THE UNIVERSITY BULLETINS TENTH SERIES, No. 6. Part 1. SPECIAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE UNIVERSITY AND THE COURSES IN MEDICINE PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY August, 1910 Bi-Monthly Entered at the Philadelphia , Pa., Post Office as Second-Class Matter University of Pennsylvania The Medical School Founded 1740 SPECIAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE UNIVERSITY AND THE COURSES IN MEDICINE PHILADELPHIA PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 1910 BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF the CAMPUS, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. DR. JOHN MORGAN, Founder of the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. Professor of Theory and Practice of Medicine, 1765-1789. THE MEDICAL LABORATORY BUILDING. COURSES IN MEDICINE 5 THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAL SCHOOL HISTORICAL NOTE. This institution, the oldest Medical School in the United States, was founded in 1765 by Dr. John Morgan, who filled in it the first medical professorship created in North America. In his opening “Discourse Upon the Institution of Medical Schools in America,” delivered in the College of Philadelphia, May 30, 1765, Dr. Morgan uttered these prophetic words : “Perhaps this medical institution, the first of its kind in America, though small in its beginning, may re- ceive a constant in- crease of strength, and annually exert new vigor. It may collect a number of young persons, of more than ordinary abilities, and so im- prove their knowl- edge as to spread its reputation to distant parts. By sending these abroad duly quali- fied, or by exciting an emulation amongst men of parts and literature, it may give birth to other useful institutions of a similar nature, or occasional rise, by its example, to numerous societies of different kinds, calculated to spread the light of knowledge through the whole American continent, wherever inhabited.” Through Dr. Morgan, the pupil of Hunter in London and of Cullen in Edinburgh, the graduates of this school take a just pride in regarding it as the lineal descendant of the best medical schools of Great Britain in the last century. Dr. Morgan was soon joined by another pupil of Cullen, Dr. William Shippen, as Professor of 6 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAL HALL, 1829-1874. Anatomy and Surgery, thus forming another tie of relationship to the celebrated University of Edinburgh, whose methods of in- struction were substantially adopted here. In the next year Dr. Adam Kuhn was added as Professor of Botany and Materia Medica; and on June 21, 1768, a commencement was held, at which medical honors were bestowed, the first in point of time in North America. In 1769, Dr. Benjamin Rush was elected to the Professorship of Chemistry, while Dr. Thomas Bond, one of the trustees of the College of Philadelphia, delivered lectures on Clin- ical Medicine in the Pennsylvania Hospital. To the faculty thus composed of Morgan, Shippen, Kuhn and Rush have succeeded, at various times, professors whose repu- tations have been national, such as Barton, Wistar, Chapman, Physick, Dewees, Horner, Hare, Gibson, Jackson, George B. Wood, Hodge, James B. Rogers, Carson, Pepper, Francis Gurney Smith, Neill, Henry H. Smith, Leidy, D. Hayes Agnew, Goodell, the younger Pepper, Stille, Ashhurst, Horatio C. Wood and Norris. COURSES IN MEDICINE 7 EQUIPMENT. The buildings connected with the Medical Department are : Old Medical Hall; the new Medical Laboratory Building; Wistar Institute of Anatomy; the Laboratory of Hygiene; Hare Labora- tory of Chemistry; Pepper Clinical Laboratory; Phipps Institute; Southeastern Dispensary ; and the Hospital system, in which are in- cluded the Agnew Surgical Pavilion, the Gibson Wing for Chronic Diseases, the Maternity, and the Main Hospital Building; it also includes the Nurses’ Dormitories, Laundry, Mortuary and Chapel, and Isolation Building. Laboratories of Pathology , Physiology and Pharmacology . — This building is unsurpassed in facilities for graduate and under- graduate work. It has a frontage along Hamilton Walk of 337 feet, and a depth of 192 feet; is constructed of fireproof material, and is two stories in height above a high basement. It is quad- rangular in shape, and so constructed around a courtyard as to give all the main laboratories and research rooms a north light. The architecture is in the English Collegiate style of the middle 17th Century, and is in harmony with the style of the other late University buildings. There are two large amphitheatres in the rear of the build- ing with a seating capacity of 400 each, and two large demonstra- bird’s-eye view of medical building. (Showing light arrangement.) 8 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA tion rooms, seating 185 each. The departments of Physiology, Medical Research and Pharmacodynamics occupy the first floor and basement, while the second floor is devoted exclusively to pathology, with accommodations for a number of professors of other departments. Among the principal rooms are those devoted to pharmacy, physical diagnosis, bandaging, research, and obstet- rics in the basement. On the first floor are rooms equipped for aseptic operations on lower animals ; numerous small rooms CAMPUS BETWEEN LOGAN HALL AND COLLEGE HALL. for research work, professors and assistants ; rooms for sub-sec- tion teaching in digestion, circulation, respiration, calorimetry, nerve, muscle, special senses, etc. ; and photographic dark room, repair and storage rooms. On this floor are three large labora- tories for physiology, practical pharmacodynamics and medical research, respectively ; a library, and rooms for assistants and research. The chief purpose of the second floor is for labora- tory instruction in pathology. Most of the north front of the building is devoted to laboratories for advanced students in experimental pathology and pathological bacteriology and the COURSES IN MEDICINE 9 special research and assistants’ room. The east wing accommo- dates the laboratory of comparative pathology and tropical medi- cine; the west wing is occupied by the pathological museum, the gross morbid anatomy demonstration room, photographic rooms, and rooms for animal operations. The front of the laboratory of pathological histology consists almost entirely of glass and is located so as to face a spacious court to the north, thus insuring excellent and uniform light and admirably adapting it for micro- LOGAN HALL. scopic work carried on by a large class. In a similar section of the building, east of the central hall, with similar front arrange- ments to insure light for microscopic work, are located two small laboratories for the teaching of surgical pathology, neuro-pathol- ogy and clinical pathological technology ; the private rooms for the instructors of these branches open upon these larger labora- tories. Logan Hall . — This building was originally known as “Medical Hall,” and was constructed in 1874 for the purpose of housing the entire Medical Department, Since that time the school has grown 10 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ROBERT HARE LABORATORY OF CHEMISTRY. and expanded so rapidly that all the branches of medicine except anatomy and surgery now occupy new quarters. The courses in anatomy, including embryology, histology and osteology are given in this building. The building contains two large amphitheatres and three demonstration rooms. Robert Hare Laboratory of Chemistry . — The first three floors of this building are devoted entirely to the subject of chemistry. There are ample facilities for laboratory instruction, as well as for research work. On the fourth floor of the building is a large anatomical laboratory, or dissecting room, 40 by 140 feet. It is well lighted and ventilated upon all sides, and skylights are over the entire hall. It is equipped with numerous washstands, hot and cold water, and every convenience. Cleanliness is rigidly enforced, and the cadavers furnished to the dissecting room are preserved by refrigeration. Laboratory of Hygiene . — This laboratory building is the gift of the late Henry Charles Lea, and the equipment of the late Henry C. Gibson, both of Philadelphia. It is devoted to graduate work in bacteriology and hygiene. The student laboratory is COURSES IN MEDICINE II large and well lighted, and on the main floor is a lecture hall and an amphitheatre for classes in practical hygiene. There is also a museum and drafting room. The second floor contains class rooms for special graduate and undergraduate students in bacteriology ; each student is supplied with an individual micro- scope and such apparatus as is necessary to conduct elementary studies in bacteriology. Opportunities for research work in advanced hygiene and bacteriology are offered to those having the LABORATORY OF HYGIENE. requisite preliminary training — all work coming under this head being done under the direct supervision of the laboratory staff. Talented students who desire to become investigators or teachers in the field of sanitary science, may become candidates for the Scott Fellowship, which was endowed for the purpose of promot- ing the increase of knowledge in that subject. The Wistar Institute of Anatomy . — This Institute was founded for the preservation and increase of the Wistar and Horner Museum, and for the promoting of advanced study and research in anatomy and biology. The museum was founded more than a century ago and has been annually augumented, and is un- surpassed for the number and variety of its specimens illustrat- 12 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ing the normal and morbid anatomy of every portion of the human body. It also contains large numbers of preparations in comparative anatomy used in illustrating the lectures. The In- stitute occupies a building which will ultimately cover an entire city block. The present building is four stories high and has a frontage of 223 feet, by 66 feet, and a wing 46 by 72 feet. The museum is open daily, except Sunday, from 10 A. M. to 4 P. M. The Institute is endowed sufficiently to provide means for the WISTAR INSTITUTE OF ANATOMY. prosecution of advanced and original work for which it was intended. It is equipped with several laboratories and every facility is provided for the work of original investigators. While the museum is free for the inspection of all, it is principally for the purpose of affording facilities and assistance to post-gradu- ates and advanced students. In addition to its research and mu- seum work, the Institute publishes five journals, viz: “Journal of Morphology,” “The Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology,” “The American Journal of Anatomy,” “The Ana- COURSES IN MEDICINE 13 UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL — MAIN ENTRANCE. HOSPITAL ROW ALONG SPRUCE STREET. PEPPER LABORATORY IN FOREGROUND. 14 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA D. HAYES AGNEW SURGICAL PAVILION. tomical Record,” and “The Journal of Experimental Zoology.” These journals comprise the principal anatomical journals pub- lished in the United States. THE HOSPITAL. The University Hospital System consists of six buildings, located in the two city squares bounded by 34th, 36th, Spruce and Pine streets. In these buildings are six amphitheatres, and four- teen wards with a total of 350 beds. The medical staff of the Hospital consists of more than 13 1 physicians and 86 nurses. In the basement of the central buildings are surgical and medical dispensaries and dispensaries for special diseases. Extensions have been recently made to each of the main Hospital buildings in the rear, so that each floor of every building is now provided with a spacious sun parlor. Extensive improvements are also being made to the Hospital buildings along Spruce street between 34th and 36th streets. The front walls of these are being brought out to the Spruce street building line, which improvements, when completed, will give the hospital a total capacity of more than 400 beds. COURSES IN MEDICINE 15 For the benefit of the students who become sick during their College term, a cheerful and comfortable furnished ward has been set aside in the hospital. There the students receive the best medical treatment free, only a nominal charge being made for board. The following are brief descriptions of the principal build- ings connected with the Hospital : nurses’ dormitory. William Pepper Clinical Laboratory . — This building was erected by Provost William Pepper as a memorial to his father. It adjoins the University Hospital. The Laboratory is devoted entirely to graduate work, its purpose being to promote the interest of patients in providing the facilities for the prosecution of minute clinical studies, and original researches ; and to advance the interests of science by the publication of the results of such work. No undergraduate instruction is given. The Associates and Volunteer Associates of the Laboratory are appointed for the purpose of carrying out certain lines of investigation for which they have special preparation. The laboratory does not encourage 1 6 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA post-graduate work, but has received a limited number of post- graduate students from time to time for the purpose of training them to carry on investigations. The Gibson Wing for Chronic Diseases, while originally erected for the treatment of heart and lung diseases, now contains the Children's Medical Ward of 20 beds; the Ward for Chronic Surgical Cases, of 20 beds ; the Students' Medical Ward, of 10 beds, and a number of private rooms. To the front of the Gibson Wing has been added a building, or wing, which forms the first of the new wings of the Hospital, all the others to be extended in the front and brought out to the building line to correspond with this one. This building is known as the Medical Clinical Laboratory Building, and contains the laboratories of Clinical Pathology for the use of the Hospital staff and for the fourth-year students in medicine. D. Hayes Agnew Memorial Pavilion. — This building was named in honor of the great American surgeon who had such a long and important career at the University. The building contains four wards and three amphitheatres for clinical in- struction. In the Hospital yard is an isolated building constructed for the accommodation of patients who have contracted contagious diseases while patients in the University Hospital. CLINICAL BUILDING. MATERNITY PAVILION. COURSES IN MEDICINE 1 7 HAMILTON WALK. (On which Medical Building is located.) In the Hospital yard there is also a Laundry Building in which all the laundering of the Hospital is done. Another small building is devoted to a Mortuary and Chapel. There is also a Dormitory for nurses with accommodation for about one hundred nurses and student-nurses connected with the Hospital. A training School for Nurses has been attached to the University Hospital since 1886. On the third floor of the Agnew Pavilion is a well-equipped X-Ray Laboratory which forms an important part of the Uni- versity Hospital system. The Maternity Pavilion is located along Hamilton Walk, and has accommodations for about fifty patients, and an amphitheatre seating two hundred. It also contains several wards and nurseries, and a sun parlor. The Southeastern Dispensary was founded twenty years ago for the purpose of giving medical instruction to students in ob- stetrics. Each fourth-year student is required to spend at least 8 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA a week at the Dispensary, where he gets an average of seven to eight cases a week. The building, which is located at 736 South Tenth street, is well equipped. Three students and two trained nurses are in attendance all the time. The Dispensary furnishes medical attendance to an average of twelve hundred families a year. A special free dispensary is also conducted in the building. Henry Phipps Institute for the Study, Prevention and Treat- ment of Tuberculosis. — This Institute is located at Third and ’73 MEMORIAL GATE AND ENTRANCE TO HAMILTON WALK. Pine streets, and was recently endowed by Henry Phipps, of New York, for the study, prevention and treatment of tuberculosis. A new building is about to be erected at the Northeast corner of Seventh and Lombard streets. The Institute was established about seven years ago in a section of the city in which tuber- culosis was most prevalent, with the view to segregation of patients without removing them too far from their families and friends. The Institute has demonstrated that patients can be cured in the city, provided they can receive proper food and treat- COURSES IN MEDICINE 19 ment ; the principal work, however, will be preventive and edu- cational. Both the wards and large dispensary service of this Institute are devoted entirely to cases of tuberculosis. The policy of the Institute is to include three fields of activity, represented by three corresponding departments, viz: Laboratory, Clinical and the Sociological Department, each being under a separate Direc- tor. The Institute ofifers both to post-graduate students and to THE LIBRARY BUILDING. advanced undergraduates an exceptional opportunity for observa- tion along this special line of medical research. The University Hospital facilities are augumented by those of the Philadelphia Hospital, which adjoins the campus and which has a capacity of 1,600 beds. In this the students also have free access. THE LIBRARY. The University Library consists of 300,000 volumes and up- wards of 50,000 pamphlets. The main collection is housed in a 20 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA building on the campus, and is well supplied with reading rooms for undergraduates and with seminar libraries on the upper floors for the graduate school. In addition, there is a large num- ber of departmental libraries. Among these is the Medical Library of more than 21,000 volumes, and to which is added practically all new medical publications as they appear. All the principal American and European medical periodicals are kept on file. There are also special libraries devoted respectively to : Physi- ology, Pathology and Pharmacology. Students also have access to the Library of the College of Physicians, of more than 90,000 volumes ; this library is only a short distance from the campus, and is the second largest medical library in the United States. The Library is open throughout the year, until 10 P.M. during the scholastic year, and until 5 P. M. during the summer vacation. All students of the University have the free use of the Library extended to them, and students are permitted to take out such books as they need for their work. A feature of the University’s collections is the large number of collections on special subjects. Medical Bidletin . — The official publication of the Medical BIOLOGICAL HALL. COURSES IN MEDICINE 21 ONE OF THE LILY PONDS IN THE BOTANIC GARDENS. School is the “ University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin,” in which is published material, by members of the University staff, of practical and scientific value ; its purpose being to keep phy- sicians and students in touch with the progress of the medical pro- fession, and particularly with the work which is being done at the University. ADMISSION TO- MEDICAL SCHOOL. Admission to the school is granted by examination, or upon credentials of preparation at least equivalent to two years of regular study in approved colleges of Arts and Science, such preparation to include at least one year’s work (with appropriate laboratory exercises) in Physics, Chemistry and General Biology or Zoology, and familiarity with two modern languages other than English (one of which must be French or German). Candidates who have had insufficient preparation in Physics, Chemistry, General Biology or Zoology, but who have successfully completed at least three years of an accepted college course will be admitted with conditions in these subjects. These may be removed at least in part through the successful completion of courses offered in the Summer School, whose six weeks’ session begins the first week in July. 22 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ADVANCED STANDING. Graduates of recognized colleges who have finished any of the subjects of the first year medical course, and who have passed satisfactory examinations given by the professor of the University in charge of such subjects, may be excused from that part of the first-year course on certain conditions. Candidates for advanced standing to any class must meet all the entrance requirements in addition to passing satisfactory examinations in all work covered in previous sessions by the members of the class for which application is made. Teaching Staff . — The teaching staff of the medical school con- sists of one hundred and sixty-five men, of whom twenty-two are professors, four clinical professors, four associate professors, three adjunct professors, eleven assistant professors, eight demon- strators, fifteen associates, six lecturers, fifty-seven assistant demonstrators, twenty assistant instructors, two prosectors, twelve assistants and one special lecturer. THE VIVARIUM. COURSES IN MEDICINE 23 A WALK IN THE BOTANIC GARDENS. COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. The course of instruction extends over a period of four years, with one session in each year, beginning on the fourth Fri- day of September and ending on the third Wednesday- in June. The course may be said to be divided into two periods of two years each; the first period devoted to the fundamental medical sciences, Chemistry, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology; the second period to the clinical subjects, Medicine, Surgery, Ob- stetrics and the specialties. First Period . — The subjects of the first two years have been arranged according to a modification of the concentration system. By this system the student is enabled to concentrate his energy upon one or two subjects, and must master these before he is allowed to continue the course. Thus the first year is devoted chiefly to anatomy, including embryology, normal histology, and osteology, to materia medica, pharmacy, and to physiological chemistry. 24 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA The subjects of the second year follow in logical sequence those of the year preceding. Having been grounded in the struc- ture of the human subject in a state of health, and having famili- arized himself with the chemistry of normal tissues and body fluids, the student enters upon the study of the functions which the tissues of the body perform in a state of health, and the disturb- ance of functions and alterations of structures that are mani- fested in disease. The time of the second year is thus given, over largely to physiology, pathology and bacteriology. In addition to these the work of the second year includes a course in physical diagnosis. Instruction upon the subjects of the first two years is almost entirely practical, so that the greater part of the student’s time is spent in the laboratories. In the new laboratories of Pathology, Physiology and Pharmacology, which were opened in June, 1904, the students of this department are afforded unsurpassed facilities for practical work in these fundamental subjects. Second Period . — With the beginning of the third year the student enters upon the second period, which covers the third and fourth years, and is devoted almost exclusively to instruction in the so-called clinical subjects — Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics THE DORMITORIES FROM BOTANIC GARDENS. COURSES IN MEDICINE 25 THE DORMITORIES — THE TERRACE OF THE BIG QUAD. and the specialties. There is no sharp dividing line between the work of the third and fourth years, so that the courses in the clinical subjects may be said to cover a period of two years. Arrangements have been made to keep the student fully oc- cupied throughout each day. No especial opportunities are offered the student to engage in special lines of work before he graduates. In point of fact, any desire to specialize before graduation is rather discouraged. It has always been the object and aim of this institution to prepare its students for the practice of general medicine, not to graduate them as “specialists.” Its policy has. been to offer the student a well-graded, well-proportioned and comprehensive course, so that upon his graduation he stands pre- pared to practice medicine. Should he decide to take up a speciality or to engage in teaching or investigation after gradua- tion, he will be the better prepared by his broad education, and still better prepared if he has had several years of clinical ex- perience. Special Courses . — The work of the Phipps Institute, which has recently through the benevolence of Mr. Henry Phipps come under the control of the University, is correlated with that of the School of Medicine, so that the advanced students are offered ample opportunity to benefit therefrom. Naturally, much of the work to which the undergraduates will be assigned will be in the line of clinical and pathological studies of the disease; but in addition it is proposed that each man take some part in the socio- logical work of the institution, visiting the homes of the patients and aiding in instructing their families in the methods of escaping 26 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA the infection and in general hygiene to improve their welfare. The Institute offers, too, excellent opportunities for post-graduate and special studies in tuberculosis. Courses in Tropical Medicine . — The University contemplates the establishment of a course of instruction in Tropical Medicine, offered in full or part as an elective to undergraduates, and as a special course for post-graduate work. The course as planned includes instruction in Medical Climatology and Geography, Hy- giene of Ships and of the Tropics, Protozoology, Arthropodology, Helminthology and general Medical Zoology, Diseases of the Eye, Diseases of the Skin, and Surgical Diseases common to the tropics, Pathology of Tropical Diseases, and systematic and clinical Tropical Medicine. The work will be carried out partly in the Biological School, partly in the Medical School, and various hospitals of the city which have kindly consented to co-operate with the University in this matter. The full course will continue for fifteen weeks, and will include as projected ten full units of study. STAIRCASE — MEDICAL BUILDING. A SUN PARLOR IN HOSPITAL. CLINIC IN HOSPITAL. THE STUDENTS’ WARD. COURSES IN MEDICINE 27 THE CAMPUS FROM THE HOSPITAL. The Courses in Public Health, originally announced in 1906, are open to persons holding the degree in Medicine, or in special portions to any individuals possessing suitable qualifications. The entire course extends over the full academic session, and includes instruction in Sanitary Engineering, covering Public Water Sup- plies and Sanitary Engineering of Buildings, Inspection of Meat and Milk, Chemical and Physical Methods in use in Sanitary Work, Bacteriology, Hygiene, Physical Training, Social and Vital Statistics, and Sanitary Legislation. Advanced Work in Graduate School . — The University Trus- tees have incorporated into the Graduate School certain branches of the medical curriculum, Anatomy, Physiology, Physiological Chemistry, Pathology and Bacteriology. In this group the Gradu- ate School will admit any graduate in medicine possessing a baccalaureate degree for advanced work for the Master’s degree or that of Ph. D. METHODS OF INSTRUCTION. The methods of instruction are varied, but mostly practical. The latter include ward visits, ward classes, clinical conferences MEDICAL BUILDING INTERIORS. W HH g J c < < O w y W o ^ H O O Vi W - < o Cm u, o w :*■ 03