs, and a credit to the university." He began his practice at Evans- ville, Ind., and later continued it in pai-tner- ship with Hon. George C. Hazelton, at Bos- cobel, Grant county, Wis. In tlie full tide of success, by reason of his long army service, his health gave way. In the spring of 1S69 he accepted, at the hands of President Grant, the position of surveyor general of the Terri- tory of Dakota, and established Ms residence at Yankton, where he made his home for twenty years. \A'hile in this sei-vice, he be- came, from personal observation in his ti-av- els, thoroughly familiar with the extent and excellence of the lands of the great territory, and appreciated the vast heritage of school lauds granted bj congress. It was double the amount given to the older states. He knew how the schiK>l lands had been frittered away — if not squandered — in the states of Indiana, Michigan. Wisconsin, and other states, and believed that the school lands of Dakota might be more productive to the school fund. It became almost a passion with him to bring about this result. He la- bored year after year by perscmal interviews, correspondence, lectures and in the constitn- tional convention, to this end. He was for nearly twelve years a member of the board of education of Yankton and part of the tune its president. In 1S78 Hon. William A. How- ard, of Michigan, was aptpointed governor of the territory. He selected General Beadle as his private secretary. This giive him an ad- vantage in promoting his plans for the cause of education. In 187H he was apftointed superintendent of public instruction, and held that office over six years^n succession. AAhen asked to accept he made known his desires to save the school lands and to organ- ize the School districts on the township plan. In 1883 he secured the passage of a complete school law. In 1885 he di-afted the school article of the state constitution according to his views. Although mntidated to some ex- tent by his successors, the school law remains today in most of its important points as Gen- eral Beadle designed it. If j»ersistent efforts and faithful service crowned with sncc-ess is worthy of recognition. General Beadle may well be called the "father of the school sys- tem of the state." Congress afterwards em- bodied his principles as to school lands in the enabling acts of Xorth Dokota, Mantana, ^^'yoming, Idaho and Washington. In 1876 he was ajipointed secretary of the commis- sion to codify the laws of the territory. His work was very highly praised. Chief Justice Shannon declared the result when he said that General Beadle "Md a most scientific knowledge of law." When the commission made its lejKjrt he was elected, in 1877, a member of the legislature from Yankton county. He declined in a caucus, the nomi- nation for sjteaker. and was ajipointed chair- man of the judiciary c-ommittee. which had charge of the codes. His work then has been deemed one of the most valuable ever ren- dered to the territory or state. After gradu- ating in June. 1861, General Beadle s(K>n en- listed in the Union army, in the "Wabash Killemen," a company organized at Monte- zuma, Parke county, Ind, The Universitr of iCchigan added voluntary military drill to HISTORY OF 'niK GREAT NORTHWEST. iitlik'lics. Wlien Siiinter was fired upon, a coiDiiany of sludciits ottered their wei'viees, but (he men were persuaded to remain in school until after graduation. The drill con- tinued more assiduously, each studi^nt taiviu}' turns as captain and drilling squads for prac- tice. An officer of (he noled "Detroit Jvight (luards" superintended I lie matter. When the "Wahash Kiflemen" hcnuiie ( "ompany A, of the 'J'hirty-lirst Kegiinenl, Indiana N'olun- teer Infantry, (Jeneral IJeadie was commis- sioned first lieutenant of that company. Frederick Arn, a fc^wiss and a college class- mate, was made captain. He was made major and Jaeulenant Beadle \\:is coiumissioned captain ^'ov. D, ISOl, while in I he field in Kentucky. The regiment was in a brigade attached to (Jeneral (irant's command for the movement on Forls Henry and Donelson, and continued in that relation until the cap- ture of Corinth, in which Captain Headle took so conspicuous a part that his company was granted the place of honor at the head of the column which first entered the city. May ;J0, 18(;2. In the summer, Uoveruor Aus- tin lilair, of Michigan, who favored univer- sity men of merit, appointed Captain IJeadle lieutenant colonel of the First Regiment of Michigan Sharpshooters, with which he served until June, 1804, when he was dis- abled. He was then transferred to the Vet- eran Ileserve Corps and reported at Wash- ington, D. C. lie ser\ed in the defense of Washington against Early's raid under the eye of I'resident J.,incoln, Secretary Stanton, and oth(?r distinguished men. His regiment was placed in the defenses south of the Fo- tomac. Here for a time he was in command of the Third Urigade of De Jiussy's Division, with headquarters at Fort Kichardson. One day they heard the cannonading of the battle of Winchester, famous for "Sheridan's Itide." Early in the winter his regiment, for the ex- cellence of its disciijline and faithful service, was ordered to duty at the old Capital and the Carroll I'rison, and at the Washington arsenal and the navy yard. The commanders of regiments and other field otticers were made "officers of the day for all camps and comnuinds throughout the city," and enjoin- ed to make the rounds of the posts once after midnight. About one o'clock on a morning about Ihe middle of February, ISti.'j, on ap- proaching the Executive Mansion with a guaid taken from the regiment in its rear, Ihe guard was challenged by the guard at the jiorlico. At the comnuind to "halt" given to the "grand rounds," there was a rattle of arms. Fresident Lincoln immediately came out of the door, somewhat startled at the sound, and asked: "What is this?" Colonel l'>c;i(llc replied, "Its all right, Mr. President. It is only the inspection of the guard," offer- ing his services to the president. They were accepted, and he accompanied the chief magistrate to the war office, where Secre- taries Stanton and Seward, with an adjutant and clerks, were waiting for the latest news from (irant, Thomas, and others. Colonel F.cadle remained and returned with the presi- dent. The faithful duty of his regiment, the Third Jiegiment, Veteran Reserve Coi-ps, nuide such a reputation that Colonel Iteadle was ordered to select three hundred men as a guard at the Capitol during the second in- auguration of I'resident Lincoln. Colonel IJeadle, on duty, stood within fifteen ftet of the president during the exercises. A few days later (Jolouel IJeadle was order(;d to go to Utica, N. v., to relieve the provost mar- shal there. One of (Jolonel Beadle's reports was the basis of the first parliamentary ■'quarrel" between James G. Blaine and Ros- coe Conklin, which led to a committee of in- vestigation, and later, to far-reaching polit- ical consequences. In the muster out of troops, he served at Brattleboro, Vt. On re- turning, he was sent on duty to Richmond, \'a., and to Raleigh, N. C, and finally to Wil- mington, X. ('., where he commanded the Southern District of North Caroline for some months. The war being over, he ottered his resignation, but it was refused on the state- ment of General Howard that "the services of such men could not be spared.'" He, how- ('\er, sent in another, through the senators from Michigan, and they secured its accept- ance, so that he was honorably discharged March 2(i, ISGO. During his service of over four years he was once wounded, and receiv- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTH^VE.ST. ed three brevets, the last beino; that of briga- dier general, "for gallant meritorious services during the war." (Jeneral IJeadle's work has been mainly in edutational lines. He held temporarily the position of sui)erinteudeut of the Harrison Institute, an Indian industrial school near Salem, Ore. He was, for some time, a mem- ber of the governing boards of the Territorial University and Normal Schools. In July, 1889, he was called to the presidency of the State IS'ornial School at Madison, S. D. — the position which he now holds. He is given great credit for the upbuilding of this insti- tution, which takes high rank among teacher- training colleges. He knows what is needed, and has the scholarship, experience and apti- tude for teaching necessary to make such an institution effective and successful. Among fraternal societies he has adhered to the Ma- sonic order, and has taken all the strictly Masonic degrees, including the Thirty-third degree of the Scottish Rite, Southern juris- diction, in which he was for years deputy general inspector. He is master of the Ori- ental Consistory, No. 1, Yankton, S. D. He is a companion of the Wisconsin Command- ery of the Loyal Legion. His church rela- tions have been for many years with the Con- gregational church. On the 18th of May, 1863, he was mari-ied to Ellen S. Chapman, who died July 21, 1897. Their only child, Mae Beadle Frink, is the wife of Fred. G. Frink, a student, engineer and university pro- fessor. General Beadle is a man of fine presence and engaging manners. He is a forcible writ- er and an effective public speaker, but a se- vere attack of pneumonia, while a soldier, created a bronchial trouble which limits the exercise of his oratorical powers. Of his many addresses, that delivered in 1888 at Yankton, at the dedication of the monument to Rev. Joseph Ward, D. D., a close friend and co-laborer in the educational field, is one of his best. In 1888 he wrote a work for school use, entitled "The Geography, History and Resources of Dakota Territory." In con- nection with A. F. Bartlett, he wrote "The Natural System of Teaching Geography." His report for 1882-3-4, sketched very fully the history of the territory, and discussed ('Aery phase of the school system, while giv- ing its history. He has seen the state grow rich without sharing to any considerable ex- tent in its wealth. In one business enterprise, the Yankton I'acking Company, he lost all he had, but paid every penny of his obligations. He retains, with wonderful vigor, the fiiin- ness, industry and Scotch persistence which have made him such a power in the state. He holds the respect of the people of the state and the confidence of all who know him — students and associates. The state super- intendent of public instruction, E. E. Collins, in view of the success achieved, calls General Beadle the "Grant of the state's educational campaigns." DEAN, William B., of the wholesale iron house of Nicols & Dean, of St. Paul, Minn., is one of the leading business men of that city, and for the past forty years has been promi- nently identified with its commercial and financial interests. He is a native of Penn- sylvania, and was born at Pittsburg in 1838, the son of William and Aurelia (Butler) Dean. He comes from old Colonial stock, and is a lineal descendant of soldiers of the Revolutionary War on both sides of the house. His early education was received in the public schools of Pittsburg, and later he attended Bolmar's Academy, West Chester, Pa. In 1856, he came west and located at St. Paul, and for some time was engaged as a bookkeeper for the hardware firm of Nicojs & Berkey, successors to the late ex-Governor W. R. Marshall, who established the house in 1855. In 1860, Mr. Dean acquired Mr. Berkey's interest, and the firm became Nicols & Dean, by which style it has ever since been known. On the death of Mr. Nicols, in 1873, Mr. Dean associated with himself his broth- er-in-law, Mr. J. R. Nichols. This firm is the oldest, operating under the same name, in the state of Minnesota. It enjoys an extensive patronage and has a valuable reputation. A man of strong character, and possessing the confidence of the public in a high degree, Mr. Dean has taken a prominent position in pub- WILLIAM I!. I>EAN. HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. lie life. In politics, he is a Republican, and, in 1894, was one of the Minnesota president- tial electors on the Blaine and Logan ticket. In 1890, he was elected a member of the uj)- per house of the legislature, but declined a re-election in 1894. Mr. Dean assumed a prominent position in that bodv. He secured important amendments to the St. Paul city charter, and was influential in securing the passage of the bill for the erection of the new State Capitol building. For many years Mr. Dean has been interested in the subject of sound finance. In 1897 he was a delegate from the St. Paul Chamber of Commerce to the Indianapolis Monetary Convention, and upon its organization was elected a member of the executive committee. He was also honored by being made a member of the Monetary Commission, although this distinc- tion came against his earnest protest. The report of this commission is now accepted as a standard authority on the subjects of stand- ards, cuiTency and banking. When the Northern Pacific was under construction in Idaho, Mr. Dean was appointed a special ex- amining commissioner for that portion of the line by the president. He has been a mem- ber of the St. Paul Board of Education, and of the boards of fire and water commissions. He is a director of the Second National and the State Savings Banks, of St. Paul, and is also a director in the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Mai-ie Railway. He is a member of the Chamber of (Commerce and of the Job- bers' Union, of St. Paul, and is a trustee of Oakland Cemetery. He also belongs to the Minnesota and the Commercial Clubs, and is a member of the Presbyterian church. In 1860, he was married to Miss Mary C. Nicols, a daughter of John Nicols, his former busi- ness partner. To them have been born eight children, six daughters and two sons. LOUNSBERRY, Clement A.— To Colonel Clement A. Lounsberry, of Fargo, N. D., is due the credit of establishing the first news- paper in North Dakota. As early as 1870 he had arranged for the establishment of a newspaper at the crossing of the Missouri river by the Northern Pacific, when it sliould reach that point, and with that in view dis- jio.sed of his newspaper property at Wells. Minn., and took temporary employment on the ilinneapolis Tribune, where he was recognized as a strong writer on topics per- taining to the development of the city and state, ])redicting' the marvelous development that has come to Jlinneapolis and the state. During the campaign of 1872 he was assign- ed to aid Hugh Creen in the editorial man- agement of the ]SIinneai)olis Times, an even- ing jiaper which passed into other hands and finally became merged into what is now The Journal. It was here that his versatility as an editorial writer was most noticeable, for his editorials for the Times were quite as widely copied and commented on by the pa- pers of the state and the leading papei"s of the country as were those for The Tribune, taking the opposite view of the opposing political forces. Both being under assign- ment he was not open to the charge of carry- ing water on both shoulders, however. No man is more competent than Colonel Louns- berry to go to the bottom of a subject and bring out the various shades, or develop the weak points. He is a quick and ready writer, clean cut and forcible in expression, gener- ous in criticism and always just and reason- able. He conducted the Bismarck Tribune for thirteen years and since then has been connected with various newspapers as a writer, and is now publishing The Record, an historical and literary magazine at Fargo. Colonel Lounsberry is well known as a legis- lative reporter, having reported thirteen leg- islative sessions in Minnesota and North Da- kota, several terms for the Associated Press. He was the correspondent who compiled and telegraphed the New York Herald its mas- terly report of the Custer massacre, one of the greatest scoops on earth. He held the wires until the Herald received fourteen columns of nonpareil, but to cover contin- gencies filed a copy of the New Testament for the operator to use in case he ran out of copy. But he did not run out. The first re- port covered every detail, the list of dead and wounded, details of the battle so far as they HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST have ever been known, of the facts leading up to it, interviews with the survivors, guides, guards, cam]) followers, steamboat captains, mates and roustabouts. Much of the matter had, of course, been prepared foi- him on the held and on the way down the river, and his own correspondent, outfitted and equipped by him. Mark Kellogg, claimed by the Herald by his permission, had pre pared considerable matter before he fell with the other victims, which was gathered up by General Brisbin and forwarded to him. together with his own notes. This ga^c liiiu time to interview General Terry, Dr. rorli r. Grant Marsh, Fred Girard and all Of tlic notable chai*acters among those who came down on that sad but Hying trip of The Far West, and to ari'ange and prejiare the report. Colonel Lounsberry was born of New York and New England ancestry in DeKalb county, Ind., March 27, 1843. His father's people settled previous to 1660 among the Dutch on the Hudson, and the Lounsberry farm, known as such in 1660, is still so known. They went from the Hudson to Stamford, Conn., and have long been known as one of the leading families in New Eng- land. His mothei"'s people, Weeks, came to New England with Winthrop in 1635. His father's mother was of the Eli Whitney fam- ily. Every branch of his family and families related have a record in the Colonial, Revo- lutionary and other wars of the republic. When the "V^'ar of the Rebellion broke out Colonel Lounsberry was a homeless boy working on a farm in Michigan for wages in summer and doing chores for board in win- ter. He was without a relative in the state and without acquaintance excepting in the two neighborhoods where he had worked. He enlisted as a private and was at Alex- andria the raoraing Ellsworth was killed, Avas with Grant in his last compaigu, com- manded his regiment on the Grand Review at Washington, and was mustered out as its commanding officer. On page 875 of a volume publislied in 1879 by the state of Michigan, entitled "Michigan in the War," we find the follow- ing record of Colonel Lounsberry: "Lounsberry, Clement A., Marengo, en- tered service May 1st, 1861, as a private, com- pany I, first (three months) infantry; wound- ed and then taken prisoner July 21 sf 1861; exchanged and mustered out July 1st, 1862; enlisted, sergeant, company I, Twentieth Michigan infantry, August flth, 1862; second lieutenant, Jan. 26th, 1863; wounded and taken prisoner, Jlay 9th, 18(i3; rescued May .30th, 1863; first lieutenant, Nov. l!)th, 1863; cai)taiu, May 12th, 1804; wounded in action at Spottsylvania, ^'a., May 12th, 1864; bre- vet major V. S. volunteers, Dec. 2d, 1864, for gallant and meritorious service during the present campaign before Richmond, Va.; lieutenant colonel, Dec. 2()th, 1864; colonel, March 11th, 1865; mustered out and honor- ably discharged May 30th, 1865." His regiment is recorded as having met the enemy at Fredericksburg December 12, 13 and 14, 1862; Horse Shoe Bend, Ky., May 10, 1863; siege of Vicksburg, June 22 to July 4, 1863; Blue Springs, Tenn., Oct. 10, 1863; London, Tenn., Nov. 16, 186:!; Lenoir Station, Tenn., Nov. 15, 1863; Cauipbell Station, Tenn., Nov. 16, 1863; siege of Knoxville, Nov. 17 to Dec. 5, 1863; Fort Sanders, Tenn., Nov. HISTORY or' THE GREAT XORTHAYEST. 20.1Sf):'.; Thnrlev'sFoi-d.Dei-. 5, 18(ia; Stniw- liorry Mains, Jan. 22. ISfii; Clincky Bend, JIanli 14, 18(i4; Wildeiness, Va., Jlay 5, fi and 7. 1861; Xy i-ivei-. May !). 1864; Spottsyl- vania. Va., May 10, 11 and 12, 1864; North Anna, Va., May 24 and 25, 1864; Kethe.sda chui'ch, Va., Juue 2 and 3, 1864; Cold Hai- lioi-, Va., June 7, 1864; Petersburg, Va., June 17 and 18, 1864; The Crater, Va., July :5(), 1S64; Weldon Railroad, Va., Aug. 19 and 21, 1864; Keams Station, Va., Aug. 25, 1864; Poplar Spring.s church, Sept. 30; Pegrani's Farm, Oct. 2; P.oydtown road, Oct. 18; Hatcher's Run, Oct. 27 and 28, 1864; Fort Steadnian, ^'a., March 25, 1865; capture of Petersburg, April 3, 1865; and siege of Petersburg, from June 17, 1864, to April 3, 1865. Colonel Lounsbei-ry commanded the two legiments. First Michigan sharj^shooters and Second Michigan infantry, which occupied Petersburg April 3, 1865, and caused the flag to be raised on the court house and custom house in that city houre before the arrival of any other troops, and captured about 3,000 jn'isoners. On page 1188, Chap. 63, War of the Re- bellion, Series I., Vol. 51, Part I., will be found a letter from John G. Parke, com- manding 9th A. C., recommending among others Colonel, then Captain, Lounsberry for ]iromotion. The name appears in the list as follows: "Captain C. A. Lounsberry, Twen- tieth Michigan Volunteers, for gallantry in the actions of the Wilderness and Spottsyl- vania; wounded May 12, 1864, being the third wound received during the war." Colonel Lounsberry before this recom- mendation had been promoted from first lieu- tenant to captain, the recommendation hav- ing been made immediately after May 12, and on December 2, Secretary Stanton informed him that President Lincoln had appointed him "for gallant and meritorious sen-ices during the present campaign before Rich- mond, Va., a major of volunteers by brevet.'' He was then acting assistant adjutant gen- eral of Ely's brigade of the First Division of the Ninth Army Corps, and soon aftei'wards, having been promoted to lieutenant colonel. look command of his own regiment, and was later appointed colonel. The wound received ill Spottsylvania was really the fourth re- ceived during the war, the first two being at Fir.st Bull Run. the third at Horseshoe Bend, Ky., when Morgan attempted to cross the Cumberland on a raid into Ohio, and the fourth at the time mentioned by (leneral Parke. The last wound has troubled the col- onel through life, and in 1SS7 his leg was broken as a result of it. He spent one year in Confederate prisons, the last time escap- ing rather romantically through the aid of two young girls and the wife of a Rebel lieu- tenant who had had the care of him, being too badly wounded to be carried away. He had been left in their care by General Mor- gan. In civil life Colonel Lounsberry was four years county auditor of Martin county, ^finn., a justice of the peace later at Wells, ?Iinn., ten years postmaster at Bismarck, N. D., four years a director in the penitenitai"y board at Bismarck, and eight years a special agent of the general land office, a position now held by him. In recommending him for his present position. General B. M. Cutcheon said: "Colonel Lounsberry served under me as a private, a sergeant, a second lieuten- ant, a captain, as aide, and as assistant ad- jutant general and chief of my staff, and finally succeeded me as colonel, and I feel that I can say that I think he was the brav- est man I ever knew." General Noble, then secretary of the interior, refused to read a single endoi'sement or hear another wor^, lint made the appointment on the. spot. Three years later the commissioner of the general land office wrote him that he had advanced the work of the department ten years. He was sent from North Dakota to Nebraska, thence back to South Dakota, and again to Noi'th Dakota, and thence to Wyo- ming, Colorado, New Mexico, and then to Oregon and A\'ashington, and back again to Minnesota, having charge of as high as twelve special agents, cleaning up and organ- izing the work of cleaning up the muss that Sparks had made in connection with the ad- ministration of the public lands department. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. He was reinstated uj)on tlie request of Sen- ator Hansbi-onj;li and Kepresentative Jolinson under the civil service rules in 1807, haviuj; been dropped by President Cleveland. In whatever position Colonel Louusberry has been placed he has had the reputation of hav- inj;' done his duty fearlessly. He is a com nninicant in the Episcojjal church, a Knijilit Templar in JIasonry, and his ])rivate life has been without rejjroach. Colonel Louusberry has four sons. Wells J.cuinsberry, of St. Paul; George, Fred and William, of Uuluth, and one daughter, Hat- tie, wife of C. E. ^^ Drajier, of Mandan. OLSEN, John Wayenblaz.— The present state superintendent of public instruction came from Denmark to Minnesota when a child seven years old, with his parents, who settled in Freeborn county, in 1871. He was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, April 28, 1864. His father was jS'els Olsen, a farmer of Danish birth, who came to this country with but little means. His mother was also of the same nationality. Young John began his education in the district schools of Freeborn county. He then went to the Albert Lea high school, and from there to the Normal College a Valparaiso, Ind., where he gradu- ated in 1887, with the degree of Bachelor of Science. Afterwards he did college work and taught in country schools. In 1886-7 he was principal of the schools at Alden, Minn. He then went to Kansas and was principal at Holton, Kan. In 1889-1(0 he read law with Lovely & Morgan at Albert Lea. In 1890 he was elected county superintendent of schools of Freeboi-n county. His success in this held was very marked. He was elected to this position for six successive terms and made a wide reputation for his superior administra- tion of the schools of the county, and by his efficiency secured an extended acquaintance with the teachers of the state. In 1896 he was elected president of the County Su])erin- tendents' State Association. In 1899 he was made president of the Minnesota Teachers" Reading Circle. In 1900 he was supported by a strong representation of the teachers in the state for the position of state superinten- dent of public instrucion, and was appointed to the position by Governor Van Sant — an office which he now holds. Mr. Olsen has al- ways been a Republican. For the last ten years he has taken an active part, being many times a delegate to the district, county, and state conventions of his party. In 1900 he was the chairman of the Couuty Republican Committee of Freeborn Couuty. In religion Mr. Olsen is a Methodist, and is the secretary of the Board of Trustees of the First Meth- odist church of Albert Lea, and is the s\iper- intendent of its Sunday school. He was mar- ried July 21, 1891, to Carrie L. Naylor. They have three children — Olive M.. Florence M. and Carroll B. Olsen. WIRTH, Carl. — Among the physicians and surgeons of the Northwest, who have be- come conspicuous for their surgical skill and success in their profession, the name of Dr. Carl Wirth, the well known surgeon and physician of St. Raul, must stand in the front rank. He is a native of Germany, having been born in Rhein-Hessen, in 1845. He re- ceived his literary training in the public and HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. CARL WIKTH. IjriTate schools aud gjuiuasia of his native country. In the seventies he came to the United States and at once entered into the spirit of a true citizen of his adopted coun- try. He chose medicine for a profession. Having a sound preliminary basis on which to build, he attended the Chicago Medical College at once, beginning in 11S70, and grad- uated in 1S73. He then, after the thorough manner characteristic of German scholars, took a post-graduate course at the celebrated Kush Medical College of the same city. He was now more than commonly equipped for his work. He began his regular practice at Plymouth, Wis., where he met with immedi- ate success in establishing a large practice. This work he continued tor nine years. He then left Plymouth, to pursue his studies still further in Germany, where he attended some of the best medical colleges and hos- pitals. On his return, in 1885, he settled in St. Paul, to have a larger field for his ad- A'anced skill. The result has justified his ex- pectations. He has lived there ever since, and has secured a very extensive and lucra- tive i>ractice. For the past seven years he has made a specialty of treating tuberculosis of the lungs by a system of hypodermic in- jection which has met with very gratifying success. He has always taken an interest in ])ublii' affairs, and has been i)rominent in the Kepublican party, of which he is a member. He was chosen for a presidential elector in 1!)00 from the Fourth district of the state. He is likewise active in educational and liter- ary nuitters, and was a member of the St. Paul I.ibrary Board. His friends are verj- numerous, and he is held in great esteem by them, not only for his professional skill, but for his qualities as a citizen, neighbor', and an upright man. SHAW, Thomas, Professor of Animal Husbandry in the University of Minnesota, and sijecial lecturer on agriculture and live stock to the Farmers' Institutes of that state, is well known throughout the Northwest. He is regarded as one of the highest authori- ties on the science of agriculture and has few, if anj', equals in this country. Profes- or Shaw was born at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Outai'io, Can., January 3, 1843. His father, Robert Shaw, emigrated to Canada from Ayrshire, Scotland, soon after attaining his majority, aud laboi-ed for many years at hia trade, that of a caiijenter. The latter decades of his life were spent on a farm near Hamil- ton, Out. His wife, Margaret Carnachan, was also a native of Ayrshire, Scotland. She reared a family of five sons and four daugh- ters; two of the sons are now deceased, though the aged mother is still living. Both father and mother were plain. God-fearing people of the stock of the old Covenanters, the ancestors of Mr. Shaw having been shep- herds for several generations. Thomas at- tended the common district schools until his sixteenth yeai", the summers being spent in work on the farm. During that time, how- ever, he had access to an old Association library in the village of Woodburn, near his home, and here found his inspiration for a higher learning. He thus qualified himself as a teacher and began teaching in the, dis- trict school when only sixteen years of age, and though his earnings were small, soon saved sufficient money to make the purchase HISTORY OF THE GHEAT NOUTinVEST. of a hundred acres of land, and, later on, of a second hundred. During the ten years he taught school he was constantly engaged in farm work, and succeeded so well that in the course of a few years he was owner of five hundred acres. In 1882, Mr. Shaw began the publication of the "Stock-Raisers' Journal" to advocate his ideas as to successful stock raising and dairying. Later the name of the paper was changed to "The Canadian Live Stock and Farm Journal." It was a success from the start and is regarded as a leading exponent of the live stock industry in the Dominion. Mr. Shaw sold his publication in 1888 to accept the appointment of I'rofessor of Agriculture at the Ontario Agricultural College and superintendent of the experi- ment farm, located at Guelph. His work in connection with that institution gave him a wide reiJUtatioD. He assisted in organizing the Central Farmers' Institute at Toronto in 1887 and was its first secretary. For six sue cessive years he competed for and won the prize offered by the Agricultural aud Arts Association, of Ontario, for the best and mo.st useful essay on some farm topic. In 1888, at the request of the Minister of Educa- tion, he prepared a text-book on elementary agriculture for use in the schools of Ontario, which was adopted and is in general use in the Dominion and in different parts of the United States. I'rofessor Shaw took the chair of Animal Husbandry in the Univer- sity of Minnesota in the fall of 181)3. His services in that connection have been invalu- able to the agriculturists of the state. He was the first to advocate the growing of the rape plant in the United States, aud five million head of sheep and lambs are fattened on it annually; was the first to fight the bat- tle in favor of the dual purpose cow, and was the first to advocate growing the bacon type of pig, a controversy which is still in prog- ress. He is a constant contributor to "The Canadian Live Stock and Farm Journal," and a frequent contributor to "The Bi-eeders' Gazette," of Chicago; "The National Stock- man," of Pittsburg; "The Ohio Farmer," of Cleveland, and "The Live Stock Report," of Chicago. Among others, he has also writ- ten the following books: "Weeds and Meth- THOMAS .SlIAW. ods of Eradicating Them"; "Forage Crops Other Than Grasses"; "Soiling Crops aud The Silo"; "The Study of Breeds," and 'Ani- mal Breeding,'' several of which are used as standard text-books in all or nearly all of the agricultural colleges of this country. Mr. Shaw is a member of the Presbyterian i-liunli, and has taught Bible classes almost uninterruptedly for forty years. July 4, 1865, he was married to Mary Janet Sidey, and four children have been born. Robert Sidey, the eldest, is Professor of Agriculture at the Montana Experiment Station; Will- iam Thomas is assistant in the entonudogical department of the Iowa Agricultural Experi- ment Station; May Isabella is married to Dr. M. H. Reynolds, Professor of Veterinary Science at the LTniversity of Minnesota, and Florence Williams, the youngest, lives with her parents. PAINTER, Jonathan Ellsworth.— The desirability of the introduction of manual training into the public schools a few years ago was a matter for serious debate. Now its cost is considered as legilimate an item of public expense as that of any of the tradition- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST JONATHAN E. PAINTER. al subjects. Experieuce lias demonstrated that the pupils are the better for it, physical- ly as well as mentally. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that the superintendence of such instruction should be in the hands of thoroughly competent men. Such a man is Prof. Jonathan E. Painter, supervisor of manual training in the public schools of Min- neapolis, Minn. Mr. Painter was born No- vember 2[), 1862, near Newark, Licking coun- ty, Ohio. His father, William Painter, fol- lowed the occupation of a teacher in early manhood, and throughout his whole life was an active promoter of all matters which were calculated to benefit the educational inter- ests of his own community. He was a soldier in the War of the Rebellion, serving as ser- geant of Company P, 135th Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Julina Latta Robinson, the mother of our subject, was a teacher also before her marriage. A Christian woman of great strength and sweetness of character, she impressed herself strongly upon her chil- dren and inspired in them an ambition to live fruitful, industrious lives, and do well what was allotted them to do. She was a native of the ]}uckeyc state, as was her husband. her parents having migrated to that state from ^'iI•ginia. The remote ancestry of the Painter family was Scotch-Irish. Jonathan's early life was spent on the farm, and the only instruction received was that afforded by the country sihool. He taught in the country schools for a number of yeai-s, later entering the Ohio Normal University, at Ada, and graduated in the class of 1801. He then went to Boston and studied one year in the Sloyd Training School of that city, teaching at the Liverridge Institute of Industry while pui-su- ing this course. He received a certificate for one year's work in the Boston Art School night classes. He also taught one tenn in the North Bennett Street Industrial School. In September, 180?>, he came to Minneapolis to take up the work of his present position. His services in that connection have been eminently satisfactory. Manual tr-aining in the Minneapolis schools has been brought to a high state of perfection, and this has been largely due to Mr. Painters untiring indus- try and devotion to his work. Mr. Painter is a Republican in politics, but does not take an active interest in political affairs. His re- ligious affiliations are with the Baptist church, of which he is a member. June 12, 1895, he was married to Fannie Fernald Bar- bour. To them have been born two children: Flemming Winfield and Fernald Ellsworth. HAL\'t)RSEN, jNIarcellus, editor and pro- prietor of the "Enterprise," Albert Lea, Minn., was born in Egersund, Norway, Feb- ruary 24, 1855. His father, Rasmus Halvor- sen, was engaged in the mercantile business in Norway for many years. In June, 1863, he came to the United States with his family, living for a short time at Chicago, then in Racine and Vernon counties, Wis. In the fall of 1864 they removed to Newburg, Fill- more county, Minn., remaining here until the spring of 1866, when they moved to Forest City, Iowa. In the old country Mr. Halvor- sen was connected with the Lutheran church, but when he came to America joined the Nor- wegian-Danish M. E. church, and was a mem- ber of the Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. conferences of that denomination and a min- ister' of the gospel for a number of years. His wife's maiden name was Mechaline Chris- tine Madland. llarcellus attended a private school in Norway, but after coming- to Amer- ica his education was limited to attendance at the ])nblic schools. In early youth he worked at farming, and when about fourteen years of age entered the Winnebago Press office, at Forest City, as an apprentice. He worked in that office for two years, learning the printer's trade, at the end of which time, in company with another, he purchased the plant. In the summer of 1871 he became the sole owner of the entire outfit, and was the youngest editor and publisher in the state of Iowa. He continued in the printing business at Forest City until the fall of 1S74, when he sold out and removed to Lake Mills, Iowa, where he started the Independent Herald. Tills he sold the following August, when he purchased the Enterprise at Albert Lea, Minn. The plant was in a run-down condi tion, but the youthful editor took hold with great vigor, added new type and other facili- ties, and advanced the price of the paper from one to two dollars per year. Instead of losing, it gained new subscribers, was placed on a paying basis, and the following spring was enlarged to a six-column quarto. In 1878 the Enterj)rise moved into new of- fices, and Mr. Halvorsen purchased a power cylinder press, the first brought to Albei-t Lea. In 1883 he formed a partnershij) with Clint L. Luce, which was continued until 1897, when he bought out Mr. Luce's interest and became sole owner. In 1899 he moved the plant to a large two-story brick building on Clark street, and has associated with him- self his son, A. S. Halvorsen. The Enter- prise enjoys the largest actual and paid cir- culation of any paper published in Freeborn county. In politics Mr. Halvorsen is a Re- publican. He was a delegate to the Repub- lican state convention of Iowa when only seventeen 3'ears of age. In 1880 he was elect- ed state senator by a thousand majority over Dr. Ballard and D. N. Gates, opposition can- didates, both older and highly esteemed men. He made an excellent record in the senate. JIAHL'ELLUS IIALVOKSIC.N. serving on the judiciary, j)ublic lands, print- ing, road and bridge and engrossed bills committees. He introduced several impor tant measures, and succeeded in g^ing through a resolution dismissing sixteen sen- ate employes. He could easily have been re- nominated in 1890, and elected, if he had taken any personal interest in his own cam- ](aign. Mr. Halvorsen is a member of the I. O. O. F., the M. W. A. and the M. 15. A. August 15, 187(t, he was married to Mildred A. Salsiih, at Hail land. Wis. Three children were born to tlieiu: Alexander S., associated with his father, and Hope, attending the juib- lic schools. One, a son, is dead. AVILLIAMS, Erastus A., U. S. Surveyor General of North Dakota, came to Yankton, Dakota Territory — now South Dakota — in May, 1871, and came to the settlement then without name and now Kismarck, the capital city of North Dakota, by wagon train in 1872. It was largely through the etforls of (leneral Williams thai the town was finally given its present iiaiiic lie was born at Mvslic River, Conn., October i:!, 1S.")(). His HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. EUASTfS A. \MLLIAJ1S. father, Daniel K. Williams, was a lumber manufactui-ei- in ^^■isconsin. He was a man full of energy and enterprise. He was in Cali- fornia in an early day, but finally settled in the lumber regions of Wisconsin. General Williams' mother's maiden name was Matilda Appleman. Like her husband, she was of old New England ancestry. Erastus was nine years old when his parents moved to Wisconsin, and his early years were spent in lumber camp surroundings, where he gained a knowledge of men and things while obtain- ing his school education. He went to Illinois to study law, and in 1871 was admitted to practice at Freeport, where, eleven years later, he mari-ied his wife. Immediately after his admission to the bar he struck out for the west, and landed at Yankton, as mentioned. His first employment at Bismarck was with the Northern Pacific Railroad Company, and soon afterward he entered the employ of the Lake Superior & Puget Sound Land Com- pany. In 1872 he was elected to the lower house of the territorial legislative assembly. In 1874 and 1875 he served as assistant United States attorney, under Col. William Pound. In 1874 and 1875 he was a member of the territorial council. In the fall of 1882 he was again elected to the legislature of 1883, and chosen speaker of the house. In 1885 he was re-elected member of the house and again in 1887. Preparatory to the for- mation of the state of North Dakota he was elected to the constitutional convention. He was then elected a member of the first legis- lature of the state. In all these positions General Williams proved himself to be a man of sound judgment and of marked abil- ity. In 1800 President Harrison appointed him U. S. Surveyor General, a position which he held for four years. In 1896 he was again elected to the legislature, and was a second time made speaker of tlie house. In 1898 he was again appointed V. S. Surveyor Gen- eral — this time by President McKinley — a |)osition he still holds, with his home at Bis- marck, of which city he has been a resident since it was settled, (ieneral Williams is a Republican, and has been one of the most prominent and influential men of the state. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and prominent in political and social affairs. In 1882 he ^\as married at Freeport, 111., to Jennie E. Hettinger, who died in 1894. They had five children: Eva E., Matilda A., Alice J., Erastus H. and Odessa Williams. REYNOLDS, Oeorge H., was born at La- mont, Mich., January 20, 1852. His father, Judge Reuben Reynolds, was a native of Genesee couny, N. Y. Hs was educated for the ministry, regularly ordained as a mem- ber of the Methodist Episcopal Conference, and preached for several years in that con- nection. Removing to Lamont, Mich., he married Lucia Aurora Tucker. Mr. Reynolds liecame alienated from his denomination in theology and pi-eached for several years as a I'nitarian. In 1854 he removed to Roches- ter, Minn., where he made his home for fif- teen years, and was highly esteemed. He served one term as the clerk of the district court, and two tenns as judge of probate of Olmsted county. During the war he held a United States office in connection with the jtrovost marshaVs department. In 1870 he went to Alexandria and associated with HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Knute Nelson in tlip priiclicc of law, and was larjjcly instminicntal in scriiriiii;- Mr. Nelson's election to liis first term as eongressinan, foi- Mr. Keynolds was a very eflicient caraiiaigii- ei-. In 1S72 lie was a]i])ointert receiver of the rnitcil States land office. In 1S7G lie remo\- ed to llinneaiiolis and j)racticed law, liein;; also a special jndj^e of the ninniciiial courl. In 1S7!) he was Mp]iointed clerk of the conrt of Folk county, at ("rookston, ■where he niiide his home until his death in ISS!), durin<; his sei\ ice as jud<;e of the district court to which he had been promoted. Mrs. Reynolds was the mother of ei^lit children, two sons and two daufihters only livinj;- to mature af;e. (reorpe II. Reynolds obtained his literary education in the public schools of Rochester, J! inn. For his professional traininfi he en- tered the law school of the T^niversity of Michigan, and graduated in 1X75. He imme- diately formed a partnershi]) with Knute Nelson — now United States senator — and commenced practice at Alexandria, Douglas county, Minn. Mr. Reynolds practiced in this relation, through three seperate part- nership agreements, most of the time until 1886, when he settled at St. Cloud, Minn., where he has since made his home. For the first year at this place he was in jiartnership with D. W. I'ruckart, and then, with (Jeorge W. Stewart, formed the firm of Reynolds & Stewart, succeeding to the business of Hon. D. R. Searle, appointed district judge. This firm continued until 18t)0, when Mr. Reynolds took up his practice alone, continuing thus until 1898, when the present finn of Reynolds & Roeser was formed. While Mr. Reynolds has had a large general ])ractice, corporation law has had sjiecial prominence in his busi ness. Since 1881) he has been the local at- torney of the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, and the "Soo" railways at St, Cloud, Minn. In politics he is a stalwart and out- spoken Republican, too busy with his ])ro- fession to hold office, but he has licen an active participant in the presidential cam- paigns of the i)arty to which he has rendered valuable service, ;Mi', Reynolds, like his fa- ther, has always been interested in literary matters, and in literarv societi<'S of th<' GICOKGIO 11. KKVXOI.nS. towns where he has resided. He is the presi- dent of the Unity Club of St. Cloud, the only literary society in the city holding meetings o]ieii to tile public. He has been fiso an active iiiembcr of the Unitarian church since its organizalioii in ISS!). Mr. Reynolds has been twice nuiiried : In 1877 to Mary J. Cow- ing, of Alexandria, who died without issue, and on the :!(»th of Oi-tober. 188!), to May R. L.\iiall. of Los Angeles, Cal. I5LANCH, Henry (i., is a teacher by |)ro- fession. He is a native of Minnesota, having been born on the farm near Mantor\ille, July 5, 18G4. He is of mixed English-* ier- man descent. His father was born in Kent county, England, July .">, ISi!".!. ^^'llen nine- teen years of age he came to this country and settled at Rome, N. Y., where he lived for six years. In ls.f)4 he came to Minnesota, \\iieie he remained until lS;j8, when he re- turned to Rome. In ISO:} he again came to Minnesota, with his family, and settled on a farm near Mantoryille. and became a well- lodo citizen, I'caring a large family. He died (111 his homestead March 2, 18;)!». His wife. HISTOKY OF THE GREAT NORTHWES1-. HENRY G, BLANCH. Louisa M. Getbahet, was born in Germany December 2G, 1841, and came to Rome, N. Y., in 184(j, where she was reared and educated. She was married to Henry Bhxuch November 6, 1860, and came to Minnesota with her hus- band and little family in 1863. She was a woman of great force of character. She is the mother of ten children, all of whom are living. Young Henry obtained his early edu- cation in the district schools near his Man- torville farm home. The school house was built of logs, and was the first one in Disti'ict No. 25, Mantorville township. He then at- tended the Mantorville high school, from which he graduated in 1886. This training was supplemented by a course at Chicago and at the State University of Minnesota. He chose a teacher's profession for his life work, and taught his fii-st school at Argo, Brookings county, S. D. He then returned to Minnesota and taught in Dodge county, at the schools of Hayficld, Concord and Clare- mont. He was then elected principal of the graded schools at Dover, Olmsted county, Minn., where he remained three years. For one year he seized as superintendent of the ^A'indom high school, and subsequently en- gaged as superintendent of the Lake Crystal high school, where he served for three years jircvious to his engagement at Kenyon, his ] in-sent home. In 189.5 Mr. Blanch was em- jiloyed in the Bank of Mantorville, and dur- ing the year he and his brother, L. M. Blanch, ]iiir(hased the institution, Henry becoming jiresident of the bank, and his brother cash- ier. It was afterwards sold to T. S. Slinger- laud iS; Company, L. iL Blanch remaining as cashier, while Henry returned to his profes- sion, which he has since followed. In politics Mr. Blanch is a Republican. He is a member of the r)dd Fellows" lodge at Kenyon. In re- ligion he is a Congregationalist, being a iiiember of the Congregational church at ilantorville. In 1891 he was married to Sara y. Hook, of Mantorville, an educated woman, and an exceptionally good teacher. Since their marriage Mrs. Blanch has always been associated with her husband in teaching. JOHNSON, Gustavus.— One of the most prominent institutions in the Northwest for the teaching of music and the dramatical art is "The Johnson School of Music, Oratory and Dramatic Art," located at Minneapolis, of which Gustavus Johnson is director. Mr. Johnson is not only one of the foremost teachers of music in the Northwest, but he has achieved considerable renown as a com- poser. He established "The Johnson Piano School" in Minneapolis in 1898, meeting with such success that the scope of the school was enlarged the following year and oratory and. dramatic art included in the curriculum, the name being changed to its present title. In 1900, having outgrown the old quarters in the Century Building, the school was moved to its present quarters in a beautiful new building which was erected for its exclusive use, and is now one of the best equipped con- servatories in the country. Mr. Johnson's ancestry, on the maternal side, dates back to William the Conqueror. His maternal gi-andfather was Admiral Lewis Hole, who, at the time of his death, aged ninety-two, was the oldest admiral in the British navy, ha^'ing served for 75 j'ears under her majes- HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. ty's flag. Admiral Hole was a lieutenant at Trafalgar and fought on tbe same ship on whieh Nelson was killed. On the paternal side, Mr. Johnson is of Swedish descent. His father, Peter Johnson, was a native of Swed- en. ^^'hen seventeen years of age he crossed o\er to England and for twenty-ttve years conducted a successful business in that coun- try. He was married liere to Henrietta Hole, daughter of Admiral Hole. In 18(JU, he re- turned with his family to the country of his birth and engaged in business as a merchant at Stockholm, which he continued up to the time of his death in IJSST. The English equivalent of Johanson is Johnson, and this surname has naturally clung to the subject of this sketch ever since his arrival in Amer- ica. Gustavus was born November 2, 1850, at Hull, England. He was only three years of age when his family removed to Sweden. He received the advantages of a liberal edu- cation, ateuding the best schools in Stock- holm, and taking a course in the new Ele- mentary School established there at that time. He also attended the Schartau Busi- ness College, graduating from this institu- tion in 1874. The training he received there has proven of great value to him in the con- duct of his present enterprise. During this time he also i)ursued the study of music in the Eoyal Conservatory of Music, under the best masters in Stockholm. His princi])al teachers were : Lindstrom, Mankell and Nord- quist, in piano; Mankell and Winge, in the- ory, and Hackanson, in singing. In Septem- ber, 1875, he came to this country, and, after a six months' stay at Providence, R. J., came west and located at Minneapolis. He taught music in the Twin Cities for nearly a year, then moved to Wisconsin and pursued his profession as a teacher in that state. He re- turned to Minneapolis in 1880, and has resid- ed here since that time. For several years he taught music privately, and with consider- able success. He has produced scores of ex- cellent i)layers who have become noted art- ists. It was in order to enlarge his field of activity and afford an opportunity for the expansion of his method of teaching among the greatest number that he opened a school. His success in that direction has already been outlined. Through careful study and close application, I'rof. Johnson has gradu- ally advanced to his present positron as teacher and pianist, having achieved especial distinction as a performer and for his gen- eral theoretical knowledge of his art. His compositions include numerous pieces for the piano, songs, quartettes, and a concerto for piano and orchestra. He is a Kepublican in politics. He was married, in 1882, to Caro- line Frances Winslow, of Royaltou, Vt. Mrs. Johnson is a direct descendant of Edward Winslow, one of the early Colonial governors of Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson have one child, Laura Louise. CHUATE, Augustus B., was born in Wayne county, Ohio. His father, Isaiah Madison Clioate, was educated for the min- istry, taught school, and in 1850 came to Minnesota and engaged in farming and stock raising. The maiden name of his wife, the mother of Augustus, was Minerva Bell. The ( "hoate family is among the most distinguish- ed in New England. It is said to have oriiji- HISTORY OF THE GRICAT NORTHWEST. AUGUSTUS B. CHOATE. nated in Holland, and to have come to Eng- land at an early day. The founder in this fonnti'V was John Choate, who came from England and settled at Ipswich, Mass., in 1643. He was the ancestor of Kufus Choate, the celebrated lawyer of Boston. Joseph C. Choate, of jS'ew York, now minister to Great Britain; Judge (ieorge Francis Choate, and Judge William Gardner Choate, of the United States circuit court. JIany other members of the family have been prominent in pro- fessional and literary circles, as lawyers, physicians, and writers. The subject of this sketch obtained his early schooling in a coun- try district school, and at high school at Sj)riug Valley, Minn. He then entered the .State Xoi-mal School at Winona, and gradu- ated in 1878. Choosing law for a profession, he entered the I'nion College of Law at Chi- cago, and graduated in 1883, thus supple- menting his law study of two years with Benton & Eoberts at Minneapolis. In 1883 he was admitted to the bar by the district court at Minneapolis, and immediately enter- ed upon his i)ractice without a partner, and so continued until 1891, when he fonued a partnershij) with Mr. A. Y. Merrill, under the style of Choate & Merrill. This firm con- tinued until 1898, since which time Mr. Choate has jiracticed alone. While having no specialty in his profession, it being a gen- eral practice, incidentally i)robate law and real estate have received more attention than other branches, except i)erhaps the law of highways. Mr. Choate is one of the lecturers at the law school of the University of Min- nesota and has "Easements and Highways" for his subject. Mr. Choate was a Repub- lican and always atliliated with that party until 1896. He is greatly interested in the constitutional questions arising out of the Spanish War, and holds the same views there- on as those recently presented by the late ex-President Harrison. Mi". Choate has made several addresses maintaining his position, and he now affiliates with the Democratic party. He has never held or sought a polit- ical office, except the nomination for judge of the district court under the primary election law of 1900. He takes an interest in the Masonic order, and is a member of the Blue Lodge, the Royal Arch Chapter, the Minne- apolis Mounted Commandei-y, the Zuhrah Temple Shrine, and the Eastern Star. SMITH, Washington. — The patriotic sur- name of Mr. Smith is undoubtedly an indica- tion of the patriotism and intense American- ism of his father, Andrew M. Smith, the for- mer being transmitted through a long line of ancestors, and the latter through the active service of the father in behalf of his adopted country. Washington Smith was born in I^hiladelphia, Pa., but his father and mother are both of Danish descent, running back for several centuries and which can be traced for at least nine hundred years. All the male members of the family have been officers in the army or navy of Denmark, Germany or France, and almost since these nations were formed. The father, who is now a wealthy wholesale wine merchant, served in the expedition to Paraguay and afterwards in the Civil War in both the iumy and navy through four enlistments and from beginning to end of the contest. HIS'L'ORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. His wife's maiden name was Botiila Elberg'. The son, Washington Smith, born in Phil- adelphia, as stated, received his first school- ing in the popular public schools of that city. Subsequently he attended the schools in Chi cago and Minneajtolis. He then studied at Swathmore college, near Philadelphia, well known for its thorough curriculum. After- wards he went to the noted St. John's Mili- tary school at Manlius, N. Y., for a course of study and training which would fit him to enter the army. This school is famous for its military and educational training, being second to none in the United States. He graduated at the University of Minnesota in the class of '90. This course, supplemented by an extensive tour of travel through Europe, South America and the United States, has given Mr. Smith an eciuijuuent rarely found in young men of the West. He had an opportunity to put his abilily somewhat to the test by filling the position of assistant instructor and conmiandant at the school of his early training, St. John's military school. Mr. Smith read law in the ofJfice of John Day Smith of Minneapolis (who, however, is no relative of his), one of the most distinguished lawyers in the Northwest. In June, 18i)G, Mr. Smith was admitted to jiractice in the courts of Minne- sota and later in the courls of the slutc of New York. His jtracticc embraces all branches of his profession, with, perhaps, the strongest leaning towards real estate law and practice in the probate courts. Mr. Smith is trustee of several estates and guardian of several wards with estates in Minnesota, Illinois and New York. He has always been a Republican, but has never ac- cepted an official position. He is active in social and fraternal society circles, being a member of the Lafayette club, Minnetonka ice yacht clul), Minnesota Lodge, No. 224, A. F. & A. M.; Ark Chapter, No. 53, R. A.; Minneapolis Mounted Commandery, No. 2:J, K. T. ; besides being a member of the Inde- pendent Order of Foresters, Flour City Camp, No. 630, M. W. A.; Minnesota Camp, No. 1, W. (). W., and K. \- L. of S., Council No. 793. In October, 1898, he oi-gauized a company WASlIlNTiTOX SMITH. of the national guard and was elected its captain. This company was assigned to the 4th regiment as company "D," but on the retu-ganization of the 1st regiment, bae com- pany was transferred to that regiment and is now known as company ''F." He has recently been made president of the Northwestern Chemical Manufacturing comi)any of this city. His religious associa- tions are with the Episcopalians. He was married to Miss Lillian Stacey of Oeneva, N. Y., in December, 1890. A daughter was born to tlicm in December, 1897, who died a year later. No young man's jirospects seem to be more promising of jiermanent success in liis cIkisi-ii career. ANDERSON, Jolin 1>., one of .Miuneajio- lis' leading ])liysiciaiis, is a Canadian by bii'th, and first saw life in I lie connly of Vic- toria, Out., Juiu; 29, 1S55. His paternal grandfather was a captain in the Rritish army, and emigrated to Canada in 1832. Within five hours of his arrival at Jlontreal both he and his wife died of Asiatic cholera. Their son, John, who was born in I'erth, Scot- land, survived I hem. He became one of tlie HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. JOHN D. ANDERSON. pioiieer.s of Ontario and siKteetled in build- ing ui> a large competence, living to the ad- vanced age of ninety years. His wife, Janet McLaren, was also a native of Scotland, born in Calendar. She came with her parents to Ontario in 1832, her father engaging in the banking business. Their son, John D., the subject of this sketch, was given the advan- tage of a liberal education. He attended the public schools, then entered the Oakwood high schools, and was graduated in 1872. He received a teacher's certificate, and, without solicitation on his part, was appointed assist- ant teacher in the high school. Desiring, however, to take up the study of medicine, he entered Trinity Medical School, at Toronto, in 1875. and was graduated in 1879. That he was an assiduous student is evidenced by the fact that the same year he also graduated from the medical department of Toronto University, Ti'inity College, and the College of Physicians and Surgeons. After taking a short rest at home the young medical student started for Scotland, where, in Jlay, 1879, he entered the Royal Infirmary at Edinburgh. He passed the examination for licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians after a hard summer's study, and had the honor of being graded one hundred per cent, in both oral and clinical examinations, therefore standing at the head of his class, which included grad- uates of all the leading medical colleges of Europe. Dr. Anderson came to Minneapolis January 12, 1883, where he has since been engaged in the active practice of his profes- sion. A man of eminent abilities, he has taken a high rank in his profession, and a large and successful practice has rewarded his efforts. He is a member of the British Medical Association, American Medical As- sociation, the Minnesota State Medical Soci- ety, and the Hennepin County Medical Soci- ety. ^^'hile living in Ontario he was an ac- tive worker in the Refonn party. Since his residence in the United States he has affili- ated with the Republican party and is a staunch advocate of Republican principles. He also belongs to the Caledonia Society. His <-hurch affiliations are with the Presby- terian denomination. In 1881 he was mar- ried to Mill'}- Miller, daughter of Dr. D. Gil- lispie Carmington, of Ontario. Dr. Anderson removed to Minneapolis on account of his wife's health; but the change did not prove permanently beneficial, and she died six months afterward. In January, 1896, he was married to Jessie C. MacGregor, a graduate of the University of Minnesota, and eldest daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. MacGregor, of Minneapolis. SMITH, Lyndon Ambrose, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota, is a native of New Hampshire. He was born July 15, 1851, in the little village of Boscawen, in the same house where it ks said Daniel Webster began to fit for college. His father, Ambrose Smith, was a clergyman, and was pastor of the Con- gregational church at Boscawen from 1852 until his death in 1862. Cynthia M. Egerton, his wife, was a descendant of Governor Bi*ad- ford, of the Ph-mouth colony, and of Jere- miah Mason, the father of the eminent law- yer of that name. Justin H. Smith, a brother of our subject, is professor of Modern His- tory and Diplomacj' at Dartmouth College, HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTH\VEST. and is the author of "The Troubadours at Home." Lyndon A. attended the district schools at Boscawen and Pembroke, N. H., and academies at I'embroke, and Norwich, \'t. Later he entered Dartmouth College and graduated with the chass of ISSO. He was vah^dictorian of his chiss, and took first prizes in Latin and nnithematics. He was a member of Psi U])silon college fraternity. From 1S7C to ISSO, Mr. i^mith served as town superintendent of scliools in Xorwicli, Vt., at the .same time keejjinj;' uj) his studies at Dart- nioutli. After graduatin};- he went to Wasli- injiton, D. ('.. and was assistant to the Na- tional ("ommissioner of lulucation froin ISSO to 1S85. During' this time lie prei)ared, among other documents, a Tolume on scliool law, and one on agricultural colleges. In 1SS4-5 he was sui)erintendent of the educational de- partment of the Cotton Centennial Exposi- tion. His leisure moments w'ere spent in the study of law, taking a three years' course in the College of Law of Georgetown Univer- sity, and one year in the law department of the National LTniversitv. In 1885 he came west, and, after spending a few months in St. Paul, selected Montevideo, Chii)pewa county, ilinn., as his future home, where he has ever since resided. He here began the practice of law, in whiih he has been emi- neiiUy successful. Mr. Smith is a I{e|)nb- lican in politics, and an active worker in the interests of his party. He served as county attorney of Chippewa county from ISSS to ISilO. In 1808 he was nominated lieutenant governor and elected, though the head of the ticket failed of election. He was renominat- ed in 1900, and again elected. The lieuten ant governor is, by virtue of his ottice, presid- ing officer of the upper house of the state legislature. Governor Smith has made one of the best officers the Minnesota senate has ever had. He has been uniformly fair and imi)ai'tial in his rulings, and bis tact and skillful diplomacy have won for liim many encomiums, as well as the respect and esteem of all the members. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and has been the master of his local lodge. He also belongs to the I. O, O. F. and the A. (). U, W, He is an active LYXDOX A, SMrrH. member of the Congregational church, and a trustee of \\'indom Institute, at Monte- video, and Carleton College, at Northtield. He was moderator of the State (Congregation- al Association in 1800, and a delegate to the last International Congregaticmal Council. In ISSG he was married to Dora Rogers, of Kittery, Me., a graduate of the Farmington, Me., Normal School, and before her marriage a teacher at Calais, ^Me., and AN'ashington, D. C. They have one child, Charlotte, born August 10, iSSS. LEUTZ, Ferdinand.— One of the most active and successful business men in North Dakota is Ferd. Leutz, now insurance com- missioner of the state, with official residence at the capital, Bismarck, but whose home is at Hebron. He was born at Eberbach, Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, June 21, 1S51. His father, John \V. Lent/,, was a merchant in comfortable circumstances, who married JIarie Lucie Clorer. Ferdinand obtained his early education in the Eberbach ])ublic schools, and in the higher citizens' school. His academic education was received at the HISTORY OF THE (iREAT NORTHWEST FEUDIXAND LKUTZ. college^ at Stuttgart. He was a good student and won several prizes — one of especial hon- or was the silver medal of the institution. He graduated in 1870. He then entered a wholesale mercantile house in northern Ger- many. In 1S74 he entered the German armj asa volunteer and, before discharge, was pro- moted to a non-commissioned oiflcer. In 1876 and 1878 he again served in the army, for short terms, as lieutenant in reserve. He came to Dakota Territory, now North Da- kota, in 1883, and settled at Hebron, forming a partnership with Charles Krauth, under the style of Krauth & Leutz. The business was that of general merchandise, but includ ed machinery, real estate, cattle and sheep. In 1897 this firm was dissolved, and Mr. Leutz became interested, as special partner, in the firm of Leutz & McClure, at Taylor, and in the firm of Koesel & Company, doing busi- ness at Richardston, Antelope and Glad- stone. He is also a stockholder and presi- dent of the Mercer County Land Company, besides being interested in the sheep and cat- tle business, operating a large cattle ranch north of Hebron. Mr. Leutz has affiliated with the Republican party ever since he land- ed in the United States, but became so occu- pied in his business that he could take no active part in politics until 1!)()0, when he ac- cejited the position of chairman of tlie Re- jiublican committee. He was elected a dele- gate to the National Republican convention at I'hiladelphia, and there received the honor of being made one of the committee to give rrcsident ^McKinley ofBcial notice of his re- iioiiiination. Subsequently Mr. Leutz was lioiiorcd by being elected a delegate to the (-onvention of his party, held at Fai'go, and at (hand Forks, November 6, 1000, he was elected insurance commissioner of the state, for two years, a position which he now holds. In religion he is a member of the Evengelical (-lunch. In 1880 he was married to Anna Leutz. They have had eight children, only four of whom survive, two boys and two girls — Charlotte, Fritz, Annie and Hans Leutz. . WASHBURN, William D.— It is the privilege of few citizens of any common- wealth to exercise as wide an influence upon its affairs, and to touch its life at so many points, as has William Drew Washburn in his more than forty years' residence in Min- nesota. Coming here as a pioneer, before statehood had been attained, he has been a part of the wonderful development of four decades — has seen the state change from a mere scattered group of fi'ontier settlements to a well-peopled community holding a lead- ing position in agriculture, manufactures and commerce, and the village in which he made his home, in 1857, become the chief city of the state. Through this period of_ evolution Mr. Washburn has been a forceful influence in most of these lines of endeavor which have made the state so conspicuously successful. He was early identified with the improvement of the water power which became the nucleus of the manufacturing greatness of Minneapolis, and no one was more influential in fostering and promoting the manufactures of the new state both by wise encouragement and by example. Later he became interested, also, in other lines of business, and took a most prominent l)art, througli railroad construction, in open- ing the lines of commerce. During his long HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. business career he has had a part in the financial and iuvestnient interests of tlie city and state, and in tlie hiter nianufactur- in^ enterprises. ()r<>anized public work has found in him a leader and su])]K>rlcr at all times. :Mr. ^^'aslllMU•n's adivily in I lie ])r((- molion of ])ublic intcresis bad iiiiicli In do with his political successes, and in poliliial life he has been peculiarly fortunate in suj)- plemen tins' his other labors by givinfi to the northwest some of its most impoi-tani pnb- iic works. In the course of his jiubllc career Mr. Washburn has been a factor in local, state and national politics — atfectiuf; .Minnesota life from every jxissible political standjioint. And while the state has felt his influence in all these diverse directions, his own city has been aware of his presenceas a constant lead- er in social (piestions; in such matters as public and private charities, education, the church, the improvement of the city, the maintenance of lofty stands in those thinj-s which make for the hit;lier life of the com- munity. In democratic America, where an- cestry counts for but little as a factor in success, there is still a just cause for worthy pride in descent from those who made Amer- ican conditions i)ossible, or in family rela- tion with mi'u who have been conspicuous in the service of the nation. As a descend- ant of old Pilgrim stock, and as one of a fjrouj) of brothers who constituted perhaps tlie most distinguished family contempora- neously in public life in the United States, Mr. Washburn might be pardoned for a large degree of family pride. The first ^^'ashburns in America were John Wash- burn, secretary of the council of Plymouth, and his son John, who came to this country with him. The latter married Elizabeth Jlitchell, the daughter of Experience Mitch- ell and Jane Cook, and granddaughtei- of Francis Cook, who came over in the May- flower in Hil'd. The family had originally lived, probably for many generations, in the village of Evesham, not far from Stratford on Avon, in one of the most beautiful parts of England. Israel Washburn, born in 1784, was dii'ectly descended from tlies(- Puritan ancestors. Ilis father served in the Kev(dution. as did the father of his wife, Martha P.enjamin, whom he married in 1812. Mrs. \\'ashburn's father was Lieut. Samuel Penjamin, a jtatriot of whose valor and per- sistence in his country's cause it need only be said that he particijjated in the Battle of Lexington and fought through the whole war to Yorktown, where hv was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. Few of the soldiers who fought for American in- dei)endence saw, as did Lieut. Penjamin, the first and last battles of the great struggle. Israel and ilartha ^^'ashburn made their home on a farm in Liverniore, Maine, and it was here that their huge family was reiii-ed. To the parents' infiuence, to the stern ti'aining of farm life in the Maine "back woods," to the inheritance of patriot- ism and love of achievement, and to their ow'n steadfast endeavor, is due in very large measure the wonderful success of the group of boys born in this Maine farm home. There was little of material advantage to be found surrounding these boys during their early life. The father was no more success- ful than the average New England famner, but he was an alert, intelligent man, a read- er, a man of hard common sense and with the largest ambiticms to give to his sons every opportunity for success. Of the mother it is said that she "was a practical housekeeper, industrious, frugal, sagacious, stimulating to the children's consciences, sincei'cly religious withal, and hence gave those under her pi-ecious charge an unalter- able bent towards pure and lofty ends." It was ill such a home that eleven children were born, of whom the seven sons have achieved worthy prominence in public life. In his "Triumphant Democracy" Andrew Carnegie says of this grouji t)f men: "Their career is typically American. The >\'asliburns are a family indeed, seven sons, and all of them men of mark. Several of tJieni iiave distinguished themselves so greatly as to become a ]iar( of their conn 1r.\"s iiislor.N. The family record includes a secretary of state, two governors, four mem bers of congress, a major general in ihe HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. army and another second in command in llie navy. Two served as foreign ministers, two as state legislators, and one as surveyor general. As all these services were per- formed during the Civil war, there were A\'aslil)urns in nearly every dejiartment of state, laboring camp and council for the republic, at the sacrifice of great personal interests." As the youngest child in the family. AA'illiam I), ^^'ashburn had, in addition to the influence of his parents, the stimulation of the example of his brothers who were already entering public life while he was a school boy. Israel Washburn, Jr.. was elected to congress in 18o(), when \\'illiam. who was born in 1831, was but nineteen years of age. The young men had already become prominent in Maine state politics, and Israel, after serving four terms in con- gress, was elected war governor of his native state. Elihu B. Washburn served as congress- man from Illinois from 1853 to 1809, when he was appointed secretary of state by Pres- ident Grant. During the Franco-Prussian war he was minister plenipotentiary to France. Cadwallader C. Washburn was in congress both before and after the war, was a general in the Union army, and in 1871 was elected governor of Wisconsin. Charles A. Washburn was minister to Paraguay; Samuel B. Washburn was a distinguished officer in the navy. Beyond what has been said of his early influences there was little that was distinctive about the boyhood of Jlr. ^>'ashburn. It was the common experi- ence of the son of a New England farmer — the district school in the winter and farm work in the summer. As he grew old enough to take a heavier part in the farm- ing, the school months of the year became fewer. Short terms at a village ''high school" and neighboring academies sup- plemented the district school experiences, and finally at Farmington Academy he was able to prepare for college. In the year 1850, when he was nineteen, he entered Bowdoin College — that honored Alma Mater of such men as Hawthorne, Longfellow, A\'illiam P. Fessenden, President Franklin Pierce, Chief Justice Fuller, Senator John ]'. Hale, General O. (). Howard and Thomas B. Keed — and graduated four years later with the bachelor's degree, after completing a full classical course. The succeeding three years were devoted to the study of law in the office of his bi-other, Israel Wash- burn. Ji'.. and with Judge John A. Peters, now and for many years past chief justice of the supreme court of Maine. During this jieriod he spent jiart of his time in Washing- ton performing the duties of a clerk in the house of representatives, where he obtained his first acquaintance with the affairs of congress and with the jjublic men of that time. Two of Mr. Washburn's brothers had already made their home in the west, and upon completing his law studies he deter- mined to follow their example. It was not difficult to decide upon a location. Liver- more had already sent men to the Falls of St. Anthony, and his brothers, Elihu and Cadwallader, had acquired interests there and elsewhere in Minnesota. It seemed a place with a greater future than any other western settlement. The young man be- lieved that he saw in it a field worthy of his energies; but it is hardly probable that his highest flights of fancy pictured the Minne- aj>olis of to-day as a possibility during his own lifetime. On May 1, 1857, Mr. Washburn reached ilinneapolis and shortly after opened a law office. The contrast between the town in which he settled and the city of to-day is striking. The population was then perhaps 2,00(1 as compared with over 200,000 in 1809; there were about two hundred buildings of all kinds in the village, and few of them were worth more than |1,000. There were no railroads, and the great manufacturing industries of the present time were repre- sented by one or two small mills. Into this scattered collection of frame buildings there was pouring, however, a stream of immi- grants, and speculation and building were keeping the people busy. There seemed * very prospect of coming prosperity. But that stabilitv necessarv for securitv during HISTORY OF THE GREAT NOHTIIWEST. flnanrial diffleiilties had not been attained, and the same suniniei- saw such reverses as to make the outlook very dismal. .Mi-. Washburn arrived just in time to ex]ii-ii cnee, with the town of his choice, all llic troubles of the panic of 1857. There was little law business to be had and soon after his arrival he became the secretary and agent of the Minneapolis Mill Company — the corporation controllintj' the west side ])ower at the Falls of St. Anthony. This was a most fortunate appointment for ilinneajiolis as well as Mr. AVashburn. It broujiht into immediate exercise in behalf of the village those extraordinary executive faculties which have ever since been so continuously devoted to the interests of the city. To Mr. ^^■asllburn it gave the opportunity for fa- miliarizing himself with the possibilities of manufacturing at the falls, which was the basis of his future success. Later genera- tions in Minneapolis are entirely unfamiliar with the extent of the debt of the city to Mr. Washburn, incurred during these early days. AA'ith that characteristic energy and determination which has since become so well known to the people of the city, he commenced the improvement of the power controlled by his company. During 1857 the original dam on the west side was built — this in the midst of great financial em- barassments. It was a tremendous strug- gle, a great load to be laid on the shoulders of a man then but twenty-six years of age. But dam and raceway were finally complet- ed. The young agent shrewdly guessed, however, that his battle was only half won. On the east side of the river there was a bet- ter power with more eligible mill sites; but the policy of its managers discouraged new (•iiterjjrises. Mr. Washburn decided that the west side works must have mills, and he at once adopted a liberal policj' and leased mill powers, now commanding a yearly rental of $1,500, as low as f 133 per annum, to persons who would establish mills. The plan worked admirably. Everyone knows now how the flour mills gathered ab(tut the west side raceway until there was built up the greatest group in the whole world. Un- til the industries at the falls were put upon a firm foundation, ]Mr. Washburn remained 1 lie agent of the company and he has always maintained a large interest in it. He has never been out of touch with the manufac- turing interests of the state since that first summer's work at the Falls of St. Anthony. Receiving, in 1801, the appointment of sur- \eyor general at the hands of I'resident liincoln, it l)ecanie necessary for Mr. Wash- burn to remove to St. Paul for a time. It was while in this ottice that his friends ac- ipiired the habit of prefixing the title "Gen- eral" to his name; a custom so well estab- lished that it has continued through all the various ofiices which he has held. While surveyor general, Mr. ^^'ashburn became familiar with the timber resources of the state, and, purchasing considerable tracts, afterwards engaged extensively in the lum- bei- business. He formed the firm of W. D. Washburn & Co., built a saw mill at the falls, and later one at Anoka, and until 1801) carried on a very large lumber business. In 1873 be entered flour milling, and si)eedily became an important factor in the production of that Minneapolis staple. •His interests in flour manufacturing were tlirrjugh the oiiginal firm of W. D. W^ash- buru i^ Co. and ^^'ashburn, Crosby & Co. The firm of W. D. Washburn & Co. subse- (juently, in 1884, was merged in the Wash- Iturn Mill Company, and in 1889 the flour milling division of this business was consoli- dated with the Pillsbury interests in the I*iIlsbury-\Vashburn Flour Mills Company, forming the largest flour milling corpora- tion in the world. At this time there were large accessions of English capital, but Jlr. Washburn retained — as he does at this time — a large interest, and has been continuous- ly one of the board of American directors of the properties. The Minneapolis Mill Com- panj- was also consolidated with the new rorporation which afterwards completed the work of harnessing the power of St. An- thony Falls by the construction of a new dam and jjower house a short distance be- low the main falls. This rapid sketching of what would seem a life work for any man, WILLIAM I). WASHP.UUN. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. gives, however, but one side of the business activities of Mr. Washburn — his interest in developing the two leading industries of ^Minnesota. It has been said of one of the greatest of Englishmen that while many men "think in parishes" and a few "think in nations," he "thinks in continents." Ap- plying this thought to business, it might be said that while many men think in single lines of trade, a few think in the broad lines of general manufacturing or jobbing, while only a very limited number think through the whole question of producing, distribut- ing, financing and transporting. To the lat- ter class Mr. Washburn belongs. He has, from time to time, and very much of the time, had considerable interest in the finan- cial institutions of Minneapolis, in whole- sale trade, in real estate. But aside from his influence in the development of manufac- turing his most conspicuous undertakings, and those in which the public has been most interested, have been the great railroad proj- ects which he has successfully consummat- ed. The early railroad system of the state had developed along such lines that Mr. Washburn, with other ^Mineapolis business men, felt the need of a railroad running to- wards the south, which would afford trans- portation direct to Minneapolis, and which should be controlled in the interests of Min- neapolis. The result was the Minneapolis & St. Louis railroad, carried through, during the seventies, very largely by the efforts of Mr. Washburn, who was its president for some time. The end desired having been accomplished, he retired from the manage- ment, and early in the eighties commenced to agitate the subject of a line direct to tide- water and completely independent of the domination of Chicago interests. The proj- ect was a startling one — fascinating by its very audacity; to build five hundred miles through an unsettled wilderness to a con- nection with a foreign railroad — to do this to free the city from the detrimental effects of combinations in the interests of com- petitors! To be financially successful the projected railroad must depend largely up- on its through business, and that class of business must be mostly export flour and wheat — and ilinneapolis flour exporting had then but partially developed. But there was a Washburn beliind the plan — and it went through. The road was built in five years — the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. ilarie. And, since, it has been extend- ed westward through Minnesota and North Dakota to another connection with the Can- adian Pacific, thus giving Minneapolis an- other trans-continental line. Mr. Washburn was president of the "Soo" line during its construction and until his election to the senate. He still retains large interests and has been continuously a director. In fact, the Soo line without Mr. AVashburn would be, to use the familiar simile, like the play of Hamlet with Hamlet left out. After a dozen years of the enjoyment of the benefits derived from the Soo-Canadian connection with the east, the people of Minnesota have come, perhaps, to accept it unthinkingly and without remembering the tremendous diffi- culties which its construction involved, or the splendid energy and ability with which its chief promoter carried out the project. General Washburn's commercial activities continue, his penchant for pioneering find- ing abundant scope just now in the deveioj) meut of a tract of some 115,000 acres of land in North Dakota through which he is build- ing a railroad. Those qualities in Mr. Washburn which have made him a success- ful railroad builder, a gicat manufacturer and a shrewd develojier of new country, have contributed in large measure to his success in political life. The ability to "think in continents" nuirks the successful man in public life, as certainly as it does the winner in business. A broad concep- tion of the commercial needs of the North- west and a well developed creative faculty, together with those qualities of mind and manner which aid in controlling and win- ning men, made Mr. Washburn unusually successful in his public service to the state and nation. He was first called to hold office in 185S, when he was elected to the Minnesota legislature, then a newcomer in the state and but twenty-seven years of age. Three years later he received from I'resident Lincoln the appointment of surveyor general 393 HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. (if Minnesota. In ISfiG he was chosen to the school board of Minneapolis, and assist- ed in the eai-lj development of the school sj'stem so prized by the people of the city. The year 1871 again found him in the state legislature, using his rapidly-growing in- fluence in the suj>port of legislation looking to state supervision and control of rail- roads. By this time it was conceded that he was to take a foremost position in Minne- sota politics, and in 1S73 his friends nearly secured his nomination for governor of the state. After the decisive vote in the con- vention it was claimed by Mr. Washburn's friends that two ballots had not been count- ed. These would have changed the result, but Mr. Washburn refused to contest the nomination. In 1878 he commenced six years of continuous service in congress, ter- minating only when he declined renomina- tion for the fourth term on account of his intention to concentrate his attention upon the Soo railroad project, which he had just then commenced. The completion of the Soo line in 1888 made it possible for him to withdraw from executive management of the enterprise and become a candidate for the United States senate, to which office he was chosen in the following year. Again, in 1895, he was a candidate, but was not elected. Trusting in the very positive as- surances of even those who afterwards op- posed him, that there would be no opposi- tion to his candidacy, he had confidently ex- pected re-election, and frankly admitted his disappointment. He would, under no cir- cumstances, have reajipeared as a candidate had he known of the opposition which was to develop. In this as in all cases where he had not been "on top" in a political struggle, Mr. Washburn quietly accepted the situa- tion; he had never been a "sore head" or posed as a disgruntled politician. When Mr. Washburn went into congress in 1878, he was equipped for service as no other northwestern representative had ever been. To a wide acquaintance with public men and a familiarity with methods and usages ai Washington, he added a thorough knowl- edge of the country which he was to repre- sent — Tiot only a political knowledge, but also a conij)rehensive view of its commercial needs. As has been said, he had been large- ly instrumental in developing the two great manufacturing industries of the state, and, with twenty years of study, was familiar, in the minutest details, with their require- ments in the way of transportation, devel- ()]iment of power and supply of raw ma- terials. It had been his pleasure as well as a necessity of his business to study agricult- ural conditions. He saw the interdepend- ence of all the interests of the Northwest, and grasped the great principles which have since been generally recognized as underly- ing the permanent prosperity of Minnesota and the neighboring states. In congress he set about working out the fulfillment of ideas which had been gradually taking form, and the accomplishments of the twenty . years since he entered that body have been prolific in the fruit of the score of years of earlier experience and study. As far back as 186t» Mr. Washburn had conceived the plan of impounding the flood waters of the upper Mississippi river in great reservoirs near the headwaters. It was an adajitation of the plan in use on the ^lerrimac river in New England. But it was far more com- prehensive in form and had four purposes in view, where tlie New England scheme had but one. Mr. Washburn had observed the destructive work of the floods in the Missis- sippi and the contrast aft'orded by the pe- riods of extreme low water, when naviga- tion was seriously impeded. To mitigate the floods and at the same time save the surplus of water for use in seasons of drouth was the central thought. But all the results were not for the benefit of naviga- tion and the protection of farmers along the river banks. There was a large traffic in logs on the river. The navigation of the Mississippi by the common saw log was quite as important as that of the steamer. To save the logs from being swept away by floods or "hung up" on sand bars in low water was an important part of the im- pounding scheme. Again, the water of the Mississippi was used for power at Minne- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. apolis and other points. In flood times vast quantities of water went to waste; in low-water seasons the volume was not suf- ficient for the needs of the mills. An eiiuali- /ation of the flow was thus of the greatest importance to navigation, the farmers, the loggers, and the manufacturers. Having the project in mind as one sure to be realized some day, Mr. Washtmrn, in ISfi!), purchased of the government the forty acres at I'o- Icegama Falls, on the upper IMississipj)! river, which his judgment told him would be re(juired for the key of the system. When the project was finally approved and entered upon, 5Ir. Washburn conveyed this land to the government witliout charge. It was ten years after his conceiition of the plan tliat Mi-. Washbuni comineiiced his campaign in congress. Like all projei'ts calling for large appropriations, it required persistent endeavor; but finally he had the satisfaction of seeing the system of dams and reservoirs completed — a system which has been of untold benefit to the interests above mentioned. Early in his congres- sional career he also commenced to give careful attention to the needs of navigation ui)on the Mississippi from the standpoint of direct improvements of the channel, and secured many appropriations for the work on the upper river. He laid the foundations for the appropriations for the locks and dams immediately below ^linneajjolis, which, when completed, will give ^Minne- apolis direct navigation to the gulf and all the great tributaries of the Mississippi. But there were still broader questions under consideration. Mr. Washburn had a keen appreciation of the i-elations of the (Ireat Lakes to the commercial development of the Northwest. He saw distinctly that this great water route to and from the seaboard was the key to the commercial problem of his state. Cheap transportation would make possible such a development of farm- ing and manufacturing as had never been conceived of. To secure the cheapest trans- portation, however, there must be free and unobstructed channels through the lake system of such depth that vessels of modern build might pass without detention. And so. as a member of the committee of com- merce, ]\Ir. Washburn secured the first ap- propriation for the improvement of the Hay Lake channel in the Sault Ste Marie river — the beginning of the great "twenty-foot" ]iroject which has since made possible the navigation of the lakes by a fleet of vessels carrying a commerce unetpialed on any waterway in the world. While these great jirojccts received much of Mi-. Washburn's thought while in the house, lii' was by no means unmindful of the si)ecial needs of his district; his success in looking after its in- terests being aiiii)ly testified to by the fre- f|uent renominations which came to him. Among the most inijiortant items of liis sjie cial work for Minneapolis was the bill for a public building, which he successfully pro- moted eai-ly in the eighties. These material mattei-s, important and engrossing as they were, did not interfere with Mr. Washburn's participation in all national questions which came before congress during his terms of office. He had always been a student of public attairs. Though a life-long and con- sistent Kepublitan, he has a vein o# inde- pendence in his make-up which has been ])erhaps developed through a settled habit of looking at things in their broader aspects rather than from the point of view of the ])olitician who sees only the immediate po- litical etlects. This habit of thought has brought him from time to time into ap- parent variance with his party; but it has usually been acknowledged, afterwards, that he was right. Perhaps the best ex- anijde of this political characteristic of Mr. Washburn was his opposition to the so- called "force bill" while in the senate. It will be remembered that the Lodge bill re- ceived the support of the Republican sena- tors — excepting about half a dozen "Silver Republicans," who had formed a combina- tion with the Democrats — and that Mr. Washburn was the only senator on that side of the house who opi)osed the measure. Be- lieving that it was wrong in principle, and that it would not accomplish what it aimed to do, he voted against it — and received un- HISTORY OP THE GUKAT XOHTHWEST. stinted r-ritirism from the party press for his indepeudenre of thought and action. The years which have j)assed since this epi- sode have served to show that Mr. Wasli- burn was right. There ai'e probably few men in the Eepublican party to-day who would favor snch a measure as that pro- Itosed by Senator Lodge. Mr. Washburn does not pretend to flowery oratorical pow- ers; he relies ujjon plain and earnest state- ments and sound logic and reasoning. And in presenting a (piestion in this W'ay he is very successful. And so, while not among the congressmen whose voices are heard on every topic, he has been heard with the greatest respect when he has spoken on the floor of the house or senate chamber. Dur- ing his senatorial term he made two very elaborate speeches, which would have given him a very wide reputation had he never taken any other part in congressional de- bates. One of these efforts was in sup- port of the anti-option bill, the champion- ship of which measure made Senator Wash- burn for a time the most conspicuous figure in the senate. Believing profoundly in the principle that the buying and selling of that which did not exist was contrary to the laws of economics, and in practice in- jurious to business and morals, while it worked enormous detriment to the agri- cultural interests of the country, Mr. Wash- burn threw himself into the fight for the measure with a whole-souled energy which could have but one result. For four months the bill was the unfinished business in the senate. It was a battle royal with enormous monied interests to contend with; but the victory was finally won. Senator \\'ashbnrn's i>rinci])al speech in support of this bill attracted wide attention in this coun- try and abroad. The bill was throttled in the house and Mr. Washburn believes there has been a loss of hundreds of millions to the country, for which the leaders of the house, who prevented the votes, are responsible. By far the most elaborate and carefully pre- pared speech which Mr. Washburn deliv- ered while in the senate was that upon the revenue bill of 1894, when he argued against the repeal of the reciprocity provisions se- cured by Mr. Blaine in ISOO. This speech — on "Reciprocity and New ^larkets" — was one of the most comprehensive discussions of the reciprocity principle, the development of the commerce of the United States during its two years of trial, and the future possi- bilities of the system, which was ever made in congress. While bringing statistics to show the trade relations with all American nations, Mr. Washburn gave special atten- tion to Cuba, showing the wonderful in- crease in trade with that island under the reciprocal treaty with Spain. It was, of course, a foregone conclusion that the Dem- ocratic congress would repeal the reciproc- ity agreements, but ^Iv. Washburn's speech revealed in all its baldness the certain re- sult of such action — results which followed speedily and surely. Prolonged absence at times from his home city have not prevented Mr. Washburn and his family from filling a large place in the social life of Minneapolis. As soon as he had established himself in his new home, Mr. Washburn returned to ^Maine, where, April 19, 18.59, he was mar- ried to Miss Lizzie Muzzy, daughter of the Hon. Franklin Muzzy, a Bangor manufact- urer and a man prominent in the political life of the state. A modest home was estab- lished in Minneapolis, and here their chil- dren, four sons and two daughters, passed Iheir early childhood. Realizing that in- creasing fortune brought with it increased obligation, Mr. Washburn some years ago purchased a beautiful tract of land and erected a mansion surrounded by most at-, tractive grounds. This home, which was named "Fair Oaks," has become not only a center of social attraction, but an object of pride in a city where beauty of surround- ings and the refinements of life are most highly appreciated. October 24, 1859, a meeting was held in the village of Minneap- olis for the purpose of organizing a L^niver- sjilist church. On this occasion Mr. Wash- burn occupied the chair, and his connection with the Church of the Redeemer dates from that meeting. It was at first a struggling society; it is now one of the leading churches HlSTOUy OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. of the dcnouiiuation in tlie connli y. In its early vifissitudes and its later pi-os])pi-ity it has continually had reason to reuifniher Mr. Washburn's constant generosity, for in his church connection, as in all othei- matters, he has been liberal in liis idntrilnitions where there has been evidence of need and worthy object to be accomplished. Of Mr. Washburn's religious beliefs there could be no better testimony than this, from one in a positicm to know whereof he speaks: "Mr. Washburn is modest and sparing in liis religious professions, but deep-rooted in his religious convictions. His father and mother were earnest T'niversalists, and he inlierited their faith. To this he has been as loyal as to the other parental examples. His creed is pretty w'ell summed nji in the words, 'Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man.' The broad spirit he shows else- where blossoms in his thoughts on spiritual matters. His daily prayer must be, in sub- stance, that all men may one day be good, pure republicans of this world and saints in the next. Freedom for all and Heaven for all are his mottoes." The same excellent authority describes his friend in these words: "In personal appearance ilr. Washburn may be considered a very elegant gentle- man. Neat and fashionable in his attire, symmetrical in form, inclining to slimness, erect, of moi'e Ihan medium height, clear- cut features, and bright, earnest eyes, grace- ful in movement, correct in speech, he im- presses one even at first as a person who has had always the best surroundings. He is dignified in manner, and is not inditi'erent to style in whatever pertains to him. If on any occasion he shows abruptness of lan- guage and is sliglitly overbearing, ditficult to be approached, by strangers especially, it is owing generally and chiefly to the thorns of business he feels at the moment prii-king him or to want of time to be himself. Hurry sometimes trips politics." The latter part of this estimate seems at jtresent inaccurate, however true it may have been when written — at a time when Mr. Washburn was carrying vast loads of care, both commercial and political. H may be that the i)rogress of years has softened a manner which still retains, however, all its characteristic dignity. Mr. Washburn has traveled much. It is almost a necessity (o a man of his temperament to see what is going on in the world outside the limits of his home city or state. He has from time to time visited every part of the United Sitates, Mexico, Cuba and Canada. Six times he has visited Euro])e, on one of these pilgrimages extending his joiirneyings to Egypt and the Nile, and on another seeing Norway and Sweden — the ''Land of the ^lid- night Sun" — and Russia. Three years ago he spent six months in China, Jajian and other oriental countries, and would have completed the "round the world" tour had it not been for the prevalence of the plague in India. In travel ilr. ^Vashburn finds that continued education and those broaden- ing influences which every intelligent man ■welcomes throughout his life. He has also found such rest from the cares of a life of much more than ordinary activity and re- sponsibility that he is, at the age of sixty- eight, still in his i)rime, and bears himself with the air of a man much his junior.* He is to-day, as he has always been, a growing man. His interest in public affairs is un- abated, and the attention which is paid to his views was very recently evidenced, when an interview, in which he denounced the trust evil, was quoted and commented upon from one end of the English-speaking world to the other. RUSSELL, Henry.— The part jjlayed by the modest editor of the country weekly in the work of development is not often taken into consideration; indeed, seldom receives mention. Right-thinking people, however, will concede that he deserves a great deal more credit than he is usually accorded. In addition to the news of the world iu con- densed form, the country weekly covers all local doings and happenings, and as such is of value to the community in which it is pub- lished. Its existeuci', however, is dependent HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. HENRY RUSSELL. upon the pioiiiotion of the best interests of that community, and it acts as the medium for the advocacy of every enterprise which promises to help ujibuild. Its influence, therefore, is determined by the quality of the man who conducts it. If he be a man of brains and character, clear and out-spoken in his utterances, he becomes a potent force in his own community, and his influence cannot be lightly estimated. TTie subject of this sketch is the editor and publisher of "The Vidette," of Spring Valley, Minn., one of the most successful weeklies published in the North Star state. Mr. Eussell is a native of New York state, and was born at Little Val ley, Cattaraugus county, November 19, 1857. His father died when he was only two years of age. His mother, whose maiden name was Amanda Shurtliff, was a second cousin of the well known surgeon, Dr. Frank Hamilton, of New York. She was directly connected with the Adams family, whose members were so intimately associated with the founding of the republic. She is now living at Money Creek, Minn. The subject of our sketch re- ceived a common school education. In 1872 he came west and settled at Rushford, Minn., where he engaged in farming. Later he be- came a teacher and taught in the public schools of the North Star state for a period of twelve years. Afterwards he became in- terested in the newspajjer business, and has lieen an editor of country papers for the past nine years. In 181)!), he took charge of the Sjii-ing ^'alley Vidette, one of the oldest pa- pers in Minnesota, established in 1867. I'nder his able editorship the Vidette has geratly increased its circulation and become one of the leading and influential weeklies of southern Minnesota, ilr. Russell has al- ways aflflliated with the Republican party, and has jjerformed valiant senMce in its in- terests as an editor. He is an earnest advo- cate of temperance principles, though not a prohibitionist in any sense. He is a member of the Presbyterian church. In 1880, he was married to Miss Mary Van Sickle. Their union has been blessed with seven children: Ona L., Pearl E., Edna M., Rollin, Stanley A.. Harold and Bulah. RUSSELL, John, the president of the First National Bank of Valley City, is one of the earliest i)ioueer settlers in North Da- kota, having made his first visit there in 1878, when it was yet a jjart of the Territory of Dakota. He was born in Genessee county — in that portion now Wyoming county — New York, Februars' 4, 1828. This was, at one time, the greatest wheat producing re- gion in the United States. His father's name was also John Russell. He was a farmer, and then, for many years, a merchant, carry- ing on a country general store, and was in fairly good financial circumstances. He was a native of Vermont, where his ancestors lived for many generations. He was married to Grasenia Gillette, who was the mother of the subject of this sketcli. She was a native of Delaware county, N. Y. Young John was resired in western New York, and his educa- tion and training were obtained in the com- mon schools of his native state. They were esteemed good schools at that time, but they were hardly up to the standard now requir- ed. Like most young men of that era who HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. did not stud.T for a profession, Mr. Kussell turned his hand to whatever he could find to do, and g^i-adually worked into the banking business, which he now follows. The secret of his remarkable success may be expressed in a few words: honesty, caution, prudence and strict attention to business. When Mr. Russell first came west he settled in Minne- sota, and opened up a good farm and handled wheat. He went to ^'alley City to look over the ground in 1878, and moved there perma- nently in March, 1880. He bought land and broke it up. The First National Bank of Valley City was organized in 1881, and he was one of the first stockholders. In 1884 he was elected president of the bank, a position which he has since continuously held. As the institution is now one of the very oldest in the state, so it is also one of the strongest It is not too much to say that its success is principally due to Mr. Russell, whose busi- ness sagacity and sterling character have al- ways been a bulwark of strength to the en- terprise. It has paid an annual dividend of ten i)er cent, ever since he has been presi- dent, and Mr. Russell is justly proud of the success of the institution. He has also been in the milling business since 1882, being president of the Russell & Miller Milling Company. He was living in Minnesota at the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion. Although he has always been a Democrat he tried to enlist for the war, but was rejected because of physical disability, on his exam- ination. Mr. Russell was a life long Demo- crat until the recent political upheaval on the financial question. He was a delegate to the State Democratic convention at James- town. When the convention endorsed "free silver" he walked out of the hall, and has not been in accord with his party since, but has been a strong su])iiorter of President McKin ley and the financial policy of the Republican party. He was elected mayor of Valley City and served two years. He refused to accept the office again. Governor Church, as a Democrat, appointed Mr. Russell a member of the Penitentiary Hoard, where he served two years. In 1831 he was married in New York to Jane I'arker. Tliev had three chil- dren — ;Mrs. Miller, of Minueaiiolis, Herbert J. Russell, now in the state of ^Vashington, and Albert Russell, Mrs. Russell died in 18!K». In 1891 he was married to Julia B. Sarsfield, a lady of refinement and culture, and an active church worker and teach?i' in the Congregational church and Sunday school. Mr. Russell is not enrolled as a mem- ber of any church, but is a liberal contributor to all denominations. COTTON, Joseph Bell, a prominent attor- ney of Duluth, Minn., is a native of the Hoosier state. He was born on a farm near Albion, in Noble county, Ind., January 6, 18(iu. His father was Dr. John Cotton, a native of Ohio, and a graduate of Rush Med- ical College, Chicago. His mother was Eliza- beth J. Riddle, also a native of Ohio, and a daughter of Joseph B. Riddle, a prominent and influential citizen of Albion, Ind., recent- ly deceased. Mr. Cotton's father has been de- ceased for many years. On the paternal side he is related to the late Rev. Dr. Phillips Bi-ooks, long the distinguished pastor of Trinity church, Boston. Up to his sixteenth year, Josejih assisted in work on his grand- HISTORY OF THE GKEAT NORTHWEST. JOSEPH B. COTTON. father Riddles farms, since which time he has depended on his own resources. His early education was received in the district school, going from there to the high school at Albion. He then attended the Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Lan- sing, graduating with the degree of B. S., in the class of 188(i. He was class orator in both his senior and junior .years, and was one of the eight commencement orators. After graduation he was offered the position of tutor in mathematics at his Alma Mater, which he accepted. He held this position for two years, in the meantime reading law un- der the direction of Hon. Edwin Willits, then president of the college and a fonner Michi- gan congressman, and assistant secretary of agriculture in ex-President Harrison's cabi- net. He was admitted to practice before the Michigan supreme court on June 13, 1888, and in September, 1888, removed to Duluth, where he began the practice of his profession. Having interested himself in politics, he did valiant service for the Kepublican party, and was rewarded, in 1892, with election to the lower house of the state legislature. He made an excellent record in that body, serv- ing on several important committees, and succeeded in getting through a measure pro- viding for a third judge in the Eleventh judi- cial district, thus achieving what had been his chief incentive in entering the legislature. His powers of oratory were also brought into full play by an eloquent speech i"e-nominat- ing the late Cushman K. Davis to succeed liimself in the United States senate. In 1891 ^Ir. Cotton became a member of the law firm of Cotton & Dibell, which soon afterwards became Cotton, Dibell & Reynolds. This firm enjoyed a large and lucrative practice and finally was dissolved by Mr. Cotton ac- cei)ting corporate employment and Mr. Dib- elTs election as judge of the district court at Duluth. Since 1893, Mr. Cotton has sen-ed at attorney for the Duluth, Missaba & North- ern Railway Company, and the Lake Su- perior Consolidated Iron Mines. For the jiast eight years his practice has been con- fined exclusively to corporation law, and he has been connected with much important liti- gation, both in Minnesota and Wisconsin. He is prominent in Masonic circles, being a thirty-second degree ^lason, a Knights Tem- plar, a member of the Mystic Shrine and a Knight of the Red Cross of Constantine. He is also an Elk and a member of the Phi Delta Theta college fraternity. Mr. Cotton married Miss Louise Hubbell, of Duluth, January 4, 1900, and they have a daughter, born Febru- ary 15, 1901. O'DOKNELL, John. — Despite the popu- lar notion to the contrary, the essential con ditions for individual success are not more unfavorable today than they were a genera- tion ago. In studying the lives of successful men it will generally be found that the con- ditions under which they began their career were just as unpromising as those that con- front the young man of today. The same de- termination and effort, expended with the same intelligence, will lead to success now as it always has and always will. Skill, energy and application are qualities of individual possession that can never be held under sub- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. jection, and will always be iu demand while there is work to be aceoniplished, wliether in small or large tasks. A good illustration of this is the rerent appointment of John 0"I)on nell, of Minneapolis, as Commissioner of La- bor for the state of Minnesota. His jnefer- ment has come to him in recognition of labor well performed. Jlr. O'Donnell was born in Lancashire, England, August 29, 18G2. His fathei-, John O'Donnell, came to this country with his family shortly afterwards. He en- listed in ('omi)any F, Fifty-eighth Massachu- setts Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He then secured work as a spinner in the cotton mills of Massachusetts, and later was engaged as a miller. The maiden name of the mother of our subject was Catli erine Bohan. John began working in the cot ton mills at the early age of ten years. His first educational training was received in the public schools; later he attended the night schools. In June, 1881, he came west and se- lected Minneapolis as his future home. He learned the plumber's trade and worked at that line of occupation for quite a number of years. He is an expert craftsman and soon took a leading position among his fellow- workmen. He has taken an active interest in all matters relating to labor organization and been a leader iu labor circles. He has held every office in Plumbers' Union, No. 15, of Minneapolis, and is its jiresident. He has also served as president of the Trades and Labor Council of Minneapolis for two terms, and was elected the second time by acclama- tion. In July, 1890, he was appointed sani- tary inspector in the Minneapolis health de- partment, and held this position until his present ai>pointment by Governor Van Hant in January, 1901. This office has been brought into particular prominence by ]\Ir. O'Donnell's two predecessors in office; but the record they have made is not likely to overshadow that of the present incumbent. Mr. O'Donnell is an intelligent, progressive man, aggressive in his character, and prom- ises to make a capable and efficient labor stat- istician. He is a member of the Modern Woodnu'n of America, and his church con nections are with the Catholic body. .Vjirii .JOHN O-IKIXXELL. 23, 1890, he was married to Miss Mary Kouse. Five children have been born: Mary, John, Helen, ratheiiiic and William. KELISUjS', Samuel Andrew. — Scandinavi- ans have contributed in a large degree to the development of the Northwest. There is no bi-auch of industry, occupation or profession where men of this race are not conspicuous and intiuential. They are leaving their im- press wherever they settle. Among the most jirominent of this enterprising race, Samuel A. Nelson, of Lanesboro, must be placed in the front rank as a leader. He was born on Erickstad farm, Lyngdals I'restegjeld, Chris- tian.sands stiff, Norway, January 0, 1851. His father was I'eter Nelson Erickstad, a tainicr by occujiation. His mother's maiden name was Anna Sampson Aen, fi-om Vos, and a pious woman. His father was of strong character, and a school teachei' and leader in chuich work. He left a permanent impres- sion upon the character of his children, as shown by the work and iuHuence of Samuel in business and church alfairs. Mr. Nelson canii' to Ihis ciiniitiy when Ihroe months old, and received his early education in the par- HISTORY OK THE GREAT NOnTHWEST. SA.MI'KL A. XKI.SOX. ocliial scbuol at W'iuiiesbeik luimty, Iowa, and in the ijublic schools. He then entered the Biyant & Stratton Commercial College at (Chicago, where he graduated in 1870. This training was supplemented by a literary course at the Marshall Academy, Wisconsin, lie came to Minnesota and settled first on a farm at Newberg, Fillmore county. July 7, 1872, he opened a general store at Lanesboro, where he still continues the business. He prospered from the start. In 1882 he associ- ated with him his brother, I'eter A. Nelson, under the firm name of Xelson Bros., in which style the immense business is still car- ried on. In 18!t5 they opened a branch store at Slayton, where they do a large business. March 20, 1901, they opened at Lanesboro the Farmers" and Merchants" Bank, a private in.«1itution, owned by Xelson Brothers. In politics Mr. Xelson has always been a Repub- lican, but has been too busy to occupy ottice, except of a local nature, which his duty as a citizen comijelled him to accept. He has been mayor of the city, and a member of the coun- cil and of the board of education. He has been asked to run for the legislature, but has not pushed for it because of his exacting business. He served on Governor dough's staff with the rank of major and was lately sui'ju-iscd to receive an a])jiointment on (iovcrnor N'an Sanfs start' with the rank of iiiajor — an entirely unsolicited honor. In religion he Iteloiigs to the Tnited Lutheran Church of AiiicT-ica, and is very ]ironiiiieHt in its councils, lie is now serv- ing the second term as trustee of the general body. He was appointed alone as a committee to bargain for the ground at St. .Vnthony Park on which the Xorwegian Lutheran Church Seminar^- is being built, lie is also active in Sunday school work, and liejongs to the Scandinavian Old Settlers' .\ssociation. He was married, January 1(>, 1878, to Julia Maria, daughter of Jule H. and Sille Skarie, of the town of Carrolton. They have had ten children: Philander Julius, Alfred S., Arthur J., Christian (1., Selma A., Delia G. (deceased October 11, 1889), Samuel F., Luther P., Ferdinand G. and Charlotte Ruth X'elson. ESTES, William R. — Estes is a name de- rived from the old Austrian and French name, "D'este," now represented by the reigning family of Austria, and to which Queen Victoria also was related. A branch of the race settled in North Carolina very early — date not exactly known — where Will- iam Estes, the father of William R., was born. In 1825 he moved to Indiana, to a farm near Princeton, where William R. Estes was born March 4, 18.52. The mother's maid^ en name was Jane King. Tlie family moved to Madelia, Minn., in 1807, and the father en- gaged in hardware and machinery business, which he continued until about 1880, when his sons Samuel B. and William R. Estes, succeeded him. He died in April, 1900. Young William R. was not a rugged boy, therefore his schooling was intermittent. But he was fond of reading, and so studious that he made considerable progress with his education. He was fifteen years old when he came to ^Minnesota, and the pioneer schools did not offer the very best facilities, IIISTOKY (IK TIIK (JItEAT XOItrH WEST. so lit' iitti'iidcd tlic ("oinnici-cial ("olk'j^i' of .Mr. W. A. Fnddis. at St. rani, and nv.xdn- ated from the iiistitnlion in IsTli. llr lln-n (^n>;:i>icre (if a law makinji such institutes a ]>er nianent jiolicy of ihe slale. This law is that under which they have since been conducted. He also had char};e of all dairy lejrislation durinjf the session— ii very iniiiortant duty. In 1S!)() he was ajijiointed Fnited States con- sul at Janiaica, and served while the reci- procity treaties weie nejiotiated. Secietary of State James odj:c, and is a meudier of Ihe St. James Chapter. In isitT he lion-;lit the JIadelia ilessenirer, which he now nianaffes. He has raised the subscrijition list from liuO WILMAM K. KS'I'KS. to l.l'dd. He was married November lid, 1S77. to Saiah K. Vounii. dau;;hler of Kev. W. Vounj;. of the .M. K. Conference. They ha\e four children: Ko/.ella A., now Mrs. John l!ini;liam. born February 2'2, t879; X'era M., born .May :!1, ISSI ; Florence A., boin in .Inly. ISS:'.. and Howard C. Estes, born Februarv d, IS'.ll. XKI.SOX, Kmil .Ufred.— Tin- librarian of the .Minnesota Slale Library, .Mr. K. .\. Nel- son, was born in a log house in \'assa, - coiinly, .Minn., .March IS, lS7d. He is of Swedish ]iarentaj;e. His father, I'. .M. Nelson, was a farmer and cai-penler. He came from Swi'den and settled in (ioodliue i-ouuty, .Minn., in IStiS. His \\ife came to j' middli' class in Sweden an and served as its treasurer for sev- eral years. Was appointed state weigluiias- ter at Minneapolis by the Railroad and Ware- lionse Commissioners March 1.3, IIIOI. which jKisition he now occupies. February 5, 1881, he was married to iliss Emma M. Falk, of Red Wing, Minn., a teach er in the public schools. Six children have been liorn to Mr. and Mrs. Quist: Ida, Hugo, Chester, ISIauritz, Walter and Lvdia. ROBPINS. Andrew P., Surveyor General of Logs and Lumber for the Second District of the State of Minnesota, was born at Phil- lilts, Me.. ^\.pril 27, 1845. His father, Daniel Robbins, was a leading business man of the town, operating a flouring mill, a tannery, and a lumber business. He was a man of considerable means. In 1855 he came to Minnesota and settled at Anoka, where he was compelled to put his family into the loft of a log house — the only building iivailable — on the bank of Rum river. He had a wife and six children who were crowded under the eaves of the primitive structure. He established the first steam saw mill at Anoka. It was operated at a time when men with teams camped on the grounds to wait their turn to secure lumber as fast as it came from the saw. Besides thus supplying lumber from the mill, in which he invested his means, he loaned money to nii^i engaging in new enterprises in the town. He was of early New England ancestry. The maiden name of Andrew's mother was Mary R. Shaw, a direct descendant of John Holland, one of HISTORY OF THE GRIOAT NORTHWEST. tho omisrants from England on tlic ilayttow er. As a f;irl she walked several miles from home to attend distrirt scliool. Slie was a woman akota Elevator Company. In 1S!».") lie was eh'cted to the legislature from Hennepin ( ounty. and served as chairman of the com- iiiittee on appropriations. He now holds the I'osition of surveyor general, as mentioned. In religion, Mr. Robbins is a member of the ( 'oiigregational church. He is a Mason of the thirty-second degree, Scottish Rite, and a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. In 18C0 he was married to Ade- laide J. Walker, the sister of T. B. Walker, and a niece of Judge Barlow, of Xenia, Ohio, where she was born. They have five chil- dren: Edith Robbins, the principal of the high .school at Madelia, Minn.; Amy and Ade- laide, attending the University of Minnesota; Ruth and Esther Robbins. GRANT, Donald.— The Northwest owes much to the man who introduced the rail- road — the forerunner of civilization — into what was, less than a half century ago, nothing but a wilderness. To them may be attributed in large measure the development that has taken place, a development so rapid that it has surpassed the wildest dreams of those who laid the foundations for its future greatness. These men belonged to a sturdy and aggressive type, and one which is fast passing away, men who risked much that posterity might reap the advantage of the work they accomplished. A man deserving of much credit in that connection is Donald Grant, of Faribault, Minn. Mr. (irant has been in the business of railroad building since 1865, and has constructed parts of the Iowa & Minnesota road, the Hastings & Da- kota, the Minneapolis & St. Louis, the Great Northern, the Northern Pacific, the Duluth & Winnipeg, the Southern Minnesota, the Wisconsin Central, the Canadian Pacific, the Mesaba road, the Winona & Southwestern, and the St. I'aul & Duluth. He is a Canadian by birth, and was born December 20, 1837, in Glengarry county, Ont. His father, Alex- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ander Grant, was for thirty years sheriff of that county. His mother was Catherine Cam eron, a native of Scotland. Both fatlier and mother were Highbinders, the ancestoi-s on both sides liaving come from that sturdy raic of peojile. Donald earned his first dollar working for seventy-five cents a day on an Ohio farm, where he had gone as a young man in search of his fortune. After having accumulated several hundred dollars by the exercise of strict economy he returned to his Canadian home, only to find that the money was worthless — the issue of "wild cat" banks. Mr. Grant secured his first contract on th( Minnesota Ontral, now the Iowa &, Minne sota division of the Milwaukee road. It was. however, only a small one to supply ties. Later he was engaged in track laying on tlic same road from Faribault to the Iowa bound ary. His career for the first fifteen years was one of varying success. Since that time, however, all his business ventures have been attended with remarkable success. Mr. Grant enjoys the distinction of having laid more miles of track in one day than was ever built by any other road builder in the coun- try. In the construction of the Great North ern from Minot to Helena, in 1887, he laid in one day ten and one-half miles of track, and on several occasions laid over eight miles a day the same season. The principal of econ- omy and thrift which Mr. Grant adopted at the outset, together with his great business sagacity, has enabled him to accumulate a large fortune. He is interested in a number of manufacturing enterprises, and is directoi- in three banks. He is also principal stock- holder in the well known Orinoco Company, which secured a valuable concession from the Venezuelan govei'nment some years ago, and is largely interested in the Kio Verde Canal Company of Arizona. Mr. (Jrant enjoys an enviable I'eputation as a man of integrity, and has the confidence of business men in a large degree. He is a Republican in politics, but has never sought political preferment. He was, however, induced to accept the office of mayor of Faribault, and served for two terms, in 1892 and 18!»;5, being indorsed by both Democrats and Kepublicans. Dec. 25, iMi.NALl) (;i;.\.\T. 1S(J0, he was married to Mary Cameron, to whom has been born six daughters and one son: Samuel, Ellen, Katherine, Isabella, Emma, Mary and Margaret Jane. MERRILL, Galen Allan.— No duty of the state is more imperative than that of taking care of the weak and helpless. This service may well be regarded as a distinguishing characteristic of a Christian community, for in no other system of religion is this humane duty made obligatory, or even prominent. So general is the recognition of the necessity of this work of caring for the unfortunate and helpless that a trained class of educated men has arisen who are experts in the special field, and whose services are indispensable to the well-being of these wards of the state. One of the pioneers in this noble work in the state of Minnesota is Galen A. Merrill, the superintendent of the State Tublic School for Dependent Children at Owatonna. He organ- ized and opened the institution in 188G under tlie law passed by the legislature of 1885, and he has maiuiged it under the direction of the Board of Control since tliat time. During this period it has received and provided for two thousand two hundred children. Mr. niSTORV OF THE GUKAT NORTIIWEST. CALIO.N A. MKKUILL. Merrill was bom in Kalamuzoo couuty, Mich., December 28, 185!). His father was George Phelps Merrill, a Connecticut farmer who caine to Michigan early in manhood and set- tled on a farm in Kalamazoo county. His wife's maiden name was Sabra Wallace. She was a native of New York. (Jalen, having passed through the ])ublic schools of his native state, took up a course of private study, and i)ursued that of medicine for two years, after which he accepted a position in the public schools of Ludington, Mich., where he taught for two years. He was then ap- pointed assistant superintendent of the Mich- igan State Public School for Dependent Chil- dren, established at Coldwater. After serv- ing in this capacity for two years, he was made the state agent of the institution. It was his duty to visit the children who had Ixen i)laced out in families, and to supervise these wards in their new homes. Having served two years in this work, and having thus become tlntroughly familiar with all branches of the service, he was called to Min- nesota, to put into ()]icrMlion a similar insti- tution at Owatonna. \\ iicrc lie still continues. V>\ reason of liis i-ccogiiij'.cd abilitv and ex- perience, he was made president of the State Conference of Cliarities and Corrections, in 1S!)S. At the National Conferenre of Chari- lics and Corrections, which met at Topeka. Kan., in May, 1!)0(), Mr. Merrill was made chairman of the Committee on the Care of Destitute and Neglected Children. In poli- tics he is a Keitublicaii. In religion he is a member of the Methodist Episcoi)al church, and in 188(5 was elected by the Jlinnesota ( 'onference as a delegate to the (ieneral Con- feren<'(^ — the governing body of tlie church - -which held its session at Cleveland, Ohio. He is also a member of the Royal Arcanum fraternity. October 0, 1880, he was married to Estella Ogden. They have two children: .Mand, born April 30, 1888, and Paul O. Mer- rill, born June 20, 1801. BLACK, John D., of Valley City, N. D., comes naturally enough by his noted mili- tary record, of being wounded in battle three times and of winning three brevets for gal- lantry and meritorious services. He is of Scotch-Irish and Pennsylvania extraction on his fathei^'s side, and of the so-called "fight- ing"' Quaker stock on his mother's. His fa- ther was William Black, a merchant who retired from business in 1840, and died in 18fi9. John's mother's maiden name was Plue-be Jones, springing from the same fam- ily that gave to the world John Paul Jones, the famous naval commander of the Revolu- tionary War, who carried such terror to the British hy his achievements on the very shores of Britain. Her people were engaged in the Revolutionary and Indian Wars in the settlement of western Pennsylvania, and wei'e driven from home to take refuge in Fort Duquesne, three different times. Mr. Black was born at Meadville, Pa., July 19, 1841. His early education was obtained in the com- mon school until he was thirteen years of age, whc^n he entered Allegheny College at Meadville, which he attended for four years, 1854 to 1858. He was a member of the Alle- gheny Literary Society. ^\'hen he left col- lege he learned the tinner's trade. This sub- se(|nenllv easilv led into the hardware busi- JOHN D. BLACK. HISTORY OF THE GRI5AT NORTHWEST. ness, in which he engaged for seA'eral .years. From an early age lie took an interest in pub- lic affairs. In 18G0 he caiTied a "Wide Awake" torch in the Lincoln campaign. On the breaking out of the Civil War, at the earliest o])portunity, — April 15, 18G1, — Mr. Black enlisted as a private in the Erie Zou- aves, a three months' organization. It will be remembered that Beauregard did not fire on Fort Sumter until April 12, 1861. This shows the impetuous patriotism of Mr. Black. He was mustered in as third lieutenant. April 23, and served the full three months, being mustered out Julj' 23, 18G1, with his regiment. He re-entered the service July 2. 1862. as fii-st lieutenant of Company E, 145th Regiment of Penn-sylvania Volunteer Infant ry. December 13, 1862, he was appointed adjutant of his regiment. On December 2, 1864, for "gallant services at the battle of Reams' Station," he was appointed a captain of volunteers by brevet, and "for conspicuous bravery and valuable services and for meri- torious conduct, a major of volunteers by brevet to rank as such from the 9th day of April, 1865." Major Black served in the First division of the Second Corps of the Army of the Potomac, participating in all battles fought by that noted organization, until the close of the war and the return of the coi-ps to Washington, where, instead of being mustered out with his regiment, he was retained by special order as aide to Gen- eral Nelson A. Miles, and went with him to Fortress Monroe, where the general assumed the charge of Jefferson Davis, Clement C. Clay, and other prisoners. Mr. Black has interesting reminiscences of those stirring days. He served as acting assistant adjutant general on the staff of General John R. Brooks; as aide-de-camp on tlie staff of Gen- eral Francis C. Barlow, as well as on the staff of General Miles, who finally assumed command of the division. He retained Major Black after the war was over, and after the regiment to which he belonged had been mus- tered out, as before mentioned. There could scarcely be greater compliment paid to a sol- dier's efficiency. Major Black was wounded through the chest and left arm at Chancel- lorville, thi-ongh the left lung and chest at Gettysburg, and in right side and chest at Weldon railroad. He was mustered out by special order October 30, 1865. After his dis- charge Major Black engaged in the hai-dware business at Union City, Pa.. In 186() he was made postmaster of the city, and held the office until he resigned in 1871. In 1867 he was also appointed an agent, and, later, as- sistant superintendent of schools of the Freednian's bureau in North Carolina, re- maining there until the spring of 186!>, when he was married, March 9, 1869, to Selenda G. Wood, of Buffalo, N. Y. — the youngest daughter of Dr. Eri ^^'ood — and moved to Mount Vernon, III., to engage again in the hardware business. In 1S76 he moved to Battle Ci'eek, Mich., and later to Union City, in the same state, finally, in 1880, settling in the Territory of Dakota. Here he engaged in farming until 1888, when he was elected reg- ister of deeds of Barnes county. He held the office by continued re-elections for six years, in the meantime opening up a set of abstract books. He then took out a certificate as ab- stracter, and has continued that business at Valley City. Major Black, being always in- terested in military affairs, joined the Na- tional Guard of the Territory of Dakota, in 1885, as captain of Company F and later be- came quartermaster of the First Regiment, North Dakota National Guard. He served also as aide-de-camp on the staff of Governor Shortredge and on that of Governor Briggs. When the Sjjanish War came on, he took an active part in organizing and fitting out the First Regiment, North Dakota Volunteers, a two-battalion regiment in which Major Black sent out his only son and child. Nelson Miles Black, as captain and assistant sur- geon. Soon after. Major Black himself was commissioned by the Ignited States as chief commissary of subsistence, with the rank of major, and ordered to report to his old com- mander. General Nelson A. Miles. He kind- ly ordered the major to report to aiTuy head- quarters for assignment to duty on his staff as acting assistant quartermaster. He ac- (•omi)anicd the general to Santiago, Cuba, and after the surrender of the Spanish gen- IILSTOUY OF THE GRKAT XOKTIIWEST. eral, Toro, to Poilo Kico. That his services were effect i\(' and apiireciated, is shown by General Miles, who in his official report rec- ommended Major IJlack for brevet lieutenant colonel "for distinguished and valuable serv ices as commissary of subsistence durinji the campaign in Porto Kico." This nuide tlic third brevet earned by him, and referred to above. His son, Cajjtain Nelson M. lilack, followed closely in the footsteps of his gal hint father, for he distinguished himself in the I'hilippines, earning a recommendation for brevet, as shown by the following extract from an official letter: Head(jnaiters First Division, Eiglitli Army Corps, Manila, P. I., December 18, 180'J. Captain N. M. Black, Asst. Surgeon U. S. A. Dear Sir: I have the honor to inform you that the Dinsion Commander, Major General Henry W. Lawton, U. S. Volunteers, in his final re- port of an expedition to the jiroviuce of Cavite, Luzon, P. I., .lune 10 to l2l!, ISflO, dated October !), 18i)!t. reconuiicnded yon for brevet major. Ignited States army. * * * \'ery respectfully, CLAKENCE R. EDWARDS, Lieut. Col. 47tli Inft., U. S. Y., Actg. A.sst. Adjt. Gen. Colonel Black, as he is fairly entitled to be called, has been prominent in Grand Army of the Republic circles. He is past commander of his post and past commander of the Department of North Dakota. In the Loyal Legion he is past junior vice command- er of the Department of Minnesota. He has always been a Republican, taking an active part in county, state and national politics, serving twice as chairman of the county cen- tral committee, and on the executive com- mittee of the state central committee. In Masonry he is Past Master, I'ast High Priest, Past Commander, and Past Eminent Grand Commandei-, Knights Templar, and member of A, A, O. N. M. S. and O. E. Star. WII. 1,1AM II. .TOIINSdN. JOHNSON, A\illiaiii 11., is in the Indian school service, a department of education and of the United States government service which may fairly be called a profession by itself because the duties of a teacher of In- dian schools arc so nmltifarions and jiecul iar. Mr. Johnson was born at Janesville, ^Vis.. October 22, 18(51. His father, still living, is a farmer by occupation and now lives in southern Kansas, where he owns and operates a stock farm of three hundred and twenty acres, and is in good financial circumstances. He served in the Civil \\'ar for four years and three months, as a member of the Third \\'isconsin Cavalry. When he entered the service his young son was only one mouth old. His mother's maiden name was Mary Baker. She died in lsc.."i. Young William was educated in the pnlilic schools of Kan- sas, finishing in the Slate Cniversify at Law- ivnce. He also tool; a special course in elo- cution at Kansas City. Mo., to iirejiare for IHihlic readings, of which he afterwards gave only a few. He feels a pride in the fact that lie obtained his education through his own efforts, witliout tinancia! aid from any one. as he had deteiiiiined on this course when HISTOUY OF THK GKKAT NORTHWEST. MIt.S. W. H. jmiNSDN. only sixteen years old. He worked his way tlu-ouyli tbe hiffli school until he was eom- petent to teaeh. He began the work of teaeli- iug in Kansas in 18S4, and alternated his teaching- by attending school until he passed a United States civil service examination. In 1891 he received a commission to teach in the Indian school service. His first work under this authority was teaching in the Cheyenne Indian Srliool. at llie Cheyenne and Arrappaho Agency. Oklahoma. He was soon promoted to i)rincipal teacher of this establishment. After filling this position for two years, the ('omniissioner of Indian Af- fairs promoted him to the position of super- intendent of the resen-ation school at Qua- paw Agency, Indian Territory. After two years' service in this capacity he was pro- moted to be superintendent of the Non-Res- ervation school at Morris, Minn., which po- sition he has held since 1S!)7. Each promo- tion carried with it certain better privileges and higher emoluments, the last involving large responsibilities. A brief outline of the important work done by Mr. Johnson and his wife — wlio shares in the administration to a certain extent — will show .>0(); since then he has inclined towards the Republican party. His tine scholarship, genial manners and close attention to his onerous duties have placed him in high esti- mation in the whole community. SCHULZ, Carl (!.— The assistant superin- tendent of public instruction of the state of Minnesota, ("arl (t. Schulz, was born in Nicol- let county, town of New Sweden, Minn., in 18(i7. His father, a farmer by occupation, came to Minnesota from Sweden, his native country, in 1SG5, and settled on a fann in Nicollet county. Carl's early education was obtained in the district schools of the county. He then attended the Gustavus Adol])lius College at St. Peter for four years, preiiaring for a higher cducalioii, after which he enter- ed Auguslana College at Rock Island, 111., HISTORY OF THE OHKAT XOUTHWEST, CAUL G. SCHULZ. and graduated in the class of 1S88. He chose the profession of teacher, and first taught in the district schools. After several years of this work he was appointed principal of the schools at Winthrop, Minn., where he served for one year. In January, 1890, he was ap- pointed superintendent of schools of Nicollet county, Minn., to succeed Judge Gresham. He there showed such capacity and efficiency that he was continued in the position at the first election following, and he was repeated- ly re-elected at every election, until he was appointed to his present position of assistant superintendent of public instruction, in Jan- uary, I'JOl. In politics Mr. Schulz has al- ways been an active, unswerving Republican, taking an active part in public affairs. In religion he belongs to the English Lutheran chui-ch. July 1, 1893, he was married to Emma J. Carlson, of St. Peter. They have one daughter, Marion, born in 1896. SPOONER, Lewis C, was bom March 7, 1850, in a genuine log house, near Spring- ville, Erie county, N. Y., in which his parents continued to live until he was four years old. His father, Carlton Spooner, is still living at Springv'ille. He was bom July 18, 1S18, at Nunda, Livingston county, X. V. His father was Ebenezer Spooner, who left New Bed- ford. Mass., the original American home of the family, and went first to Poultney, Vt., where he died when his son Carlton was ([uite young. His widow, with her son Carl- ton and two sisters, removed to Erie county, X. Y., where Carlton Spooner has since lived. He was married to Phoebe Shippy, the (laughter of Hezekiah Shippy, of Erie coun- ty. Carlton Spooner, the father of Lewis, was a farmer and owned and operated a saw mill near Springville. liy one of the fre- ijuent freshets in that hilly country he lost his mill property, and became a poor man — a condition from which he never recovered. After his disaster his son, Lewis, then twelve years old, and who had previously attended intermittently a district school a few months a year, hired out to work. His first job, at twelve and a half cents a day, was that of driving a horse to a mixing mill in a brick yard. From that time he never had a dollar that he himself did not earn. Later, he work- ed on a farm at Concord, at six dollars a month, and in winter went to the common school. When thirteen years old he worked in a saw mill for thirteen dollars per month until winter, when he again went to school. The next year he was occupied in a similar manner, going to school in winter. So he worked along, sometimes in a saw mill, some- times in a wood working shop, and some- times in a cheese box factory, going to school winters, until competent to teach a district school. When seventeen years . old . he secured a school about a mile from Hol- land, Erie county, N. Y., and rejoiced at receiving twenty dollars per month and board — "boarding round." The next fall, 18G8, he attended a "select'" school, and the following winter taught the Patchen or Bos- ton Center village school, at fifty dollars per month. ITie next spring he attended the Griffiths Institute at Springville, and in the succeeding fall opened a select school at Holland. Such was his success that he was engaged to teach the large school at Kerr's Corners, at sixty dollars per month. He was LEWIS C. SPOONER. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. then made priiu-ipal of the Union School, at E\ans, N. Y., where he was first conipelled to teach Latin. It kept him busy to Iceep ahead of the Latin and Algebra classes and to keep up the confidence of the pupils that he knew his business. In the fall of 1870 In- taught a select school at Morton's Corners. He subsequently taught at Springville, and in the Union School at Hamburg, N. Y., from which he resigned to come West, where, in November, 1875, he accepted the position of principal of the public school at Litchfield, Minn., and held that situation until the spring of 1877. In the meantime he had been studying law. He was examined before Judge John H. Brown, of the Twelfth judi- cial district of INIinnesota, father of Judge C. L. Brown, of the supreme court of the state, and was admitted to practice in April, 1876, after what the judge pronounced to be the best examination ever passed before him. He commenced practice at Litchfield after the close of his school, in 1877. His success was immediate and noticeable, embracing all branches of his profession. In 1881 he re- moved to Morris. He was in active general practice until 1S85. In criminal law he de- fended men charged with all grades of mis- demeanors and crimes, from assault to mur- der. What is perhaps remarkable, no client that he ever defended for any crime was ever sentenced to imprisonment, and no client that he ever defended was, after acquittal, ever again nmde the defendant in a criminal prosecution. In 1885 he removed to Minne- apolis, temporarily, and then went to Chi- cago, where he was for ten years general counsel for three veiy large cor-porations. He returned to Morris in March, 1896, where he now lives. Mr. Spooner has probably the largest law practice in western Minnesota, and so uniformly successful is he, because of his cautious habit of making such thorough prepaiation for his cases, that none of his fellow advocates relish hanng him for an opponent. Although he had only $13.67 when he landed in the state, he is now the owner and operating farmer of nearly thirty farms in Stevens and adjoining counties, and besides he is chief owner of the town site of ('hokio, sixteen miles west of Moi-ris, and the pos.sessor of twenty-five residences and stores in Morris, thus demonstrating a high order of business capacity, as well as sui)erior leg-al talent. Xo citizen of the community has ex- jicndcd mor(' money and time, nor done more in building uj) and improving the village of Morris than he. Through his influence large- ly. President J. J. Hill, of the Great Xorth- ern Railway, gave the village its public jiark and also sold to it at a greatly reduced in-'n-e the old depot for an armory and to the Vil- lage Improvement Committee the strip of right of way known as the Harris Addition, from which the village derived a splendid sum for public improvements. Having faith in the future of Morris at all times, he has erected business blocks even before there seemed a demand for them, that no enter- prise should be turned away for lack of a building. Although a very heavy tax payer, no public improvement has been opposed by Mr. Spooner; in truth he has encouraged some of these when others hesitated. He is too busy and too independent to be a poli- tician, and has no political record. The only club of which he was ever a member is the Commercial Club of Minneajtolis; the only secret society, the Knights of Pythias, No. 108, of Morris. Mr. Spooner has for more than a quarter of a century furnished a home for his parents, and he has assisted in very material ways others of his relatives; nor does his charity end, as it began, at home, for many are the widows' and other humble homes that have been gladdened by unorder- ed supplies of flour, gi'oceries or fuel that the thankful recipients have tracked back to him, for he tells not of these things, and very possibly, basking in their obscurity, he would repudiate them altogether. One of the prin- cipal traits in the character of Mr. Spooner is the faculty of immediate decision. He has no time for the phrase "will see you later." This characteristic is prominent both in his legal and financial transactions. The schem- er who is looking for some way to evade the payment of a just debt gets no sympathy; HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. nor the guilty who would escape tlie conse- quences of his crime. I'eojile who have h)nf; known ^fr. Spooner look upon his counsel and advice in the nature of a judgment on the whole matter. lie is emidiatically a thinker and a doer, and a man amonj; men. LE\'ISTON, Irwen, the superintendent of the St. I'aul puljlic schools, was born at Bradford, N. H., Jlarch T.O, 1S.5S. His pater- nal ancestors were of Scotch-Iri.sh extraction and enii()() pu- pils. In 1899, owing to his father's death in New Hampshire, he was compelled to leave his position for the purpose of settling IltWEN LHV1ST(.).\. the estate. He then .spent nearly two years in this business and in travel. In August, 1900, he was elected to his present position of superintendent of public schools oi the city of St. Paul, Minn., which he now so ac- cei)tably fills. Mr. Leviston, in politics, is a Kepublican on national questions, but, be- cause of his occupation, has never taken an active part in politics. In 1885 he was mar- ried to Nellie E. Currier, of EIntield, N. H. They have two children — Alice, born 1897, and Kobert, born 1890. GATES, Joseph A.— The president of the village of Keuyon, Minn., Joseph A. (jates, is a native of ISIinne.sota. He was born Sep- tember 11, 187(», at Oronoco, Olmsted county. His father is a well-to-do farmer in the coun- ty, now retired on his means, and living at Rochester, Minn. The maiden name of Jos- eph's mother was Jane AYaldron. She is a New York farmer's daughter. Joseph A. (Jates obtained his early education in the common schools and his academic training was received in the Rochester high school, from which he graduated in 1892. He grad- IIISTOUY OF Tin: CHEAT XOIJTIIWEST. JOSEPH A. GATES. uateil fioiu the Medical Department of the T'uiversity of Minnesota in 1805. He was president of the chiss, and during the school year of 1893-4 and 1S94-5 he served as as- sistant to the professor of chemistry in the institution. After graduating in June, 1895, he settled at Kenron, and began practice. His success was immediate, and he has con- tinued there since he began, identifying hi ni- sei f with every interest of the community. In 1898 he was elected a member of the board of education, and in the two following years he was elected clerk of the board. In 1898 he also formed a ]mrtnership with A. J. Eocknex, and A. C. Knudson, under the style of Gates, Eocknex & Comijany, and bought the Keuyon Leader, of which Dr. Gates has since been the editor. The same year he was elected a director of the Citizens' State Bank of Kenyon. a position which he still holds. In the spring of 1901 he built the local telephone exchange in Kenyon, and is its owner and proprietor. He has always been a Eepublican in politics, and is a mem- ber of the Third District Eepublican Con- gressional Committee. In 1900 he was elect- ed president of the village. In religion he affiliates with the Methodist church. He also takes an active interest in fraternity afifairs. He is a member of the Blue Lodge, Eoyal Arch Chapter, and Commandeiy of the :Ma- sonic order, having also been \Vorshipful Master of his lodge. He is also a member of the A. O. r. W. He is also a member of the ^Modern A\'oodnien. He is local surgeon of the Chicago & (;reat Western Eailway. and sec- retary of the Kenyon Commercial ("lub. In 1890 he was married to Jennie A. Clark, of Kochester, Minn. They have two children, boys: Elnathan C. and Eussell Gates. MOERIS. Page, representative in con- gress from the Sixth district of Minnesota, is a native of Virginia. He was born at Lynchburg June 30, 1853. His father. Will- iam S. Morris, was a physician in his early life, and in good financial circumstances. Later he became interested in the construc- tion of telegraph lines, and became president of the Lynchburg & Abingdon Telegraph ('ompany, which constructed the first tele- graph line ever built for commercial pur- poses south of the Potomac river. This com- pany was later on consolidated with the American Telegraph Company, Dr. Morris seiving on the board of directors with Mr. ^lorse, Mr. Field, and others of the most noted telegraph men of that day. When the ("ivil War broke out he organized the lines in the Confederate states into a sepanite com- jiany, and, as president, operated them dur- ing the war. The mother of our subject was Lanra Page Waller, a daughter of Dr. Eob- ert Page Waller, a prominent physician and a wealthy planter of Williamsburg, Va. On the maternal side she was a great-gi-and- daughter of General Mercei-. of Revolution- ary fame, who was killed at the battle of Princeton. The Morris family settled in Hanover county, Va., prior to the War of the Eevolution. The subject of this sketch received his early education at a private boarding school kept by his uncle, Charles Morris, M. A., which was supplemented by a year's attendance at William and Mary Col- lege. He then entered the Virginia Military Institute at Lexington, and was graduated HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTHWE8T. with the class of 1872, complotinjr the four years' course in three years. He toolc first honors in his class, and was the winnei- of the debater's medal in the \'ir<4inia Dialectic Society. For a year after jiraduatinjj he was assistant professor of mathematics at his Alma Mater. He then took the chair of mathematics in the Texas Military Institute, where he renniined for two years. In lS7(i, he accepted the chair of mathematics at the Agricultural and Jlechanical Collejic, at I.ryan, Texas, and remaini-d at that institu- tion thi-ee yeai-s. Durinj;- all this rime he read law more or less, and spent two sum- mer vacations in the office of a iirominent at- torney at Austin, Texas. He then went to St. Louis, and, after a few months spent in rexiewiug his law studies, was admitted to the bar in February, ISSO. Returniuj; to his native town, he began the practice of law, and remained at Lynchburg until December, 1886, when he decided on a change of loca- tion, and came to Duluth. He soon won recognition, and in March, 1889, was elected municipal judge, and served until March, 1892. In March, 1894, he was elected city attorney, and served until Sejitember 1, 1895, when he was appointed to the dis- trict bench by Governor Clough, to fill the vacancy caused by Judge Lewis' resignation. Judge Morris was a Democrat up to his twenty-ninth j'ear, when he became a Repub- lican. In 1884 he was nominated for con- gress in the Sixth Virginia district and made a splendid showing against John Daniel, now United States senator, in a hojjelessly Demo- crjitic district. Before going on the bench he took an active part in politics at Duluth, and in July, 1890, while serving as district judge, was forced to accept the Republican nomination for congress against his wishes, and was elected. He was re-elected in 1898 and 1900. Mr. Morris' congressional career has been highly satisfactory to his constitu- ents. He has made an excellent record in that body, winning the esteem and respect of his fellow-members. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity — the York and Scottish Rite — and the Kitchi Gammi Club, and be- longs to the Episcopal church. He was mar- l-AdK MUKiaS. ried February 21, 1S77, to Miss Elizabeth Stathaiu, of Lynchburg, \'a. To them have been born live children, the oldest, a son, Charles S., and four daughters — Page, Marj', Virginia and Elizabeth. * SHEFFIELD, Milledge B., the late presi- dent of the Shellield Milling Company, of Faribault, Minn., was born in ('ornwallis, Nova Scotia, May 2, 18H0. He was the son of Benjamin B. and Fanny (Steadman) Shef- field, who were also natives of Nova Scotia. His father was a man of prominence, and the owner of valuable business properties, in- cluding foundry, machine shops and farm lands. The Sheffield family was distinguish- ed for its tall and nobly developed specimens of manhood, and Milledge B. was no excep- tion to the rule. He measured over six feet in height, was finely proportioned, and digni- fied in his carriage and manners. He was of mingled English and Scotch descent on both sides of the house. The school training he received was mediocre in its character, being confined to the common school coui-se of his native town; but his home training was such as to thoroughly e(|ui]) him for (he battle of HISTORY OF TUE GPtEAT NOKTin\EST. wa.s married to Helen A. ITall, of Albert Lea. September 1, 188G. They have had two children: Thilip H.. born Au-iust 2!), 1887, and died in July, 1894:. Barba, the siir\iv- inji child, was bom July 30, 181)0. HENKT A. MORGAN. to the bar, and in July of that same year lie was admitted to the partnership, when the style of the firm became Lovely, Morgan <& Morgan — the other members being John A. Lovely, now associate justice of the supreme court of Minnesota, and D. F. Moi"gan, now of Minneapolis. In 18!)1 the firm was dis- solved. Since then Mr. Henry Morgan has practiced alone, and has secured a large and lucrative business. In 1889-90 he was the city attorney of Albert Lea. In 1891 he was elected county attorney of Freeborn county, and, by re-elections, served until 1899. He has thus become one of the most prominent and successful lawyers in the southern part of the state. In politics, he is a Republican, stalwart and active, serving as a member of county, congressional and judicial com- mittees from time to time, where liis influ- ence has been potent in all the affairs of interest to his party. He has also rendered very efficient .service as a public speaker in all political campaigns, and ranks high on the forum. He is a member of the Knights of P^^'thias and of the Roj'al Arcanum. In religion he affiliates with the Presbyterians, which is the denomination of his familv. He 5r('LF:N0N. Rufus Buel.— The superin- tendent of the public schools of Madison, S. I)., Professor Rufus B. McClenon, is an hon- or man of Williams College, Mass., — an in- stitution which probably suii>asses most col- leges in putting personal character in the fore-front of intellectual training. His fa- ther, Thomas ifcClenon, was an industrious, honest farmer, whose wife's maiden name was Frances Benedict, a woman of sweet dis- position and kindly spirit. The early life of young Rufus was not unlike that of most fanner boys. He was born in Franklin, N. Y., November 13, 1852. His early education was obtained in the "little red school house" on the foot hills of the Catskill mountains, New York, in days when school and work were very close together. Later, he attended Walton Academy, about six miles from his home. Mr. McClenon highly commends the influence of this school for the inspiration and stimulus it gave him, and for its high standard, moral and intellectual. When a lad in his "teens" he joined a Oood Templar lodge, and became so interested in the work that he used to walk six miles to the lodge meetings, after a hard day"s work on the fann. The proceedings were conducted by a bright, educated lawyer as chief templar, while there were present two or three hun- dred members. The ease and dignity with which the business was directed tilled young McClenon with admiration, and the experi- ence gained was of great value to him in after years. He finally entered Williams College, Massachusetts, and graduated in the class of 1878. The habits of industry and fidelity to duty, due to his early training, aided materially in securing for him a high rank at college. His scholarship won the honorary oration, and, what he prized even HISTORY OF [-IIK CKKAT NOKTIIWEST. more hii^hlv, a nienibershipin the well known I'lii Beta Kiij)]ia college fraternity. He also enjoveil athletic sports, but was i)recliided from sjiecial honoi-s in this field because he was compelled to work st) nunh to |)ay his way through college that there was little time left for play. Poverty, however, was no bar to honors in the institution, for a jioor boy with brains and a friendly sjiirit \\;is just as popular as one with plenty of money. He was "class historian." and one of the editors of the ■■bell, Steuben county N. Y. The mother of our subject was Mary Aurelia, daughter of Benjamin and Hannah (Knox) Farwell, also early settlers and pioneers in Steuben county. The ancestry is sturdy Scotch on both sides of the family. All of the great-grandparents of our subject came from Scotland, some settling first in Ver- HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST. mout and otbers iu New York. Knoxville, Steuben county, was named for bis maternal great-grandfatber, and Campbell, in tlie same county, for his paternal great-grandfatber. Among tbeir noted descendants may be men- tioned Hon. Charles B. Farwell, U. S. sen- ator from Illinois, and his brother, John A'. Fai-well, the i)ioneer wholesale dry goods merchant of the West. Wallace attended the public school at Corning, Steuben county, N. Y., and later prej^ared for college by private tutoi-ing. He entered Hamilton College, at Clinton, N. Y., in September, 187!), and grad uated with honors in the class of 1883, with the degree of A. B. AVallace was a member of the Chi I'si fraternity, and a successful contestant for the Clark prize in oratory. For a year after graduation he was iustruct- tor in the Brooklyn I'olytechnic Institute, at the same time attending the Cohnubia Col- lege Law School, and was admitted to prac- tice before the New York supreme court in 1885. He was associated with Hon. Robert W. Todd, one of New York's leading law- yers, until his removal to Minneapolis in June of the following year. Hei-e he became a member of the legal fii-m of Stryker & Campbell, and practiced law successfully un- til 1891, when he joined the bank of Hill, Sons & Co., of which he assuuu^d active man- agement. In September, 1898, he disposed of his interests to his partners and engaged in the insurance business, as vice president and superintendent of agents of the North- western Life Association. This association was consolidated with the National Mutual Life Association in 1901, and its name changed to the Northwestern National Life Insurance Company. Mr. Campbell being re- tained in his former position. Mr. Campbell has also acquired other business interests. He has been vice president of the Minnesota Title Insurance & Trust Company for sev- eral years, and in Januaiy, 1901, was elected president of the People's Bank, of Minne- apolis. He is a staunch Republican; stump- ed the state for Harrison in 1888, and has contributed forceful articles on party prin- ciples to the North American Review and other standard publications. He is a mem- WALL.VCK l'A.\in;i:LL. ber of the Conimen-ial Club, the Miiincafiolis Club, the Northwestern Association of Chi I'si, and other social and business organiza- tions. In October, 1880, he was marjied, at Chicago, to Minnie V. Adams, daughter of Hugh Adams, one of Chicago's oldest and most substantial residents, formerly presi- dent of the Chicago Board of Trade and a member of the large grain tirui of Mc('or- mick, Adams & Co. Two children have been born to them, Maiy ^^, aged l;J, and Ruth, ao-ed 4. DEAN, Frank Edson, is superintendent of schools at Luverne, Minn. He is a native of the North Star state, and was born at lilakeley, Scott county, February 13, 1869. His father was Isaac Newtuu Dean, one of the i)ioneers of Minnesota. He located at Blakeley in 1850, and was its first settler, engaging in the general merchandise busi- ness. He enlisted in one of the Jlinnesota regiments in the War elli(Ui, and has an honorable recoid as a scililier. H(» is now engaged in tlie wood and grain liusiness at Blakeley. His wife's maiden name was Rebecca Jane Jones. Their son, Frank, was HISTORY f>I' TIIK OUKAT NOItTHW EST. PRANK B. DEAN. affoi'detl the advantages of a liberal educa- tion. His early training was received in the village school of his native town. He then spent a year in the high school at Le Sueur, and the next year taught in the district school. Afterwards he went to Mankato, where he took the advanced course at the Normal School, graduating with the class of 181)0. The kindly sympathy and scholarly attainments of the late Professor Searing, then president of the Mankato Xonnal, were of great influence in determining the young student's future career, inspiring in him a desire to reach out for a higher and better education. The four years following his graduation from that institution he taught in the graded schools at Watertown and Cliaska, Minn. To better equip himself for his chosen profession he then entered, in the fall of 1S!)4, the University of Minnesota, and was graduated with the degree of B. S. in IS'JS. He was elected president of his class during his first year, and joined the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity the same year. Be- fore his graduati(m the Luverne board of education elected him superintendent of city schools for the ensuing year. Mr. Dean is now serving his third year in that position. He has made an excellent administrator and luis won the respect and esteem of the mem- licis (if the school board, who repose in him ilic inmost confidence. He takes a deej) in- terest in all educational matters, and is an earnest sliident of advanced methods of teaching. Though a comparatively young man he is generally regarded as one of the leading educators of southern Minnesota, and ]ironiises to take high rank in his profession. .Mr. Dean's jiolitical affiliations are with the Kejiublican jiarty. Aside from the Greek letter society already mentioned, the only fra- ternal organization with which he is con- nected is the Masonic order. LOFTFIELD, (Jabriel, j.resid.'ut of the ^linnesota Normal School and Business Col- lege of Jlinneapolis, was born in the i)arish, of Mo, Nordland county, Norway, March 29, 1S66. His father, Gabriel Olson Loftfield, belonged to a much esteemed and honored family, whose many members possessed a high order of musical ability. Ole Haagen- son, the grandfather of our subject, enjoyed the reputation of being the best violinist of his time in Nordland county in rendering na- tional airs and folk lores, ilany of his chil- dren also became .skilled in the use of the violin. Gabriel Olson, his third son, succeed- ed to the i)aternal fann, the two older broth- ers having chosen other vocations. This farm having a high elevation, bounded on north by mountain slopes and bordering on the south on the edge of a perpendicular granite cliff or precipice, about one and a half miles long and 1,500 feet high above the fiord which rises almost to the foot of the clitf, following the usual custom in Nor- way, Loftfield, signifying lofty field or moun- tain, was ado])ted as the surname of the fam- ily. Though Gabriel Olson Loftfield was an energetic man. and toiled from morning to night, the barren and unjiroductive soil fail- ed to yield sufficient to provide for a large family and keep jioverty from the door. He died in 1870, at the age of forty-flve. His wife was Else Margrete Jacobson. For the jtast nine years she has resided in America, HISTORY OK THE (JKHAT Nf)RTH\VEST. but at present is on a visit to Norway. She is a woman of Icci'ii rclij^ioiis instinct, and of sti-oni;- and nolilc rliararti-r. Of ten i-liililn-n liorii to ilicni only fmii- arc- now li\inj;: llii' eldest is still a resident of Norway, one is :i fainier in Bnrnette loiinly. \\'is.. another. Hernei* Lofttield. is an editor and |inlilislier in ilinneajtolis. and the fourth, tlie snlijeri (if tliis sketch. Haajjen Olson, an uncle of our subject on his father's side, was a baililf in (lildeskaal. Norway, for o\-er lifty yi-ars. He died in lS!t!t at the a^e of seventy six. (iahriel l.dfltield attended the cdninion scIkjoIs (if his nali\-e cnunlry u]i to his tif- teenth >-ear. Altlioui;li the rtnliiuenlaiy branches were taujiht in these schools, the instruction was chiefly (jf a relijiious nature. Seeinji' tluit N'laway ottered nii'aj;cr o|i]ior- tunities for an ambitions youth, (iabricd came to the T'nited States in the fall of 18S:5. and located in l^ilfalo county. Wis. lie re- mained here for three years, doin;;' various kinds of work in the linnberinjj business in northern Wisconsin, but with a fixed pur- pose in mind of earning;- sufficient money with which to continue liis education. In the fall of ISStJ he removed to Minneajiolis to take a tliree-year prej>aratory course at Au};sbur<^ Seminary. Hi.s summer vacations w'ere si)ent in teaohinji jiarochial schools in Lutheran con, L'<8(;, he was admitted HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. was married to Helen A. Hall, of Albert Lea. September 1, l.SSO. Tliey have had two children: Philip H.. born Au«inst 2!). 1887, and died in July, 1804. Barba. the sur\-iv- ma child, was born July ::'.0, 1S!)(). HENRY A. MORGAN. to the bar, and in July of that same year he was admitted to the partnership, when the style of the firm became Lovely, Morgan & Morgan — the other members being John A. Lovely, now associate justice of the supreme court of Minnesota, and D. F. Morgan, now of Minneapolis. In 1801 the firm was dis- solved. Since then Mr. Henry Morgan has practiced alone, and has secured a large and lucrative business. In 1880-90 he was the city attorney of Albert Lea. In 1891 he was elected county attorney of Freeborn county, and, by re-elections, served until 1890. He has thus become one of the most prominent and successful lawyers in the southern part of the state. In politics, he is a Republican, stalwart and active, serving as a member of county, congressional and judicial com- mittees from time to time, where his influ- ence has been potent in all the affairs of interest to his party. He has also rendered very efficient service as a public speaker in all political campaigns, and ranks high on the forum. He is a member of the Knights of P.vthias and of the Royal Arcanum. In religion he affiliates with the I'resbj'terians, whieli is the denomination of his familv. He M'( 'LENOX, Rufus P.uel.— The superin- tendent of the public schools of iladison, S. I)., Pi'ofessor Rufus B. McClenon, is an hon- or man of Williams College, Mass., — an in- stitution which probably surpasses most col- leges in putting personal character in the fore-front of intellectual training. His fa- ther. Thomas !McClenon, was an industrious, honest farmer, whose wife's maiden name was Frances Benedict, a woman of sweet dis-. position and kindly spirit. The early life of young Rufus was not unlike that of most farmer boys. He was born in Franklin, N. Y., November 13, 1852. His early education was obtained in the "little red school house" on the foot hills of the Catskill mountains, New York, in days when school and work were very close together. Later, he attended AValton Academy, about six miles from his home. Mr. McClenon highly commends the influence of this school for the inspiration and stimulus it gave him, and for its high standard, moral and intellectual. When a lad in his "teens'" he joined a ( lood Templar lodge, and became so interested in the work that he used to walk six miles to the lodge meetings, after a hard day's work on the farm. The proceedings were conducted by a bright, educated lawyer as chief templar, while there were present two or three hun- dred members. The ease and dignity with which the business was directed tilled young McClenon with admiration, and the experi- ence gained was of gi'eat value to him in after years. He finally entered Williams ('ollege, Massachusetts, and graduated in the class of 1S78. The habits of industry and fidelity to duty, due to his early training, aided materially in securing for him a high rank at college. His scholarship won the honorary oration, and, what he prized even HISTORY OK rilE (UtKAT NOltTIIWKST. more highly, a membership in the well known Phi Beta Kai)i)a collese fraternity. He also enjoyed athletic sports, bnt was preclnded from special honors in this field because he was compelled to work so much to pay liis way through college that there was little time left for jilay. Poverty, however, was no bar to honors in the institution, for a ]ioor boy witli brains and a friendly sjiirit was just as popular as one with ]ilenty of money. He was ''class historian,"" and (nic of the editors of the "ortant positions of public trust which Ciov- ernor Hubbard held may be mentioned his ajijiointment in 18fi6 on the commission to investigate the status of the state railroad bonds and report on the means to be adopt- ed to secure their surrender; his appoint nient by the legislature in 1874 on the com- mission to investigate the accounts of the state auditor and state treasurer; his ap- ]>ointment by the same body in 1879 on .the commission of arbitration to adjust the dif- ferences between the state and the state prison contractors, and, in 188fl, on the com- mission to compile and publish a history of Minnesota military organizations in the Civil ^^'ar and the Indian War at that time. In recognition of his distinguished services to his country Governor Hubbard was appoint- ed a brigadier general by President McKin- ley, June 0. 1898, and served throughout the Spanish-American War in command of the Third Division, Seventh Army Corjis. This was a fitting tribute to a long and useful HISTORY OF TUF. (JREAT NOltTIIWKST. careei', aud an honor most worthily bestowed on one of the lieroes of the (Mvil War. Gov- ernor Huhbai-d is also actively identified with the (i. A. R. and kindred orjiauizations. He is a member of the Acker Post, (i. A. R., St. Pan]; Minnesota Tommandery of the Loyal Leiiion; the Minnesota Society, Sons of the American Revolution; Society of the Ai'Uiy of Tennessee, and of the Hoard of Trus- tees of the Minnesota Soldiers' Home. He is also a membiM' of the Red Winj; Royal Arch Masons. He was married at Red \\'inji, in May, 18fiS. to Amelia Thomas, a daughter of Charles Thomas, and a lineal descendant of Sir .lohii ifoiire. Their union has. been iijessed with three cliildren— ( 'iiarles F., Lucius '\'. and .Tulia M. OJERTSEN, Melchior Falk, a lu-oniinent Lutheran clerjjyman of Minneapolis, Minn., more familiarly known as M. Falk (ijertsen, was bom in Sojjn, Norway, February l!i. 1847. He is a son of Johan P. and Bertha Johanna (Hanson) Ojertsen. The ancestors of the family on both sides belonged to th.e peasantry of Norway. Johan P. Ojertsen was a minister of the gospel, highly esteem ed by all who knew him, and one of the or- ganizers of the "Zion Society for Israel," whose special object is the conversion of the Jews. He was also the author of "Mission- ary Hymns for Israel." He died at Stough- ton, Wis., in his ninetieth year. Mrs. (ijert- sen is still living at the advanced age of eighty-six years. The subject of our sketch attended the Latin school or college at Ber- gen, Norway. A\'hen seventeen years of age he emigrated to America, locating in Chi- cago, where he contributed to the supjiort of the family by working in a chair factory. His daily task here was putting together fifty four-spindle chairs a day, for which he received as compensation one dollar a day. Three months later he obtained employment in a shingle mill at one dollar and fifty cents a day. Later he secured a position in a gro eery store at Milwaukee, but became seri onslj- ill in the course of a year, and it was at this time he resolved to make a change in MioLCHloK I-. (;.ii:itTSi:x. his <-arc('r. On liis icciixcry he began to study for the niinistry and entered the theo- logical seminary of the Scandinavian An- gustana Synod, at Paxton, 111. He \^s or- dained to the niinistry in ISdS, and his first pastorate was at Leland. 111. He remained here for four years, then removed to Stough- ton. Wis., where he resided for nine years. In 1S81, he moved to Jlinnea])olis and be came jiastor of the Lutheran Trinity church. He has been its pastor ever since, and is held in high esteem for his faithful and conscien- tious work in behalf of the church. He was one utheran Church of America, whicl) was organized in 1890. He was also one of the founders and has always been one of the most ardent supporters of Augsburg Theological Seminary. He was the organizer, also, of the Norwegian Y. M. C. A. of Minneapolis. He has published two volumes of sermons, one of seven discourses on the parable of the Prodigal Son under the title "K(mi hjem" ((Vmie home!), and another of eight discourses on the letters to the churches in Asia Minor. Both of these vol umes have been published in Norway, and there, as well as here, have had a large sale. He is also one of the publishers of "Sang- bogen," a volume of hynms with music, pub- lished here in Minneai)olis. In 1869 Mr. Gjert- sen was married to Sarah Ann Mosey, of Fi-eedom, HI. They have three children liv- ing: Marie, Johan and Lena. AUSTIN, Zadok H., the actuary of the Northwestern National Life Insurance Com pany of Minneapolis, Minn., is of early ^'ir- ginia ancestry. Tliree brothers of one of the Virginia families in the opening years of tiie nineteenth century migrated from their old home, in three different directions — one to the far Southwest, of whom Setphen Austin, a leading character in Texas history, and for whom the city of Austin was named, was a representative. The second brother settled in Kentucky, near Frankfort. From this sprang the subject of this sketch. All of his immediate ancestors are Kentuckians. The third branch established itself in the North- west, where descendants may be found iu Minnesota and other states. The father of Z. H. Austin was William S. Austin, former ly a farmer iu Callaway county, Mo. Later he removed to Duluth, Minn., where he en- gaged in the wholesale cigar business, which he still continues. His wife's maiden name was Elizabeth A. Hook. She died in 1897, at Duluth. Zadok was born on his father's farm near Fulton, Mo., January 9, 1863. His early life was that of an ordinary farmer's boy. His schooling consisted of about three months' attendance iu a country school eacli year. The rest of the time, when old enough, he was comjielled to occupy in fami work. It so happened that this school was of a very superior character. It has the rej)uta- tion of turning out more professional teach- ers than is credited to any other countn^ school district in the Southern or Western states. The ])resent state superintendent of scliools of the state of Missouri is a farmer boy of that district. Mr. Austin began rn teach at the age of .seventeen, engaging in this work part of the year and attending col- lege during the remainder of the time. The elementary studies considered then of prime importance were mathematics and spelling. Mr. Austin's principal college training was received at Kirksville. Mo., but he pursued most of the college branches indejjendently, and outside of a regular school. That liQ was unusually proficient is .shown by the fact that when only twenty-two yeare old he was admitted as a member of the Missouri School of Philosojjhy — an honor unprec-e- dented. The next youngest member was thiity-five years old. Mr. Austin made a sjiecialty of mathematics and the languages, devoting most of his time to them. Begin- ning as mentioned, at the age of seventeen, he taught country schools for four years. He was then elected superintendent of schools at Lancaster, Mo. In this position he demonstrated his advanced attitude by or- ganizing the schools into grades, which they still retain. He then went into high school work, advancing in position and salary each year. At twenty-four years of age he held ' an official position in the Missouri State Teachers' Association and became a writer (ui educational subjects, and an associate editor of several Eastern educational papers. Iu 1888 he determined to abandon teaching on account of his health and because of the desire of ihe stimulus of a business and po- litical life, for which he had a taste. He .selected Duluth as a suitable place in which to make the change, solely because of its favorable geographical position. He knew little of its size or of the conditions of busi- uess, or of the opportunities presented, but HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. he went directly there, prepared to remain. He found business dull. Two weeks later, when offered the priucipalshii) of the hi<;li school, he concluded to accept the i)osition for a time. He was enga<;ed in this service for part of two yeai-s, when business revived, and he gave up school work. He then took up insurance and real estate on his own ac- count. He succeeded in working uj) a large and profitable business, ^^■hen the panic of 1893 came on, lie gave insurance his exclu- sive attention. Fur this he was peculiarly fitted by his mathematical knowledge. He was such an acknowledged authority on this subject that Governor Lind appointed him to duty in that department as deputy insurance ccnnmissioner. On the organization of the Northwestern National Life Insurance (.'om pany — from two old established concerns — Mr. Austin's skill was again called into requisition by being made actuary of the con- solidated company, the office which he noM- holds. During all his school work he looked forward and prepared to make law his pro- fession. He expected to go into practice at Duluth, but the chances in real estate chang- ed his plans. In politics he had always been a Democrat until 1S94. He was nominated as a Democrat, without his knowledge, in 1890, for the position of county superinten- dent of public schools of St. Louis county, Minn. He also took an active part as a Democrat in Cleveland's campaign in 1892. In 1891:, however, he rebelled against Cleve- land's gold standard policy, and openly espoused populism. That year he was nomi- nated for the legislature by the Populists, and ran ahead of both the Populist and Democratic tickets. That year also he made the first active political canvass, mostly against the Democratic and Republican can- didates for congress. He afterwards became reconciled to Towne, the Republican candi- date, and visited him in Washington, after Mr. Towne's "silver speech" in April, 189G. Mr. Austin then pledged his active support to Mr. Towne, provided he was compelled to leave the Republican party. That event hap pened, and Mr. Austin became chairman of z.\noK n. AUSTIN. the Sixth district cimgressioual committee, .spending three months in active campaign- ing. In 1898 Mr. Austin succeeded in secur- ing the solid delegation of St. Louis county against the "Mid-road Populists." This dele- gation proved to be the pivoted force which determined the results. Lind and fusion tri- umphed. Mr. Austin had the distinguished honor of presiding at this convention — par- ticularly noted as putting in nomination the first candidate for governor successfully in Minnesota against the Republican party. It may also be called epochal, in that it com- pelled a new arrangement of parties in the state, and even in the nation. Mr. Austin was nominated by this convention for the clerk of the supreme court and his nomina- tion was endorsed subsequently by Demo- crats and Silver Republicans. He is now a member of the national committee of the People's party and was a member of the con- ference committee at the Kansas City con- vention, in 1900. He is a warm personal friend of Marion Butler, and an enthusiastic disciple. Mr. Austin belongs to the Chris- tian church, and to the ('ommercial Club of Minneapolis. HISTORY (»1' TIIK (iUKAT NUKTIIWEST, JOHN A. SCHLENER. SCHLENEK, John Albert.— If success in business of a standard line of trade in these days of strenuous competition is an index of ability, John A. Schlener must be placed in the first rank. Commencing as a poor boy he has won a prominent position in the city of Minneapolis, Minn., where the pace is I'apid in all the avenues of trade. His father, — ^also named John A., — came from Phila- delphia, Pa., in 1857, and started a bakery on the east side of the river in Minneapolis — then St. Anthony — and carried it on until his death in 1872. Mrs. Schlener's maiden name was Bertha Sproesser. They were both of German extraction, and had inherited to a full degree the industry, energy and thrift of that hardy race. Young John was born in Philadelphia, February 24, 1856. He first essayed to climb the heights of learning in a private school. He then attended the public schools of the city and sujjplemented that training by a course at a business college. At twelve years of age, however, he began work at anything his young hands could find to do. For a time he was employed by the toll gatherer at the suspension bridge, to help take care of the bridge and to keep the accounts. The experience and knowledge of men and things which he acquired in this jiosilidii, and the wide acquaintance which he iIhmc gained subsequently j)roved to be |ii(ililalile caiiilal. When only sixteen years 1)1(1 he was emjiloyed as a Itookkeeper in the lioiik and srationery store of Wistar, Wales iV ('oiu])any, one of the leading firms in that blanch of business. Young Hchlener proved III be so efficient and useful in every depart- iiienl (hat he was retained through several iliunges ill the firm, and when it was reor- ganized finally, under the style of Bean, \\'ales i^ ("onqjany, Mr. Schlener was taken into partnershi]) and given a third interest ill the concern. Subsequently Mr. >\'ales re- lii-ed and the business was carried on by Kiikbiide & Whitall, in whose employ Mr. Sehlener remained until 1884, when he open- ed a store of his own, which he has conduct- ed with such success that he enjoys a large share of the best trade in the city and states of the Northwest. ^A'hile absorbed in his business, he does not neglect his duties as a citizen nor slight his obligations as a factor in business and social life. He is an active member of the organization to promote com- mercial enterprises and a Mason of the high- est degrees, having been frequently honored by the order with offices of honor and trust. In jiolitics Mr. Sehlener is a Republican of such prominence in the party that he has been put forward as a leader in the manage- ment of local political affaire. In 1890 he was elected a member of the board of educa- tion, and is recognized as one of the most valuable men in the service. In 1900 he was induced to allow his name to be presented for the nomination to the mayoralty under the first trial of the new primary law. For peculiar reasons, not necessary to mention, his friends did not succeed in getting him the nomination, but his support was highly creditable to his standing with his own party. In religion Mr. Sehlener, although born and baptized into the Lutheran church, to which his parents belonged, prefers the Congregational church, and is an attendant of the Plymouth chui'ch of Minneapolis. In 1892 he was married to Miss Grace Hol- brook, of Lockport, N. Y., a lady of cultuie and refinement. HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTIIWEST. DONAHOE. Michael. — Statistics* and written descriptions of the develojinieut of the state of Montana convey a vague idea of tile results acconijiJislied in that wonderful state, hut they cannot present the daring en- terprise, fertile engineering exjiedience, i)er- sistent energy and business acumen which ha\e made possible the achievements so noted throughout the world. ^luch less can the pei'sonal qualities of Ihe men who have overcome apparently insuperable obstacles, conquered adverse conditions, and wrung success from hostile nature, be described. The names of some of Ihem, it is true, are public projterty. but the true I'.xecutive force in the develojiment is I ften buried in their im]iortanl work. Among those who have been peculiarly successful in the ditli- cult field of .Montana, Michael Donahoe, the subject of this sketch, must be accorded a high rank. He was born at Marathon, Cort- land county, N. Y., June 17, 18U1. His fa- ther's name was Thomas S. Donahoe. His mother's maiden name was Catherine McMa- hon. They were in comfortable financial cir- cumstances, and the boy had the advantages of a good common school education in the public schools. Early in life he became iden- tified with the railroad business, and in April, ISSti, he went to Butte, Mont., as the joint agent of the Northern I'acitic, Cnion Pacific and Montana Union railways. H(^ proved his efJiciency in this capacity so thor- oughly that in October, 1888, he was taken into the employ of the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, as assistant general man- ager, under Marcus Daly. He had charge of all the details of this large enterprise, until Mr. Daly's death, in November, 1!U)(). In ad dition to these onerous duties — which would be enough work for most men, he was vice president and general manager of the Butte, Anaconda & Pacific railway from the date of its construction in 1S93 until lltOO. In August, 181)1), he became a member of the banking house of Daly, Donahoe & Moyer, of Butte, Mont., and of that of Daly, Dona- hoe «& Greenwood, of Anaconda, with which he is still identified. He has always taken an active part as a citizen in the improve- MICH.VKL IKINAIIUK. nii'ut of the I'onimunity, and is iudueiitial in all business circles. He was married to Miss Anna Meloy, of Shulsburg, Wis., in 18',)2. They have four children: Henry, (Varies, Kathleen and Walter. M'KIXXON, .Me.xander, a ]irouiinent farmer of Crookslon, Minn., is a Canadian by birth, and was born at Lancaster, (ilengary county, Out., March 5, 1854. He is a sou of Archibald and Jennette (McC.illis) McKin- non, both of whom were born in Scotland, emigrated to America and settled im a farm in the province of Ontario, Can. Alexander only received a common school education, leaving school in his fourteenth year. He learned the trade of a blacksmith, and lived in Wisconsin for several years. In 1S78 he removed to Minnesota, and after living at St. Paul for a short time, finally located at Crookston in the fall of the same year. He had .seven hundred dollars in cash, which he had accumulated by his own industry and economical habits, and ojieued a small black- smith shoji on the site now occupied by the McKiunon Block, lie shortly afterwards as- HISTORY OF THE (JUl'^AT XORTIIWEST. AI-EXANDEK XI'KrXKOK. sociated with himself a younger brother, Al- lan J. MfKiuuou, aud contiuued doing a very successful business. In May, 1S80, Mr. Mc- Kinnon associated with himself another brother, J. K. McKinnou, in the business of manufacturing and liandling of farm imple- ments. Later, he engaged in the real estate and insurance business, which he continued for some years, ij) partnership with his sec- ond-named brother. Mr. McKinnon has been very successful in his business career. He is part owner of the property known as the McKinnou Block, in Crookston, a fine brick building, 125x140, built in 18ST, and costing seventy-five thousand dollars. He also built and owns what is known as the I. O. O. F. Block, at a cost of forty thousand dollars, in 1890. He is also the owner of several hun- dred acres of rich farming laud in Polk coun- ty, and at present devotes a larger portion of his time to its management, and is accounted one of the most progressive agriculturists in the 2vorth Star state. The success which Mr. McKinnon has acliicved is an inspiration to the youth of the country. An eye open to every business o])poi-tunity, he embraced it with energy and enthusiasm, and by his un- failing business instini-t lias succeeded in amassing a comfortable fortune. He is held ill high esteem, not only for his eminent worlh as a man, but for his strict business integrity as well. In politics, Mr. McKinnon is a Dt'iiiocrat, and an active sujiporter of his ]iarl.\. In ISS.j, he was apjiointed postmas- ter at Crookston by I'resident Cleveland, but resigned F'ebruary 14, ISHO. He was elected mayor of Crookston in April, ISDO, and re- elected without opposition in Ajiril, 18!)1. In 1S!»2 he was elected a delegate to the Demo- cratic national convention, and was chosen a member of the committee on pennanent organization, representing tlie state of Min- nesota. He was nominated for state treas- urer on the fusion ticket in 180(5, and renomi- nated in lS!tS, but as the whole ticket went down to defeat in both elections, with the excejition of the head of the ticket in 1898, when John Lind was elected governor, he, of course, failed of election. At present he is a member of the state board of grain ap- peals, having been appointed by Governor Lind in July, 11)00, and was elected its chair- man. This board has charge of the fixing of grain grades, ilr. McKinnon is a member of the Commercial Union of Crookston, and was president of the Northern Minnesota Agricultural Driving Association for two years. He is also a member of the Knights of Pythias, the Elks, and Odd Fellows, in- cluding the Valley Encampment, No. 9, and the Knights of Columbus. April 23, 1883, he was married to Miss (Catherine Macdonald, in Glengary county, Out. They have one adopted son, Angus D. McKinnon, who is at- tending the ^linnesota State University. KELLOGG, Frank B.— Few men have at- tained in Minnesota the distinction which Frank B. Kellogg has won in the profession of the law. Born at Pottsdam, N. Y., Decem- ber 22, 1856, while yet a child he came to Minnesota and was reared to manhood in Olmsted county. When he was nineteen years of age, he left the farm and began the study of the law in the office of H. A. Eck- holdt, at Rochester. Afterwards, and until he was admitted to the bar in 1877, he was a student in the office of K. A. Jones, of the KKANK 1!. KI'lLLd HISTORY OF TIIK (JJJKAT \( tUTIlWEST. same ]iliicc. In llic hillci- year he was ad- mitted to the hai- and. witli I'.ert \V. Eaton as a jmi-tner, pi-acticed his profession in Hoehester until Oetober 1, 1S87, wlien an opliortunity was aft'oi-ded liini of movinj; lo St. Paul and ent(^rini; into a ]iartnership witli Senator Davis and C A. Severance, under the firm name of I)a\is. Kelloj;g & Sever- aiKc. which relation was continued from that date until the death of Senator Davis in November. 1!MMI. Mr. Kellofig- obtained in the country prac- tice, carried on by him in Rochester, a gen- eral education in his profession and a famil- iarity with all kinds of litigation, which fit- ted him in a high degree for the responsible duties since placed uijon him and which he has so acceptably performed. For Ave years he was county attorney and for three years be was city attorney of Rochester. These, the only i)olitical offices ever held by him, were strictly within the line of his profession. Just before leaving Rochester, he was a candidate before the Republican state convention for attorney general, and, although a very young man, he had so won the confidence and respect of the bar and citizens generally, of his part of the state, that he received their united, earnest and hearty sujjport. He failed to obtain the nomination, but what seemed to be a disap- pointment and defeat turned out to be his future good, for it was growing out of an acquaintance made in that contest that his move to St. Paul was brought about. For many years Senator Davis had stood at the head of the bar in the state of Minne- sota and the association with him afforded to the young men who came to his office, ilr. Kellogg from Rochester and Mr. Severance from Dodge county, an opportunity which is given to few in the jjrofession. They were equal to the occasion and to all calls made upon them, and the firm of Davis, Kellogg & Severance in a short time largely added to the business for which the ability and gen- ius of Senator Davis had laid the foundation. From the snmller interests involved in a country practice. Mr. Kellogg was quic kjy thrust into res])onsibilities which manv men of gi-eatei- experience and more years would have hesitated to assunu'. lie measured n\t to e\erv reijuirenient of their extensive jti-ac tice and at once became identified, not only in name, but in fact and i-e]iMtation. as a partner of Senator Davis. It may be said without disparagement to others that the firm of Davis, Kellogg & Sev- erance has been entrusted with more iniixu' tanT cases and larger interests than any othei- firm of attorneys in the state of ilinne sota. Tliey were generally enii)loyed u])on one side or the other of almost every inipor tant case litigated in the federal courts of this district, and of a very large proportion of like eases litigated in the state courts. The demands made upon Senator Davis, aris- ing from his official duties as representing the state in the United States senate for the last fourteen years of his life, cast upon his partners the practical management of tnt business for the entire firm. In this way, both Mr. Kellogg and Mr. Severance became more personally identified with their client- age than if Senator Davis had been able to give his personal attention with them to the business. It is unnecessary to say that the interests entriisted to their care have never suffered on account of this added resjionsi- bility. So well have they met it that tht> death of Senator Davis has made no break in the business entrusted to them, and the firm stands now, as it did while he was still living, unquestionably at the head. Mr. Kellogg's success in life is a splendid example of the result of hard and persistent effort. Physically he is not strong, but his indomitable will and perseverance have con- (juered every difficulty. Application to duty entrusted to him and faithful i)erformance of it is his highest ambition. No effort is shirked which will add to the chances of suc- cess. Day after day, week after week, year in and year out, he has res])onded to the calls of his profession with an untiring energy that has won the admiration of those with whom he has come in contact. He is attor- ney for many of the largest interests in the state and for many outside of the state (qx-rating in the Northwest. Such employ- nisroKY OK THIO .. in 1S8;2, as princijial of the ])ul)lic schools at that jilace. His abil- ity and efficiency weri' signally deaionsl rated In this first position, fm- he remained there from 18S2 to 1S89. He then accepted the po- sition of superintendent of the public schools at St. Charles, Minn., and served in that caiiacity until ISMI, when he entered upon his duties at Sauk Center, where he is still emj)loyed. Mr. Stanton's jirofessional skill is rerofjiiized tlirou<;hoiit the state. He has been called into sei-vice by the state anthoii ties for the last sexeii years, as insti-ucloi- and conductor of state summer schools for teachers. He is also the inesideiit of the State High Sclio.il Council. In jiolitics he is a Re]iublicaii. though his ]irofessioii as a teacher ]irecludes a.ctive ]iarlicipation in jio- litical campaigns. He is a member of the ilelhiidist Ei)isco]!al church, and is inteiest- ed to some extent in fraternal societies, be- ing a member of the Knights of rythias. He is likewise interested in ]iul)lic affairs, as n citizen, being a luember of the city library board and of the committee on city iinjirove- nients. In issti he was married to Miss Basha V. Jaqiia. the daughter of (Jeorge H. Jaipia. of Elysian. .Minn. They have had four sons: Walter H., who died August :!(>, l.s!l!i; Edgar A., eleven years of age; Leon (i.. ten years old, and Ceiu-ge A. Stanton, •Jr.. six vears old. CHALLMAN. Samuel .\., superintendent of the public schools of Detroit, Minn., for the last eight years, came :is an infant in his mother's arms from Sweden, in l.'>i(iS. where he was born, November !.'<, l.^'liT. His father, .Andrew Challman. was a clergyman, and first settled at I'orter, Hid. In 188(1 he moved HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. SAMUEL A. CHALLMAN. to Batavia, 111. In 1897 he resigned his pas- torate and was appointed postmaster of the city, in which capacity he served until his death, in 1900. After passing through the public schools of Porter, Ind., Samuel enter- ed the preparatory department of the Au- gustana College at Rock Island, 111., in 1882, and in 1886 was graduated from the college proper, with the highest honors, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Ten years later he received the degree of Master of Arts from his Alma Mater. In 1888 he came to Moorhead, as assistant principal of Hope Academy, a private institution — under Luth- eran control, founded that year. After two years' service of pronounced success, he was nuide principal, and served in that capacity for three years. Under his administration the school was exceptionally prosperous, hav- ing an enrollment of 150 students. The finan- cial stringency of 1893 crippled the society and the school was suspended in 1895. The estimate in which he was held is shown by the following extract from the Moorhead Daily News, of January fi. 1890: "Mr. Chall- man is recognized l)y the parent society of Hope Academy, its officers and remainder of the faiulty, as well as by the students in at- tendance and the public, as a young man of extraordinary erudition and talents, and as combining these with an aptitude and skill in teaching which places him high on the list of educators, a proud i)asition for one so young to occupy." In 189.'') he was elected to his i)resent position of superintendent of the Detroit schools. That he has fulfilled all expectations in this cajiacity is evident from this extract from the Detroit Record, of Oc- tober, 1897: "Calling at our office, Mr. Alton, state inspector of high schools, said he could not speak in terms of too high praise of the manner in which the school work is being conducted in Detroit, and of the efficiency of our teachers. Mr. Chall- umn, he says, stands in the front rank among the iiublic school educators of the state, and under his capable management the excel-' lence of our schools is not confined to the high school room, but in every department the work is being conducted in a systematic, thorough and profitable manner." In 1899 Prof. Challman was president of the North- western Minnesota Educational Association. He has been employed for the last six years as instructor and conductor of the State Summer Training Schools for Teachers. He is now a resident of Montevideo, Minn., hav- ing accepted the position of city superinten- dent of schools there. In 1892 he was mar- ried to Grace E. McMillan, of Marinette, Wis. They have three children: Marion Alberta, Merrill McMillan and Grace Margaret Chall- man. DONALDSON, Lawrence S.— The "Glass Block" of Minneapolis, Minn., is, beyond question, one of the best known mercantile establishments in the Northwest. From small beginnings on an old foundation it has develojted in twenty years, under the manage- ment of William and Lawrence Donaldson, into one of the largest and most complete organizations, popularly known as "depart- ment stores," to be found west of Chicago. It occupies nine lots on Nicollet avenue, the principal business street in the city, and five HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. on South Sixth street, the locatiou being a corner in the heart of trade, which lias been drawn to the city largely by the immense establishment of ^^'illiam Donaldson & Com- pany, as the firm of the "(ilass Block" is technically named. The building is a great white marble structure, lighted by a large number of glass windows — hence its popular designation, "Glass Block." It is always the center of trade attraction. The manager of this vast emporium is the subject of this sketch, L. S. Donaldson — as he writes his name — assisted by John and (Jeorge Donald- son in the executive work. Mr. Lawrence Donaldson is president and treasurer of the corporation. ^Ir. John Donaldson is vice president, and George Donaldson is secre tary. Lawrence was born in Scotland in 1858. His father, John Donaldson, was a manufacturer. His mother was Mary Don- aldson, both of ancient Scotch lineage. Young Lawrence was educated in a public parochial school, ^^'hen of suitable age he was regularly ax>prenticed, in Glasgow, Scot- land, to learn the dry goods business. In 1878 he came to this country, landing in Is'ew York on a Tuesday, and going to work on Friday of the same week. This incident shows somewhat the alert character of the young man. He remained in his first posi- tion one year, and then accepted a situation in I'rovidence, R. I., where he spent two years. The East apparently seemed too slow for his energetic nature, so lie removed to St. Paul, Minn., and engaged for nine months with the wholesale house of Auerbach, Finch & Van Slyck. In the meantime his brother William became interested in Minneapolis in 1881, and Lawrence invested with him and aided him as far as spare time would per- mit. In 1882 Lawrence stai'ted in as buyer for the old firm of Colton & Oo. In 1884 he and his brother formed a partnership under the style of William Donaldson & Company and became successors to the original busi- ness. The style of the firm has so remained, although William died in 18"J!>, leaving the whole re.sponsibility upon Lawrence. Mr. Donaldson is a public-spirited citizen, and takes an interest in all public affairs, not- LAWUIONCE S. llOX.\LDSON-. withstanding his engrossing duties as head of the great institution described. He is an active member of both the Commercial Club and the Minneapolis Club. In politic^he is a stalwart Republican, contributing liberal- ly to aid in carrying out the principles of his party. He is a member of the Presbyterian church. He was married February 19, 1901, to Isabel McDonald, the daughter of John McDonald. S.VTTERLUND, John.— The receiver of the United States land office at Bismarck, N. 1)., John Satteilund, is a tj-pical Northwest- ern "hustler." No other word contains the idea of the ((iniliination of qualities enter- ing into the cliaracter, consisting of enter- ])rise; courage to the verge of rashness; fore- sight, amounting to prescience; energy, per- severance and self-reliance approaching the sublime. His fatlier, Eric Satterlund, was a native "f Sweden. lie came to the United Slates with his family, and settled on a farm in Traverse (■(iiiiil\. Minn. He was a sturdy, industrious, iKinest, eutei-prising man, a farmer by (>c(n]pation, and made a success in JOHN SATTERLUNn. HISTORY OF TIIK CUIOAT XORTIIWRST, life. He died, leaviiifj; liis family in «ood cii- ciiinstances. His widow, wliosc maiden name was Mary Kudberj;. is still livint; in Traverse county. She came of tlie same stalwart stock as her husband. John was horn in Carlsbad. Sweden, the old home of liis parents. .May :!, 1851. His education bejian there, and was suiJjilemented in this i-oiiiilry as ojiportiinity offered, but he early sel out III make his own way in the- world, lie rauie lo America in 1S(;!I and located in Si. I'aul. and went out on I he Northern I'acilic and followed the road till it reached Liismarck in 1S72; he stayed only a few days and then removed to Duluth, where he spent two years. From Duluth he went to I'oi-t Arlhur. Can., where he spent four years. He returned to 15urlei<;h county, N. D., or rather Dakola Territory, as is was then known. Ju ISTS he bought a large tract of land north of Hismarck, and engaged in the stock raising business, and in farming. In l^Sili he took a leading part in the political campaign in IJui-leigh county — he was one of the three who placed the Ke- l)Mblican ticket in the field which was elected by an o\'erwhelniing majority — the first Re- publican ticket ever elected in liurleigh ccHinty. He was a candidale foi' county c(mu- niis.sioner on that ticket and was elected by over one thousand majority, hi October, l.Sp(iiiited .Mr. Satterlund re- ceiver of the I'liited States land oftice at His- marck — luie of the most im]iortant in the country, 'this otlice he now holds, and that cil\ is his otticial residence, although his home is at Washburn, lie is active in social, as well as public atfairs, and is a Mason of high degree. In ls77 he was married to Charlotte I'eterson. of Iowa. They have four children: Hilda, Lulu, violence and Floyd Satterlund. .Mr. Satterlund, by enterprise, intliience and large business interests, is one of the strong men of that ]iart of the*tatp. He is of a generous natuie and rejoices in the success of others almost as much as his own. He is at pi-esent interested with ex- Senator Washburn in securing the railroad fr(uu the cajiital city, Rismarck, to Wash- burn, which road will l)e (■(nu]ilete(l by the tirsi of September. CO.MSTOCK, \\ illard Lee, is one of the •■siuis of the soil"" of Minnes(jta, having been \hu-u at Mankato, November 24, ISdl. His father, Marshall T. Comstoi-k, a native of .\ew York, descended fiom the Coiustock family of Herkimer county, of that state, linuuinent in commercial and ju-ofessional lircles in eastern New York. He was a pio- neer settler in the Territory of Minnesota dat- ing from ls.")L'. Ill 1S.">() he made his luune at .Mankato. lie was a man of intluence and in good financial circumstances. His wife's maiden name was Sarah E. Tathui, a de- HISTORY OF TIIK (JRKAl' NORTHWEST. WlLLAitD LKE COJISTOCK. SL-endaut of the Lee family of ^'il•g■inia, branches of which have been prominent in American history in Ohio and Virginia. Young Wilhird obtained his early education in the public schools. He was a studious boy, and a lover of books. Mr. Comstock still continues his studious habits, and has one of the best and most extensive private libraries in that region. He has marked lit- erary tastes and has contributed to various periodicals, besides doing some literary woi'k anonymously. ^^'hen qualified to teach school, he engaged in that work and con- tinued it for six j'ears, looking forward to the profession of law as his life occupation. While in the teaching field he served as prin- cipal of schools at Mapleton, Minn., and of the Franklin school at Mankato. After studying law five years he M'as admitted to the bar and commenced practice. Without help, and by his ability, industry and energy he has built up a large and lucrative law business, calling for his appearance in all courts, both state and federal, in some of the most important cases. While his prac- tice is general, be represents a number of Eastern financial corporations and serves also as confidential counsel, and is constant- ly employed. He is a fluent sfK^aker and strong advocate, and is frecjucntly called upon for public addresses and platfonn work in the ])olitical field. He was for a time spe- cial judge of the municipal court at Man- kato. In politics !Mr. Comstock is a Jeffer- son Democrat. Although the county of Blue Karth, his home, is strongly Republican, such is his popularity that he was elected to the legislature from that county. He was also for ten years the captain commanding Company F, of the Second Kegiment, Minne- sota National Guards. He resigned and was honorably discharged in June, 1892. Mr. ("omstock is especially interested in frateraal societies and is a member of the Knights of I'ythias, the Ancient Order of United Work- men and of the (irand Lodge of the A. (). V. W. He is also the Grand Vice Regent of the Royal Arcanum of Minnesota, member of the Grand Commandery of Imperial Knights, and of the United Order of For- esters, besides being Counselor of American Institute of Civics, and member of other eco- nomic societies. He was married, November 20, 1890, to Phila L. Fletcher, formerly of Lake City, Minn. They have two children: Philip Fletcher Comstock, eight yeai-s of age, and Dorothy Lee Comstock, two yeai's of age. PEAKE, Amasa Parker.— The fame of the lignite coal fields of North Dakota has long been abroad, but comparatively little has been done in developing them. These coal deposits are literally of uncalculable value, and they are of great, though undeter mined, extent. The men engaged in turning this fuel to practical account will be true benefactors of the great Northwest. Among those who are especially active in this benefi- cent work, with a large measure of success, Amasa P. Peake, the president of the Con- solidated Coal Company, making a specialty of deep mined lignite coal, is a leader. His home is at Valley City, N. D., where he has been a resident since 1881. The mines are at I.«high and New Salem, N. D., and are acknowledged to be in many respects the HISTORY OF THE GRKAT XOItTHWEST. iiKisI vMliiablc in the ticld, as their product is of tlic l)est (|iiality sent to market. Mr. I'eake is a tlioroiishly trained business man. He was born at ("row Wing, Minn., October 21, 18G1. His father, Kev. Ebenezer Steeh- Peake, is the well known chajjUiin of St. Marv's School, the noted Episcopal institii tion at Faribault, ^liiin. He was born al Kingsboro, N. Y., in l.s:}((, and has been one of the most useful clerg.vmen of the Episco pal church, laboring jd-incipally iu the West. He first came to Minnesota in 1854 and began missionary work in the \alley of tln' Minnesotii rivei-. With l>r. IJreck and .Mi-. -Manner he founded the associate mission at Faribault from which, under I'.isho]) Whi](- ple's direction, has grown the noble woik of the church at Faribault. In 1S.")() lie became a missionary to the ("hippewa Indians and remained in that field at <"row \\'ing, (iull Lake and Leech Lake until driven out by the Indian uprising at the time of the famous massacre. In 1802 he entered the army as chaplain of the Twenty-eighth Wisconsin Volunteer Infantiy and served with his regi- ment until it was mustered out in the fall of 1805. Keturning to Jlinnesota he accepted the rectorshi]) fif the <-hurch at Austin, but was unal)le to recover his health lost during the years of his army service in the South, and iu 1806 accejited a call to the parish in San Jose, Cal. Kemoving, in 1871, to San Francisco he i^emained there as rector of St. Luke's church until 1878, when he again re turned to his first love, the great state of Minnesota. In 185(> he mariied Mary Au- gusta Parker, daughter of .ludge Amasa Parker, a prominent la\v\er of Delhi, N. Y. The family is of English Puiitan and Hugue- not French extraction, both the Peakes and the I'arkers having come into New York from ("onnecticut. Colonel I'eake was young when ills fatliei' ot1i(ialed on the I'ii(ific coast, and he had the advantages of the jiro- gre.ssive ]iublic schools of that region at San Francisco and four and a half years' sjiecial training at St. Matthew's Military School. San Mateo, ("al. \\'lien he i-eturned lo Min nesota he attended the Sliattnck Military School, at Faribault, where, in addition to AMAS.\ eAKKKI! I'K.VKE. his literaiy education, lie received a strict and most llidi-oiigh iiiilitary t raining. When the young man struck out for himself he went forth ready to take the first hon^able work h(^ could (ind. H(^ was only twenty years old when he went to N'alley City. N. I). — then .-i part of the Territory of Dakota — where lie ai'cejiied a |iosition ill a general store. He reiiiained in this ]iositioii for one year', and tlii'u secured a minor ])osition in the Farmers" iV: .Merchants" National Mank. from which he wcnked his \\;\\ up until lie was cashier. When the shareholders of the inslitulinn concluded to go out of business, Mr. Peake was jiiit in charge of the li(]uida- tion. I5y the; time he had successfully wound u]i the affairs of the bank, he had worked into the real estate and loan business, which he still carries cm. He finally saw the gi^'at wealth lying uri(level()j)ed in lignite coal and added coal mining and shipping to his busi- ness, associating for this purpose with Mr. -lohn l'\ P.rodie. of Dickinsoti, N. D. The "deep mined"' "White Ash" lignite which they handle is promising to he a source of almost boundless wenllli to ihc slate of North Dakota, and for this Cohuiel I'eake HISTORY OF THE GUIOAT NORTHWEST. uiusl lie j;i\cii :i lar^c sliai'c of n-cdit. The military traiiiiiiji wliirli Coloiu-l rcalcc had as a boy jii-i'disjioscd liiiu to a soldier's life. He joined the Territorial National (Juard at its first organization, in 1885, and he has al- ways taken an active interest in it. He en- tered the service as a jirixatc and has had the experience of every j^rade, from that of a uon-commissioned officer, and <-aptain of his home, ^'alley City, company, up to that of cohiuel of the re}jiment, the position which he DOW holds. At the breaking out of the Spanish War he took great pains to have his regiment drilled and put into such shape as to be a credit to' the state. While the regi- ment was waiting to be mustered into serv- ice at Fargo, he prepared them for real sol- dier life in the only way possible to make good soldiers, and that is by drill and disci- pline. Colonel I'eake was a good drill uuis- ter and a thorough disciplinarian — just ex- actly what any regiment needs. Prom the fact that the government mustered into serv- ice only two battalions, a lieutenant colonel's command, his services could not be used, and therefore he was compelled to remain at home when his boys went to the Philippines. It is the gi-eat regret of his life. Colonel Peake in politics is a Kepublicau, and active in local, state and national affaire. He has never wanted oflice for himself, but is al- ways interested in securing good men. He is jjresident of the board of managers of the State Normal School at Valley City, and is serving in that capacity on his second four years' term. He is a Mason — Knights Tem- plar and Shriner — and is also a member of the Eastern Star, of which his wife is a prominent member. He belongs to the Epis- copal church, in which he and his wife are both' active communicants. He was married June 14, 1888, to Anne Teall Hollister, the daughter of James H. Hollister, of Detroit. Mich. Her grandfather was one of the first Episcopal missionaries of Michigan, and did very valuable service to the cause of Chris- tianity and civilization. She is a native of Massachusetts, and was educated in Connec- ticut. They have five children: Ceorge Teall, 12 years old; Esther Augusta, 11 years; Kli/.ahclh Ilollislcr. 7 years; Charlotte Louisa, i years, and Auiasa 1'.. Jr., - years old. ROURKE, Patrick H.— The United States Attorney for North Dakota, I'atrick H. Rourke, whose home is in Lisbon, Ransom county, is a native of Pennsylvania, having been born at Norristown — almost a suburb of Philadelphia, where itroverbially the law- yers are noted for tlieir acumen — October 28, 1854. His success in his profession makes him a worthy compeer of the legal lights to whom he is so near akin. His father was a native of Ireland, and is now dead. The maiden name of his mother was Mary Max- well, a native of I'ennsylvania, and of Irish ancestry. She is now living at Lincoln, 111., a .state to which the family moved as far back as 1856. I'ati'ick had the advantages of the public schools very regularly until he was large enough to make his services of some value in contributing to tlie support of the family, which comprised thirteen children, of which Patrick was among the older. His natural taste for learning and aptness as a pupil, could not, however, be quenched by unfavorable circumstances. He made such way as he could through the public schools and worked his way through a course at the Normal College at Valparaiso, Ind. Then, to gather funds for further progress, he worked by the month on a farm, and for a while for the Chicago & Alton Railway Com- jtany. In the meantime he jilanned to take up the study of law. \\'hen he reached his twenty-fifth year circumstances permitted him to gratify the desire of his life. He then entered the law office of R. N. Stevens, of Petersburg. 111., and took up the study of law with the avidity sharpened by a long hunger. His mind was mature and his ex- perience of men and business were a help to his progress. In 1882 he passed his examina- tion and was admitted to the bar in Chicago. He then formed a partnership with his tutor and friend, and they went immediately, to Dakota Teiritory, now North Dakota, and settled at Lisbf)n, Ransom county, and Mr. Rourke began the jjractice of his profession HlS'l'OKY OV TIIIO GUKAT XOUrilWKS'l . as a meinbei' of the law firm of Stevens iV: Roui'ke. This pai-liiersliii) contiiiiied foi- foiii- years, durini' which time an extensixc and lucrative business was established. Mi-. Rourke's success was abmist immediate. In 18S3 he was elected city attorney. The next year he became state's attorney, or attorney for the county. These positions jia\c liim a wide acquaintance, and .is he tilled them with credit to himself and ad\autani' to the connnunity, his name went throughout the state. In 18!tl he was selected and apjtointed b}' the governor of the state as one of a com nussiou to compile the laws of North Dakota. This was an imjiortant and ditticult duty, re (juirinj;- not only keen legal perception and knowledge, but a sound judgment, to unravel the intricate overla])iiing of inconsistent a-i!rrsciiio. titled to the distinct inn of receiving the first license Id iir.-icticc medicine granted by tlie -Minnesota State Hoard of Medical Examin ers. He was born in Lafayette townshi]i. neai- New rim, Xicollet county, Minn., May 2S. 1S(IL». Mis father. Frederick Fritsche. was born in Saxony, Germany, and came to Jlinnesota, in 1855, with his father, Carl .T. Fritsche, who was one of the founders of New rim. The maiden name of the mother of the doctor was Louise Lillie, a native of Han- over, Germany, and the daughter of Chris- tian Lillie, who settled in New Vork in 1852. She came 1o Minnesota in 185(i, with her fa- ther, when the family settled in Lafayette towiisliip. The grandfather and l:ithei- of the doctoi- were defenders of New llui dur- ing the Indian outbreak of 18(12. The doctor commenced his .school days in a log school house about two miles from the homesfead, where his father farmed and laised stock. When the falhei- was elei-led li-e:isurer of XicolhM countv- which ollice he held for ten years, from 1S72 to 18Si.'.— ;iiid lived at St. Teter, the county seal, .Mbert attended the pnlilic srhiiol and (he high scIkxjI of that <-ily, and in iss;! nnd 1884 Ijnighl a disti-irt school. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Ill the fall of 1S84 he attended the medical department of the University of ]\Ii('lii}fan, and ffi-adnated June 30, 18S7. He immedi- ately took the Jlinnesota state medical ex- amination, and bes^in at once to practice at New l^lm. In April, 188!t, lie went to Berlin, (lermany, and took a post-jii-aduate course, and had the decree of Doctor of Medicine and Surf>ery conferred upon him fi'om the Fredei-ick Wilhelm Tniyersity. In Noyem- her, ISitO, he resumed his practice at New rini, where he has ever since continued. He is surgeon of St. Alexander's Hospital, and was appointed a member of the board of pen- sion medical examiners during President Cleveland's last administration. He is a member of the State Medical Society, the Minnesota Valley ^[edical Society, and of the Hrown County xMedieal Society. He is also at i)resent a member of the State Board of Medical Exaniinei'S, by an apiioiutment from (lovernor Lind. In politics he affiliates with the Democratic party, and was elected cor- oner of Brown county in the fall of 1900. He is a member of the Masonic order, and be- longs also to the New Ulm Turnverein. In i-eligion he is identified with the Liberals. In 1890 be was married to Miss Amalie Pfaender, a daughter of Colonel ^A'illiam Pfaender. COTTER, Joseph Bernard, bishop of the Diocese of Winona, Minn., is a native of Eng- land, born in Liverpool, November 19, 1844. His father was Lawrence P. Cotter, a jour- nalist by profession. He came to America with his family in 1850, and located at Cleve- land, Ohio, where they remained for about five years. They removed to St. Paul, Minn., in the fall of 185.3. Mr. Cotter took an active intei-est in public affairs, and for several tenns held the oftice of city clerk of that city. He was the incumbent of that office at the time of his death in 18(J2. His wife's maiden name was Anne Mary Perrin. Their son, Joseph, was given the ad\antages of a thor- oughly liberal education, first attending pri- vate academies in the cities of Cleveland and Fi-eemont, Ohio, and later, after the re- moval to St. Paul, the Cathedral school of that city. He then went East and entered St. Vincent's College, in Pennsylvania. Aft- er completing a course of instruction in that institution, he returned to Minnesota and for a short time was a student at St. John's College, continuing studies begun at St. ^'in- cent in the classics, philosojihy and theology. He was ordained to the ])riesthood May lil. 1871, in the Cathedral of St. Paul, by Kt. Rev. Thomas Langdon Grace, D. D., and on June 9 he assumed charge, by virtue of offi- cial appointment, of St. Thomas' church, in Winona, Minn. I'p to 1882, in addition to the pastoral duties of his own church, he also attended the missions at St. Charles. Lewiston, Ridgway and Hart. On December 27, 1889, in the Cathedral of St. Paul, he was consecrated firet bishop of Winona by Arch-, bishop John Ireland, assisted by Archbishoji Grace and Bishop Marty. This diocese em- braces the two southern tiere of counties of Minnesota, together with Wabasha county on the third tier. At that time it included eighty churches, two academies for girls, twelve parochial schools, one industidal school for boys and two hospitals, with forty- five priests. The growth has been rapid since then, its present status showing one hundred and twenty churches, fifteen chapels, three academies for young ladies, twenty parochial schools — furnishing education to about four thousand children — three hosjjitals and an oi-i>han a.sylum, with seventy priests. The total membership exceeds forty-five thou- sand souls. Much of the ci'edit for this is due to Bi.shop Cotter, whose untiring zeal in the interest of his church, and the cause of humanity, has won for him the devoted love and respect of his i>eoi)le. Bishop Cotter was for many yeai-s president of the Catholic To- tal Abstinence L^nion of America. In 1887, as a lecturer for that organization, he visited .some of the leading cities in the states of New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, "S'irginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, and .secured, as a result of his labors, about sixty thou- sand jiledges of total abstinence. In 1872, he founded the Father Mathew Society of Wi- nona. The bishop's residence is at Winona. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. FRANKFORTER, Ccoige Bell, was born in nortliwc'stei-n t)liio in ISUO. At the age of twelve years liis parents moved to Lincoln, Xeb. Here he tinished his common and higli scliool studies and entered the state univer- sity. In his sophomore year he was ap- j)ointed assistant in the chemical laboratory, which position he held until graduation, lie took his baccalaureate degree in 18!S(i and was immediately appointed instructor in chemistry. He held this position for two years, taking at the end of that time the de- gree of ^Master of Arts for research work done in mineralogical and geological chem- istry. In 188S he organized the department of science in the high school at Lincoln and later went abroad for further study. He spent the following four years chiefly in the German universities, and in 1893 took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Royal Univei'sity of Berlin. His work in this institution was chiefiy in organic, inor- ganic, physical and technical chemistry, min- eralogy, assaying physics and philosophy. He specialized in chemistry, choosing the plant alkaloids and more particularly the opium compounds. He worked out the con- stitutional formula for the opium alkaloid narceiue and succeeded in making it syn- thetically. Immediately after taking his doctorate in Berlin, he was appointed lecturer in chem- istry in the University of Nebraska, and later professor of analytical chemistry. In the same year he resigned the latter position to take charge of the department of chemistry in the University of Minnesota, which posi- tion he holds at the present time. Since he has been in charge of this de- pai-tment, it has grown rapidly and now stands near the head both in size and in the amount of research work done. Indeed, the demand for larger quartere was such that in 1899 the legislature appropriated money to complete the present laboratory, one of the largest and best buildings on the campus. The building is at the present time devoted exclusively to chemistry. Dr. Frankforter has published numerous cjeorge; bell fraxkfokter. papers in almost every line of chemical science. He is a member of nearly all of the chemical societies at home and abroad. At present he is a member of the United States Mint Commission, having been appointed by President McKinlev. DUTTON, Charles Elvan, the well known physician and surgeon, was born in Dela- ware county, Iowa, June 22, 1862. His fa- ther, George H. Dutton, was an enteiprising farmer who left his home and birthplace, Washington county, Ohio, in 185C, and trav- eled by team to Delaware county, Iowa, where he became prosperous and intluential. He was of early Virginia ancestry, his pa- rents and grandparents on his father's and mother's side being natives of the "Old Do- minion." Dr. Dutton's mother was Eliza- beth Ellison, a native of Ohio, of Iiish ex- traction. He obtained his early education in the public schools of Iowa. He then en- tered Lenox College for two years, and after that went to teaching. He finally entered Bayless College and graduated in 1882. In the fall of 1885 he moved to Minneapolis, Minn., and engaged in the real estate busi- HISTORY OF THF, (JIUOAT XOiri'IIWEST. CHAUI.IOS i;i.\A.\ IiTTTON. iicss, witli Mr. 1). \\'. I'aync, until tlie siniiig of IISJSG, wLeu he took nii the study of iiiedi- eine in the ottice of Doc-tors Ames & Moore, then having the hnjiest practice in the city, beiny surgeons for many of the railroads and large establishments. He also attended the lectures at the Minnesota Hospital College. He entered the medical department of the Tniversity of Minnesota, and graduated in ISS'j, He was then apjtointed acting assist- ant surgeon to the I'nited States army and served at Fort Snelling with the Third T'. S. Infantry, and at the Brule Reservation with detachments of the Twelfth U. S. Infantry during the summer and fall of ISilO, when he resigned and established a practice in Minnc apolis. He was as.sociated with Dr. J. E. Moore until 1898, since which time he has had a large general jjractice on his own ac- count. He was appointed assistant surgeon of the Third Regiment. National Guard of -Minnesota, in 1S!)2, and was promoted to the rank of cai)tain in 1S!»7. When the Spanish War broke out he was mustered into the Tnited States Volunteers and served with tlu' Fourteenth .Minnesota. While at Camp Thomas he was transferred to the Second Division. Fiist Ainiy Coijis Ii(is]iital. where he served until mustered out with his regi- nu'Ut. In 1S!IS Dr. Diitton was jn-omoted to the rank of major in the medical dei)artjnent of the National Cuard of Minneso-ta. In lS!(.o and 1S!)(> he served as medical ins])e<-tor of the city of Minnca|)o]is. Dr. Dutton lias al- ways taken an interest in jiublic affairs, and is a man of inllncnce in the Rei)ul)lican i>arty, with which he alhliates. He is a charter membei- of the ('omniercial Club of Minne- ajiolis. He is a Thirty-second degree Mason, a Knights Tem])lar and Shriner, and is a member of Minneapolis Lodge of Elks, No. 44. He is the commander of the A. M. Hig- gles Command, No. 3(1, of the Spanish War \'eteians. In issil he was married to Geor- gia Harrington, daughter of Kev. C. E. Har- rington, of Boston. \ANDER HORCK, Max Posa, a promi- nent specialist in skin diseases at Minne- apolis, ilinn., is of (ierman-Dutch descent. His father, (Japtain John Vander Horck, was a pioneer in the North Star state. He was a native of the city of Eitorf, near Cologne, in Rhenish Prussia, and the son of an officer iu the revenue service of that government. Political troubles and the de- sire to escape compulsory service in the army were the reasons which induced John Vander Horck to emigrate to America in 1S52, when twenty-two years of age. He remained a year and one-half in Chicago, I hen engaged in the hardware business at (Jalena, 111. In 185.5 he removed to St. Paul, Minn., and shortly after opened a grocery store in West St. Paul. He served as treas- urer of the city of West St. Paul in the years 1858-0. In 18fi2 he was commis- sioned first lieutenant of Company D, Fifth Minnesota Regiment, which he had raised, and in the following March was promoted to the cajitaincy. His company garrisoned Fort Ambercrombie, on the Red River, and successfully rejiulsed the attacks of the In- dians. In A])ril, ISO.S, he resigned because of disability, his arm having been shattered by a shot from a sentry at the fort, who mis- look him for an Indian. The following June HISTOUY OK THE GltKAT .NORTIIWKST. he was appointed a caplaiu in the United States Invalid Coips, afterwards called the Veteran Keserve ( 'orps. lie had charge of the general rendezvons at Ft. Leavenworth for three years; was Inspector (leneral of the District of Kansas for one year, and Commissar}' of the Department of Kansas for six months. Returning to Minnesota he settled in Minneai)olis, and was engaged in the hardware business for nine years. Dur- ing this time he served four years in the office of city comptroller, and for tive years in the city council. In 1877 he was ap- pointed I'ost Trader at Fort Sisseton, in Dakota Territory, and held this position for nine years. Since that time he has resided in Minneapolis, and has been engaged in a variety of manufacturing and other invest- ments. Among other trusts, be was for two years a director of the Flour City National Bank. He was also instrumental in main- taining the ilinnesota Hospital College, and on its reorganization was appointed its president and sei-ved until this college was absorbed by the medical department of the State University. Captain Vander Hork was married on May 6, 1853, to Miss Eliza Zenzius, daughter of Peter Zenzius, a noted teacher. Mrs. Vander llorck died April 8, 1885. To them were born nine children, five of whom died in infancy, and one, a son, in his twenty-eighth year. Three sons are now living. Max I'osa was the sixth child. And was born in St. I'aul August 5, 18(i2. He attended the public schools of Minne- apolis, and the University of Minnesota through the junior year. Instead of enter- ing the senior class he went east, in the fall of 1882, and began the study of medicine at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New Y'ork City. A year later he went to Philadelphia, where he entered the Jelfer- son Medical College and completed his course, graduating with honors in March, 1885. He then served as interne in the Blockley Hospital, and later in the Jeffer- son Medical College Hospital. Having chosen dermatology as his specialty this training proved of especial value, but in order to more thoroughly equip himself he went to Europe in .laniiary, ISSfi, and spent MA.x riisA vAMiEi; noucK. nearly three' years in special study of skin diseases. He matriculated for one year at the University of Berlin, was afterwards for fifteen months at \'ieuua, and four m^^nths at Prague, Bohemia. He also spent some time in traveling through (iermany, France, Switzerland and Italy, returning in the fall of 18S8 to accept the appointment of Pro- fessor of Dermatology in the medical de- partment of the University of Minnesota. For the tirst year after his return Dr. Van- der Hork was associated with Dr. F. A. Dunsmoor, but since September, 1889, he has practiced alone, confining himself to the practice of diseases of the skin and urinary diseases, in which he has been eminently successful. He has also retained up to this lime the professorshi]i already noted, and in addition that of genitourinary diseases was added to his duties in 1891). He is also con- sulting dermatologist at Asbury Methodist Hospital. St. Barnabas Hospital, St. Mary's Hosjiital, Noi'thw<'slern Hospital, and City Ilos])ital. He is a member of the American .M<'dical Association, the State Medical So- ciety, the Minnesota Academy of .Medicine and the Hennepin County Medical Society, [n addition he is a member of the D. K. E. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. eollejie fratoiiiity, the K. S. N. medical fra- ternity, and tlie Minneapolis Club. He is also a JIason and an Elk. January 1, 18'J1, he was married to Emma Curtiss Kobb. daughter of Mr. and Mrs. John G. Robb, of :Minneaiiolis. Three children have been iiorn to them: Viola, aged nine; Karl, aged seven and one-half, and ilax, aged Ave. HALLOCK, D.D., Rev. Leavitt Homan. was born in Plainfield, Hanijishire louuty, Massachusetts, August 15, 1842. His fa- ther «as Leavitt Hallock, a man of marked energy and efficiency in public att'aiis, being postmaster, Justice of the I'eace, County Commissioner, Represen- tative in the Massachusetts Legislature and holding various positions of trust and responsibility in that highland Massachu- setts town. He removed to Amherst, Mass., to educate his sons, where he accomplished some successful business enterprises for the public betterment, and made donations to the cause of education; among them was the gift of some acres of virgin hardwood forest, within the village limits, now known as "Hallock Park," which he donated to the trustees of Amherst College for the benefit of the public. He died in 1875 at the house of his son, the subject of this sketch. Dr. Hallock's grandfather was Rev. Moses Hallock, for 45 years the pastor of the Plaintield church, a nmu known far and wide as an earnest, godly and devoted Christian minister: he died at the age of 77 years, still holding the office of pastor emeritus in the midst of the loving people among whom he had spent his life. lu addition to his ministerial life Moses Hallock educated several hundred young men for entrance into Williams College, a half hundred of whom became preachers and seven foreign missionaries. Among the latter was the noted missionary to Athens, Rev. Jonas King, and among busi- ness men who came under his care was Chas. Dudley Warner, and others of more or less note. Leavitt Hallock, his second son. married Miss Elizabeth Porter Snell. of Cumming- tou, Mass.. who was own cousin to William Cullen Bryant, with whom, on adjoining farms, her childhood was spent. The Snells were in direct line of descent from John Alden of the Mayflower, so that true blue blood of the Pilgrims Hows in the veins of Dr. Hallock, as well as the blood of Puritan stock also from the Hallock side of th«' house. The first Hallock to emigrate to America was Peter, who landed at Matti- tuck, L. L, in 1640. Hallocks and Hallecks in this country are descended from this Peter. The variation in spelling the name crept in a few generations later. Leavitt H. Hallock received his common school education in one of the typical "old red school houses" of New England, taught in summer by some young woman but in winters by a student from Williams College, employed for the purpose of teaching a "se- lect school," by Leavitt Hallock and invari- ably boarded at his house "for the sake of his personal influence which I always re- garded as sufficient compensation for his board." I.reavitt H. was the youngest but one of eight children, four of whom lived to their majority; two sous who became minis- ters, William Allen, and Leavitt H., and two elder twin daughters, both of whom married ministers, and are still living. (1901.) When Leavitt H. had reached the age of ten years the family moved to Amherst, and he attended Amherst Academy, then gradu- ated in 1859 at Williston Seminary, East- hamptou, and at Amherst College in the class of 1863. After four years of theological study in East Wind.sor Hill and Hartford Seminaries, Mr. Hallock was ordained and installed as IJastor of the Congregational church at Berlin, (Jonn., July 18, 1867, where he re- mained six years and then was installed at ^^'est Winsted (now known as the second church of Winstedj, in February, 1873. Here he remained nearly eleven years,^a most successful pastorate. In 1883, he was called to the Williston HISTORY OV THE GREAT NORTHWEST fhiu't'h, Poi-tland, Me., as successor to Rev. F. E. Clai-k of Christian Endeavor fame, and remained there six years. A temporary service in Watervilh', Me., during which tlie church was repaired and a line parsonage built, was followed by a pas- torate of three and one-half years in the First church of Tacoma, Wash. While in Washington Jlr. Hallock was giv<'n the honorary litle of Doctor of IHvinily by Whitman College, of which he afterward became trustee, and to which he rendered some service, notably in delivering the his- torical oration at the dedication of the monument to the memory of Dr. ilaniis Whitman, at Walla Walla — ])ioneer and ])a- triot who saved the Northwest for our flag —November 2!), 1897. Owing to a temporary impairment of health early in 18!)(i, Dr. Hallock went to Mills College, an institution for young ladies in California, where he was preacher and lecturer for two and one-half years, fully recovering his health and fitting himself for the service to which he was next called, which also brought him into the state of Minnesota. In the summer of 1898, as he was passing through Minneapolis for the East, he stop- ped a few days and preached for a friend. In October the pulpit of Plymouth church becoming suddenly vacant, the committee invited him to preach a few Sundays while they looked for a pastor; they never looked further, but within a few weeks the church unanimously called I^avitt H. Hallock, D. 1)., to the pastorate of this historic and most important church of the Northwest, and he continues to fill the place acceptably, with marked efficiency, and enjoying the loyal affection of a united people. In addition to the oration named above, Dr. Hallock has delivered several published speeches and addresses, — has lectured quite extensively in the East on "The Hawaiian Islands and Volcanoes," which he visited in 1878; "The Yoseniite Valley," and various subjects of passing interest, including "The Passion Play of Oberammergau" and other topics on both sides of the sea. Dr. Hal- RKV. LKAVITT IIOMAN HALLOCK, H.II. lock is an observiint man, and with more I ban ordinary powers of description, and has traveled extensivelv, visiting nearly every state in the I'nion, and has crossed the continent a score of times, beside taking some trips abroad. Dr. Hallock was twice Moderator of the General Conference of Maine, the highest ecclesiastical honor in the gift of the state. He was president of the Congregational Club of Portland and vicinity; member of the First International Council of Congrega- tional churches in London, Eng.. in 1891, from Maine, as delegate at large; and of the Second International Council in Boston in 1<809, as delegate at large from Minnesota. For seventeen years he was member and secretary of the Board of Trustees of Hart- ford Theological Seminary, and has been a regular attendant upon the National Coun- cils of the denomination almost from their inception. He was elected corporate mem- ber of the A. r,. i\ V. .M. in 1S!)2, which office he still holds. While on the Pacific Coast Dr. Hallock took the deepest interest in the develojiment of Congregationalism there, as well as in piduiol ing the cause of HISTORY OF THE CKIOAT NORTHWEST. ("liiisliaii <'(lniati(iii. It was hu'S'olv due to liis <'ariM'st and insistent endeavor that the National ("ouncij was induced to visit the coast in 1S'J8 at Portland. Ore. He was president of the Minnesota Congregational ("lub in li)00-0]. Dr. Hallock has always been, both by birth and election, a <'ongregationalist. and a loyal Kei)ublican in i)olitics, believing in citizenship as precedent to i)rot'essional ac- tivity. "F'irst a man. then a minister." Mr. Hallock. June 1], 18(i7. married Miss Martha Barstow Butler, of Brooklyn, N. Y., daughter of Henry Butler, by whom they had two children, Lilian Huntington and Henry Butler, tioth of whom are mar- ried and living. Mrs. Hallock died Oct. -2. 1S7.S. Oct. ::, ISSS, Dr. Hallock married Miss Ellen M, ^\■ebster, daughter of Joseph H, ■\\'ehster, of I'ortland, Me., who is with him in the pastorate at Minneapolis. Just before the writing of this sketch, viz., on Sunday. June 2, VMil, Dr. Hallock preached the Baccalaureate sermon at the T'niversity of Minnesota, in the Armory Hall, on the text, Romans 7-14. "Xone of us liveth to himself." A i)lea for high scholarship; for active manhood; for a life that shall benefit mankind, and honor God, which latter is the true student's ultimate aim. At the jiresent date, IDIIl, Dr. Hallock is in the full exercise of his preaching and pas- toral gifts and is devoting all his mature powers to the building up of righteousness and Christian educati(m in the great North- west. He is a trustee in Carlcton ("olleent as student in tlu- medical department in the Tniversity of Berlin, (Jerniany. This was supplemented by study in hospitals in London, Eng. In IScSS he turned aside a large general ])ractice and announced to the jirofession thai he would dt vote his practice exclusively to surgery. He was the tirst in the west l<> make surgery a sp<'cialt.\'. There was tluMi no such specialist in Chicago, and but few in the United States. The extensi\-e use of chloroform as an aiia'sthetic in Minneai)olis, is largely due to Dr. Mooi-e. In lSS(i h<' brought from (iermany Esnuircli inhalers and a man es])ecially skilled in administer ing ana'sthelics. In ISilii he jniblislied. through \\'. I*.. Sanders, of riiiladeliiliia. a book on ()rtho]»edic Surger,\. which was kindly received by the profession, and which won for Dr. Moore an international reputa- tion and caused his election as an honorary niendier of the American ()rthoi)edic Asso elation. In the meantime and for eighteen years he has been in demand as a learher and lecturer, haxiiig been connected with tlie St. I'aul .Medical College and a mend)er of the faculty of the rniv<'rsity of Minne- sota, since the establislim<-n1 of (he medical department. lie is now, IDbl, rrofessoi- of Clinical Surgery, and ojierales before stu- 46X .lA.MIOS !■:. .MlHIKi:, dents evei-y Thursday at the SI. Itaruabas and City Hospitals. He has had much to do with educating the laity to the advantages of hosjiitals. He is now Surgeon in Chief to the Northwestern Hospital tor Women and Children, to St. Uariiabas, and to the City Hospital. He contributes to medical journals. An article written by him for the New York Medical Record in 1S!>2 denounc- ing the use of drainage lubes in surg<'ry no doubt had much to do with their almost en- tire disuse al the ]iresent lime. He is a niemlxM- of all the local, stale and I'niled States Medical soi-ieties. In ISS.") he was elected Fellow of the .\niericaii Surgical As- sociation at its New York nu'eting. This is one of the most exelusive socielies in th<' Cuited States. In 1S;(4 he traveled through England, Frame and Italy, accompanied by Dr. II. H. Kina)all. In politics he is a \U' publican, but has absolutely no jxilitical am bilious. lu religion he is a rniveisalisi . bul rarely attends, as his Sundays are need ed for rest. In IST-I he was iiiarriicscm wilV. ills iiiilv cliild. now sixteen vcars old. is ;il l<-ii(liiij; school at (Jnifton Hall, Foud du l^ac l)i-. Moore is a man of aliility. uncpicstioiied l),v the profession, and is in the very first rank of liis spei-iaJty. I. INN, Arthur, the commandant of the Soutli Daliota .Soldiers' Home at Hot Springs, in tliat state, has had a unique experience. In 185S John Bonner, the editor of Haqier's AVeekly, and financial and commercial editor (if the New York Herald, who was a friend and neighbor on Staten Island, about eight miles below New York City, offered him a jtlace in the editorial rooms of Harper's Weekly. The "rooms'" were one very large room overlooking Franklin Square, and was occupied by John Bonner. Geo.W illiam Our- tis, and Tharles Norrthof, all distinguished men who had a wide acquaintance and close relations with many famous persons. All these young Linn met at various times in the editorial rooms. Among them were Stefihen A. Douglas, ex-President Filmore, Edward Everett, Benson J. Lossing, Mrs. E. D. AA'. Southworth, Ann Stephens, Emerson, Long- fellow, rieneral Sickles. Commodore Vander- bilt, and literally hundreds of others, more or less noted in literature, art, and politics. From Harper's Weekly he went to the New York Herald, and remained there until the Civil War broke out. August 23. 1861, he enlisted in Com])any H, Tenth New York Na- tional Zouaves, when only fourteen years and eight months old. His old friend, John Bon ner offered to procure for him a commission of second lieutenant, but Mr. Linn declined the honor because of his youth. He served three years, the full term of his enlistment. During the fall of 1801 and the winter of 1861-62, the regiment was on duty at Fort- ress Monroe. It was his fortune to see the great epochal battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac, and when the latter was blown up by her crew, May 10, 1862. to .save her from falling into Union hands, Mr. Linn was within half a mile of the explosion. From first to last he probably saw more of that terrific struggle than did any other one man. He is credited by the officers of his own regiment and of other regiments on the ground where the battle could be seen, with having written the only correct report pub lishcd. He was on guai-d duty at the beach at Fortress Monroe with order to challenge every row boat jiassing in the evening of March 8. 1862. One of the ITnited States war vessels in the first attack, the Cumberland, was sunk, the Congre.ss was burning, the frigate Alinnesota was aground, the Roanoke was heljiless with a broken shaft, and the sailing frigate St. Lawrence was also help less. The Rebel Jlerrimac was mistress of the situation. Through the fog forming on the water and then about six feet high he heard a rapidly moving row-boat, and he challenged, with no reply. At the third challenge, with a threat of shooting, came the answer wafted through the fog, "We are coming." In a few moments an eight-oared boat grated on the white sand beach where he stood. "What boat is that?" he demanded. The situation made such a vivid impression on him that he says he can now see the boat and hear the answer of the man who sat in the stern, "The Monitor's boat. Lieutenant ^^'orden in command. For God's sake don't detain me." Nobody had seen the Monitor, and none but the authorities at Washington knew that she ought to be in the bay. Linn was probably the most astonished youth in the anny, and as he has since expressed him- self, he "felt bigger than if he had challenged Jeff Davis himself."' "What do you want?"' was the young sentry's next question. "A pilot to go to the relief of the Minnesota."" was Worden's answer. He was promptly directed how to find General Wood, the com- mandant of Fortress Monroe. The victory of the Monitor on the day following, March 9, 1862, not only overwhelmed the enemy, but revolutionized the naval architecture of the world. Norfolk, Va., was captured May 1(1, 1802. Tlie Zouaves were sent there to take charge of the city. Linn was detailed to perform the duties of assistant provost mar- shal, although only a private. He adminis- tered the oath of allegiance.gave certificates, furnished safeguards and issued passes to thousands of persons from "\'irginia and North Carolina, ^^'hen the advance was HISTORY OP' THE GREAT NORTHWEST. made oo Kichmoiid under McClellan, via the peuiusula, the Zouav es joined the forces and Liuu participated, sharing the hardships of the seven days' battle before Kichuiond, end ing at Malvern Hill. He regards that week of service the hardest of many hard ones he experienced during the war. After he was mustered out, Mr. Linn came west and vis- ited relatives at Charles Uity, Iowa, in iS(5(J. In 1869, December 25, he came to Yankton, with a view of taking up his old business of newspaper work. January 1, 1870, he bought the "Union and Dakotan," the territorial or- gan, the oldest paper in the territory. There was then only one other paper — that at Ver million — published within the boundaries. He assumed editorial and business control, and has resided ever since in the territory and state. The office was well equipped for those times, as shown by the fact that the same year he printed the first history of the territory for James S. Foster. In 1872 he was chosen chairman of the Yankton County Republican Central Committee — a position full of trouble because of the strife and mixed condition of politics. In 1873, after a visit to the famous Spotted Tail Agency, he pub- lished a full and complete history of the dis- covery of gold in the Black Hills from evi- dence and proof furnished him by James Bordeaux, an old and respected Frenchman, who was in command at Fort Laramie for the American Fur Company, when General Fremont first crossed "The I'lains." It was always believed that gold existed in the Black Hills. Bordeaux proved it to Linn, and on his return he published in his paper several columns in relatioji to the mat- ter, and in so convincing a manner thai the famous Collins Sioux City expedition was organized to invade the "Hills." This was suppressed by General Hancock, command- ing the department, with headquarters at St. Paul. The excitement, however, continued, resulting in an army expedition under Gen- eral Custer, which fully confirmed Mr. Linn's account. The legislative body of the terri- tory was called a council. For the session of the council for 1874-75 Mr. Linn was elected secretary. During this session, at the re quest of Senator Lawrence, Mr. Linn drew up ARTHUR LINN. a bill which established and named the three original Black Hills counties; Custer, named after the general; Lawrence, from th» sena- tor, and I'ennington, after the governor. Mr. Linn has from that time always been an in- fluential factor in the development of the ter- ritory and of the state of South Dakota. He is a member of the Masonic Blue Lodge, Chapter, Commanderj', and of the Oriental Consistory, No. 1, of Yankton. His official residence while commandant of the South l>ak()ta Soldiers" Home — of which his wife is also matron — is at Hot Springs, but his home is at Canton, in the same state. His wife, to whom he was married in 1871, was Etta Brown, the oldest daughter of Colonel and -Mrs. E. M. Brown, of Montpelier, Vt., now of St. Paul, Minn. Mrs. Brown's father was a Connecticut soldier under Washington in the Revolutionary War, and she is said to be the only "daughter of the Revolution" in the stale of Minnesota. Edward M. Brown was lieutenantcolonel of the Eighth Vermont In- fantry, and was a close personal friend of General B. F. Butler. The Linns are of Scotch lineage, which may be traced back to I lie veai' 1200. TIkm have one child alive. HISTORY (IF TIIK CKKAT N(»RT?nVEST. The oldest, Artlnir Eihvai-d, died Jauuaiy 21, 1!»()1, aud was editor of the Leader at ( "auton. S. 1». 'i'he second son. Alexander, died at ("anion. .Ma.v is. ISil."). The youngest, a danjiliter. Florertce ,Ieau Etta, resides at the Soldiers" Home, willi lier parents. HAYS, Willet .Martin. — Althoujj;h agri- culture is tinidaniental in luoderu civiliza- tion and is the oldest euiploynieut of man- kind, yet there is probably no occupation conducted in such a hit-or-miss manner. It would seem that having been followed for untold ages by men af all ages and of varied capacity and tastes, the right and best meth- od of every operation connected with farm- ing ought to be known to a certainty. Ou the contrary, there seems to be a disagree- ment among the most intelligent practical farmers, as well as among the least edu- cated, concerning the details of the busi- ness. The variable conditions of soil and climate, and the proneuess of plants and animals to do well or poorly according as their environment is favorable or unfavor- able, make the difficulties of solving the problems of farming very great. There has been much improvement in late years, how- ever, largely through agricultui-al colleges and experiment stations and farmers" insti- tutes. Some men have made original re- searches and have established facts for the foundation of a truly scientific system of farming and have devised pedagogical meth- ods; and, better yet, have broken the crust of prejudice against "book farming," so as to let in some light. Among the men con- spicuous for the faith that a change could be wrought and for valiant work done in this field, Willet Martin Hays, the Profes- sor of Agriculture in the agricultural de- Xjartment of the University of Minnesota, must be placed in tlie front rank. He is through and through a western product and tlierefore holds the closest possible rela- tions with the agriculture of this region, which in numy resjiects is i)eculiar. He was born near Eldora, Hardin county, Iowa, Oc- tober ]'.». l.s.f,ii. His father. Silas Havs, was a farmer of early English ancestry. He moved from Knox county, Ohio, to Iowa, wlK're he was one of the earliest pioneers in the region where he settled. He died when Willet was six years old, leaving three boys, ("liarles L., older than Willet, and Marion, an infant. His wife's maiden name was <"liristina Lepley, of Pennsylvania, of Ger- man extraction. She inherited the physical and mental sturdiness of that stalwart race. Although a widow, she had keen business saga(unestic Science. Here her death occurred. Then he was induced to accept lii< old ]iositi(in in the University of Minne- sota, whi'ii- 111- has been since 18!)?., part of the time with the additional dtities of Vice- ("hairnian of the Experiment Station. He has published the results of numerous ex- Iteriments in his department. Among the subjects are Rural Engineering; Soil Physics; Field and Farm Management; The Kotatiou of Crops; Botany, Breeding and Cultivation of Corn; Forage Crops; Testing 'S'arieties, Botany, Cultivation and Bre<'ding of Wheat; and Plant Breeding. He has also pro duced several new varieties of wheat and corn, some of which are very widely dis- seminated and are materially increasing the yields of these staple crops in the state. He has also imi)roved other plants by breeding, having produced flax which grows seven inches taller than the aver- age, showing that a fibre of full length may be bred to grow in a climate less moist than that of the flax fibre districts of Eur- ope. He has inaugurated a system of dis- seminating pedigreed seeds much more suc- cessful than the methods generally em- ployed. .V bulletin giving his class lectures ter vii. of the gos]iel of St. Mark. It exjdains why St. Paul, going to Rome, found already some Chi-istians in Sidon. St. Peter, himself, on his way fioiii .leiiisalem lo Antioch, consecrated St. Couartos first bishop of Sidon. Therefore, Christianity tloiirislied already in this place at the time of the apostles. Proofs of it are the old rlmrch now in ruins, and the sign of the cross which we find engraved on the stone of the houses. Near Sidon is a sanctuary called the "Virgin of Mantharah," where the Plessed Virgin waited for our Lord. For on account of the wickedness of the Sidonian gentiles, the Immaculate Virgin had not entered the city and waited a day and a half for her Son Jesus. This sanctuary has been miraculously lireserved in behalf of the visitors. On this occasion the Chananean woman obtained the cure of her daughter. Alas! what a p.ASiijos Ar.niAR, change in those places where Catholicity was formerly so prosperous. I must open free schools, but all my means are the help IIISTdUY OI'' Tino GRKAT NOUTHWKS'r, coming from Rome. In view of vonr ^cii- prosity aud cliai-ity, 1 aii|H';il iirovidciilially to you to obtain stiiicnds for my mission aries and Ihdp foi- my siliools. ^dni' help. Very Rev. Fallicr. will surely he used in a riglit numncr and will tic an aurci'aldc sac ri- fice to Jesus Christ. \i>\\ an- awan-, \'(t\ Rev. FaitJier, tliat our Isasl is awakening;' from ils ])rofound slumhfi', and listens lo the voice of tlie (iood Sheidierd. I.eo X Ill- made manifest by the last cucliarislic < 'on gress held in .lerusalem: the dissentiui; (ireeks liej^in to understand the ,\|iostolic zeal of Leo XUl. We also, to cori'cs|.ond to the holy zeal of His Holiness which is a timely source of encourafiement. work un ceasingly to sjnead the kingd(un (d -lesus Christ on this old continent. Sinci' by ourselves we can do nothing (nihil ])ossumus facere), we ai)iK'al to benefactors like you, in view of obtaining some help. .\s is writ ten. "Caritas Christi urget mis," I appeal to your boundless charity. With resjiect and high consideration, and ]irayilig to C.od to bestow all goods upon you, 1 remain, your ser\ant. ^^' -*^^ /y^. *^^t,-A_ liri! L\U\ OF M.\NTn.\K.\II. Sci'diid — Tlic ctinnisioii (if iiifidilx hi/ the iiniiiil mill ivJhjiuiiK vdiinilitiii nf iniiiiiii mid llir i.nnisr of inirks of iiiiitii hi/ llic iiiitircx. HISTORY. The wonderful sanctuary of Maiitharah is, aftei- the Carmel aud Nazareth, the oldest in tlu' world. An old tradition reminds us that in that grotto the Sidonians worship- ]ied Astaroth and Astarthea. Ther* also Solmnon, forgetful of his duties, contanuuait- ed himself with the imimre goddess. There also rhenicians and peojile of the neighbor- hood were addicted tM^ Kings xi..-.. 7. :!:•.: IV. xxiii.l:!.) The same radition informs us that this grotto shel- tered, for a few days, the Mlessed Virgin, '■^ with tlK' apostles St. I'eter and St. John, whom our Divine Savior had left, with ^ olh<-rs, holy women, outsid<' of the walls /J^-i^'-^'^ ^^'-^ ^'^'^duriiig his joniney through Sareptha and Tvie, when he cni-ed the ilaugllter of the Chananean and the deaf and dumb men- tioned by the gospel. (Mark vii. 31: Matth. XV. '12..] Until Jesus came back to the Holy Mother to pass through the Decapolis, ou his way to the sea of Galilea, the Blessed \'irgin explained to the two ajioslles in- stanci's of the ]iroi)het Isaiah r<'lating to the .Messiah's mission. .\ local tradition informs us that while .lesus' motiier sojourned in this grotto, the Domina ^Mantharah Sidoniorum. Ora I'ro Ibibis. (»ur Lady ot .Manthaiali was .-itliliated with the new Eastern Crusade of prayers established at Sidonia to obtain trom heaven : First— Thr rniiiiin/ bnvk of (Inrks mid Xahi' K/./ai-ahny. (lowing by I he llaidv of the Riis.vm,s lo Ciilholir r nil II. Lelianon. was s.-eu on fir.' with tlu' nuiuntain HISTORY OF TIIK (iKEAT NORTHWEST. :uitt() a ^ivat ii-owd anxious to have the pheiioiiieua acfouuted for. At the sifiht of those three pevsous the visitors (lid not dare to pray their <;ods, but. seduced by the Idndness of the Holy Virjjin. they en- trusted lier witli their trials aud attlietious. .Vffer comfort iuft them aud streujitheuinti them intd righteousness. Mary sent them away. From that time the Sidonian gods did not render any more oracles, i^ince the first years of Christianity the inhabitants of ^lagdonchek and vicinity came to honor and invoke the Mother of Sydna Aissa. whom they had the hajjpy occasion to appreciate to beseech her to protect them for the time being and especially for eternity. Drusi- ans, Uedouins and ^lahomedans come in great numbers to have lamps burning in this grotto and invoke Our Lady of Mantharah I Arab word for tower, fortress, custody, protection, hope and confldence.) They en- Irust her with the keeping of their hopes, having never failed to see their petitions granted. T'ntil a monument, worthy of the Jlother of (tod, be raised through the piety of the faithful. Christians of all Eastern rites have masses celebrated in that grotto and jiray therein fervently. New Crusade in the East. To obtain from heaven through the Inter- cession of the Most Holy Virgin: First — The com in;/ hacJc to Catholic Unity of our dissented brethren the Greeks and Russians and the iierpctuitii of Catholic Re- ligion of the East- Second — The conversion of infidels through the moral and religious education of the East- ern iconien and the talang had- of her position in the family. Most Rev. Basilios Aggiar, Archbishop of Saida, has established a crusade of pray- ers in his Cathedral and in the houses of the Kasilian order. To share in the advantages and the merits of the apostleship of this peaceful crusade it is sufficient to have one's name inscribed on the registers of the work, to perform a little alms for the East- ern missions and to join in the following prayers said at cacli meeting in the Syro I'henician Sanctuary uf ilantharab. First — Show thyself a ilotln-r. etc. (Three times.) Second — Ueniember. O. Most Holy \"\r gin Mai-y. Our Lady of Mantharah. wh<-n in the ]>resence of Our Lord to say a good woid in our behalf and to turn his wrath away from us. Third— Our Lady of Manthara. of Si- donia, pray for us. (Three times.) V — I'ray for ns, "S'irgin Mary. Mother of (iod. Lady of ^[antharah. R — That we may be made W(uthy of the promises of Christ. Let us pray: Grant to Thy servants, we beseech Thee, O, Lord d he was iiiaiiied to Miss Mattie M. Hogle, at Lawrence, Mass. She died in 1877, leaving one son, Frank C Whitney. Ry a second marriage in ISTO. to .Miss Nellie A. Johnson, al profession, and this will doubtless I)rove true in the case of the subject of this sketch. John Marshall is Superintendent of Schools at AA'adena. Minn. He is a native of Illinois, and was born at St. Anne, Kan- kakee county, May 4, 1876. His father, Adolphus Marshall, was a pioneer setth^i' in Illinois, and later in North Dakota, when that state was still a part of the Territory of Dakota. He has been successful as a lumberman, and is in comfortable financial circumstances. His ancestry was French. The maiden name of the mother of our sub- ject was Paulina S. Trumbo. She is a native of Ohio, and of Scotch-English descent. John tirst attended the primary department of the public school at Cbebanse, 111. In 1885, when the lad was nine years of age, his j)arenls moved to Dakota Territory. He attended the country school for two winter terms, then went to the La Moure town school for a year and a half. He next entered the high school at West Superior, \Yis., and graduated with the class of 1S93. For a part of the following year he taught school in North Dakota, and in the summer worked in the hay fields and at threshing. In the fall of 1894, he entered the University of ^A'isconsin, but left that institution in his junior year to continue his studies at the University of Minnesota. He was a graduate of the latter institution in the class of 1898. Mr. Marshall was not only an earnest student, but took an active inter- est in literary and debating societies, was prominent in athletics, and a prime favorite at the university. He was president of his class, manager of the college annual, honor .TOHN M.\nsn.\LL. (iebator and orator, and captain of the boat crew. He was also a member of the Delta Tau Delta fraternity, where he still holds an active part. After his graduation he se- cured appointment as superintendent «f the public schools at Granite Falls, Minn., and served in that position for two years. In 1901, he accepted a similar position at Wa- dena, Minn. During the exciting political campaign of 1890, Mr. Marshall was actively identified with the college work at the Re- publican national headquarters in Chicago, organizing college clubs throughout the country, ;ind serving on the stump in the interest of sound money. He was also as- sociated in the writing and publication of a book entitled "Truth About Money," an ex- cellent treatise on the financial questions of the day, and which had a wide circulation. Since his graduation from college, Mr. .Marshall has spent his spare moments in the study of law, with the intention of en- tering the legal profession. He has many admirable qualities which peculiarly fit him for that profession, and with his native ability and ambitious temperament there are bright prospects before him in his chosen life work. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. I'KAXK II. WOdllV. WOODY, Fi;mk Ihiryrave.— A vivid im- jtression of the newness of the Northwest is liiven bv tlie sight of men yet in the prime, or ripe perfection, of life, still leaders in business and in public affairs, though they were the first beginners of these great com- monwealths. To see these men at the helm, then to think of the wonderful development everywhere apparent, cannot fail to create amazement at the rapid pace of the prog- ress. These enterprising spirits were as venturesome as the IMymouth Pilgrims; they laid the trail and blazed the path to points of settlement more distant in time, more hazardous in peril, and more remote from succor in distress and danger, than did the Pilgrims of the Mayflower; and though the Northwestern pioneers may not be surrounded with a halo of glory, like that which shines so resplendently over Plymouth Rock, their enterprise, self-re- liance, fearlessness and brilliant achieve- ments will always form one of the most in- teresting chai)ters in the history of the (ireat Kepublic. Fiank 11. Woody, of Missoula county, Mont., Judge of the Fourth judicial district of .Montana, ranks with these honors. He is one of the three first settlers in the state, liecoiuing a ]M'rmauent resident when it was a jiait of tli<' vast tract known as Wasliing- ti)ii 'ristrict Court. In 1885 he was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of the United States, and in 1891 was admitted to practice in the United States District and Circuit courts for the District of Montana. Being raised a Qua- ker, he has not joined the church of any other denomination. In 1871 he was mar ried to Miss Sarah Elizabeth Countryman, at Missoula. She was born in Yuba county, Cal. They have three children living, a sou, Frank Woody, and two daughters, Alice .AL, and Flora P. Woodv. BYRNES, William Joseph.— One of the most pronnnent members of his profession in the Northwest is the present city physician of Minneapolis, Dr. Wm. J. Byrnes. Dr. Byrnes came to the front rank through ardu- ous study and by keeping in touch with the rapid strides made in the science of surgery to which he has devoted his special attention, and deservedly merits the high place he occu- pies in his profession. He is of Irish descent, his parents emigrating to this country in 1818. His father, William Byrnes, was a farmer by occupation. He settled in New York state on his arrival in America, but three years later decided to carve out a home for himself and fanuly on the border of civili- zation in the west and pre-empted a claim of 160 acres at the Falls of St. Anthony, p«rt of which is now Byrnes' Addition, and Maben, White & Le Bron's Addition to Minneapolis. Mr. Byrnes had an honorable war record. He enlisted in Company K, Tenth Minnesota Volunteers, in July. 1862, serving three years as first lieutenant. After the war he re- turned to Minneapolis and resumed farming. In the fall of 1866 he was elected sheriff of Hennepin county. He died, during his term of office, in November, 1867. Mrs. Byrnes' maiden name was Katharine Campbell. She was born in Ireland, and was there married to Mr. Byrnes. She is still living on part of the old homestead, at 1700 Western avenue. The subject of this sketch was born in Min- neapolis, January 5, 1859. He enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education. His early educational training was received in the dis- trict and public schools of Minneapolis, suj)- plemented by attendance at St. John's Col- lege at Prairie du Chien. Wis., and St. John's College, at Collegeville, Minn. Leaving the latter institution he entered the University of Michigan, graduating from the medical do- HISTORY OF THK GREAT NORTHWEST. WILLIAM .(. BYKXES. liai-tiiieiit in 18b-, and was honored with the appoiiituieut of assistant house sui-geon at tlie iiniversitv hospital for the ensuing term. He returned to Minneapolis in the fall of the following year and immediately began the l)ra(ti<-e of his profession, entering the office of Dr. Edwin Phillips, which connection was continued for eleven years. Dr. Byrnes won recognition for his professional attainments early in his career. The same year that he Itegan his practice in Minneapolis he was ap- pointed demonstrator of anatomy at the Min- neapolis College of IMiysicians and Surgeons. In 1S85 he took a trip to Europe, visiting various medical centers of the old world, and devoting his time to further study of those lines in which he was especially interested. The following year he was appointed profes- .sor of anatomy in the Minneapolis College of Physicians and Surgeons, which chair he HUed up to 1895. From 1895 to 1900 he filled the chair of surgical anatomy and clinical diseases of women in the same institution, at the expiration of which time he was ap- pointed to the chair of the j)rinciples of sur- gery. He was president of the Hennepin Couiily Medical Society in 1889. In 1893 he was a|ipointc-d t(i the ^liniicaiiolis Ixiard of pension examining surgeons, and is still a member of that board. Dr. Byrnes is Demo- rratic in his political affiliations, and takes an active interest in the affairs of his party, liiit the offices of public trust which he has tilled have been in the line of his profession, lie was county physician of Hennepin county during the years 1887 and 1888, and from 1890 to 1892 was county coroner. In 1899 he was ajtpointed city physician of Minne- apolis, a position he has filled with great credit to himself. Dr. Byrnes is also medical examiner for a number of life insurance and fraternal organizations. He is the supervis- ing medical examiner of the Royal Arcanum for the states of Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Montana, and medical ex- aminer for the Massachusetts Life, the A. O. U. W., A. O. H., and Columbian Knights. He is a member of the Hennepin County Med- ical Society, the State Medical Society, Royal Arcanum, A. O. U. W., A. O. H., and Colum- bian Knights, and the Elks. Dr. Byrnes is a Catholic in his religious leanings, though not an active church member. He was mar- ried in 1887 to Miss Josephine Armstrong, of Ann Arbor, Mich. Their union has been blessed with four •■hildren: Lyle, William, Mortica and Josephine. STOCKTOjS', Albert William.— The most important branch of our state government is the legislature. It is, therefore, important that the men who sit in this law-making body should be a thoroughly representative class — men who occupy positions of honor and trust in their home community, whose hon- esty and probity are unquestioned. Such a man is found in the subject of this sketch. Mr. Stockton was elected to the upper house of the state legislature of Minnesota in 1S90, re-elected in 1894, and again in 1S98, and is regarded as one of the leading members of that body. He was born in Kosciusko county, Ind., March 30, 1844, the son of John C. and Martha J. (Sippy) Stockton. His father folllowed agricultural pursuits in the Hoosier state, removing with his family to Richland Center, Wis., in the fall of 1855, gaining a moderate competency. He did not HISTORY OF THE GREAT XORTIIWEST. take an active part iu public affairs, prefer- ring rather to live a quiet, home life. He was. however, held in high regard and greatly respected by his neighbors. Our subject re ceived only the benefits of a common school education, and lived on the farm with his parents until his eighteenth year. August 22, lSf.2. he enlisted in Tompany P.. Twenty fifth Wisconsin "\'olunteer Infantry. His regiment went into camii at La Crosse. Wis., and the following month was ordered to Fort Snelling to particijiate in the efforts to put down the Indian outbreak on the Minnesota frontier. The regiment was divided on reaching Fort Snelling. and Mr. Stockton's company was stationed at Ali'XiUidrin. In December, the company was ordered to re port at Fort Snelling. and from there went to Camp Kandall. ^Madison. Wis. The fol- lowing Febi'uai-y th(» rciiiiiieiit went south, the first stop being made at Polumbus. Ky. Mr. Stockton served with his company contin- uously, not losing a single day from sickness or otherwise, participating in all the battles in which the company was engaged, until June 14, 1864. when he was severely wound- ed by a gunshot wound in the right thigh, at the battle of Peach Tree Orchard, in front 4. During his residence in Kentucky he held various countj' offices and places of honor and trust, and while he was not rich, lie was in good circumstances, being by occu- jiation a builder and contractor, also a farm- er. His wife, Barbara Houck Wilcox, Avas also a native of North Carolina, of German descent. In the Wilcox family, however. English and Scotch blood have predomi iiated. Religiously, they were inclined to- ward the Baptist faith, while the ancestors of Dr. Wilcox on the maternal side were firm liclievers in Methodist doctrines. The early rducation of the subject of this sketch was much hamjiered because of the so-called "free school"' system prevailing in the South at that time. Owing to an inherent amliition. however, to acquire knowledge, quickened possibly by the prevalence of an abundance of jiine knots scattered over the hills of northeastera Kentucky, and stimulated by the delight of his parents in teaching him in the evenings, the lad soon learned to read, write and "cipher" and distinguish himself in the spelling and writing contests of the community. The school system existing in Kentucky at the present time was not in- augurated until 1870, and the subject of this sketch taught one of the first schools under the new or five months' system, the old sys- tem being from one to two or three months a year. Dr. Wilcox is a graduate of the ^ledical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, in the class of 1882. He stood well in his class and was awarded a gold medal for the best ana- tomical specimens and dissections. At the present time he is a member of the American ^Medical Association, the Minnesota State ^ledical Society, and secretary of the Albert Lea District ^Medical Society. He has con- tributed a number of articles to the medical as well as the secular press, and was* at one time the editor of the Albert Lea Medical Journal. He established the Wilcox Hospi- tal at Albert Lea in 1897. one of the best conducted institutions in that city, and is its present proprietor. In politics. Dr. Wilcox HISTOKY OF THE GHEAT XOU TIIWEST. is and always has been a Eepublican, having voted first for Grant for liis second term and every Republican president since that time. He served for a number of yeai-s as presi- dent of the board of health of Albert Lea, also as county coroner, and one year as may- or of the municipality. He has also been identified with the committee on state medi cal legislation for some time. He is a mem ber of various lodges and societies, viz: The Masons, from Ulue Lodge to Shrine; the Odd Fellows, the Maccabees, jNIodern Woodmen of America, Modern brotherhood of America, Eastern Star, Sons of Veterans, etc., and is the medical examiner for many old line as well as fraternal insurance companies. His religious (connections are with the Methodist Episcopal body, and he is a member of that church. He was manned December 30, 187."), to Mollie E. Abbott, of Carter county, Ky. To them have been born three children: Frank Leslie, a graduate of Rush Jledical College, Chicago, class 1000; Jessie Grant Wilcox, B. S., first ])rincipal of the public schools at Redwood Falls, Minn., and Gussie Leigh Wilcox, B. S., now ilrs. Charles Davis Howe, married October L'.". 1900. WALLACE, James, president of Macales- ter College, is of Scotch-Irish descent. His father, Benjamin Wallace, came to this coun- try with his father, William, from Cooks- town, northern Ii*eland, in 1812, when only twelve years of age, and settled in Juniata county. Pa. In 1825 he emigrated to Woos- ter, Wayne county. Ohio, and devoted him- self to farming. In this pursuit he steadily prosjiered, and when he died at the advanced age of 87 he was one of the most well-to-do farmers of his home county. He was a man of excellent mind, of sterling integrity, much force of character, deeply interested in mat- ters ])olitical and religious. For nearly three- (|uarters of a century he was a leading elder in the Ihiited Presbyterian church of Woos- ter, Oliio, and even early in the fifties he had attained considerable notoriety in the com- munity for his strenuous ojtposition to slav- ery. He was an ardent supporter of the gov- .IAMi;S WAl.l.ACi:. eminent in the <'i\il War and contributed money lilierally to help his county secure its needed quota of men. He had four brothers: ^^'illiam, who died at the old homestead in Penn.syhania : -Idlin. :i I'resbyierian minis- ter; James, a furniture dealer of Lafayette. Ind., father of Dr. J. P. Wallace and of Judge William De ^^'itt Wallace, and Robert, a farmer, wim lixcd lo llie advanced age of 92. The mother of our siibjeil, .Janet Bruce, came to this country with her parents from Scot- land (near p]dinburghi, about 1840, and lo- cat(-d at ^^'ooster, Ohio. Her brother Will- iam was, afterward, for several years, pro- fessor of the(dogy in Xenia (Ohio) Theolog- ical Seminary, and her youngest brother. John, has been for many years Cnited States district judge of northern Alabama. She was a woman of ipiick mind, great activity, deeply religious, and jiassionately devoted to the careful training of her children. She was the mother of five sons and two daugh- ters. Of file latter, Margaret is married to Professor J. O. Nofestein, of the University of Wooster, Ohio, and Jlary to Professor F. N. Notestein, of Alma College, Michigan. The sons were William, Jann-s, Robert, John and Benjamin, all of whom, excejit (he sub- HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. jeet of this sketob, aro eiifjaged in mercantile business in southern ("oh)rado. James was born, Alarch 12, 1850, near Wooster, Ohio. The rudiments of his education were received in the traditional old log schoolhouse near his home. In obedience to his lather's desire to give all his sons a college education if they would receive it, he was sent at the age of 17 to Canaan Academy, the principal of which was a cousin, W. W. Wallace, an ex- perienced and successful teacher. Two years later he entered Ohio Central College, where he completed his four years' preparation for college. In 1870 he entered the freshman class in AN'ooster University, from which he graduated four years later, pronouncing the valedictory of his class at commencement. He made some specialty of the classics, but maintained a nearly uniformly high stand- ing in all his studies. After gi'aduation he was elected in.structor in Greek and history in his Alma Mater, which position he held for two years, when he secured leave of ab- sence and devoted one year to study and travel in Greece. Going to Greece with a good knowledge of the ancient Greek, and thorough familiarity with the modem pro- nunciation, he attained a speaking acquaint- ance with tht language such as few Ameri- cans up to that time liad acquired. In com- pany with Professor Thomas Davidson, of New York, he made the entire circuit of Cen- tral Greece and Peloponnesus, including also in his travels the islands of Euboea, Salamis, Aegina, Syra, Delos, Tenos and Corcyra. Re- turning to his Alma Mater he was made pro- fessor of Greek, which chair he filled, with much satisfaction to the students and his colleagues, until 1887. In that year, upon the recommendation of several of his former students who hapjtened to be attending Macalester College, he was elected to the chair of Greek and old English in that insti- tution. A vacancy occurring in the presi- dency in 1800, he was soon after made dean, or acting ])resident, and in 1804, on the rec- ommendation of the synod of Minnesota, he was elected i)resident. The ditificulties of this position wei-e rendered almost insur- mountalile by a crushing debt of over |125,- 000 that had rested on the college since its first administration, and by the long business dei)ression of 18!»y-i)7. Nevertheless, the high standard of the scholarshii) of the insti- tution was maintained, the attendance in- creased, and, through the generosity of its many friends, the debt was finally li(Hiidated. In 1887, by a course of study in Greek philology, he received the degree of Ph. 1)., and at commencement in 1808 his Alma Mater conferred on him the honorary degree of Doc- tor of Laws — a title which his modesty con- strained him to decline. In 1801-93, at the request of President W. K. Harper, of Chi- cago University, he edited the Anabasis of Xenophon for his series of classics. In 1870 Dr. AVallace married Janet I)., second daugh- ter of Kev. T. K. Davis, D. D., a graduate of Vale College and of Princeton Seminary, and foi* twenty years librarian of the University of Wooster. She is also sister to Miss Miriam M. Davis, who has charge of the reference department in the Minneapolis I'ublic Li- brary. There have been born to Dr. and Mrs. Wallace, besides two deceased, Helen, Benjamin, Robert, William De >\'itt, and Miriam. COLLINS, Loren. Warren.— While the personal .popularity of a judge may not al- ways be an infallible criterion of his worthi- ness, yet, in a re^jublic, where public senti ment must control to secure the best results in administration, a concensus of opinion favorable — ^which is in fact only popularity — cannot be far wrong. Although the old Roman motto, "Vox populi, vox Dei," is fre- quently subject to a sneer from some who affect superior wisdom, it still remains a statement very close to the truth. Therefore a judge, who by the conscientious discharge of duty, wins the esteem of the people, is not only fortunate in his experience, but he is a factor almost invaluable in establishing con- fidence in the judiciary. Judge Collins, the subject of this sketch, has during his long service so efficiently discharged his duties that thei'e seems to be no position in the gift of the people of the state that they are not willing to give him, when occasion offei-s. He has been solicited frequently to assume HISTORY 01<^ THE GREAT NORTHWEST. the liifiliest honors, but has steadily refused to swerve from his chosen profession. He was born in Lowell. .Mass., Auj^fust 7, IS.'JS. His fatlier, Charles P. Collins, was a native of Vermont, and descendant of Benjamin Collins, who settled at Salisbury, Mass., in 1()G0. His motlier was Abigal C. Libbv. a native of New Hamjishire, and a descendant of John Libby, who settled near Boston. Mass.. about 1638. A published "History of the Libby Family" shows that it was promi nent and intluenlial from early colonial time forward. Charles P. Collins was a man in limited circumstances and was by occupa tion. before movinfi to Minnesota, aij over seer in a cotton mill. He and his family came to the state — or then territory — in 1854, and settled at Eden Prairie, Hennepin coun- ty, upon unsurveyed government land. His son, the judge, was then sixteen years old, and had been educated at Chicopee and at Palmei', Mass. He chose law for his profes- sion, but his studies were held in abeyance by the breaking out of the War of the Re- bellion. In 1862 he enlisted in the Seventh Regiment Minnesota Infantry. He was pro- moted to second lieutenant and to first lieu- tenant, and received the rare honor of being brevetted a captain by the president of the I'nited States. After the war he resumed his law studies, and in 1866 began to practice his profession at St. Cloud, Minn., where he still resides. He was elected county attor- ney of Stearns county, and served for several terms, also member of the house of represen- tatives, while he continued his general prac tice of law in St. Cloud until 1883, when he was appointed, in Ajiril of that year, district judge of the Seventh judicial district, by Governor Hubbard. In 1884 he was elected to the same position. In November, 1887. Governor McGill appointed him associate justice of the supreme court of Minnesota. He has been elected to the same position by the people three successive times, the last being without opposition in November, 1000. Such approval by the people needs no com- ment. He has always affiliated with the Re- publican party, but has held only offices in the line of his profession. He was tendered the office of United States senator by Gov- i.OREX w. roLLix.';. ernor Lind December 28, 1900, to till the vacancy occasioned by the death of Senator Uavis, but declined for personal as well as political reasons. In religion he is a Unitari- an, and is a member of the Unitarian fturch. In 1878 he was married to Ella Stewart, at J{erlin, ^\'is. She died at St. Cloud May 31, 1804. Judge Collins has three children, sons: Stewart (tartield, Louis Loren, Loren Fletcher. The two elder are students in the University of Minnesota. Through his army service Judge Collins is a member of the (iraud Army of the Republic and of the Loyal Legion. By reason of his descent from Colonial ancestors he is a member of the Society of Colonial Wars, and of the Sons of the Revolution. He also belongs to the fra- ternity of Elks, and is a Royal Arch Mason. Though an upright judge and stern in justice, Judge Collins is a genial companion, a kind neighbor and father, and a riiizcn of whom the state is proud. DRR'ER, John Merrille.— The career of a minister of the gos])el seldom offers a series of striking kaleidoscopic jtictures of success- HISTORY' OF THE GRI':AT XOItTHWENT. JOHN M. DRIVER, fill (•(iiubiit with the fon-es that are at work iu the control of the world's commerce. His triumphs are not recorded iu the accounts that are written descriptive of the world's strife. They are of the spiritual nature, but, nevertheless, require just as much courage of heart, conquering of self, and strenuous- uess of character as those won over material things. The itinerant preacher does not i-eap his reward in earthly riches, but he wins more — the respect, friendship, and admira- tion of all with whom he comes in contact. His life is one of self-sacrifice and devotion to the needs of humanity. His cares and tri- als are for others. The promotions he re- ceives from his church may be marked recog- nition of his work from a spiritual stand- point, but do not seem commensurate in a material sense. The honors won are written in the hearts of men to whose spiritual needs he has administered. A shining example of this class of men is John Merritte Driver, pastor of Centenary Methodist Episcopal church, Mankato, Minn. His eariy life was a struggle with poverty, but the instinct for better things created in him an intense passion for knowledge, and a desire to become a man of scholarship, and by sheer force of his own strength and will jMiwer he worked his way through college, later on girding himself with theological, philosophical, and s( ientific lore in order to follow, successfully, his chosen career as a iiiiiiister of the gosjx'l. Dr. Driver is a native of Hlinois. A his- tory of his ancestors might be outlined, he says, in the brief sentence, "The short and simple annals of the poor." His father worked altei'nately on the farm and in the saw mill, never rising above the barest competency and sometimes touching the very nether-depth of poverty. The Driver family, however, has always been noted for its patriotism. When Abra- ham Lincoln issued his first call, in 1861, for 75,000 men to help save the Union, James Ransom Driver, the doctor's father, was one of the first to respond. His fatlier before him was a soldier in our second war with Great Britain, and his father was a follower of George Washing-ton in the War of the Revolution. On his mother's side he is descended from an old Huguenot family. William A. Hartley, now residing at Walnut Hill, 111., an humble country school teacher, opened the gates of knowledge to the boy, whose education was rendered so diflficnlt by his environment. Under his wise and patient direction, in a little log cabin up in the country, John Merritte Driver was fitted for college, ijraduating from the Illi- nois Agricultural College, in the classical course, in 1876, when but 18 years of age. Some yeai-s later he entered the Boston Uni- versity, of Boston, Mass., graduating from that institution, in the theological course, in 1885. He also did three years' work in the study of oratory under President S. S. Curry. of the Boston School of Expression. In 1881 Dr. Driver was honored with the degree of A. M. by the Baldwin I^niversity; in 1885 Boston University added the degree of S. T.B. ; in 1893 Rust University conferred upon him the degree of D. D., and in 1899 the American I'niversity made him a doctor of jihilosophy. He is also a member of the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Aii\L'iic;iu Archil eokigical and Asiatic Asso- I iatiou. Dr. Driver is uow in tlie fourtlj year of his Mauliato pastorate, aud has the hearty respect, coutideuce, aud co-opera tiou of a large and important charge. In addition to his preaching. Dr. Driver is also a noted lecturer, having beeu heard ou tile lecture platfonus of almost every state aud territory in the American Union, besides in lauds beyond the sea. Tliough living a singularly busy life he has found time to taste the sweets of author- ship. A book on the labor question, entitled "Samson and Shylock ; or, A Preacher's Plea for the ^\■orki^gmeu,■' published by the Pat- riotic I'ublishing company, has had an ex- tensive sale. Two music books: "Songs of the Soul,'" and "Bible Temperance Hymns" (for he is also a pianist and composer of mu- sic), have greatly extended his reputation Some of his i>arlor and concert songs, such as, " "Twere Sweet to Die for You,"" aud "O Thou Whom My Soul Loves Best," are sung everywhere, while his piano solos, especially "Memories of Italy," and "Memories of Mau- kato," are played by the foremost American pianists. Of his song, "Wonderful Story of Love,"' more than ."'),()UU,OUU copies, in books and sheet form, have been published aud sold. Though passionately fond of poetry he has yielded to the muse but once, writing "Nepenthe." Dr. Driver has been an extensive traveler in E;ui"ope, Africa, and North Amei'iea, study- ing face to face the great problems of the world. He has thus been fortunate in being permittted to see the most notable things the world has to otler in the way" of art, archi- tecture, and natural scenery, and both see and hear the world's greate.st orators, musi- cians, statesmen, actors, presidents, aud crowned heads. Dr. Driver is. himself, pre-eminently an orator. Dr. Davidson, who has employed aud directed more lecturers than any man now living, in s])eaking of Dr. Driver, says: "He is our Jose[)h Cook, junior. He con- stantly reminds me of the great Bostonian. In voice, vigor of thought, gesticulation, and rush of eloquence he is a genuine second edi- tion.'" And Fred Emerson Brooks, the Cali- fornia poet, says: "John Merritte Driver is a Jehu, and he drives six good horses. The leaders are Grace and Diction; the swing luu-ses are I'athos aud Humor, and the wheel- ers are Eloquence and Power. Fly in his whirling and glittering chariot as I have done and you will be delighted. Driver is apt, alert, eloquent, and a royal fellow." In politics Dr. Driver is a Republican. April 11, l.SSU, he wedded Miss Elsie \\[- ley, of Casey, 111., a young lady of singular and most exquisite loveliness, both of physi cal beauty aud of devotion to all things noble and elevating. Four children crowned their union; Edna, Jamie, Paul, and Kuth, but nctneare now living. The four children sleep side by side, in beautiful Lindenwood ceme- tery. Fort Wayne, Ind. The last they lost was James Oweu, or Jamie, as his parents called him, a soldier boy, only Hi years old, aud as member of the Thirtieth Illinois Kegi- meut I'nited States Volunteers. He fell in the Philip])iues July 21, 1900. Thus, though Dr. Driver has never been a .soldier himself, he has the honor of being the great-grandson, grandson, and so^of sol- diers, aud the father of as brave and pati-i- otic a soldier-boy as ever laid down his life for his countrv. REYNOLDS, Myron Herbert, of the State Iniversity and Minnesota State Board of Health, is a leading veterinarian in the United States, and his work is known throughout the entire country. His mother, Mary (Budd) Reynolds, is a descendant from sturdy New York farmers of English origin. His paternal grandfather, Daniel Reynolds, is described as being a scholarly man, par- ticularly in the languages and classics. His father, Gardner W. Reynolds, was also from New York parentage. The latter was a noted nurseryman and botanist, aud his son 'omes naturally by his scientific tastes. M. H. Reynolds was born November 5, 1865, at AV"heaton, 111. His parents soon moved to Iowa, and his education was received fi'om the schools of thai state. He entered Iowa HISTORY OF THE (iUKAT NOUTHWE.ST. MYROX H. KEYN'OLDS. Statt^ Agricultural College at Ainets, Iowa, at the age of sixteen, and finished the foui- yeais scientific course in three years and a half, receiving the degree of E. S. A. He afterward entered the veterinary college of the same institution, and finished a three- years course by receiving the degree 1). \'. il. He followed this with two years in the Iowa College of rharniacy, receiving the degree of I'h. (j. Dr. Keynolds then completed his college work by a medical course at the Iowa College of rhysiciaus and Surgeons, receiv- ing the degree of M. D. Dr. Kfynolds was in private veterinary practice at Keosaqua, Iowa, until O. C. (Jregg, superintendent of the Minnesota State Farmers" Institute, went to Iowa in search of a young veterinarian for '"Institute" work. The dean of the Iowa Veterinary College strongly recommended Dr. Reynolds for the place. Dr. Reynolds accepted the position and for several years lectured at various institutes throughout ilinnesota. In 18!t;{ he was elected to the professorship of veterinary science in the University of Jlinnesota. and also given charge of the veterinary division of the State Agricultural Exi)eriment Station at St. An thony Park. He has wi-ittcn several im]ioi- lant station bulletins, one of the most valua- ble being on "Covine Tuberculosis." which won for him much credit among veterinary journals and prominent men in his profes- sion. He was apjioinled a member of the State Board of Health in 1897, the fir.st vete- rinary surgeon appointed to a place on the board. He was soon made chairman of a committee of Infectious Diseases of Animals, and within a year was made Director of the newly created veterinary department of the State Board of Health. He soon made the department one of the best known of the kind in the United States, and his system of ]iiiliee sanitation in connection with infec- tious diseases of animals is recognized as a standard. In August, 1900, Dr. Reynolds was obliged to relinquisli active work in ( onnection with the board, partly on account of increasing duties in the university and the experiment station, but still remains as a member of the board, looking after the work in a general way. In the summer of 1900 his abilities were recognized by a tender of the deanship of the Veterinary Department of the Iowa State College, his Alma Mater, but he preferred to remain with his present work at the University. Dr. Reynolds has contributed se\eral important studies on veterinary literature, more notably, "Fis- tula," '•Hypodermic Cathartics," "State Con- trol of Hog ( 'holera,"' "State Control of Glan- ders," "Hog Cholera and Swine Plague." He is also editor in chief of the annual Re ports of the American Veterinary Medical Association. He was a member, and now honorary member, of the Iowa State "\''ete- rinarv Medical Association; also member of Hennepin County Medical Association, Min- nesota State INIedical Association, Minne- sota State Veterinary Medical Association, of which he has served as president; American Medical Association, American Veterinary Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association. Dr. Reynolds is a believer in the principles of the Republican ]iai-ty. a member of the Congregatifmal church, an Odd Fel- low and a ]\Iason. including the Shriners degree. Dr. Reynolds has been twice mar- ried, in ISO.S to Miss Eva M. Kuhn, of Iowa, HISTORY OK THE GUKAT XoimiWEST. who (lied withiu a few moutlis. lu 1S!)7 he was nianied to Miss ilay I. Shr.w, daiij;hler of I'l-ofes.sor Tlionias Shaw, of the L'uiversit y of ilinnesota, pi-oiuinciit amonj; live stock men and breeders as an anthority on sTich matters, and a noted author. Dr. Reynolds has lliree childreu. MB^IEK, Kcv. Jiiliii, the iin'scnl jiastor of St. Joseph's church at ^^'inona, Minn.. Ilic subject of this sketch, is the son of Frederic and Sojihia Jleier. His fallici- was a black smith by trade, and a man ol' foncfiil i liar acter. who was for fifteen years an alderman of Paderborn. Prussia, where John was born. Tliere is no better way to present this worthy son's cliaracter and achievements than to trace from the bes'inninf!; the ri.se and proj;- ress of the church and parish of which he is the pastoi', and to \\hiim a larjie share of its prosjierity is due The first Catholic clnirch in \^"inona was built in 1S5S. to which all the Catholii- resi- dents of ^Yinona of the different nationalities went to worshiji. In 1802 the fierman Cath- olics with tile I'oles and Bohemians estab- lished the St. Joseph ])arish. with Rev. Tlieo- d(jre "\'enn as its spii-itnal head. Their first clmrcli edifice was a frame buildinj;. ;!.") l)y arish, and was at its head until .Vjiril. ISTO. Under Father Pint's adminis tration I lie Poles decided to establish a par isli for themselves and in IST^ se])arate{l from St. loseph's jiarish. and established that of St. Stanislaus Kostka. In Jnlv, ISTO. Fa- ther '^^'alter was ajiiiointed to sncceed Fa- thei- Plut and remained mil il Dei-ember. 1S77. In .lannaiy. 1S7S, Rev. .Mois Heller be came the spiritual head of St. Joseph's, and under his successfid administration the pal- ish erected the Iteaiitifid brick clnirch situ KKV. .InllN MKIKI;. .■ited on tile coi-iier of Kast Fifth and Walniil streets, at a (-osl of .lli."i,()(l(l. Father Heller was snci-eeded liy the ]ire,seiit jtastor. Rev. John !Meier, who lias been siii-(-essfiill)- gov- erning the parish siin-e .\iigiist 4. ISS.i. Dur- ing his adininisti-ation the inlerior of tin- clini-i-li li.-is been coiniileled. Il has been fi-esi-oed and lliree liandsoine (iolliii- altars and a beanlifiil pipe oi'uan lia\c been ]ilaced in il. In lss7 the Holieniian Calliolic-s sepa- rated and established llie Si. .loliii N'epomu- (-eiie |iai-isli. Tlie St. Joseph's jiai-isli has en- jo\-ed the fruits of a jiarish school since 185S, when the school house stood in the block be- tween Chestnut and Libei'ty streets, on Fast Fifth street. In ISC.") the si-liool was moved to ils jireseiit location. I'litil l.*<(i-'< it was in (-liai-ge of lay leac-lii-rs. Il was then i)ut into the i-ai-e of the S(-hool Sisters de Xoti-e Dame, with a layman to lea(-li the larger boys. In IS.si it was given over to I he Si-hool Sisters of St. Fr.-iiK-is, who are still in (-liarKe. Tlii-oii;ili the iintiiiii- etlorls of Fallier .Meier Ihe parish linill a new parish srlioolhoiise in 1s!m; at a i-osi of .'leting his philosoph- ical and theological studies. He was then ordained jiriest at St. Paul, by Most Rev. John Ireland, on July 8, 1877. He was at fii'st appointed assi'^tant pastor at Red Wing. Minn., to Rev. .J. N. Stariha, now vicar-gen- eral of the archdiocese of St. Paul, and then successively given chaige of Bellevidere. St. Peter, and again transferred to Red Wing as pastor. In 1SS5 he was appointed to take charge of St. Joseph's i)arish. Winona, where ]u' has liiM'H laliorim: snccessfullv ever since. WALKER. Thomas Barlow.— While Minneapolis has great natural advantages in waterpower, situation and surroundings, these would have been of little avail had not courageous, farsighted and public-spirit- ed men of great energy taken hold of the en- terprise at an early day with a determina tion to build a large citv. The task was not so easy as it seems in 1!)01, after the city has become the metropolis of the state. A city at the confluence of two rivers which furnish easy transportation, was well un- der way only ten miles distant. It was the trade center of the Northwest, and it had llie additi(mal prestige of being the capital (ir official center. ]\Iany deemed the project of building a city ten miles away chimerical or foolhardy. The men who overcame the numerous obstacles in the x>ath, and wrung success from such adverse conditions, are entitled to special commendation. Their sagacity to perceive, their courage to under- take, their skill in making use of proper means, and their unflinching perseverance are characteristics which cannot be too highly extolled. Among those who were conspicuous in this work, Thomas B. Walk- er, the subject of this sketch, stands promi- nently in the front rank. He Avas born at Xenia, Ohio, February 1, 1840. His father was Piatt Bayless Walker, a native of New York, but a long resident of Ohio. By trade he was a shoemaker, but by occupation and business habit he was a contractor and spec- ulator. He was in good circumstances, but in 184!), when the California fever was at its height, he invested all his means in a train of mer<-handise which he started to take overland to California, ('holera broke out in the company, and ilr. Walker was one of the first victims. He died on the plains near ^^'arrensburg, 5Io. Although the train was carried through and the goods sold, none of the proceeds ever reached his family. Thomas B. Walker was thus left fatherless when nine years old. His mother was Anstis Keziah Barlow, of New York, and later of Ohio. She was one of the youngest of a large family. Two of her brothers were judges, one in New York and the other in Ohio. T'nder these circumstances, com- I)e]led to work from early youth, Mr. Walker had but few ojiportunities to attend school. He. however, made such good use of what he had that at sixteen years of age he entered Baldwin T'niversity at Berea, Ohio, where he succeeded in remaining in nominal at- tendance for several years by being present for perhaps one term a year and keeping up HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. with his class while absent at work, which was that of traveliiif; as a salesman. While on tlie road he can-ieil two valises, the lar^e containinj;' his school hooks wliicli he used at every spare moment. The habit thus ac- C|uii'ed of studying at all spare times, under all circumstances, has continued with him through life, and has made him the well educated and thoroughly informed man on a multitude of subjects which he is recog- nized to be to-day. At nineteen years of age, after many small ventures, he secured a contract from the railroad at Paris. III.. for getting out cross ties and cord WDod. He continued this work for eighteen months, when the company failed and rolilx'd him of all the profits which had accrued. He had, however, the experience and a good timber education, which, although not valued at the time, proved subse(iu('ntly to be worth all it cost. On returning home he taught school for one year. He then resumed the travel- ing business, engaging with Hon. Fletcher Hulet to make a wholesale market for his Berea grindstones. On his way up the Mis- sissippi River on this business in l.'^fi2. he met, at McGregor, Mi*. J. M. Robinson, of Minneapolis, who spoke so eloiiuently of the attractions and prospects of the embryo city that Mr. Walker within an hour afterwards was on his way to the promising hamlet. Almost as soon as he arrived he engaged to go with Mr. George B. Wright on a govern ment land survey. The expedition was ig- norant of the fact that the Indians \ver<' on the war path until they learned it by the forcible experience of being driven out of the woods by the Indians. With difficulty and great peril the little band of surveyors traveled three days through the hostile dis- trict, finally reaching Fort Ripley, where they were gladly welcomed as a re-enforce- ment sixteen strong to the small and poorly- e(]uipi)ed garrison holding that point. After two or three years spent in govern- ment surveys, and one year on the sui'vey of the St. I'anl & Duluth Railroad— a service which gave liim a thorough knowledge' <>f the timber country — Mr. Walker took u]) the pine land business. Being practically with out means, he associated with I >r. Levi THOMAS R, WALKER. Itulicr. and Mr. Howard Mills, under the tirm name of Butler, Mills & Walker, the junior member putting in his time, knowl- edge and ex])eiieuce against their i^^ney. The tirm was very successful, under Mr. Walker's management, logging and build- ing and operating mills and lumber yards. The ])artnership continued for several years and was terminated by the death of Dr. Butler and the removal of Mr. Mills to Cali- fornia in search of health. Mr. Walker was at the same time interested with Mr. Henry T. Welles in the purchase of pine timber. Subsecjuently Jlr. Walker tecame engaged in the lumber industry in all parts of North- ern Minnesota and in Pakota. He owned and operatcHl mills on the "Falls." He jair- chased and operated the "J. Dean" mill, re- building it after it burned, oi)erating it for many years with Major George A. Gamp, under the firm name of Gaiuj) & Walker. Later in company with his son, (iilherl ^I. Walker, under the name of Ucd Kiver Lum- ber <'oiiipany. built two mills — one at Crookston, Minn., and our at tirand Forks, X. I). This firm is still arlive. with the ad- dition of three more sons. Inil llic iiiills are at .Vkelev. Mr. Walker is also associat<'d HISTORY OF TIIIO (IRKAT NOU'l'l IWKST. with -Mr. 11. C. Akoley, iiiulcr (lie finn iiaiuc dl' Walker & Akele.v, in (lie owncrsliiit of large tracts of pine lands, bill tlie.v operate no mills. While Mr. Walker lias been so busy with the lumber business, he has been active in biiildiiif; np Minneajiolis and the adjacent country. He built the Central Market and Comniission Row, whereby tlie wholesale commission business — as well as otlu-r wholesale business — has been permanently located noi'th of IIenne])in avenue and west of Fourth street. This market is one of the largest and most commodious wholesale and retail markets in the West, while the voluiiH' of fruit and commission business handled in the row adjoining, which is part of the same enterprise, shows that Minnea])olis is tlie great fruit and commission center of tin* Northwest. St. Ijouis Park, a suburb of the city, owes its existence to Mr. Walker, who was the owner of the land, and assisted in its develojiment under the firm name of Land & Investment Pomjiany. It has large niaiiiifacturing concerns, with 1he noted great ]?(H't Sugar Plant. The SI. I.oiiis Park & Ilojikins Street Railway is part of the plan and it is a profitable invest- ment, as well as a great lielji to the city and a convenience to residents of these thriving suburbs. Mr. Walker has also and at all times been a supporter of and a worker in and for tlie Board of Trade as w<'ll as the originator and promoter of the "Business Men's Un- ion," which foi' many years did wonderful work in aid of the development of tlie city. The Y. M. C. A. has also claimed much of his attention and means. He is a member of the National rommittee. Having in his youth made great use of public libraries where\-er they were to be found in liis travels, INIr. Walker early be- came a stockholder in the old "AtluTPueum," the nearest ajijiroach 1o a public library in operation in this city. Later he became the means and instrument through which the i)i-esent Public Library was organized and set in oiieration. He gave largely in aid of its iK'autiful building and apjioint- ments and k<'eps its Art Gallery well stock- ed with line works from his private collec tioii. lie has been President of the Board of Directors since its first organization. As would naturally be expected, Mr. Walker has also in his home a fine collection of books in his jirivate library. Science, Theology, Political Economy and many oth- er lines are iirominently repri'sented, and he has gathered together for his own use and aid the finest Art Reference Library ix'ihaps in the country. Politically, Mr. Walker is, as might be exjiected, a Republican. His first vote was cast for Lincoln. He is a close student of Political Economy and its bearings on good goveriuiieiit. During the last two jiresiden- lial (aiiiiiaigiis, Im- spctke fre(|ueiitly and wrote extensively on the issues involved. His writings atti-acled marked attention and were widely copied and circulated. TIIK WALKEE ART GALLERY. During the last fifteen y<'ars or more Mr. \\'alkei' has been engaged in making a col- lection of high grade first-class oil paintings and bronzes and other works of art. This collection has become known Ihroughout this country, and largely abroad, as a choice and rare collection of the works of the best masters. Such names as Corot, Rousseau, Rosa Honheur, Diaz Hogarth, Sir Thomas Lawrence, David, Le Fevre, Bougereau, Sclirey<'r, Jacijue, Breton, Madam Demont Breton, Tiii'iier, Rembrandt, Peele and many others, are a guarantee for the character of the collection. Tlie owner is often sur- juised at lh<' high comparativ<' rating given this collection by those who have seen the world's best galleries and who do not hesi- tate to ])lace this in the first rank. Over fifty of these jiaintings are hung in the gal- lery a1 the I'ublic Library, but the larger part with the bronzes and ivories ai'c in his gallery at the family residence at 80;? Hen- nejiin avenue. This gallery is held o])en to the jiublic ii])on all days excejit Sunday, dur- ing tlu' hours of daylight. That the oppor- tunity and ])rivilege of visiting this collec- lioii is thoroughly appreciated, is fully at- tested by the gi'eat numbers who constantly a\ail themselves of it. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. One of Mr. Walker's strong cbaracter- istics has always been his devotion to his home and family, to whom he has given his best time and thought. From their earliest infancy he has delighted to make his chil- dren his companions, entering into their in- terests and taking them into his own. Books and tools, shops and workrooms have been the "strong points" of the home on Hennepin avenue, through all the years of the growing up of the family, which con- sisted of eight children, of whom seven are still living. Of these, four sons are in pai't- nership with their father, and one still in school. The two daughters have mai-ried. one of whom is widowed. There are also four grandchildren. In character and jtrofession Mr. Walker is a Christian of the most pronounced type, finding his home in the Hennepin Avenue Methodist church. Having come by this faith through more difficulties than the av- erage young man, he finds no greater pleas- ure in life than to direct others in the way in wiiich he has come, and will at any time turn from his intricate business and with book in hand expound to the chance listener the wonderful truths of the autlienticity of the Bible as shown through the prophesies of the marvelous History of the Jews or any one of a dozen of other lines of research. His religion is of the active type also which prompts him to steady and constant benev- olencies. From his earliest record as a busi- ness man he has always been a generous and free giver to all works which commend- ed themselves to his business judgment whether it be through individual aid or organization. His jjurse has always been especially open to the enterprises in which his wife has been more particularly en- gaged. The general summing up of the lessons conveyed by the life of Mr. Walker, seem to be that, given good health carefully pre- served by a well-ordered life, energy, per- severence, perfect honesty, of that high type which can reorganize and grant the rights of others, good principles, rightly ad- hered to, and Christian integrity, no young man need fail of success through lack of oj)- jjortunity. Mr. Walker's eminently useful and successful life has owed nothing at any period to inherited advantages of wealth or position, or to fortunate strokes of acci- dental success. He has literally hammered out on his own anvil every bar and nail of advantage that has reared the structure of his fortunes. Steady and continuous work, studiously directed toward a definite and well-defined object, a willingness and ability to work and wait for results, and an enthusi- astic interest in the work in hand have been the keynotes of his life, and are the elements of success which are within the reach of all who d<'eiii them worthv of the strife. KINeople than the newspa- per press. The man who wields its power properly is a benefactor in the highest sense. While his reward may be only the satisfaction arising from a duty well done, be is entitled to a large share of the honor accruing from the progi'ess made from^year to year. George W. Kingsbury, of Yank- ton, H. D., is the father of journalism in that state. He established the pioneer newspaper, "The Weekly Dakotan'", in the old Territory of Dakota, in lf2. It is still a living force under his direction, and is now known as the "Press and Dakotan", fi'om the absorption of other newspapers. It has always been a clean, well-conducted journal, will an influence for good, which can never be estimated. It has brought honor and fame to its founder, and has given him an historic place in the annals of the growing state. Mr. Kingsbury was born in the town of Lee, Oneida county, X. Y., December lit, 1837. His father, Charles B. Kings- bury, was a native of Connecticut, where the family settled in early colonial days, on coming from England. He was an active, entei^jrising man, engaged in manufacturing sash, doors, and blinds, until the >'ew York (Central railroad through the Mohawk val- ley was projected. He then took a contract fur building that road through the central HISIOKY OF THE GRKAT XUUTHWKST. GIOOKGE \V. KINGSBURY. part of tlie state. In Ls.jT he moved to Wis- consin, and settled at ^Valwo^th couniy, where two years later he died. His wife was Miss Euama Barnes, daughter of Abram Barnes, who was of jS'ew England birth, and of Scotch-Irish descent. She was born in Jefferson county, N. Y. Tljey had a fam- ily of ten children, of whom George Kings- bury was the fifth. He was reared and educated in Oneida county, where he was born. His parents moved to Utica in the same county when George was about four years old, so that he had the advantages of the city schools, until he was eighteen years of age. In the meantime he learned the printer's trade. TS'hen he left school he secured a position with an engineer corps, engaged in building the T'tica & Black River railroad. When this was built he went with the same corps, in 185(i, to ^Visconsin. where he was employed as a civil engineer in the construction of the Madison & Prairie dn Chien railroad. After a trip to St. Louis ana then Illinois, he returned to St. Louis and went to work at the printing business, a craft which once learned it is ditlicult To aliand(m. In IS.'s Ir. made a change to Leavenworth, Kan. In July of that year he was employed bj- a boom town company to run a paper at Junction Cit^', where he remained aliout three years and there formed the ac(iuaintance of Josiah Trask, with whom he went to Dakota Territory to con- duct a newspaper and printing business. It was the 17th day of March, 1802, when Mr. Kingsbury landed at Yankton, then a mere trading post. It was the day on which the first legislature of the Territory convened. Mr. Trask secured the contract for the pub- lic printing of the Territory, and employed .Mr. Kingsbury to take charge of the work. Mr. Trask went back to Kansas, and in 1S.")4 he was killed at Lawrence by Gueril- las. But Mr. Kingsbury had bought the printing business and newspaper the first year, 1.SG2, and he has conducted it ever since. He had associated with him for .several years Hon. F. M. Ziebach. In 1863, Mr. Kingsbury was elected to the Territor- ial legislature from Yankton and continued to serve in that body until ISCT. In 1870 he was appointed United States collector of internal revenue, and held that office, per- forming the duties, until it was abolished. In 1894 he was elected to the State Senate. In 1897 he was appointed by Governor Lee to the State Board of Charities and Correc- tions, which has charge of all the charitable and penal institutions of the state, a posi- tion which he still holds. Mr. Kingsbury has also served as countj- commissioner, and as a member of the Board of Education. In all the positions he has discharged the duties with fidelity to the interests of the peojjle and to the honor of himself and his constituents. He was married to Miss Lydia M. Stone, near Lawrence, Kan., September 20, 18G4. He had just built a new house and she was installed as mistress. This has been their home from the first. Here their children were born and reared. They have three sons: George W., Theodore H. and Charles S. Kingsbury. Mrs. Kings- bury died February 1, 1898. Nothwith- standing the growth of the trading post into a modern city, with many elegant mansions and pretentious buildings, the old home of HISTORY OF 'rriR GRKA'P NdltTIIWEST. the Kingsburys is still a model of comfort, more liigblT prized by its oeeuiKiuts than would be auy other that could be built. Mrs. Kingsbury was a real helpmeet. While she made a truly attractive home, she was influential and prominent in every move- ment for charitable and educational worK. As far as her woman's sphere would ])ermit, she was a worthy compeer of her distin- guished and perliaps better known iiusband, of whom she was the sympathetic and inter- ested conij)anion for tliirty-tive years. Mr. Kingsbury is still in active life. He has been urged frequently to accept the gover- norshij) and other state ottices, but Ife has steadily refused jiolitical honors. He is still interested in the mining business, in which he was actively engaged from IS70 to 1875, in the San Juan district of Colorado, where he spent the summer mouths for three 3'eai"s, leaving his newspaper business in charge of a partner. Though most of the mining stock was taken up by capitalists of Milwaukee, Mr. Kingsbury and his Yankton friends hold and control a considerable in- terest in the original venture. His life work has been a success, fruitful to himself, and a blessing to the state to which he has so bountifully contributed in its development. COOl'EK, John. — The wealth and pros- perity of the state of M iuuesota depend upon turning over the sod. The man who pro- motes and encourages this labor is a public benefactor, while conspicuous service in long-continued eflorts to build up agricult- ural interests is worthy of the highest hon- ors. Yet the recognition of public service in this important field is, too often, niggard- ly in the extreme, compared to that given to men in political and commercial life. When it is considered that every lawyer, merchant, manufacturer, railroad mechanic and clerk must be paid by the men who turn over the sod; that practically all the taxes which sup- port public institutions, no matter by whom the money is turned into the treasury, come from the ground, and, in a word, that mod- ern civilization is possible only by having the earth tilled, does it not seem unfair, in distributing the rewards, to pass by with such short courtesy the men who sustain the whole fabric of the commonwealth? Still a few men do attain distinction in this d^art- ment of human activity. Among those in the Northwest, who, by their energy, ability, perseverence and successful labors in con- nection with agriculture, have earned laurels, the subject of this sketch must always be prominent. Although a native of a city, it is rarely the fortune of any man to be more useful in the field of rural economies. John Cooper was born in Philadelphia, January 1, 1^'M. His father, James Cooper, was a native of Belfast, Ireland. He was a car- penter by trade, which he followed until he came to IMiiladclphia. in l.S:5li, when he en- gaged in the business of contractor and builder. After a few years he bought a small saw mill in the village of Haddington, about four miles west, but now a part, of the city. He added a feed mill, and put in the basement machinery for grinding and polish- ing tools. Here for several years he ground and polished all the edged tools and saws manufactured by the celebrated establish- ment of Harry Uisston, then in its infancy. HISTORY OF THE GRKAT NORTHWEST. He finally sold out and accepted the agency of the great Barkley tract, comprising SU,UUU acres of coal and timber laud in northern I'ennsylvania, the owner of which was the famous porter brewer, Charles Barkley, of London, who, frightened at the "know-noth- ing" movement, then rife, detei-mined to sell the property, fearing excess taxation. The i-egion was then a wilderness without means of transportation — as the Erie rail- road and other lines which now traverse that whole country were not built. Mr. Cooper, with his accustomed vigor, began operations at once, moving on the tract with his family, although the conveniences of living were of the rudest description. He cleared up a hundred acre farm tor himself; opened up two settlements, built saw^ mills for them, and opened a coal mine. His chil- dren were without school privileges, and w^ere taught the rudiments of education by his wife, whose maiden name was Isabell iseil. She was the daughter of a Belfast merchant, and had received a good educa- tion. She was married to James Cooper at home, in Belfast, in IS:'A, and the next year the young couple struck out for themselves by coming to America. Being a woman of line natural ability and of forceful charac- ter, she conformed herself to the situation, and was a true helpmate to her husband, as well as a leading spirit in the community. Under her tutelage and instruction, impart- ed at night and at catch times, John was reared until fifteen years of age, when she died. Under these pioneer conditions, with population scattered so as to make schools and churches impossible; without an acces- sible market for produce; with sickness and a doctor ten miles away; with no roads, only tracks through the stumps, and grinding mills rare, it required the utmost vigor of every member of the family to secure a bare living. It was this rugged training which prepared John Cooper for the career which has so distinguished him, for habits of in- dustry, persistent energy and indomitable courage in attacking all obstacles besetting his path to success, ^^'hen John was about of age he left for the West, reaching Minne- sota on the steamer "Northern Bell," Sun- day, October 26, 1856. His father sold the home farm and other proi>erty the following year and started for Minnesota, traveling by team to Butt'alo, then by the lakes to Milwaukee, and overland from there to the then Territory, settling finally on a farm in Bethel township, Anoka county, in July, 1857; where he lived to the ripe age of eighty-seven years. He died on the second of April, 1893. He was a man much respect- ed for his sterling qualities of heart and mind. He was an open-hearted, true fron- tiersman and never turned from his door one needing any kind of assistance. In politics he was an old-line whig "free-soil- er" abolitionist, and, at last, a stalwart Re- publican. When James Cooper and family moved to Haddington, John was a delicate child, just old enough to toddle to a private school in the neighborhood. The building where the school was situated was on low ground. And there he contracted a maleri- al disease which cut short the attempt at schooling, and from which illness he did not recover for several years. In the northern part of the state to which the family moved there were no schools before he was old enough to take charge of the home farm. That duty fell to him because his father was whofly occupied with Barkley"s affairs. In fact, John began his farm work when he was about ten years of age, such was the press of circumstances. When he came to the Territory of Minnesota, as stated, he settled on a farm in the northern part of Anoka county, securing a pre-emption claim on sec- tion 29, town 23, range 31. This he opened up and continued to cultivate. His faith in agricultural land has never wavered, as prov- ed by his ownership of several farms since he came to the state. At present he owns the noted Linden Grove Shorthorn Breeding Farm, adjoining the city of St. Cloud, the stock of which has taken the highest rank for twenty years. He is also the owner of a grain farm of superior excellence about twelve miles from the city. Besides these, he has a number of tracts in various parts of tlie state, all of which have been selected with his usual judgment of value. About 1880 he engaged in the lumber business with HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. S. A. Gray, under the partuership name of Cooper & Gray. They ac(iuired large tracts of land in the northern part of the state, cut, drove, and sold their logs to manufacturers. This business was continued with the same marked success that has characterized all his undertakings, for he has the qualities to bi'iug success from conditions which would be disastrous to most men. In 1892, finding his health impaired by his intense and long continued application to the busi- ness, he sold his lumbering interest to D. H. Freeman, the firm becoming Freeman & Gray. Since then, Mr. Cooper, while retain- ing his large and varied interests in the state, has spent a part of his winters in California on a small orange ranch in the Moreno valley. But while apparently ab- sorbed in his own private business, Mr. Cooper has not ignored or neglected his duties as a public-si)irited citizen. In 1802 he enlisted as a private in Company A of the Eighth Regiment of Minnesota Volunteers. The first year of service was spent in fight- ing the Indians, who were finally driven to the then wilderness of Idaho by the Sully expedition. The rest of the term of service was spent in the South, under Thomas at Nashville and elsewhere, and with General Schofield, going to North Carolina via Wash- ington and the Atlantic coast, landing at Kingston and finishing, under Sherman, in the capture of Johnson's army, the event which closed the war. He never was a poli- tician, and his taste never ran to office-seek- ing, yet he is an ardent Rei)ublican, and in apparent emergencies has rendered valuable service to his party. He has held but few political offices. Under President Grant he was appointed Deputy Assessor and Col- lector of Internal Revenue and served seven years. In 1888 he was elected a presidential elector and voted for Harrison. He also served for many years as chairman of the Stearns County Republican Committee. In what may be called the non-partisan sphere he has rendered valuable public service as town assessor, city aldernuin, member of school boards, and he was chosen by the legislature a member of the Non-partisan State Reformatory Board, which located and built the institution at St. Cloud, and on the board he served eleven years, the last jear as its president. From many points of view, however, his services as a member of the State Agricultural Society were more valuable to the state at large, perhaps, than any of the other public duties performed by him. He was made a member of the society in 1884, when its annual fair was held at Owatouna. Tlie outlook was far from en- couraging. The organization did not own a cent's worth of property and it was encum- bered with a debt of nine thousand five hundred dollars, thus being absolutely bankrupt. Mr. Cooper, on entering his work on the board, took hold of its affairs with his customary zeal and practical sense, and at the close of the year the debt was reduced to four thousand dollars. The next year he helped to locate the society in its present home. He devoted seven years of hard work to its interests, and when he withdrew, in 1891, he left the organization free from debt, with a snmll surplus in the treasury and in possession of a property worth nearly five hundred thousand dollars. Mr. Cooper would not claim that this great achie^jement was due to his sole efforts, but nevertheless his business experience, ketui foresight, and natural genius for success contributed to the result in no small degree. As if to recog- nize his valuable services, the board, in 1897, when Mr. Cooper was in California, elected him president of the society unani- mously. Since then he has received the marked compliment of being re-elected for the second, third and fourth times, niiring his tenn as president the society, besides ])aying liberal current expenses, has sjient of its own earnings more than twenty-five thousand dollars in improving the grounds and buildings, and at the expiration of his term of office, in January, 1901, had a surplus of over eighteen thousand dollars in the treasury. These facts s])eak for them- selves. He is a member of the State Farmers Institute Board and of the State Forestry Board, created by the legislature at the ses- sion of ]89!>. Mr. Cooper affiliates with the Methodist Episcopal church, of which his wife is a member, and to which they are IIISTOKi' OI'' THE GRKAT X01{TII\\EST. liberal eontilbutors. Her maiden name was Meliuda Havward, and she was married to Mr. Cooper in 187:$. She is a woman of fine attainments and stronj*' character, thon^h of retirinji' disixisition. To her sound judge- ment and pertinent advice Mr. Coojier at- tributes much of the success which has fol- lowed his various undertakings. DOW, James Jabez. — The superintendent of the School for the Blind, a department of the Minnesota Institute for Defectives at Faribault, James J. Dow, was born at Mid- napore, Bengal Presidency, India, February 15, 184S, where his father was a missionary belonging to the Free Will Baptist denomin- ation. The same .year he returned, in broken health, to the United States, bringing his family with him, among whom was his in- fant son, James. The father was James C. Dow, a native of Maine. His theological course was taken at the Parsonfleld Theo- logical Seminary. After his ordination he preached at Dover, N. H., and other places. In 1S4.S he was married, and soon after the young couple left for India. On Mr. Dow's return he preached at Bucktield, Me., Phoe- nix, N. Y., and in East Killingby, Conn. In 1854, on account of failing health, he retired from the ministry, went to Maine and lived on a farm, teaching school winters. In 1865 he came West, first to Minnesota. Then he tried South Dakota, but finally returned to Minnesota, and died at St. Charles, in 1899, at the age of eighty- one years, highly esteemed and respected by all who knew him. He had twelve children, ten of whom are yet living. The Dow fam- ily came from Norfolk, England, in 1637, and settled at Hampton, N. H. Many of them were "seafaring men." The grandfather of the subject of this sketch was a well-to-do farmer and a prominent citizen. The maiden name of Mr. James J. Dow's mother was Hannah Oould Bacon, born at Wilton, Me., in 1825. After her husband's death she lived with her children at St. Charles and Winona, Minn. She was a granddaughter on her mother's side of Silas Oould of Dunstable, Mass., who enlisted in Col. Bridges' Massa- chusetts Regiment in 1775, at the age of fif- teen yeare. He fought at Bunker Hill, where the Dunstable company of which he was a member was the last to leave the re- doubt. He re-enlisted in December, 177G, without leaving the field, in the Connecticut Continentals. He was at Boston when evac- uated by the British, went with his regiment to New Yoi'k, fought with Sullivan at Long Island, and narrowly escaped capture, was in the retreat across New Jersey and fought at Trenton and Princeton, after the expiration of his term of service. He settled in Maine after the war, and was a colonel of the state militia. Mrs. Dow's father was a captain of the state militia, a fanner and prominent citizen of Wilton, Mass. James began his t'ducation in the country school of East Kil- lingby, Conn. For two years he was nnder the tuition of a remarkable man, who had been under the influence of Horace Mann and Henry Barnard when they were at the height of their success. James then attended the lountry schools in Maine, which were gen- erally excellent in winter, and under masters capable of fitting pupils for college. In 1863 he lacked one year of being ready to enter college. That year he enlisted, when only fifteen years old, in Company F, Second Maine Volunteer Cavalry regiment and served with the organization until it was mustered out, in November, 1865. It was in active field service in southern Louisi- ana, Alabama and west Florida. The regi- ment suffered heavy losses from climatic causes, exposure and hardships. The serv- ice was more fatal than is common even in the most destructive battle campaigns. Of the original one hundred enlisted men in Mr. Dow's company, forty-one lost their lives — a jiercentage of loss scarcely equalled by any regiment in the army, in the same length of time. The education which was interrupted by his ardent patriotism was resumed in 1869. That year he entered the Academy of Carleton College at Northfield. Minn., com- jjleted his preparation and entered the col- lege in 1870, and giaduated in 1874 with the degree ol A. B. In 1879 he received his degree of ;Master of A.rts, and in 1899, the degree of L. H. D. was bestowed upon him HISTORY OF THE GKKAT M )i;TinVi:ST. by the same college. Although a ooiiipar- atively young man, he i.s a liistorical land- mark of that thriving institution, having graduated in its first college class. Tliere is also a unique romance conriected with the event. The class was composed of only two nieniltcrs — Mr. Dow and Miss !Myra Amelia Hrowii. She was born in Fitchburg, Mass.. of a family whose ancestors came to America in the seventeenth century. She came to Minnesota with her parents, who settled at Monticello, Wright county, in 1854. Slu- graduated with Mr. Dow, and took the same degree of A. B. They were married the same year, 1S74. The class honors instead of be- ing divided wei-e thus united, ("arleton Col- lege is a co-educational institution, and it seems eminently fitting that its first class should rest upon such a dual foundation. Mr. Dow's first service after graduation was that of superintendent of city schools of Austin, Minn., for one school year. In .\ii gust, 1875. he accepted the position of prin- cipal of the Department for the Blind in the Minnesota Institute for the Deaf and l^umb and Blind. In ISSl, on the re-organization of the establishment, he was made superin- tendent of the department, a merely nominal change, for his duties and responsibilities lemained the same. He holds that ]iosition at the jiresent time, 1901. He has been the president of the As;^ociation of Iiistru<'tors of the Blind of North America. In 1900 he was elected ])resident of the Minnesota Conference of Charities and Corrections. He is also an active member of the National Educational Association. Besides being thus active in educational organizations, he is interested in patriotic and fraternal soci- eties. He is a past post commander of the Ct. a. R., being, in ISSG, post commander of Michael Cook Post, No. 12?!, Department of ^Minnesota, and in 1P91 he was a delesate to the National Encam])ment of the ord(>r. He is a member of the Sons of the American Revolution, and of the Masonic Order, Fari bault Lodge, No. 9, and Royal Anh Chapter. No. 8, in the same city. He is in general affiliation with the Republican jiarty. In religion he is a Congregationalist. having been consecutivelv a niemlier of that church .r.\Mi:s .1. iMiw. at Dover, and Nt)rtlilield, and now at Fari- bault. His children are — (Jharles Francis, born 1875, who has taken a partial college course at Carleton and at the Univcn-gity of ^linnesota, but who is now an invalid; .Tames Chase, born in 1877, is a graduate of the en- gineering department of the University of Minnesota, class of 1900, as an electrical en- gineer, and he is now on professional duty with the Twin City Rapid Transit Company at the main powei'house at St. Anthony Falls; four children, two boys and two girls, r.re dead. The others are Margaret Whit- ney, born in 1S92, and AN'illiam Could, born 1895. BELI)F:N, Henry Clay. — Judge Belden is of New England ancestry, of the race which, overflowing the Alleghanies. has carried the germ of its culture and the vigor, enterprise, anil energy cliaraclerislic of il to all ])ai-ts of llie nation, and especially lo the North- west. How wide-sjiread and thoi-oughly has this new England leaven i)ermeated these regions is shown by an incident of recent oc- currence. .\ I'liited Stales senator waa called lo make an address in a small lown HENKY C. BELDEN. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. bevond the Mississippi. At the close of the ineetiug he was invited, without previous notice, to a banquet which had been spon- taneously improvised for the occasion. Two hundred guests sat round the board, and every one of them was a native of the sena- tor's own New England state. A similar group could be gathered in scores of other places in every state of this region. The influence of this thrift and intelligence can scarcely be over-estimated. Henry C. Belden was born at Burke, Vt., in 1841. His father, Haynes W. Belden, was a farmer of limited means and of Eng- lish descent. His mother, Lydia P. (Blake) Belden, was of Scotch parentage. Young Belden received his early education in the public schools and by private tuition, supple- mented by a course at the academy until he was prepared to teach. He then taught for two years, but he chose law for his profes- sion and in 1861 entered, as a student, the office of Hon. Thomas Bartlett, at Lyndon, Vt., where he remained until admitted to the bar in 187 to 18fi!). During this partnership he was elected state senator for the term 187« to 1878, and re-elected for the following term, 1878 to 1880, and was chair- man of the judiciarycommittee of the Second congressional district for several years, and a delegate to the national Kejiublican con- vention in 1880. The partnership with Mr. Ide continued until 1884, when Mr. Belden, whose health had been declining for several years from nervous itrostration. probably in- duced by over-work, determined to seek a change of climate to restore it. With this in view he came to Minneapolis, Minn., where so many health seekers are benefitted. Al- though the bustling city was not proverbial as a resting place, Mr. Belden deterniined to settle here. His reputation as a lawyer" had preceded him, however. In 1885, the follow- ing year, he formed a partnership with Hon. J. B. Gilflllan and C. A. Willard, under the firm name of Gilflllan, Belden & Willard. This combination made a strong firm. It secured many of the most important cases of litigation before the courts. It was dis- solved when Mr. Belden took up the duties of district judge in 1895. He, however, re- signed the judgeship May 1, 18!»7. and then entered the law fii-m of Hahn & Hawley, un- der the firm name of Hahn, Belden & Haw- ley. which is distinguished for the number of important cases placed in its charge, and is still continued. Judge Belden was mar- ried in 1865 to Caroline H. Kimball, and they rejoice in a generous family of five chil- dren: Mary B.. Helen L., Agnes E., George K., and Harry I. Belden. Mr. Beldefl is ac- tive in all measures designed to promote the interests of the city and state, and is a mem- ber of the Minnekada Club, a popular social organization, member of the Board of Trade, and of the Commercial Club, two organiza- tions especially designed to look after the business interests of the city. NELSON, Rensselaer K. — Few men have been privileged to point to a record of nearly forty years' service on the federal district bench. Such an honor is rare in the history of jui'isprudence. From its admission to statehood in 1858, up to 1896, Minnesota had as its representative on the United States district bench Hon. Rensselaer R. Nelson, of St. Paul. Judge Nelson was born at Coop- erstown, N. V., in May, 1826, and combines a strain of Irish, Scotch, English and Dutch blood in his veins. He is a son of Samuel Nelson, for many years one of the judges of the New York supreme court, afterward IIISTOKY OF THE GUKAT NORTHWEST. UENSSELAKIt K. NELSON. an associate justice of the United States supreme court, aud Catherine Russell. His paternal great-graudfather, John Nelson, came to this couutrv from Ballibay, Ireland, in 176'4, when his grandfather, John Rogers Nelson, was a child, settling in Washington county, N. Y., and served as sergeant in the war of the Revolution. Here his father, Samuel Nelson, was born in 1792. On the maternal side he is a grandson of John Rus- sell and Elizabeth Williams, and great- grandson of Ebeuezer Russell, a Revolu- tionary soldier. On the same side he is descended from John Nelson, who was born in England in 15'J5, settled at Cambridge, Mass., in 1035, aud was an intimate friend of Governor Bellingham. Judge Nelson pre- pared for college in llie military school of his native town, and at Hartwick Seminary. He entered Yale College in 1842, graduating four years later. Soon after he began the study of law in the office of Hon. J. R. Whit- ing, of New York City, and finished his stud- ies in the office of Hon. George A. Stark- weather, in Cooperstown. He was admitted to the bar in 1S49, and began practicing in Buffalo. He came west, however, the follow- ing year, arriving in St. I'aul on May 12. He continued his practice here until 1854, when he remo\ed to Superior, Wis., and for a year served as district attorney of Douglas coun- ty. He returned to St. I'aul in the fall of is'}') and resumed his law practice. In April, 1857, he was appointed territorial judge for Minnesota by I're.sideut Buchanan, and on May 11 of the following year, the year Min- nesota was admitted to the Union, was ajj- pointed United States district judge for that state. He served continuously until the seventieth anniversary of his birthday, in May, 1890, when he I'esigned to take a rest from the arduous duties of his long judicial career. By reason of the great extent of his circuit, and the fact that for many years the criminal laws of the United States were al- most exclusively administered by the district court judges, Judg>^ Nelson's duties were of a very laborious and complex character. • But he was a hard worker and seldom took leave of his chambers. During his long career on the bench he was compelled to pass upon nearly every conceivable legal proposi- tion; but he has had few decisions overruled, hence his high standing as a jurist. Per- liaps one of his must striking characteristics was his keen instinct to grasp the the merits of a proposition very quickly. His charges to the jury, too, were so clear as to leave no doubt as to the facts in the case nor the law covering the case. He has enjoyed the un- qualified confidence and respect of both the bar and the peojile of the state, and is highly esteemed in private life, not only for his eminent legal abilities, but his rare social qualities as well. In politics, he has been a life-long Democrat, but has never been a strong partisan. He was honored in 1901 by being made the nominee of his party in the legislature to succeed the Hon. Knute Nelson to the United States senate. Novem- ber 3, 1858. he was married to Mrs. Emma F. Wright, nee Beebee, of New York. They have had two children, Emma Beebee and Kate Russell. The latter died when eight vears old. EVANS, Robert Grenap.— One of the most i>opular public men in the state of Min- nesota is Robert G. Evans, the present HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. United States district attornev. He is a man of rare genialty, courteous in his treat- ment of every one, and generous and sincere in his friendships. Such excellent qualities of good fellowship, when combined with his open-handed and square dealing in politics, have won for "Bob" Evans, as he is familiar ly known, the friendship of every man with whom he has come in contact. Mr. Evans" parents were born in Kentucky, and were of ^yelsh and English descent. In the early 50's, Joseph S. Evans, his father, while yet a yt)ung man, moved from Kentucky and located at Troy, Ind. Here he was engaged in farm work for a short time, later enter- ing the mercantile business at Rockport. Ind., in 1850. ^^■ith the exception of a few years devoted to agricultural pursuits, he continued in the mercantile business until 1874. More recently he has been in the in- surance business at Kockport. He was mar- ried while at Troy to Mary C. ('otton. Her father was a prominent physician in the Hoosier state, and was a member of the con- stitutional convention which revised the constitution of that state in 1852. Bobeit G. was born at Troy, Ind., March 18, 1854. His early educational training w'as received in the schools of Kockport. In his eigh- teenth year he entered the sophomore class of the state university at Bloomingtou, but only completed his junior year in that insti- tution. When 21 years of age he entered the law office of Charles L. ^^'eddi^g, of Roikport. At the time he was acquiring his legal education, he also practiced before the justice courts of Spencer county. He was admitted to the bar in 187G. He locat- ed at Vincennes shortly afterwards, forming a law partnership with Judge F. W. Viehe, which was continued until April, 1881, when he moved to Minnesota, making his home in Minneapolis, where he has since resided. His first partnership was fonued with Judge Daniel Fish, which was continued until No- vember, 1887, at which time Judge Fish re- tired from general practice to accept the at- torneyship of the Minnesota Title Insurance Com]>any. Mr. Evans then formed his pres- ent connection with Messrs. A. M. Keith, Charles T. Thompson and Edwin K. Fair- KOBEKT G. KVANS. child, under the tirm name of Keith, Evans, Thompson & Fairchild. This firm enjoys an extensive and lucrative practice o# a gen- eral business character and is regarded as one of the most prominent law firms in the state. From 1884 to 181(0 he held the posi- tion of local attorney for the St. Paul, ilin- neapolis and Omaha railroad. Mr. Evans' political aftiliations are with the Republican party, for which he has done a gi-eat deal of valuable and effective work. He was « member of the Indiana state central com- mittee for two years, but declined reappoint- ment. Though a new arrival to the state of Minnesota, he threw himself into the vig- orous campaign of 1884 with all the enthusi- asm of which he is capable, and with the de- votion he has always ennced in the cause of the part^-. He stumped the state, making a number of effective speeches, and this he has done at every general election since. He is a forcible si)eaker, convincing in his logic, and, as such, has contributed iuvaluable service to his party. He has never sought political preferment for himself, but has al- ways been willing to sacrifice his time and private interests to the good of the jiarly. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Two .years after becoming a resident of ilin- nesota, he was elected as a nieniher of the state central committee, and in December, 1887, was chosen as a member of the Kejmb- lican National (^ommittee to fill the vacancy caused by tlu- resignation of Senator Davis. In 1888 he was elected for the next ensuing tenn of foui- years, re-elected in 1892, and declined a re-election in 18!)(i. He has al- ways been an active member of the T'nion League, and was president of that organiza- tion in 1885 and 1880. In I'ecognition of his eminent services to the party he was ap- pointed, in 1808, without seeking the office, Tnited States district attorney for the state of Minnesota by President McKinley. On the death of Senator C. K. Davis, with whom he had closely attiliated ever since 1884, he has also so far followed in the footsteps of the distinguished senator as to be his suc- cessor as national committeeman and to fill likewise the same office of Ignited States district attorney. It was therefore only nat- ural that very many should regard Mr. Ev- ans as a logical successor of Mr. Da^is in the senatorship, for which eminent legal and forensic abilities fully qualified Mr. Evans. Having received the almost unanimous sup- port of the state senators and membei's of the House from his own district he entered the canvass, and secured the largest vote of any single candidate. The "field, "' however, was against him, and by combining brought about his defeat. But Mr. Evans increased the public esteem which brought him so near the goal by pledging anew his loyalty to the principles of his party, and by his sincere acquiescence in the result. Mr. Ev- ans is a member of the Commercial Club and the Minneapolis Club. His church connec- tions are with the Methodist Episcopal body. In 1877 he was married to Miss Mary Gra- ham, at Evansville, Ind., and has three chil- dren living — Margaret, Stanley and Graham. Mrs. Evans passed away April 1;5, 1901. KORRED, Charles Henry, M. D., of Min- neajtolis, Hennei)in county, ^Minn., was a son of William and Elizabeth Ellen (Dow- dell) Korred, and was bora in Loudon coun- ty, Ya., January 19, 1842. The mother died when Dr. N(nred was a small lad. His father was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, and his mother in Loudon county, Va., and they were both of English descent. Dr. Xorred was educated in Ihe public schools of Illinois and in the Illinois State University at Si)ring- field. After leaving college he studied medi- cine with Dr. R. S. Lord of Springlield and received his medical education at I'ope's Mediciil College, St. Louis, Mo. Subsequent to his military service he graduated at Jef- ferson Medical C'ollege in Philadelphia and at the School of Anatomy and Surgery of Pennsylvania. He first settled for private luactice at Dawson, Sangamon county. 111. William Norred, father of Dr. Norred, was a miller and lumberman, and removed with his family in 1844 from Loudon county, Va.. to Sangamon county, 111. This portion of Illinois was then sparsely settled but rapid- ly filling up. Mr. Norred entered and purchased a large quantity of land, and built flour mills, and established lumber yards on the South Branch of the Sangamon river, some eight miles east of Springfield. Young Norred, growing up amid these surroundings, ac(]uired a practical knowledge of farming, stoi-k-raising, lumbering, engineering and milling. He was competent to superintend the farm work, set up and operate an engine, di'ess burrs, run the flour mill, take charge of the lumber yards, and buy and sell stock. From the time he was eighteen years of age he was an athlete, weighing about one hun- dred and ninety pounds, and in perfect form, and, while genial and popular with the young people, he was a man who had opinions of his own, and his opponents regarded him as the right kind of a man to let alone. In all of his legal controversies Dr. NoiTed's father employed Abraham Lincoln, and one of the j)leasantest recollections of Dr. Norred's boyhood is of that great man, then compar- atively unknown, taking him upon his knees and kindly talking w ith and advising him as to his future life. Young Norred was of course one of the enthusiastic "wide awakes" in the presidential campaign of 1860. Lin- coln's integrity and ability, and his mar- HISTORY OF TflK GKEAT N( )KTin\F.ST. vcldiis siiiijilicity of character, made a last- iiifi iiiiprcssidii upon Dr. Norred and in- llncnced and moulded, to a jireat extent, liis liolitioal views. Early in 18fi2 he enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry and organized the first regimental hospital for the regiment at (^anip Butler. lie liad been in the ranks but a short time when he was jjermitted to go before the Illinois State Military Examin ing Board and i)assed a successful examina- tion as senior assistant surgeon, and was thereuiion commissioned an assistant surgeon, from whicli time on he served in various military hos])itals, until he was or- dered to the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, and placed in charge of the medical department of that regiment, where he was on duty un- til the close of the war. He is a member of John A. Kawlins Post, No. lliC, (i. A. R., and was, for a number of years, consulting sur- geon to and examining surgeon for the Min- nesota Soldier's Home and ^ledical Director of the Dei>artnu'nt of Minnesota, Grand Ar- my of tlie Kepublic. Dr. Norred was ITnited States Examining Surgeon under President Han-ison. While holding this position, his broad symi)ath.\- and generous attitude toward the old soldiers and faithfulness in the duties of his office, placed liini in high repute with the administration, as well as with every soldier in his district. He was let out by the Cleveland administration, but was un- animously endorsed by the veterans of his district after President McKiuley's election and ordered reinstated by the Civil Service Commission as T'nited States Examining Surgeon at Minneai)olis, and is at this time president of Board No. 1, United States Ex amining Surgeons. His presence on the board is a sufficient guai-antee to the old sol- diei- and to the Ciovernment that justice will be done alike to both. He is at this time (uie of the consulting surgeons to tlie City Hos I)ital at Minnea])olis. He has been for many years a member of Hennepin County Medical Society, the Minnesota State Jledical Society, and the American .Medical Association, lie is a Scottish Rite Mason and a Knights Tcui l)lar, and is at the ]iresent time a member of CUAKLIOS II. XIIKKKIl. .M. H. Wesley Methodist church, Minneapolis. On November Hi, ISti.j, Dr. Norred was married to Elizabeth Sedate Dalbey, and they re- moved to Minnesota in 1885. Two jjhildren were borni to them, Charles Elmer, born Ajiril (■>, INtiT, and died Sejitember I'll, ISilT. \Villiaiu Asbury was born December '1\. 18(J!t, is living with his father and is a student in the medical dejjartment ol the Cniversity of Minnesota. Elizabeth Sedate, his wife, died March 20, 1808. In the si)ring of 1!)(I0, a small-pox epidemic swept over the City of Minneapolis. Tlie Health dei)artment seemed unable to cope with the epidemic. At the instance of many of the leading jjhysiciaus of the city, and at the unanimons request of the Board of Health and without solicitation on his part. Dr. Norred was tendered the jiosition of spe- cial (]uaraiitine officer of the city, which he acceiited. After serving in this capacity for a little over six months and having quaran- tined ab'out four hundred cases, he jiresented the city with a clean bill of health, and at his suggestion and earnest solicitation the jMiblic-siiirited citizens of Minneajuilis con- tributed funds for construction of three fine (|uarantine hospitals in the city. Dr. Norred HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. as special quarantine officer prosecuted his work witli so niudi zeal and skill that he compelled the admiration and approval of all classes of citizens. The result of his work at this time and in this line is one of the many testimonials of his faithful, sterling life work. WHITE, Frank. — The soldier-governor of North Dakota, Frank White, elected in 1900 by a phenomenal vote, was born at Stillman Valley, 111., December 12, 1856. His father, Joshua White, was an early pioneer in the region north of the Ohio river, and finally settled in northern Illinois, taking up a farai on which the city of Stillman Valley now stands. He came from the original home of the Whites in Virginia. The family is of early Scotch-Irish descent, and Joshua White had a large share of the sturdy characteris- tics of his race. He was a member of the constitutional convention of Wisconsin, and a member of the Illinois state senate for a number of years. His wife. Governor Frank White's mother, was a Brown, descended from the Browns, of Brimfield, Mass., who were also largely of Scotch-Irish descent. Both the Whites and Browns were forceful people and both fought in the Revolutionary War, so that it is evident that Major White, the governor, came naturally by the traits which have made him the idol and the ideal ofticer of those who served with him in the late Spanish War. His early education was obtained in the district school near his home in Illinois. At seventeen years of age he was sent to a boarding school at Mt. Morris, of that state, to prepare for college. In 1876 he entered the University of Illinois, taking the four years' course in civil engineering, graduating in that course in 1880. He was a member of the Delta Tan Delta college fraternity, and a member of the college mili- tary organization. There he received his first military training, passing through all grades from high private to captain, com- manding one of the companies of the Univer- sity Battalion of Illinois National Guard. Immediately after graduating he was en- gaged in the engineering department of the, Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, where he remained for several years. In 1882 he resigned this position to take charge of a large farming property in Barnes county, N. D., in which he became interested. His success in this great enter]irise, and the ac- tivity he exhibited in advancing agricultural interests and in the im])rovement of the so- ( ial conditions in town, county and state, wher-e he showed so much judgment and practical wisdom, made him a man of such influence that he was thrust forward as a leader in whom the people could have con- fidence. Although he never sought political preferment his neighbors brought him out as a candidate for the lower house of the as- sembly in ISm, the very day on which he returned from his fathei'"s funeral. Here he served so efficiently that he was promoted to the senate at the next election, where he seiTed until he resigned to go to the Philip- pines. Barnes county was a strong center of Populism, which was at its height in 1803 and 1895, sweeping almost everything politi- cal before it; yet Mr. White, though an ai'dent Republican, was* successively elected, showing remarkable triumjih of sterling char- acter. In 1891 he joined the National Guard, and for several years served as ca[)tain of Company G. In 1894 he was commissioned major of the North Dakota National Guard, and has held the position ever since. On the first call for trooj>s in the Spanish War he ^'oluntecn•ed and was mustered into the United States service as major early in 1898, leaving Fargo with his regiment May 26, 1898, and returning September 28, 1899, dur- ing which time he was constantly in actual command of his battalion. He was in the first battle of Manila, August 13, 1898, where his courage and coolness won the confidence and devotion of every man in the battalion. He was also in the first battle with the Fili- pinos, February 4 and 5, 1899, and was after- wards in more than twenty engagements, in all of which he proA'ed his qualities as an intrepid soldier. He was the same trust- worthy leader in every emergency, always resourceful, daring, yet careful of his men, FRANK WHITE. HISTORY OK TIIK (iUBAT NORTIIWKST. whetlun- iiiai'diin};- by uif^lit throuffh the jun- jrlos jinil iiiii-c. Ill- nisliiufi to the attack t(i surprise tlie enemy. With sueh leaders it is uo wonder that Ihe Xortli Dakota rejri- meut was ■;:iveii such liij^li rauk by Generals Ovenshine. Kinj;' and Lawton. Since his re- turn Major AVhite has made Valley City his home, formiu}:: a law ])artnership under the tirni name of Lockerby & White. In 1894 he was married to Miss Elsie Hadley, of Indian- apolis, who was then a teacher of mathemat- ics in the State Normal School at Valley City, N. D. She is a jjraduate of Earlham College, and took hei- Master degree at the Michigan University at Ann Arbor. She is of Quaker extraction on both sides of her parentage and is still a member of the Friends' church at Indianapolis. Both hus- band and wife now attiliate with the Congre- gational church at A'alley City, though nei- ther is enrolled as a member. They have one child, Edwin Lee White, born in l.Sflfi. Mr. White is a member of the Masonic frater- nity, having passed through degrees to that of Knight Tem])lar and Xoble of the Mystic Shrine. His official residence as governor will be at Bismarck. What the future mav bring of course is hidden, but those who know Governor White and his capable wife look forward with great confidence. The governor is in close touch with educational interests of the state, and is regarded as the father of the state normal school system. KEYES, Adson Dean.— While litigation to equalize transportation rates has consider- ably abated, and the people have forgotten, to a great extent, the general public intei-est in the cases which largely settled the prin- ciples underlying the controversy, the men prominent in c(mducting the suits have left pemianent records of their acumen and legal lore. Intei-woven with these is the name of A. D. Keyes. of Faribault. Minn., the learned attorney in some of the earliest and most im- jiortant cases. He was bora at Acworth, N. H., October 22, 1842. His father, Adna Keyes, was a fai-mer and caqienter in mod- erate circiinistances. That he was a man of mure than the average force in the communi- ty, is shown by his sei-A'ices. He was a jus- tice of the jieace, a selectman, or town officer, and a representative in the legislature. His wife was Betsey Hilliard. Both names sug- gest early New England ancestry. Young Adson. after being old enough, was sent to school, summer and winter, until ten j'ears old, when his labor became of some value on tlie farm. He then attended school for eight weeks in winter, and worked on the farm the other forty-four weeks of the year. It is not strange that he should forget in so long a time each year what he learned at the short term of school, and thus be obliged to begin at the same place iii his studies every year. This continued until a college student be- came a teacher one winter. He stimulated the boy to learn and induced him to pursue, evenings, a course marked out for him, and lent him some second-hand text books. After an examination in these night studies, the boy, at the solicitation of the inspiring teach- er, determined to undertake a college course. He then attended two or three terms of "high school" taught elsewhere — "select schools" conducted by college students for a tuition charge, to raise means to pay their college expenses. At the age of twenty-three Mr. Keyes entered Kimball Union Academy at Meriden. N. H.. boarding himself at first, then paying his board by taking the manage- ment of a boarding club. During recreation hours, he earned monej- by working at any- thing he could find to do. Thus he graduated in 1808 as the best scholar in the class, and took the ^ aledictory. The same year he en- tered Dartmouth College and joined the Tri Kap])a Society. He was also a commissary of a boarding club there. During winter vaca- tions he taught school, and in summer vaca- tions worked on farms, except one season, when he served as a waiter at the Crawford House — a large hotel at the AVhite Moun- tains. Of course, he kept up with his class in studies all this time. He graduated in 1S72, when twenty-nine years of age, with the degi-ee of Bachelor of Arts. This hard work to pay his expenses from the time he was twenty-one, — without recreation or ces- sation. — was not particularly conducive to HISTORY OF THE GUEAT XOUTHWEST. jjood health. As ilr. Keves himself has said, "f?uch a course is an effective remedy fur any surplus health, or hilaritv, with which a stu dent may be afflicted." Because of failinj; health he came to the Northwest the year he graduated — l!-t72--and .settled at Faribault. Minn., where he has since lived. He then took ui) the study of law with Gordon E. Cole, and, to pay exj)enses, engajied to teach mathematics in the hifjh school, two hours a day. In 1873 lie was admitted to the bar and for six years practiced under and with Mr. Cole. The subsecpicnt progress of Mr. Keyes has proved that he built upon a substantial foundation. He has been city attorney and county attorney, and has lectured in the law department of the Minnesota State Univer- sity. Among the important cases tried by Mr. Keyes were "the milk rate"" case — State of Minnesota ex rel. Railroad & Warehouse Commissioners vs. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company in the state and United States courts; and the "long and short haul'" case — The Boards of Trade I'nion of Fariuington, Northtield, Faribault and Owatonna against the same company — both suits to ei|ualizi' ti-ansjtortation. Of .jury trials, eliciting public interest, the most i)rom- iuent perhaps are: A prosecution for killing a police officer, and an action for libeling a public schoolteacher. He is now counsel foi' the Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Railway Company; Security Bank; Theopold Mercantile Company; Sheffield Milling Com pany, Wisconsin Lumber Company, and Standard Oil Company. As he expresses it, he was a "Democrat when a boy; Republican whenaman.'' Asa memberof the legislature, he was a member of the judiciary committee. He was the author of the Act of 1887 to ap- point commissioners to prejiare a jirobate code. He was also prominent in railroad and high license legislation. As mayor of Faribault, he will always be associated with thel'ublic Library, established, and the City Hall, camiileteC, he received the otter of director of the rtah State Agricultural College, but was [lersuaded to decline it and go to Brookings, S. D., where he was honored with the elec- •tion of president of the South Dakota Agri- cultural College located at that place. He took charge in May of that year, and under his cai)able and elflcient management that college has assumed high rank among similar institutions. He has raised the standard of admission and considerably revised the course of study, making the work much more practical than formerly. In recogni tion of his work as an educator, Mr. Heston was honored with the degree of LL.D. by the Seattle University in 1894. Mr. Heston is a member of the Knights of Pythias and of the Phi Gamma Deltas, a Greek letter fraternity. He takes an active part in religious work and is a member of the Baptist church. He was married in 1881 to Miss Mary Ellen Calder. daughter of Dr. James Calder. of Harrisburg. Pa., who was for ten years president of the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania. Two sons have been born: Charles Elisha and Edward Calder. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. JIOTT, Kodney A., was born in ^Varsaw, (icune.ssee mow ^^'yl)nliul^•) foiiutv, X. Y., Dc- t-embei- (!, 1825, of i)aterual Scotch and ma- ternal Dutch ancestry. His father, Daniel Mott. died before his recollection, leavinji; his mother and infant sister, now Mrs. J. 1*. (''ani]>bell. of Sleeker county, ^linn., without a home or means of support. So the yoinii; lad was put out from place to j)lace until about eleven years of age, after which he maintained and educated liiniself fnmi tlic income of his own labor. He says he never became really ac(iuainted with his mother oi- realized her nobility until during the last eighteen years of her life, which she s])ent with him at his Ixuae in Failbault. In May. 1S3.5, the widow ]Molt, with, that sturdy en- terprise which characterized the self-reliant mother pioneers of the century, took passage with her two children on the schooner Aus- terlitz and sailed around the lakes to Chi- cago, then a little village of less than eight hundred white inhabitants. The vessel. drawing over seven feet, was unable to enter the Chicago river, and the passengers were landed by lighters, which were rowed across the present site of the Illinois Central dejiot to the sand bank, and marched into old Foit Dearborn. May l!l, 1S35. At this time :Miclii- gan was under a territorial government, Wis- consin not yet nanu^d. The ])oi)ulation of Illinois consisted of settlers on the Missis- sippi, Illinois and Ohio rivers, and the north ern jiortion was largely a wilderness, but rapidly settled after the great land sale of June, 1S35. Westward over a great continent of mountain and {)lain not a state or terri torial organization existed this side of the Pacific shore. The young Rodney S])ent his summers working on fanns, his autumns in himting bees, deer, raccoons in the big woods southwest of Chicago, and .spearing musk- rats and trapping for otter and mink in the Calumet swamps, on and around the site of the Columbian Exposition, and at- tending the public schools during the winters until his eighteenth year, when he started south to keep sc-hnol. walking all the way down eastern Illinois until he reached Terre PTaute, Ind., a distance of two hundred miles, and taught his first school at Clinton, on the Illll'Xin A MOTT. Waliasli. In tlu- sju-ing. returning to Chi- cago on foot, lie entered I'.aker's Aiiblican, in po- litical affairs. Beiiiji- a man of scholarly habits and literary fasti', a superior i)nblic speaker, whether before a jury oi' a mis- cellaneous audience, and of j;reat versatility, he has been always in demand for sjieeclies. addresses and pajiei-s on multifarious sub- jects. While averse to lioldinji i)oliti business of ])roinoting eTuigration and lo tlie K(il{(JK I'UUVIS. numaging of vast tracts of land for settle meut. They have been the public benefac- tors of the Northwest, and their lab a month ])aid him in I he serxice, in aciinirin;^ an education, and attended scIkio! at .Marl borough, Ohio, foi- two terms. The leacher of this village school was Harvey Smalley, an uncle of the late \'irgil Smalley, of SI. Paul. He inspired in the youthful veteran a desire to reach out for the higher and bet- ter things of this life, and created an im|mlse which bore fruit in later years. Mi-. Uowe entered the preparatoiy department of Ober lin (Vdlege, Ohio, in the sjiring of IStiti. At ter finishing the iirejiaratory course, he took up the regular classical course and graduated with the class of 187-. The two years jire- vious to his graduation he was princi])al of the high schcxd at Steubeuville, Ohio. Tlius. in four years he completed two years' prepai- atory Greek, three years" i)rei)aratory Latin, and a four-years college course. This meant hard work and close application to his stud- ies. Mr. Rowe continued as principal of the Steubeuville high school after graduation and held this jiosition for eighteen years, all told. He n^igned in ISSS to accejit the sup- erintendency of schools at Huron. S. I). At the close of his third term here, he acce])ted the su])erintendency of schools at Sioux Falls. Looking forward to Xormal school work, Mr. Rowe resigned after five years' service at the head of the schools of that city. and traveled for nearlv a year. ins])ecting the best schools of the country. He accejited his I)resent ap])ointinent in Jidy, 1S!)7. .Mr. Rowc's resignation in each instance meant the gi\ing u]) of a contract whi(di had an ad ditional year to run. ^^'hi!e a resident of South Dakota he was olferi'd the chaii- of mathematics in Yankton College. He was chairman, also, of the Dejiartment of ela Barnes, of (Jarner, Iowa. TT'RNER. Rollin James, Commissioner of .Agriculture and Labor for North Dakota, was born .Inly IC. 1S50, at Fond du Lac, Wis. His father. John D. Turner, was a native of Ohio. lb- came to Fond du Lac while still a young man and engaged in farm- ing, following this jiursuit until his death, in lS!)rt. His wife. Matilda ILarpham. is still living at the venerable age of St. She was ,1 native of Pennsylvania. To them were boin nine children, six boys and three girls, of \\hom only three sons and two daughters survive. Two sons sacrificed their lives for their country in the War of the Rebellion. Rollin J. resided undei- the parental roof aiSTOUY OK 'J'HK CKKA'I' X( •KTinVKST. KOI.LIX .). TfKXEK. until lu' had passed liis cij;liteenlli year. He attended the public schools of his native town, and upon reaching the age of eighteen became an apprentice at the trade of joiner and builder. This was his occupation for the next ten years, most of the time in Wis- consin. During the latter part of this period he was principally engaged in contracting and building. In the spring of 1882 he re- moved to North Dakota, and located at Glad- stone, in Stark county. The following year he erected a store building and engaged in business, handling general merchandise, farm machinery, etc. The same spring he brought his family west and settled on a homestead one mile south of Gladstone. He has materially increased his holdings since that time and owns 400 acres of land, 160 of which are under cultivation, the balance being used as pasture for a herd of horses. He also continues the business he first en- gaged in. Aside from his extensive business interests, Mr. Turner has always found time to take an active interest in public affairs. His political affiliations are with the Repub- lican party. He served as chairman of the county central committee from 1886 to 189-4. In 1894 and 1895 he was a member of the slate centi-al committee, and in that connec- tion became known throughout the Flicker- tail state as an active and reliable workei- in i)arty interests. He was the first assessor (if Stark county, having been elected in 1S84. In 1SS7 he was appointed postmaster of (Hadstoiie by President Harrison, and has held the position ever since with the excep- tion of a year and a half. He also served as a member of the state penitentiary board, having been appointed by Governor Fancher in 1898. He was elected to his present of- tice in 1900. Mr. Turner's fraternal connec- tions are with the Independent Order of For- esters. He is an attendant of the Ei)iscoi>al church, of which his family are membei-s. I )ecember 20, 1871, he was married to Mary II. Heathcote, at Fond du Lac, Wis. Mrs. Turner is a native of New York, and was brought to AMsconsiu at an early age by her jiarents, William A. and Jane M. (Wherry) Heathcote. Her father was an architect and builder, and is still lining; her mother is dead. Mr. and Mrs. Turner are the parents of three children, two of whom, Claude C, a deputy in his father's office, and Vivian, are now living. Guy, the first born, died at the age of two yeare. The family residence is ■ nicely situated in a nook between the hills and Heart river, on land adjoining the town- site of (Jladstone. It is a handsome and commodious dwelling, surrounded by trees jilanted by Mr. Turner, and with outbuildings sufficiently ample to meet all demands of rural life in the Northwest. Several fine springs of good water rush out from the hill- sides, which furnish an abundant supply for all purposes, including the irrigation of the garden and grove. NOYES, Arthur H.— The judiciary of the federal government has been for years re- garded as the goal of the highest ambitions of the attorneys of the United States. An appointment to serve as judge in one of these courts has always been looked upon as a compliment of no small moment. Such a position, especially in the larger districts and the unsettled parts of the country, re- (piires an official with a varied experience in order that he may cope with the peculiar HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. conditions that are bound to arise. The re- cent develoi>nient of the fjokl fields of Alaslva and the conse(iuent rapid settlement and re sultinj;- litif;ation necessitated tlie appoint- ment of an additional T'nited States federal judge in District of Alaska. The attorney selected for this important apjmintment was Arthur H. Noyes. at the time a in'ominent member t)f the Minnt^ajiolis bar. He was born April 15. 1S5:^, at Raraboo. >\'is., and is a son of D. K. Noyes and Clara Lucinda (Barnes) Noyes. Colonel 1). K. Noyes. the father of the subject of this sketch, was for many years a prominent citizen of the state of Wisconsin, residinji at BaraV)oo. where he had an extensive law practice. He came to Wisconsin in 1S44 and, shortly after being admitted to the bar, located at Baraboo. He served throughout the Civil Wav, entering service as cai>tain of Company A, Ninth Wisconsin Volunteers. He lost his right foot at Antietam, and while recuperating was sent home on recruiting work. He was able to again enter active service the follow- ing year and became a major in the Forty- ninth Wisconsin Volunteers, and was mus- tered out as colonel of the regiment. He was a member of the famous Iron Brigade and also of the Loyal Legion. The mother of Arthur H. Noyes was a granddaughter of Major Daniel Barnes, an oflficer of the Conti- nental amiy in a Massachusetts regiment; through him Judge Noyes is entitled to his membership in Sons of the American Revolu- tion. He was educated in the schools of his native state. He received his preparatory course in the high school at Baraboo and en tered the state university with the class of 1876. After graduation from college young Noyes entered the law department of the same institution and was graduated in 1S7S. He immediately entered upon the jtractice of law at Baraboo in partnershij) with his brother and classmate, R. E. Noyes. In 1S82 the brothers decided to locate in Dakota and started practice at Orand Forks, remaining there until 1887, when the partnership was dissolved and the brothers came to iliiine sota, R. E. Noyes locating in St. Paul, and A, H. Noyes at Minneajjolis. forming a ])art- AliTHtl! H. iNOYKS. uershii* with .1. F. .McGee, now judge of the district court at Minneapolis. In 1S!I;^> he formed a partnership with A. M. Harrison, now, also, a judge of the district fhurt at Minneapolis. In 181)8, shortly after Judge Harrison's retirement from the firm, E. A. Prendergast became associated with Mr. Xoyes under the name of Noyes & Prender- gast, which firm continued until Mr. Noyes leceived his appointment as United States judge for the Second Division, District of Alaska, with headquarters at St. Michaels, Alaska Territory. Judge Noyes had an ex tensive practice, including that of attorney for several large corjiorations and also that of local attornt'y for the Wisconsin Central railroad. Judge Noyes is of a social nature and has many friends among the members of the several societies of which he is a mem- bei-, ini-luding the Elks and tlie \arious branches of the Jlasonic order. He is a Knights Templar and also a Shriiier. He was married in 18tl4 to Mrs. Nancy Hawthorn. ■ludge Xoyes coiii(»s from a family of lawyers and it is not sui-prising llial his natui-al ten dencies have worked to secure liiiii liis high reward. HISTORY OF THE CUKAT XoKTUWIvST. LiJCNJAMIN I!. SHEFFIELD. SHEFFIELD, Benjaiuiu B.— Untiiiug energy, invmi'ible determination, close appli- cation to the matters in hand, are the essen tials that make for success. The successful man reaps his reward in applying to his busi- ness these important principles. If misfor- tune conies he commences the battle anew with increased energy and determination. His courage never deserts him, and the stren- uousness of his character leaves its impress on the community in which he lives. The Northwest owes its present commercial im- portance to men possessing just such ag- gressive characteristics. One of these men is Benjamin B. Sheffield, president of the Slieffield Milling company, of Faribault, Minn. :Mr. Slieffield was born at Aylesford, Nova Scotia. December 2.3, 1860. His father, M. B. Sheffield, first engaged in the retail merchandise business when he located at Faribault in 180.5. Later he became a miller. He was a native of Nova Scotia, and of Scotch-English ancestry. He died, at Fari- bault, in 18nn. He was a good business man, and was noted for his high standard of in- tegrity and morality. His wife, Rachel Tuj) l>er, belonged to one of the first families of Nova Scotia. She died in 1868. The sub- ject of our sketch received his early educa- lion ill the jtublic schools of Faribault. I.alcr he attended the Shattuck Military School and spent five years of study in that institution, graduating in 1S8(), with honors. He jiassed the examination for Yale College, but did not enter owing to financial reasons. Instead he assumed the management of the Walcott flour mills for his father when scarcely nineteen years of age. The busi- ness developed rapidly under his aggi-essive management, the property was placed on a sound financial basis, and the capacity of the plant was increased to 1,000 barrels daily. The mills burned down in 18!).5, and as an instance of his business cajjacity it may be mentioned that before the fire had been (liicnched, Mr. Sheffield had already tele- graphed to Milwaukee for a milling engineer to prepare plans for a new mill. The new mill was completed and running within four months, Mr. Sheffield in the meantime having organized a new company — the Sheffield Milling company — with a paid-up capital of .f20n,000. The business since that time has steadily increased, and it controls and ope- rates elevators throughout Minnesota and the Dakotas. The capacity of the plant at the present time is 2,000 barrels daily. Mr. Sheffield is also actively identified with other companies. He is president of the Crown Milling company, which operates a large mill at Morristown, Minn., and of the Crown Ele- vator company, with headquarters at Minne- apolis, which owns and operates a line of fifty elevators in Minnesota and South Da- kota. He is also president of the Security Bank at Faribault. Mr. Sheffield is highly esteemed for his business integrity, and for the interest he takes in all efforts to pro- mote the welfare of the community in which he lives. His political afliliations are with the Republican party. He was mayor of Faribault for two terms, and was the choice of both political i^arties for his second tenn. He is a member of the board of trustees for the state institute for the blind, deaf and the feeble-minded, located at Faribault, and is treasurer of the different boards. He is also a trustee of the Shattuck Military School and the Seabury Divinity School. He is a HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Kui^lits Temi)lai' and a tliirtv-second degree Mason. His c-linrch conuections arc with the Episcopalian denomination, and lie is a vestryman in Bishop Whipple's cathedral parish. July 11, 18S9, he was married to Miss Carrie A. Crosseth. Their union has been blessed with two children: islanchc and Amy. RAMSEY, Alexander. — There is a pecu- liar honor in being a potent factor in the be- jiinuing of a successful enterprise — an honor all recognized, shedding a lustre a little brighter, i)erhaps, than subsetpient achieve ments, however nieritorous. Alexander Ram- sey will always occupy that place of honor in the history of the state of Minnesota, and therefore in that of the "Great Northwest." When President Taylor was inaugurated, in 1849, the Territory of Minnesota had just been established — March 3, 1849 — on paper, but had not yet been organized. Mr. Ram- sey, having served two terais in Congress — refusing a third election — and showing un- usual sagacity and practical knowledge of affairs, was chosen by the President as a suitable man to put the public machinery in motion as the Governor of the Territory. May 27, 1849, Governor Ramsey began his work. The tirst ten-itorial legislature was convened in September, and met in a little hotel on the bank of the Mississippi. There were present, comprising the legislative body, just twenty-seven members. Governor Ram- sey was also the "War Governor," with all the responsibility which that implies. Be- fore the president had called for troojis Gov- ernor Ramsey tendered him a regiment of a thousand men to maintain the integrity of the nation. The first year of the war he oi-- ganized live regiments and sent them otf. The following year he organized five more, in addition to the battalions raised to quell the Indians in the southwestern pai-t of the state. The labor involved in this work was even greater than that required in the organi- zation of the territory. Another luminous star in his crown of honor as trijile gover- nor, is the school fund of the state, which is Al.lOXAMlKl; ItAMSKV. Ini-geiy due to his prescience and prudence when persistent and organized efforts were made to deplete it. Congress very generous- ly voted to Minnesota double the atoount of ijublic lands previously given to new states for public school purposes. While heretofore only one section — the sixteenth in each town- ship — had been allotted for schools, Minne- sota and Oregon for the first time received an additional section — ^the thirty-sixth in each township. Minnesota had practically no set- tlement except in the southern part. The lands donated were deemed of little value, outside of that region. The state was in need of money. A powerful syndicate was formed to buy up the school lands at .11.25 an acre. A bill was pushed through the leg- islature favoring this sale. Governor R^uu- sey, warned by the experience of other states which had frittered away their school lands, determined to save the immense fund fiu' Minnesota, so he vetoed the bill. Repeated attempts were made by combinations of in- lluential politicians to alienate these lands, but Governor Ramsey was infiexible. He in- sisted that the minimum jirice, if sold at all. should be at least three times the jirice then Ijut on them, and thus prevented the heritage HISaX)KY (>!• THE GllEAT NOKTHAXEST. from beiny sqiiaudert'd. He is therefore just- ly entitled lo be tailed the "father of the school fuud," which iu the year 11)00 yielded a revenue from $lL',o4U,5!Jy, and which is destined to greatly increase, for there are still 401,048 acres not yet under lease. Gover- nor Kamsey was born near Harrisburg. Pa., September 8, 1815. He is of Scotch-German descent. His father, Tliomas Ramsey, had Scotch progenitors, as the name indicates. His mother was of the sturdy German race, who were among the earliest settlers of the state, and who contributed so largely to its stability. His father died when Alexander \\as ten years old, and he found a home with his grand uncle, Frederick Kelker, a well-to- do merchant, in whose store he got a first glimpse of practical business. He was fortu- nate in one of his early teachers, Isaac D. Kupp, — afterwards known as the author of a staudai-d history of I'enusylvania, — who stimulated the boy"s taste for study. He en- tered ].,afayette College at Easton when eigh- teen years of age, and was twenty-two years old when he began the study of law with Hon. Hamilton Alricks, of Harrisburg. Two yeai-s later, in 183!), he was admitted to the bar, and very soon after opened an office at Harrisburg. During the presidential cam- paign of 1840, he took such an active part that he was elected chief clerk of the Penn- sylvania House of Representatives. In 1843, when but little beyond constitutional age limit of twenty-five years, he was elected to Congress, and he was re-elected for the fol- lowing term, but refused a third election. He then resumed his professional practice. In 184!) he was appointed governor of Minne- sota Territoi";\', as mentioned. Beside the signal ser\'ice to the state, to which allusion has been made, Governor Ramsey added to the public domain of the commonwealth available for settlement, l)y treaties with the Sioux Indians at Mendota and at Traverse de Sioux, forty million acres of the best lands of the state, besides an immense tract acijuired from the Chippewas of Red Lake at the treaty of 1803. As territorial governor his service ended in 18."):',. In 1855 he was elected mayor of St. Paul. ^Mr. Ramsey was elected Governor of the new state in 1859, beginning his administration January 2, 1800, and was re-elected at the expiration of his term. In 18G3 lie was elected United States senator, and at the end of the six- yeare term he was re-elected. He was em- phatically an active member. He won the respect and confidence of the members of both houses of congress by his sound judge- ment and practical wisdom. In 1875 he re- tired from the senate and had a short re- spite from official duties. In 1879 he was called to the cabinet of President Hayes, as secretarj- of war. In 1882 he was appointed one of the commissioners under the "Ed- munds law,'" to control polygamy in Utah, and was elected chairman. In 188G he re- signed his position, having served four year-s. In 1845 he was married to Miss Anna Earl Jenks, a daughter of Hon. Michael H. Jenks, a judge and congressman of Bucks county. Pa, Mrs, Ramsey was a cultured, refined and estimable woman, conspicuous in social circles, both in Washington and St, Paul for nearly forty years. She died in 1884 at the age of fifty-eight years. WELCH, Victor John, was boni at Madi- son, Wis., October 8, 1860, His father, Wil- liam Welch, is a native of Jettei-son county, X. Y., and a lawyer by profession. He was bora November 12, 1821, In 1844 he moved to \A'isconsin, and began the practice of his profession, which was continued in that state until 1882, when he removed to Minneapolis, Minn., where he has since lived. He became one of the best known lawyers in Wisconsin, and conducted a litigation in many important cases. He was likewise prominent in Wis- consin political attairs and was originally a \\'hig. He was the firet chainuan of the first Whig Central ( 'ommittee of Wisconsin. Vic- tor's mother's maiden name was Jane W. Pethei-ick. She was the daughter of Wil- liam J. Petherick, an English lawyer of note, who came from London in an early day and settled in Dane county, Wis. Victor's grand- father, on his father's side, was Samuel Welch, a sailor — ship carpenter — in the American navy, in the war of 1812, and died of disease contracted in the service. The HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. public schools of Wisconsin gave the boy Victoi- his literary education. AMien he adopted, very naturally, the profession of his lather, and that of his grandfather, he en tered the law department of the Wisconsin State University, where he graduated, and was admitted to practice in ISSl. He, how ever, had begun his law studies in his father's otKce at Madison, Wis., sijending three jears, 1878 to 1881, at the university. The next yeai', 1882, he moved from Madison to Min- neapolis, where he immediately went into pi'actice as a member of the law Arm of Welch, Botkin & Welch. This Ann c-ontin- ued about eleven j-ears, being dissolved in 1893. He then continued the practice for two years with his father, under the style of Welch & Welch. In 1895 his father retired from active practice, and the junior member formed a partnership with Robert L. I'euney and Marcus P. Hayne, under the firm name of Penney, Welch & Hayne, and continued under this name until the summer of 1890, when Frank K. Hubachek and Henry Con- lin were admitted as members, and the style was changed to \\'elch, Hayne, Hubachek & Conlin. The junior member retired after a short time,and the firm since has been Welch, Hayne & Hubachek. Although Mr. Hayne died recently, the old name has been retained. The practice of this firm has been extensive, covering all branches of law, and it is one of the highest standing at the bar. It has been especially strong in jury cases. Mr. Welch, aside from his profession, has been interested and active in military mattei-s. In 1879 he enlisted in Company C, 4th Battalion of Wis- consin Kational Guard, and had a taste of real service during the "lumber riots' ' in W^isconsin, where he was on duty. When he came to Minnesota in 1882, he enlisted in Company C of the First Regiment of Minne- sota National Guard. In 1883 he was com- missioned Captain of the company, and held the commission and commanded the company until 1887, when he resigned to accept com mission of judge advocate general of tin- state, tendered him by Governor A. K. Mc- Gill, and which he filled until the expiration of his term of oftice. While captain of Com- pany B he served at Stillwater, guarding vk-thii .1. \vi;i.(;h. jirisoners, when the state prison was de- stroyed by fire. He also took an active part in securing legislation providing f«r the building of armories for the ^■ational Guard, at public expense. In politics Mr. Welch has always been a Republican, but has never sought nor held any political oUice. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity; of the Elks; of the Minneapolis Club, and the La Fayette Club. In religion he affiliates with the Episcopalians, although he is not enrol- led as a member of the church. He was mar ried November 10, 1887, to Miss Elizabeth Jones, of Detroit, Mich. They have two chil- dren living: Elizabeth Jeanette, 8 years old, and Victor Stuart, two years old. A daugh- ter, Dorothy, died in infancy. ATWATER. Isaac, of .MiiiiicaiPdlis. was one of the first settlers at St. Anthcmy, the editor of the first paper published in that lit- tle hamlet, one of the foremost lawyers in the state of Minnesota, an occupant of a seat on the supreme bench of that state for several years, and has been connected with the Hen nepiu county bar longer than any man now living. He is a native of New York state. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. ISAAC AT WATER. and was born at Homer, Cortland county, A[ay 3, 1818. His father was Ezra Atwater, a farmer, a native of Connecticut, of English extraction, whose ancestors settled in New Haven about the year 1718. His mother was Esther Learning, also a native of Connect- icut, of English descent. Up to his sixteenth year he was employed on the farm and then entered Cazenovia Seminary, afterwai-ds Homer Academy, where he prejiared for college. He entered Yale University in 1840, and graduated in the cla.ssical course. He then took up the study of law in the law dei)artment of that institution, gradu- ating in 1847, and was admitted to the bar the same jear. He commenced the prac- tice of his profession in New York City, but on account of ill health was compelled to seek a change in climate. In 1850 he came west and located at St. Anthony, fonning a law ])artnershi]) with .John \V. North, which continued for about a year. The St. Anthony Express first appeared in 1851. Mr. Atwater's able pen made that paper second in influence to no paper west of Chicago. It was through his earnest ad- vocacy that the first large flour mill was lo- cated at the Falls. In 1852. Governor Ram- sey ajipointed him to the position of reporter of the supreme court of the territory. The following year he was elected district attor- ney of Hennepin county. In 1857, at the first election, he was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of the state. He held this position until 18tJ4, when he resigned, having received a lucrative offer to resume practice in Carson City, Nev. Here he formed a partnership with Judge C. E. Flandrau, who went west about the same time, and upon their return to Minneapolis in the latter part of 186C, this jjartnership was resumed, only to be dissolved in 1871, when Judge Flandrau removed to St. Paul. For a considerable time thereafter Judge Atwater was the sen- ior member of the law finu of Atwater & Babcock. Judge Babcock was a laborious practitioner at the law, and while on the bench conducted himself with so much digni- ty, impartiality and industry as to win the esteem and admiration of the legal profes- sion in general. In. 1851, he was elected a member of the first board of regents of the University of Minnesota, and as its secretary labored long and earnestly in its interests. He has served his city as alderman, and was a member and president of the Board of Trade for several years; was also a trustee of the Seabury Seminary at Faribault, and was nuuiy years a member of the school board and president of the board of education. In 1892 Mr. Atwater edited "The History of Min- neapolis," the most complete I'eview of the early history of that city which has been pub- lished. He is a member of the Masonic Or- der, and was one of the original members of Cataract Lodge of St. Anthony. In 1849 Judge Atwater was married to Permelia A. Sanborn, of Geddes, N. Y. Four children were born to them, only one of whom, a son, is now living — John B. Atwater — who is one of the prominent and successful lawyers of Minneaijolis. BOWLER, James Madison.— Owing prob- ably to the similarity of climate, Minnesota seems to be peculiarly attractive to natives of Maine. A very large percentage of the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. men prominent in the business and public life of tlio Xortli Star State were born in the pine dad state of Slaine. Tbey have been noted for their iiitcllifience, euerfiy and en- tei-prise, eontributing iu no small dej^ree to the development of their new home. Al thoujih jiroud of their nativity, they are ardently loyal to the state of their adoption. Among many who have made their mark in the new field and earned an honored name for themselves and for their posterity may be numbered Jlajor James M. Bowler, the ettieient head of the state dairy and food dejiartment of Minnesota. He was born in 1838, at Lee, Me. His father, Edward How- ler, was born at Palenuo, in the same state, in 1811, and was mai-ried to <"lara August Smith of Litchfield. Me. Hoth i)arents were of English ancestry and of early I'liritaii stock. Several of the family served iu the Revolutionary War and in the war of 1812. The majoi*'s father, Edward Bowler, was an active, influential, well-to-do merchant, com- bining with trade the business of fanning and lumbering, and was for a time a member of the legislature. He moved to Minnesota and took a homestead farm in Renville coun- ty, near Bird Island, where he died in 1878. Mrs. Edward Bowler was a relative to John Day Smith, the well-known lawyer of Miu neapolis. She died when only thirty three years old. Young Bowler began his education iu the traditional district school. He then attend- ed the Normal Academy in his native town, after which he pursued the higher studies in Westbrook Seminary at Stevens I'lains, Me. This literary course was liberally inter- spersed with manual training in various forms, ranging from work in the woods at lumbering, to bookkeeping and clerking in his father's store. He commenced teaching school when yet in his teens. In 1S5T he struck out for the west, landing at Hale's Corners, Milwaukee county. Wis., and taught school again for a year there and in Wal worth county. He then pushed on to Min nesota, coming to St. Anthony Falls, where he secured work in the printing office of ("rof fut & Clark. The next year, 185'), he was beguiled to his old vocation, and took a .lA.MKs .M. ]iii\\i,i:k. school at Xiniiiger, Dakota county. Al the firing on Fort Sumter, in April, 1861, he en- listed for three months in Company E, of the First Minnesota Reg-imenl. 0#the ex- piration of his tenii he enlisted in Company F, Third Minnesota. His patriotic zeal, ap- titude for service, and his superior educa- tion, secured him rapid promotion to corpo- ral, sergeant, second lieutenant and captain within ii little over a year, the date of his captain's commission being December 1, 18G2, when only twenty-three years of age. He was on the staff of General C. C. Andrews from Septend)er, LSfi;?, until February, ISG4, when he Mas assigned to the duty of i-aising a rcgimcni of colored troops at Little Rock. Ark. He was so successful, that, young as he was, he was made major of the regiment, numbered 113 JL S. Colored Troops, April 1, iSd;"), and served until A|iril !), ISC.Ii. He was at (litt'eT-cnt times a member of courts martial and of a military comiuission. He parlii i]iatcd iu several iuii)ortant battles, among them the seige of ^'icksburg, capture of Little Rock, battle of Mui'freesboro, July l.".. 1S02, and the Indian battle of \\'ood Lake. Jliini., Seplember li:!.1S(iii. where he commanded a companv. The Third Ue"i- HISTORY OF THE CHEAT NOUTinX EST. iiiciil and the Renville Rangers bore the 1)111111 i)f this tij>lit. which broke the back- bone of the Indian iijirising. It affected the release of about three hundred captive whites of whom one hundred and fifty were women and children, among whom were many teach- ers, and refined, educated women. It also secured the surrender of 1.500 Indians, four hundred of whom were warriors, includinn those afterwards convicted of perpetrating the massacres. When mustered out of service Major Bow- ler returned to Nininger and engaged in teaching school and farming until 1871, when he took up a homestead at Bird Island, and established a residence in May, 1872. Tlie development of the country made a demand for men of education and competent execu- ti\c ability. Major Bowler was pressed into the ser\ice. He was, at intervals, justice of the peace, town supervisor, town treasurer, town assessor, and town clerk. He was also led to accept the position of traveling col- lector for the Minneapolis Hai'vester Com- pany, and the right of way agent for the M. & N. W. railway. These duties made him widely known, and naturally led into the broader field of state activity. In 1887 he opened an office at Bird Island to engage in real estate, insurance and loan business, be- sides farming. While busy with his own af- fairs he identified himself with every move- iiieiil of progress, giving liberally of his tiiiH' and means to any enterprise which promised to benefit the community. In con- seciuence of this public spirit and his recog- nized ability he was frequently nominated for office. He ca.st his first vote as a Repub- lican, in Minnesota, in 185!), and subsequently he voted for Lincoln both terms and for (irant the first term. He was nominated on the Republican ticket for register of deeds in Dakota county, in 1866 and in 1868. He became a Democrat in 1871. He was elected as a Democrat to i-epre.sent Renville county in the legislature in 1878. He was speaker's clerk in the legislature in 1891 and ran for <-ongress in the third district on the IVoples' party ticket in 1894. He was nominated candidate for lieutenant governor on the Fu- sion ticket in 1896 and in 1898. In Januarv, 1899, he was ajjpointed state dairy and food commissioner, the {losition which he now holds, and for which his experience and prac- tical knowledge admirably fit him. lie is a member of the^Iasonic order. East- ern Star, and of the Loyal Legion and Grand Army of the Republic, in the affairs of which he has taken part with his characteristic energy. Major Bowler is a man (tf strict morality, and although not a church member he leans, as he says, towards the Baptist de- nomination, of which his family are mem- bers. He was married, in ISfiJ, to Lizzie S. ('al- ert', of New Brunswick, a descendant from Dr. Caleff", a noted snrgeon of the British army, and is bountifully blessed with chil- dren, having had ten, eight of whom are liv- ing. Mrs. W. T. Law, of Northfield, Minn.; Burton H., a lawyer at Bird Island; Kate C, Madison C, and Frank L., students at the Minnesota University, Josephine A., at home, and Edna B., now at school at Olivet, Mich. He is a model husband, an aft'ec- tionate father, and a citizen without re- proach, honored and resjiected for his integ- rity, versatile ability and pure life, where- ever known. WELD, Frank Augustine, president of the State Normal School at Moorhead, Jlinn., is one of the foremost educators of the Koi-th- ■west. His career in the educational field has been one of unbroken success, extending over a period of more than twenty years. He was liorn in Skowhegan, Me., Decem- ber 10, 1858. His father, George Weld, is a native of that state, as was his mother, whose maiden name was Lucy A. Bobbins. She w;is born and reared in the town of Rome, and died at Skowhegan in 1898. On his father's side, both his great grandfathers were identified with the early struggles of the American colonies. His great grand- father Ridgeway was a member of the "Bos- ton Tea Party," which destroyed the cargo of tea in Boston Harbor, December 16, 177.3, and as a member of the Massachusetts militia he was detailed as a builder for the construc- tion of fortifications at Bunker Hill and III8T(tItV OF THE (iUlOAT XOUI'IIW KWW otliM' i)laces ill and ahont Hostoii. Later he 8aw iiiiich service diiriuf;- the Kevohitionary War. His j;reat graiidfatlier Weld and his son were soldiers in the War of 1812, the former dyinj;' in the service. Frank A. at tended the jmhlic scIkjoIs of his native town. and prejjared for c<)lie<;i' in the Skowiicnan hii;h school and liloonitield Academy. IIi' entered Colby Tniversity in I he fall of 1877. During;' vacations flic yoimj; collcjic stndeiit tanjiht in llic cdiiiilry schools. In the fall of 18S1 he was apiiointcd jirincipal of the grammar school at .Machias, .Me. Later he went to ( "herryfield, in the same stale. and was jirincijiai of the hifih school in that city, lie caoLc lo Jliniiesota in the spring; of 1SS2. and was snperintendent of schools at Farminjiton for one and a half years. The five years following he served as siijierin teiident of schools at Zunibrota. In the fall of 188!) he went to Fergus Falls, and was snperintendent of schools in that city until December 23, 1894, when he resigned to be- come general agent in the Northwest for D. (". Heath & ("onipaiiy's jjublishing business, and moved to Minneajiolis. In the fall of 1895 be was elected superintendent of the city schools at Stillwater. While holding this position Jlr. Weld had charge of the educational work done among the convicts in the state i)rison, which gave him an excel- lent ojijiortunity to further his studies along sociological lines of thought. In the spring of 18!)8 he was elected to the presidency of the State Normal School at ^^■in()na. but de- clined the appointment, remaining at the head of the Stillwater schools until the sum- mer of 1899, when he accepted his present position. His administration of the affairs of the Moorhead Normal has been highly satisfactory, and has more than met the ex- pectations of his many friends. He is a cl<)se student of ediicalional problems, and what changes he has clfected in the cur riculum have been along the lines of the ino.st advanced methods, but only such as have been jn-oven of value. Mr. Weld jvos- sesses marked executive ability, and is un- usually successful as an organi/.cr. winning the sympathy, respect and contidencc of the managing board by his candid, uuswer\ing FKA.XK A. Win.l and gendenianly bearing. In politics, Mr. Weld is a Kepublican. He is a Mason, a Knight of Pythias and an Elk. He also be- longs to the Delta Kai)pa Ej)silon *college fraternity. His church connections are with the ("ongregational denomination. In 1880, he was married to Miss Hattie E. Elwell, daughter of James Elwell, of Zunibrota, Minn. Their union has been blessed with three children: .Moselle Edna, aged 12 years; Lucy Alice, aged 10 years; and Frank El- well, aged two and a half years. DO^VLIN(i, Michael John.— Misfortune is sonielinu's a benefactor; yet few men, ex- periencing anything like the calamity which befell the subject of I his sketch when a youth, would have had the courage and de- lerniination lo overcome the ai)i)areii(ly iu- surmounlable obstacles which beset his path and attained the measure of success he has achieved. His cai-eiM- furnishes an object lesson that all young men should lake to heart. Mr. Dowling was liorii at llunliug- ton, Haniiiden county. .Mass.. February 17, 18(;(;. He attended the imblic schools of that slate, also those in Wisconsin and .Miuui-sota. HISTORY OF Tim GKEAT NUKT11\\1«T. MICHAIOL J. HOWLING. His parents were in poor circumstances, and from his eleventh to his fourteenth year the lad was employed in farm work and herd- ing cattle in Lyon and Yellow Medicine coun- ties, Minn. The night of December 4, 1880, he was overtaken by a blizzard on the prairie near Canby, Minn., and lost his bearings. The only shelter he could find was that of a straw stack. As a result of that exposure to the elements both legs were amputated six inches below the knees, the left arm four inches below the elbow, and all of his fingers and half of the thumb of the right hand. Until April 1, 1883, he remained as a charge upon the county of Yellow Medicine, when, having obtained some artificial limbs through the assistance of friends, he began, without a cent, to carve out his fortune. His first venture was at odd jobs of painting. He then secured sufficient funds to establish a roller skating rink, which proved very suc- cessful. He followed this up by teaching in the public schools, and served as principal of the school at East Granite Falls, Minn., in 1886. and of the Renville, Minn., schools from 1887 to 1890. He had by this time earned enough money to give him a fair start in life, and he declined reappointment to the latter position in order to engage in the pub- lication and editorshij) of the Renville Star, which he had already established. He sold 111!' Star a few months later, however, and for the next three years traveled extensively throughout the United States and Canada as a special insurance agent. In 18!I2 he re-]iui-chased the Star, and, also, accpiired its contemporary, the Fanner. He still contin- ues the publication of the consolidated paper, and. though identified with a number of other Inisiness enterprises, regards newspaper wiirk as his ])rofession. ilr. Bowling's jnom- inence in public life has been brought about largely through his participation in political affairs in the ranks of the Republican party. He was village recorder of Renville for one term; justice of the peace four years; secre- tary of Renville county Republican commit- tee, and delegate to various district and state conventions. He was the first assistant clerk of the house of representatives of Min- nesota in 1893, and chief clerk of that body at the two following sessions. He was elect- ed a member of the lower house in 1900. and when that body organized was its unanimous choice for speaker. He made an admirable executive officer, increasing the respect and •esteem of the members by his fair and im- partial rulings. Mr. Bowling was secretary of the National Republican League from 1895 to 1898, and proved himself a most effi- cient organizer, rendering valuable services to his party. In 1899 he was sent on a spe- cial commission to the Philippines by Presi- dent McKinley, and it is much to his credit that many of the recommendations he made in that connection have since been acted upon. He was secretary of the Minnesota Editorial Association for two years, has rep- resented it in the National Editorial Associa- tion three different times, and was sent to the first national good roads convention at As- bury Park, in 1894, as the representative of the St. Paul Commercial club. He is a mem- ber of the K. P., the I. O. O. F. and the A. O, U. W., the St. Paul Press club, and the Mar- quette club, of Chicago. October 2, 1895, he was married to Miss Jennie L. Bordewich. at Atlanta. Ga. Mrs. Bowling is a daughter of Henry Bordewich, consul-general at HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Chi'istiania, Norway. Two children are liv- ing, Dorothy E.. aged two years and five months, and jMaggie J., aged one month. JOYCE, Frank Melville.— Scotuh-lrish an- cestors have furnished many distinguished descendants to the United States. The race is numerous and widely spread. But Dutch Irish is a rare combination. Yet Ool. Frank M. Joyce can boast of this almost unique line- age. He was born at Covington, Ind., in 1802. His father is Eishop Isaac W. Joyce, the eminent divine of the Methodist Episcopal church. His ancestors came from Dublin, Ireland. He for many years was a noted preacher and a successful pastor of the larg- est chuches of the denomination in Cincin- nati, and was elected to the Bishopric by the General Conference of the church, which met in New Y'ork City in 1888. Frank M. Joyce's mother was Carrie VY. Bosserman, whose an- cestors were Dutch, and who settled in Penn- sylvania in an earl^' day. She was born, however, in Indiana, and was educated in Baltimore, Md. Y'oung Joyce received his primary' education in the public schools of Lafayette, Ind., and subsequently took a special course of study at Baltimore. He then entei'ed the Indiana Asbury University — now better known as De Pauw University — at Green Castle, Ind., in 1877, graduat- ing in 1882 with the degree of Bachelor of Arts. He afterward took the degree of Mas- ter of Arts. In college he was especially distinguished for his mathematical profi- ciency, taking the class gold medal in mathe- matics. The students of the university re- ceived military training under an officer of the United States Army, detailed for the pur- pose. Y^oung Joyce, although his father was a noted man of peace, showed great aptitude for military science, and reached the rank of Cadet Major for the military department in the University, at the time of his graduation. He organized and drilled the far famed ''Asbui^- Cadets," a company which won all the first prizes in the state local drill contests, and which won the first l)rize in the great Interstate Artillery I'rize Drill Contest, held in 1882 at In- Fit a xk M. JOYCH. dianapolis, where eight competing batteries from various sections of the United States took part. His cadets at the same time also won the third prize in infantry drilf out of fourteen competing companies present from abroad. On Mr. Joyce's removal to Cincin- nati immediately after graduation, he was made captain of the Cincinnati Light Artil- lery and served with his battery during the famous Court House riots. For his efficien- cy in that emergency he received special tele- graphic commendation from Governor Hoad- ley, then chief Executive of Ohio. In 1892, Col. Joyce was appointed a member of Gov- ernor McKinley's military staff, and served as colonel thereon for three years, or until his removal to Minnesota. When in college Mr. Joyce was a member of the college (ireek letter society, Beta Theta I'i, and took such an active interest in it that it has never abated. For several years he published the Fraternity Magazine. Afterwards he com- piled and edited the Fraternity song book, which is still in use. He is president of the Northwestern Beta Theta Pi Alumni Asso- ciation, as well as president of the Club House of the society. He is likewise active in other fraternal associations, being a Knighl HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NORTHWEST. of Pj"thi:is and a member of the Masonic Order, in all the various degrees of the York Rite, and is a thirty-second degree Mason of the Scottish Kite. He is identified active- ly with the Apollo Club, of Minneapolis, hav- ing served for sevei'al years as vice president, and as secretary. He is also a member of the Board of Trade, Commercial Club, Minne-, kada Club, and the Minneapolis Club. On leaving college he went into the service of the Queen City National Bank at Cincinnati, Ohio, as teller, a position which he held until 1888, when he resigned to become the general agent of the Provident Life and Trust Com- pany of Philadelphia, having for his field eastern Ohio. After two years in this sei-v- ice, he resigned to accept an agency, with headquarters at Cincinnati, for the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, of Newark, N. J., one of the old substantial companies of the East. In 1894 he was promoted to take charge of the interests of the company in the Northwest, covering the states of Min- nesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and northwestern Wisconsin, with offices at Min- neapolis, where he now resides. In 1883 he was married to Miss Jessie Birch of Bloom- ington, 111. They have four children: Arthur Reamy, Carolyn, Wilbur Birch, and Helen Joyce. Col. Joyce is a member of the Meth- odist Episcopal church and is secretary of the board of trustees of the Hennepin Ave- nue church. TATE, James N., M. A., superintendent. Minnesota School for the Deaf, Faribault. During the past quarter of a century. Prof. James Nolley Tate has devoted his undivided time and best energies to the education of the deaf, the object of his work being develop- ment of the minds, hearts, and bodies of untaught and consequently ignorant deaf children, gradually transforming them into intelligent, self-supporting, law abiding citi- zens, of whom their state may rightly feel proud. Before coming to Minnesota, in July, 1890, he gave more than twentv vears of his life to his chosen work in the Missouri school for the deaf, as instructor, assistant superintendent, and superintendent. To tell the story of his life during the period of his connection with that institution, would be to write the histo- ry of the school while under his management. He underwent a thorough practical course in every grade of institution work. Under his charge, the Missouri school arose to sixth place in point of attend- ance among schools of its kind in the countrj-, and in the scope and character of its work it progressed in keeping with its size; and though once almost totally destroyed by tire, its work was not in- terrupted; its growth was not checked. Its magnificent buildings of the present day stand, in great measure, a uionuuu^ut to his successful management. So highly was he esteemed on account of his work in Missouri that, when in 189(5 the venerable Dr. Noyes, of whom there appears a sketch in this work, retired from the super- intendency of the Minnesota school, the board of managers, after looking over the available men in similar positions through- out the country, decided to in\-ite Mr. Tate to leave his Southern home to accept the g\iperintendency of a Northern school. In carrying forward the work of the Min- nesota school, Mr. Tate has been eminently successful, all departments of the work mov- ing on hai-moniously. If one department is more his favorite than another, it is the man- ual trades that might claim his preference, he being a firm believer in the importance of manual training for the deaf. He would educate the hands as well as the minds and hearts of his pupils. The marked advances of the school in the various trades during his superintendency give the best evidence of his zeal. Concerning his family history, Mr. Tate is the third son of Col. Isaac Tate, who came to Missouri from Kentucky with his father, who was one of the pioneer settlers of Callaway county. The family is of Scotch descent and settled in Pennsylvania at an early date; the branch from which Mr. Tate is descended moved to HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NOHTHWr'TST. Virginia, and took an active part in the Rev- olutionary struggle. An uncle on tbc fath- er's side lost his life in the battle of (iuilford Court House. He was the captain of a com- pany no member of which was less than six feet tall. llr. Tate's mother was Miss Henderson, who came to Missouri from Virgina with her father's family when she was onlj* twelve years of age. Mr. Tate was born on the 15th of October, 1851. His boyhood dajs were passed on his father's large farm in Callaway. He attend- ed a district school, until he entered West- minster, a well known Presbyterian college in Missouri, from which he graduated with the degree of B. S. During the next two years he took a post-graduate course, upon the completion of which the degree of M. A. was conferred. He next taught in a district school for a short time. In 1S70 he began his life work, accepting a position as instructor in the Missouri School for the Deaf. Though twice during his career there as teacher and assistant sup- erintendent, he was ottered the position of superintendent of similar schools in other states, he remained in the Missouri school, until, upon the retirement of its founder, lie was appointed superintendent. \\'hile a teacher in Missouri, Mr. Tate mar- ried Miss Mary McClelland, at that time oui' of the most highly valued instructors of the school. Of this union have been born three children, two of whom are living. In personal appearance Mr. Tate is a fine specimen of physical manhood. Socially he is one who makes many friends and keeps them. He is a Knight of Pythias and a thir- ty-second degree Mason. He takes great in terest in his lodge work, believing that, in so doing, man can learn to know the best im pulses of his fellow-men. Owing to his position as the head of a state institution, he does not take ah active in- terest in politics, and, though a member of the Congregational church, he is especially liberal to all of other denominations. The moral instruction daily rominent M'ulff family, his wife's name be ing Albertine B. Wulff. Her people were IlKXHY .1. (J.nOKTSKN. noted as teachers, lawyers and merchants. Nicolay Wulff, the distinguished attorney at Tromsoe, Norway, is her nephew. .\s stated, she had nine children, and has begp a de- voted mother, requiring all the strength and energy of her strong race to bring up such a family in the nuinner in which it has been accoinplished. For the benefit of the children the parents determined to break uji their establishment in Norway and come to the Tnited States. They reached Minneai)olis in lS(i7 and set- tled on a farm out on Chicago avenue, near what has become Thirty-eighth street. While living on this farm. Henry J. (Jjertsen attended the country school in district No. S. in winter, and worked on the farm in sum mer. This school house stood on the corner of Chicago avenue and the city limits, and has but recently been removed. He also at- tended the Central High School of the city. His parents designed him tor the ministry, as he showed great ajititude for learning, and Hnally sent him to the Red Wing Seminary, a theological collegiate institution ada](led to prepare farmers" sons for the ministry and for teaching and general business. Here he graduated at the end of a six years' HISTtHtY OF THE GItE.VT NORTHWEST. coiii-sc. I!ut (luiiufi the last year in college he chauged his mind iu regard to a profes- siou and (]iiietly conunenced the study of law. After graduation, instead of taking up theology as his parents intended, he resumed his study of law at Minneapolis. Law ca.ses rame to him before he was admitted to the bar. One ease in which he was successful was appealed to thesui)reme court, and be en- joys the unique distinction of being an "at- torney of record"" iu that august tiibunal, before he had been admitted to pi'actice. At the age of twenty-three, after an examina- tion before Judge Lochren, he was admitted to practice in the district court of Hennepin county. In 1S92 he was admitted to pi'ac- tice in the supreme court of the United States. Hince he was admitted he has had a very extensive and lucrative practice, not only in Minneapolis and the state of Minne- sota, but throughout the Northwest. He lias also been remarkably successful in win- ning the suits he has conducted, especially in the courts of last resort, a fact which proves his profound knowledge of law and the intricacies of his ju-ofession. During the panic of 189.3, and subsequently, he was re- tained in many heavy insolvency cases in the courts of Hennepin county, and is now in demand for cases involving coi-poration law. Mr. (Jjertsen has always been a Repub- lican, and has taken a very active interest in public affairs. Speaking fluently the Scandinavian language and the fxerman, his aid has been almost invaluable in political campaigns. For twelve years he has been one of the most effective speakers in the state. He was apjxjinted a member of the Minneapolis charter commission by the dis- trict court of Hennepin county in 1898. Al- though a Republican, (rovernor Lind, as a j)ersonal compliment, appointed Mr. Gjert- sen insjiector general of the Minnesota Na- tional Guards, a position which he still holds. He is a Mason, Knight of Tythias, an Elk, member of the Odin Club, Viking League, Hennepin Association, and several others. In religion he was brought up a Lutheran, but mari-A-ing a wife who was an Episcopal- ian, he has in recent years attended her church. In 188.3 he was married to (Iretchel Goe- bel, of Red Wing, a daughter of a i)rominent German family from flannan, near Frank- foit-on-the-JIain, Germany. They have one (laughter living, and just budding into wom- anhood. Alvine Beatrice. Their home has been in Minneapolis ever since they were married. No more public spirited and loyal citizen lives in the comiftr)nwealth. WEBSTER, William Franklin.— When men at the head of affairs are natives of a state which is growing like Minnesota, it is no mean tribute to its institutions, for the attractive opportunities of a new field draw to it the alert in all professions. The native born must compete with the best that can be selected from abroad. The choice is made from a very wide range of the oldest com- munities. Again the prevailing prejudice is strongly in favor of the foreign product and against the "'home-made.'" This is especially true in the profession of teaching. Tlie im- ported professor is generally supposed to be better qualified than the one educated at home. When the test of experience is ap- plied, and it is found that the home product ranks with the best, of whatever training, it must be taken as a proof of the efficiency of the state provisions for education, and it is cause for congratulation. William F. Web- ster, the principal of the East Side High School, Minneapolis, is a Minnesota boy. His success in his chosen field may be regarded as a practical illustration in ju-int. He was born in Clearwater. Minn.. .May l':'.. IStiii. His father, William A^'allace Webster, was a merchant in Clearwater, living in comfort, though not in affluence. He was of English extraction and New England ancestry, but was born in Canada. In 1857 he removed to Minnesota, remaining for a time in St. An- thony, and finally settled at Clearwater. At 1854. His father, William C. Bracken, was among the first to respond to Lincoln's call for troojis. Having enlisted he was chosen first lieutenant of Company A, Third regi- ment Minnesota Volunteers. Soon after the organization of the regiment he was pro- moted to captain. In 1864 he was advanced HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. to the rank of major. Then, owing to a long period of illness, be resigned on a surgeon's certificate of disability, and was honorably mustered out of service. He returned to Clearwater, where he made his home until he died, in 181)5. His wife's maiden name was Melvina Woodworth, a name showing English ancestry. Mr. William F. Webster gained his early schooling in the graded vil lage school. After completing the courses of study there offered he went to work in his father's general store, where he remained four or five years. When nineteen years ot age he came to Minneapolis and attended the Minneapolis Academy until prepared for col- lege. In 1882 he entered the university to Ijursne the classical course, and graduated in lS,S(i, as the valedictorian of the class, the highest honor that could be won. While in college he became a member of the Delta Tau Delta. His first work after leaving col- lege was that of teaching at Buffalo, Minn. He had not yet fully determined the choice of a profession, but was inclined to medicine. With this in view he attended a medical school in Minneapolis the next year, at the end of which he came to the conclusion that he preferred the schoolroom to the sickroom, and accejited a position as teacher at Rush- ford, Minn., and found it so congenial that he remained there three years. From Rush- ford he went to Moorhead, where he also remained three years. In ISJC? he be came princi])al of the East Side High School in Minneapolis, the position which he now occupies. For the purpose of visiting Europe he was granted a leave of absence for the school year 1899-1900. He spent the time abroad with an eye to i>roflciency in his profession, and visited Holland, Belgium, France, Switzerland, Italy, England and Germany, spending the longest time in the last. Mr. Webster has in the meantime writ- ten on educational topics a number of arti- cles, which have been published with ap proval in the leading journals of the coun- try. He has addressed several times both the State and National Educational Associa- tions. In September, 1900, he published a school text book — "English: Composition WILLIAM V. WKBSTEU. and Literature" — which has been received with marked favor by educational people of all sections. In 1890 he was married to Mary Alden Towell, daughter of Charles F. Powell, of Minneapolis. They have three children: Ruth, Juliet, and Marion. Mr. Webster is a member of the Congregational churcli. His success as a teacher places him in the highest rank of the professit)n, and jus- tifies the conclusion that a training abroad is not an absolute necessity to the highest elBciency. BKACKEN, Henry Martyn, is secretary of the Minnesota state board of health, and a medical practitioner at Minneapolis. He is a native of I'ennsylvauia, and was born at Noblestown, near Pittsburg, February 27, 1854. His father, William C. Bracken, was a physician and practiced his profession in that state. For many generations back his ancestors had followed agricultural pursuits. William Bracken, a true type of the English yeoman, settled near Wilmington, Del., in 1702, and he is credited with being the founder of the Bracken family in this coun HISTORY OF THE GUBAT NORTHWKST. HKNKV M. lUtACKEN. try. The iiiaideii name of the mother of the subject of this sketch was Electa Alvord. The Alvords were amoug- the early settlers of Massachusetts, dating back to about IGoO. They, too, were faiouers. Henry received his early education in the common schools of his native town. When thirteen years of age he entered Elders' Eidge Academy in Western Pennsylvania. This institution was for many \ears a prominent preparatory school for Jefferson College. It was a de- nominational academy, and was conducted by Kev. Alexander Donaldson, a Presbyter- ian clergyman, an uncle, by marriage, of Dr. Bracken. At the time of his father's death, in 187li, he was preparing to enter the sopho- more class at I'rinceton, but was compelled to give ujj this plan. He taught in the pub- lic schools the following winter, and then, in 1873, took up the study of medicine, enter- ing the College of I'hysicians and Surgeons, in New Yoi'k, which is known as the medical department of Columbia University, and graduated in 1S77. He also became licenti- ate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edin- burgh, in 1879. Between the time of gradua- tion at New York and receiving a licentiate qualification from Edinburgh, he spent a few months in ^'enezuela. After leaving Edin- burgh, Dr. Bracken served as a surgeon in the Royal Mail service of England for three years. He returned to the United States in the fall of 1882, and settled as a physician in eastern Connecticut. Two years later he removed to Mexico and spent a year and a half in that country. Returning to the I'nited States in the fall of 1885, he spent a few months in New York, then came West and settled in Minneapolis in December of that year, beginning at once the practice of his profession. In 188(1, he was appointed a teacher in the Minnesota hospital college, and later on, the same year, was made pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Tlierapeutics in this college. He continued to hold this position until the medical department of the University of Minnesota was created, when he assumed the same position in that school, and has held it ever since. In 181)5, he was appointed a member of the Minneapolis state Ixiard of health, and in 1897 became the secretary and executive officer of the board, which position he still holds. Dr. Bracken has been a faithful and efficient health of- ficer and has the complete confidence of the public. He has an extensive practice in Min- neapolis, and has been visiting physician to the Asbury and St. Barnabas hospitals in that citj' for several year's. He is a member of the Minnesota State Medical Society, Min- nesota Academy of Medicine, American Medical Association and American Public Health Association, and was vice-president of the latter association in 1900. His ijolit- ical afltiliations have always been with the Republican party. His religious connec- tions are with the Presbyterian body, with which his family has been connected for four generations back. He was married in Febru- ary, 188-1, to Emily Robinson, of Morristown, N. .J. She was the daughter of Lucius Rob- inson, a civil engineer of Orange, N. Y., who died about 18G2. HYDE, C. W. G.— Mr. Hyde is of English stock. One of his ancestors on his mother's side. Sir Ralph de Toney, was one of the chief generals of William the Conqueror at Hastings, Another ancestor, Sir Randul- HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. phus Lambert, also fought at Hastings by the side of his kinsman, William the Con- queror. His maternal gi-andfather, Rev. William Lj-man, D. D., lived at Millington, Conn., and was sixth in descent from the English ancestor who settled at Charlestown. Mass., in 1G31. Hyde is the family name of the eails of Clai'endon and Rochester, ^^■illiaul Hyde, who came fi'om England to America about 1630, and settled at Norwich, Conn., is the earliest American ancestor of the subject of this sketch. Mr. Hyde"s great grandfather, Major Elijah Hyde, commanded a regiment of Connecticut horse during the Revolution. C. ^A'. G. Hyde was born at Franklinville, X. Y., on July 13, 1838. He received a com- mon school and high school education, hav- ing been a student in the academies of I'eter- boro and Fayetteville, N. Y. He has ac- quired the elements of a classical education hy wide reading, persistent study, and schol- arly associations. In 1855 he removed from central New York *to New York City, where, for six years, he was engaged in the jobbing dry goods business. During this time he made a short trip to Europe. The outbreak of the Civil War found him living near Ot- tawa, 111., and in the winter of 1801-62 he enlisted as a private in the Fifty-third regi- ment of Illinois Volunteer Infanti"j'. He was honorably discharged at the close of the war, having served successively as private, sergeant, first sergeant, quartermaster ser- geant, sergeant major, second lieutenant, ad- jutant, and first lieutenant of Company F. His ser\'ice included Shiloh, Corinth, siege of Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian, etc. He served for some time as mustering officer of the Fourth Division, Seventeenth Army Corps, and as an aide on the staffs of Gen- eral Laumann and General Crocker. Mr. Hyde became a resident of Minnesota in 1867, and since that time has been identi- fied with the educational work of that state. But few men by conscientious work have become better known and more highly ap- preciated as an educator than has the sub- ject of this sketch. It was not until he was thirty years of C. W. G. HYIIE. age that he settled down to definite and suc- cessful work educationally. He was super- intendent of Le Sueur schools from^868 to 1869. He then accepted the position of su- perintendent of schools at Shakopee, which position he held until 1873. So faithfully and well did he perform his duties here that a broader and more responsible field pre- sented itself to him and he became assistant principal of the Mankato Normal School. For three years he labored in this field. About this time educational interests in Min- nesota began to grow and new fields of labor to open up. Ever anxious to avail himself of the best and to improve present condi- tions, he severed his connection with the Mankato Normal and became one of the proprietors of the Minneapolis Business Col- lege. For three years he devoted his time and interests to this institution. Many and varied were the lines of his instruction. Early his interests lay along the line of mathematics, then penmanship and book- keeping claimed his atteiitiou. Yet these did not satisfy. During all this time I'rofessor Hyde had been an omnivorous reader and student of HISTORY OV THE (iUEAT NORTHWEST. Iiistory. Of him it my ho said that a his- toric fact oine o-rasjipd never escaped him. ^>o when the chair of history in the St. Cloud Normal School was offered him he accepted it. He remained in this school until 1893. In January, 1893, the department of pub- lic instruction needed a capable, earnest, and fiiithful assistant and the position was of- fered Mr. Hyde. His work in history at the St. Cloud Normal was very dear to him; yet he reluctantly gave it up for tbe broader and more extensive field. He served as assistant state superintendent from January 3, 1893, to June 30, 1899, a period of six years and six months. It is in this field of labor that Mr. Hyde is most extensi\ely known. It is safe to say that his work as a historic writer has brought him into a much wider field of usefulness than it was possible for him to attain as an educator. He has writ- ten a History of the Northwest that in care- ful research and judicious handling will surely recommend it to all careful readers. He is also engaged in writing a general his- tory of the world that will be a welcome ac- quisition to every library. Professor Hyde is a genial, though some what retiring, perjiou and commands the con- fidence and respect of all who know him. He is now connected with a School of (Correspondence and Teachers" Agency in Minneapolis. BABCOOK, Albert Lawrence.— A dictum as old as the classics says "A poet is born, not made." This is (mly saying that a man, to succeed in his calling, must have a natural ajttitude for it. This is true in every field of labor, from the "man with the hoe," to the "man on horseback," but it is not recog- nized. It is regarded rather as a fine spun, academic theory, not applicable to common, every day affairs. Yet it underlies nearly always the difference between success and failure. It is esi)ecially true that natural ajititude is necessary in commercial life, where statistics show that only one in a hnn- (li'cd escape faihiri'. A town may be "beau- tiful for situation" and be surrounded by all the advantages required to make a thriv- ing city, yet it may shrivel into a fossil for the lack of the "right kind of men." An- other town may be squatted upon by ac- cident and lack all natural advantages, and yet become a thriving center of business, because the men in it have the right spirit. A successful business man is a boon to any community, though rarely appreciated at his true worth. He has about him an at- mosphere of self-reliance, courage and help- fulness which are contagious. They inspire others. He jjlans and brings to fruition en- tei-prises, while others ponder in hopeless indecision. Thus progress is made. Blessed is the town which abounds in natural busi- ness men. Albert L. Babcock, of Billings, Mont., is a fair type of such men, who are making the Northwest. He was born at Albany, N. Y., in l.Sol. His parents moved to the state of Illinois when he was five years old, and settled on a farm near Pontiac, in Living- ston county. His father, ^^'illiam O. Bab- cock, made a success of his farm, but after seven j-ears moved to Pontiac and engaged in mercantile business. His wife's maiden name was Julia M. Lawrence. Albert, while living on the farm, attended the district school in winter, after he became old enough, and when the family moved to Pontiac he had the advantages of the public schools, but soon he became restless to do something for himself. His first fancy was the print- ing office, where he secured employment as an apprentice. This was not a very entic- ing occupation, so after about a year he gave it up and went to clerking in a country store when he was about fifteen years of age. When eighteen years old he went to Chicago and entered the wholesale hardware house of Miller Bros. & Keep, and stayed with them about four yeare. These were really the formative years of his life, although he was not then conscious of it. In 1873, hav- ing by economy saved up about three hun- dred dollars, he formed a partnership with a young friend and engaged in the grocery business at Pontiac. Tliis business was con- HISTORY OF THE (JKICAT XOKTIIWKSr. tinued with success until 1882, when lie made a trip to Uilliuj^s, Mont., and was cap- tivated by the ()p])()i-tnnities ort'ered. He de- termined to enj;aj;e in business tliere, and fortliwith secured a location, and, in a rude building and a tent, opened a hardware store and tin shop, stocked with a meajjcr siijijilv of goods, such as his limited capital would jiermit, spending evei-y leisure moment and his evenings at the tinner's bench, making stove pipe and tinware for llie next day's business. He had now fiuind his i>i()]i('r "sphei'e'' — to use the correct phrase — and from that moment he has prosjjered. He is not only successful in business, but lie lias contributed very largely to building up and beautifying the city, and to the prosperity of the state. His hardware store has develoj)ed into a very large establishment known as the A. L. Babcock Hardware ('omi)any, of which he is jiresident. He is one of the original incorjiorators and president of the Yellowstone National Bank, president of the Billings Telephone fompany, president of the Babcock & Miles Hardware Company, of Harlow, Mont., president of the Billings Re- alty Company, jiroprietor of the Yellowstone Valley Flouring Jlills, and for a nundier of years has been piesident of the Yellowstone Fair Association. He is also a heavy stock- holder, lessee and manager of the Billings Opera House. He is always one of the fore- most in every movement to promote the wel- fare of the city and state. Through his ex- tensive acquaintance and integrity of char- acter he exerts a wide influence throughout the state. Xo man is more resjieded or held in higher esteem. He is a member of llie Masonic fraternity. Knights of Pythias and the Elks, and was, in 189:i-!U, eminent grand commander of the Grand Commandery of Knights Templar of Montana. He is a staunch Republican in ]iolitics, and has al ways taken an active interest in public- af fairs. He was appointed county conimis sioner to fill vacancy in 1885 and then in 1886 was elected for a term of foni- years. serving the last year as chairman of llie board. When the state was admitted into the TTnion, in ISSO, he was elected state sen ator for Yellowstone county, receiving a Ai.r.ioirr l. kahi'im-k. large majority. In 18112 he was eleded rep resentative I'oi- llie county, and in lSil4 was a second lime elected senator, lie has served on llie military staff of (rffvernors White, Toole, and Rickards, and has been a member of various state boards. Colonel Babcock was married to Miss An toinette l';icker in 1S77 al I'onliac. III., his old home, and I hey ha\e a son, Lewis ('.. twenty-(me years of age, who graduated with honors in the class of ]8!tS at the Shattuck .Military University, Faribault, Minn., aiul finished a course al the Univeisity of Chi (■ago in (he class of liKIO. The ])eoi)le give Col. Itabcock greal credit for his coolness and sound judgment in the ]>anic of 18it:{, wiieu his word of honor was I'eceived with such contidence, thai a niii on llie two liauks was stopped and a (iuaiirial disaster, which would have been a serious drawback to i'.il- lings and all llial pari of .Montana, was averted. STEVENS, Ceorge Frederic— The siir \('yor general of logs and lumlier of the I''iflli District of .Minnesota, with lie,'idi|iiarlers at HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. iEOUGE FKEUEIUC STEVENS. Duluth, (t. Fred Stevens, is of Green Moun- tain ("N'eniionl) jmrentage. His father, (leorge "SA'. Stevens, was a native of Ver- mont. He was for years connet-ted with the lumber business at Saginaw. Mich., and is now in the luuiber manufacturing business at Rose City, Mich. His father tooli a con- tract to build a section of the Reido canal, Canada. This brought the family into close relations with Canada. His son, G. Fred's father, went there in the early sixties, and remained until 1SG8, when he came back to the "states" and settled at Saginaw, Mich. While in the Dominion he was married to Sarah E. Whitmarsh, a woman remarkable for her comliness and kindness of heart. She was all her life an active worker in chari- table movements. She died in 1877. Young Fi-ed was an infant about a year old when his parents settled at Saginaw, having been born JanuaiT 15. 1S(;7, at Newboro, Can. The distinguished young lumbeniian receiv- ed his education in the common schools of Saginaw. I'assing through "grades" he graduated at the high school. At the early age of nineteen he engaged in the lumber liusiness at Saginaw. He mav be said to have been in it always, for he took in the aroma of the i)ineries and mills with the tirst breath he drew, and as a boy was as familiar with lumber ])ile!^ as a fanner boy is with the soil. In 1890, with the falling off of the lumber business at home, he went to Duluth. Minn., as assistant manager for the Cranber- ry Lumber < "ompany. Limited. He remained in that j)6sition until 1897, when he, with his uncle, J. ii. Stevens, leased the Gray saw mill at Duluth. The following summer the mill burned. Mr. Stevens was so thoroughly conversant with every j^hase of the lumber business that he concluded to take up the sliii)ping branch. He began against heavy odds, for there were already in the same line eleven finns doing business. His knowledge and experience, coupled wih hard work and close attention, brought success. Mr. Stev- ens, while not posing as a literary man, has a high order of native ability for letters. He has been vei'y successful as a writer of Swed- ish dialect prose and verse. Some of his pro- ductions have been widely published. Among them one called "Crissie" had great popu- larity. His nom de plume, "Ole Olson. Xumar 297," is well known. He has been offered positions on the Chicago papers to write in this line. He is also a wide-awake citizen, taking active part in all public af- fairs. In politics he is a stalwart, unflinch- ing Republican. He has been a vigorous committee man and worker for his party. When many of the active young Republicans switched off to the silver side, he stood firm and refused to follow the vagary, as he deem- ed it. He has never sought political office, and, although frequently solicited to accept nominations for local offices, he has steadily refused. But the j>osition of surveyor gen- ei"al of logs and lumber for the Fifth district, to which he was appointed over live other strenuous applicants, being in the line of his life business, he sought and obtained fi-oni Governor Van Sant, January 12, 1901, tak- ing charge of the office April 15, 1901. In religion Mr. Stevens is a Methodist. He is of clean personal character, and without re- pi-oach as a business man, citizen and neigh- bor. He was married, October 3, 1897, to HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Koxaiiiia M. Todd, dauj^htci- of Saimu'l Todd, a ■•bonanza fainicr" of the Kcd livci- vallt\v. livini' at Hendi-tini. ^Miun. L()KENS(;AAR1), Ole Olson.— The pie.si- dt'nt of tlu' tlirivinf;: Lutheran Nonnal school for the training- of teachers, at JIadison, Minn., Professor Lokensjjaard, was born at Aal, Hallingdal, Norway, Novendier 2:5, lSo4. His father was a farmer, and had the same name. His mother was Heljia il. ^'esle- jiaard. Tlie family was of <-onsi(ierabl(' prom- inence. His grandfather and two iukics took part in the war with Sweden, one of tliem lieing an otticcr. .Mi-. Liikensgaard ( anie to this country as a child, with his jiarents, who settled near Northtield, Kice county, in 1857, In IStil they moved to Da- kota Territory, and settled about ten miles west of ^'ennillion, near the ilissouri river, with a family of four children. They lived in a wagon for eighteen weeks, and otherwise endured the liardsliip of pioneer life. In l.'-!n2 the ^lissouri overflowed the bottom lands where they had .settled, and completely sur- rounded the homestead. As soon as the sub- siding- water would jiennit, they returned to Jlinnesota, and started anew in Nicollet coun- ty, where the father died in 1871, at forty-tive years of age. Young Lokensgaard learned to read his native langirage at home when five years old. Then he attended the district school for three terms, but his parents were his best teachers. They trained him accord- ing to their pious faith and had him con- firmed in the Lutheran church. In 1872 he entered Luther Tollege at Decorah, Iowa, and graduated June 28, 1878, having taken the full regular classical couree. He was ac- counted one of the best scholars, being a mem- ber of the "Yggdi-asil," and one year presi- dent of the Students' libran', September 25. 1878, he entered the Lutheran Theolog-ical Seminary at iladison. Wis., and graduated in May, 188L The .same year he accejvted a call to the Oranite Falls, Minn., Norwegian I.uthemn church. He was ordained July 21, and entered ujjou his duty as ])astor July 25, having- also a congregation t<*n miles west at Bergens. While serving these charges Mr. OLE O. LOKK.\S(;A.\ia>. Lokensgaard ministered also at surrounding town.s — ^among them Montevideo, Clarkfield, ^A'ang, and Palmer Creek, serving ^t one time five congregations. His original church- es, (Iranite Falls and Bergens, erected large and commodious buildings for worship. He was secretary of the Minnesota A'^alley sj)e- lial conference, and secretary of the Yellow Medicine county Bible society, and visitor of the Montevideo circuit. In 1892 the LTnited ihurch which hiid just erected a building and established a normal school at Madison, Minn., tendered Jlr. Lokensgaard the posi tion of professor and president of the new in- stitution, which he accepted. The school ojiened November 10, 1892, with thirty-three jinpils and three teachei-s. The main build- ing costing 126,000 was presented to the T'nited church by the city of Madison. It is 75 by 50 in size, three stories in height, with a basement and a steam heating plant. Un- der the management of President Lokens- gaard the school has grown so as to require another building. The United church erect- ed this, 75 by 40, with three flooi-s and a base- ment. This edifice furnishes a doi-mitory for sixty-live pupils. This enterjirise, and get- ting the money for it, devolved largely upon HISTORY OF THE GUEAT NOllTUWEST. the presideut. The institution has now six tiachi'is with ovi-r one Inuidred and sixty pupils. President Lolvensgaard was a Re- publican in politics, but his zeal for prohibi- tion lead hint into that party of which he is one of the leaders, being chairman of the county prohibition committee and generally a delegate to the party conventions. In reli- gion he belonged to the old Norwegian Syn- od, but joined in organizing the United Nor- wegian Lutheran church in 1890. He was a member of the bcwird of education five years —most of the time i)resident— at Granite Falls. He is very prominent in musical cir- cles, both as a teacher and as president and officer of musical societies. He was first mar- ried July 7, 1881, to Miss Ellen Ki*a-\ik, of Wisconsin, who died in 1892, leaving two sur- viving children. In 1894 he was married to :\riss Anna S. Romtvedt. They have four children. SMEAD, Walter Everett.— The Black Hills region of South Dakota has always been noted for the energy and enterprise of its leading men. No difficulty seems to stag- ger them, and no failui-e ever casts them down. In the fore front of the band which has made the "Hills" famous, always has been found Walter E. Sniead. He came to Dakota Territory — now South Dakota — in 1878, and has ever since been one of the leading spirits in all jirogress. He was born in Milford, Mass., March 31, 1855. His fath- er was Darwin D. Smead, a native of Law- renceville, N. Y. He was' a hotel keeper, in moderate financial circumstances. He came to Lead in 1886 and was the first police jus- tice of Lead, and was a county and city jus- tice of the peace, serving in the latter office until his death, December 27, 1899, nearly seventy years of age. The maiden name of Walter's mother was (Cynthia Cheney. She was born at Milford, Mass., in 1833, and is still living. She is a descendant of New England progenitors who settled there be- fore the Revolutionary War. Walter ob- tained his early education in the j)ublic schools of Massachusetts and New York. Pie came to Deadwood in 1878, and the next year moved to Central City, and commenced work as a miner in the Father DeSmet mine, now owned and operated by the Homestake Mining Company. He continued working in this mine for five years, when he entered the office of the Father DeSmet Mining Coni])a- ny. In 188fi he was placed in charge of the office of the Homestake Mining Company at Lead, in which position he has remained ever since. The same year he was elected auditor of the Black Hills & Fort Pierre Railroad Company, and has since served continuously in that cajiacity. Following the big tire, March S, 19(10, he organized a company with a capital of .fl 00,000 to erect the finest hotel in South Dakota. This enterprise is now al- most completed. Mr. Smead has been a Re- publican from the time he cast his first vote, and since he came to the "Hills," he has been active and prominent in Republican affairs, having served as secretary, treasurer and chairman of political organizations. At dif- ferent times he has been chairman of the county central committee. He has also been a member of the State Republican Central Committee for several years. In 1890. he was a delegate to the National Republican Convention which met at St. Louis, where he was honored by being placed on the Notifica- tion Committee to officially inform Mr. Mc- Kinley that he had been duly nominated. In 1900, he was chosen a delegate to the State Republican Convention of South Da- kota, where his associates elected him chair- man of the Lawrence county delegation. Mr. Smead, in that convention, was an ardent supporter of Hon. Chas. H. Burke and E. W. Martin for congress, and Hon. Robert Gam- ble for .senator. He has the satisfaction of seeing all three candidates successful, and may congratulate himself on being largely instrumental in bringing about the result. Mr. Smead has always been a strong advocate of temperance legislation, and is especially interested in educational matters. He has always been a member of the Board of Edu- cation wherever he has lived. He was the fii'st jiresident of the Board of Education of the city of Lead, and has been jiresident of ■\valti:k e. smead. IIISTOKY OF THE (JKEAT NOKTHWF.ST. llic liii:n-(l for six vciirs ainl fvi-r since its or- {iauizatioii. Ue is also active in social af- fairs, being a member of the local Golden Star Club, and a member of the Masonic- Blue Lodge. He is not enrolled as a mem- ber of a church, but contributes liberally to the support of all Ux-al denominations. No- vember 17, 187!t, he was married to Miss Eliz- beth McIS'anuay, a native of New York. They have three children : Walter A. Now a cadet at the U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis; Howard K., and Harold B. Smead. HEDGES, Cornelius. — The Order of Free Masonry is unique in the history of fraternal societies. It traces its origin back for sev- eral centuries, and no other secret order has so many members scattered all over the globe. It is thus worthy of note that the sub- ject of this sketch was the tirst Worshipful Master of the Masonic Lodge of Helena, Mont., which was organized in 1865; first Grand Senior Warden of the Grand Lodge of Montana, organized in 18G6; Grand Mas- ter of the Grand Lodge in 1870 and 1871, and Grand Secretary of the (irand Lodge, by appointment, since 18G;», and by election since October 8, 1872. Cornelius Hedges is of English descent. His ancestors, on both sides of the house, came from the British Isle and settled in New England in the early days of the settlement of that colony. He was born, October 28, 1881, at Westfield, Hampden county, Mass. His father, Dennis Hedges, was a fanner, in comfortable cir- cumstances. He was a native of Connecticut, and was born in the town of Middletowu. His family settled first on Long Island on their arrival in America. His wife, Alvena Noble, was the daughter of a Revolutionary soldier. She was born in Westfield, Mass. Cornelius received his education in the pub- lic schools and an academy of his native town. Later, he entered Yale College, from which he graduated in 1853, receiving the de- gree of A. ^I. from his Alma Mater in 1855. During his freshman year he was comj^elled to remain out one term on account of sick- ness resulting from the drinking of poisoned milk. He did not recover from its effects until he crossed the jilains a few years later, walk- ing the whole distance from Independence, Iowa, to N'irginia City. Mont. He was a mem- ber of the D. K. and D. K. E. societies while at Yale. Tlie year following his graduation Mr. Hedges taught an academy at Easton. Conn. In 1855 he returned to his native town and entcrwi the law ottice of Hon. Edward B. Gillette for the purpose of taking uji the study of law. The next year he entered the law department of Harvard Cniversity, and was admitted to the bar, on examination be- fore the supreme court of Massachusetts, the same year. AMiile studying law he also taught in the academies at Berlin and South ington. Conn. In 1856, he came west and located at Independence, Iowa, where he be gan the practice of his profession. Mr. Hedges did not at that time, however, nor has he since, devoted all his energies to the legal profession. While at Independence he secured an interest in the Independence Civilian and published that pajjer for several years. In 1861 he decided to go farther west, and made the journey on foot to Vir- ginia City, Mont. He went from there to Helena, where he has resided ever since. In 1865 he fonned a law partnership with Col. Robert Lawrence, which continued for two years. In October, 1866, be returned east for his family, coming down the Missouri and going back the following spring by steamboat. Mr. Hedges" career, since his lo- cation in Montana, has been an active and busy one. He took a prominent part in the early history of that state, his activities be- ing directed in many different lines. He was appointed I'nited States District Attorney in 1865, and served one term in that oftice. Afterward he was elected probate judge of Lewis and Clark county, and served in this position for five years. In 1872, after the adoption of the territorial school law, he was appointed superintendent of public instruc- tion, serving six years. He was also for sev- eral years engaged as an editorial writer on the Helena Herald. He represented Lewis and Clark county, as state .senator, in the first legislative session of Montana, which was held in 1889, sening four years. He was one of the original founders of the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Helena pnblic library in 18(iS, is at tbe pres- ent time its president, and has been such the greater pai-t of the time since its existence. In 1870. he was one of the Washburn party that visited the gevser region on the Yellow stone, and made the first suggestion as to making a national park out of this beautiful section of country. On that occasion he was forty days in the saddle. He has also, for a long time, been connected with the Montana Historical Society. Mr. Hedges" most promi nent work, however, has been in connection with Masonry, of which mention is made at the beginning of this sketch. His record is somewhat unusual in ilasonic circles. He has been writing correspondence rejxirts for the Grand Lodge of ^[outana almost ever since its organization in 1S(;(), and has also written the reports for the (Jrand Chapter and (rrand Commandery since their organi- zation. Mr. Hedges was a Democrat until the (_'ivil W'iw. Since then he has allied him self with the Republican party, and is a stronger adherent of its principles now than ever before. He has always been an expan- sionist, believing that the United States would some day become the leading power in the world, and he thinks that the possession of the I'hilippines will aid in accomplishing that result. He believes the more thorough- ly in exjjansion because of the prominent part lie took, during his long and useful career, in the building up of the Pacific west, and he has lived to see the day when the I'nited States has finally broken out of its boundaries and secured a foothold in the Orient — the first step in the direction of mak- ing this nation a power to be considered in the future destiny of the world. In the legis- lative session of 1899, noted for the long- drawn out contest between the Clark and Daly factions, Mr. Hedges' name was placed in nomination for the office of United States senator, and he received the hearty support of the representatives of his own party. His own son, Wyllys A. Hedges, feeling a little delicate about it, refrained from voting at first, but later acceeded to the wishes of his associates and made it a unanimous party vote. He was one of the four Republicans that did not vote for Mr. Clark, and was re- riiUXKLli'S IIKDCES. elected in lyod. lleforc beccjming a resident of Montana, Mr. Hedges" church connections were with the Congregational body, but for want of such an organization in Helina he united with the Presbyterian church, of which he is an elder. He was married, July 7, 1856, to Edna Layette Smith, of South- ington. Conn. They have had eight children; two boys and one girl died in early youth. The children living are: Wyllys Anderson, a sheep grower in Fergus county, Mont.; Henry Highland, a stockman in Valley coun- ty, Mont.; Cornelius, Jr., living at home and em])loyed in the internal revenue office; Edna Cornelia, living at home, and Emma (now Mrs. John Woodbridgej, living in Bos- ton. McCILLIVRAY, Alexander C, the reg- ister of tlie United States laud office at Bis- marck, came to the Territory of Dakota in 1882. He was born at Toronto, Canada. Jan. 24,1859. His father, Neil McC.illivray, is a native of the Highlands of Scotland. He came to Canada in an early day and engaged in business as a carpenter, builder, and con- tractor. Alexandei's mother was also a na- HISTORY OF THE (iUEAT X(»KTn\VEST. ALEXAMlICIt ('. MfOILI.IVRAY. tive of the Highlands, aud, like her hus- band, came to Canada with her parents, as a child. Her maiden name was Sarah Mc- Colhim. Mr. McGillivray obtained his early education in the public schools of Toronto, which are of a superior grade, ^^'hen eigh- teen jears old he came to Chicago, and se- cured employment as a traveling salesman for a Xew York dry goods firm, coyerlng the states of Hlinois, Indiana and Michigan. After five yeai-s in this service he came to Bismarck, Dakota Territory, and for one year served as clerk. He then went into the general mercantile business for himself at Dickinson, N. D., and remained in it ten years, selling in that time about |600,000 worth of merchandise, almost an unprece- dented large amount for such a compara- tively small city, and where he was also for- warding agent of the Black Hills Freight Line, and the president of the Lehigh Coal Mining Company, and later branched out in- to the stock business, which he now carries on at Indian Si)riugs, where he makes a specialty of breeding full blooded, registered Aberdeen Angus cattle, having probably the largest herds of these breeds in the state. He is also engaged in raising horses of high grade, both draft and driving breeds. He seems to have the faculty of making any business he touches a success. He has, since coming west, taken a very active interest in public affairs, and has always affiliated with the Republican party. He served for three years as county commissioner of Stark coun- ty. N. D. He was also elected and re-elected for tliree terms as state senator from the thirty-first district, making a tenn of twelve ycais. He has been a member of the state Kei)ublican central committee for ten conse- cutive years, and a member of its executive for four years. His keen sagacity, sound judgment, and untiring energy have made him a tower of strength to his party. There is no man in the western part of the state of more prominence and influence. His genial manners and frank, honest and pleasant treatment of all classes, make him a favorite in all circles, and a potent fact(u- in politics, as well as in business. He was appointed register, April 1, 1899, the position which he now holds. In 1888, he was married to Miss Mary J. Montague, of Caro, Mich., a daughter of the late Horace N. Montague and Mary Jane (Smith) Montague, of Lon- don, Ont. He is a member of the St. An- drews society, and although of the Pres- byterian faith, he is not enrolled as a mem- ber. HANNAFORD, Jule Murat.— Railways have made the Northwest what it is in de- velopmentand'wealth. In early days railways, when perhaps capital was more timid and ex- pei-ience was more limited, were built only to those regions where business was ready made, and waiting for the i-oad. They follow- ed, sometimes at a snail's pace, a civilization already established. But the modern meth- od is to i>ush on in advance of settlement, and to create a condition which invites the settler. The Northern Pacific railway was the j)ioneer of the new policy, and the men who had the sagacity to foresee the results and the enterprise and courage to put the theory into practice, are justly entitled to a large share of the credit for the vast strides HISTOUY OF THE (iUKAT NOUTIIWEST. whii-li I lie .i;rc;it Xcirl liwcst li;is lalicii in re- cent years. ^Ir. Ilaniiafdrd, the snltject "f this sketcli, is one of tliese men. liavin;;' been for nearly thirty years enj;a^cd witli the Northern I'acifie laiJway. He \\as horn at CMareniont. X. II.. Nov. lil. 1S.-)(I. His fa ther, Eli K. Hannaford. was an eniiineer in {i;ood linanrial ririiinistanees, support inj^ his family in comfort and schooling his children in a liberal manner. He was from early Xew B^ngland ancestry, sj)rinf;ing from the tii-st settlers. His wife's maiden name was Paulina A. Jewett. She was also of thi' same slock. IJotli were born in New Hamp- shire. Younji J. ^I. Hannaford was edu- cated in the jniblic schools of New Enj;land. After obtaininji' a common school trainin;^- at Xorthfield, he took his colle,!;iate course at St. Alban's Academy, A'ermont, and <;rad- uated when only sixteen years of afic. As he was reared in the atmosphere of the rail- road, he very naturally went into the busi- ness, enteriuj;- into the service of the ^'ennont Central railway in June, 1880. With a steadiness very unusual in these days of rai)id mutations, Mr. Hannaford has contin- ued in the railway service ever since. It has been his life work. May 17. ISTi!, he ac- cejited the position of cleik in the frcij;ht of- fice of the Northein I'acitic railway, and set- tled in P.rainerd. Minn. In 187!) he was made chief clerk, and then jn-omoted to as- sistant jieneral freif-ht and passenger agent. From issi to is.v;', he was general freight agent of the Eastern (li\ision, and was pro- moted step by step to his present position of third vice-president, in full charge of the tiaftic dejiartment of the gigantic enterprise, including all branches and leased lines of the Northern Pacific. While the Wisconsin Ci'ntral railway was under lease to the North- ern Pacific from 180(1 to 1803, :Mr. Hannaford had the management of the traftic of that road also. In iSOy he was made vi<'e pi-esi dent and general su])erintendent of the Northern Pacific Express ('omi)any, which [lositicm he still holds. While Mr. Ilanna ford is so absorbed in i-ailway matters, to \\hich he has so assiduously devoted his life to the exclusion of all ot her Inisini-ss and pro JI'1,10 M. H.WNA fessions, he has taken an .ictive interest as a citizen in the societies, clubs and organi- zations to jiromote social and commensal en- terprises and the ]iublic welfare, being a nu-niber of several. He is also a director of the Capital Bank of St. Paul. In religion he atliliatcs with the Ei)iscopalians, and at- tends the St. .lohn's EiMscoi)al church, St. I'aul. He was mairied in 1SS2 to Miss Cor- delia L. Foster, of St. Alban's, Vt. They ha\e two sons, .lule M.. and I'^ister Hanna- ford. COMSTOCK, Oliver Darling.— The at- torney general of North Dakota, Oliver D. Comstock, came to North Dakota — then a part of the Territory of Dakota— with his father, when a boy (mly seventeen years old. His father, Anva Comstock, was a native of New York, and was one of the earliest set- tlers in central Minnesota, going to Mankato about isns. In 1S7() he moved to Sauk ("enter. His wife, ()li\er's mother, was a .Massachusetts woman. Her maiden name was Susan J. Wood. Kolh were of early Knglisli and Scotch .-inceslrv. ()li\er was HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. OLIVER D. COMSTOCK. born at Mankato, Minn., Feb. 5, 1866, and ob- tained his early education in the public schools of Mankato and Sauk Center. His academic education was secured at the Sauk Center Academy. When he and his mother went to North Dakota in 1883, they took up a claim and engaged in farming. Oliver, when not working on the farm, taught school, and thus struggled to win the prize that he early set before himself — that of be- coming a lawyer. It was no easy task for one in his circumstances, but by persistent energy, industry and perseverance he pre- pared and entered the law department of the University of Michigan, and graduated as a Bachelor of Laws in the class of 1890, and at once engaged in practice at Minnewaukon, N. D., and at the same time operated a farm. He had so commended himself to the people by his sterling character and abilities, that he was elected that same year states attorney of Benson county, N. D. This was a very remarkable compliment to Mr. Comstock, and one almost unprecedented in the history of the state. That he was capable and ef- ficient in more than one degree, is shown by the fact that he held the position by con- tinued re-elections for ten successive years, and until he was promoted to a larger field by being elected attorney general of North Dakota in 1000, a position which he now holds. Under his administration of this im jKntant office he has relaxed none of the vig- or which distinguished him in the smaller field. The laws — particularly the prohibito- ry law about which there has been much contention — are rigidly and strictly enforced. In politics he is a staunch Rei)ublican, ac- tive, influential and very prominent in the councils of his party. He was elected a dele- gate to the state convention in 1S04, and has attended every subsequent state convention in that capacity. He ranks high as a pub- ]ir speaker and is an excellent campaigner, always in demand. He is interested in frater- nal societies, and was the first master of the Masonic lodge at Minnewaukon. He is a ^Mason of high position, including the chap- ter, commandery and shriner degrees. He is also an Odd Fellow, and belongs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen, being also master of the lodge. He was married Aug. 21, 1890, to Miss Agnes Denoyer, daugh- ter of David Deiioyer, a soldier of the Civil JVar, a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, and a former county commissioner of Benson county. JONES, Ray Williams.— Northern New York has contributed very materially to the development of the Northwest in sending to it many able and energetic men — of whom the late Senator Davis may be cited as an example — who haxe stamped the impress of their intellectual and organizing powers on its institutions and material prosperity. The subject of this sketch. Col. Ray W. Jones, president of the Commonwealth Lumber Company, Frazee, Minn., is one of the natives of that region, having been born at Remsen Oneida county, N. Y. That rugged climate seems to impart vigor peculiarly adapted to the rushing enterprise called into requisition to bring success. He was very early thrown upon his own resources, and so thoroughly that it may be said that he never had a dol- HISTORY OF TUE GREAT NORTHWEST. lar given to him that he did uot earn with his own hands. He attended public schools at Renisen and at Utica, N. Y.. until he was fourteen years of age, when he entered a wholesale jobbing house at Utica. He re- mained in that position for two years and then moved to Jlnskegon, llich., where he entered the employ of the old ^luskegon Na tional lianli. adding constantly to his litcra ry attainments and business education diii' ing the ten years that he served in the insti- tution in various positions, from the lowest to the most responsible. Here he also ob- tained an insight of the lumber business in its commercial phases. In 18S2 he left the bank and engaged in the Inmbei- business at the same place. This lie conriniicd miiil 1886, when he took up his residence in Min- neapolis, and became one of the jn-omoters and organizers of the well known H. ('. Ake- ley Lumber romj)any, with which he was identified for five years. He was made the first vice-president and general manager of the Brainerd and Northern Minnesota rail- way, twenty-five miles of which was built and operated under Col. Jones' supervision. But he has been continuously in the lumbir business since 1882, and is regarded as one of the most thoroughly informed and expe- rienced men in the trade, in both the com- mercial and manufacturing branches. In 1897 he organized the Commonwealth Lum- ber Company at Frazee, Minn., of which he is now president, and which is doing a pros- perous manufacturing business at that point. Col. Jones has been a large employer, and has always shown warm sympathy with the laboring men, by whom he is especially re- .spected and esteemed. In politics he has al ways affiliated and worked with the Repub- lican party, in which he is prominent and in- rtuential. He was a delegate to the National Kepulilican convention held in Philadelphia in 1900, and was honored by that body by being selected as the member from Minneso- ta on the Notification committee to officially inform President McKinley of his uomina tion, which duty Col. Jones had the pleasure of sharing. He was a member, with the rank of Colonel, of (iovernor Clough's staff, and is l!.\Y W. JO.NES at present on (Jorernor 'S'an Sant's staff with the same rank. He is also interested and active in Masonry, liaving passed all degrees ii|i to .ind including the thirty-secOTid. He \v;'s uiairied Sept. 12, 1888, to Miss Pauline B., the daughter of Henry Spitzley, of De- troit, Mich., one of the oldest and most ex- tensive building contractors in that city. The happy union has been blessed with two bright boys — one now ten years and the other six years old. Col. Jones may .iustly be ac- corded the honor of being a truly self-made man. He is a kind neighbor, indulgent fa- tlicr, and an all round ])ublic spirited and liatriofii- citi.'.cn whom his friends delight to honor. MEKRILL, Harry Leonanl, tlic suiienn tendent of the public schools of Iliitrliinson. Jlinii.. was left an orphan al an early age. His father, Albert L. .Mciiill. M. !)., died when only thirty-one years of age, and his niollc'i-. whose maiden name was Esther J, Littleiield, died when only twentycight years old, both at Auburn. Mr. The family was originally of French cxtiaclioii, and in HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. HAUItY L. MERlilLL. Prance was known as De Merle. After the massacre of St. Bartholomews day in 1572, they fled to England, and the name took the form which it now l)ears. There are many similar instances of change of family names recorded in history, and many more in which the spelling of the old names has been so altered that the originals can with difficulty be recognized. In l()3o Nathaniel Merrill and a brother sailed from England to Amer- ica, and settled at Newbury, Mass. Mr. Mer- rill of Hutchinson is a descendant of this Nathaniel Merrill in the eight generation. He was born at Auburn, Me., Oct. 27, 1857. He obtained his early education in the graded schools at Auburn, and prepared for college in the classical course in the Auburn High school, and later at the Nichols Latin school of Lewiston, Me., — an institution of high re- pute for thoroughness in training for col- lege. In 1S7G he entered Bates college and graduated in ISSO. He intended to make law his profession and coiumenced the study, but was induced to take the position of teach- er of the high school of Lisbon Falls, Me. In February, 1882, he moved to ^Minnesota, and was made superintendent of the public schools of Hutchinson, a position which he has since continuously held. This is a re- markable record in the west, where there are so many cliange.s. He was married June :i(l, ISSli, to ^Martha A. Harringrton, daughter of Lewis Harrington, one of the founders of the town of Hutchinson, and a descendant of the early Harringtons of Massachusetts. Mrs. ilerrill is also a direct descendant of \Villiam Bradford, who succeeded John Car- ver, the first governor of the Pilgrim colony of JIassachnsetts, in 1621. They have one child, Lewis H. Merrill. In politics Mr. Mer- rill is a Republican, active and influential in local atfairs. He is also prominent in the Masonic order. He was worshipful master of Temple Lodge, No. 59, Hutchinson, for the three years, and junior warden for five years. He is also a member of the Koyal Arch Chap- ter. HALL, Christopher Webber. — Professor Hall, of the University of Minnesota, is a Green Mountain farmer boy, having been born February 28, 1845, at Wardsboro, Wind- ham county, Vt. His father, Lewis Hall, was a well-to-do farmer, whose wife — the professor's mother — was Louisa Wilder. 8he was a daughter of a tanner, Calvin Wilder, somewhat noted as a militia captain. Young Hall's early education was obtained in the district school, after which he attend- ed the academies at Townshend and Chester, until prepared for college, paying his way by teaching penmanship. He then entered Middlebury College, Vermont, and gradu- ated in 1871. Here he won the botanical prize, and was on the "Waldo Foundation" for two years. He was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa for scholarship, and was a mem- ber of the Delta Upsilon fraternity. After gi-aduating he accepted the position of jirin- cipal at (Jlens Falls Academy, New York, for one year, and then came to Minnesota as principal of the Mankato High School and later as superintendent of the Owatonna schools, where ho remained until 1875, re- ■ signing to take up scientific studies. He went to Leipsic, Gemiany, and devoted there two years and a half to the study of geology and allied subjects. On his return he gave HISTORY OF THE GREAT XOIiTIIWEST. a course of lectures at Middlebury College, and in April, 1878, came to Minnesota and entered upon his work at tbe state university, where he has ever since been engaged. The development of the scientific technical work of the institution to the present bioad and conii)rehensive features of the "long course"' has lieen largely due to Professoi- Hall's active and persistent efforts. He also foresaw the value of a school of mines of the highest rank, and earnestly recom mended its establishment to meet the de mands of the discoveries of iron mines and of the clay and quarry industries. From 1S!)2 until 1807 he was dean of the College of Engineering, Metallurgy' and Mechanic Arts. and directed the courses to their present effective status. He secured from the busi- ness men of Minneapolis $5,000 to construct an ore-testing plant on a commercial scale. He was instrumental, also, in securing an an- nual appropriation for maintaining and de- veloping the school of mines, and in urging the ai)propriation of funds for the complete laboratory for testing structural materials now being developed by the department of structural engineering. During his leave of absence in Europe in 1897-98 he was busily engaged in scientific work. During his early years with the university he was assistant geologist on the Geological and Natural History Survey of the state. From 1883 to the i)resent time he has been assistant geol- ogist of the United States Geological Sur- vey. Before 1884 he had taught all the natu ral and physical sciences of the curriculum of the university excei)t chemistry. He has traversed during summer months nearly ev- ery portion of the state — many of the counties in great detail. He has written much on the geological features of the state, and on scientific and educational subjects, a catalogue published in 1899 showing eighty- nine titles. Among them is an historical sketch of the university, the most compre- hensive yet written. Professor Hall takes high rank in scientific circles. He is a fel- low of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science; fellow of the Geologi- cal Society of America; member of the Nu- CHIUSTOI'HICU W. HALL. tional (ieographic Society; of the Society for the I'romotion of Engineering Educaticm, and of the Minnesota Academy of^'alnral Sciences, having been secretary and adminis- trative officer of the last named society for thirteen years, and for many years has been editor of its bulletins. He was honored by being elected its president at its last session. Professor Hall is a Congregationalist. In politics he is a broad-gauged Kepublican, but has never sought nor held office. In 1876 he was married to Ellen A., the daughter of Hon. and Mrs. Mark H. Dunnell, but she lived only seven months. In 1883 he was married to Sophia Seely Haight, who died in 1891, leaving one daughter, named after her mother, Sojdiia. JACKSON, Roscoe Neely.— The subject of this sketch. Dr. Roscoe N. Jackson, of Faribault, Minn., is singularly associated by birth and experience with several of the most prominent events of .\merican history. His father, John Jackson, a farmer by occu- pation, was born and reared in Oneida coun- ty, N. v., the home of Roscoe Coukling, the HISTORY OF THE (JREAT NORTHWEST. liOSCOE N. JACK.SOX. (listiiiKuished statesman. Thev were warai per.s()iia] frieud.s and associated in the organ- ization of the Reiiublican party, and Roscoe, born the yiar of its birth, was named after New York's greatest senator. Dr. Jaclison's mother was Harriet Pitcher, whose ances- tors were so thoroughly American that they even denied a Mayflower origin. His grandfather, (ieneral John Jackson, of tile ^Mexican \\'ar. was a cousin of Presi- (h-ut Andrew Jackson, and Imilt of the same "Old Hickory" timber. The doctors ances- toi-s on both sides have been identified with the early Colonial and Revolutionary War events. Representatives of his family have fought in every war in which this nation has been engaged. Dr. Jackson was born in Boouville, N. Y., July 7, 1856. His early education was obtained in the district and high schools. This was supplemented by a course at Hun- gerford Collegiate Institute, of Adams, N. Y., from which he graduated in 1877. He immediately commenced the study of medi- cine in the oflice of Dr. Walter Booth, a cousin of Edwin Booth, the celebrated actor, and of J. Wilkes Booth, of more infamous memory. He pursued a full medical course at the (,'ollege of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, and further attended the Long Island Hospital College, from which he grad- uated in June, 1880, and recently he has taken a post-graduate course in New York. In July. 1880. he began the i)ractice of medi- cine in Camden, N. Y., removing from there to Faribault, Minn., in ilay, 1883. where he formed a jiartnership with Dr. N. M. Bemis, which continued two years, since when he has been alone. He is a member of numer- ous medical societies, including the Amer- ican Medical Association, American Public Health Association, Minnesota State Associ- ation, etc.. and has acquired a wide reputa- tion, especially as an advocate of the "Medi- cal Treatment of Appendicitis." having read several papers on the subject before medical societies. In politics Dr. Jackson is a Re- publican. In the campaign for Hayes and Wheeler he led the "Republican Glee Club,"" of northern New York. He has, however, never held or sought a political office, but has served for several years as U. S. Pension Surgeon, as surgeon of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul railroad, and as health officer of his city. He was the first physician in the state to use an automobile in his business. His wife was Minnie E. Withington, daugh- ter of William H. Withington, of Adams, N. Y. In religion he is a Congregationalist. and is a member of the leading fraternal orders. The doctor is a man of strong con- victions, and, as is characteristic of his stock, is thorough in all he does. He is of genial disposition, has a large practice, and enjoys the confidence and respect of all who know him. FERRIS, Allen Frank, is president of the First National Bank of Brainerd. Minn. He is a native of the state of New York, and was born at Perrysburgh, Cattaragus coun- ty, July 22, 1805. His father, William Fer- ris, was also a native of the Empire state, born at Otto, August 1, 1826. When fifteen years of age he beg-an clerking in a store at Gowanda, N. Y. Later he engaged in the HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. railroad business, and for fiftoen years was agent of the Erie road at Perryshinnli. In 1872 he came west and becaiin' cimnccied with the Northern Pacific railway, as ajivnt, at IJrainerd, 3Iinn. In ISSl, he organized the First National Bank of Erainerd, and was its president at the time of his deatli in 18S2. His wife was Benlah A. Allen, a na five of (iowanda, N. Y., and danghter of Judge Daniel Allen, of the district coint. Judge Allen achieved considerable prunii nence in the Empire state, and was once nominated to the gubernatorial ettice, but de clined to run. He was a native of ,ilassa- chusetts. His wife was Esther Manley, a daughter of Captain John JIanley, of Con- necticut. The subject of this sketch was only seven years of age when his parents set- tled in the North Star state. His eai-ly edu- cation was received in the common schools of Krainerd, which was supplemented by a two y(^ars" course at Carleton College, North- lield. In 1885, when twenty years of age, he entered the First National liauk as a teller, and the following year was promoted to the position of cashier. He was made president of that institution in 1892. Mr. Ferris is held in high esteem in his own community ,^lity ai-i-i's of unvciiiiiifiit hind, lli- \v;is a successful man and added to liis Inddinj: until file fai-ni was 4S() acres in exient. which he still owns. The hoy Kdward ohiained his early educalion in ihe ilistcicl scliool hy al fendinjr winters, when he conid — Ihe sidionl house bein^ nearly three miles away. In summer he worked on Ihe farm, lie ihen attended the Clinlon business College and f;radiialed in the i-ourse ni hookkeejiin^. ]ien nianshiii and aiilhmelic afli-i- which lie taufjht i»ennianship one year in the Cedar Falls. Iowa. Iiijili scliocd. and tai!i;hi a conn try district school. lie then eiiien-d the of- fice (;f Colton \- Wolf, al DeWiii. Iowa, to study law. He l)Ursiied his coiirsi' for three years. t«icliinest house on the mountain side. To this, as fast as the small- pox cases arose, the patients wei-e taken, made comfortable, and treated. Through a rigid quarantine on the pest house on the part of Dr. Schadle, aided by the hearty co- operation of the authorities, the disease was exterminated in three months. There were forty-nine cases of the disease in his juris- diction in which ten deaths occurred. His success in this work was so recognized and ajjpreciated that he at once established a large and lucrative practice, which seems to HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST, have followed him in ;ill subsequent years. In 1885 the doctor toolc a post-graduate course at Jefferson Medical ('ollege. to pre- pare himself for his chosen specialty, laryn- gology and rliinology. The noted Dr. Charles E. Sajons, of I'hiladelphia, was his special preceptor in this department. On returning to Shenandoah he could not well shake oil his general practice, but he commenced his si>ecialty, and met with such immediate suc- cess that he began to consider a jilau to limit his practice exclusively to this departmeni. He finally settled in St. Paul, Minn., as a suitable place, and January 1, 188S, opened his ottice for the practice of his chosen branch of the profession. In 18S() he at- tended five cases of toadstool, or mush room, poisoning. In studying and experi menting on this subject he discovered an antidote for this class of poisoning. The remedy is sulphate of atropine. An account of the cases and the treatment was publish- ed in the Surgical Reporter, Philadelphia, in 188U, and also in the works of Gibson & Mcllvaine, on "Toadstools." The doctors discovery has since become recognized as the onlj' antidote for such poisoning. He has been an extensive contributor to the litera- ture of the medical profession, which has not only been well recei\ed in this country, but some of the articles have been translated and published in foreign journals — one, an illustrated article on Leprosy iu Palestine from the standard of a personal experience, having attracted universal attention. In 1897-8 he spent a year abroad studying, in the medical centers of Europe, his special branch of medicine. He made a second visit in 1899-1900, traveling iu the Orient, Kussia and Europe generally, evidently with his eyes open. He has invented a number of surgical instruments for work in nose and throat treatment. Besides being a member of the Minnesota Club and of the Town and Coun- try Club, he is an active member of several leading ijrofessional associations — among them the American Medical Association; American Khinological, Laryugological and Otological Association, and Ramsey ('oiinlx -Medical Society. He is also Chemical Pro .lACoi! i:. sriiAiij.E. fessor of Laryngology and Rhinology in the University of Minnesota; member of the stall of St. Luke's Hospital, St. Paul ; chief of the staff of the St. Paul Medical Free Dispfensary, and was president of the Western Section of the American Rhinological, Laryugological and Otological Association in 1898. The doc- tor was brought up iu the Lutheran church. He was married, October 15, 1888, to Miss Jennie Ra\ Miller, daughter of Dr. David II. Miller, of Miliinsburg, Pa. NOYES, Jonathan Lovejoy. — No Chris- tian duty is more imperative than the cai-e of the unfortunate of the race. The glory of modern civilization rests largely on the hu- mane treatment of those who are maimed in their physical or mental jwwers. Yet the labor involved in this beneficent work is so obscure or so far removed from the dramatic and spectacular, that it is but little appre- ciated by the general public. The men and women devoted to this work — if service were ' rewarded according to its worth — would be plac'd among the foremost in the ranks of bouor. The Northwest is fully abreast in Ibis matter with the most progressive com- JONATHAN L. NOYES. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. munities. This is largely due to the ability, activity and long service of J. L. ^"oyes, L. L. H. D., superiutendent of the Minnesota School for the Deaf and Dumb at Faribault, for thirty years, and whose fitness, training, and success have raised him to the very high- est position in this exacting service. He was born at Windham, ^'. H., June 13, 1827. His father was James Noyis, a farmer, own- ing one hundred acres in rhe southwest pari of Windham, where he lived all his life, clear- ing tlie homestead of debt, and caring for his parents. His wife's maiden name was Abi- gal Reed Lovejoy, born at Amherat. She was a woman of cultivated tastes and strong character, physically and mentally; the mother of eight children, she left an endur- ing impression on their lives and characters. She was born in a home near to that in which Horace (Ireely lived, and, all her days, she held him in great admiration. The Xoyes family is of Normau descent. The name was fornu^rly "Noye.'" The New England branch came from England, and are descendants from James and ]S'icholas Noyes, sons of a Wiltshire, England, clergyman. They came to America in 1G34, and Nicholas was the first of the shipload of emigi'ants to leap upon the shore. The elder brother, James, was educated at Oxford, and was a teacher in England, and later in New England. Moses Noyes, his descendant and the ances- tor of the Windham family, fought in the French Wars and in the Revolutionary War, where he .served as an orderly sergeant. He figures in the published "History of Wind- ham as one of the heroes of the battles of Lexington and Concord. Dr. Noyes received his early education in the common school at home. When fourteen years of age his father sent him to the Phillips Academy at Andover, Mass., for one year, an institution then already famous. Desiring to complete the course and go to Yale College, young Noj'es, by working summers and teaching winters continued his studies there three years longer, and graduated. He taught school the next year, and entered Yale in 1848 and graduated in 1852. Dr. Woolsey was president of the institution, and greatly in- fluenced the young graduate. In the fall of 1852 he accepted a position as teacher in the Philadelphia Inslitution for the Deaf and Dumb, to obtain means to pay off debts ac- cumulated while in college, and to prep;ire the way for taking a theological course for the ministry. However, while there he be came so impressed with the work that he concluded to make it a life profession. He remained at Philadelphia six yeas, and then went to a siunlar institution at Baton Rouge, La., where he spent two years and was of- fered the superinteudency. The Civil War was about to begin, so he left on the last steamer ix-rmitted to go up the river. He did not engage in the war, but he supplied a man in his place, and paid him during ttie whole four years, although the state of Con- necticut exempted from service all attached to i)ublic institutions. He was then employed at the Hatford school, where he remained six years, resigning to accept charge of the institution at Faribault, September 3, 1806. The school was then in its infancy, having only 27 deaf pupils and four blind, housed in a temporary building that was a mere makeshift. The institution ha.< now an en- rollment of 242, while the buildings and ac- commodations are as good as any school need have. Dr. Noyes has had (iOO boys and girls as pupils for a longer or sb.orter time under his charge. The best commendation of his services comes from those who know him most thoroughly — the pupils. Pages of their testimony to the efficiency of the school and the excellence of Dr. Noyes' administration could be published. In 1S(;2 he was married to Eliza Hall 'Wadsworth, of Hartford, Conn., a descendant of the Colonel Joseph \\'ads- worth, who hid the Connecticut charter in what for two centuries was Ivuown from the dramatic incident as the "Charter Oak."' She has been a true helpmeet, and to her Dr. Noyes attibrutes much of his success in his I)r('fession. They have one daughter, Alice Wadsworth Nojes. Outside of his special duties Dr. Noyes has been a very useful citi- zen wherever he has lived. The Nort Invest particularly has been greatly benefited by his services. In 18(i8 he was elected a mem- ber of the board of trustees of Carleton ( "ol- lege, at Northfield, and was continuously in HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. such serviee for tliiity-two years, beiug for tweuty-oue years president of the board. His iiaiue will always be gratefully remembered in the history of this thriving college. On retiring, because of broken health, the board spread upon its minutes a very appreciative recognition of his valuable services. ^Vhile in Andover Dr. Xoyes joined the Congrega- tional church; in Philadelphia he was con- nected with the "New School" Presbyterian chui'ch; in Baton Rouge with the "Old School" Presbyterian; in Hartford with the Congregational church, and in Faribault with the same church, in which he was a deacon for many years and is now deacon emeritus. While compelled by broken health to retire from many activities, the high es- teem in which he is held will be an inspira- tion to others who have work to do, and his lifeand example is a legacy which will bring returns for manv years. PICKLER, John A. — Among the men who have contributed to the organization and development of South Dakota, the name of Major John A. Pickler, of Faulkton, Faulk county, must always be placed in the front rank. Coming to the great Territory of Da- kota in 1882, when it was inchoate, his un- bounded energy, scholarship and experience in public affairs made him at once an ac- cepted leader. He was born in Indiana near Salem, Washington county, in 1844. His fa- ther was George Pickler, a native of Indiana, a fanner and merchant, and a prominent man in the community, especially interested in educational matters. He was president of the school board of the city of Kirkville, Mo., when he died. Major Pickler's mother was Emily Martin, as a maiden, and she was a native of Kentucky, born near Shelbyville, in that state. She came, at an early day, to ^^■ashing•ton county-, Ind. The family moved to Davis county, Iowa, when John was nine years old, and settled on a farm near Bloom- field. He had the usual training of a young farmer boy, going to district school in the winter and working on the farm during the summer. When he became old enough he was sent to the high school at Bloomfield, and was attending that institution when sev- enteen years old and the War of the Rebel- lion broke out. When the news of the at- tack on Sumter thrilled the country, John was filled with patriotism, and in August, 18C1, enlisted. His father, however, inter- fered and brought him back home. John would not give up easily — he never does — but continued his solicitation until the year following, when his father pennitted him to go to the war. He enlisted as a private in Company D, Third Iowa Cavalry Regiment, of which General John W. Noble, former sec- retary of the interior, was adjutant. Gen- eral Cyrus Bussey was colonel. John was rapidly promoted and at the expiration or his three years' term of service was muster- ed out as captain. He immediately accepted the commission of major in the 1.3Sth U. S. C. T., raised by General James F. Wilson, and served six months longer, or until the close of the war. He then bought an interest in the Kirkville Journal, Adair county. Mo., but feeling the need of a better educational equipment, he closed it out and entered the Iowa State University in 1866, and gradu- ated in 1870, with the degree of B. Ph. Hav- ing decided on law for a profession, he at- tended the Chicago Law School in 1871, and completed the course at the law department of the University of Michigan, graduating at Ann Arbor in 1872. He began practice at Kirkville, Mo., and was soon elected states attorney for Adair county. But in 1874 he changed his residence to Muscatine, Iowa, where he formed a partnership with former college chums, AMlliam Hoffman and Thomas Brown, under the firm name of Hott'man, Pick- ler & Brown. They built up a good practice, extending to all the courts of the state. In 1880 he was nominated one of the Repub- lican presidential electors for Garfield. He protested against the nomination and made a speech before the Republican state conven- tion declining it, but the short address made the convention more determined than ever to have him .serve. Colonel D. B. Henderson, present speaker of the house of representa- tives, insisted on his acceptance. He finally HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. consented and snbseqnently stnniped the dis- trict. He resigned the iK)sition of T'. S. (Mr cnit f'onrt Commissioner to accept this place. The folh)wing year he was, without solicita- tion, nominated for the legislature from Muscatine county, and was elected. At the close of the session of 1882, he came to Da- kota Territory, as stated, and has since been ji resident of Faulkton, Faulk county, set- tling- on a pre-emption adjoining Faulkton, where he still lives and where lie has been one of the most energetic and j)roniinent citi zeus. He was instrumental in jjrocuring both the Northwestern and the Milwaukee lines of railroad to that place. In 1884 he was elect- ed to the territorial legislature, where he served as chairman of the committee on ap- propriations. He advocated woman suffrage, and the bill to lemove the cajjital from Bis- marck to I'ierre, and succeeded in getting both bills through the legislature, but both were vetoed by the governor. He was ap- pointed by Secretary Noble inspector in the public land service in the spring of 1889, and represented the territory in opening Okla- homa Territory during the great rush of that year. At the first Kepublican state conven- tion of South Dakota he was nominated for congress by acclamation, and was elected by 31,t)()() majority. He was elected to the Fif- ty-first, Fifty-second, Fifty-third and Fifty- fourth congresses. He served on the com- mittees on I'ublic Lands, Indian Affairs, I'rivate Claims, Enrolled Bills, and as chair- man of the Committee on Invalid Pensions in the Fifty-fourth congress, and has been one of the most successful and active representa- tives from thai state. He is an earnest, forci- ble sjjeaker, and rarely fails to carry his ])<)int before a large assembly. He was not a candidate for the Fifty-fourth congress, elect- ing to stand for the senate. The Kei)ublicans lost the legislature, but Major Pickler re ceived the caucus nomination and for more than thirty days received the vole of his party. He finally, upon the advice of the National administration, released the caucus, advising the election of J. P. H. Kyle, an in- dependent. In 1870, he was married to Alice M. Ault, of Johnson county, Iowa, an educated and retiiicd \\'oiiian of ahilily, .iiid one who lias proved to be a true hel])-iii(M'l. They lunc four children — Lulu A., a (earlier at Faulk- ton; Madge, Alfred A., and Dale X. In re ligion the major and his wife are Metlujdists. He is a Mason, a member of the Knights of Pythias, A. (). V . W., and (Jrand Army of the Kcpuhlic. Since retiring from congress he has bi'en engaged in I lie praclicc of law at Faulkton, and looking after his land and slock inter esis ill that lo<-alitA'. HAECKKH, Theophilus L.— No man has done more to promote the interests of the dair.nneu in America than Tlieophilus L. Haecker, chief of the dairy divisi(m of the University of Minnesota. He has been en- gaged in the scientific investigation of dairy problems for the past ten years, and during that lime has earned a wide repulatioii for his work on "dairy type,"' and for his publi- cations on "Feeding Dairy ('ows." Mr. Haecker was born at Liverpool, Medicine county, Ohio, May 4, 1840, of German des- cent. His parents removed lo Wisconsin and settled on a fanii near Cottage Grove when HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. THEOPIIILT'S L. HAECKEH. he was hut seven yciu-s old. His educational facilities were limited to an attendance at the district school in the winter until he was sixteen years of ap:e, his summers being spent on the farm. In 1803, he entered the state university at Madison, Wis., but was compel- led to give up his studies the following spring on account of sickness. He then enlisted in Company A, Thii'tv-seventh Wisconsin In- fantry, and was detailed to clerical work at headquarters. Tliis did not prevent him from seeing active service, however, and during the siege of Vicksburg he distinguished him- self for bravery. After the siege he was placed on detached service in the medical department at City Point, where he was rap- idly promoted until he had charge of all the quartei-master's supi)lies of the Ninth Coi-ps hosiiital department. He re-joined his regi- ment at the close of the war, and was placed in charge of the drum corps, participating in the great review at Washington. He was discharged with his regiment at Madison in August, 1865. His i)arents had in the mean- time removed to Hampton, Franklin county, Iowa, and here the lad went after being mus- tered out, and spent two years working on his father's farm. In the spring of 1867 he re-entered the University of Wisconsin and resumed his studies. His health failing in Ills third year he was compelled to leave col- lege, and returned home. Later he secured a position as a teacher in the public schools, remaining in this vocation until 1870, when lie engaged in newspaper business, establish- ing the Ackley Independent in Hardin coun- ty, Iowa. This venture proved very success- ful. In 1873, he disposed of the paper, and the following February settled on a fai-m near Cottage Crave, Wis., with the intention of going extensively into stock raising and dairying. Shortly afterwards, however, without any solicitation on his part, he was offered a position in the executive office of William R. Taylor, then governor of Wiscon- sin. This position he accepted and held for five succeeding administrations, covering a period of seventeen years. During his ten- ure of office. Mr. Haecker had many respon- sible duties placed upon him, the most ini- j)ortant (at least for ten years of the time) being the review of all pardon cases coming before the govei-nor. He also had charge of the adjustment of the noted St. Croix land grant case. His public duties, however, did not cause him to lose interest in stockraising. He usually spent each evening on the farm, personally inspecting every animal on the place, and drove a distance of ten miles to the office in the morning. Mr. Haecker be- came an intimate friend of Professor Henry, who was placed in charge of the Wisconsin experiment station when established in 1880, and in this way first acquired a practical knowledge of agricultural education work. This led to his being commissioned by the board of regents, in 1882, to make a tour of the East to select prize stock for the experi- ment station. The animals he selected proved of excellent merit, and upon the or- ganization of the Farmers' Institute, he was chosen to discuss the subjects of breeding and handling of dairy stock. In the fall of ISIIO, Mr. Haecker moved with his family to Madison in order to afford his children the advantages of the better educational facili-. ties nt that jilace. Having been unexjiect- edly relieved of his official duties the follow- ing January, he joined the first class in the Wisconsin Dairv School. The second week he HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. was appointed assistant to the instructor in butter-making- in the Minnesota Dairy school, and on the resignation of Professor Hays, a short time hiter, he was appointed instructor in breedins in the school of agriculture, in June, 1803, he was ap])ointed full ])rofessoi- in the college of agriculture and ])laced in charge of the dairy school. Professor Hacck er has contributed invaluable services to the farming and dairy interests of the state in this position. I'erhaiis his most importanl and successful work at the exi)eriment sta tion has been along the line of feeding and the adopting of certain tyj)es of stock for special pui"})0ses. He is doing xcry excelleiif work in this field, has held meetings and made addresses all over the North Star state. and in portions of other states, arousing great enthusiasm. He has served as secre- tary of the State Dairymen's Association for many years. Professor Haeckcr has only the good opinions of the farmers for his ef- ficient work at the experiment station, and has made many warm friends among the agricultural classes who appreciate his ef- forts in their behalf. DOUGLAS, Wallace TJarton.— Some men have a combination of qualities making uji what is called "force of character,'" which ini pells them towards success with a momen- tum that seems irresistible. Wallace Bar- ton Douglas, the brilliant attorney general of the great state of Minnesota, is a tyj)ical instance in point. Born as an ordinary far- mer boy, September 21, 1852, in Leyden, liBwis county, northern New Yoi-k, he has risen, while comjiaratively young, to a com- manding position in his chosen profession. Phenomenal as this achievement seems, every step in the development of his career is so natural that wonder ceases when the ster- ling character of the man becomes known. The Scotch descent of Mr. Douglas is clearly indicated by his name, which runs as a conspicuous thread through the liistoi'y of Scotland. It began in America in 1040 when William Douglas, a distinguished son of that lineage, came here to settle. Hence sin-iiig WALLACK 1!. DOriJLAS. the subject of (his sketch. His father was Asahel M. Douglas, and his mother's maiden name was Alma E. Miller. The home was a small farm, as were all the famis of tliat 7'e- gion because of the difflculty of clearing off the timber. The chief industry was dairying, for it was necessary to kee]) cows in order to iiiainfaiii the fertility of the soil. The win- ters were severe, the snow being for weeks together several feet deep, covering the fences and making the roads alinost impass- able. It can readily be imagined that a boy's life under such conditions was well adajited to make him rugged and vigorous if he sur- vived the ordeal. To go to school in siirh winlecs — when most of the teaching was done — recjuircd no small amount of courage and "grit." Tt was in (he district scliool of those days that Mi-. Douglas laid the foundation of his career. S]ic]liiig, arithmetic and geog- raphy were liberally sandwiched with "chores" morning and excning, and with manual labor al odd times. The first shilling lie earned was by milking crominent and influential in his county and state for more than twenty-five years. In 1885, to be near his children, who had sought a wider field at Minneapolis, he left his beautiful home at Red Wing, to be with ihem. Charles M. Webster was born at Zumbrota, April 12, 1858, in the first Min- nesota home. His school days began at Red Wing in the public schools. His collegiate studies were commenced in the preparatory department of Oberlin College, and complet- ed in the University of Minnesota, from which he graduated in the classical course in the class of 1882. While in the university he was business manager of the university paper. He also won the medal for oratory and was elected to deliver the class day ora- tion. To help pay his way through his studies he taught school and worked as a reporter for the daily papers. He had his eye all the time on the profession of his fa- ther, and took up the study of law. He was admitted to the Hennepin county bar in De- cember, 1883, and became a member of the law firm of Keith, Thompson & Webster. In HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. October, 1884, he was married to his ilass- inate and friend of his youth, Miss Addie I'illsbury, daughter of Hon. John S. Pills- bury. She died before slie was six months a bride. In April, 188G, Mr. Webster with- drew from the law partnership and went to Montana, settling at Great Falls, where he became one of the most enei-getic and promi- nent men in building up that promising young city, which may be regarded as the coming metropolis of the central 2S'orthwest. In 1880 he edited the Great Falls Tribune. From 18^7 to 1890 he was secretary of the Great Falls Water I'ower and Towusite Com- pany. The city grew rapidly and Mr. \\'el)- ster made an ample fortune by his business peorations, principally in real estate. He erected the first stone building at (Jreat Falls; he was one of the builders of the beau- tiful opera house aud of numerous other sub- stantial structures; he was one of the found- ers of the public library; he established the extensive tire brick plant near the city, and was one of the organizers of the Security Uank of Great F'alls, of which he was made president in 18'J0. During the financial stringency, following the election of I'resi dent Cleveland, known in history as the "panic of 1893," when over three hundred banks failed or suspended, and almost in- numerable factories, industrial and commer- cial establishments were ruined, the Security Bank became involved, but never closed its doors until every obligation was paid in full and the institution went into voluntary liqui dation in November, 1895. The bank was enabled to secure this honorable record by Mr. Webster's sacrifice of his private fortune, even to the very home in which he lived. Mr. Webster has always been a staunch Re- publican, as were his progenitors. In 1888 he was chairman of the first county Kepub- lican committee organized in Cascade coun- ty, Mont. In 1S89 he was a member of the state constitutional convention, where his scholarship and legal training were of spe- cial value. From 1889 to 1891 he was presi- dent of the Great Falls city council. From 1891 to 1892 school trusts'. 1892-'9:{ mayor of the city and again from 189o-"97. In 1S9(; rirAULES M. WECSTKI?. lit- was nominated for state treasurer on the IJe[iubli(an ticket, but failed of an election, although he ran 7,000 votes ahead of his associates on the ticket. In 1897-fl)01 he was United States collector of internal reve- nue for Montana. Idaho and Utah. In 1900 he was made chairman of the state Kepubli- can committee, which position he still holds. In June, 1901, he resigned the collector- ship of internal revenue, to accept the cus- toms coUectorship for Montana and Idaho, with headquarters at Great Falls. Mr. Welistei- was married in May, 1892, to Miss Helen Eloise Pettitt, daughter of S. I. Pet- titt. of Faribault, Minn. They have two chil- dren, a daughter of seven, and a son of tluiM' years of age. FULLERTON, Samuel Fergu.son, so well known in connection with the Game and Fish Commission of the state of Minnesota, is of the sturdy Scotch-Irish race, that has been so prominent in the develojiment of the I'nit- ed States. His father. Robert Fullerton, was a farmer aud nu^rchant in the village of Charleniont, Armagh county, Ireland, where many of his Scotch countrymen had settled. The town will be recalled as the last place HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. SAMUEL F. FULLERTON. where King James" forces made a stand against William of Orange. His wife was Kate Anna Cullen, also of Scotch descent. The family was in comfortable financial cir- cumstances. Samuel was born at Uharle- mont, Feb. 2, 1858. He obtained some school- ing there as a child, and, after coming to this country with his parents, he attended Bryant and Stratton's noted business college at Bal- timore, Md. He came to Duluth, Minn., in 1879. He learned the carriage building trade, and followed it with the industry and success characteristic of his lineage, for eigh- teen years. But he did not' neglect his du- ties as a citizen. He was both interested and active in public affairs. Although a man of decided convictions and aggressive in sup- porting them, he made many friends, and wielded a strong influence. He has always been a stalwart Kepublican. In recognition of his valuable services to the party, he was appointed a member of the Board of Game Hi Fish Commission in 1895, and served four years, being then removed by an adverse ad- ministration, without regard for his expe- rience and emciency. In 1!)()1 he was again a|i|ii)iiilcd Id his did iiKsitioii. which lie now holds. This was a deserved compliment for his former service. Mr. Fullei-ton is also interested in social and fraternal matters. He is a Mason of the highest degrees, includ- ing the tliirtj--second i-ites. Knights Templar, and the Shrine. He was married to Jane Ross, of Inver- nay, Can., who died in 1887, leaving three children: May, now eighteen years of age; Katie, sixteen, and Willie, thirteen yeai's old. In 18!t() he was married to Emily C. Jones, the daughter of Thomas and Mary Jones, of St. Cloud, Minn. His home is in Uuluth, while his ollicial residence is at St. Paul, Minn. LAYBOUEN, Charles Guy. — Few men in professional circles have had more experi- ence touching various walks of life in a prac- tical way than has Charles G. Laybourn, the well known attorney of Minneapolis, Minn., prominently supported at the primaries of I'JOU for judge of the district court. He was a farmer boy, born at his father's farm near Springfield, Clark county, Ohio, March 23, 1851. His father, Joseph Laybourn, was also born on a farm in the same neighbor- hood and si)ent his life within six miles of his birthplace, dying at the age of sixty-three on his homestead in 1883, having one of the best improved farms in central Ohio. The Laybourns were anciently New Yorkers. Great-grandfather Christopher Laybourn was one of the early mayors of New York <'ity. He was noted for his scholarly attain- ments, particularly in mathematics. At one time he was the owner of a large portion of the land now covered by the city of Roches- ter, N. Y. He was one of the most promi- nent men of his time. Charles G. Laybourn's mother's maiden name was Ann Kirkley. Her parents were natives of England. They settled in central Ohio when Ann was a ( hild, and died shortly after, leaving the little girl to be adopted by one of the most respected families of the country, where she was properly reared and educated. Young Laybourn received his earliest school train- ing in the "little red brick school house on HISTORY OF THE GUKAT NdRTlIWKST, the hill'" near his father's fanri — a school noted for having capable teachers, as well as for strict discipline. At fourteen, havin- ])ointment of assistant city attorney to de- velo]) his ])rivate ])ractice. To carry out fully his ideas of devotion to his jirofession, he went into jiractice alone, and has ailiieved a success wliicli would be flattering to one of the oldest members of the bar. In ])olitics Mr. (Jodfrey is an ardeiit T{e])nblican. active in every movement to forward the jirincijiles of his jiarty and liberal with his .services in every campaign, though j)ersisl ently too busy in his [irofession to accei)t a nomination for office. Yet he has seived for several years as commissioner of the United States court of claims at St. I'aul, this being in the line of his i)rofession. In 1S1I2 he was secretary of the Kam.sey county congres- sional convention, and in 18'JG he was chosen secretary of the Fourth congressional dis- trict .'>.', Howard Harrison, mayor of Al- bert Lea, Minn., and one of the leaning law- yers of that city, is an excellent ty](e of the self-made man. A ])rodm-t of a .Minnesota fai-ni, he stands as a shining example of what can hv accomplished by the young man of eiiei'gy and jierseverance. He was born at .lacl;son. in .Iacl. Dunn, a brother of the snliject of this sketch, is the jiresent shei-itf of .)acl. E., No. 4-1, and has been the recipi- ent of other marked courtesies at the hands of his brother Elks. He is a member of the Koyal Arcanum, the Knights of I'ythias and Odd Fellows. He is a member of the Com- mercial Club of liidh Miuueapoiis and St. Paul, and also of the Theatrical Men's Busi- ness Club of New York City. He is also an honorary member of the Minneapolis I'ress Club. 5Ir. Hays is an ex-member of the Na- ational Guard of the State of Minnesota. HISTORY OF THE GllEAT NORTHWEST. was a inenibor of ("oiiii)any A, First Regi- ment, N. (i. S. Jl., and is now the vice presi- dent of tlie (^aptain Aniory Oompanj' A As- sociation, a social orjianization of the men who served in Company A nnder Captain John Amory. In relif^ion Mr. Hays is a Catholic. He was married in January, 18!):i, 1o JIary Ellen KoIkmIs, of Chicago. Their union has been blessed with one child, Theo- dore AHiMt Edward Hays. TITCOMB, Charles Craves. — If the devel- opment of a region meant simply the opening of farms and the building of houses, the work would be quickly done, and at a frac- tion of the time and cost really found neces- sary to establishing a civilized community with interweaving interests, comforts, and pleasures. The first essentials are, of course, the necessities for existence. Because of this many underrate the value of music, painting, literature, and architecture in con- tributing to the general welfare. Therefore those who follow artistic pursuits are apt to be passed over lightly when the honors for achievement are distnbuted by the historian. The influence of music, of all these arts, re- ceives perhaps the greatest recognition. But this, too, though complimented by such say- ings as "Let me wi'ite the songs of a people, and I care not who writes the laws," does not share its due proportion of the credit for its civilizing power. Charles G. Titcomb, the well known professor of music at St. Paul, :Minn., for nearly twenty years, is en- titled to a fair share of honor for the progress of music in the Northwest. He Mas born in Nashua, N. H., March 20, 1844. His father, John rierson Titcomb, alive at the age of eighty-three years, is a native of Maine. He removed to the west and settled at Harvard, HI., in 18(J2. He sympathized ardently with Texas in its struggle for independence and joined the Texas navy early in the contest, before the state was annexed to the Union. Pierson Titcomb, the grandfather of the sub- ject of this sketch, was a graduate of West Point. He was a man of fine literary taste with a gift for writing with some success in belles lettres and poetry. Thr maiden name of I'rof. Titcomb's mother, alive at the age of seventy-six, was Livinia A. Smith. The young professor early showed natural gifts for music and his training took that direc- tion. After receiving a good common school education, he chose music for his profession, and received a musical education at Boston, Mass., which he utilized as a teacher of the piano and organ — except during the Civil AVar, when he enlisted in the Forty-seventh Massachusetts Volunteers, and served in the Southwest, participating, among other events, in the Bed river expedition under General Banks. He is now engaged in his profession in St. Paul, and commands a large and lucrative patronage. He made an ex- tended tour of p]urope during the summer ot 1894, in company with Lucian Swift, of the Minneapolis Journal, from which he gained great ])lcasure and much needed rest. WUBST, Maximilian. — The subject of this sketch, Rev. Max Wurst, who has done such excellent work for the Roman Catholic parish at Wabasha, Minn., and left the im- press of his character at Le Sueur and vicin- ity, is of German parentage. He was born at Wilflingen, Wurtemberg, October 12, 1855. His father, Gabriel Wurst, was born March 17, 1825, and died May 4, 1870, at the old home in Wilflingen. His mother's maid- en name was Agnes Breimayer. She lives with her son at Wabasha, having left Ger- many in 1887. Young Maximilian was early designed for the ministry. His parents were able to give him superior educational advantages. He attended the public schools until his ninth year and was then sent to the gymnasium, or high school, at Riedlingen. Wurtemberg, where he remained six years — from 1864 to 1870 — when he came to this country and entered St. John's College. His advanced standing enabled him to finish the classical course of the institution in 1872. He then began the study of philosophy, and taught at the same time Latin in the college. After one j'ear of this service he was sent by Bishop Grace to St. Francis' Seminary, HISTOUY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. at Milwaukee, to study theology, lu Sep tembei", iy74, Bishop Grace trausfeired liiiu to the Grand tsemiuary, Moutieal, to rou- tinue his theological studies. He tiually graduated from this iustitutiou iu Juue, 1877, when he returned to tit. I'aul, Miun., and was ordained, ^Vpril 20, 1878, by Bisliop Grace in the tit. i'aul Cathedral. He was then assigned to duty as assistant to Kev. M. A. Bruton, at Rochester, Minn. — the date nt assignment being May 15, 1878. He contin- ued in this service until March iiU, 1880, when he was appointed pastor of St. Ann's church, at Le tiueur, Minn. His admiuistra tion of this parish was noted for its efficiency and left pei-maneut results of an iniporiani character. He established a parocliial school, with the Sisters of Notre Dauie as teachers; he enlarged tlie present church and built the pai'ochial residence. But his en ergy and labors were not confined to Li- tiueur. From this place he attended or ad- ministered the affairs of Henderson parisli for five years, and in September, 188C, was also appointed by Archbishop Ireland dean of Sibley and Le Sueur counties. In 1887 he was transferred to \\'abasha as successor to Bishop Trobec, where his enterprise and executive ability were again brought into requisition with a success which has won great commendation. Under his direction a new parsonage was built. In 1893 St. Felix church was destroyed by fire. This com- pelled the rebuilding of the church with its accompanying labors. In 1898 he estab- lished the St. Elizabeth Hospital in a beauti- ful situation on the bank of the Mississippi river. The institution is in charge of the Sisters of the Sorrowful Mother. The latest improvement under the indefatigable pastor is a new parochial school, now progressing — June, 1901— at an estimated cost of |1.5.000. In addition to his strictly pastoral woik, -Rev. Wurst is active in manj' other affairs contributing to the welfare of the peojilc. He is a member of the fraternal order of Catholic Foresters and of the St. Josejth's Society. He is also a member of the Bish- op's Council; memhor of the school board; cxaminei- of ciergv, and defensor of matri- M.\XI.M1LIA.N WUKS' monial bond, and dean of Wabasha county. His scholarship and personal attributes make him a man highly esteemed by all passes, as a citizen as well as pastor. LEE, William E., was born at Alton, 111., -January 8, 1852. His father, Samuel Lee, was of English birth, and l)y occupation a millwright and contractor. He settled at Alton, 111., in 1851. During the financial disturbance which began in 1856 he suf- fered considerable loss, and removed to Little Falls, Minn. At the breaking out of tlie Rebellion he enlisted in Hatch's Battal- ion of Minnesota Volunteers. Young Will- iam was educated in the public schools. ^\'llen his labor became of value he worked with his father on the farm and in the mill- wright business, and, later, supplemented his public school training by a course of iustruc- liiin under a private tutor. While at work at his trade of millwright he in\ented a wheat and cockle separatoi' for use in mills grinding s])ring wlicat. After he had ob- tained a patent for his invent i((n he allowed it to reiiiain dorni;inl for a wliile, for want HISTORY UF THK GREAT NORTHWEST. WILLIAM E. LEE. of means to luainifactuiL' the maihiue. It was taken up by a couL-eiu without author- ity, which placed the inyention in near!;\^ every mill in the world grinding spring wheat. Mr. Lee was unable to prevent this and sought to obtain redress from the usurp- ing manufacturers, but without avail. He then began suits against the users of the machine. The contest became famous in pat- ent litigation. Mr. Lee was successful in his prosecution. In early life he was associated with Mr. R. H. Ilarkens in the mercantile business, lirst at Uurnhamville, Todd coun- ty. The business was subsequently removed to Long Prairie, and the establishment be- came one of the leading enterprises in the country. Mr. Lee. in 1S82, organized the Bank of Long Prairie, the first in Todd coun- ty. When, in IS'JfJ, the stockholders elected Mr. Lee i)i"esident, although he was then superintendent of the State Reformatory at St. Cloud, he resigned his position and re- turned to Long I'rairie to take charge of the bank. Mr. Lee began his public career at the age of twenty-three, when he was elected justice of the jteace. He is an ardent Repub- lican in jjolitics. In 1877 he became register of deeds of Todd rounly, and held the ofTice by a re-election four years. In 188.5 he was elected to the legislature from Todd county and took an active part in the railroad and warelKJUse legislation, which became promi- nent for the first time in Minnesota. So well did he serve the people tliat they re-elected him in 18S7 and again in 18!»:{, when he was made sjieaker of the house. In 1804, greatly to his surprise, he was aiijiointed to the re- sponsilile jiosition of superintendent of the State Reformatory at St. Cloud, which he re- signed after nearly two years of exception- ally efticient administration, to accept the presidency of the Bank of Long Prairie, Minn., as mentioned. In the meantime he served six years on the State Normal School Board. In every position in which Mr. Lee has been placed, he has shown a high orde. of ability, and — which is harder still — given thorough satisfaction to his constituents. In 1901, because of his experience and proved efficiency, he was. appointed by Governor ^'an Sant as a member of the Board of Con- trol, a body of three members, to supervise the public institutions of the state — estab- lished by the legislature of 1901. Mr. Lee was married, in 1875, to Miss Eva A. Gibson, daughter of Ambrose K. and Margaret A. Gibson. They have three sons — Rudolph A. Lee, a graduate of the University of Minne- sota, and now cashier of the Bank of Long Prairie; Harry W. Lee, now cashier of the Bank of Browerville, Minn., and Raymond A. Lee, a student at Hamline University. DAVIS, Cushman Kellogg. — Since the days of Daniel Webster no orator of the United States has left so deep an impress of personal intellectual strength on the pub lie as that made by the subject of this sketch, familiarly known at home and abroad as "Senator" Davis. Nor has the state of Minnesota, which he represented continuous- ly for thirteen years, ever had a more effi- cient servant. These are two strong state- ments, but the facts fully sustain them. Some men achieve fame through their single gift of public address, without stamping IIISTOKV UF THE CHEAT M )l;TH\VEST. Upon pnlilif att'aii-s nuy iirimiiilc or ])i>licv or artion oi-i};iiiatiiif; within Tliciiisclvcs. Tlic.v i-isi' to jmhlic distiiicl ioii as advocates t)f ideas conceived hy otlieis. Seiiatoi- Davis was distiufi;iiislH'\\\ as an adxocaie and as a statesnnui fi-erniinatinji' fundamental biises ajton wliicli jjernianent jxilicies of ad- ministration could be founded foi- llie|nililic welfare. Only an instance or two need he cited in demonstration. The policy of the jji'overnment in conductinji' internal imjirove- nients has been to limit api)ropiiations for lonj; continued ojierations. to a sinjile year or season, with tlii- resiili that all jpnlilii work was intermitteiit. and therefoic i nsily ami of slow pi-oiires-;. When the inijirovennnit of the ■■Soo" canal was urojerted Senator Davis, realizing' the iniperlai^ce ol' a clianni'l havinji' more commerce than the Sm-/. canal and the whole Mediterranean Sea. ad\anc(nl the idea of makiiifi' contracts for such work on the pledjie of payments as the work pro- gressed. His plan was adoi)ted. The deni onstratiou of its utility to the great benefit of the Northwest has. probalily. niaih' it a fixed policy of the goveniment. He may be regarded also as the father of the ]irinciple that the state has a right to ii'gulate railroad rates for freight and jiassengers. That issiu' was first brought forward in Minnesota, dur ing Mr. Davis" camjiaign for governor. It was incoriiorated in the laws of the stati- by bis aid during his administration. Senator Davis' speeches on Hawaii, and the Vene zuela question, on the power of the ])resident to maintain order, and on the (juestions aris- ing in connection with our insular j)osses- sions are treasures of his originality and are pregnant with seed-tiaitlis from his dee|i thinking and masi<'iiy command of law principh^s. These ha\'e been iiM-orjiorated as a code of action by congress and the execu- tive de]iartments and will grow in apprecia tion as their full scojie is recognized in the making of ireatii-s and in the administration of complex domestic atlaii-s. He saved to the I'nited Stales a large amount of land in the Canadian bonmlary quest ion by reason of his profound legal knowledge. Hence Senator Davis" greatness, for which he was CISH.M.W K. D.WIS. singled out by the people as the one master- ful man on whom they could depend, and for whom, no doubt, they held in»reser\'e the highest regard. He stands out lumin- ously in the front ranks of the foremost men of his generation in breadth of view and dce]( insight of ])rini-i]iles underlying true siatesnianshij). He had alsro\vn, A. Y. Merrill and G. AY. Buftington, under the flrm name of Brown, Reed, Merrill & BulHngton, which ])artnership was termi- nated January 1, 1901. In 1898 Mr. Reed was elected county attorney of Hennepin county, Minn., and served two years. What is known as ''the primary election law" was then put into operation. Among the peculiar operations of that law was the defeat of Mr. Reed for renomination by 275 votes. The administration of Mr. Reed was one of the most important and busiest of record. Aside from the ordinary duties of the office, which are onerous and beyond public conce]ition, Mr. Reed had .special cases in civil matters which will not occur again. In one .series of tax cases the county auditor estimated that Mr. Reed saved the county |100,000. The Minnetonka dam cases required an immense amount of work. From April, 1899, to April, 1900, there were — as an example of the labor done — 570 civil cases. In criminal cases the labor was also arduous. For example, from January', 1899, to June 1, 1900, there were 402 cases considered by the grand jury, and ;!12 indictments drawn, some indictments in- cluding two or three persons. The grand jury was always attended personally by Mr. Reed. When it is considered that ejich grand jury is composed of the best and leading busi ness men and that each jury during his term voted its thanks to Mr. Reed for his care in preparing and jiresenting the matters consid- ered, the high chai-acter of the compliment LOITIS A. KKKI>. can be estimated. Perhaps the most noted criminal case which came under Mr. Reed's administration was the "Hamilton murder case.'' Mr. Reed conducted the examination before the grand jury, drew the indictment and prepared the case for trial, but went our of office before the trial. Mr. Reed was mar- ried, July 8, 1880, to Isabelle Trent, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James P. Trent, of Manito, 111. They have two children — Al- bert Pi'eston, seventeen years old, and Rus- sell Claude Reed, ten years old. Previous to his election as county attorney Mr. Reed had never held otflce, but he was active as a Re- publican, and was very influential in his jiarty. In 1890 he was made chairman of the County Republican Committee of Hennejiin County, and in 1804 was chosen chairman of the .ludiciary Rei>ublican Committee. He is regarded as one of the best organiz.ers and directors of a cami)aign in the party. He is a member of the Commercial Club, the Elks, the Knights of Pythias, the Modern Wood- men, and the Masonic ordei'. In religion he affiliates with and supports the Congrega- tional church, and is held socially, as well as professionally, in the highest esteem. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. LYLE C. BACON. BACOX, Dr. Lyle Cholwell, of St. Paul, clinical professoi- of obstetrics lu the medi- cal department of Hamline University, and obstetrician to the City and County Hospital, St. Paul, was born at Niles, Mich., February 26, 1860. His father — also a distinguished member of the medical profession — was Cyrus Bacon, Jr., assistant surgeon and brevet major TTnited States army, l.oin at Edwardsburg, Mich. He died in the service in 1868. The maiden name of the doctoi-'s mother was Arabella Knox. She. was the daughter of Colonel and Mrs. A. P. Knox, of Niles, Mich. The family on both the father and mother's sides is of early New England colonial ancestry, many members being cons])icuous for their services iu the colonial wars and in the Revolutionary strug- gle. Among them may be mentioned Col- onel Stephen Bacon, Captain Moses Lyle, Captain John Crane, Solomon Tarbox. Jr., and Abram Knox— father of Colonel A. P. Knox — a Revolutionary soldier at the age of eighteen wlio had the misfortune of being captured and confined in the infamous Brit- ish pris(m shij) at New York harbor. Dr. L. C. Bacon was educated in the public schools at Xilcs. (•om])leting his course there as a graduate of the High School. He then came to St. I'aul and secured work on the Pioneer Press. AX'hile thus employed, true to the tradition of his family, he took up the study of medicine, and for several years jiut in all his .spare time at the old St. Paul ^fi'dical College. But he had an ambition to secure a more thorough ecjuipment for his profession before he began jiractice. There- fore, in 18S7, he returned to Michigan and entered the medical department of the T'ni- versity of Jlichigan at Ann Arbor, and took the full medic-al course at that noted institu- tion. AA'hile there he was senior president of his class and was engaged for one year as assistant to the professor of obsteti'ics and gynaecology. In 181(0 he returned to St. Paul and commenced practice, achieving a snc(-ess which has given him the prominence which he now holds. Since 189G he has been associated with his brother, Dr. Knox Bacon, chief surgeon of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railway com- pany. He has a large private practice and stands among the leading physicians and surgeons of the state. He is a member of . the Ramsey County Medical Society; Minne- sota State Medical Association; Minnesota Academy of Medicine, and the American Medical Association. The doctor is a mem- ber of the Masonic order, and of several of the benevolent associations, and takes an in- terest in charitable work. He was married in 1891 to Miss Alice Kay. daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Wardlaw Kay, of Niles, Mich. They have three children: Elizabeth Lyle Bacon, born September 22, 1892; Don- ald Kay Bacon, born July 18, 1894, and Lyle Cholwell Bacon, Jr., born Mav 20, 1897. SHUTTER, Rev. Marion D., D. D., the pastor of the First Universallst church, of Minneapolis, Minn., known as the Church of the Redeemer, and, without question, the most i)owerful and influential "liberal church" in the west and Northwest, and one of the mightiest in the country, was born between forty-six and forty-seven years ago. HISTORY OF TIIIO (lUEAT N(»RTII\VEST. at New rhiladclphia, Oliii). His father, Kev. Peter K. SluitfcT-, a minister of the liaptist clnn-cli. lias held various diaries in Oliio and -Miclii^an, and lie is still lixinji at seveiil.v- Ihree years of age at (Jrand Rajiids, ilich. His ])astorates wei-i' always successful, f trade of a blacksinith and locat- ed on a farm near by. when' he established a blai-ksmilh shop, which was a feature of the neijiliborhood for half a century. His HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. JAMES A. TAWNEY. oldest sou, John E., followed in the footsteps of his father. He was a well-informed man, however, and took an active interest in all public questions, was a fluent writer and a forcible speaker. His wife, Sarah Boblitz, was an excellent woman of a positive and forcible character. James A., their son, also learned the blacksmith's trade, and later that of a machinist. In the summer of 1877 he came West and located at Winona, Minn., and worked at his trade. The young ma- chinist was an indefatigable student; he studied into late hours of the night, as well as a short time in the morning before going to the shop. Januai'v 1, 1881, he entered the office of Bentley & Vance for the purpose of reading law, though for two j'eare previous he had read law at home. Devoting his whole time to study, he made rapid progress, and was admitted to practice July 10, 1882. He then attended the law school of the Uni- vei-sity of Wisconsin. The death of Mr. Bentley, in March of the following year, left him in possession of a large business. But Mr. Tawney rose to the opportunity. Care- ful and painstaking, his progress was rapid. He soon won for himself an enviable repu- tation, and along with it a higher and more lucrative grade of practice. Meanwhile, in 1883, he was elected judge advocate of the Second Alinnesota National Guard, and served in that capacity until Janiiary, 1892, when be was made judge advocate general on the staff of Governor Merriam. From 1888 to 1801 he was vice president of the. State Republican League, and later served for several years on the state central com- mittee. In 18!)0 he was elected a state sen- ator from "\^'inona county and served with great credit to himself in the sessions of ISUl and 180.3. He was elected to the Fifty- third Congress in the fall of 1802, and has been returned to that body at each succeed- ing election with largely increased majori- ties. Mr. Tawney's congressional recoixl has been a particularly bright one. His maiden speech was against the repeal of the federal elections law in the Fifty -third Congress. In the Fifty-fourth, he was a member of the ways and means committee, which prepared the Dingley tariff bill. He made a masterly argument in the Fifty-fifth in favor of the treaty annexing Hawaii, and was influential ip securing favorable consideration of the resolution. In the oi'ganization of the Fifty- sixth he took a more conspicuous part, and was a tireless worker in the campaign to se- cure the election of speaker from the west. He was elected by the Republicans of the caucus of the house of representatives as the party "whip," and was appointed a mem- ber of the committee on ways and means, and of the committee on insular affairs and chairman of the committee on the Centen- nial of the Louisiana Purchase. He was a strong advocate for the creation of the com- mittee on insular affairs previous to the or- ganization of the house. These committee appointments evidence the confidence and esteem which Mr. Tawney has won in such large measure from his associates. Decem- ber 10, 1883, Mr. Tawney was married to Miss Emma B. Newell, of Winona. Five chil- dren have been born: Everett Franklin, James Millard, John Ephraim, Maud Jos- ephine and William Mitchell. CONTENTS. HISTORY OF THE GREAT NORTHWEST. Page Page The Great Northwest Defined ^ Our Title to the Northwest (i The Aborigines <> The Coming of tlie White Man 10 Territorial Changes 14 I'hases of Frontier Life 15 The Fur Trade 15 The Missionary 1!) Administration of Justice 21 Education 32 Military History 35 Political I'arties 49 I'olitics in the Great Northwest 54 HISTORY OF MIXXESOT.V HISTORY OF SOUTH U.VKOT.V . HISTORY OF NORTH I).\KOT.V . HISTORY OF MONTAN.l 63 69 N. DAKOTA AGRICULTITRAL COLLEGE. 7( JMACALESTER COLLEGE SO SHATTUCK SCHOOI 81 INDEX TO Aaker. H. H 277 Allien, W. I) 203 Ames, Dr. A. A 310 Anderson, Dr. J. I) 3S5 Andrews, Dr. J. W 348 Ankeny, A. T 238 Archibald, A. R 222 Armstrong, JI. K 118 Atwater, Isaac 521 Austin, Z. H 438 Babcock, A. L 538 Bacon, Dr. L. C 582 Baker, T.,Jr 121 Barrett, A. II 132 Bartholomew, J. M 119 Baxter, L. L 226 Beadle, W. H. H 366 Belden, H. C 493 Benton, A. H 505 Berg, O. C 141 Black, J. D 410 Blanch, H. G 381 Block. J. H 213 Boutelle, C. M 529 Bowler, J. M 522 Brantly, T 102 Brass, H. L 220 Bracken, Di-. H. M 535 Briggs, A. H 96 Brown, J. W 321 Bi-own, C. L 139 Brown, E. 554 Brophy. P. J :',49 Bryant, B. F 511 BIOGRAPHIES. Bryant, J. C 566 Budd, J. D 242 Burnett, W.J 311 Byrnes, Dr. ^Y. .^ 473 Cairus, C. S 278 Campbell, J. Vr 296 Campbell, Wallace 426 Cantei-bury, J. R ? • • 260 Carlblom, A. N 228 Ciirleton, F. H 323 Challman, S. A 445 Chamberlin, Dr. J. W 555 Choate, A. B 383 Coburn, G. W^ 225 Collins, L. W ..478 Comstock, W. L 449 Comstock, O. D 547 CouLstock, S. G 114 Compton, James 288 < 'onroy, E.J «9 Cooley, G. W 312 Cooley. C. R 336 Cooper, John 489 Cooper, Walter 282 Cotter, Rt. Rev. J. B 454 Cotton, J. B 399 (^owan, J. F 510 Crawford, C. 1 308 Cntchetl, E. T 15>9 Cross, J. N 332 Dare, A. N 295 Davis, C. K 578 Dean, F. E ....■■ 427 INDEX— Continued. Dean, W. B 370 Dean, W. J 350 Dearth, E. H 189 Devine, J. M 25(5 Dobbin, James -01 Dodge, J. S 123 Donahoe, M 441 Donaldson, L. S 440 Douglass, W. K 505 Dow, J. J 402 Dowling, M.J 525 Driver, Eev. J. M 470 Droppers, Garrett 100 Dunsmoor, Dr. F. A 424 Dunn, H. H 573 Dunn, Dr. J. H 221 Dunn, R. C 2.30 Dunn, Dr. J. B 259 Dutton, Dr. ( ". E 455 Edwards, A. W 194 Eddy, F. M 291 Elliott, C. B 200 Eseb, J. J 347 Estes, W. R 402 Eustis, W. H 173 Evans, E. G 496 Fanner, .J. Q 178 Farnsworth, S. A 240 Ferris, A. F 552 Fletcher, Loren 304 Force, Dr. J. F 108 Ford, J. W 170 Fort, G. L 129 Frankforter, G. B 455 Franklin, Geo. A 423 Freeman. Dr. J. W 232 Fritsche, Dr. L. A 453 Fullei-ton, S. F 569 Funk, W. A 143 Gates, J. A 419 Gaughn, Rev. J. H 327 Getty, G. F 217 Gjertsen, H. J 533 Gjertsen, Rev. M. F 437 Godfrey, I'. D 577 Grant, Donald 408 (Jreely, O. E 106 Greer, J. N 340 Grier, T. J 245 Gregory, C. E 469 Page Haecker, T. L 563 Hall, Dr. P. M 572 Hall, C. W 550 Hall. Dr. W. A 297 Hallam, Oscar 266 Hallock, Rev. L. H 458 liahoi-son, Marcellus 378 Hanua, L. B 294 Itannaford, J. M 546 Hanson, P. E 191 Hare, Rt. Rev. \\'. H 286 Harvey, T. E 168 HayS1 I.eviston, Irwen 41'J Lewis, C. L 230 r,ewis, R. S 188 Libbey, E. D 351 Liggett, W. M 422 Lind, John liKJ Lindsay, Wni 175 Linn, Arthur 402 Little, C. B o;U Loftheld, G 428 Lokensgaard, Kev. (). () 541 I.on^istatt', John 257 I^ounsbei-ry, C A 372 Lugger, Otto 204 Lyon, IL R 1)1 McCieai-y, J. T 208 MiClenon, R. li 432 McClory, P. J 585 McUarry, 1'. 11 105 Mc(iill, A. K 300 McGillivray, A. C 545 MfKinnon, A 441 Jhirshail, C. A 101 Ahirshall, John 470 Martin, E. W 105 Marquis, \V. J 258 Masterman, W. C 430 Mathews, M.E 338 Megaanlen, P. T 08 Meier, Rev. J 483 Meudeuhall, R. J 00 Merrill, H. L 540 Merrill, (i. C 113 Merrill, (}. A 40U Merriani, W. R 102 Miller, J. G 344 Mitchell, r. L 20!) Molander, H. B 185 Moore, J. B 140 Moore, Dr. J. E 400 Morgan, H. A 431 Morris, Page 420 Pago 204 290 Morris, W. R Morrison, R. ( i .Morey, C. A .335 Alott, R. A 509 Nelson, S. A 401 Nelson, E. A 403 Nelson, R. R 405 Nordin, A. F 100 Norred, Dr. < '. II 408 Norton, Dr. .\. K :'.(i:! Northrop, ( "yrus 340 Xoyes, A. H 510 Noyes, J. L .550 Nye, C. A 241 0"Donnell. John 400 O'Gonnan, Rt. Rev. 'I'lioinas 170 Olsen, J. ^^' :'.75 Olson, S. E 110 Olson, C. O. A 212 Painter, J. E 377 Painter, D. II 553 Pattee, W. 8 254 Peake, A. P 4.50 Peterson, John ^ . 203 Peterson, J. A 271 Perkins, Dr. < i. A 207 I'faender, ^^'nl 500 Pickler, J. A 502 I'helau, Dr. F. N 220 Pillsbuy, J. S 83 Pine, Dr. O. S 171 Pineo, Dr. W. 1! 115 Porter, Dr. IL R 145 I'owers, F. M ;'>-5 Preston, H. O 214 Purvis, Geo r)13> Quinn, Z. II --7 Quist, P. P 405 Ramsey, Alexander 510 Rand, L. M 107 Randall, E. \V 302 Reed, L. A 580 Reynolds, Dr. M. 11 481 Reynolds, G. H 380 Reissbefk, John 211 Rhodes, J. M •■!37 Richards, W. 1> :500 Robinson, E. N'an D 180 Kolicrls, W. I' 342 INDEX- Page IJobbius, A. 13 406 Koddle, W. H 210 Kodgers, W . B 317 Rogers, Dr. A. C 275 Bohlinger, Rev. J. P. N 4G5 Rourke, P. H 452 Rowe, A. M 514 Runge, A. H 1.31 Russell, B. S 134 Russell, Hem-.v 397 Russell, John 398 Sargent, G. B 305 Sargent, ^>'. C 343 Satterlund, John 447 Sauter, O. E 243 Schlener, J. A 440 Schadle, Dr. J. E 558 Schmahl, J. A 328 Schultz, C. G 415 Scott, H. R 352 Searle, D. B 124 Shaw, Thomas 376 Sheffield, M. B 421 Sheffield, B. B 518 Shevlin, T. H 103 Sheehan, T. J 353 Shoemaker, W. A 137 Shutter, M. D 582 Smead, W. E 542 Smith, W 384 Smith, C. A 320 Smith, A. M 404 Smith, L. A 386 Snyder, Harry 313 Spalding, B. F 93 Spooner, L. C 416 Stanton, Geo. A 445 Starr, Sol 218 Start, 0. M 179 Sterling, Thomas 294 Stevens, G. Fred 539 Stewart, Dr. J. C 184 Stockton, A. W 474 Stowe, E. C 587 Strickler, Dr. O. C 234 Stuart, W. A 246 Sublette, G. W 140 Swift, Lee 325 Tate, J. A 528 Taubman, E. T gsfj ■Continued. Page Ta wney, J . A 588 Thomas, Dr. D. 208 Thompson, F. J 252 Titus, S. S 425 Titcomb, 0. B 576 Todd, Dr. F. C 97 Tomlinson, Dr. H. A 180 Towler, S. H 330 Trobec, Rt. Rev. James 304 Tryon, C. J 272 Tufts, DeW. C 138 Turnblad, S. J 160 Turner, R. J 515 Van Sant, S. R 315 Van Tuyl, C. W 128 Vander Horck, Dr. M. P 456 Von Baumbach, F 270 Wallace, James 477 Walker, T. B 484 Washburn, W. D 388 Webster, CM 568 Webster, W. F 534 Weiser, Dr. G. B 292 Welch, V. J 520 Weld, F. A 524 Werner, N. O 125 White, Frank 500 White, F. T 200 Whipple, Rt. Rev. H. B 280 "SATiipple, A. 215 Whitney, CO 468 Wilcox, Dr. H. H 476 Willis, J. W 503 Willis, H. B.... 585 Williams, E. A 379 Wilson, S. B 153 Winship, G. B 150 Winterer, Herman 163 Winterer, Edward 325 Wirth, Dr. Carl 375 Woodard, Dr. F. R 248 W^oolman, J. P 94 Woody, F. H 472 Worst, J. H 182 Wright, F. B... 345 Wulling, F. J 158 Wni-st, Rev. Max 576 Young, N. G 166 Zoch. Herman 250