LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 977.31 B31h v.2 cop. Z The person charging this material is re- sponsible for its return on or before 1 Latest Date stamped below. Theft, mutilation, and underlining of books are reasons for disciplinary action and may result in dismissal from the University. UNIVERSITY OF IUINO1S L.BRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPA.GN R!! I61SI2 j ml 16' OCT 08 SFP 1 1987 JAN 13 DEC 1 6 1991 6-1-06 L161 O-1096 HISTORICAL OF ILLINOIS EDITED BY NEWTON BATEMAN, LL. D. PAUL SELBY, A.M. COOK COUNTY EDITION VOLUME II. ILLUSTRATED. CHICAGO: MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY PUBLISHERS. 1905. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the years 1894, 1899 and 1900, by WILLIAM VV. MUNSELL, in the office of the Librarian of Congress at WASHINGTON. COPYRIGHTED 1905 All rights reserved 503 Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- lation, having for its object the establishment of : a bank within the territory which now consti- tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act incor- porating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, with branches at Edwardsville and Kaskaskia." In the Second General Assembly of the State (1820) an act was passed, over the Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse judgment of the Council of Revision, establishing a State Bank at Vandalia with branches at Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in Jackson County. This was, in effect, a rechartering of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwardsville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems to have been well managed ; but the official conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826, was made the subject of a legislative investigation, which (although it resulted in nothing) seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of the losses finally sus- tained in winding up its affairs that of the Gen- eral Government amounting to $54,000. Grave charges were made in this connection against men who were then, or afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, including one Justice of the Supreme Court and one (still later) a United States Senator. The experiment was dis- astrous, as, ten years later (1831), it was found necessary for the State to incur a debt of $100,000 to redeem the outstanding circulation. Influ- enced, however, by the popular demand for an increase in the "circulating medium," the State continued its experiment of becoming a stock- holder in banks managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find it, in 1835, legislating in the same direction for the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" at Springfield, with branches at other points as might be required, not to ex- ceed six in number. One of these branches was established at Vandalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first banking institution of the latter city. Two years later, when the State was entering upon its scheme of internal improve- ment, laws were enacted increasing the capital stock of these banks to $4,000,000 in the aggre- gate. Following the example of similar institu- tions elsewhere, they suspended specie payments a few months later, but were protected by "stay laws" and other devices until 1842, when, the internal improvement scheme having been finally abandoned, they tell in general collapse. The State ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks were put in course of liquidation, though it required several years, to complete the work. STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1812. At that time there were but five counties in the State St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided that the seat of government should remain at Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, to petition Congress for a grant of not more than four sections of land, on which should be erected a town, which should remain the seat of govern- ment for twenty years. The petition was duly presented and granted ; and, in accordance with the power granted by the Constitution, a Board of five Commissioners selected the site of the present city of Vandalia, then a point in the wilderness, twenty miles north of any settle ment. But so great was the faith of speculators in the future of the proposed city, that town lots were soon selling at $100 to $780 each. The Com- missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain two-story frame building scarcely more than a commodious shanty to which the State offices were removed in December, 1820. This building 504 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure erected in its place. Later, when the question of a second removal of the capital began to be agi- tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk of erecting a new, brick State House, costing 16,000. Of this amount $6,000 was reimbursed by the Governor from the contingent fund, and the balance ($10,000) was appropriated in 1837, when the seat of government was removed to Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- ing the principal vote at the time of the removal to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, Peoria, Alton and Illiopolis Springfield receiv- ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law removing the capital appropriated $50,000 from the State Treasury, provided that a like amount should be raised by private subscription and guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres of land should be donated as a site. Two State Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first cost of the present one (including furnishing) having been a little in excess of $4,000,000. Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, was an influential factor in securing the removal of the capital to Springfield. STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois for a generation, and, for a part of that period, seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- taken the aggregate debt of the State was less than $400,000 accumulated within the preceding six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased to over $6,500,000, while the total valuation of real and personal property, for the purposes of taxation, was less than $60,000,000, and the aggre- gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same year, amounted to less than $150,000. At the same time, the disbursements, for the support of the State Government alone, had grown to more than twice the receipts. This disparity continued until the declining credit of the State forced upon the managers of public affairs an involuntary economy, when the means could no longer be secured for more lavish expenditures. The first bonds issued at the inception of the internal improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked in the markets of New York and London at a dis- count, in some cases falling into the hands of brokers who failed before completing their con- tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, the time chosen to carry it into effect was most unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more complete. Of the various works undertaken by the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal brought a return, all the others resulting in more or less complete loss. The internal improvement scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until State bonds exceeding $13,000,000 had been issued. For two years longer the State struggled with its embarrassments, increased by the failure of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few months later, with the proceeds of more than two and a half millions of the State's bonds in their possession. Thus left without credit, or means even of paying the accruing interest, there were those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- ever ; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries and general expenditures, with restrictions upon the Legislature in reference to incurring in- debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" gave assurance to its creditors that its debts would be paid. While the growth of the State, in wealth and population, had previously been checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite of its burdens its increase in population, be- tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 when the internal improvement scheme was abandoned chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, $15,- 637,950; 1844, $14,633,969; 1846, $16,389,817; 1848, $16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 1853 the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- tion when it was officially reported at $16,724,- 177. At this time the work of extinguishment began, and was prosecuted under successive administrations, except during the war, when the vast expense incurred in sending troops to the field caused an increase. During Governor Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted to over $3,000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had been reduced to $281,059.11, and, before the close of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except a balance of $18,500 in bonds, which, having been called in years previously and never presented for HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 505 payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See Macalister and Stebbins Bonds. ) STATE GUARDIANS FOR GIRLS, a bureau organized for the care of female juvenile delin- quents, by act of June 2, 1893. The Board consists of seven members, nominated by the Executive and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than two of the members may reside in the same Con- gressional District and, of the seven members, four must be women. (See also Home for Female Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six years. STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its construction was begun under an act passed by the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- field. A provision of the State Constitution of 1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in excess of $3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing of the building, without previous approval of such additional expenditure by the people. This amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- tional appropriation of $531,712, which having been approved by popular vote at the general election of 1886, the expenditure was made and the capitol completed during the following year, thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- nishing to a little in 'excess of $4,000,000. The building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and classic in its style of architecture ; its extreme dimensions (including porticoes), from north |to south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, while the porticoes, which are spacious and lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished columns of gray granite. The three stories of the building are surmounted ' by a Mansard roof, with two turrets and a central dome of stately dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern springing from the dome, is 364 feet. STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu- tion for the education of teachers, organized under an act of the General Assembly, passed Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of organization in the hands of a board of fifteen persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County; Simeon Wright of Lee ; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John Gillespie of Jasper; George Bunsen of St. Clair,- Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of Sangamon; John E. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel Moseley and William Wells of Cook ; Albert R. Shannon of White; and the Superintendent o\. Public Instruction, ex-officio. The object of the University, as defined in the organizing law, is to qualify teachers for the public schools of the State, and the course of instruction to be given embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches which pertain to a common-school education ; in the elements of the natural sciences, including agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable physiology; in the fundamental laws of the United States and of the State of Illinois in regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and such other studies as the Board of Education may, from time to time, prescribe." Various cities competed for the location of the institution, Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as equivalent to 141,725. The corner-stone was laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, and the first commencement exercises were held on June 29 of the latter year. Three years earlier, the academic department had been organ- ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far from $200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to two pupils from each county, and to three from each Senatorial District. The departments are : Grammar school, high school, normal department and model school, all of which are overcrowded. The whole number of students in attendance on the institution during the school year, 1897-98, was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal department and 306 in the practice school depart- ment, including representatives from 86 coun- ties of the State, with a few pupils from other States on the payment of tuition. The teaching faculty (including the President and Librarian) for the same year, was made up of twenty-six members twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated $47,626.92, against $66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly $22,000 of the amount expended during the latter year was on account of the construction of a gymnasium building. STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal property belonging to the State as follows : Pub- lic lands, $328,000; buildings, $22,164,000; mis- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cellaneous property, $2,650,000 total, $25,142,000. The land may be subdivided thus : Camp-grounds of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield (donated), 40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, $168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois (donated by the General Government), $41,000, in Minnesota (similarly donated), $79,000. The buildings comprise those connected with the charitable, penal and educational institutions of the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the miscellaneous property, $120,000 represents the equipment of the Illinois National Guard; $1,959,- 000 the value of the movable property of public buildings; $550,000 the endowment fund of the University of Illinois; and $21,000 the movable property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The figures given relative to the value of the public buildings include only the first appropriations for their erection. Considerable sums have since been expended upon some of them in repairs, enlargements and improvements. STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer of Illinois during the Territorial period was John Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and became the first incumbent under the State Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote of the two Houses of the General Assembly ; by the Constitution of 1848, this officer was made elective by the people for the same period, with- out limitations as to number of terms ; under the Constitution of 1870, the manner of election and duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years from expiration of the term for which he may have been chosen. The following is a list of the State Treasurers, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: John Thomas, 1818-19; Robert K. McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823-27; James Hall, 1827-31; John Dement, 1831-36; Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. Whiteside, 1837-41; Milton Carpenter, 1841-48; John Moore, 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 1859-63; Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H. Beveridge, 1865-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; Erastus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-75; Thomas S. Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz, 1877-79; John C. Smith, 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 1881-83; John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95; Henry Wulff, 1895-97; Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 1899- . STAUNTON, a village in the southeast corner of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 36 miles northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles southwest of Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the industries of the surrounding region. Staunton has two banks, eight churches and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,358; (1890), 2,209; (1900), 2,786. STEEL PRODUCTION. In the manufacture of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second State in the Union in the amount of its output, and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 1880 there were but six steel works in the State ; in 1890 these had increased to fourteen ; and the production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. Of the 3,837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, or direct castings, produced in the United States in 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, nearly all the steel produced in the State being made by that process. From the tonnage of ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 pounds of steel rails, more than 30 per cent of the aggregate for the entire country. This fact is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have converted their steel into forms other than rails, experience having proved their production to any considerable extent, during the past few years, unprofitable except in works favorably located for obtaining cheap raw material, or operated under the latest and most approved methods of manufacture. Open-hearth steel is no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. For purposes requiring special grades of steel the product of the crucible process will be always in demand, but the high cost of manufacture prevents it, in a majority of instances, from successfully competing in price with the other processes mentioned. STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of Randolph County by Governor Edwards under the Territorial Government; afterwards served HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 507 as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 1812; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from Congress, became Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville Col. James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, was a soldier during the Black Hawk War, after- wards became a prominent politician in the north- western part of the State, served as Register of the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received the Democratic nomination for Governor, but withdrew before the election. STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, physician and soldier, was born in Wayne County, 111., Oct. 30, 1822, and accompanied his parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the family settled. His early educational advantages were meager, and he did not study his profession (medicine) until after reaching his majority, graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1850. He began practice at Petersburg, but, in April, 1862, was mustered into the volunteer army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry. After a little over two years service he was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was engaged in the drug business there. In 1865 he resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, and always willing to give his own services and orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders in the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic (which see), in connection with which he is most widely known ; but his services in its cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the recognition which they deserved, nor did the organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. He finally returned with his family to Peters- burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111. , August 30, 1871. STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern county, with an area of 560 square miles. The soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- culture and stock-raising are among the chief industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit the locality, and the county was organized, ten years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the first cabin within the present limits of what was called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a more pretentious dwelling and became the first permanent settler. Later came William Wad- dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, the Goddards, and others whose names are linked with the county's early history. The first house in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- zation was effected in 1837, the total poll being eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- son Martin, who is said to have taught a school of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933. STERLING, a nourishing city on the north bank of Rock River, in Whiteside County, 109 miles west of Chicago, 29 miles east of Clinton, Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. It has ample railway facilities, furnished by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library, Government postoffice building, three banks, electric street and interurban car lines, electric and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine water-power, and is an important manufacturing center, its works turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- ture, burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries and machine shops. The river here flows through charming scenery. Pop. (1890), 5,824; (1900). 6,309. STEVENS, Bradford A., ex-Congressman, was born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. During the six years following, he devoted him- self to teaching, at Hopkinsville, Ky., and New York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau County, 111., where he became a merchant and farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and, in 1870, was elected to Con- gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth District. v STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex-Vice-President of the United States, was born in Christian County, Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111., where the family settled; was educated at the Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858 and began practice at Metamora, Wood ford County, 508 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. where he was Master in Chancery, 1861-65, and State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 1864 he was candi- date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, where he has since resided. In 1874, and again in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 and 1882. In 1877 he was appointed by President Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to West Point. During the first administration of President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First Assist- ant Postmaster General; was a member of the National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since retiring from office he has resumed his residence at Bloomington. STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his parents to Kendall County, 111. , where he after- wards resided, being engaged in farming and the manufacture of agricultural implements at Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated by Shelby M. Cullom. In 1890 the Democrats of the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and, In 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at his home at Piano, August 26, 1896. STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of the Wabash, 12 miles southeast of Shelby ville; is in a grain and lumber region ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677. STICKNEY, William H., pioneer lawyer, was born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 1831, and, in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a resident of Shawneetown; was elected State's Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the southern and southeastern part of the State ; for a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois Advertiser," published at Shawneetown. ' In 1846 Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, twenty-eight years later having come to Chi- cago in 1848 to the same body from Cook County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- ninth Assembly. He also held the office of Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- mont campaign of 1856 ; enlisted as a private sol- dier at the beginning of the war, went to the field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious service. After the war he practiced his profes- sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. Died, Jan. 18, 1895. STILLMAN, Stephen, first State Senator from Sangamon County, 111., was a native of Massachu- setts who came, with his widowed mother, to Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near Williamsville, where he became the first Post- master in the first postoffice in the State north of the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon County, serving four years, and, at his first session, being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- where between 1835 and 1840. STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. , 475. STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at Hempstead, L. I., in 1717, at the age of 122 years. The family removed to New Jersey in the latter part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and various members of the family were prominent in HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 509 the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo- lutionary War with the last named of whom he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) been intimately associated in the purchase and settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his son-in-law. Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair County, 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton County. He left a large family, several members of which became prominent pioneers in the movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig- Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When the latter became commander of the Fifteenth Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the head of the artillery brigade ; in February, 1865, was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out in January, 1866. After the war he went South, and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. He was an inventor and patented various im- provements in steam engines and boilers; was also Superintendent of Public Buildings at Charleston, S. C., under President Harrison. Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- bury College; became a member of the Spring- field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected to the General Assembly being one of the cele- brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- western part of the State, removed to Galena, but was legislated out of office, when he left the State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, N. J. STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, and later acted as overseer of laborers on the Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- lation in real estate in that early day, a few months later entered upon the grocery and pro- vision trade, which he afterwards extended to grain; finally giving his chief attention to real estate, in which he was remarkably successful, leaving a large fortune at his death, which occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. STONE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- hood on a farm. After acquiring a common school education, he prepared for college at Lei- cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown University, graduating in the class of 1839. He then spent three years at the Theological Insti- tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the next year, entered upon evangelical work in Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. Stone came to Chicago and established "The Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- day under the name of "The Standard," and has become the leading Baptist organ in the West. After six years of editorial work, he took up evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor and criminal classes. During the Civil War he conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, Soldiers' Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was associated in the conduct and promotion of many educational and charitable institutions. He did much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, and, during the latter years of his life, was attached to the Immanuel Baptist Church, which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 1890. STONE, Melville E., journalist, banker, Man- ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he graduated from the local high school in 1867, and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself without resources after the great fire of 1871, he embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- cessive grades of reporter, city editor, assistant editor and Washington correspondent, to the position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 510 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He was connected with various Chicago dailies between 1871 and 1875, and, on Christmas Day of the latter year, issued the first number of "The Chicago Daily News." He gradually disposed of his interest in this journal, entirely severing his connection therewith in 1888. Since that date he has been engaged in banking in the city of Chicago, and is also General Manager of the Associated Press. STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan at seven years of age, after a short term in Lei- cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to Rochester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in the "Holland Purchase," belonging to his father's estate ; in 1843-49, was a resident of ^Detroit and interested in some of the early railroad enter- prises centering there, but the latter year re- moved to Milwaukee, being there associated with Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 he became a citizen of Chicago, where he was one of the founders of the Chicago Historical Society, and a liberal patron of many enterprises of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 4, 1876. STONE FORT, a village in the counties of Saline and Williamson. It is situated on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 57 miles northeast of Cairo. Population (1900), 479. STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news- paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec. 19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a Democratic paper called "The Herald," published at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In January, 1861, he became the principal owner of "The Chicago Times," then the leading Democratic organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be regarded as the organ of the anti-war party throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, was suppressed by a military order issued by General Burnside, which was subsequently revoked by President Lincoln. The net result was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and circulation. Other charges, of an equally grave nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- acter as a family newspaper, etc. , were repeatedly made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 1872, appeared as the editor of "The Times," then destitute of political ties. About 1876 his health began to decline. Medical aid failed to afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was placed in the hands of a conservator. On the 27th of the following October (1884), he died at his home in Chicago. STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born at Hinsdale, Catt'araugus County, N. Y., August 12, 1835 ; began the study of law with his father, later pursued a legal course Tat Buffalo, and, in 1853, was admitted to the bar ; spent two years (1857-59) in New York City, the latter year 're- moving to Chicago, where he attained great prominence as an advocate at the bar, as well as an orator on other occasions. Politically a Republican, he took an active part in Presidential campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, '72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a master of epigram and repartee, many of his speeches are quoted with relish and appreciation by those wha were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar. Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. STRAWN, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 1800 ; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live- stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- gality and honesty. At his death which occurred August 23, 1865 he left an estate estimated in value at about 1,000,000, acquired by industry and business enterprise. He was a zealous Unionist during the war, at one time contributing 10,000 to the Christian Commission. STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle County, 93 miles southwest of Chicago ; situated on the Vermilion River and a central point for five railroads. It is surrounded by a rich agri- cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams (two of which are worked) and by shale and various clay products of value, adapted to the manufacture of fire and building-brick, drain- pipe, etc. The city is thoroughly modern, having gas, electric lighting, street railways, water- works, a good fire-department, and a large, im- proved public park. Churches and schools are numerous, as are also fine public and private buildings. One of the chief industries is the manufacture of glass, including rolled-plate. IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 511 window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware and glass bottles. Other successful industries are foundries and machine shops, flour mills, and clay working establishments. There are several banks, and three daily and weekly papers are published here. The estimated property valuation, in 1884, was 12,000,000. Streator boasts some handsome public buildings, especially the Government post- office and the Carnegie public library building, both of which have been erected within the past few years. Pop. (1890), 11,414; (1900), 14,07-9. STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi- cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming from Kentucky, though believed to have been a native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have been prominent in the affairs of that section of the State. His correspondence with Governor Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been a man of far more than ordinary education, with a good opinion of his merits and capabilities. He was a most persistent applicant for office, making urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and Washington, on the ground of his poverty and large family. In 1827 he received the offer of the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but, on visiting that region, was disgusted with the prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a farm in Sangamon County, but, before the close of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he made voluminous reports to the Secretary of War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen. Thomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was prominent in the early history of Indiana and its last Territorial Governor. (See Posey, (Gen.) Thomas. ) STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician, was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823; at the age of two years accompanied his father to Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee County, He attended Knox College for three years, and, in 1849, went to California, where he spent two years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, Mercer County, to which he has since added sev- eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- self with the Greenback party, whose candidate for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as an independent throughout his entire term. STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born at Granville, N. Y., in 1840; from 13 years of age, spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The same year he enlisted under the first call for troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was- afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as Inspector-General in the West, participated in the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- eral. After some fifteen months spent in the position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's Bureau (1865-66), he located in Chicago, and became connected with several important busi- ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on the staff of Governor Cullom, in the organization of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected on the first Board of Directors of the World'a Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891. STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister and Professor of Languages in Transylvania University, and related, on the maternal side, to the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln was a member. He graduated at Centre College, Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law, re- moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and, in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and instruction, became his partner, the relation- ship continuing until 1841. He served in the State Senate, 1849-53, was the Bell-Everett candidate for Governor in 1860, and was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the latter years of his life, Mr. Stuart was head of the law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 28, 1885. STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker, was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 512 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother was captain, from New York to Georgetown, D. C., intending to continue it to Lisbon. At Georgetown he was induced to accept a position as clerk with a Mr. Williams, where he was associated with two other youths, as fellow-em- ployes, who became eminent bankers and capitalists W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the well-known banker of Washington, and George W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career in England, and won a name as one of the most liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. During the War of 1812 young Sturges joined a volunteer infantry company, where he had, for comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, the latter author of the popular national song, "The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later becoming a partner in the concern, where he developed that business capacity which laid the foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- ing overland. During one of his visits to that city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walk-in- the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive from Buffalo the occasion of his visit to Detroit being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off the United States troops. About 1849 he was associated with the construction of the Wabash & Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of the work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central Railroad Company, following it, two years later, by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he established the private banking house of Solomon Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, under the management of his son, George Stur- ges, became the Northwestern National Bank of Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used of his means freely in support of the Govern- ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- ent company, at a cost of $20,000. He was also a subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- ment, during this period, taking 100,000 in Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and contributed freely to Christian and benevolent enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large fortune acquired by legitimate trade. STURTEYANT, Julian Munson, D.D., LL.D., clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre- paring for college ; in 1822, entered Yale College as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur Wright, graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi- pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., he entered Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829; then came west, and, after spending a year in superintending the erection of buildings, in De- cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to ... class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, which he retained until 1844, when, by the retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the offices of President and Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term time, and, as financial agent during vacations, in the interest of the institution of which he had been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, when he resigned the Presidency, giving his attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, having given to its service fifty -six years of his life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- tive addresses at a number of points in England. He was a frequent contributor to the weekly religious and periodical press, and was the author of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) a text-book on political economy, and "Keys of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits of local and distant churches having been early ordained a Congregational minister. He received the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886. Julian M. (Sturtevant), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Jacksonville, 111.. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 513 lege in the preparatory department of Jllinois College and graduated from the college (proper) in 1854. After leaving college he served as teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of theology at Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in . 1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He has since been engaged in pastoral work in New York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73); Den- ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an honored member of the Knox College Board. He received the degree of D.D. from Illinois College, in 1879. SUBLETTE, a station and village on the Illi- nois Central Railroad, in Lee County, 8 miles northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 306. SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege of voting. The qualifications of electors (or voters) , in the choice of public officers in Illinois, are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), except as to school officers, which are prescribed by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who were electors at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- ralized male citizens of the United States, of the age of 21 years or over, who have been residents of the State one year, of the county ninety days, and of the district (or precinct) in which they offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 1891, women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are entitled to vote for school officers, and are also eligible to such offices under the same conditions, as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See Elections; Australian Ballot. ) SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- ing region; contains two State banks and four weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; <1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est). 3,100. SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated at the Waterford Model School and in Dublin ; came to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in teaching and on a visit to his native land, he began work as a reporter on New York papers, later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at different times, holding the position of city edi- tor, managing editor and correspondent. He was also a Representative from Cook County in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- cation, and appointed United States Consul to the Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. SULLIVANT, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio University and Centre College, Ky., and after being engaged in the improvement of an immense tract of land inherited from his father near his birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, to the raising of improved stock in 1854 sold his Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he began farming on a larger scale than before. ' The enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky. ; Jan. 29, 1879. SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 27 miles east of St. Louis ; was the home of Gen. Fred. Hecker. Population (1900), 360. SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,037; (1900), 1,268. SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- TION. The office of State Superintendent of Public Instruction was created by act of the Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its duties previous to that time, from 1845, having been discharged by the Secretary of State as Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list of the incumbents from the date of the formal 514 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. creation of the office down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each Ninian W. Edwards (by appointment of the Governor), 1854-57; William H. PoweU (by election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton Bateman, 1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel M. Inglis, 1^95-98; James H. Freeman, June, 1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred Baylis, 1899. Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was two years, but, by the Constitution adopted that year, it was extended to four years, the elections occurring on the even years between those for Governor and other State officers except State Treasurer. SUPREME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The following is a list of Justices of the Supreme Court of Illinois who have held office since the organization of the State Government, with the period of their respective incumbencies : Joseph Phillips, 1818-22 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1822-25; Wil- liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 (resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- gust 1, 1842 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 1841, to Dec. 19, 1842 (resigned) also (by re-elec- tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates, 1841-47 (resigned) also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 (resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-42 (resigned) ; John D. Caton (vice Ford) August, 1842, to March, 1843 also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- tions), May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned) ; James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice Smith), 1843-47 (resigned) ; John M. Robinson (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., (vice Douglas), 1843-45 (resigned) also (vice Young), 1847-48; James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned) ; Norman H. Purple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner (vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution) ; William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- tired b>y Constitution) ; Lymau Trumbull, 1848-53 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58 (resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beckwith (by ap- pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73; Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M, Scott (two terms), 1870-88 ; Benjamin R. Sheldon (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- ton), 187393 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice McAllister), 1875-85 (died) ; David J. Baker (ap- pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 1879 also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope, 1885-94; Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). The Supreme Court, as at present constituted (1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and '91; James H. Cartwright (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- elected, 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice Dickey), elected, 1885, '88 and '97. The terms of Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cartwright and Magruder expire in 1906 ; that of Justice Carter on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the Constitution of 1818, the Justices of the Supreme Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of individual members of the Supreme Court under their proper names.) SURVEYS, EARLY GOVERNMENT. The first United States law passed on the subject of Gov- ernment surveys was dated, May 20, 1785. After reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of pensions and to be donated for school purposes, it provided for the division of the remaining pub- lic lands among the original thirteen States. This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- gular system of surveys which, with but little modification, has remained in force ever since. Briefly outlined, the system is as follows : Town- ships, six miles square, are laid out from principal bases, each township containing thirty -six sec- tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, the numeration to commence at the upper right hand corner of the township. The first principal meridian (84 51' west of Greenwich), coincided HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 515 with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The second (1 37' farther west) had direct relation to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89 10' 30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90 29' 56" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur- veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." (See Hutchins, Thomas.) SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 24, 1832; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to the State Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, assisted in the organization of the Twenty-first and Twenty-second regiments, being elected Colonel of the former ; and with it taking part in the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- see. In 1863 he was assigned to command at Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- acy.) The service which he rendered in the defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of inestimable value to the country. After the war, General Sweet located at Lombard, near Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal Revenue, and, in 1872, became Deputy Commis- sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. Miss Ada C. (Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's daughter. SWEETSER, A. C., soldier and Department Commander G. A. R. , was born in Oxford County, Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 1857 ; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the Thirty-ninth; at the battle of W'ierbottom Church, Va., in June, 1864, was shot through both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of them. After the war he held several offices of trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- ington and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield District ; in 1887 was elected Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, March 23, 1896. SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near Turner, Maine, August 11, 1825; was educated at Waterville College (now Colby University), but left before graduation ; read law in Portland, and, while seeking a location in the West, enlisted m an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before completing his term of enlistment. He soon after came to Bloomington, 111. , where he became the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for a number of years. He early became active in State politics, was a member of the Republican State Convention of 1856, was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, and, in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- large. In 1862 he received the Republican nomination for Congress in his District, but was defeatad. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- cially in the management of criminal cases. In 1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for President, but later returned to the Republican party, and, in the National Republican Conven- tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. Died, June 8, 1889. SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and 18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the battle of Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth, in May, 1862, he had his right arm torn from its socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his retirement from the army. Returning home, after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson Barracks and Quincy, 111., he received his final discharge, Dec. 21, 1862, spent a year in school, also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- mercial College in Chicago, and having learned to write with his left hand, taught for a time in Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton. 516 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 111. The latter year he entered upon the duties of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- signed to take the position of State Auditor, to which he was elected a second time in 1884. In all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- self an upright, capable and high-minded public official. Of late years his residence has been in Chicago. SWING, (Key.) David, clergyman and pulpit orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his father dying about this time), the family resided for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the same State. In 1852, having graduated from the Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the position of Professqr of Languages in his Alma Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen years. His first pastorate was in connection with the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire, but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- nation, on charges of heresy. He was acquitted by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by the prosecution could be heard, he personally withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- pendent religious organization known as the "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor to numerous magazines, as well as the author of several volumes. Among his best known books are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and "Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- tains several factories, the principal products being agricultural implements, flour, insulated wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and carriages and wagons. There are also works for canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has high-pressure water-works. There are eleven churches, three graded public schools and a young ladies' seminary. Population (1880), 3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900), 3,653. TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elm wood, Peoria County, 111., April 29, 1860; at an early age evinced a predilection for sculpture and began modeling ; graduated at the University of Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts until 1885. The following year he settled in Chi cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was born in Rome, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he worked at farming until 1850. Then, having followed the occupation of a miner for some time, in California, with some success, he united with Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- ing most of his life. He served as a member of the Chicago City Council, on the Board of County Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, and was one of the founders of the First National Bank, and President, for several years, of the Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- spirited, he contributed freely to works of charity. Died, June 5, 1878. TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- tended tour through the West, finally selecting a location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton now stands there being only two white families, at that time, within the present limits of Winne- bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought his family to this point, with his sons took up a considerable body of Government land and erected two mills, to which customers came from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott took part in the organization of the first Congre- gational Church in that section of the State. A zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 517 Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 1844, continuing to act with that party until the organization of the Republican party in 1856; was deeply interested in the War for the Union, but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, .806 ; was taken to Rome, N. Y. , by his father in nfancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged in mercantile business with his brother in Che- mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in a tour through the West, finally locating at Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, he was elected one of the first County Commis- sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving four years. He also held various local offices. Died, Sept. 30, 1894. Hon. Wait (Talcott), second son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, when he engaged in business at Booneville and, still later, in Utica ,- in 1838, removed to Illinois and joined his father at Rockton, finally becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- facturing, having become, in 1854, with his brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny reaper and mower. He was an original anti- slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate for Congress, but became a zealous Republican and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he employed as an attorney in the famous suit of McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some five years. Though too old for active service in the field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott was one of the original incorporators and Trus- tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. SylYester (Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged in mercantile business in Chemung County; in 1837 removed, with other members of the family, to Winnebago County, 111., where he joined his father in the entry of Government lands and the erection of mills, as already detailed. He became one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- bago County, also served as Supervisor for a number of years and, although a farmer, became interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. He also followed the example of his brother, just named, in furnishing a substitute for the War of the Rebellion, though too old for service himself. Died, June 19, 1885. Henry Walter (Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with his father to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and was connected with his father and brothers in busi- ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870. Dwight Lewis (Tal- cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, born in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864, as a soldier in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many of the important battles of that year in Missis- sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at Campbellsville, Tenn. , he was taken to Anderson- ville, Ga. , where he suffered all the horrors of that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when he was released, arriving at home a helpless skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas- sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in Muscatine County, Iowa. TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- mining, and stock-growing region; has a local bank and newspaper. Pop. (1890), 445 ; (1900), 639. TAMAROA,a village in Perry County, situated at the junction of the Illinois Central with the Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a large public school, five churches and two flour- ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853. TAMAROA & MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad. ) TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- cator, was born of New England ancestry, at Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1837 being the first child who could claim nativity there; was educated in the local schools and at Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four years teaching in his native place and at Jack- sonville; then accepted the Professorship of Latin in Pacific University at Portland, Oregon, remaining four years, when he returned to his Alma Mater (1865), assuming there the chair of 518 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 1882, its President. While in Oregon he had been ordained a minister of the Congregational Church, and, for a considerable period during his connection with Illinois College, officiated as Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the benefit of the institution under his charge, and, during his incumbency, added materially to its endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- ville, Feb. 8, 1892 4 TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, enjoying only such educational advantages as were afforded by the common school ; in 1863, at the age of 19, enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Illi- nois Volunteers, serving until June, 1865, when he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally mustered out in September following. All the male members of Governor Tanner's family were soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a rebel prison at Columbus, Miss., one of his bro- thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- ville, Tenn., and another brother dying in hospital at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the war, Mr. Tanner established himself in business as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- cessfully in the milling and lumber business as the partner of his brother. The public positions held by him, since the war, include those of Sheriff of Clay 'County (1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). During the latter year he received the appoint- ment of United States. Marshal for the Southern District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- sion of President Cleveland in 1885. In 1886, he was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer and was elected by an unusually large majority ; in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, continuing in the latter office until December, 1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member of the Republican State Central Committee, re- turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen Chairman and conducted the campaign which resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- cesses of that year. In 1896 he received the nomination of his party for Governor, and was elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, his Demo- cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000, and a majority, over all, of nearly 90,000 votes. TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson County, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a position as teacher and Superintendent of Public Schools. Later, he was connected with "The Jeff ersonian, " a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of California, meeting with reasonable success as a miner. Returning in a year or two, he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study of law,, finally, on admission to the bar, entering into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S. Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- strumental in securing the appropriation for the erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount Vernon. In 1862 he served as a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of that year ; was elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was assigned to duty on the Appellate bench, but, at the expiration of his term, declined a re-election and resumed the practice of his profession at Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. TAXATION, in its legal sense, the mode of raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes are the support of the State and local govern- ments, the promotion of the public good by fostering education and works of public improve- ment, the protection of society by the preser- vation of order and the punishment of crime, and the support of the helpless and destitute. In practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, the raising of revenue is required to be done "by levying a tax by valuation, so that every person and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to the value of his, her or its property such value to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." (State Constitution, 1870 Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) The person selected under the law to make this valuation is the Assessor of the county or the township (in counties under township organiza- tion), and he is required to make a return to the County Board at its July meeting each year the latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- payers and adjust inequalities when found to exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 519 include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and the buildings or other improvements erected thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- erty, all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, royalties, etc. Property used for school, church or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings and other property belonging to the State and General Government, municipalities, public charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, all property subject to taxation is required to be assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of twenty-five to thirty-three per cent of its esti- mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, the valuation is often much lower than this, while very large amounts escape assessment altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the special session of the Fortieth General Assembly (1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of all property subject to taxation in his district, at its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Eeview fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of such cash valuation. An abstract of the property assessment of each county goes before the State Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- izing valuations between counties, but the Board has no power to modify the assessments of indi- vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- zation. ) This Board has exclusive power to fix the valuation for purposes of taxation of the capital stock or franchises of companies (except certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- corporated under the State laws, together with the "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter between counties in which they lie. The Consti- tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, though it authorizes the extension of the "objects and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the principle contained in the first section of the Revenue Article. Special assessments in cities, for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., being local and in the form of benefits, cannot be said to come under the head of general tax- ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived from fines and penalties, which are forms of punishment for specific offenses, and go to the benefit of certain specified funds. TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been in active business all his life as contractor, builder and merchant, and, for some time, a member of the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & Co., of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the National Republican Convention of 1884, and represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- first and Fifty-second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal." Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His letters from the field during the Rebellion, as war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," won for him even a greater popularity, and were complimented by translation into more than one European language. After the war, he gave his attention more unreservedly to literature, his principal works appearing after that date. His publications in book form, including both prose and poetry, comprise the following: "Attractions of Language" (1845); "January and June" (1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned from Rural Nooks" (1879); "Between the Gates" pictures of California life (1881); "Dulce Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings, ' ' a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the publishers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of the River. " "The London Times" complimented Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- smith of America." TAYLOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va. , Oct. 18, 1802 the son of a commissary in the army of the Revolution, under General Greene, and a cousin of General (later, President) Zachary Taylor ; left his native State in his youth and, at an early day, came to Springfield, 111., where he 520 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. opened an Indian-trading post and general store ; was elected from Sangamon County to the lower branch of the Seventh General Assembly (1830) and re-elected in 1832 the latter year being a competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State Senate and, at the next session of the Legislature, was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who secured the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. He resigned before the close of his term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- cago. Here he became one of the promoters of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), serving as one of the Commissioners to secure subscriptions of stock, and was also active in advocating the construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by which he was known during most of his life, was acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Chicago branch of the State Bank, and was later identified with various banking enterprises, as also a some- what extensive operator in real estate. An active Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of General Bissell to the governorship in 1856. In 1860 he was again in line with his party in sup- port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- ment still later, as shown by his participation in the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his life he became extensively interested in coal lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, for a considerable time, served as President of the Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his home, during a part of this period, being at Mendota. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 4, 1891. TAYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its point of intersection with the Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine churches and five graded and township high schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. Pop. (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248. TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on the Illinois River ; was first settled in 1823 and organized in 1827 ; has an area of 650 square miles was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers and traversed by several lines of railway. The surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an agricultural county. The cereals are extensively cultivated; wool is also clipped, and there are dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is extensively conducted at Pekin, the county-seat, which is also the seat of other mechanical indus- tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the county (1880), 29,666; (1890), 29,556; (1900), 33,221. TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and, in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he had a contract for carrying the United States mail from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, and the following year undertook a similar con- tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold these out three years later, he devoted his atten- tion to the practice of his profession, though interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. Temple was instrumental in erecting the first house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary station at Wolf Point), for public religious worship in Chicago, and, although himself a Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant denominations. He was a member of the first Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, though he later became a convert to homeopathy, and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, dying there, Feb. 24, 1877. TENURE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. ) TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own within the State, but the lessee and operator of the following lines (which see): St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre Haute & Peoria, 145.12 miles; East St. Louis & Carondelet, 12.74 miles total length of leased HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 521 lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- mond, completed a line between the points named in the title, in 1852, and took its present name in 186C. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock in 1893. TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from Terre Haute, Ind., to Peoria, 111., 145.12 miles, with 28.78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 miles in operation, all being in Illinois operated by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are steel. (HISTORY.) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in 1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (3) the Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 and opened in 1874 the consolidated lines assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- road. In 1886 the Illinois Midland was sold under foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is operated as a part of the "Vandalia System." The capital stock (1898) was $3,764,200; funded debt, $2,230,000, total capital invested, $6,227,- 481. TETJTOPOLTS, a village of Effingham County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 4 miles east of Effingham; was originally settled by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Popu- lation (1900), 498. THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, was born in Vermont*, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at Middlebury College, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the House during his latter term. In 1888 he was elected State Senator from the Sixth District, serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 1897, General Thomas was appointed United States Appraiser in connection with the Custom House in Chicago. THOMAS, Jesse Burgess, jurist and United States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, in 1803; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial Legislature and, later, represented the Territory as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on the admission of the State, became one of the first United States Senators Governor Edwards being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub- sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where he died by suicide, May 4, 1853. Jesse Burgess (Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania University, and, being admitted to the bar, located at Edwardsville, 111. He first appeared in connection with public affairs as Secretary of the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832 ; in 1834 was elected Representative in the General Assembly from Madison County, but, in Febru- ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, serving only one year. He afterwards held the position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- las, and was afterwards elected to the same office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. During a part of his professional career he was the partner of David Prickett and William L. May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, where he died, Feb. 21, 1850. Jesse B. (Thomas) third, clergyman and son of the last named ; born at Edwardsville, 111., July 29, 1832; educated at Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) Theological Seminary; practiced law for a time in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- try, serving churches at "Waukegan, 111., Brook- lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). He 522 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. then became pastor of the Michigan Avenue Bap- tist Church, in Chicago, remaining until 1874, when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he became Professor of Biblical History in the Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he has since resided. He is the author of several volumes, and, in 1866, received the degree of D.D. from the old University of Chicago. THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., where the family located in what was then called the Alexander settlement, near the present site of Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm (although he had not enough money to buy a horse) and married. Six years later he bought and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, rapidly accumulated real property, until he became one of the most extensive owners of farm- ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he was fond of military exercise, holding various offices in local organizations and serving as a Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was one of the leaders of the party opposed to the amendment of the State Constitution to sanction slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- Nebraska bill in 1854, and a firm supporter of the Republican party from the date of its formation. He was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly in 1838, '62, '64, '72 and '74; and to the State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in the 95th year of his age. THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After his return home he studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar in 1869. From 1872 to 1876 he was State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. Thomas was appointed by President McKinley an additional United States District Judge for Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, in that Territory. THOMAS, William, pioneer lawyer and legis- lator, was born in what is now Allen County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- cation, and served as deputy of his father (who was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he taught school, served as a private in the Winne- bago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29, reported the proceedings of the General Assem- bly for ''The Vandalia Intelligencer"; was State's Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan County; served as Quartermaster and Commis- sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. It was as a member of the Legislature, however, that he gained the greatest prominence, first as State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 1846-48 and 1850-52, when he was especially influ- ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, and "the Hospital for the Insane (the first in the State) at Jacksonville serving, for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- tion with many enterprises of a local character, including the establishment of the Illinois Female College, to which, although without children of his own, he was a liberal contributor. During the first year of the war he was a member of the Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 1889. THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 being descended from a Virginia family. After the usual primary instruction in the common schools, he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- ville, Ky. , afterwards continuing his studies at Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, when he left his native State with a view to set- tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle, Gen. William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville, 111., was induced to establish himself in practice there. He served as a member of the State Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where (1898) he now resides. THORNTON, William Fit/lmgh, Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806, went to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug business for a time, also acting as associate HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 523 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- quently removing to Washington City, he con- ducted a paper there in the interest of John Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the "War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, and, for a time, as staff -officer of General Winder. On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to America (1824-25) he accompanied the distin- guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, in 1833, to Shelby ville, 111., where he soon after engaged in mercantile business, to which he added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, with which he was actively associated until his death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to London, as financial agent of the State, in the interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a sale of bonds to the amount of $1,000,000 on what were then considered favorable terms. General Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- zation of the Republican party, when he became a Democrat. Died, at Shelby ville, Oct. 21, 1873. TILLSON, .loll n, pioneer, was born at Halifax, Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where he became a prominent and enterprising operator in real estate, doing a large business for eastern parties ; was one of the founders of Hillsboro Academy and an influential and liberal friend of Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter from its establishment until his death ; was sup- ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at Peoria, May 11, 1853. Christiana Holmes (Till- son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside ; was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872. Charles Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept. 15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. Louis and practiced there some years also served several terms in the City Council, and was a member of the National Guard of Missouri in the War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865. John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at Hillsboro, 111., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was admitted to the bar at Quincy, 111., the same year; practiced two years at Galena, when he returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its Lieutenant -Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General; for two years later held a commission as Captain in the regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, who had died in office, and, during the same year, was 'appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, August 6, 1892. TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111., where he opened the first general store in that city; also served as Postmaster for some ten years. During this period he built the first two- story frame building erected in Quincy, up to that date. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately becoming the proprietor of considerable property of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government during the war. Soon after the war he erected one of the handsomest business blocks existing in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 27, 1892. TINCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 17; attended school in Coles County, 111., and was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- ing a bank, which became the First National Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth General Assembly and, two years later, to the Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 524 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. while in attendance on the adjourned session of that year. TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833 ; has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from the age of 10 years, his present home being at Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 1857, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the same circuit, and under the new Constitution, was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration of his term in 1897. T1SKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles southwest of Princeton; has creameries and cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating near Lexington. He was one of the first two Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick Henry, Lieutenant -Commandant of Illinois County, embracing the region northwest of the Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he procured grants of land for public schools and introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782. TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- est graduates of Transylvania University, also graduating at the Medical University of Phila- delphia ; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at trie battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- ington after his release, he practiced there and at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had been appointed Register of the Land Office by President John Quincy Adams, but was removed by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside at Springfield until his death, which occurred, Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, who was appointed Commandant of Illinois County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. John Hlair Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1817; graduated at the United States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader in Dakota, 1856-61; the latter year, took his seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, then served as Brigadier- General of Volun- teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- factories, the leading industry in the surrounding country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; (1900), 818. TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Citg Railroad. ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway. ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway. ) TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- nois, extending from Effner, at the Indiana State line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. The length of the whole line is 230. 7 miles, owned entirely by the company. It is made up of a division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) which is practically an air-line throughout nearly its entire length and the Peoria and Warsaw Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at Hamilton. (HISTORY.) The original charter for this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe & Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, and the line leased for HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 525 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Company. The latter defaulted in July, 1884, and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway Company, was organized for the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an agreement, for joint ownership and management, was entered into between that corporation and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 19,712,433, of which $4,076,900 was in stock and $4,895,000 in bonds. TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern terminus. The length of the entire line is 450. 72 miles, of which 179V miles are operated in Illi- nois. (HISTORY.) The Illinois portion of the line grew out of the union of charters granted to the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with certain Indiana lines under the name of the Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- organization have been under consideration, but the receivers were still in control in 1898. TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It is the business center of a prosperous agricultural region. The town has five churches, a graded school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 902; (1900), 845. TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle ; the district is agricultural, but the place has some manufactures and a newspaper. Population (1890), 473 ; (1900), 497. TOXTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol- dier, born at Gaeta, Italy, about 1650 What is now known as the Tontine system of insurance undoubtedly originated with his father. The younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a youth, took part in numerous land and naval encounters. In the course of his experience he lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at Niagara. He advanced into the country of the Illinois and established friendly relations with them, only to witness the defeat of his putative savage allies by the Iroquois. After various encounters (chiefly under the direction of La Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned to Green Bay in 1681. The same year under La Salle's orders he began the erection of Fort St. Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his commander and the loss of his early comrades, he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, did more than any other of the early French explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized world. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- tude of this table land above the sea-level varies from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being about 600 feet. The State has no mountain chains, and its few hills are probably the result of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. In some localities, particularly in the valley of the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer of detrital material. In the northwest there is a broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 526 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are many deep valleys, eroded by the action of streams. The surface generally slopes toward the south and southwest, but the uniformity is broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 850 feet above sea -level, though the altitude of Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. That in the south consists of a range of hills in the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess County, just south of the Wisconsin State .line (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in the south is in the northeast corner of Pope County 1,046 feet a spur of the Ozark moun- tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on observations made under the auspices of the Illi- nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth (above sea- lev el), is 268.58 feet, and the mean level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. The altitudes of a few prominent points are as follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. The elevations of important towns are : Peoria, 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- burg, 755; Joliet. 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, little timber is found in the northern and central portions of the State, and such growth as there is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, and, while they generally include few coniferous trees, they abound in various species of oak, black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) the cypress. From a commercial point of view, Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago is an accessible market for the product of the forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- logical Formations) , more than compensates for the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire boundary of the State consists of navigable waters. These, with their tributary streams, ensure sufficient drainage. TORRENS LAND TITLE SYSTEM. A system for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- land and British Columbia for many years, and it is also in force in some States in the American Union. An act providing for its introduction into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo- rate in its consideration of details, and is believed to be, in many respects, much better adapted to accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to counties of the first and second class, and can be adopted in no county except by a vote of a majority of the qualified voters of the same the vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the November or April elections, or at an election for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only county to adopt the system has been Cook, and there it encountered strong opposition on the part of certain parties of influence and wealth. After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- ing the question of the constitutionality of the act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, which tribunal finally upheld the law. The Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- tration and of transfer for the more 'elaborate deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under it there can be no actual transfer of a title until the same is entered upon the public land regis- ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 527 or of the registration of a United States bond, the actual transfer and public notice thereof being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- visions of the Illinois statute is given below: Eecorders of deeds are made Registrars, and required to give bonds of either 50,000 or $200,- 000, according to the population of the county. Any person or corporation, having an interest in land, may make application to any court having chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto registered. Such application must be in writ- ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- form, in matters of specification and detail, with the requirements of the act. The court may refer the application to one of the standing examiners appointed by the Registrar, who are required to . be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- amine into the title, as well as the truth of the applicant's statements. Immediately upon the filing of the application, notice thereof is given by the clerk, through publication and the issuance of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned in the petition as having or claiming any inter- est in the property described. Any person inter- ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may enter an appearance within the time allowed. A failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a confession by default. The court, in passing upon the application, is in no case bound by the examiner's report, but may require other and further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes upon all questions of title and incumbrance, directing the Registrar to register the title in the party in whom it is to be vested, and making provision as to the manner and order in which incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the certificate to be issued. An appeal may be allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the time of entering the decree, upon like terms as in other cases in chancery; and a writ of error may be sued out from that tribunal within two years after the entry of the order or decree. The period last mentioned may be said to be the statutory period of limitation, after which the decree of the court must be regarded as final, although safeguards are provided for those who may have been defrauded, and for a few other classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form of which is prescribed by the act, making such notations at the end as shall show and preserve the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- brances and changes to which the owner's title is subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- trar's office. In case any registered owner should desire to transfer the whole or any part of his estate, or any interest therein, he is required to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, together with the certificate of title last issued, must be surrendered to the Registrar. That official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered certificate, as well as upon the corresponding entry in his books of record. When land is first brought within the operation of the act, the receiver of the certificate of title is required to pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of the value of the land, the aggregate so received to be deposited with and invested by the County Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively than under the old system ; it being possible to close the entire transaction within an hour or two, without the need of an abstract of title, while (as the law is administered in Cook County) the cost of transfer is only $3. It is asserted that a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as shares of stock or registered bonds. TOULON v the county-seat of Stark County, on the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of Galva. Besides the county court- house, the town has five churches and a high school, an academy, steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 1,057. TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Leuis and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. TOWNSHEND, Richard W., lawyer and Con- gressman, was born in Prince George's County, Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 and 18 he attended public and private schools at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 528 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in 1862, and where he began practice. From 1863 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, and, from 18C8 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of the Gallatin National Bank. From 1C64 to 1875 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- tral Committee, and a delegate to the National Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the beginning of his seventh term. TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in . 1866-76 ; established himself as a portrait painter in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , traveling most of the way on foot. Here he formed a partnership with George Forquer, who had held the offices of Secretary of State and Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. Having been elected to the Supreme bench under the new Constitution, he remained in office until March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- tion of Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he had been appointed by President Pierce. This position he continued to occupy until his death, which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- est in the history of the State, covering a period of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- trict Court. TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian Treaties. ) TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- gressman, was born in Washington, D. C., Nov. 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- sical and professional education, and was admit- ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 1855. Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- sional career has been chiefly connected with that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, when he resigned. The three following years he spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was the Democratic candidate for Congress from the Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- date of his party for United States Senator, but was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- national Monetary Conference at Washington. The year before he had attended (although not as a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, where he exerted all his influence on the side of humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- cate of the policy of retaining the territory acquired from Spain. TREMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South western Railway, 31 miles east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six churches, a public school and one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1904), about 2,000. TROY, a village of Madison County, on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles northeast of St. Louis ; has churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, a native of Trimble County, Ky . , was born Feb. 12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father having settled near Carrollton that year; was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 529 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College ; enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers in 1862, and was promoted from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- cessful candidate for the Republican nomination for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- sion. Died July 26, 1900. TRUMBULL, Ly 111:111, statesman, was born at Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from a historical family, being a grand-nephew of Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived as au appellation for Americans. Having received an academic education in his native town, at the age of 16 he began teaching a district school near his home, went South four years later, and en- gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia, Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, which continued to be his home for twenty years. His entrance into public life began with his elec- tion as Representative in the General Assembly in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. Douglas, who, after holding the position only two months, had resigned to accept a seat on the Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 1852, but resigned in 1853 on account of impaired health. A year later (1854) he was elected to Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, was promoted to the United States Senate, as the successor of General Shields in the memorable con- test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- ham Lincoln. Senator TrumbulFs career of eighteen years in the United States Senate (being re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most memorable in the history of that body, covering, as it does, the whole history of the war for the Union, and the period of reconstruction which followed it. During this period, as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- struction measures than any other single member of that body. While he disagreed with a large majority of his Republican associates on the ques- tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was always found in sympathy with them on the vital questions affecting the war and restoration of the Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic party, being their candidate for Governor in 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- tinued in the practice of his profession until his death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. TUGr MILLS. These were a sort of primitive machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and early State days. The mechanism consisted of an upright shaft, into the upper end of which were fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was stretched around these pins and wrapped twice around a circular piece of wood called a trundle head, through which passed a perpendicular flat bar of iron, which turned the mill- stone, usually about eighteen inches in diameter. From the upright shaft projected a beam, to which were hitched one or two horses, which furnished the motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- mentary contrivances were capable of grinding about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. TTJLET, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, of English extraction and descended from the early settlers of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven years later, his mother, having married Col. Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to that city. Young Tuley began reading law with his step-father and completed his studies at the Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- teers for service in the Mexican War, and was commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 530 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. practiced law, also served as Attorney-General and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he was Corporation Counsel, and during this time framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, under which the City of Chicago was reincor- porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- elected every six years thereafter, his last election being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth term, some ten years of his incumbency having been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. TUNNICLIFFE, Damon G., lawyer and jurist, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 1829; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subsequently studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one of his first professional preceptors. TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and was commissioned ensign; participated in the Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, -in 1852, was assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; served through the Crimean War, rising to the rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five years, was in the service of the Illinois Central Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- Generalship, being attached to the Army of the Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, in Washington County, in this State, and settled as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to the press, writing usually on military or scientific subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago, 1888). TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town has a rolling mill, manufactories of wagons and pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five churches, a graded school, and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- cation in the college there. During the Civil War he served as First Lieutenant in the One Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, taking part in the operations about Richmond, the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- cago after the close of the war, he became con- nected with the business office of "The Advance," but later was employed in the banking house of Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago and bought "The Advance," which he conducted some two years, when he sold out and engaged in the real estate business, with which he has since been identified being President of the Chicago Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been President of the Western Publishing Company and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National Guard and, on the declaration of war between the United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly resumed his connection with the First Regiment of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de Cuba during the fighting there his regiment being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- ice in the field during the progress of the war. Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- mand and the entire nation by the manner in which he discharged his duty. The regiment was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when he retired to private life. TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y. , Jan. 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his native State, he became identified with the con- struction and operation of railroads. Among the works Avith which he was thus connected, were the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie and the Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 531 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, which had been incorporated in 1836. He became President of the Company in 1850, and assisted in constructing various sections of road in Northern Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. He was also one of the original Directors of the North Side Street Railway Company, organized in 1859. Died, Feb. 26, 1871. TURNER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 7, 1805 ; grew up on a farm and, before reaching his majority, began teaching in a country school. After spending a short time in an academy at Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- ment at Yale, graduated in 1883, and the same year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- struction in nearly every branch embraced in the college curriculum, though holding, during most of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English Literature. In 1847 he retired from college duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, in which he had always manifested a deep inter- est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange as a hedge plant now occupied his attention for many years, and its successful introduction in Illinois and other "Western States where the absence of timber rendered some substitute a necessity for fencing purposes was largely dne to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, began formulating that system of industrial edu- cation which, after twelve years of labor and agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862, making liberal donations of public lands for the establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the several States, out of which grew the University of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- ner had zealous cotaborers in this field, in Illinois and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for this magnificent achievement. (See Education, and University of Illinois.) He was also one of the chief factors in founding and building up the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. His address on "The Millennium of Labor," delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A zealous champion of free thought, in both political and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally accorded to those who had the courage and independence to avow their honest convictions. Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress once as a Republican and once as an "Independent" and wrote much on political, religious and educational topics. The evening of an honored and useful life was spent among friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for more than sixty years, his death taking place in that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 93 years. Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, in which capacity he secured the conviction and punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- ture, where he received the Democratic caucus nomination for United States Senator against General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he went to Hot Springs, Ark. , for medical treatment, and died there, April 3 following. 532 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of Douglas County, located at the intersection of the Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail- way, 22 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it has five churches, a graded school, a national bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- ments for the manufacture of carriages and wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; (1900), 2,569. TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas City Railroad. ) TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841. After passing through the common schools of his native county, he took a preparatory course in a high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- lege, Vt. , graduating there in 1868. Immediately thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- pany of scouts attached to General Logan's command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he served until the close of the war, meanwhile being twice promoted. During this time he was with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with General Thomas in the operations against the rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- nity while in the army, and was admitted to the bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two years later was elected City Attorney and re- elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Eepublican National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was appointed United States District Attorney for the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full term in 1891, and again in 1897. TYNDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in Philadelphia; Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a time in mercantile business, later being employed in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he engaged in mercantile business with his father ; then came to Illinois, a second time, in 1845, spend- ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a course of mathematical study, with a view to fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in engineering at Cambridge, Mass. , after which he was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, when he received the Republican nomination for Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in office four years. He was an earnest advocate, and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman, Clinton & Springfield Railway now the Spring- field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while going from his home to the railroad station at Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- posed for the purpose of robbery his dead body being found a few hours later at the scene of the tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a high reputation by his services during the war. His second wife, who survived him, was a daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- siderable reputation who was the contemporary and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for some years. "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A history of Illinois would be incomplete without reference to the unique system which existed there, as in other Northern States, from forty to seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- terious title of "The Underground Railroad." The origin of the term has been traced (probably in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had reached the opposite shore, that he was led to remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an underground road." From "underground road" to "underground railroad," the transition would appear to have been easy, especially in view of the increased facility with which the work was performed when railroads came into use. For HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 533 readers of the present generation, it may be well to explain what "The Underground Railroad" really was. It may be defined as the figurative appellation for a spontaneous movement in the free States extending, sometimes, into the slave States themselves to assist slaves in their efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The movement dates back to a period close to the Revolutionary War, long before it received a definite name. Assistance given to fugitives from one State by citizens of another, became a cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- ment was organized. In fact, the first President himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was so strong against his return, that the patriotic and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the minds of well-disposed citizens." That the mat- ter was already one of concern in the minds of slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from labor, as well as from justice, from one State to another. In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law, which was signed by President Washing- ton. This law provided that the owner, his agent or attorney, might follow the slave into any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled to a warrant for his return. Any person who should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him to be such, was subject to a fine of $500 for each offense. In 1850, fifty-seven years later, the first act having proved inefficacious, or conditions having changed, a second and more stringent law was enacted. This is the one usually referred to in discussions of the subject. It provided for an increased fine, not to exceed 1,000, and im- prisonment not exceeding six months, with liability for civil damages to the party injured. No proof of ownership was required beyond the statement of a claimant, and the accused was not permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the United States Commissioner, before whom the case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed to many an indirect form of bribery ; clearly, it made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to decide in favor of the claimant. The law made it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, and carry into slavery, any free negro who could not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. Instead of discouraging the disposition, on the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- tives in their efforts to reach a region where they would be secure in their freedom, the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (as that of 1793 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- site of that intended by its authors unless, indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit and refused to be made parties to its enforce- ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- ment of tke North, and stimulated the active friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in their behalf. New efforts on the part of the slaveholders were met by a determination to evade, hinder and nullify the law. And here a strange anomaly is presented. The slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, was acting within his constitutional and legal rights. The slave was his property in law. He had purchased or inherited his bondman on the same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart from the right to hold a human being in bond- age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- senting so much of money value, and whoever was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, both theoretically and technically, a partner in robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its operation. On the other hand, men who were, in all other respects, good citizens- often relig- iously devout and pillars of the church became bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation to this sort of property. They set at nought a plain provision of the Constitution and the act of Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the fugitive and helped him forward on every occasion. And why? Because they saw in him a man, with the same inherent right to "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they themselves possessed. To them this was a higher law than any Legislature, State or National, could enact. They denied that there could be truly such a thing as property in man. Believing that the law violated human rights, they justified themselves in rendering it null and void. 534 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. For the most part, the "Underground Rail- road" operators and promoters were plain, obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for notoriety. Yet there were some whose names are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Theodore Parker of Massachusetts ; Gerrit Smith and Thurlow Weed of New York: Joshua R. Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. These had their followers and sympathizers in all the Northern States, and even in some por- tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that some of the most active spirits connected with the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the South, or had resided there long enough to become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of being the "President of the Underground Rail- road" at least so far as the region west of the Ohio was concerned was an active operator on the line in North Carolina before his removal from that State to Indiana in 1826. Indeed, as a system, it is claimed to have had its origin at Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 1819, though the evidence of this may not be conclusive. Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, no official reports were made, no lists of officers, conductors, station agents or operators preserved, and few records kept which are now accessible. Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the personal recollection of individual operators for a history of their transactions. Eacli station on the road was the house of a "friend" and it is significant, in this connection, that in every settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- vania, and then on towards New York or directly to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it offered the shortest route through free soil to Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any other State, although Indiana was pretty thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. In all, however, the routes were irregular, often zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from one station to another The "train" was some- times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- quently a closed carriage, and it is related that once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying a large party, were made to represent a funeral procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, for convenience of side-tracking into the woods or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- motive. Then, again, there were not wanting lawyers who, in case the operator, conductor or station agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or reward, to defend either him or his human freight in the courts. These included such names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole country over, their "name was legion." And there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money by thousands to their assistance. Although technically acting in violation of law or, as claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher law" the time has already come when there is a disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging to the field of romance. The most comprehensive collection of material relating to the history of this movement has been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State University ; and, while it is not wholly free from errors, both as to individual names and facts, it will probably remain as the best compilation of history bearing on this subject especially as the principal actors are fast passing away. One of the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is a map purporting to give the principal routes and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- ness of personal names given, has been questioned by some best informed on the subject. As might be expected from its geographical position between two slave States Kentucky and Mis- souri on the one hand, and the lakes offering a highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- thizer. The period of greatest activity of the system in this Stat'o was between 1840 and 1861 the latter being the year when the pro-slavery party in the South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the Union, took the business out of the hands of the secret agents of the "Underground Railroad," and in a certain sense placed it in the hands of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 535 ham Lincoln then a conservative opponent of the extension of slavery on an appeal from a judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- well County, in favor of the holder of a note given for the service of the indentured slave- girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the note, given to the person who claimed to be her owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as President of the United States, in the second year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the Proclamation of Emancipation which finally resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs of every slave in the Union. In the practical operation of aiding fugitives in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, should have served as a sort of entrepots, or initial stations, for the reception of this class of freight especially if adjacent to some anti- slavery community. This was the case at Ches- ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where a, colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was located, and whence a route extended, by way of Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to Bond County, where there was a community of anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- tives could be forwarded northward by way of Jerseyville, Waverly and Jacksonville, about each of which there was a strong anti-slavery sentiment. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos- tility among the mass of the community to any- thing savoring of abolitionism, became the theater of great activity on the part of the opponents of the institution, especially after the advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending aid to fugitives. The former was a practical abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and .attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating young men for missionary work. The "Insti- tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- souri, while three young men who had been connected with it, having been caught in Mis- souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- ment in the penitentiary of that State partly on the testimony of a negro, although a negro was not then a legal witness in the courts against a white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before Stephen A. Dcfuglas (then a Judge of the Circuit Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, and the judgment against him was finally con- firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in 1852, ten years after the original indictment. A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the routes and principal stations of the "Undergound Railroad," makes mention of the following places in Illinois, in addition to those already referred to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Pay son and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- well ; Metamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; and many more. Ottawa appears to have been the meeting point of a number of lines, as well as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- litionists. Cairo also became an important transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- road, especially as it offered the speediest way of reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the lines converged. It was here that the fugitives could be most safely disposed of by placing them upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian soil. As to methods, these differed according to cir- cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. The passengers were snugly placed below, and grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, were laid over, so that the whole presented the appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its way to market. The same was true as to stations and routes. One, who was an operator, says: "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery man to the east or the north. As a general rule, the agent preferred not to know anything beyond the operation of his own immediate section of the road. If he knew nothing about the operations of another, and the other knew nothing of his, they could not be witnesses in court. We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. Hurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 536 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the Lakes, there being several steamers available for that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the places of colored stevedores carrying wood aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- ber" in this instance for the masters. Among the notable trials for assisting runaways in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards widely known through the northern part of the State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Lamed. Joseph T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but acquitted on trial. Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. "The National Corporation Reporter," a few years ago, gave an account of this affair, together with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states that, after protracted litigation, during which the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and costs the latter amounting to twenty dollars. The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." It did not always happen, however, that offenders escaped so easily. Judge Harvey B. Kurd, already referred to, and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following : Once, when the trial of a fugitive was going on before Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed in with the audience, and passed down over the heads of those on the stairs, where the officers were unable to follow. In another case, tried before United States Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored." The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large copper cent, that he might make comparison. The decision was, that the prisoner was "off color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the room before the officers could re-arrest him, as they had been instructed to do. Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor Siebert's book, published in "The Dial" of Chi cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious .Pond and Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- tors in other parts of the State. Other active agents or promoters, in the same field, included such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of Chicago, whose names have already been men- tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and Adams County; President Rufus Blanchard of Knox College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ; the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his four sons Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a host who were willing to aid their fellow men in their aspirations to freedom, without advertising their own exploits. Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- road" in Illinois is one which had some importance politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no full account has ever been written. About 1855, Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a New Englander by birth, purchased a large body of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark County, and, taking up his residence temporarily in the village of Bradford, began its improve- ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 537 of probably no great value. "Old Mose, " as he was called, soon came to be well known and a favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then of recent date), he had a constitutional right to take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that "Old Mose" was just as much his property in Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois was an experiment to test the law and the feel- ings of the Northern people. This being the case, a shrewd play would have been to let him have his way till other slaves should have been brought to stock the new plantation. But this was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to whom the holding of a slave in the free State of Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was feared that he might take the old negro back to Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was reported, also, that "Old Mose" was ill-treated; that he was given only the coarsest food in a back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead of being permitted to eat at table with the family. The prairie citizen of that time was very par- ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired man or woman, debarred from the table of his or her employer, would not have remained a day. A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and another equally daring, met him by the light of the stars and, before morning, he was placed in the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty miles away. From there he was speedily "franked" by the member of Congress to friends in Canada. There was a great commotion in Bradford over the "stealing" of "Old Mose." Lombard and his friends denounced the act in terms bitter and profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- petrators. The conductors were known only to a fe'w, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the Representative in Congress from his district. During the next session of Congress, Singleton took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a "nigger-stealer," citing the case of "Old Mose." Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and dramatic style, making a speech which ensured his election to Congress for life "Is it desired to call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive slaves?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the village, and he aids every slave that comes to his door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble threshold and forbid me to give bread to the hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you defiance, in the name of my God!" With another incident of an amusing charac- ter this article may be closed: Hon. J. Young Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, was asked by the court what he would do if sum- moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a fugitive. ' 'I would certainly obey the summons, ' ' he replied, "but I should probably stub my toe and fall down before I reached him." NOTE. Those who wish to pursue the subject of the " Underground Eailroad " in Illinois further, are referred to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the various County Histories which have been issued and may be found in the public libraries; also for interesting inci- dents, to " Keminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's " From Dixie to Canada," Petit's Sketches, "Still, Under- ground Kailroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by James H. Fairchild, ex-President of Oberlin College. UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after admission to the bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began practice in 1840. The following year he was elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this period he declined a nomination to Congress, although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, Sept. 23, 1875. UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the time of its admission as a State having been organized, under the Territorial Government, in January, 1818. It is situated in the southern division of the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The eastern and interior portions are drained by the Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 538 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. potter's clay are found in considerable abun- dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- culture, although manufacturing is carried on to a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and Anna important shipping stations. The latter is the location of the Southern Hospital for the Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, was 21,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties in the State, many prominent men found their first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610. UNIOX LEAGUE OF AMERICA, a secret polit- ical and patriotic order which had its origin early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and counteracting the machinations of the secret organizations designed to promote the success of the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, June 25, 1862, consisting of eleven members, as follows; John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- rett. One of the number was a Union refugee from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from memory, as administered to members of a some- what similar order which had been organized among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- late the secrets and business of the order; (2) to "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil liberties of the Union of these United States against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, at all times and under all circumstances," even "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid in electing only true Union men to offices of trust in the town, county, State and General Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend any member of the order who might be in peril from his connection with the order, and (5) to obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council to which the taker of the oath might be attached. The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- ration of Independence and Constitution of the United States, the taker pledging his sacred honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the organization existed in the activity, about this time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a disloyal organization which had been introduced from the South, and which afterwards took the name, in the North, of "American Knights" and ' 'Sons of Liberty. ' ' (See Secret Treasonable Soci- eties.) Three months later, the organization had extended to a number of other counties of the State and, on the 25th of September following, the first State Council met at Bloomington twelve counties being represented and a State organization was effected. At this meeting the following general officers were chosen: Grand President Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- tary George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand Treasurer H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- shal J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel John E. Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFai- land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ; Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- ally changed the phraseology and -removed some of the crudities of the original obligation, as well as increased the beauty and impressiveness of the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and pass-words were also adopted, which were finally accepted by the various organizations of the order throughout the Union, which, by this time, included many soldiers in the army, as well as civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with only seven counties represented. The limited representation was discouraging, but the mem- bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the order who waited upon him. At a special ses- sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, six days later, a vigorous campaign was mapped out, under which agents were sent into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- nois was estimated at three to five thousand; a few months later, the number of enrolled members had increased to 50,000 so rapid had been the growth of the order. On March 25, 1863, a Grand Council met in Chicago 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 539 a number from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of organization for a National Grand Council, which was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th of May following the constitution, ritual and signs of the Illinois organization being adopted with slight modifications. The iodised obligation taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States bound members of the League to "sup- port, protect and defend the Government of the United States and the flag thereof, against all enemies, foreign and domestic," and to"bear true faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend the State against invasion or insurrection"; to support only "true and reliable men" for offices of trust and profit; to protect and defend worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the secrets of the order. The address to new mem- bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful appeal to their patriotism. The organization extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- west, but in the South also, especially in the army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Illinois was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- ive, operations of the organization, was shown, not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and support of the war policy of the Government, but in the raising of supplies for the sick and wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over $25,000 in cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct result of appeals made through circulars sent out by the officers of the "League." Large contri- butions of money and supplies also reached the sick and wounded in hospital through the medium of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous efforts were made by the opposition to get at the secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete copy of the ritual was published by one of their organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of what was anticipated, that this line of attack was not continued. During the stormy session of the Legislature in 1863, the League is said to have rendered effective service in protecting Gov- ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It continued its silent but effective operations until the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it ceased to exist as a political organization. UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, from the date of the admission of the State into the Union until 1899, with the date and duration of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 1824-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35; David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing, 1835-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-43; Samuel Mc- Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; James Shields, 1849-55 ;'Ly man Trumbull, 1855-73; Orville II. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- ardson, 1863-65; Richard Yates, 1865-71; John A. Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. Cullom, first elected in 1883, and re-elected in '89 and '95, his third term expiring in 1901 : Charles B. Far- well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term expiring, March 4, 1903. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One of the leading educational institutions of the country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888), to supply the place which the original institution of the same name had been designed to fill. (See University of Chicago The Old.) The following year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- dered a contribution of $600, 000 toward the endow- ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing additional pledges to the amount of $400,000 by June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was secured two and one-half blocks being acquired by purchase for $282,500, and one and one-half (valued at $125,000) donated by Mr. Marshall Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- tion effected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of the institution was tendered to, and accepted by, Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the University has been the recipient of other gener- ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed $10,- 000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has pledged himself to make additional contributions of $2,000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1896, include a chemical laboratory costing $182,000; a lecture hall, $150,000; a physical laboratory 540 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. $150,000; a museum, 100,000; an academy dor- mitory, $30,000; three dormitories for women, $150,000; two dormitories for men, $100,000, to which several important additions were made during 1896 and '97. The faculty embraces over 150 instructors, selected with reference to their fitness for their respective departments from among the most eminent scholars in America and Europe. Women are admitted as students and graduated upon an equality with men. The work of practical instruction began in October, 1892, with 589 registered students, coming from nearly every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- ates from other institutions, to which accessions were made, during the year, raising the aggregate to over 900. The second year the number ex- ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- sentatives from every State of the Union, besides many from foreign countries. Special features of the institution include the admission of gradu- ates from other institutions to a post-graduate course, and the University Extension Division, which is conducted largely by means of lecture courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers in the vicinity of the University, non-resident students having the privilege of written exami- nations. The various libraries embrace over 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong to what are called the "Departmental Libraries,'' besides a large and valuable collection of maps and pamphlets. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an educational institution at Chicago, under the care of the Baptist denomination, for some years known as the Douglas University. Senator Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten acres of land, in what was then near the southern border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an institution of learning, provided buildings cost- ing $100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- lated time. The corner-stone of the main building was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- las extended the time, and finally deeded the land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen years the institution led a precarious existence, struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- gages to the amount of 8320,000 having accumu- lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- closure proceedings. The original plan of the institution contemplated preparatory and col- legiate departments, together with a college of law and a theological school. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- cational institution under control of the State, located at Urbana and adjoining the city of Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an appropriation of public lands to States 30,000 acres for each Senator and each Representative in Congress establishing colleges for teaching agri- culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- scrip under this grant was issued and placed in the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of Trustees appointed under the State law was organ- ized in March, 1867, the institution being located the same year. Departments and courses of study were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). The landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early day for what it would bring in open market, except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne- braska and Minnesota. This has recently been sold, realizing a larger sum than was received for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- gregates $613,026. The University revenues were further increased by donations from Congress to each institution organized under the Act of 1862, of $15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of a similar amount for instruction the latter to be increased $1,000 annually until it should reach $25,000. A mechanical building was erected in 1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of its kind in America intended for strictly educa- tional purposes. What was called "the main building" was formally opened in December, 1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall," opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall," 1894; a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- cipal structures and a number of smaller ones have been erected as conditions required. The value of property aggregates nearly $2,500,000, and appropriations from the State, for all purposes, previous to 1904, foot up $5,123,517.90. Since 1871 the institution has been open to women. The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and general sciences, languages and literature, eco- nomics, household science, trade and commerce. The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected with the University: a College of Law and a Library School were opened in 1897, and the same year the Chicago College of Physicians and Sur- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 541 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine a School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers throughout the .State who may desire them. The first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees (of whom there are nine) were made elective by popular vote three being elected every two years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of Public Instruction of the State of New York, was installed as President, serving until 1904. The corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- ber of students has increased rapidly in recent years, as shown by the following totals for suc- cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 619; 583; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075; 1,582; 1,824; 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- ural History. The University occupies a con- spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- paign, and near the residence portion of the two cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with fine landscape effects. UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. In addition to the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, acts were passed by the General Assembly, at different times, providing for the organiza- tion of a number of others, a few of which were subsequently organized under different names, but the majority of which were never organized at all the proposition for such or- ganization being rejected by vote of the people within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing them, t,nd the territory which they were in- tended to include, were as follows: Allen County (1841) comprising portions of Sanga- mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties ; Audobon (Audubon) County (1843) from portions of Mont- gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County (1843) from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; Coffee County (1837) with substantially the same territory now comprised within the bound- aries of Stark County, authorized two years later; Dane County (1839) name changed to Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- prising territory since partially incorporated in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) from Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County (1843), changed (1847) to Highland compris- ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act was accepted, with Columbus as the county- seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- gan County (1837) from apart of Cook; Milton County (1843) from the south part of Vermil- ion; Okaw County (1841) comprising substan- tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) from parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- ties, and covering substantially the same terri- tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen County ten years earlier. The last act of this character was passed in 1867, when an attempt was made to organize Lincoln County out o. parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whictt failed for want of an affirmative vote. UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about \\ miles northeast of Alton laid out in 1816. It has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff College and the Western Military Academy, the former founded about 1831, and controlled by the Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,373. UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The Native American," the following year taking the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 542 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nal. " In 1862, Mr. Upton became musical critic on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time also as its war correspondent in the field, later (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- une" Company. Besides numerous contributions to magazines, his works include: "Letters of Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of German Love," translated from the German of Max Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. 1883-84); besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). UBBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. The mechanical industries include extensive rail- road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' Home and Orphanage is located here. The city has water-works, gas and electric light plants, electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior schools, nine churches, three banks and three newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900), 5,728. DSREY, William J., editor and soldier, was born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 16, 1827; was educated at Natchez, and, before reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree upon a line of policy in opposition to the further extension of slavery, and, when that body met at Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial steps which resulted in the organization of the Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) After returning from the war he resumed his place as editor of "The Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again under the administration of President Grant; served also as a member of the City Council and was a member of the local Post of the G. A . R. , and Secretary of the Macon County Association of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, Jan. 20, 1894. UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also believed to stand on the- site of the Kaskaskia village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is produced here; it also has several factories or mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150. VAN ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood ; later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on account of illness. After spending some time in California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 1865. His later years were spent in California, dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. YANDALIA, the principal city and county-seat of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of government being removed to Springfield, the latter year, in accordance with act of the General Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- tains a court house (old State Capitol building), six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 543 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900), 2,665. VANDEVEER, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 1816 ; came with his family to Illinois at an early age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian County; taught school and studied law, using books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder of Christian County and, soon after, appointed Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the General Assembly (1842 and 1850) and once to the State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican War, but, having been rejected on account of the quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- master, in this capacity serving on the staff of General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and Judge Of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued successfully during the remainder of his life. Died, March 12, 1894. VAN HORNE, William C., Railway Manager and President, was born in Will County, 111., February, 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- cago & Alton Railroads (1858-72), later being General Manager or General Superintendent of various other lines (1872-79). He next served as General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its President in 1888. His services have been recog- nized by conferring upon him the order of knighthood by the British Government. YASSEUR, Noel C., pioneer Indian-trade^, was born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 1799 ; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the region now embraced in Iroquois County, where he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, believed to have been the site of the present town of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- mained in trade until the removal of the Indians west of the Mississippi, in which he served as agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of Watseka was named, and who had previously been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. YE NICE, a city of Madison County, on the Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles north of East St. Louis ; is touched by six trunk lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to the new "Merchants' Bridge," with its round- house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, electric lights, water-works, some manufactures and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900), 2,450. YENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See Louisville, EvcMsville & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. ) VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, from which it takes its name. It was originally organized in 1826, when it extended north to Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, aided in attracting immigration to this region, but the manufacture of salt was abandoned many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan were the first County Commissioners. Many interesting fossil remains have been found, among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two coal seams cross the county. The surface is level and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and wool-growing are important industries. There are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588 ; (1890), 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 544 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. YERMILION RIYER, a tributary of the Illi- nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of McLean County, and, running northwestward through Livingston and the southern part of La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length of about 80 miles. VERMILION RIYER, an affluent of the Wa- bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and come together near Danville in this State. It flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, which rises in Champaign County and runs east- ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- times called the Big Vermilion, by way of distinction. VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, electric light plant, besides two banks, four churches, two graded schools, and one weekly newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here to the depth of 2,600 feet. Pop. (1900), 1,195. VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on the Wabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy ; is in a timber and agricultural district ; has a bank and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 524. VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It has a court house, several churches, a graded school, banks and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 494; (1890), 828; (1900), 1,217. YIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, and accepting Virginia Continental money, at par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of $20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, where Vigo had considerable property, reduced him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty but cheerful to the last He was never recom- pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf of the American cause, though a tardy restitution was attempted, after his death, by the United States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., March 22, 1835. VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pulaski County, on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of Cairo. Population, 500. VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely connected with Louis Joliet probably his brother-in-law, although some historians say that he was the latter's nephew. He entered the Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long and varied experience as an Indian fighter. About 1725 he took up his residence on what is now the site of the present city of Vincennes, Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he erected an earth fort and established a trading- post. In 1726, under orders, he co-operated with D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned at the stake, together with Father Senat (a Jesuit priest) and others of the command. (See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of Illinois. ) VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal mines. Pop.(1900), 2,280; (school censusl903),3,651. VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two National and one State bank, five churches, a HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. high school, and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 1,602; (1900), 1,600. YOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a Government Secretary in the Prussian service. Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- grated to America in 1856, and, after a short stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he found employment as a paper-carrier for "The Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention to the study of law. Later, he became associated with a real-estate firm; on the commencement of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a three-months' regiment, and, finally, in the Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. Returning from the army, he was employed as city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected Representative in the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in framing "the burnt record act" made necessary by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged in the practice of his profession, having been, for a number of years, attorney for the German Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems translated from the German, which has been highly commended, besides a legal work on "The Administration of Justice in the United States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest to Aliens, ' ' which has been published in the Ger- man Language, and is highly valued by German lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General Grant for the Presidency a second time. YOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was a marble cutter , removed to Pittsfield, Mass., and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the city, having for his subject his first patron the "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which passed into the possession of the Chicago His- torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-72, he revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, and was its President for eight years. He was genial, companionable and charitable, and always ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- fessional brethren. His best known works are the Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' monuments in different parts of the country, the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, and numerous portrait busts of men eminent in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. YOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the United States and was admitted to the bar in Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City Attorney in 1852, and again In 1853; in 1861 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, still later serving with his command in, Vir- ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of the capture of that place in September, 1862, but succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served as Master in Chancery and was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- cago, March 23, 1888. WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. (HISTORY.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 546 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 250,000; bonded indebtedness, $690,000; total capitalization, $2,028,573. WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, and the first court house built at Centerville, in May, 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the county -seat. (See Mount Carmel.} The Wabash River drains the county on the east; other streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair growth of timber. The chief industries are the raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 11,866; (1900), 12,583. WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive railroad system connecting the cities of Detroit and Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. Louis, Quincy and Altamont, 111., and to Keokuk and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- nois all of the latter being the property of the company, besides 176. 7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- ings and spurs. The company has trackage privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. (His- TORY.) A considerable portion of this road in Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, and embraces the only section of road completed under that scheme that between the Illinois River and Springfield. (1) The construction of this section was begun by the State, May 11, 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a time by "mule power," but the income was in- sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for $21,100 to N. H. Ridgely and Thomas Mather of Springfield, and by them transferred to New York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively, under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the name of the Great Western Railroad Company. (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the new organization taking "the name of the main line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, opened for business in 1870 and leased to the Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a new company under the name of the Wabash Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection from Logansport to Detroit. In November, 1879, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- pany was organized, took the property and con- solidated it with certain lines west of the Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, but, not having been constructed in 1881, the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was operating the following additional leased lines: Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- cie & Bloomington (36. 7 miles), and the Lafayette Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection between Chicago on the west and Toledo and Detroit on the east was established over the Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 547 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent line between Chicago and Detroit by what is known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago Division. The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 miles ; but, in May of that year, default having been made in the payment of interest, the work of disintegration began. The main line east of the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash Western." The Eastern Division was placed in the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 1889, when the two divisions, having been bought in by a purchasing committee, were consolidated under the present name. The total earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for the fiscal year 1898, were $4,402,621, and the expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock of $52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of $81,- 534,000. WABASH RIYER, rises in northwestern Ohio, passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- port, thence southwest to Covington, finally turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles below which it strikes the western boundary of Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois and Indiana (taking into account its numerous windings) for spme 200 miles. Below Vincennes it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of Indiana, near latitude 37 49' north. Its length is estimated at 557 miles. WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- cated in the public schools of his native place. In his youth he entered a book-publishing house in which his father was a partner, and was for a time associated with the publication of a weekly paper. Later the business was conducted at Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, and Southern States, the subject of this sketch making extensive tours in the interest of the firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made his first entry of land from the Government. Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the next ten years in the employment of the publish- ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest apple orchards in the State at that early day. Irt 1845 he presided as chairman over the National Industrial Convention in New York, and, irt 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the National Reform Association for Vice-President on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, but declined. He was also prominent in County and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has been credited with being one of the first (if not the very first) to suggest the construction of the Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- road now the "Vandalia Line" giving much time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many years, and was one of the original incorporators of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. Died, July 17, 1865. WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791; was taken while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came to Macomb, 111. , in 1833, being the second lawyer to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide reputation as a successful advocate, especially in criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who studied law with him. He was Whig candidate for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1840. WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth served as errand-boy in a country store near Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited various religious papers, including "The Watch- man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 548 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological Seminary. He was author of several volumes, one of which "The Philosophy of the Plan of Salvation," published anonymously under the editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) ran through several editions and was translated into five different languages, including Hindustanee. Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer and Railway President, was born at Claremont, N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and student, was admitted to the bar the next year, and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of Washtenaw County; was also local attorney for the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- wick & Walker, which had been organized in Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel or President, filling the latter position from 1870 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington Coal Company, down to the time of his death, which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of heart disease. WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal missionary, was born in Rockingham County, Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near Edwardsville the first on Illinois soil. Later, he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and devoted much time to missionary work among the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and there is evidence that he was a prominent resident there for several years, occupying a log house, which he used as a church and living-room, on c 'Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River. While acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, Oct. 5, 1835. WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a store for four years. In 1838 he removed to Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. This position he resigned in 1858, having been appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months later he was elected to the same position, and re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and again from June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, and received his preparatory education at McKen. dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- date for Congress, although running ahead of his ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty upon the Appellate bench. His home is at Duquoin. WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, where he became a contractor and builder, fol- lowing this occupation for a number of years. He was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, some years later, having decided to enter the ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 549 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, in the next few years, held pastorates at various places in the central and eastern parts of the State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six years, held the position of President of the Board of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. In the second year of the Civil War he raised a company in Sangamon County, was chosen its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' regiment" all of its officers being ministers. In 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his commission. While pastor of the church at Say- brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- master of that place, which he decided to accept, and was allowed to retire from the active minis- try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired some four years afterward, when he returned to Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and effective preacher and continued to preach, at intervals, until within a short time of his decease, which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on the organization of that party, and took pride in the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, and, at his death, Chaplain of America Post, No. 708, G. A. R. WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista (where his commander was killed), and in other engagements. Returning to his profession at Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. As commander of a brigade he participated in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's Division, devolving on him on account of the illness of his superior officer, he showed great courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly deplored. Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his father's family and was educated in the local schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue (1866-69) ; County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting Attorney (1884) ; and, for many years past, has been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city of Chicago. WALNUT, a .town of Bureau County, on the Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- trict ; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, and most of the other tribes of Indians in the Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with the British. The savages had been hostile and restless for some time previous, and blockhouses and family forts had been erected at a number of points, especially in the settlements most exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, he made this his headquarters, and collected a force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later reinforced by two companies of rangers, under Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. An independent company of twenty-one spies, of which John Reynolds afterwards Governor was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 550 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for Peoria, where it was expected that their force would meet that of General Hopkins, who had been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- bored and protected by the French citizens of Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, and capturing the population, carried them down the river, putting them on shore, in the early part of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, remote settlements were continually harassed by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock Island, where he found a large force of Indians, supported by British regulars with artillery. Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- ble a foe, Major Taylor retreated down the river. On the site of the present town of Warsaw he threw up fortifications, which he named Fort Edwards, from which point he was subsequently compelled to retreat. The same year the British, with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts Madison and Johnston, after which they retired to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal treaties were made with the tribes until the year following. WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- ture together in special session and, the same day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," the quota assigned to the State under call of the President. Public excitement was at fever heat, and dormant patriotism in both sexes was aroused as never before. Party lines were broken down and, with comparatively few excep- tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important strategic point. At that time, the State militia organizations were few in number and poorly equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of $500,000, and those of Springfield, 100,000. The Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and provided for the creation of a war fund of 2,- 000, 000. Besides the six regiments already called for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- ments and one battery of light artillery was authorized. The last of the six regiments, apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The six regiments were numbered the Seventh to Twelfth, inclusive the earlier numbers, First to Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which had served in the war \vith Mexico. The regi- ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and John Me Arthur, constituting the ."First Brigade of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered immediately. Many more volunteered than could be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that State. During June and July the Secretary of War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 551 July 22, the day following the defeat of the Union army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- mediately responded with an offer to the War Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as her right, to do her full share toward the preser- vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- ity, received from the Secretary of War in August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. Other calls were made in July and August, 1802, ach for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid to the fact that the State had already furnished 16,000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- ing population, the idle and the extremely poor having already followed the army's march, either as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal bounties in many of the counties, in less than a fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the volunteers coming largely from the substantial classes agricultural, mercantile, artisan and professional. By the end of December, fifty-nine regiments and four batteries had been dispatched to the front, besides a considerable number to fill up regiments already in che field, which had suf- fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a storm of hostile criticism from his political opponents, who aided by the absence of so large a proportion of the loyal population of the State in the field were able to carry the elec- tions of that year. Consequently, when the Twenty-third General Assembly convened in regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a large majority of that body was not only opposed to both the National and State administrations, but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and 57,000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen per cent of the entire population. These were comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, besides twelve independent batteries. The total losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 from disease and 2,154 from other causes being a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of the State in the service. The part which Illinois played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- ism, promptness in response to every call, and the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the field reflecting honor upon the State and its his- tory. Nor were its loyal citizens who, while staying at home, furnished moral and material support to the men at the front less worthy of praise than those who volunteered. By uphold- ing the Government National and State and by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending forward immense quantities of supplies surgical, medical and other often at no little sacrifice, they contributed much to the success of the Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- eties. ) WAR OF THE REBELLION (HISTORY OF ILLI- NOIS REGIMENTS). The following is a list of the various military organizations mustered into the service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the terms of service and a summary of the more important events in the history of each; while in the field : SEVENTH INFANTRY. Illinois having sent six regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the numbering of the regiments which took part in the war for the Union began with number Seven. A number of regiments which responded to the first call of the President, claimed the right to be recognized as the first regiment in the field, but the honor was finally accorded to that organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861, and remained at Mound City during the three months' service, the period of its first enlistment. It was subsequently reorganized and mustered for the three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 552 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 11. EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for three months' service, April 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during its term of service, when it was mustered out. July 25, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in for three years' service. It participated in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted as veterans, March 24, 1864 ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- charged, May 13, having served five years. NINTH INFANTRY. Mustered into the service at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three years, being composed of companies from St. Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, March 15, 1863, and so continued during the remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- ville, July 9, 1865. TENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mustered into the service for three months, on April 29, 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered into the service for three years, with Col. James D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, at Chicago. ELEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, for three months. July 30, the regiment was mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh, was its first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at Springfield. TWELFTH INFANTRY. Mustered into service for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, suc- ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- field, July 18. THIRTEENTH INFANTRY. One of the regiment* organized under the act known as the ' 'Ten Regi- ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- ing served three years and two months. FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. One of the regiments raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which anticipated the requirements of the General Government by organizing, equipping and dril- ling a regiment in each Congressional District in the State for thirty days, unless sooner required for service by the United States. It was mustered in at Jacksonville for three years, May 25, 1861, under command of John M. Palmer as its first Colonel; was engaged at Shiloh, *Corinth, Meta- mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and Meridian; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In October, 1864, the major part of the battalion was captured by General Hood and sent to Andersonville. The remainder participated in the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 the battalion organization was discontinued, both regiments having been filled up by recruits. The regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at Springfield, 111., Sept. 22, 2865, where it received final payment and discharge. The aggregate number of men who belonged to this organization was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years and four months of service, the regiment marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, and, by river, 4,490 miles making an aggregate of 11,670 miles. FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. Raised under the "Ten Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- . HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 553 tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, Allatoona and Bentonville. In March, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield for final payment and discharge having served four years and four months. Miles marched, 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. " SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mus- tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- ment Act," May '24, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 1865, after a term of service of four years and three months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- field, where it received its final pay and discharge papers. SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into the service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield for pay and discharge. Those men and officers who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized under the provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861, the term of enlistment being for three years. The regiment participated in the capture of Fort McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments in the regiment, from its organization to date of discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. NINETEENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into the United States service for three years, June 17, 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies which had been accepted under the call for three months' men; participated in the battle of Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis' Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of recruits received during the war, its strength at the final muster-out was less than 350. TWENTIETH INFANTRY, Organized, May 14, 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered into the service for a term of three years. It participated in the following engagements, bat- tles, sieges, etc. : Fredericktown (Mo. ), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After marching through the Carolinas, the regiment was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Chicago, on July 24. TWENTY- FIRST INFANTRY. Organized under the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and mustered into service for three years, June 28, 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was in command until August 7, when he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo. ) , Corinth, Perry ville, Mur- freesboro, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, Dec. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Belleville, and mustered into service, for three years, at Caseyville, 111., June 25, 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo.), Sikestown, Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- erans and recruits, whose term of service had not expired, being consolidated with the Forty -second Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY. The organization of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 554 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal muster of the regiment, under the command of Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks known as Kane's brewery near the river on West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter it participated in engagements in the Virginias, as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present at the surrender at Appomattox. In January and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty -third Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. " The regiment was thanked by Congress for its part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, James A.) TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY, (known as the First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, with two companies to-wit: the Union Cadets and the Lincoln Rifles from the three months' service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out of service at Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- ment, which had been recruited in the field, and whose term of service had not expired at the date of muster-out, was organized into one company and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized from the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 1864. During its three years' service the regi- ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,252 were on foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. TWENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka;" "Corinth 3d and 4th, 1862;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and discharged, at Springfield, July 28 the regiment having* marched, during its four years of service, 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, besides innumerable skirmishes. TWENTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. First organized, with only seven companies, at Springfield, August 10, 1861, and organization completed by the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- ice had not expired, were consolidated with the Ninth Infantry. TWENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Composed of companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into service for three years. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in that State, March 15, 1866, having served four years and seven months. It was discharged, at Springfield, May 13, 1866. TWENTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 555 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, and were there captured by General Van Dorn, in December, 1862, but were exchanged, six months later. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. THIRTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, August 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 27, 1865. THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Cairo, and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was ordered to Fort Leaven worth. Mustered out there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at Springfield. THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized and mus- tered into service at Springfield in September, 1861: was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the assault and siege of Vicksburg, siege of Jackson, Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, Jan. 1, 1864 ; was mustered out, at the same point, Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 2,000. THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- saca, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, and, after participating in the "March to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's Army to Washington, D. C., and took part in the grand review, May 24, 1865; left Washington, June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, where it was mustered out, on July 12 ; was dis- charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at De- catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to the President, being accepted by the Secretary of War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat transportation) 3,056 miles. THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 27, having marched and been transported, during its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Familiarly known as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- cago Board of Trade. It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In October, 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as ^c il I I IR 556 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. veterans in February, 1864; took part in the siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- ture of Mobile; from July, 1865, to May, 1866, was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by marching. THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY. The organization of this Regiment was commenced as soon as the news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its contemplated field officers, and labored zealously to get it accepted under the first call for troops, but did not accomplish his object. The regiment had already assumed the name of the "Yates Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was accepted by the War Department on the day succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed Colonel. Under his direction the organization was completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements before Petersburg and Richmond, including the capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, S. C., in September, 1863. It was mustered out at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- charge at Chicago, December 16. FORTIETH INFANTRY. Enlisted from the coun- ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered into service for three years at Springfield, August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, New Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C.), and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield. FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Decatur during July and August, 1861, and was mustered into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. FORTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, the siege of Corinth,' battles of Farmington, Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville, engaged at Stone River, in the Tullahoma cam- paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus- tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 16, 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 12, 1866. FORTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field in September, 1861, and mustered into service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock, Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized in Au- gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, Sept. 13, 1861; was engaged at Pea Ridge, Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Adairsville, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. From June to September, 1865, it was stationed in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Originally called the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 557 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- paign, the "March to the Sea," and the advance through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv- ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865, and arrived in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 miles. FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- panies of the regiment were captured), in the reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield. FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; also participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- field, where it received final pay and discharge. Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, September, 1861, and participated in battles and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg (first expedition against), Missionary Ridge, as well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- road, 3,450 total, 11,450. FORTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in the campaign against Meridian and in the Red River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant Hill, Jan. 15, 1864 ; three-fourths of the regiment re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. FIFTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 17, 1863 ; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and reached Springfield, the following day, for final pay and discharge. FIFTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid, Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- boro, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, at Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. FIFTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Ge- neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka, Town Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864; was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, and received final payment and discharge at Springfield, July 12. FIFTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Ottawa in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- ment was mustered out of service at Louisville, 558 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. July 22, 1865, and received final discharge, at Chicago, July 28. It marched 2,855 miles, and was transported by boat and cars, 4,168 miles. Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi- ment during its term of service. FIFTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment can be given, owing to the loss of its official records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 1864, and were exchanged, the following De- cember. The regiment was mustered out at Little Rock, Oct. 15, 1865 ; arrived at Springfield, Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 71 commissioned officers. FIFTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 31, 1861. The regiment originally formed a part of the "Douglas Brigade," being chiefly recruited from the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, Grundy, La Salle, De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign; in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ; was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In all, it was engaged in thirty -one battles, and was 128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled amounted to 11,965, of which 3,240 miles were actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while at Larkinsville, Tenn.,was mustered out at Little Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge at Chicago, the same month. FIFTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized with com- panies principally enlisted from the counties of Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par- ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of Vicksburg being engaged at Champion Hills, and in numerous assaults ; also took part in the battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in the campaign in the Carolinas, including the battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- sas, August 12, 1865. FIFTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and Allatoona; participated in the investment and capture of Savannah, and the campaign through the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, July 14. FIFTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Recruited at Chi- cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the regiment being captured during the latter engage- ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, after which detachments were sent to Springfield for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. FIFTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Originally known as the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of the War Department. It was engaged at Pea Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap and Murfreesboro, in the Tullahoma campaign and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, where it was mustered out, December, 1865, receiving its final discharge at Springfield. SIXTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, 111., Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in January, 1864; participated in the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield. SIXTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Carroll- ton, 111., three full companies being mustered HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 550 in, Feb. 5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- racks, Mo. , where a sufficient number of recruits joined to make nine full companies. The regiment was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and other engagements near that point ; was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn.,'Sept. 8, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- ber 27. SIXTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, 111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, where the regimental records were destroyed. The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation of Little Rock ; re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6, 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge. SIXTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, in December, 1861, and mustered into service, April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond Hill, La. , and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. It took part in the capture of Savannah and in Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- pating in its important battles and skirmishes; was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on the march. SIXTY- FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, July 18. SIXTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Originally known as the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- cago, and mustered in, May 1, 1862. It was cap- tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- listed as veterans in March, 1864, and participated in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia (Tenn. ), Franklin and Nashville, and later, near Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C., being mus- tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. SIXTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Benton Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September and October, 1861 being designed as a regiment of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea" and the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was variously known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers, Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- sixth Illinois Infantry. The latter (and final) name was conferred by the Secretary of War, Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and discharged at Springfield, July 15. SIXTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in response to an urgent call for the defense of Washington. The Sixty -seventh, by doing guard duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. SIXTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Enlisted in response to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three months as State Militia, and was mustered in early in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered into the United States service as Illinois Volun- teers, by petition of the men, and received marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862 many of the men re- enlisting in other regiments. SIXTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and rebel prisoners. SEVENTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard duty. Its term of service was three months. SEVENTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi- cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 560 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. SEVENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board of Trade, and mustered into service for three years, August 23, 1862. It was engaged at Cham- pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and discharged at Chicago. SEVENTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Recruited from the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into .service at Springfield, August 21, 1862, 900 strong. I't participated in the battles of Stone River, Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and Lost Mountains, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and, a few days later, -rent to Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. SEVENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into service September 4. It was recruited from Win- nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, June 10, 1865, with 343 officers and men, the aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. SEVENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Dixon, and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862. The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Dalton, Resaca, Marietta, Kenesaw, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 1, following. SEVENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Kan- kakee, 111. , in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, August 22, 1862 ; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- ton, July 22, 1865, being paid off and disbanded at Chicago, August 4, 1865 having traveled 10,000 miles. SEVENTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill ; the reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. SEVENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville ; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis- charged, June 12, 1865. SEVENTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Mat- toon, in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862; participated in the battles of Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville ; was mustered out, June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp Butler, June 15, and, on June 23, received final pay and discharge. EIGHTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Centralia, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After being exchanged, it participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and participated in more than twenty engagements. It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and discharge. EIGHTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Recruited from the counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered into service at Anna, August 26, 1862. It partici- pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 561 EIGHTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Sometimes called the "Second Hecker Regiment," in honor of Col- onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois Infantry being chiefly composed of German members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- field, Sept. 26, 1862, and mustered into service, Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and returned to Chicago, June 16 having marched, during its time of service, 2,503 miles. EIGHTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Mon- mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous hard- fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and discharged at Chicago, July 4, following. EIGHTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered out, June 8, 1865. EIGHTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Peoria, about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered out at Washington, D. C., June 5, 1865, and sent to Springfield, where the regiment was paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same month. EIGHTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Knesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was mustered out on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C., arriving on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the men received their pay and final discharge. EIGHTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Enlisted in Au- gust, 1862; was composed of companies from Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties ; was organized in the latter part of August, 1862, at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the muster to take effect from August 2. It took part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and Jackson, and in the entire campaign through Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. EIGHTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and discharge, June 22, 1865. EIGHTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Called the "Rail- road Regiment"; was organized by the railroad companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August, 1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- charged, June 24, after a service of two years, nine months and twenty -seven days. NINETIETH INFANTRY. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862 ; participated in the siege of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After the review at Washington, the regiment was mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. NINETY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Camp Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1862, and 562 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862 ; participated in the campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, and all along the southwestern frontier in Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Mobile, July 12, 1865, starting for home the same day, and being finally paid off and discharged on July 28, following. NINETY-SECOND INFANTRY (Mounted). Organ- ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- roll Counties. During its term of service, the Ninety -second was in more than sixty battles and skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, and the numerous engagements on the "March to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. NINETY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 18, 998 strong. It participated in the movements against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, following Sherman in his campaign though the Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the regiment having marched 2,554 miles, traveled by water, 2,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237 miles total, 6,087 miles. NINETY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Blooinington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly in McLean County. After some warm experi ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After several months of garrison duty, the regiment was mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 1865, reaching Bloornington on August 9, follow- ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- tles, sieges and skirmishes. NINETY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Rock- ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It was recruited from the counties of McHenry and Boone three companies from the latter and seven from the former. It took part in the cam- paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- burg. in the Red River expedition, the campaigns against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles in which the regiment was engaged were those of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- try, August 25, 1865. NINETY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Recruited during the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, Shelbyville, Chickamauga, "Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- charge was June 30, 1865. NINETY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized in August and September, 1862, and mustered in on Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, August 10, after an absence of three years, less a few days. NINETY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Cen- tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3; took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many others of less note. It was mustered out, June 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the Sixty -first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. NINETY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized in Pike County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 1862; participated in the following battles and skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127; men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle, 8; HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 563 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. The regi- ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, following. ONE HUNDREDTH INFANTRY. Organized at Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, June 15, where it received final payment and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND FIRST INFANTRY. Organ- ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, was mustered in. It participated in the battles of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND INFANTRY. Organ- ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received final payment and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD INFANTRY. Re- cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was also in the campaign through the Carolinas. The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were enlisted. ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTH INFANTRY. Organ- ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed almost entirely of La Salle County men. The regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C., June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, received final discharge at Chicago. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTH INFANTRY. Mus- tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dixon, and participated in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- ton, D. C., June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- charged at Chicago, June 17. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH INFANTRY. Mus- tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, eight of the ten companies having been recruited in Logan County, the other two being from San- gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C" was captured and paroled, being exchanged in the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- formed service at various points in Arkansas. It was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, Ark., and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH INFANTRY. Mus- tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; was composed of six companies from DeWitt and four companies from Piatt County. It was engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, at Salisbury, N. C., reaching Springfield, for final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organ- ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 28, 1862 ; took part in the first expedition against Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion Hills ; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of Guntown, the reduction of. Spanish Fort, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, August 11. ONE HUNDRED AND NINTH INFANTRY. Re- cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH INFANTRY. Organ- ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 564 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. engaged at Stone Ri^er, Woodbury, and in numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. In May, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C., June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term of service had not expired at date of muster-out, were consolidated into four companies and trans- ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry. ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH INFANTRY. Re- cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- tered out at Washington, D. C., June 7, 1865, receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was on the march. ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTH INFANTRY. Mus- tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- nessee, under Burnside, and in that against Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C., June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 7, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH INFANTRY. Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- cago, five days later. ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- ville, and the capture of Mobile. It v.-as mustered out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 23, 1865, at Springfield. ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, numbering 980 officers and men when it started from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, D. C. ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 19, 1862 ; participated in the Meridian campaign, the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were marched. ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mustered into the service at Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862 ; was engaged at Chicka- saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), Grand Coteau, Jackson (La. ), and Amite River. The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and dismounted, May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total distance traveled, 5,700 miles. ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEENTH INFANTRY. Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and was mustered into the United States service, October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 565 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at Springfield. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETY INFANTRY. Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received final payment and discharge, September 10, at Springfield. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIRST INFAN- TRY. (The organization of this regiment was not completed.) ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SECOND INFAN- TRY. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- charged at Springfield, August 4. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THIRD INFAN- TRY. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged at Springfield, July 11, 1865 the recruits, whose terms had not expired, being transferred to the Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FOURTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign arid in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, eleven days less than three years after the first company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, stated that it had been borne 4,100 miles, in four- teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days and nights, respectively. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIFTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- mauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in the "March to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C., June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVENTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 1862; took part in the first campaign against Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- panied Sherman in his march through Georgia and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 17, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained in service less than five months, when, its num- ber of officers and men having been reduced from 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of officers were dismissed, and the few remaining officers and men were formed into a detachment, and transferred to another Illinois regiment. ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- son duty. It marched with Sherman in the Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- ca~o, June 10, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River expedition. While on this expedition almost the entire regiment was captured at the battle of Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of the war. The remaining officers and men were consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry in January, 1865, and participated in the capture of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, was ordered. It was mustered out at New Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, August 31. 566 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIRST INFAN- TRY. Organized in September, 1862, and mus- tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Infantry, and ceased to exist as a separate organization. Up to that time the regiment had been in but a few conflicts and in no pitched battle. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND INFAN- TRY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THIRD INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged during its term of service in guarding prisoners of war at Eock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOURTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in, May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIFTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Mat- toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 852 men. It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIXTH INFAN- TRY. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., but was not mustered into service until June 1, following. Its principal service was garrison duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- charged eight days later ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVENTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHTH INFAN- TRY Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, June 21, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- son duty at Fort Leaven worth, Kan., and in Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The latter service was rendered, at the President's request, after the term of enlistment had expired. It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- ing been in the service nearly five months. ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTIETH INFANTRY. Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that date. The regiment was engaged in guarding railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs, and in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of enlistment had expired and the regiment had been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- charged at Chicago, after serving about five months ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIRST INFAN- TRY. Mustered into service as a 100-days' regi- ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 strength, 842 men; departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SECOND INFAN- TRY. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where two companies were added and the regiment mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven miles from that city, where it was employed in guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, the men having voluntarily served one month beyond their term of enlistment. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-THIRD INFAN- TRY. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, Sept. 26, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOURTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIFTH INFAN- TRY. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 9, 1864 ; strength, 880 men. It departed for the field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 1864. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIXTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 567 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, July 5, 1865. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, and mustered in for one year; was engaged in garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 1866, at Dalton, Ga. , and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIRST INFANTRY. This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., and mustered into the United States service, Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies from various parts of the State, recruited, under the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and was present at the surrender of General War- ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to Springfield, where it received final payment and discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SECOND INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, Feb. 18, 1865, for one year ; was mustered out of service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it received final payment and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THIRD INFAN- TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, received final pay and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FOURTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to Springfield for final payment and discharge, where it arrived, Sept. 22 ; was paid oft and dis- charged at Camp Butler, Sept- 29. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIFTH INFAN- TRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered in Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and discharge. ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SIXTH INFAN- TRY. Organized and mustered in during the months of February and March, 1865, from the northern counties of the State, for the term of one year. The officers of the regiment have left no written record of its history, but its service seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear to have been greatly depleted by desertions and otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered out, Sept. 20, 1865. FIRST CAVALRY. Organized consisting of seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G at Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United States service, July 3. After some service in Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- change having been effected in November, the non-commissioned officers and privates were ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in guarding supply trains and supply depots at various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- racks, July 14, 1862. SECOND CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with Company M (which joined the regiment some months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 568 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Red River expedition and the investment of Fort Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, Tex., Nov. 22, 1865, and finally paid and dis- charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. THIRD CAVALRY. Composed of twelve com- panies, from various localities in the State, the grand total of company officers and enlisted men, under the first organization, being 1,433. It was organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- ville and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, engaged in service against the Indians in the Northwest The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. FOURTH CAVALRY. Mustered into service, Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. FIFTH CAVALRY. Organized at Camp Butler, in November, 1861 ; took part in the Meridian raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. SIXTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield, Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, March 30, 1864 ; was mustered out at Selma, Ala. , Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November 20, at Springfield. SEVENTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield, and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The non- veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 1865. EIGHTH CAVALRY. Organized at St. Charles, 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi- ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated in the general advance on Manassas in March, 1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Games' Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received final payment and discharge. NINTH CAVALRY. Organized at Chicago, in the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt, Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where the men received final payment and discharge. TENTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield in the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered into service, Nov. 25, 1861 ; was engaged at Prairie Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re -enlisted as veter- ans, the non- veterans accompanying General Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. ELEVENTH CAVALRY. Robert G. Ingersoll of Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, obtained permission to raise a regiment of cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 1861. The regiment was recruited from the counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 569 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), luka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn. ) ; in Mc- Pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in numerous less important raids and skirmishes. Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in December, 1863; the non- veterans being mus- tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The veterans were mustered out at the same place, Sept. 80, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, October 20. TWELFTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield, in February, 1862, and remained there guarding rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River expedition and in Davidson's expedition against Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry was consolidated into an eight-company organi- zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously been consolidated into a battalion of five com- panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The consolidated regiment was mustered out at Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, received final pay and discharge at Springfield. THIRTEENTH CAVALRY. Organized at Chicago, in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and was engaged in the following battles and skir- mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice), Camp Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near Helena, Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, and received final pay and discharge at Spring- field, Sept. 13, 1865. FOURTEENTH CAVALRY. Mustered into service at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- street, in the engagements at Bean Station and Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth cut its way out. On their retreat the men were betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, exclusive of duty done by detachments. FIFTEENTH CAVALRY. Composed of companies originally independent, attached to infantry regi- ments and acting as such; participated in the. battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of service had not 'expired) being consolidated with the Tenth Cavalry. SIXTEENTH CAVALRY. Composed principally of Chicago men Thieleman's and Schambeck's Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The former served as General Sherman's body-guard for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the two companies named thenceforth being known as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, the War Department authorized the extension of the battalion to a regiment, and, on the llth of June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- and Gap, and one battalion being captured by Longstreet. The regiment also participated in the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles and engaged in* thirty -one battles, besides numer- ous skirmishes. SEVENTEENTH CAVALRY. Mustered into serv- ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 570 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had previously been a Captain and Major of the Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of this regi- ment. FIRST LIGHT ARTILLERY. Consisted of ten batteries. Battery A was organized under the first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not mustered into the three years' service until July 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at Chicago. Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at rChicago, July 2, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago. Battery E was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition, and was consolidated with the other batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, during January and February, 1862 ; participated in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 1865. Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and mustered in, Jan. 9, 1862, participated in Burn- side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- manider at Chicago in July. Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for three years. It served through the Chickamauga campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. SECOND LIGHT ARTILLERY. Consisted of nine batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at Springfield, July 27, 1865. Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona expedition was consolidated with Battery A. Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was mustered out, July 27, 1865, at Springfield. Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was mounted as cavalry the following summer, and mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 18G5. Battery I was recruited in Will County, and mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at Springfield. Battery K was organized at Springfield and mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 14, 1865, at Chicago. Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- tered in, Feb. 28, 1862; participated in the ad- vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and Rogersville, being finally consolidated with other batteries of the regiment. CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE BATTERY. Organ- ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of Trade, which raised $15,000 for its equipment, within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The battery was in eleven of the hardest battles fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor battles, being in action forty -two times while on scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. CHICAGO MERCANTILE BATTERY. Recruited and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- tile Association, an association of prominent and patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and received final payment, July 10, 1865, having traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 miles. SPRINGFIELD LIGHT ARTILLERY. Recruited principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at Springfield, for the term of three years, August 21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. It participated in the capture of Little Rock and in the Red River expedition, and was mustered out at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. COGSWELL'S BATTERY, LIGHT ARTILLERY. Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in, Nov. 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- ing the regiment. It participated in the advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 14, 1865, having served three years and nine months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- pated in seven sieges and battles. STURGES RIFLES. An independent company, organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered into service, May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- guard of General McClellan; was engaged at Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A portion of the company was at Antietam, the remainder having been detached as foragers, scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, Nov. 25, 1862. WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAN. The oppressions and misrule which had character- ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish Government and its agents for generations, in the Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in mutual declarations of war between Spain and the United States. The causes leading up to this result were the injurious effects upon American commerce and the interests of American citizens owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant expense imposed upon the Government of the United States in the maintenance of a large navy along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest produced among the people of this country by the long continuance of disorders and abuses so near to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy and indignation of the entire civilized world. For three years a large proportion of the Cuban population had been in open rebellion against the Spanish Government, and, while the latter had imported a large army to the island and sub- jected the insurgents and their families and sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even excepting torture and starvation itself, their policy had failed to bring the insurgents into subjection or to restore order. In this condition of affairs the United States Government had endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- tion of the Spanish policy of government in the island ; but all suggestions in this direction had either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, when made, had been as invariably broken. 572 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In the meantime an increasing sentiment had been growing up in the United States in favor of conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- gents, or the recognition of their independence, which found expression in measures proposed in Congress all offers of friendly intervention by the United States having been rejected by Spain with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty to the insurgents on laying down their arms. The long duration of the war and the outrages perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados, " coupled with the increased confidence of the insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, rendered this movement even if intended to be carried out to the letter of no avail. The proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. In this condition of affairs and with a view to greater security for American interests, the American battleship Maine was ordered to Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a point designated by the Spanish commander. On the night of February 15, following, it was blown up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after investigation, applied from without. Of a crew of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- can people, but the entire civilized world, was shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible treachery had been perpetrated against an American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- tion. The successive steps leading to actual hostili- ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest and most significant of these was the passage, by a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on March 9, of an appropriation placing $50,000,000 in the hands of the President as an emergency fund for purposes of national defense. This was followed, two days later, by an order for the mobilization of the army. The more important events following this step were : An order, under date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls from Spanish stations ; the departure, on April 9, of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent resolutions declaring Cuba independent and directing the President to use the land and naval forces of the United States to put an end to Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with this act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for the presentation of the ultimatum, with the departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- ton ; April 23, the issue of a call by the President for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by Congress of a resolution declaring that war had existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a view to investing that city and blockading Philippine ports. The chief events subsequent to the declaration of war embraced the following: May 1, the destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender of Santiago to the forces under General Shaf ter ; July 30, the statement by the President, through the French Ambassador at Washington, of the terms on which the United States would consent to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the appointment by the President of Peace Commis- sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, the announcement of the Peace Commissioners selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the Peace Conference by the representatives of the two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on December 10, of the peace treaty, including the recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, with the transfer to the United States of Porto Rico and her other West India islands, together with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- sideration of $20,000,000. Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have such vast and far-reaching results been accom- plished within so short a period. The war, which practically began with the destruction of the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor an event which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole American people, and won the respect and admiration of other nations was practically ended by the surrender of Santiago and the declaration by the President of the conditions of peace just three months later. Succeeding HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 573 events, up to the formal signing of the peace treaty, were merely the recognition of results previously determined. HISTORY OF ILLINOIS REGIMENTS. The part played by Illinois in connection with these events may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- nois regiments and other organizations. Under the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- teers, eight regiments seven of infantry and one of cavalry were assigned to Illinois, to which was subsequently added, on application through Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- lery. The infantry regiments were made up of the Illinois National Guard, numbered consecutively from one to seven, and were practically mobilized at their home stations within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, the day after the issue of the Governor's call. The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for the promptness of their response and the com- pleteness of their organization in this respect being unsurpassed by those of any other State. Under the call of May 25 for an additional force of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was two regiments, which were promptly furnished, taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The first of these belonged to the Illinois National Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a number of "Provisional Regiments" which had tendered their services to the Government. Some twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- zations should there be occasion for their serv- ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- zations at date of muster out from the United States service was 12,280 11,789 men and 491 officers. FIRST REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS (orig- inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at Chicago, and mustered into the United States service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, of the First Army Corps; started for Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to provost duty in place of the First United States Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the firing line on the llth, spent several days and nights in the trenches before Santiago, and were present at the surrender of that city on the 17th. Two companies had previously been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty of service in the fever hospitals and in caring for their wounded comrades. The next month was spent on guard duty in the captured city, until August 25, when, depleted in numbers and weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on Montauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) a considerable number of recruits having joined the regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it was the only Illinois regiment to see service in Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the regiment were detailed for engineering duty in Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and were among the first to perform service there. The First suffered severely from yellow fever while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the service, made a brilliant record, which was highly complimented in the official reports of its com- manding officers. SECOND REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- FANTRY (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at Springfield, April 27, 1898 at that time number- ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until December 8, when two battalions embarked for Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 574 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a man. A history of this regiment has been written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. THIRD REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- FANTRY, composed of companies of the Illinois National Guard from the counties of La Salle. Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 28th sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted in the capture of Guayama, which was the beginning of General Brooke's advance across the island to San Juan, when intelligence was received of the signing of the peace protocol by Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third continued in the performance of guard duty in Porto Rico; on October 22, 986 men and 39 offi- cers took transport for home by way of New York, arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several companies being mustered out at their respective home stations. Its strength at final muster-out was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had the distinction of being one of the first to see service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from fever and other diseases during the three months of its stay in the island. FOURTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, com- posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair counties; mustered into the service at Spring- field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was changed to Jackson- ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward until about the first of January, when the regi- ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 2, the companies returning to their respective home stations. During a part of its stay at Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- ment was employed on guard duty. While at Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eben Swift, of the Ninth. FIFTH REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- FANTRY was the first regiment to report, and was mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga.), being assigned to the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the expectation of embarking for Porto Rico a previous order of July 26 to the same purport having been countermanded; at Newport News embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the order was rescinded, and, after remaining on board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- barked. The next move was made to Lexington; Ky., where the regiment having lost hope of reaching "the front" remained until Sept. 5, when it returned to Springfield for final muster- out. This regiment was composed of some of the best material in the State, and anxious for active service, but after a succession of disappoint- ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, numbering 1,213 men and 47- officers. SIXTH REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- FANTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the regiment moved to Charleston, S. C., where a part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole regiment was soon after united in General Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, landing at Guanico on July 25, and advancing into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. After several weeks' service in the interior, the regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 took transport for the return home, arrived at Springfield a week later, and was mustered out November 25, the regiment at that time consist- ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. . SEVENTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 575 mum ; was mustered into the United States serv- ice, under command of Col. Marcus Kavanagh, May 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh saw no actual service in the field. EIGHTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY (col- ored regiment), mustered into the service at Springfield under the second call of the Presi- dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- cago, the other five being, respectively, from Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The regiment having tendered their services to relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, Marshall was made military governor. The major part of the regiment remained here until ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in service nine months and six days. NINTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY was organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, and mustered in at Springfield under the second call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; two months later was transferred to Savannah, Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies returned to their respective home stations. The Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from Illinois mustered into the service during the war, the other regiments all belonging to the National Guard. FIRST ILLINOIS CAVALRY was organized at Chi- cago immediately after the President's first call, seven companies being recruited from Chicago, two from Bloomington, and one each from Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon ; was mustered in at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although the regiment saw no active service in the field, it established an excellent record for itself in respect to discipline. FIRST ENGINEERING CORPS, consisting of 80 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' expedition in the latter part of July, and being^ engaged for a time in the construction of bridges in aid of the intended advance across the island. On September 8 they embarked for the return home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and were mustered out November 20. BATTERY A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was mustered in under a special order of the War Department, May 12, 1898, under command of Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, and, two months later, joined in General Miles' Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico oa August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua- yama on the 12th. News of peace having been received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where it remained until September 7, when it started on the return home by way of New York, arrived at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- lerists and prepared for effective service. NAVAL RESERVES. One of the earliest steps taken by the Government after it became ap- parent that hostilities could not be averted, was to begin preparation for strengthening the naval arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in. an exceptionally favorable position for making a prompt response to the call of the Government, as well as furnishing a superior class of men for service a fact evidenced during the operations in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as head of the local committee, was active in calling the attention of the Navy Department to the value of the service to be rendered by this organization, which resulted in its being enlisted practically as a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" all but eighty -eight of the number passing the physical examination, the places of these being promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 576 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, followed soon after by the remainder of the First Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat- talion, from other towns of the State. The latter was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from Quincy, and 62 from Alton making a total from the State of 667. This does not include others, not belonging to this organization, who enlisted for service in the navy during the war, which raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a different relation to the Government from that of the "naval militia" of other States, which retained their State organizations, while those from Illinois were regularly mustered into the United States service. The recruits from Illinois were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New York, and distributed among fifty-two different vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- ice in nearly every department from the position of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the turrets of the big battleships, the largest number (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in the West Indies of less importance, without the loss of a man while in the service, although among the most exposed. They were mustered out at different times, as they could be spared from the service, or the vessels to which they were attached went out of commission, a portion serving out their full term of one year. The Reserves from Chicago retain their organization under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- ing, Chicago. WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the Chicago public schools and at the University of Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. Three years later he graduated from the Union College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to the bar. Since then he has continued to practice his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same year, was the successful candidate of his party for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- ing one term. WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da- cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" taking the place of the consonant "w," which is wanting in the French alphabet. These were, in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe applied to the Winnebagoes because they had come from the western ocean the salt (or "fetid") water. In their advance towards the East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- bers rather than in bravery. The invaders settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to live in amity with the whites, it was carried away by the eloquence and diplomacy of Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet. " General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- ery of the .Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' which he attributees in part, however, to a super- stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by the whites upon an unoffending and practically defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie du Chien brought on what is known as the 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago War.) The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, largely because of the great influence and shrewd tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded to the United States all their lands lying east of the Mississippi. They were finally removed west of that river, and, after many sh if tings of loca- tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift and peaceable disposition elicited high praise from Government officials. IIISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 577 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 23, 1842, and has lived all his life in his native county his present residence being Clinton. After a short course in Lombard University, while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was mustered out with the rank of Captain and brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, when he was ordered North on account of dis- ability. His last service was in fighting Indians on the plains. After the war he completed his law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 1868, when he entered into a law partnership with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, under the administrations of Governors Hamil- ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- nated and elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty -fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on Revision of the Laws. WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 26 miles west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by north of Galena. The surrounding region is agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a high school, an academy and a public library. Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the study of law, completing his course at Transyl- vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning practice at Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren came to Quincy, Adams County, 111., but soon after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, where he resided until 1839, when he returned to Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- eral of the leading attorneys of that city. Although he held no office except that of Master in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of humor, with strong practical sense and decided ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic party, of which he was a life-long member. He served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party for the same position on one or two other occa- sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- er's trade on the Rutland (Vt. ) "Herald"; in 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 he came to St. Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber company at Cairo, 111. , when the whole popula- tion of that place consisted of one family domi- ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery clause in the State Constitution soon brought it into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, which ended in defeat of the measure by the rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left the Edwardsville paper in 1825, and was, for a time, associated with "The National Crisis," an anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re~ turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon Spectator" the first paper ever published at the 578 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, and, for the next three years, was connected with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex- officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the publication of the third paper in Chicago "The Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) which was continued a little more than a year, when it was abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western Citizen" afterwards "The Free West" in Chi- cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and. Lundy, Ben- jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. While returning home from a visit to Chicago, in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, dying there on the 22d of the month. WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, graduated at Union College and was connected with the American Legation to Spain during the administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate business, he became known to the press as the author of a series of articles entitled ' 'Topics of the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and "Para" are most important. WARREN COUNTY. A western county, created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but not fully organized until 1830, having at that time about 350 inhabitants ; has an area of 540 square miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. It is drained by the Henderson River and its affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's early development was retarded in consequence of having become the "seat of war," during the Black Hawk War. The principal products are grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is carried on to some extent. The county -seat and chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. (1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163. WARRENSBURG, a town of Macon County, on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock County, and admirably situated for trade. It stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, during the War of 1812, was located within the limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory and cooperage works are its principal manufac- turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a system of common schools comprising one high and three grammar schools, a National bank and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105; (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. WASHBURN, a village of Woodford County, on a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703. WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, Sept. 23, 1816 ; in early life learned the trade of a printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking a prominent position, as a Republican, on the organization of that party. On account of his long service he was known as the "Father of the House," administering the Speaker's oath three times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the only official representative of a foreign govern- ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign of the ' 'Commune." For his conduct he was HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 579 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- many alike. On his return to the United States, he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, situated at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. Carriages, plows and farming implements con- stitute the manufactured output. It is also an important shipping-point for farm products. It has electric light and water-works plants, eight churches, a graded school, two banks and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,801; (1900), 1,451. WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of Southern Illinois, east of St. Louis ; is drained by the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is diversified, well watered and timbered. The soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- facturing is carried onto some extent, among the products being agricultural implements, flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. Washington was one of the fifteen counties into which Illinois was divided at the organization of the State Government, being one of the last three created during the Territorial period the other two being Franklin and Union. WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 12 miles southwest of Chicago ; has a graded school, female seminary, military school, a car factory, several churches and a newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. WATAGA, a village of Knox County, oh the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. The city has municipal water and electric light plants, four churches, a graded school and two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900) 2,114. WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- cation and teaching for a time, he read law at Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the Army of the Cumberland for two years, and being mustered out in August, 1864, with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court. WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a graded school and three weekly newspapers. Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505. WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- ington County in boyhood, and was elected County Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and State's Attorney for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60 ; then became editor and proprietor of a news- paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in office until his death, at Nashville, 111., Dec. 6, 1888. WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal city of Lake County, situated en the shore of Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee; is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," from the remains of an old fort that stood on its site. The principal part of the city is built on a bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 580 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- factories. The manufactures include steel- wire, refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas and electric light plants, three banks, eight or ten churches, graded and high schools and two newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 4,915; (1900), -9,426. WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) WAYERLY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville & St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- prising emigrants from New England, whose descendants constitute a large proportion of the population. It is the center of a rich agricultural region, has a fine graded school, six or seven churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile works. Population (1880), 1,124; (1890), 1,337; (1900), 1,573. WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the years immediately antecedent to the Revolution he was prominent in the colonial councils of his native State, to which he had returned in 1767, where he became a member of the "Committee of Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania troops in the Continental army, and, during the War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his courage and ability as a leader. One of his most daring and successful achievements was the cap- ture of Stony Point, m 1779, when the works having been carried and Wayne having received, what was supposed to be, his death-wound he entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 lie was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. A few years later he settled in Georgia, which State he represented in Congress for seven months, when his seat was declared vacant after contest. In April, 1792, he was confirmed as General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on nomination of President Washington. His con- nection with Illinois history began shortly after St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he was eminently successful and, on August 3, 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a daring fighter, and although Washington called him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He was one of the few white officers whom all the Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- spected. They named him "Black Snake" and "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his remains were removed by one of his sons, and interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society erected a marble monument over his grave, and appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same year. WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony Wayne. The county is watered and drained by the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population (1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,626. WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- hahs, " and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of the name were common among the British and American colonists. In 1718 they had a village at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave and warlike ; but their numbers were reduced by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 58i constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, debauchery enervated and demoralized them. They were removed west of the Mississippi and given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant of the Ill-i-ni under the title of the "confederated tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis; Piankeshaws.) WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of Carmi, White County, 111., about 1828 to 1830, and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- versity. He held the office of Prosecuting Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was elected to the lower branch of the General Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, until 1842, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. During his service in the House he was a col- league and political and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many of the disasters which were actually realized a few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at Carmi, he was also a partner of his brother in the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in the 56th year of his age. WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted New York journalist), was born at Claverack, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, and became one of the founders of the town of America near the mouth of the Ohio ; was Repre- sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at Makanda, Oct. 5, 1876. WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was born at Portsmouth, N. H. , July 23, 1813 ; gradu- ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His father having been appointed Secretary of State in 1841, the son became his private secretary, was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle of Bull Run, August 30, 1862. WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H., August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- nation was for engineering, and, after serv- ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, at Washington, was made a United States civil engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. He served through the Mexican War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- cago, where he made his permanent home, and soon after was identified, for a time, with the proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He was President of the commission that perfected the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and executed the raising of the grade of a large por- tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole blocks of buildings being raised by jack screws, while new foundations were inserted. At the outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- ices to the Government and superintended the erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of the First Illinois Artillery. For several months he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- phis and Superintendent of military railroads. He was again chief of staff to General Grant during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 until the close of the war, occupied the same relation to General Sherman. He was bre vetted Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of his life. From 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 582 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- urer, and, in July, 1872, was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 12, 1876. WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 22, 1828, educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, graduating from the academic department in 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., which place he made his permanent home. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 1888. WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the United States Court of Claims, Washington, D. C., was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 1829; while a child, removed with his jparents to Madison County, and was educated in the com- mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, and assisted in the first election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the position of United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office in 1866 and, the following year, removed to Bloomington, where he continued the practice of his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the United States Court of Claims at Washington a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- coln. From the time of coming to the State in 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most intimate traveling companions in the old Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the Supreme Court of the United States and United States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- niscences of that day, especially of the eastern portion of the District, where he was accustomed to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as well as the historic men whom he met at the State capital. WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and enjoyed only such educational and other advan- tages as belonged to the average New England boy of that period. During his boyhood his family removed to New Jersey, where he attended an academy, later, graduating from Columbia College and Law School in New York City, and began practice with State Senator Robert Allen at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the House of Representatives from Adams County, as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, by re-election in 1894, he served continuously until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His abilities and long service covering the sessions of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- blies placed him at the head of the Democratic side of the Senate during the latter part of his legislative career. WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captxired by the Miami Indians, whose chief, Little Turtle, adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. Clair was defeated. He then realized that he was fighting against his own race, and informed his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- combatants on their proposed march to Fort Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 583 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.') The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, but made such progress that he became succes- sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at Andover and Newburyport, and, finally, Principal of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' Association, one of the first editors of "The Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- nected with various benevolent, educational and learned societies ; was also author of several text- books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has zinc works, public and parochial schools, a weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,053; (1900), 1,486. WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- crat," which had been established by John Cal- houn three years previous. He soon after became proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- tinued to be the publisher until it was merged into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, during his incumbency introducing a number of important municipal reforms ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice served on the Board of Education. He again represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican from 1865 to 1867 making fourteen years of service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- giance to the Republican party. In 1878 Mr. Went- worth published an elaborate genealogical work in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- worth Family." A volume of "Congressional Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- cago, ' ' published in connection with the Fergus Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- tion on early local and national history. On account of his extraordinary height he received the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was familiarly known throughout the State. Died, in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a position in the United States Land Office there. Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed much ability as a public speaker. WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught until 1873, when she was elected County Super- intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She took an active and influential interest in educa- tional and reformatory movements, was for two years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union in which she held the position of President ; was also President, in the latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's Press Association of Chicago, that city having become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West started on a tour of the world for the benefit of her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, an institution for the treatment of the insane, located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in accordance with an act of the General Assembly, approved, May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 584 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of land valued at $40, 000. The site selected by the Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock Island, and five and a half miles from Moline, and the buildings are of the most modern style of con- struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of railroad the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy besides the Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was begun in 1896, and they were opened for the reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- pacity for 800 patients. WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti- tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, incorporated in 1892; has a faculty of eight mem- bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with property valued at $70,000. The institution gives instruction in literary and scientific branches, besides preparatory and business courses. WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 300 males and 200 females. WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road, 15 miles west of the initial station. Population (1890), 451; (1900), 662. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, and was opened for students two years later. It has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- tecture one including the school and lecture rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a school for boys is conducted on the first floor of the main building, which is known as Wheeler Hall. The institution is under the general super- vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Gin., Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston ; seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900), 820. WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900), 700. WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was born in Chicago, DP/?,. 9, 1849; in her childhood attracted attention while singing with her father (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of age, went to New York to study, earning her way by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; in New York was patronized by Henry Ward Beecher and others, and aided in securing the training of European masters. Compelled to sur- mount many obstacles from poverty and other causes, her after success in her profession was phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who died before her. WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- culture and stock-raising are the chief industries in the surrounding region. The city owns a new water- works plant (costing $60,000) and has a public library valued at $75,000, the gift of a resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage system, seven churches, three graded schools, four weekly newspapers and a State bank. Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which see). Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; (1900), 2,345. WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and under Congregational control. It was founded in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- tered under its present name in 1860. Its early existence was one of struggle, but of late years it has been established on a better foundation, in 1898 having $54, 000 invested in productive funds, and property aggregating $136,000. The faculty comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- cational and instruction is given in business and preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, music and classical literature. WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of English Literature in Northwestern University (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, seven years, and was President of Allegheny College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. from the Northwestern University in 1881. He is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 585 (two volumes, 1864) and "By -Ways of Literature" (1883), besides some translations. WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his educational advantages being limited to three months' attendance upon a district school each year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- teenth District in the State Senate, where he served on many important committees, being Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the Republican ticket. WHEELING, a town on the northern border of Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. WHISTLER, (Maj.) John, soldier and builder of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the Revolution, and was with the force surrendered by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the peace he returned to the United States, settled at Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States Army, serving at first in the ranks and being severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn within the limits of the present city of Chicago, remaining in command until 1811, when he was succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed military store- keeper at Newport, Ky . , and after- wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a time, in old Fort Dearborn but transferred, in 1809, to Fort Wayne was of the force included in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, - but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson of the first Major Whistler. WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born in Massachusetts in 1848 ; after graduating, at the age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- ing under General Grant in the campaign against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a course in a commercial college at Worcester, Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later began business on his own account, which he has successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years later, serving in that body eight years. He declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth District, as he was again in 1896, but was defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- crat. WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- une," during a part of the war acting as its Washington correspondent. He also served, in 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of the Republican State Central Committee. In 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but retired in October, 1874 After a protracted European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase and reorganization of "The New York Evening Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where he was a member of the Legislature of 1849 ; in 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, but finding his position at Marti nsburg, W. Va., untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at his own request, and acquitted, the court finding that he had acted with courage and capability. 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. He resigned in 1864, and, in March, 1865, was brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, at Evanston, May 12, 1890. WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by the Wabash River ; was organized in 1816, being the tenth county organized during the Territorial period: area, 500 square miles. The county is crossed by three railroads and drained by the Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, for the most part, highly productive. The princi- pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and wool. The principal industrial establishments are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. Carmi is the county -seat. Other towns are En- field, Grayville and Norris City. Population (1880), 23,087; (1890), 25,005; (1900), 25,386. WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, electric light and power system, nurseries and fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing houses; also has five churches, a graded school, two banks and three newspapers one daily. Pop- ulation (1890), 1,961; (1900), 2,030. WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in England. During this visit he received the degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. WHITESIDE COUNTY, in the northwestern portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi River; created by act of the Legislature passed in 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- land, and the soil is extremely fertile. .The county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present location. The Rock River crosses the county and furnishes abundant water power for numer- ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural product, although all the leading cereals are extensively grown. The principal towns are Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- lation (1880), 30,885; (1890), 30.854; (1900), 34.710. WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, which became widely known as "Whiteside Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, and was active in organizing the militia during the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 1815. John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- tively. All of them became famous as Indian fighters. The two latter served as Captains of companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) he attained the rank of Brigadier- General. Whiteside County was named in his honor. He made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and represented that county in the First General Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- son County for a number of years. John D. (Whiteside), another member of this historic family, became very prominent, serving in the lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as he was known, was the second of James Shields in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Diiels. ) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 587 WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau County. He was a Representative from that county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through eight General Assemblies. Died at his home near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 1889. WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and received a common school education. In 1862 he was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat as Republican Representative in Congress from the Peoria District, to which he had been elected in November, 1874. After the expiration of his term he held no public office, but was a member of the Republican National Convention of 1884. Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York City, May 24, 1888. WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some time at or near Edwardsville, then became a teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any practice. He acquired the title, by which he was popularly known for a quarter of a century, by his custom of visiting the State Capital, during the sessions of the General Assembly, when he would organize the lobbyists and visit- ors about the capital of which there were an unusual number in those days into what was called the "Third House." Having been regu- larly chosen to preside under the name of "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at members of the two houses and others, which would be received with cheers and laughter. The meetings of the "Third House," being held in the evening, were attended by many members and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years, was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. WHITTEMORE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is a native of New York, came at an early age, with his parents, to Sycamore, 111. , where he was edu- cated in the high school there. He purposed becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, accepted the position of clerk in the office. Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the organization of the State National Bank, was chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the position some twenty years. After the appoint- ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- rure under the administration of State Treasurer Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over his Democratic opponent. WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through the Mexican War. On the return of peace he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, when, his regiment having been consolidated with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal Revenue for several years, after which he en- gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, August 8, 1898. WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken to France at eight years of age, was educated for a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States in 1815, he was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where, during the same year, he married into a French family of that place. He served in the House of Representatives from Randolph County, in the Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). During his last term in the House, he was one of those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- kaskia, in 1833. WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111., 588 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, but, before commencing practice, spent a year at Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. Immediately thereafter he opened an office at Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, which position he continued to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later he removed to Jonesboro, where he spent some time at the carpenter's trade, after which he became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, but later engaged in the hardware trade at Jonesboro, in which he continued for several years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- didate for President, received only 825 in the same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he was connected until 1860, when he removed to Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, being, a part of the time, in command of the First Brigade of Cavalry, and, in the advance on Vicks- burg, having command of the right wing of General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered his resignation, and was immediately appointed Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as Secretary of the Board until the institution was opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was defeated as a candidate for County Judge of Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against William Hartzell, but was defeated by only twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten counties comprising the District. In the latter years of his life, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a partial course at Union College, after which he edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, during a part of the Civil War, as the western war correspondent of "The New York Times." In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 a part of the time as its European correspond- ent. He was the author of a series of sketches over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a volume of reminiscences under the title, "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published shortly before his death, which took place, April 12, 1892. WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree College ; served three years in the War for the Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1885 the latter year being assigned to the Appellate bench for the Fourth District, where he remained until his election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home is at Danville. WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the profession of the law, and, after a course of study und^r Judge William Thomas, was admitted to practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 589 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen to the same position in 1861. At the expiration of his second term he removed to Chicago. Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee from their origin until his death, which occurred, during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 1841. WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician by profession, but having leased the saline lands on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- wards became the town of Brownsville, he engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat of Jackson County. On the Organization of Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the Convention which framed the first State Consti- tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a member of the Legislature from 1818 to '34 first as Senator in the First General Assembly, then as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh, Eighth and Ninth his career being conspicuous for long service. He died in office, June 11, 1834. Dr. "Will was short of stature, fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing practical jokes upon his associates, but very popular, as shown by his successive elections to the Legislature. He has been called "The Father of Jackson County." Will County, organized by act of the Legislature two years after his death, was named in his honor. WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. Early explorations of the territory were made in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- eral of the early settlers fled from the country during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, originally a part of Cook, was separately erected in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. .Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- mington are the principal towns. Population (1880), 53,422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764. WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan Seminary. The next two years she devoted to travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she was Professor of ^Esthetics in the Northwestern University and dean of the Woman's College. She was always an enthusiastic champion of temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union. For five years she was Corresponding Secretary of the national body, and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary she organized the Home Protective Association, and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, asking for the granting to women of the right to vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, was elected as a member of the executive com- mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- ment for the protection of women, and succeeded in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 1888, was chosen its President, as also President of the International Council of Women. The latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, much of the time as the guest and co-worker of Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which she devoted much attention to investigating the condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard was a prolific and highly valued contributor to the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) published several volumes, including "Nineteen Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister) ; "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 590 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York, Feb. 18, 1898. WILLARD, Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, Vt, Dec. 80, 1821 the lineal descendant of Maj. Simon Willard, one of the founders of ' Concord, Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's "War," and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, to Carrollton, 111., where his father pursued the avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1886 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, re-entering qollege in 1840 and graduating in the class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public Instruction and President of Knox College, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- lege, when he began the study of medicine at Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The Western Temperance Magazine" at the same place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed to Collinsville, 111. , remaining until 1857, when he took charge of the Department of Languages in the newly organized State Normal University at Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- ently recovered accepting a position in the office of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- field, where he remained until the close of the war. He then became Grand Secretary of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State of Illinois a position which he had held from 1856 to 1862 remaining under his second appoint- ment from 1865 to '69. The next year he served as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield public library, and serving as its first librarian. In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History in the West Side High School of Chicago, which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), he continued to occupy for more than twenty- five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime, Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, having been, for a considerable period, editor, or assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 to A. D. 1876 of which he has had a second edition in course of preparation. Of late years he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- ary of Names and Places," which will include some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the most important work of his life. Previous to the war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator on the "Underground Railroad," who made no concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two occasions, was called to answer for them in prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend and classmate, the late Dr. Batemar;, says of him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear and forcible writer; of broad and accurate scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, and a most estimable gentleman." WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist, was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural fondness for study, he chose the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following year. He was elected to the General Assembly three times serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and high character were widely recognized. Died, in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 His son, John H., an attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- cuit Court 1879-85. Another son, Abraham Lin- coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of Kansas. WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 591 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a candidate for re-election as a Republican, but was defeated with the party ticket. After his retirement from the bench he resumed private practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was born in White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was again a candidate and elected to the Fifty-sixth Congress. WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store in his native State; then, joining his parents, who had settled on a tract of land in a part of Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was the Republican candidate for Congress in the Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed Commissary-General for the State, rendering valuable service in furnishing supplies for State troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to accompany the remains of the martyred President, from Washington to Springfield, for burial. Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name was associated with nearly every public enter- prise of importance in Springfield during his business career being one of the founders, and, for eleven years President, of the First National Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- structed the Springfield water-works, and an officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, from 1865 to his death, May 29, 1890. WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of the most prominent families of New England. He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, and graduated from the University of Vermont in the class of 1855. After taking a course in the Albany Law School and with a law firm in his native town, he was admitted to practice in both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later forming a partnership with Gen. John L. Thomp- son, which ended with the death of the latter in 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; also assisted in organizing the Western Electric Company, and was prominently identified with the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as the United States Commissioner to the Electrical Exposition at Paris., In conjunction with his brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., which, in honor of his father, received the name of "The Norman Williams Public Library." With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- dent ; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- lic Library, and trustee of a number of large estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 his remains being interred in his native town of Woodstock, Vt. WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., his grandfathers on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- ton in the same State, where in boyhood he worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, attending a common school in the winter until 592 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered Washington College, remaining for more than a year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business of a teacher for four years. Then he entered Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same time prosecuting his law studies, but left at the close of his junior year, when, having been licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, the loan of a law library, which he afterwards purchased; served for two years as State's Attor- ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where . he spent the remainder of his life in the practice of his profession. Much of his time was devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- long Democrat and, in 1868, was the unsuccessful candidate of his party for Attorney-General of the State. The last three years of his life he had been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 15, 1899. WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to Winnebago County, III, in 1835, and, in 1842, removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- ous local offices, including that of County Judge, to which he was elected in 1861. During his later years he had been President of the Watseka Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In two years he had become a skillful operator, and, as such, was employed in various offices in New England and New York. In 1857 he came to Chicago seeking employment and, through the fortunate correction of an error on the part of the receiver of a message, secured the position of operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook County. Here he read law during his leisure time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was admitted to the bar. The same year he was elected to the lower House of the General Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- gust 10, 1889. WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part of the State, originally set off from Franklin and organized in 1839. The county is well watered, the principal streams being the Big Muddy and the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is undulating and the soil fertile. The region was originally well covered with forests. All the cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 22,226; (1900), 27,796. WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north of Springfield ; has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), 573. WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born in Sumner County, Tenn. , June 27, 1826 ; brought to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, and engaged in the wharf -boat and commission business. He entered the service as Quarter- master of the Forty -eighth Illinois Volunteers in 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of injuries, in 1863 ; was elected Representative ir> the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving until 1893. WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a handsome suburb of Chicago on the shore of Lake Michigan; principal streets paved and shaded with fine forest trees; has public library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2,300. WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, two National banks, a graded school, churches and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420. WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, was born in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- cated in the common schools and at an academy in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- cago, entering the employment of his older brothers, who were connected with the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. His brother, Richard L. , having assumed charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor of "The Chicago American"), in]1844, Charles L. took a position in the office, ultimately securing a partnership, which continued until the death HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 593 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was appointed Secretary of the American Legation at London, serving with the late Minister Charles Francis Adams, until 1864, when he resigned and resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 1875 his health began to fail, and three years later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex. , in the hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native of New York. Coming to Chicago with his brother John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- lished themselves in business on the Illinois & Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily Journal" for a publishing committee which had purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- can," but soon after became principal proprietor. In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled to retire in favor of a successor appointed by Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- ness, being for a time business manager of "The Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 18, WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated from Brown University in 1838, and the same year came to Chicago, whither his father's family had preceded him in 1835. After reading law for two years, he entered the senior class at Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 1841. In August of that year he opened an office at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, and re-elected for a full term in 1855, and again in '61. In November of the latter year he was commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- self to private practice, which was largely in the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- cuit), and was at once designated as one of the Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8, 1891. WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, and, when only a year old, was brought by his father, William Wilson, to America. The family settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James Grant was educated at College Hill and under private teachers. After finishing his studies he became his father's partner in business, but, in 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, removed to Chicago, where he founded the first literary paper established in the Northwest. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major and after- wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of the Fourth Eegiment United States Colored Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to the staff of the Commander of the Department of the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. When General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil- son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 1865, since which time his home has been in New York. He is best known as an author, having published numerous addresses, and being a fre- quent contributor to American and European magazines. Among larger works which he has written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography." WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" prosecutions. James H. was educated in the common schools, at McKendree College, and the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and being assigned to the Topographical Engineer Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition until March, 1862; was afterwards attached to the Department of the South, being present at the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee until October, 1863, being actively engaged in the operations around Vicksburg; was made Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He also conducted operations preliminary to the battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed in command of the Third Division of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight days he captured five fortified cities, twenty - three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- ers among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) General Wilson was appointed, by the President, Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its close. He is the author of "China: Travels and Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in New York. WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at Bowdoin College in 1824 the classmate of Frank- lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, serving, at different periods, as attorney of the Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, graduating from the latter in 1865; two years later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and speedily attained prominence in his profession. During the World's Fair period he was retained as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and Buildings, and was prominently connected, as counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- tion. WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; was elected Representative in 1836, and was one of the members from Sangamon County, known as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as private in a battalion in Washington City under command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- ment. He subsequently assisted in raising troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield being mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- side County, 1880. WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa. , Nov. 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann Arbor, Mich. , where he served as Probate Judge HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 595 and State Senator ; in 1850 came to Chicago, was elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 1794; studied law with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, and minister to France in the early part of the century; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after came to Illinois, two years later locating in White County, near Carmi, which continued to be his home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 he was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court as successor to William P. Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as "a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held office only about nine months. Judge Wilson was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 years old, and held office until the reorganization of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 1848 a period of over twenty-nine years, and, with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- est term of service in the history of the court. He died at his home in White County, April 29, 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself with the Democratic party on the dissolution of the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was sound and discriminating." WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While the surrounding region is agricultural and largely devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal mining. Winchester is an important shipping- point, having three grain elevators, two flouring mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. There are four Protestant and one Catholic church, a court house, a high school, a graded school building, two banks and two weekly news- papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; (1900), 1,711. WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- east of Shelby ville. Population (1880), 768; (1890), 888; (1900), 866. WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 0, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa.) College in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- tinue his studies on account of a weakness of the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for bravery on the field in the official report. Re- entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in lecturing before universities on topics connected with social science, in aiding in the organization of charitable work, and in the conduct of a thorough investigation into the relations between liquor legislation and crime. At an early period he took a prominent part in organizing the various Boards of Public Charities of the United States into an organization known as the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its President. At the International Penitentiary Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result of his observations while abroad, he submitted to the Legislature a report strongly advocating the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for the Insane, then about to be built, upon the "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure from then existing methods, which marks an era in the treatment of insane in the United States. Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the condition and number of the defective, depend- ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- try, his report constituting a separate volume under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- lar service in connection with the eleventh census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary of the National Prison Association, succeeding to the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former position of Secretary of the Board of Public Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again tendered his resignation, having received the appointment to the position of Assistant Director 596 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Twelfth Census, which he now holds. He is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895) ; of a voluminous series of reports ; also of numer- ous pamphlets and brochures, among which may be mentioned "The County Jail System; An Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- kee Hospital" (1882) ; "Provision for the Insane in the United States" (1885); "Conditional Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" (1888). WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- ton Academy, East Hamnton, Mass., after which he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a classical course and graduating there. He after- wards became a student in the law department of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, being -admitted to the bar the same year and commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 he came to Springfield, 111. , and was, for a time, identified with the bar of that city. Later, he removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged in literary and journalistic work. WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin State line ; was organized, under an act passed in 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and has an area of 552 square miles. The county is drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff limestone, adapted for building purposes. All the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief product being corn. The Winnebago Indians (who gave name to the county) formerly lived on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- watomies on the east, but both tribes removed westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- ests, see RocJcford.) Population (1880), 30,505; (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, during the administration of Gov. Ninian Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- ners" in all directions. In the northern portion of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre militia force of the State was summoned and volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 United States Regular Infantry, under command of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- bagoes attacked a band of Cliippewas, who were (by treaty) under Government potection, several of the latter being killed. For participation in this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Galena, which had been occupied by white miners. Repeated acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and there is historical evidence that a half-dozen drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled to avenge the deception which had been practiced upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly to be successfully assailed, but the second grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- rendered themselves as hostages to save their nation from extermination. A majority of these were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, unable to endure confinement, literally pined to death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is described as having been a savage of superior intelligence and noble character. A treaty of peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months later, but the affair seems to have produced as much alarm among the Indians as it did among the whites. (For Winnebago Indians see page 576. ) WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 16i^ miles north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- eral churches, and is a popular residence town. Population (1880), 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left an orphan at 12, and attended the common HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 597 schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally began the study of law with United States Sena- tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, afterwards being associated with Judge Henry W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railways remaining with the latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but resigned the following year, and traveled exten- sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1868, '76 and '84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln National Bank. WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, with the exception of the Wisconsin Central Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though differing in name, are a financial unit; the former holding most of the first mortgage bonds of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as the protection of land titles), it is necessary that separate corporations be maintained. On April 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. On the same day receivers were appointed to insure the protection of all interests. The total mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company owns 258.90 only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- trance into Chicago. WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents to Ohio in childhood, attended the Western Reserve College, and, after the death of his father, taught school and worked as a printer, later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 he removed to Janesville, Wis. , where he again engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at Des Moines and served as private secretary of Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he became Supreme Court Reporter; served as Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of local attorney, was made chief law officer of the Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, in 1890, was promoted to the position of General Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809, and, after a course in medicine, was commis- sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- cessor to Charles Jouett the first Agent who had been appointed a United States Judge in Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- nent settler of Chicago ; in 1825 was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which then included Cook County; was a Judge of Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a block of ground in the heart of the present city of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and honorable man, as well as far in advance of the mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- ligence. WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- CAGO. (See Northwestern University Woman's Medical School.) 698 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) WOOD, Benson, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- ceived a common school and academic education ; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two years, taught school in Lee County. He then enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry ; after the war, graduated from the Law Department of the old Chicago University, and has since been engaged in the practice of his profession. He was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, proved himself a most industrious and efficient member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate for re-election in 1896. WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 20, 1798 his father being a Revolutionary soldier who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the army. At the age of 21 years young "Wood re- moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams County, and building the first log-cabin on the site of the present city of Quincy. He was a member of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- tenant-Governor in 1859 on the same ticket with Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- sell, William H. ) He was succeeded by Richard Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was appointed one of the five Commissioners from Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- ington, to consider methods for averting civil war. The following May he was appointed Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Thirty -seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) and mustered out of service the following Sep- tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, July 4, 1883. WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north of the center of the State, bounded on the west by the Illinois River ; organized in 1841 ; area, 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile and well watered. The county lies in the north- ern section of the great coal field of the State. Eureka is the county -seat. Other thriving cities and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley are the principal crops. The chief mechanical industries are flour manufacture, carriage and wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, electric lights, waterworks, brick and tile works, six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 1844; received his early education in the schools of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf Squadron of the United States. After the war, he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- ated from the Law Department of the Chicago University in 1871. Some years later he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he became the Republican candidate for Congress from the Fourth District and was elected, but failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18, 1898. WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at Knox College in the latter place, which was his home from 1849 to '58; later, taught school in Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to Springfield and began the study of law with Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law studies having been interrupted by the Civil War, after spending some time in the mustering and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, from which he went to the field as Adjutant of the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the "Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta campaign, he took part in the "March to the Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 599 ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the Salkahatchie, where he distinguished himself, as also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter place he had a horse shot under him and won the brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, having previously been commissioned Captain of Company A of his regiment. He also served on the. staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last mustering officer in General Sherman's army. In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where he was in business for a number of years, serving as chief clerk of Custom House construction from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted successfully for fifteen years. While connected with "The Republican, " he served as Secretary of the Illinois Republican Press Association and in various other positions. Major Woods was one of the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of founding such an order, he called to his assist- ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- General of the Order, as follows : HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF ILLINOIS GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC. SPRINGFIELD, ILL., APRIL 1, 1866. GENERAL ORDERS I No. 1. ( The following named officers are hereby appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They will be obeyed and respected accordingly: Colonel Jules C. Webber, A.D.C. and Chief of Staff. Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. Major Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. Captain John S. Phelps, Aid-de-Camp. By order of B. P. Stephenson, Department Commander. ROBERT M. WOODS, Adjutant-General. Major Woods afterwards organized the various Departments in the West, and it has been con- ceded that he furnished the money necessary to carry on the work during the first six months of the existence of the Order. He has never accepted a nomination or run for any political office, but is now engaged in financial business in Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the former place. WOODSOtf, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 1806; was educated in private schools and at Transylvania University, and read law with his father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, settling at Carrollton, Greene County. In 1839 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a member of the lower house of the Legislature, being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he was the Whig candidate for Congress in the Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen.A. Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a court house, eight churches, four banks, three newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory is located here; the town is also the seat of the Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 1,683; (1900), 2,502. WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated in the common schools of his native State and at Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a partner. He was also engaged in various other branches of business at different times, including the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, from 1859, by successive reappointments, for twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- cratic members of that body who voted for the ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of the National Constitution. He was elected County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 600 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Railroad, serving from the organization of the corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 19, 1891. W OR DEN, a village of Madison County, on the Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. Louis Railways, 32 miles northeast of St. Louis. Population (1890), 522; (1900), 544 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its inception in November, 1885, in a resolution adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the first well denned action was taken, the Iroquois Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six other leading clubs of that city in "securing the location of an international celebration at Chi- cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive step was taken in the appointment by Mayor Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) citizens, who were charged with the duty of promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. Louis were competing points, but the choice of Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the requirements of the law, the President appointed eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- sioners and two alternates from each State and Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was chosen President of the Commission and John T. Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- sion delegated much of its power to a Board of Reference and Control, who were instructed to act with a similar number appointed by the World's Columbian Exposition. The latter organization was an incorporation, with a direc- torate of forty-five members, elected annually by the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, was the first President of the corporation, and was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. Higinbotham. In addition to these bodies, certain powers were vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed of two members, with alternates, from each State and Territory, besides nine from the city of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen President of the latter. This Board was particu : larly charged with supervision of women's par- ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits of women's work. The supreme executive power was vested in the Joint Board of Control. The site selected was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and Washington Parks, known as the "Midway Plaisance, " which was surrendered to "conces- sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- booths thereon. The total area of the site was 633 acres, and that of the buildings not reckon- ing those erected by States other than Illinois, and by foreign governments was about 200 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the foreign and State buildings, the total space under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- ures do not include the buildings erected by private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which would add a small percentage to the grand total. Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- ations for the erection of their own buildings and other expenses connected with official represen- tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty-six nations. The United States Government erected its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to defray the expenses of. a national exhibit, besides $2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments aggregated about $6,500,000, and those by the States and Territories, $6,120,000 that of Illinois being $800,000. The entire outlay of the World's Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- tion, construction, operating and post-Exposition expenses, was $27,151,800. This is, of course, exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly $45,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed $5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- tion Company, and the municipality, $5,000,000, which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See Thirty-sixth General Assembly.) The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates of the great fair were opened to the public, the entire area had been transformed into a dream of beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- er's art had been called into play to produce 9outh P, Staf showing the General Arrangement Z3 Bazaar of Nations ^K'r.; i -"-y^ IJStJ ^r.gl|)VT, \JA Bazaar of It Nations Pi -MIDWAY^ ][M ?m [Moorish' |Tu J Palace! . VII EliUSAiiCK, 'Depot- rkish Villaj^J JTCH ! ! R.K.Statian cj/i laETTLEMENT, W . H' HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 601 varied and striking effects. But the task had been a Herculean one. There were seventeen principal (or, as they may be called, depart- mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate design, and all of vast size. They were known as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- ical, Administration, Aft Galleries, Agricultural, Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and Forestry buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- sino. Several of these had large annexes. The Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was rectangular (1687x787 feet), having a ground area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used in its construction, involving a cost of 1,800,000. It was originally intended to open the Exposi- tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held on that day, preceded by a monster procession and followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day the machinery and fountains being put in oper- ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. The total number of admissions from that date to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460 the largest for any single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources (including National and State appropriations, subscriptions, etc.), amounted to $28,151,168.75, of which $10,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick ets, and 3,699,581.43 from concessions. The aggregate attendance fell short of that at the Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- cessions exceeded the latter by nearly 5,800,000. Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a return of ten per cent on the same. The Illinois building was the first of the State buildings to be completed. It was also the largest and most costly, but was severely criti- cised from an architectural standpoint. The exhibits showed the internal resources of the State, as well as the development of its govern- mental system, and its progress in civilization from the days of the first pioneers. The entire Illinois exhibit in the State building was under charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, artists, decorators, etc. Among special features of the Illinois exhibit were : State trophies and relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- play of grains and minerals, and an immense topographical map (prepared at a cost of 15,000), drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- ing the character and resources of the State, and correcting many serious cartographical errors previously undiscovered. WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- ing, surveying and mercantile business were his pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the East, spending two years in Boston, but return- ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections were toward the natural sciences, and, after coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time to the collection and study of specimens of mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the organization of the geological survey of Illinois in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa survey. As State Geologist he published seven volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the eighth when overtaken by death, May 6, 1888. These reports, which are as comprehensive as they are voluminous, have been reviewed and warmly commended by the leading scientific periodicals of this country and Europe. In 1877 field work was discontinued, and the State His- torical Library and Natural History Museum were established, Professor Worthen being placed in charge as curator. He was the author of various valuable scientific papers and member of numer- ous scientific societies in this country and in Europe. WORTHINGTON, Nicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., March 30, 1836, and completed his education at Allegheny College, Pa., studied Law at Morgan- town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 602 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a candidate, but was defeated by his Republican .opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year at Chicago. WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, built the first school building in Chicago ; in 1840 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- ducted for many years in the interest of popular education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. WTJLFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and re-elected in 1890 ; in 1894 became the Republican nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the November election of that year, the unprece- dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- cratic opponent. WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population (1890), 670; (1900), 902. WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; was educated at the University of Pennsylvania and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church at Sparta, 111. , where he remained until his death, March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen colonies to form new church organizations else- where. He is described as able, eloquent and scholarly. WYMAN, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the schools of that State until 14 years of age, when he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he was employed successively as a clerk in the car and machine shops at Springfield, Mass. , then as Superintendent of Construction, and, later, as con- ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad , finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany, assisting in the survey and construction of the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- tendent of the Northern Division. He was one of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving a second term. Having a fondness for military affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- tary organization while in Cincinnati being attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- cago Light Guards. Having left the employ of the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable service in the early weeks of the war in securing arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- teer Infantry the first organized in the State for the three years' service he was commis- sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- ing year his regiment was attached to General Sherman's command in the first campaign against Vicksburg. On the second day of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to the field from Illinois, of whom so many were former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- road. WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches, two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (1900), 1,277. XEIVIA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville branch, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 687; (1900), 650. YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline County, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 being a grand-nephew of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- yette County, Ky., where he located and laid out the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he removed to Sangamon County, 111. , and, in 1832, settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, which he laid out the following year, also laying out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865. Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835 ; engaged in merchan- dising at New Berlin ; in 1862, raised a company of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from which he never fully recovered. Died, August 3, 1871. YATES, Richard, former Governor and United States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- panied his father to Illinois, the family settling first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon County. He soon after entered Illinois College, from which he graduated in 1835, and subse- quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 1850 he was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, the previous incumbent, being the only Whig Representative in the Thirty-second Congress from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early participant in the movement for the organization of the Republican party to resist the further extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, on the same platform with Lincoln, before the first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was elected to the executive chair on the ticket headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, by his energetic support of the National administration in its measures for the suppression of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected United States Senator, serving until 1871. He died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, as a United States Commissioner, by appointment of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. His faults were those of a nature generous, impulsive and warm-hearted. YORKVILLE, the county-seat of Kendall County, on Fox River and Streator Division of Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line; has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches and weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890) 375 ; (1900), 413. YOUNG, Brig'liam, Mormon leader, was born at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo. , but was driven out with them in 1837, settling for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he became the successor of the latter, as head of the Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in the Mormon settlement in Utah. His subsequent career there, where he was appointed Governor by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- fully defied national authority, is a matter of national rather than State history. He remained at the head of the Mormon Church until his death at Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. YOUNG, Richard Montgomery, United States Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied law and removed to Jonesboro, 111. , where he was admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 604 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. General Assembly (1820-22) as Representative from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-27 ; Presidential Elector in 1828 ; Circuit Judge again, 1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as successor to W. L. D. Evving, serving until 1843, when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become Commissioner of the General Laud Office at "Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- ington, in 1853. YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, although desultory movements of a kindred char- acter had previously been started at Peoria, Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various associations were formed at different points throughout the State, which were entirely independent of each other. The first effort looking to union and mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps were taken looking to the appointment of a State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was done, and new associations formed, the total number reported at the Champaign Convention, in 1877, being sixty -two. After one year's work Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office remaining vacant for three years. The question of the appointment of a successor was discussed at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and has occupied the position to the present time (1899). At the date of his appointment the official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- erty valued at $126,500, including building funds, the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a plan for arranging the State work under depart- mental administration was devised, but not put in operation until 1890. The present six depart- ments of supervision are: General Supervision, in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- ants; railroad and city work; counties and towns; work among students; corresponding membership department, and office work. The two last named are under one executive head, but each of the others in charge of an Assistant Secretary, who is responsible for its development The entire work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of whom are elected annually. Willis H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- man for several years. This body is appointed by a State convention composed of delegates from the local Associations. Of these there were, in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 15,888. The value of the property owned was $2,500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- ings, of which five are for railroad men and one for students. Weekly gatherings for young men numbered 248, and there are now representatives or correspondents in 665 communities where no organization has been effected. Scientific phys- ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, and educational work has been largely developed. The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, was 978. The building of the Chicago branch (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the world. Recently a successful association has been formed among coal miners, and another among the first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while an extensive work has been conducted at the camps of the Illinois National Guard. ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of English and New England stock. At the age of 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., for a time working on a farm and at brick-making. From 1852 to '55 he attended McKendree College) but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, engaged in teaching, at the same time reading law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had for partners, at different times, William H. Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though superseded by the appointment of a successor by President Cleveland. At the first State elec- tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 1898. SUPPLEMENT. The following matter, received too late for insertion in the body of this work, is added in the form of a supplement. COGHLAJV, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 1860 he was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. Fouke then a Representative in Congress from the Belleville District to the Naval Academy at Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- moted through the successive grades of Ensign, Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and Commander, and serving upon various vessels until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent events in the Philippines was in the highest degree creditable to himself and the country. His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he and his crew receiving an immense ovation on their arrival in New York harbor. CRANE, (Rev.) James Lyons, clergyman, army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 1842, attended a seminary at Paris some three years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield at the last two points being stationed two or more times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The importance of the stations which he filled during his itinerant career served as evidence of his recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as Colonel, and, although he remained with the regiment only a few months, the friendship then established between him and the future com- mander of the armies of the Union lasted through their lives. This was shown by his appointment by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came to him as a personal compliment, being re- appointed four years afterwards and continuing in office eight years. After retiring from tho Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at Island Grove and Shelby ville, his death occurring at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth Mayo, daughter of Col. J. Mayo a prominent citizen of Edgar County, at an early day his wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and ' Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 1865; graduated from Marietta College in 1884, and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; worked at civil engineering during his vacations, finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he was engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- ness in various cities, including Evanston, 111., which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- can State Convention at Springfield in favor of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- dency, and during the succeeding campaign served as a member of the National Republican Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after the accession of President McKinley, he was appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 605 606 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. which he now holds. Mr. Dawes is the son of R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who was an influential factor in the early history of the Northwest Territory, and has been credited with exerting a strong influence in shaping and securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- lic for the State of Illinois, was born at Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of English descent, while his maternal grandfather was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army of the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. The father of the subject of this sketch settled at Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood and in February, 1863, enlisted as a private in the Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice rejected previously on account of physical ail- ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for provost-marshal duty, but later took part with his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, and participated in the battles of Resaca and Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in effecting his escape, but was recaptured and returned to that famous prison-pen. Having escaped a second time by assuming the name of a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- sissippi until exchanged about the time of the assassination of President Lincoln. He was then so weakened by his long confinement and scanty fare that he had to be carried on board the steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- port, Iowa, June 28, 1865, he was employed for a time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a messenger and route agent of the United States Express Company. In 1872 he established him- self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he proved very successful. Here he became prom- inent in local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890, was unanimously elected Commander of the Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which (1899) he still holds. DUMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 1827, after which he -took a course in law at Cam- bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted to the bar. Then, having spent some two years in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, settling first in Springfield, where he remained six years, being for a part of the time a partner of John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to Beardstown, Cass County, which continued to be his horne for more than a quarter of a century. During his residence there he served as Alder- man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- ville, and for the next year was the law partner of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer went to Mackinac, Mich., in search of health, but died there August 12 of that year. ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in the common schools and the high school of his native town, graduated from the Law School at Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- charge of his duties as Comptroller that he received the notable compliment of being retained in office by a Republican administration more than a year after the retirement of Presi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 607 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at the head of one of the leading banking institu- tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate from the Eleventh District to the National Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1892, and repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and assisted in framing the platform there adopted which indicated his views on the financial ques- tions involved in the campaign of that year. FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged in merchandising, and became a large land- holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff while another, John, was County Judge of Pope County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- ington. FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, was born within the present limits of the State of Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the War of 1812, was married in Bourbon County, Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town of Golconda, which became the county-seat. He served as a Representative from Pope County in the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- seller and a railway promoter, was born at Exeter, N. H. , March 8, 1812 ; at 15 years of age became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston ; came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards opened the first book and stationery establish- ment in that city, which, in after years, gained an extensive trade. In 1842 the firm of S. F. Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having become head of the Chicago Fire Department, retired from business in 1845. As early as 1846 he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in conjunction with these gentlemen, became responsible for the means to purchase the charter and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- holders. Later, he engaged in the construction of the branch road from Turner Junction to Aurora, became President of the line and ex- tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois Central at that Point. These roads afterwards became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale returned to his old home in New Hampshire, where he has since resided. HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was selected as a member of the First Legislative Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and was continued in office after the organization of the State Government, serving until his death at Belleville in 1845. HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- ritory, was a native of New York, who came to Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and lived there the remainder of his life. His early life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about the sources of the Mississippi. During the War of 1812 he was able to furnish Governor Edwards valuable information in reference to the Indians in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and building contractor, -was born at Readsburg, Vt., March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of which he is a member having been connected with the construction of a number of large build- ' ings, including some extensive grain elevators. Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second Regiment Illinois National Guard in June, 1884, being elected to the office of Major, which he retained until January, 1893, when he was appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff of General Wheeler. A year later he was com- 608 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position which he occupied at the time of the call by the President for troops to serve in the Spanish- American War in April, 1898. He promptly answered the call, and was sworn into the United States service at the head of his regiment early in May. The regiment was almost immediately ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for the city of Havana, remaining in office until the middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near the city of Havana. In the latter part of March he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga.. where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. After leaving the service Colonel Moulton resumed his business as a contractor. SHERMAN, Lawrence Y., legislator and Speaker of the Forty -first General Assembly, was born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling at Industry, McDonough County. When he had reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper County, where he grew to manhood, received his education in the common schools and in the law department of McKendree College, graduating from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, McDonough County. Here he began his career by driving a team upon the street in order to accumulate means enabling him to devote his entire attention to his chosen profession of law. He soon took an active interest in politics, was elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira- tion of his term, formed a partnership with George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tunnicliffe, ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Representative in the General Assembly, but withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, as he was again of the Forty -second in 1901. VINYABD, Philip, early legislator, was born in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an early day, and settled in Pope County, which he represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- conda, in 1862. SUPPLEMENT NO. II. BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode known in history under the name of "The Black Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict between the whites and Indians, as well as the most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk had been an ally of the British during the War of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- lations with his "British father." The outbreak in Illinois had its origin in the construction put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians on behalf of the United States Government, No- vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres of land comprising the region lying between the Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi on the west, for which the Government agreed to pay to the confederated tribes less than $2, 500 in goods and the insignificant sum of 1,000 per an- num in perpetuity. While the validity of the treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the ground that it had originally been entered into by their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 609 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, during which they had been kept in a state of con- stant intoxication, it had been repeatedly reaf- firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially in 1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- nized by Black Hawk himself in 1831. The part of the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause of the disagreement was that which stipulated that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained the property of the United States (that is, should not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- though these lands had not been put upon the market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- plied in this region little respect was paid to the treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with reference to those localities where, by reason of fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- tage, the Indians had established something like permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude cultivation. This was especially the case with reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, had lived for over a century, had cultivated fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their dead. In the early part of the last century, it is estimated that some five hundred families had been accustomed to congregate here, making it the largest Indian village in the West. As early as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession of by the intruders, their lodges liurned and their women and children whipped and driven away during the absence of the men on their annual hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to demand of the General Government the expul- sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of much influence with the Indians, the time was extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered to take other lands from the Government in ex- change or cancel the sale an arrangement to which President Jackson would not consent. On their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians found whites in possession of their village. Pre- vented from cultivating their fields, and their annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following winter proved for them one of great hardship. Black Hawk, having made a visit to his ' ' British father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, claimed to have received words of sympathy and encouragement, which induced him to determine to regain possession of their fields. In this he was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- mand, and by assurance of support from White Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago known also as " The Prophet " whose village (Prophet's? Town) was some forty miles from the mouth of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk claimed to have received promises of aid in guns, ammunition and provisions from the British* The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- cember previous, appealing for protection against the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, commanding the military district, thought the regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded to by more than twice the number called for. The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in the call, and having been organized into two regi- ments under command of Col. James D. Henry and Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, after effecting a junction with General Gaines' regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on the 25th of June. In the meantime General Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of the battalion of mounted men previously offered by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies amounted to 2,500 men, while the fighting force of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- whelmingly outnumbered, Black Hawk withdrew under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- sippi. After burning the village, General Gaines notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue and attack his band, which had the effect to bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- CIO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was entered into by which he bound himself and his people to remain west of the Mississippi unless permitted to return by the United States. This ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned to their homes, although the affair had produced an intense excitement along the whole frontier, and involved a heavy expense. The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- low Banks about the site of the present city of Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still further strengthened by promises from the Brit- ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this invasion was the effective warning given to the white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa chief, which probably had the effect to prevent a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- nolds of the situation with a requisition for an adequate force of militia to cooperate with the regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- ernor issued his call for ' 'a strong detachment of militia," to meet by April 22, Beardstown again being named as a place of rendezvous. The call resulted in the assembling of a force which was organized into four regiments under command of Cols. John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas and Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were subsequently added two independent battalions of mounted men, under command of Majors Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, which were finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown was completed by April 27, and the force under command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was allowed pay as Major General by the General Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the Uni ted States service. Among others accompany- ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- strong about the same time with reinforcements from Fort Leaven worth and Fort Crawford. The total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After reminding them of their duty to obey an order promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be Presidents some day but not if you refuse to do your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact that, while Taylor himself afterwards became President, at least one of his hearers a volunteer who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- tinction (Abraham Lincoln) reached the same position during the most dramatic period in the nation's history. Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, the advance up Rock River began, the main force of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, advancing by the east bank of the river, was the first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he found the independent battalions of Stillman and Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions under command of Major Stillman, having been sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 611 the next day, went into camp in a strong position near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles distant, while the greater part of his band were en- camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk in his autobiography, having been disappointed in his expectation of forming an alliance with the Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at this juncture determined to return to the west side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- son's command, he sent out three of his young men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in council. These were captured by some of Still- man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while a party of five other braves who followed to ob- serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, were attacked and two of their number killed, the the other three escaping to their camp. Black Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the flag to pieces with which he had intended to go into council with the whites, and appealing to his followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been estimated at less than forty. As the rangers caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time opening fire on their assailants. The further history of the affair was as much of a disgrace to Stillman's command as had been their desecra- tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began the retreat, dashing through their own camp and abandoning everything, which fell into the hands of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or two officers and a few of their men to check the retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- gitives continuing their mad rush for safety through the night until they reached Dixon, twenty-five miles distant, while many never stopped until they reached their homes, forty or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the rangers amounted to eleven killed and two wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously killed near Stillman's camp. This ill-starred af- fair, which has passed into history as "Stillman's defeat, " produced a general panic along the fron- tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the strength of the Indian force, while it led Black Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage of the white troops at the same time that it led to an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own little band thus becoming an important factor in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat the next day and buried the dead, while on the 19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- serted their post for their homes, compelling At- kinson to return for the protection of his base of supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the present State of Wisconsin. At this point the really active stage of the campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the women and children of his band in the fastnesses of the swamps, divided his followers into two bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girty, led a band of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and massacre among the frontier settlers began. One of the most notable of these was the Indian Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen persons were killed at the Home of William Davis, and two young girls Sylvia and Rachel Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 15 years were carried away captives. The girls were subse- quently released, having been ransomed for $2,000 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry Gratiot, Great as was the emergency at this juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they had served out their term of enlistment, refused to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis consin. As the result of a council of war, the volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 612 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 2,000 men to serve during the war. Gen. Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera breaking out among the troops, they did not arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The rank and file of volunteers responding under the new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend- ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a period of twenty days, and organized into a regiment under command .of Col. Jacob Fry, with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, from Putnam County under command of Col. John Strawn, and another of eight companies from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. Moore, were organized and assigned to guard duty for a period of twenty days. The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and organized into three brigades, each consisting of three regiments and a spy battalion. The First Brigade (915 strong) was placed under command of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served as officers in some of these several organizations, and afterwards became prominent in State his- tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the Vermilion County regiment ; John A. McClern- and, on the staff of General Posey ; Maj. John Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut.- Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. ii. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United States Senator) ; and William W T eatherford (after- wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- ments of a more or less serious character were had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of the present State of Wisconsin ; at Apple River Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was successfully defended against a force under Black Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next day (June 25), when the same band ambushed Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and came near in- flicting a defeat, which was prevented by Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re- inforcements. In the latter engagement the whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had been tethered outside their lines, the loss of the Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also occurred with varying results, at Plum River Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue Mounds the last two within the present State of Wisconsin. Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 men the volunteers being under the command of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and on the 6th by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- tions on Bark River near the site of the present village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the actual location of Black Hawk's camp through Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader in the employ of the American Fur Company, whom they employed with a number of Winne- bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- ander's command returned to General Atkinson's headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's provisions for the main army, while General Henry's (600 strong), with Major Dodge's battalion numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies for themselves, started under the guidance of Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the Winnebago village on Rock River where Black HISTOBICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 613 Hawk and his band had been located, their camp was found deserted, the Winiiebagos insisting that they had gone to Cranberry ( now Horicon) Lake, a half-day's march up the river. Messen- gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's headquarters, thirty-five miles distant, to ap- prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded about half the distance, they struck a broad, fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black Hawk's bund headed westward toward the Mis- sissippi. The guide having deserted them in order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- sembling to deceive the whites as to the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- less, the messengers were compelled to follow him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- brances behind, the pursuit of the fugitives was begun without delay, the troops wading through swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. Soon evidence of the character of the flight the Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside along the trail, began to appear, and straggling bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to desert Black Hawk, gave information that the Indians were only a few miles in advance. On the evening of the 20th of July Henry's forces encamped at "The Four Lakes," the present site of the city of Madison, Wis. , Black Hawk's force lying in ambush the same night seven or eight miles distant. During the next afternoon the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was overtaken and skirmishing continued until the bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage of the main body of his people across the stream. The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of the whites being one killed and eight wounded. During the night Black Hawk succeeded in placing a considerable number of the women and children and old men on a raft and in canoes obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them down the river, believing that, as non-combat- ants, they would be permitted by the regulars to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help- less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two women and children made prisoners. The re- mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or were massacred by their enemies, the Menomi- nees, acting under white officers. During the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- known tongue was heard in the direction where Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This caused something of a panic in Henry's camp, as it was supposed to come from some one giving orders for an attack. It was afterwards learned that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the Winnebago language in the hope that he might be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides. He was describing the helpless condition of his people, claiming that the war had been forced upon them, that their women and children were starving! and that, if permitted peacefully to re- cross the Mississippi, they would give no further trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and it failed of its object. General Henry 's force having discovered that the Indians had escaped Black Hawk heading with the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi spent the next and day night on the field, but on the following day (July 23) started to meet General Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com- plete junction between the regulars and the volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the logs of the desei'ted cabins for rafts, the army crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re- newed. Evidence of their famishing condition \vas found in the trees stripped of bark for food ; the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there the dead body of an Indian. On August 1, Black Hawk's depleted and famish- ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant stream, and immediately began trying to cross the river ; but having only two or three canoes, the work was slow. About the middle of the afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap- peared on the scene, having on board a score of regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the white flag in token of surrender P but the officer 614 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. in command claiming that he feared treachery or an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should come on board. This he was unable to do, as he had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a murderous fire of canister and musketry was opened from the steamer on the few Indians on shore, who made such feeble resistance as they were able. The result was the killing of one white man and twenty-three Indians. After this exploit the "Warrior" proceeded to Prairie du Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. During the night a few more of the Indians crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of ten warriors and thirty -five squaws and children, fled in the direction of "the dells" of the Wis- consin. On the morningof the 3d General Atkinson arrived within four or five miles of the Sac position. Disposing his forces with the regulars and Colonel Dodge's rangersin the center, the brig- ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but was drawn by the Indian decoys up the river from the place where the main body of the Indians were trying to cross the stream. This had the effect of leaving General Henry in the rear practically without orders, but it became the means of making his command the prime factors in the climax which followed. Some of the spies attached to Henry's command having accidental- ly discovered the trail of the main body of the fu- gitives, he began the pursuit without waiting for orders and soon found himself engaged with some 300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It was here that the only thing like a regular battle occurred. The savages fought with the fury of despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved to greater deeds of courage by the insult which they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in progress and discovering that he was being led off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," arriving from Prairie du Chien, opened a fire of canister upon the pent-up Indians. The battle soon degenerated into a massacre. In the course of the three hours through which it lasted, it is es- timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from the troops, an equal number of both sexes and all ages drowned while attempting to cross the river or by being driven into it, while about 50 (chiefly women and children) were made prison- ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented the abandonment of his people, returned within sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh- ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died from wounds and exhaustion, while still others perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, it is estimated that not more than 150 survived the tragic events of the next four months. General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien early in August, assumed command and, on August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon, 111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion, Black Hawk fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in the regular army, where he was held a captive during the following winter. The connection of Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by many historians, seems to have been confined to this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as prisoners of war until June 4, when they were released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many principal cities in order to impress him with the strength of the American nation, was brought to Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived this humiliation only a few years, dying on a small reservation set apart for him in Davis County, Iowa, October 3, 1838. Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, the most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- nois history. At its beginning both the State and national authorities were grossly misled by an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for recovering the site of his old village, while HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 615 Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the numbers and courage of his white enemies, es- pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of the war to the State and nation in money has been estimated at 2,000,000, and in sacrifice of life on both sides at not less than 1,200. The loss of life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated about 250, while an equal number of regulars perished from a visitation of cholera at the various stations within the district affected by the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment of later historians that nearly all this sacrifice of life and treasure might have been avoided, but for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder to call it by no harsher name was the violation by Stillman's command of the rules of civilized warfare in the attack made upon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under flag of truce to request a conference to settle terms under which he might return to the west side of the Mississippi an act which resulted in a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its authors and proved the first step in actual war. Another misfortune was the failure to understand Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his people to pass beyond the Mississippi the night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was the refusal of the officer in command of the "Warrior " to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce and request for a conference just before the bloody massacre which has gone into history under the name of the '' battle of the Bad Axe." Either of these events, properly availed of, would have prevented much of the butchery of that bloody episode which has left a stain upon the page of history, although this statement implies no disposition to detract from the patriotism and courage of some of the leading actors upon whom the responsibility was placed of protecting the frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy engendered by the unwise policy pursued by General Atkinson towards some of the volun- teers especially the treatment of General James D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford and others as the real hero of the war. Too brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt deeply the studied purpose of his superior to ignore him in the conduct of the campaign a purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe, was defeated by accident or by General Henry's soldierly sagacity and attention to duty, although he gave out to the public no utterance of com- plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and exposures of the campaign, he went South soon after the war and died of consumption, unknown and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less two years later. Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac- counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file in public libraries relating to this epoch in State history, the most comprehensive records of the Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- field's "History of the War between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); Drake's" Life of Black Hawk" (1854); Ford's "History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' "Pio- neer History of Illinois; and "My Own Times"; Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi- nois ; Blanchard's " The Northwest and Chicago" ; Armstrong's " The Sauks and the Black Hawk War," and Eeuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the Black Hawk War" (1892.) CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern part of Cook County, twenty -eight miles south of the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the Michigan Central Railroads ; is located in an agricultural region, but has some manufactures as well as good schools also has one newspaper. Population (1900), 5,100. GRANITE, a city of Madison Couuty, located five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis; Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways. It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge across the Mississippi and has considerable manu- facturing and grain-storage business; has two newspapers. Population (1900), 3,122. HARLEM, a village of Proviso Township, Cook County, and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, nine miles west of the terminal station at Chicago. Harlem originally embraced the village of Oak Park, now a part of the city of Chicago, but, in 1884, was set off and incorporated as a village. Considerable manufacturing is done here. Population (1900), 4,085. HARVEY, a city of Cook County, and an im- portant manufacturing suburb of the city of Chi- 616 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cago, three miles southwest of the southern city limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central and the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railways, and has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street and steam railway machinery, gasoline stoves, enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newspaper and ample school facilities. Population (1900), 5,395. IOWA CENTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line having its principal termini at Peoria, 111., and Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City, Iowa, with several lateral branches making con- nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center, Story City, Algona and Northwood in the latter State. The total length of line owned, leased and operated by the Company, officially reported in 1899, was 508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles- including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Junction and Peoria were in Illinois. The Illinois divi- sion extends from Keithsburg where it enters the State at the crossing of the Mississippi to Peoria. (HISTORY.) The Iowa Central Railway Company was originally chartered as the Central Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com- pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into the hands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company purchased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad, which was incorporated into the main line, but defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore- closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central Railway Company, -which had effected a new organization on the basis of $11, 000, 000 common stock, $6,000,000 preferred stock and 1,379,625 temporary debt certificates convertible into pre- ferred stock, and $7,500,000 first mortgage bonds. The transaction was completed, the receiver dis- charged and the road turned over to the new company, May 15, 1889. (FINANCIAL). The total capitalization of the road in 1899 was $21,337,558, of which $14,159,180 was in stock, $6,650,095 in bonds and $528, 283 in other forms of indebtedness. The total earnings and income of the line in Illi- nois for the same year were $532,568, and the ex- penditures $566, 333. SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated on the Centralia & Chester and the Mobile & Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches- ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has a number of manufacturing establishments, in- cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery and creameries; also has natural gas. The first settler was James McClurken, from South Caro- lina, who settled here in 1818. He was joined by James Armour a few years later, who bought land of McClurken, and together they laid out a village, which first received the name of Co- lumbus. About the same time Robert G. Shan- non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi- ness in the vicinity, located in the town and became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur- ken, its earliest settler, appears to have been a man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited with having built the first cotton gin in this vi- cinity, besides still later, erecting saw and flour mills and a woolen mill. Sparta was incorporated as a village in 1837 and in 1859 as a city. A col- ony of members of the Reformed Presbyterian Church (Covenanters or "Seceders'') established at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from Sparta, about 1822, cut an important figure in the history of the latter place, as it became the means of attracting here an industrious and thriving population. At a later period it became one of the most important stations of the "Under- ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which see). The population of Sparta (1890) was 1,979; (1900), 2,041. TOLUCA, a city of Marshall County situated on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad, 18 miles southwest of Streator. It is in the center of a rich agricultural district ; has the usual church and educational facilities of cities of its rank, and two newspapers. Population (1900), 2,629. WEST HAMMOND, a village situated in the northeast corner of Thornton Township, Cook County, adjacent to Hammond, Ind. , from which it is separated by the Indiana State line. It is on the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac- cess to several other lines, including the Chicago & Erie; New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much importance, was incorporated as a village in 1892, and has grown rapidly within the last few years, having a population, according to the cen- sus of 1900, of 2,935. COOK COUNTY Cook County. PREFACE. The Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, first published in 1900 under the edit- orship of two competent men especially well versed in State history, has since passed through two revisions for the purpose of bringing it up to date. As its name implies, the work presents an epitome of Illinois history, in reference to which it has come to be recognized as a standard authority, the price of this issue, in one volume, being $12.50. The special Cook County edition, now issued, was undertaken only with the promise that, in addition to the Historical Encyclopedia of the State, it was intended to embrace a biographical department open to patrons of the work, the whole to be delivered to subscribers in two volumes, at $15.00 per set, accord- ing to printed and signed agreements. As the sale of this special edition progressed, there arose an urgent demand for a concise, but comprehensive, outline of Chicago and Cook County history, with the various townships of the latter, and especially embracing certain instances, or object lessons, illustrative of the wondrous strides of development witnessed in Chicago business and municipal history. Following the history of Chicago's original discovery by the early French explorers, and its gradual growth from a trading station and a frontier military post to the commercial metropolis of the Northwest, these instances (which are indicative of the general development) are presented in special articles descriptive of the past and the present the "then and the now" of the "Union Stock Yards," the "Postal Service," the "Fire Department," "Municipal Lighting," "Water Service," "Railway Progress," "Parks and Boulevards," etc., with a condensed history of the city, county and townships all being additions to what was promised at the outset, and all accom- plished at a large expenditure of time and money on the part of the publishers, but without any additional cost to the patrons of the work. The contracts entered into between the publishers of this work and its pat- rons provides that the volumes shall "be delivered within a fair and reasonable time after publication, " at which time payment therefor becomes due. It is appar- ent, therefore, that the interest of the publishers lies in as early a publication and delivery as practicable, while the interest of the patrons has been subserved by postponement of the completion of the work consequent upon the length of time occupied in collection of added material for, and the addition of much valuable history not promised, thereby increasing its scope and value beyond what was contemplated in the original plan, but without added cost to the subscribers. While these volumes are the result of human endeavor with human limita- tions, and while perfection will not be claimed for them, they are submitted in the hope that they will be found to possess an intrinsic value which will be accorded due recognition, and that future generations will render to them a just meed of appreciation for the preservation of a large amount of family and in- dividual history, of which they are the repository. THE PUBLISHERS. Cook County. INDEX. CHAPTER I. . EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY. Jean Nicolet Discovers Lake Michigan Conjectures as to Extent of His Explorations The Parrot Expedition The Locality of Chicago Visited by White Men Arrival of Joliet and Marquette Discovery of Illinois River The Kaskaskias Marquette 's Second Visit Spends the Win- ter on the Chicago River Returns North by the Eastern Shore of Lake Michigan His Death 617-621 CHAPTER II. PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. French Traders and Missionaries in the "Illinois Country" Arrival of La- Salle Discoveries of the Great Explorer The Henry M. Stanley of His Age Disaster of "The Griffon" Henry de Tonty LaSalle Reaches the Illinois by Way of the Kankakee The Story of Fort Creve-Coeur LaSalle Explores the Mississippi to Its Mouth Louisi- ana is Named Fort St. Louis Erected on "Starved Rock" Tragic Fate of the Great Explorer Uncertainty About Location of the First Chicago River 621-623 CHAPTER III. CHICAGO. Early French Fortifications "Fort Chicagou" Mentioned by Tonty in 1685 Remains of an Early Fortification in Palos Township Indian and Other Relics Found in That Vicinity Fort Guarie on the North Branch First Catholic Mission at the Village of the Kaskaskias Missionaries Who Followed Marquette and Allouez A Jesuit Mission Established at Chicago as Early as 1699 Visit of St. Cosme Missions Between Lake Ontario and the Mississippi 623-625 CHAPTER IV. A PERIOD OF PARTIAL ECLIPSE. Removal of the French Mission on the Upper Illinois to Kaskaskia En- trance to the Mississippi Valley Changed to the Gulf Coast Country South of the Illinois River Becomes Part of Louisiana, Chicago Re- gion Still Attached to Canada Visit of Charlevoix Early Indian Oc- cupantsA French-Indian Battle on Illinois Soil Chicago in the Eighteenth Century , 625-627 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER V. STO'RY O'F A LAND DEAL. First Transaction Affecting Chicago Real Estate Principal Part of North- ern Illinois Bought for Five Shillings and Certain "Goods and Mer- chandise" Cession of Lands by the Indians Under Treaty of Green- villeTract Six Miles Square at Mouth of Chicago River Ceded to the United States Government Site of Early French Fort in Doubt. . . . 627-629 CHAPTER VI. SETTLEMENT OF CHICAGO. Chicago's First Permanent Settler a San Domingo Negro Colonel de Peyster's Description of Jean Baptiste Pointe de Saible Chicago Then Known as "Eschikagou" Le Mai, a French Trader, Succeeds Pointe de Saible Other Early Settlers Antoine Ouilmette Comes in 1790 Chicago Previous to the Building of Fort Dearborn 629-630 CHAPTER VII. THE FIRST FORT DEARBORN. Building of the First Fort Begun by Captain Whistler in 1803 Loca- tion and Description of the Original Fortress Arrival of the Kinzie Family Other Newcomers The Kinzies Occupy the Le Mai Cabin Dr. Alexander Wolcott and Gen. David Hunter Charles Jouett, Indian Agent and "Chicago's First Lawyer" Mrs. J. H. Kinzie 's "Waubun" A Precursor of Disaster The Hardscrabble Massacre 630-634 CHAPTER VIII. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. Beginning of War of 1812 General Hull Orders Evacuation of Fort Dear- bornStatement of Captain Heald A Story of Indian Treachery Location of the Great Tragedy Incidents of the Bloody Affair as Re- lated in Mrs. Kinzie 's "Waubun" Magnanimous Conduct of Chief Black Partridge The Story of Mrs. Helm Valor of Capt. William Wells and His Tragic Fate 634-637 CHAPTER IX. AFTER THE MASSACRE. The Kinzie Family in Peril Appearance of "Sauganash" on the Scene Fort Dearborn Burned The Kinzies Take Refuge at St. Joseph Lieutenant Helm Released Through the Influence of Black Partridge Some Prominent Actors Sketches of the Noted Half -Breeds, Alexan- der Robinson and Billy Caldwell ("Sauganash") Black Partridge Again Proves His Humanity Ungrateful Treatment of This Noble "Man of the Woods.".. . 637-639 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER X. THE SECOND FORT DEARBORN. Four Years of Arrested Development Fort Dearborn in Desolaition Its Restoration Begun in 1816 Burial of Victims of the Massacre List of Commandants A New Immigration Sets in The Kinzies Among the First to Arrive Other Notable Arrivals The Clybourns, Gal- loways, Heacock, Etc. A Fire in Fort Dearborn The "Winnebago Scare." 639.643 CHAPTER XI. CHICAGO IN EMBRYO. Varied Orthography of the Name Chicago Reputed Origin of the Name Some Early Impressions of the Future Great Metropolis As Seen by Judge Storrow, Gurdon S. Hubbard, Schoolcraft, Professor Keat- ing and Others Early Mail Facilities Some Pioneer Hotels and Their History Fernando Jones ' Account of the Origin of the Name Chicago 643-648 CHAPTER XII. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. Conditions Under French Occupation Northern Illinois Attached to Can- ada as Part of New France Effect of the Col. George Rogers Clark Expedition Territory Northwest of the Ohio River Organized Ordi- nance of 1787 Its Far-reaching Influence on Illinois and General His- toryTerritorial and County History Cook County Organized First Election and First County Officers 648-650 CHAPTER XIII. A CREATIVE PERIOD. Illinois and Michigan Canal Feasibility of the Enterprise Recognized by Early Explorers Effect on the Development of Chicago Survey of Government Lands About the Mouth of Chicago River in 1821 Chi- cago Village Platted in 1830 First Sale of Village Lots Chicago Be- comes a County-Seat in 1831 Payment of Indian Annuities Promi- nent Men Who Became Citizens in That Year 651-653 CHAPTER XIV. SOME INDIAN HISTORY. The Black Hawk War Episode Receipt of the News in Chicago and Preparations for Defense Service Rendered by Chief Shabona, Billy Caldwell and Alexander Robinson Refugees Seek Safety in Fort Dearborn Organization of Volunteers Gen. Scott's Troops Attacked by Cholera The Indian Treaty of 1833 Description of the Event by an English Traveler 653-655 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XV. CHICAGO IN DEVELOPMENT. An Era of Progress After the Black Hawk War Early Business and Pro- fessional Men Growth in 1833 "A Village of Pike County" in 1823 Chicago Incorporated as a Town in 1833 Establishment of the First Newspaper Chicago in 1833-1837 The "Land Craze" Some Con- temporaneous Descriptions of the Place Incorporated as a City Financial Revulsion of 1837 Growth in Area and Population from 1837 to 1900.. ... . 655-658 CHAPTER XVI. RAILWAY PROGRESS. Chicago as a Railway Center The Galena & Chicago Union the Pioneer Line Principal Lines Now Operating Street Railway History Sur- face and Elevated Lines Inter-urban Trolley Roads The Fox River Valley System Chicago & Joliet Line 659-661 CHAPTER XVII. POLITICAL. Chicago as a Political Center National Political Conventions Nomina- tion of Lincoln in 1860 Other Notable Conventions Citizens of Cook County Who Have Held State Offices Cook County Citizens in the Councils of the Nation United States Senators and Representatives in Congress Present Representation (1904) in Congress Legislative Dis- tricts in Cook County 662-664 CHAPTER XVIII. PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. General History Beginning of the Park System First Park Named for the Martyred President Statistics of Cost and Area of Park Systems in the Three Several Divisions Projected Parks on - the Des Plaines and Calumet Rivers. . . 664-669 , CHAPTER XIX. NOTABLE EVENTS. Republican National Convention of 1860 The Camp Douglas Conspiracy Some of Its Principal Actors Exposure and Defeat The Conflagra- tion of 1871 Vast Destruction of Property and Homes Area Burned Over Relief Measures The Haymarket Massacre Conviction and Punishment of the Conspirators Labor Strikes Heavy Losses of Em- ployers and Employed 669-677 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XX. LOCAL CHRONOLOGY. One Hundred Years of Local History Enumeration of Most Important Events in the History of Chicago from the Founding of Fort Dear- born in 1803 to 1904 677-679 CHAPTER XXI. OLD SETTLERS' ORGANIZATIONS. Characteristics of Chicago's Early Settlers Problems They Had to Meet Chicago Historical Society Its Object, History and Membership- First Old Settlers' Society Calumet Club Old Settlers' Reunions- Pioneers of Chicago Pioneers' Sons and Daughters' Society List of Members The Sons of Chicago Old Time Printers' Association Old Settlers' Club of Williams Street German Old Settlers' Picnic 679-700 CHAPTER XXII. STOCK YARDS HISTORY. First Slaughter House in Chicago Origin and Development of the Pack- ing Industry The Founders and Promoters of the Business Early Stock Yards Organization of the Union Stock Yards 1 Phenomenal Growth of the Packing and Live-Stock Trade Description of Build- ings and Grounds Banking Institutions Statistics for Different Years Past and Present Officers International Live-Stock Expositions, 1900-1904 700-713 CHAPTER XXIII. CHICAGO GRAIN TRADE. An Example of Marvelous Development Progress of Fifty Years The Chicago Board of Trade State Laws Regulating Warehouses and Grain Inspection List of Inspectors and Registrars Chicago Stand- ard of Inspection Widely Accepted History of Elevator System A Chicago Grain Elevator and Its Operation Described Grain Trade Sta- tistics 1900 a Record Breaking Year 713-716 CHAPTER XXIV. EDUCATIONAL-Y. M. C. A. ORGANIZATION. Chicago Manual Training School Its Origin and Object Work Accom- plished in Twenty-odd Years of Its History Number of Graduates Merged With the University of Chicago Armour Technological School Young Men's Christian Association of Illinois Its History of Fifty Years Present Strength and Status of the Organization Y. M. C. A. Building in Chicago 717-720 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XXV. LIBRARIES. The Chicago Public Library An Outgrowth of the Great Fire of 1871 Thomas Hughes, the English Author, a Leader in the Movement His- tory of the Library Building Statistics for the Year 1904 Chi- cago Historical Library Its Origin and History Newberry Library- John Crerar Library Evanston Free Public Library 720-726 CHAPTER XXVI. CHICAGO POSTOFFIOE. Pioneer Mail Service How Letters Were Brought to Fort Dearborn in 1817 The First Postoffice in Chicago Established in 1831 Picture of First Office Growth of Business in Seventy-two Years Volume of Business in 1903 Personal Sketches of Postmasters New Postoffice Building Number of Employes and Heads of Departments Statis- tics of Business for Year Ending June 30, 1904 726-733 CHAPTER XXVII. CHICAGO FIRE DEPARTMENT. * History of Origin and Progress of Fire Department First Volunteer Fire Company Organized in 1832 Early Methods of Fighting Fires First Chicago Fire in 1834 Loss Contrasted with the Fire of 1871 Early Volunteer Fire Organizations List of Chief Engineers Paid Fire Department Organized in 1859 Chief Marshals, 1859-1904 Present Organization of Department Outfit and Value of Fire Appa- ratus, Buildings and Other Property The Fire-Boat Service A Great Fire Tragedy The Iroquois Theater Disaster of December 30, 1903 History of the Fire Alarm Service. . . : 733-740 CHAPTER XXVIII. MUNICIPAL LIGHTING. First Attempt at Illumination at Old Fort Dearborn Progress of One Hundred Years From the Pine-Knot to the Electric Light System- Electric Lighting Introduced in 1887 History and Equipment of Cen- tral Stations Aggregate Cost of the Entire Municipal Lighting Sys- temPolice and Fire Alarm Telegraph Service 741-744 CHAPTER XXIX. CHICAGO WATER SERVICE. Early Conditions as to the Chicago Water Supply Public Well Dug in 1834 First Pumping Station and Reservoir Constructed in 1840 New Water Works Set in Operation in 1854 The System Adopted and the First Two-Mile Tunnel Completed in 1867 Other Tunnels Con- structedPresent Condition of the Chicago Water System 744-747 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XXX. HEALTH DEPARTMENT-FREE BATHS. History of the Chicago Health Department The Cholera Epidemic of 1832 First Health Board Appointed in 1833 Changes in the System List of Members of Different Health Boards Public Baths Chica- go the First City in the World to Establish a System of Free Baths- Carter H. Harrison Bath House Opened in 1894 Other Bathing Sta- tionsBeneficial Effect of the System on the Public Health McKinley Park Swimming Pool 747-750 CHAPTER XXXI. HARBORS, FERRIES AND BRIDGES. First White Visitors to the Chicago River Importance of a Harbor at Chicago Attracts Attention m 1814 Illinois and Michigan Canal and Chicago Harbor Twin Enterprises First Step in Improvement of Calumet Harbor and River Begun in 1870 Rank of Chicago as a Maritime Port History of Ferries and Bridges First Ferry Estab- lished in 1829 Advance from the Indian Canoe to the Bascule Bridge 750-754 CHAPTER XXXII. DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE. First Attempt to Organize a Drainage and Sewerage System for Chicago in 1847 Drainage and Sewerage Commissions Appointed in 1852 and 1855 The Sewerage Commission Gives Place to a Board of Public Works in 1861 Changes of the Last Fifty Years Extent and Cost of System The Drainage Canal Its History and Extent Cost of the Work over $45,000,000 755-758 CHAPTER XXXIII. CHICAGO CENTENNIAL JUBILEE. Celebration of Hundredth Anniversary of the Founding of Fort Dear- bornMarvelous Progress of a Hundred Years Representatives of In- dian Tribes Take Part in the Exercises Historical Tablets Brilliant Fireworks Display Industrial Parade Reunion of Old Settlers 758-765 CHAPTER XXXIV. GENERAL REVIEW. Business Conditions Notable City Improvements in 1904 Financial and Trade Conditions Live Stock Business Grain Trade Board of Trade Affairs Insurance Business Theatrical Matters The New City Char- ter Question Practical Unanimity on the Subject in the State Legis- latureResults Anticipated in Another Year 765-770 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XXXV. CEMETERIES. Early Chicago Cemeteries Locations of South and North Side Burial Grounds Prior to 1840 First Chicago City Cemetery Now Part of Lin- coln Park Further Burials There Prohibited in 1859 Rose Hill Cem- etery Dedicated July 28, 1859 770-771 CHAPTER XXXVI. TOWNSHIP HISTORY. Cook County First Divided Into Precincts Township Organization in 1850 Successive Reorganizations and Present List of Townships Popula- tion by Townships in 1900 Townships Embraced in City of Chi- cagoIndividual History of Townships Outside the City of Chicago Barrington, Bloom and Bremen Calumet and Worth Townships City of Blue Island Cicero, Berwyn and Oak Park Townships Elk Grove Township Evanston Township and City -- Hanover -- Lament Ley- den Lyons and Stickney Townships Maine New Trier Niles Northfield Norwood Park Orland Palatine - Palos Proviso Rich Riverside Township and Village Schaumburg Thornton Town- shipHarvey City Other Towns and Villages - - Wheeling Township and Arlington Heights Village . . . : 771-801 CHAPTER XXXVII. BIOGRAPHICAL. The Part of Biography in General History Citizens of Cook County Personal Sketches Arranged in Encyclopedic Order (These Being Ar- ranged Alphabetically, no List of Names of Individual Subjects is Here Deemed Necessary.) HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Portraits and Illustrations. Adler, Peter (Biography 803) 804 Along Sheridan Road On the Boulevards 758 Ashby, James H. (Biography 810) 700 Belfield, Henry H. (Biography 820) 720 Best, John E. (Biography 822) 796 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 Bradwell, James B. (Biography 58) 618 Brintnall, Solva (Biography 834) ' 702 Brosseau, Zenophile P. (Biography 835) 716 Burned District Chicago Fire 1871. ., 27(5 Busse, William (Biography 842) 780 Chase, Charles C. (Biography 849) 624 Chase, Horace G. (Biography 848) 620 Chase, Samuel B. (Biography 850) 622 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 Chicago Manual Training Building University of Chicago 718 Chicago Public Buildings 395 Chicago Thoroughfares 740 Crawford, Andrew (Biography 859) 626 Day after Chicago Fire 92 Dixon, Arthur (Biography 865) 628 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 Eberhart, John F. (Biography 873) 630 Farwell, John V. (Biography 878) 632 First Post Office where kept 728 Fitzwilliam, Francis J. (Biography 880) 634 Fort Dearborn View from the West (1808 246 Fort Dearborn View from Southeast( 1808) 247 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 Gale, Daniel W. (Biography 885) 884 Gale, Stephen F. (Biography 886) 636 George, John B. (Biography 888) 888 Goodall, Harvey L. (Biography 891) 704 Goodrich, Adams A. (Biography 893) 640 Grannis, William C. D. (Biography 894) 638 Halsted, Henry S. (Biography 898) . 660 Hammer, D. Harry (Biography 899) 646 Harless, Thomas H. (Biography 900) 668 Harris, James H. (Biography 902) 798 Hastings, Lewis R. (Biography 903) 706 Hayward, Henry J. (Biography 1030) 662 Head, Franklin H. (Biography 904) 652 Healy. James J. (Biography 905) 664 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Herendeen, Charles (Biography 907) 658 Hervey, Robert (Biography 910) 666 Hibbard, William G. (Biography 911) 650 Hoffman, Peter M. (Biography 912) 784 Honore, Henry H. (Biography 914) 654 Hotz, Christoph (Biography 916) 644 Hoyt, W. M. (Biography 919) 648 Kurd, Harvey B. (Biography 240) 642 Hutchinson, Jonas (Biography 923) 656 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 Johnson, William 0. (Biography 925) 926 Jones, Daniel A. (Biography 926) 670 Jones, Fernando (Biography 928) 678 Jones, George P. (Biography 929) 672 Jones, William (Biography 309) 676 Lincoln Park Vistas 752 Mathews, Thomas (Biography 945) 944 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 McCausland, Samuel G. (Biography 946) 708 McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 McKnight, George F. (Biography 949) 680 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 Moore, Charles E. (Biography 953) 954 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 Otis, Joseph E. (Biography 965) 682 Palmer, Potter (Biography 966) 684 Peck, Ferdinand W. (Biography 970) 686 Philbrick, George A. (Biography 975) 688 Porter, Rogers (Biography 978) 978 Powell, M. W. (Biography 979) 690 Rappal, Frederick J. and Sons (Biography 986) 714 Runyan, Eben F. (Biography 986) 692 Scenes in South Park 746 Senne, Henry C. (Biography 993) 786 Sexton, Patrick J. (Biography 993) 694 Staples, Mason L. (Biography 1000) 788 Stebbins, Henry S. (Biography 1000) 1000 Swenie, Denis J. (Biography (1005) 734 Tatham, Robert L. (Biography 1007) 696 Turner, Charles C. (Biography 1013) 1012 U. S. Government Building Chicago Postoffice (Frontispiece Vol. II.) University of Chicago 363 Van Norman, George B. (Biography 1014) 710 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 Watkins, Elias T. (Biography 1018) 1018 Wood, Samuel E. (Biography 1027) -. 712 World's Fair Buildings 764 Yates, H. H. (Biography 1028) 1028 Young, Frank W. (Biography 1028) 698 HISTORY OP COOK COUNTY. [Part of Special Local Edition of Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois.] CHAPTER I. EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY. JEAN NICOLET DISCOVERS LAKE MICHIGAN CONJEC- TURES AS TO EXTENT OF HIS EXPLORATIONS THE PEUROT EXPEDITION THE LOCALITY OF CHI- CAGO VISITED BY WHITE MEN ARRIVAL OF JOL- EET AND MARQUETTE DISCOVERY OF ILLINOIS RIVER THE KASKASKIAS MARQUETTE'S SEC- OND VISIT SPENDS THE WINTER ON THE CHI- CAGO RIVER RETURNS NORTH BY THE EASTERN SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN HIS DEATH. Although Cook County, as a political division, ranks in the class of younger counties in the State of Illinois, there is evidence that it was, in all probability, the first section comprised within the present limits of the State to be visited by white men. The spirit of exploration directed towards the region about the great lakes, had received a strong impulse among the early French settlers at Quebec, under the vigorous administration of Samuel de Cham- plain in the first half of the seventeenth cen- tury, and, according to the "Jesuit Relations," Jean Nicolet, one of Champlain's trusted pupils, in. company with two missionaries, Fathers Brebeuf and Daniel, reached the northern and western shore of Lake Michigan as early as 1634. He thus became the discoverer of Lake Michigan, and, having entered Green Bay, ascended the Fox River of Wisconsin to the 6171 portage of the Wisconsin River, anticipating the expedition of Joliet and Marquette by nearly forty years. It is even claimed by some authorities (especially by Shea and Parkman) that Nicolet reached the Mississippi and sailed some distance down that stream, though this is discredited in other quarters. There seems to be more conclusive evidence that he extended his explorations southward into the present lim- its of Illinois, although the exact locality reached is uncertain. It seems highly probable, however, that in his soiithward march he may have approached the western shore of Lake Michigan, and this would have brought him to the vicinity of Chicago. The career of this intrepid explorer was cut short by drowning, near Quebec, in 1642. In the years following the Nicolet expedition, which reached the Sault Ste. Marie at the foot of Lake Superior, the activity of the warlike Iroquois prevented the advance of the Jesuit missionaries and their fellow explorers in the northwestern lake region, and it was not until 1658 that two other celebrated French explorers, Radisson and his brother-in-law, Medard Chou- art (known also as Groseilliers), reached the southwestern shore of Lake Superior and win- tered at La Pointe, in the vicinity of what is now Ashland, Wis. It is claimed that Radisson and Groseilliers penetrated as far west as the Mississippi, and even descended that river a long distance. They were followed by Nicholas Perrot who, between 1670 and 1690, spent much time in explorations about the junction of Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, and followed the example of Nicolet by visiting the Fox River valley in Wisconsin. He also took a 6i8 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. prominent part in the conference between the French and a number of native tribes held at Sault Ste. Marie on June 14, 1671, acting as the principal interpreter on that occasion. It has also been claimed that he extended his explora- tions to the Mississippi and made the first dis- covery of lead in the vicinity of -Galena. Charlevoix, who visited this region in 1679 and 1700, also credits Perrot with having advanced as far south as Chicago, which he mentions by name and describes as situated "at the lower end of Lake Michigan where the Miamis then were." While this would seem to leave no doubt that Perrot visited the head of Lake Michigan at that early day, it by no means determines the fact that the locality mentioned by the name of "Chicago" was the same as that of the city of to-day, as three other rivers were known by the name of Chicago, with somewhat different spellings, about that time, viz.: The St. Joseph, the Grand Calumet and the Des Plaines. Besides this, it is claimed that the Miamis were never located on the present site of Chicago, but that they did have a settlement about the mouth of the St. Joseph, at the southeast border of the lake. This brings us to what has been universally accepted as the best authenticated if not the first visit of French explorers to the locality now known as Chicago. This was accomplished through the expedition set on foot by Jean Talon, the French Intendant of Canada, and authorized by Count de Frontenac, the Gover- nor, under the command of Louis Joliet, who had already spent some years in an official exploration of the copper-mine region of Lake Superior. The object of this expedition was to explore the Mississippi River and, by fol- lowing its course, settle the question regard- ing the location of its mouth, which was then believed to be on the border of the "South Sea" (or Gulf of California), thus opening a highway across the continent to Eastern Asia. Joliet left Quebec in the fall of 1872, and, hav- ing spent the winter at Michilimackinac (Mack- inac), on the 17th of May following, set out from the mission of St. Ignace in company with Jacques Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and five other Frenchmen, with two birch bark canoes and a meager stock of provisions, in search of the great river. Father Marquette, having spent the preceding three or four years among the Indians at Sault Ste. Marie and at La Pointe on the southwest shore of Lake Superior, besides being zealously devoted to missionary work in which he had been engaged, was especially well fitted to act as an interpre- ter and win the favor of the Indians whom they were likely to encounter. The expedition having passed through Green Bay and Lake Winnebago, entered the Fox River of Wisconsin, which they ascended under the direction of Indian guides to the portage connecting with the Wisconsin. Then, transferring their canoes to the Wisconsin, they descended that stream to its mouth, entering the Mississippi on June 17, 1673. Continuing their journey down the latter stream for one month, they are believed by some to have reached the mouth of the Arkansas River, while others maintain that they did not proceed farther south than a short distance below the mouth of the Ohio, when, their course having been arrested by a tribe of Indians known as the Mausopelas, they turned back. In the absence of definite information as to distances traveled and points passed, the absolute solution of this question at this day seems impossible, though there are strong reasons tending to sustain the latter view. An incident of the journey south- ward was the startling surprise given to Mar- quette and his fellow-voyagers at the sight of what was supposed to be a painting on the face of the cliff, a short distance above where the city of Alton now stands. This picture, whether a work of aboriginal art or produced by natu- ral seams in the rock, was vividly described by Marquette in his journal, and was widely known in the first half of the last century under the name of "The Piasa Bird," but has wholly disappeared within the last generation before the quarryman and the advances of civilization. (See "Piasa Bird, Legend of The." His. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) Other noteworthy points passed in this historic voyage included the mouth of the Missouri River, to which Mar - quette gave the name of the Pekitanoui; the site of the present city of St. Louis and that of Old Kaskaskia, which, within the next half century, became the seat of power for the French possessions west and south of the great lakes. Retracing their course from the lower Mis- sissippi, Joliet and his companions entered the river Illinois, which they ascended, making a stop of three days, en route, at the village of the Peorias about where the city of Peoria now stands, and later at the "Illinois Town of the H1STOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 619 Kaskaskias," in the vicinity of the present vil- lage of Utica in LaSalle County. This local- ity, as it will be seen later, eventually became the seat of French power in the "Illinois Coun- try" for some twenty years, as well as the cen- ter of a large Indian population. According to the statement of Marquette, having promised to "return and instruct" them, he and his com- panions were escorted hy a chief and a number of his tribe to the shore of the "Lac des Illi- nois," as Lake Michigan was then called, whence they continued their journey to Green Bay, arriving there about the close of September. The journey was made from the "Town of the Kaskaskias," by ascending the Illinois and the Des Plaines rivers to the point where the port- age was made to the Chicago River. The iden- tity of the stream referred to under this name has been matter of considerable discussion, and has given rise to some diversity of opinion. While the earlier historians, including Shea, Parkman, and others, have generally accepted the theory that it was the Chicago River of to-day, and that Joliet and his companions were the first white men to stand on the site of the present city of Chicago, this has been quest- tioned by later authors. One reason for this doubt grows out of the fact, already alluded to, that between 1670 and 1700 there were three other rivers which bore the name of "The Chi- cago" the St. Joseph, the Grand Calumet and the Des Plaines. For reasons which seem to have considerable weight, a number of later students of this period including the late Prof. Albert D. Hager, former Secretary of the Chi- cago Historical Society have maintained that the river by which Joliet and his party entered Lake Michigan was the Grand Calumet. The only point upon which there would seem to be no doubt is the fact that these explorers, who were the first to leave a written record of their visit to this region, reached Lake Michigan near its southern limit late in the summer of 1673. Whether that was by the Chicago Rher of to-day or by some stream which then bore that name, there seems absolutely no doubt that it was in the immediate vicinity of the present city or Chicago, if not upon its site. On October 25, 1674, Father Marquette, accom- panied by two French boatmen, started from Green Bay with the intention of carrying out his plan, determined upon during his visit of the previous year, of establishing a mission among the Illinois Indians. As he kept a jour- nal of his travels during this period, a transla- tion of which was published nearly fifty years ago, there is no difficulty in tracing his journey from Green Bay along the western shore of Lake Michigan to its head, and identifying many of the points at which he and his companions camped for the night or made brief stops. The journey occupied about a month. On the 20th of November he mentions having "cabined" (camped) in great discomfort on account of the wind and cold at "the Bluffs," which is believed to have been "Lake Bluff," now known as Lake Forest, about thirty miles north of Chicago. In the entry for the next day he speaks of having had "hard enough work to make a river" (which was necessary in order to effect a landing, especially in stormy weather) and find a camping ground. Here they were detained three days. From the description given of the mouth of this river, and the time occupied in reaching it from "the Bluffs," there would appear to be strong reason for believing that it was the Chicago River of to-day. One reason for this conclusion is the fact that he mentions the "large sand-banks off the shore," which was a peculiarity of the mouth of the Chicago River when it became known to white men at the beginning of the last century. Under date of November 27th, the journal makes mention of the "hard work to get out of the river," after which they "made about three leagues" (approximately seven and a half English miles), where they were detained by the wind for the remainder of the month. On December 1st, the party made another start, and, after meeting many difficulties on account of the weather, on the 4th they appear to have reached what Marquette calls "Portage River" for the reason, no doubt, that it was the chan- nel by which a portage was obtained to the Des Plaines. This stream was found frozen over, and, after drawing their boats up this river on the ice two leagues (about five miles), in view of the obstacles in the way of making further progress, and Marquette's continued illness, it was decided to winter there. Here again arises the question as to the identity of the stream where Marquette wintered. That it was on the same stream by which he entered Lake Michigan from the south on his first visit is evi- dent from an entry in his journal a few weeks later, which will be referred to farther on in this history. It has been claimed that the cabin which he occupied belonged to two French 620 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. traders who had preceded Marquette on his second visit here, and the generally accepted theory has been that it was situated on the South Branch of the Chicago River about what was known as "Lee's place," or "Hardscrabble," in the early part of the last century. Professor Hager, who has already been quoted, is of the opinion, however, that the "Portage River" mentioned by Marquette was the Little Calu- met, and that the location of his cabin may have been on or in the vicinity of what is known as "Indian Ridge" and near Calumet Lake. While this question is of interest chiefly in a speculative sense, there is abundant evi- dence, as already shown, not only that both rivers were known by the name of the "Chick- agou," but that both were used for securing a portage to the Des Plaines. During his stay on "Portage River," Mar- quette was visited by a number of Indians who brought him provisions, and by a French sur- geon, who came from a village eighteen leagues (about 45 miles) distant, where there was another Frenchman named Pierre Moreau these two men being reputed owners of the cabin which Marquette occupied. The exact locality of the village mentioned by Marquette is unknown, although it has been conjectured that it may have been about where the city of Joliet now is, as it appears that it was on the way to the village of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had set out to reach. On March 29, 1675, Marquette and his companions were com- pelled to break camp on account of a sudden flood caused by the breaking up of the ice and a consequent gorge in the stream on which they were located. This appears to have flooded the surrounding country, and Marquette and his party, having placed their property in trees above the reach of the flood, sought a camping place on some hillocks in the vicinity. On the 30th they started to complete the portage to the Des Plaines, which they reached the next day at a point of which he speaks in his journal as the same where "we began our portage more than eighteen months ago" that is to say, on the journey of himself and Joliet from the vil- lage of the Kaskaskias en route to Mackinac during the summer of 1673. In his entry of April 1st, at this point, he speaks of the French village (which they hoped to reach the next day), as still fifteen leagues distant, though they were detained here by contrary winds until the 6th, at which date his journal breaks off. Father Dablon, the Superior of Marquette, in his report of the labors of the latter, claims that the devoted missionary reached the village of the Kaskaskias in eleven days after breaking camp at Portage River which would have made the date of his arrival at the Indian village April 8th and gives a detailed account of his work in founding there the "Mission of the Immaculate Conception." If this statement is correct, Marquette's stay must have been very brief; for, only a few days later, admonished by his failing health, we find him and his two faithful companions on their return towards the mission of St. Ignace, which he hoped to reach in time to end his life there, although his hope was not to be realized. Dablon says he traveled thirty leagues (about 80 miles) to the lake "upon whose waters he had to journey nearly 100 leagues by an unknown route whereon he had never traveled before." This evidently refers to the route by the lake, and there is nothing in this inconsistent with the assumption that his return to the lake was by the same route over which he had recently traveled to reach the Des Plaines. If this had been upon the Calumet, it would seem to be but natural that, finding himself near the southern end of the lake, the idea may have occurred to him of endeavoring to reach St. Ignace "by an unknown route," as Father Dablon expresses it, along the eastern shore, believing this to be the shortest route to his destination (St. Ignace), whether that was at that time on Mackinac Island or on the north shore of the Straits of that name which the late John G. Shea confesses to be a matter of doubt. As for Marquette himself, he has left no record over his own name of this part of his journey, the last entry in his journal bearing the date of his arrival at the Des Plaines on his way to the village of the Kaskaskias. On the 18th of May forty-two days after this last record by his ovn hand this zealous missionary and famous discoverer breathed his last in camp on the eastern shore of the lake at the mouth of what is now, in honor of his memory, called the Marquette River, about where the town of Ludington, Mich., now stands. While, as has already been shown, there is doubt as to the exact locality on which he camped during his two visits to this region, there is no doubt that he left the first written description of the country embraced in what is now known as Cook County, and his name will always be inti- American Buy* Rib Co Ckc HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 621 mately associated with this most interesting and romantic period in the history of Chicago. ( See Joliet, Louis, and Marguette, Jacques, Hist. Encyc. of III. Vol. I.) CHAPTER II. PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. FRENCH TRADERS AND MISSIONARIES IN THE "ILLI- NOIS COUNTRY" ARRIVAL OF LASALLE DIS- COVERIES OF THE GREAT EXPLORER THE HENRY M. STANLEY OF HIS AGE DISASTER OF "THE GRIFFON" HENRY DE TONTY LASALLE REACHES THE ILLINOIS BY WAY OF THE KANKAKEE THF. STOBY OF FORT CREVE-COEUR LASALLE EXPLORES THE MISSISSIPPI TO ITS MOUTH LOUISIANA IS NAMED FORT ST. LOTUS ERECTED ON "STARVED ROCK" TRAGIC FATE OF THE GREAT EXPLORER UNCERTAINTY ABOUT LOCATION OF THE FIRST CHICAGO RIVER. During the five years' interval immediately following Marquette's second visit to the Illi- nois Country, there would seem to be no doubt that this region was roamed over by many French traders, hunters and missionaries from Canada and the locality about Mackinac and Green Bay. Among the missionary class the most noteworthy visitor was Father Allouez, who had been engaged in missionary work about Green Bay for a number of years, and who, in 1677, came to the village of the Kaskas- kias to complete the work undertaken by Mar- quette, two years earlier, by founding a mis- sion there. He is reputed to have been met by a delegation of Illinois Indians at the mouth of the Chicago River, and conducted to his destination, as well as to have spent two years there between 1678 and 1680, and again visited Chicago in 1684, when there was a French fort in this vicinity under command of Col. Duran- taye. The actual location of this fort, however, is matter of uncertainty, but will be touched upon later. The most important arrival following the visit of Marquette and Joliet was that of Robert Cavelier, Sieur de LaSalle, who became for a time, under the authority of the King of France, the virtual proprietor of the "Illinois Country," and did more to attract attention to that region and open it up to the knowledge of the rest of the world than all of his predecessors. This celebrated explorer is credited by some histori- ans especially by his biographer, Pierre Mar- gry with having reached the Illinois and Mis- sissippi Rivers by way of the Chicago portage, as early as 1670, thus preceding Marquette's first visit by three years. Although this theory is accepted in part by the historian Parkman, Mr. Shea is of the opinion that the "Chicaugou" River reached by LaSalle, at this time, was the St. Joseph of Michigan. There is, however, a lack of documentary evidence to sustain the assumption of M. Margry, who bases his con- clusion upon reported conversations with LaSalle previous to 1678 and a letter from a niece of LaSalle's written nearly eighty years after his reputed visit to Illinois. However much or little credence may be given to this story of LaSalle's early arrival in this region, there can be no doubt of the importance of the discoveries made by this greatest of French explorers, or of the fact that the most thor- ough explorations, not only of the Illinois Coun- try but of the Mississippi Valley, by any single man up to this period, were those undertaken by him. In a certain sense he may be regarded as the Henry M. Stanley of his age. What the latter accomplished a quarter of a century ago in penetrating into the heart of the "Dark Continent," LaSalle, by his explorations through the heart of the American Continent, from the St. Lawrence far towards the Rio Grande in the southwest, including the discov- ery of the mouth of the Mississippi, accom- plished in the face of greater obstacles than Stanley had to encounter and with inferior resources. Beginning his career as an explorer in 1669, there is ground for believing that LaSalle was the first Frenchman to reach the Ohio River, which he did from Canada, descending that stream, as claimed by some, to the falls below Louisville, and by others to its mouth. During the next ten years he made extensive excursions to the south and into the lake region of the West, with three voyages to his native France for the purpose of procuring supplies and obtaining grants from the crown. In 1679 he constructed and launched on the Niagara River, above the falls, the first vessel larger than the Indian canoe to navigate the lakes. With this 622 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. vessel (named "The Griffon") loaded with sup- plies and men for his expedition, he made the voyage from the eastern end of Lake Erie to Green Bay, arriving at the latter in September. "The Griffon," having discharged its cargo on one of the islands at the entrance of Green Bay, was reloaded with furs and sent back to Canada, with instructions to return with another cargo of supplies and join LaSalle at the head of Lake Michigan, but was never heard of again. Among those accompanying LaSalle on this expedition was Henry de Tonty, who had joined LaSalle in France, and finally became his sec- ond in command. On the day "The Griffon" sailed on its return to Niagara, LaSalle left Green Bay at the head of a party of seventeen men (including three priests) in four canoes, for the mouth of the St. Joseph River at the head of Lake Michigan. Following the west- ern shore of the lake and passing by the site of Chicago, he arrived at his destination on Novem- ber 1st, expecting there to meet Tonty, who had been ordered to proceed from Mackinac with another party by the eastern shore. The arrival of Tonty's party was delayed, however, some twenty days, LaSalle occupying the interval in erecting a fort at the mouth of the river to which he gave the name of the "Fort of the Miamis" the river having received its name from the Miami Indians, then settled on its banks. Tonty's party having finally arrived, on December 3d, LaSalle set out with eight canoes and thirty-three men to ascend the St. Joseph to the portage from that stream to the Theakiki (Kankakee), leaving four men at the fort as a guard, and to await the expected arrival of "The Griffon." The portage was finally effected from the vicinity of the present village of South Bend, Ind., requiring the trans- portation of canoes and baggage overland a dis- tance of four miles. Having again embarked, this time on the waters of the Kankakee, the party descended that stream to the Illinois, and, by the latter, to the village of the Kaskaskias, which had been visited by Joliet and Marquette in 1673. Their arrival here was on January 1, 1680, but finding the village deserted, they proceeded to that of the Peorias on Peoria Lake (then called Pimiteoui), where they arrived on January 4th. Here LaSalle made his first extended stop and began the erection of a fort on the east side of the lake near its foot, to which he gave the name of "Fort Creve- Coeur" (Broken-Heart), and also began the construction of a boat, with which he expected to explore the Mississippi River to its mouth. Being in want of material to complete his ves- sel, which he had hoped to receive by "The Griffon," on March 2d, accompanied by four Frenchmen and one Indian, he started on his return to Canada by way of the mouth of the St. Joseph, leaving Tonty, with the rest of his party, at Creve-Coeur. Before leaving he dis- patched Michael Accault and Father Hennepin, by way of the Illinois, to the Mississippi with instructions to ascend the latter to the region occupied by the Sioux. (See Accault and Hen- nepin, Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) Soon after LaSalle's departure, the bulk of the party left at Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied during the tem- porary absence of Tonty on a visit to the vil- lage of the Kaskaskias, burned the fort, and returning on their way to Canada by the mouth of the St. Joseph, subjected the fort there to a like fate. Tonty, finding himself deserted by all but five of his party, made his way back to Green Bay and spent the next winter among the Pottawatomies. LaSalle, after being detained in Canada for several months by a succession of reverses, started on his return west by way of Mackinac, arriving at the fort at the mouth of the St. Joseph early in November and, later descending the Illinois, saw the havoc wrought by the mutineers at Creve-Coeur. Having spent the following winter at Fort St. Joseph, in the spring he proceeded to Mackinac, where he met Tonty and Father Membre, who had belonged to the expedition of 1680. After another trip to Canada, in which he was accompanied by Tonty, the latter part of December, 1681, found him again at Fort St. Joseph. Making the portage by way of what he called "the Chicago River" (where Tonty had preceded him) to the Des Plaines, he entered upon his third descent of the Illinois, making a part of the journey upon the ice and arriving at the confluence of the Illinois with the Mississippi, February 6, 1682. With a few companions he and Tonty continued their course to the mouth of the Mississippi, where they arrived April 9, 1682, and took formal possession of the country in the name of the King of France, giving to it the name of Louisiana. The fourth and last visit of LaSalle was made in December of the same year, where he had the satisfaction of seeing the realiza- tion of his dream of a fortress on the summit of "Starved Rock," the erection of which had been begun by Tonty a few months previous. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 623 Here he remained during the remainder of the winter and the following summer, but going to France before the close of the year, entered upon the scheme of founding a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, which ended so disas- trously in his death by treachery at the hands of some of his own followers, on the banks of the Trinity River in Texas, March 19th, 1687. While the career of this great explorer, who did so much to open up Illinois and the Mississippi Valley to Europe in the last quarter of the seventeenth century, belongs rather to general and State history than to that of Chicago and COOK County, it still has a deep interest for Chicagoans in view of its influence upon events which tended to make Chicago the entrepot and focal point of those seeking entrance, at that early day, to the region known as the "Illinois Country." There seems little reason for doubt that, at some time probably more than once during his later visits to Illinois, this ambi- tious and indefatigable explorer stood on the site of the present city of Chicago, as he cer- tainly saw it on his several voyages up and down the lake past its shores. (See LaSalle, Reni Robert Cavclier, Sieur de; Tonty, Henri de; Fort St. Louis, and Starved Rock. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) In all probability Tonty, who made his headquarters at Fort St. Louis while making extensive excursions throughout the West, including one in 1686 as far south as the mouth of the Arkansas, in search of LaSalle not unfrequently had occasion to visit the site of the present city of Chicago, especially on his journeys to Mackinac. The confusion as to the identity of the Chicago River (or "Chikagoue," as it is spelled on some of the French maps of that time) still remains unsolved, as there is conclusive evidence that the name was applied to the portage leading from the St. Joseph to the Kankakee, as well as that between the Calu- met and the Des Plaines. The frequent men- for many years after the death of LaSalle tion, by early French explorers, of the Miami Indians about the mouth of the Chicago River, also militates against the theory that the river, best known at that time by that name, was the Chicago River of to-day, as there is abund- ant evidence that the territory occupied by the Miamis did not extend beyond the southern point of Lake Michigan; whereas, the western shore was occupied by the Mascoutins and the Pottawatomies, with occasionally wandering bands of the Kickapoos and Winnebagos. CHAPTER III. CHICAGO. EARLY FKENCH FORTIFICATIONS "FORT CHICAGOU" MENTIONED BY TONTY IN 1685 REMAINS OF AN EARLY FORTIFICATION IN PALOS TOWNSHIP INDIAN AND OTHER RELICS FOUND IN THAT VICINITY FORT GUARIE ON THE NORTH BRANCH FIRST CATHOLIC MISSION AT THE VILLAGE OF THE KASKASKIAS MISSIONARIES WHO FOL- LOWED MARQUETTE AND ALLOUEZ A JESUIT MISSION ESTABLISHED AT CHICAGO AS EARLY AS 1699 VISIT OF ST. COSME MISSIONS BETWEEN LAKE ONTARIO AND THE MISSISSIPPI. The earliest evidence of the existence of a French fort in the vicinity of Chicago is con- tained in the following entry in a report by Tonty of a trip made, in 1685, from Mackinac whither he had gone to obtain information regarding LaSalle to his headquarters at Fort St. Louis. The Tonty record says: "I embarked, therefore, (at Mackinac) for the Illinois, on St. Andrew's Day (Oct. 30th, 1685); but being stopped by the ice, I was obliged to leave my canoe and to proceed by land. After going one hundred and twenty leagues (about 275 miles), I arrived at the fort of Chicago, where M. de la Durantaye commanded, and from thence I came to Fort St. Louis, where I arrived the middle of Janu- ary (1686)." There is no definite information as to the locality of this fort or when it was erected. It has been conjectured, however, that it had been established during the previous year, when Durantaye had been called, with a force of sixty Frenchmen from Mackinac, to assist Tonty in resisting an expected attack by the Iroquois upon Fort St. Louis. It would seem reasonable to presume that the necessity for the establishment of this fort, as a way station near Lake Michigan, should have been sug- gested by this expedition, and have been fol- lowed out on Durantaye's return. The belief has been expressed in some quarters that the location of this fort was at the junction of the North and South Branches of the Chicago River, while others have maintained that it was at the 624 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. portage between the Calumet and the Des Plaines. Whether relating to the old Fort of Durantaye or some other structure, the follow- ing extract from a paper contributed, some twenty years ago, by Dr. V. A. Boyer, of Chi- cago, to the Chicago Historical Society, will have a deep interest for the student of local history. In this paper Dr. Boyer says: "I have many times visited, when on hunt- ing excursions, the remains of an old fort located in the town of Pajos, Cook County, 111., at the crossing of the old 'sag 1 trail, which crossed the Ausagaunashkee swamp, and was the only crossing east of the Des Plaines River prior to the building of the Archer bridge in 1836. The remains of the fort, situated north of 'the sag 1 and near the crossing, were on the elevated timber land commanding a view of the surrounding country, and, as a military post, would well command and guard the crossing. ... I have never been able to find any account of this fort in any historical work. I first saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it often in company with other persons. ... I feel sure it was not built during the Sac War, from its appearance. ... It seems probable that it was the work of French fur-traders or explorers, as there were trees a century old growing in its environs. It was evidently the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the science of warfare. ... As a strategic point, it most completely commanded the surround- ing country and the crossing of the swamp or 'sag.' " The location of this ancient structure is described as having been in the western part of Section 15 in the Town of Palos, about five miles east of the "Sag Bridge," and three miles in a southeasterly direction from the Des Plaines. As the Des Plaines River in the lat- ter part of the seventeenth century was known as the "Chicagou," and the neck of land between that river and the streams falling into the Lake as the "Chicago Portage," it would not seem unreasonable to assume that the "Fort of Chi- cagou," mentioned by Tonty as commanded by Durantaye in 1685, may have been located at the spot described by Dr. Boyer. Capt. A. T. Andreas, in his "History of Early Chicago," referring to Dr. Boyer's paper, says: "It is reported that near that place, and near the point where 'the Sag' enters the Des Plaines, many relics of Indians and those evidently made by a more civilized people have been found." . As to other early fortifications, there is a tradition that a fort or stockade, erected by an early French trader named Gaurie, stood on the North Branch of the Chicago River in the latter part of the eighteenth century- This man Guarie gave name to this part of the Chicago River it being popularly known at an early day as Garay (or Guarie) Creek. There were probably other like structures in the vicinity erected for the storage and protection of furs and goods intended for traffic with the Indians. While the mission founded or at least pro- jected by Marquette, and afterwards placed in charge of Father Allouez, at the village of the Kaskaskias, was undoubtedly the first estab- lished in Illinois, it is no doubt true that, within the next few years, the Chicago portage became a familiar locality to the missionaries seeking to reach the Illinois and other Indian tribes farther south and west. Among those who followed Marquette and Allouez in this region may be mentioned the names of Gravier, Rasle, Bineteau, Pinet, Limoges, Marest, Ber- gier, Membre, Douay, Ribourde, St. Cosme, Montigny, Davion and De La Source, repre- senting both the Jesuit organizations and their rivals, the Recollects. There is evidence that there was a Jesuit mission here as early as 1699 possibly a year earlier as it was definitely mentioned by St. Cosme in connection with a visit he made to this region in the latter year. Although this mission is spoken of as having been located "at Chicagou," yet owing to the confusion in the use of this name, its actual location is still left in doubt. St. Cosme, who has furnished the record of this visit, says that he left Mackinac on September 14th, 1699, in company with De Tonty and three other mis- sionaries, De Montigny, Davion and De La Source besides De Vincennes, and a number of companions who contemplated a visit to the St. Joseph and the country of the Miamis. On the 7th of October, they arrived at the Indian vil- lage of "Melwarik" (Milwaukee), and three days later were at Kipiwaki, now identified as Racine, intending to ascend the Kipiwaki (Root) River to the portage from that stream to the Fox River of Illinois. Finding a lack of water, he says they were "obliged to take the route to Chicagou." Leaving Racine on the 17th, they were delayed by rough weather for several HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 625 days, arriving on the 21st, within half a league of their destination, when, in consequence of a sudden storm, they were compelled to land and walk the remainder of the distance. St. Cosme whose account is in the form of a letter addressed to the Bishop of Quebec says of his visit: "We went by land, M. DeMontigny, Davion and myself, to the house of the Rev. Jesuit Fathers, our people staying with the bag- gage. We found there Rev. Father Pinet and Rev. Father Bineteau, who had recently come in from the Illinois and were slightly sick. I cannot explain to you, Monseigneur, with what cordiality and marks of esteem these Rev. Jesuit Fathers received and caressed us during the time that we had the consolation of staying with them. The house is built on the banks of the small lake, having the lake on one side and a fine large prairie on the other. The Indian village is of over 150 cab-' ins, and one league on the river there is another village almost as large. They are both of the Miamis. Rev. Father Pinet makes it his ordinary residence except in winter, when the Indians all go hunting, and which he goes and spends at the Illinois." This was one of thirty-five missions said to be in existence at this period between Frontenac (at the foot of Lake Ontario) and the mouth of the Mississippi; and its location is assumed, in some quarters, to have been on the east side of Mud Lake near the head of the South Branch of the Chicago River. Yet this theory is appar- ently as doubtful as was the location of Mar- quette's cabin at the Chicago portage in the winter of 1674-75. The only thing which can be assumed with reasonable certainty is, that the site of the Jesuit mission of 1699 was near the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan on the route usually followed by travelers, at that day, in reaching the Des Plaines from the Lake; and there is nothing inconsistent in the description given by St. Cosme of its location, with ^ the theory that it was on the Calumet or Wolf Lake. An additional reason for this conclusion is the fact that St. Cosme speaks of this mission as located at or near a village of the Miamis, with another village of the same tribe a league distant; whereas, it is claimed by early explor- ers that the settlements of these Indians did not extend on the west beyond the southern shore of the Lake. CHAPTER IV. PERIOD OF PARTIAL ECLIPSE. REMOVAL OF THE FRENCH MISSION ON THE UPPER ILLINOIS TO KASKASKIA ENTRANCE TO THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY CHANGED TO THE GULF COAST COUNTRY SOUTH OF THE ILLINOIS RIVEB BECOMES PART OF LOUISIANA CHICAGO REGION STILL ATTACHED TO CANADA VISIT OF CHARLE- VOIX EARLY INDIAN OCCUPANTS A FRENCH- INDIAN BATTLE ON ILLINOIS SOIL CHICAGO IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. With the removal of the principal French mission from the first Kaskaskia, on the Upper Illinois, to the more modern village of the same name near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River, in 1700, and the establishment at the latter of whatever civil or colonial government existed in the Illinois Country for two-thirds of a century, the region about the mouth of the Chicago River ceased to occupy the prominence it had previously maintained as the gateway from Canada to the Mississippi Valley. This result was hastened by the settlements, within the same period, about the mouth of the Missis- sippi, and the increased frequency of communi- cation between the French villages about Kas- kaskia with the settlements on the Gulf Coast by way of the Mississippi River. Accordingly little note was taken by chroniclers of the time, for nearly a century, of the region about where Chicago now stands. Nevertheless the name Chicago, with its varied orthography, continued to be recognized on the various maps issued during the eighteenth century, including the Senex map (1710), the De Lisle map (1718), the Poples map (1733), the Bowen maps (1752 and 1774), the D'Anville map (1755), the Du Pratz map (1757), the Bowles and Winter- botham maps (1783), and the Carey map (1801). The place also received occasional mention, during this period, from the few traders and travelers who visite'd this region at long intervals. Father Pinet, whom St. Cosme found at the Chicago mission in 1699, died at his post in 1704, although the mission was maintained for a number of years, possibly as late as 1712, as it is mentioned in a letter 626 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. written from Kaskaskia by Father Marest dur- ing that year. It was during the year just mentioned that the "Illinois Country," as far north as the Illinois River, was attached by the French Government to Louisiana for govern- mental purposes, while the lake region was left in nominal connection with Canada. Thus the locality about the head of Lake Michigan, owing to its distance from the center of governmental authority, was left practically without any organized government, and was probably sel- dom, if ever, visited by any representative of the Canadian Government. The absorption of interest on the part of the French nation in the establishment and development of colonies on the Mississippi, and, at a later date, by the wars with the Iroquois, which threatened French supremacy in all the Northwest, left the region about the head of Lake Michigan in practical eclipse. Fort St. Louis (on Starved Rock) was abandoned as a military post in 1702, and, a few years later, the frequent incursions of the Iroquois from the east and the Foxes from the north, compelled the remnant of the Illinois, who had made their headquarters about the "Rock" for so many years, to join the rest of their tribe on the Mississippi, while the Miamis retired to the southcc^t, leaving the region about the head of Lake Michigan virtually depopulated of the original occupants of the soil, and even leading to the abandonment of the missionary stations. Charlevoix, the French traveler and historian, who visited the Illinois Country in 1721, says of this period: "The Outagamies (Foxes) infested with their robberies and murders not only the neighbor- hood of the Bay (Green Bay), but almost all the routes communicating with the remote colonial posts, as well as those leading from Canada to Louisiana." In September, 1730, the struggle between the French and their Indian allies, on the one side, and the Foxes, on the other, came to a crisis in one of the most bloody battles ever fought on the soil of Illinois, resulting in the defeat of the Foxes. Some are of the opinion that this con- test occurred on Fox River, near Piano in Ken- dall County. Another event of like character was a great battle between the Illinois confeder- ation and their Indian enemies, in 1769, which is said by some authorities to have occurred about where Blue Island now stands. This may have been the beginning or the precursor of the tragedy which had its climax at "Starved Rock," the same year, when the followers of Pontiac, consisting of several northern tribes, seeking revenge for the murder of their leader, besieged the remnant of different bands of the Illinois on "the Rock" for twelve days, finally capturing that stronghold and virtually exter- minating its defenders. Of the outcome of that famous struggle, Moses, in his "History of Illi- nois," says: "Only one, a half-breed, escaped to tell the tale. Their tragic fate and whitening bones, which were to be seen years afterward upon its summit, gave to this noted location the name of the 'Starved Rock,' which it has ever since borne." (See "Pontiac" and "Starved Rock," Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) There is a tradition that the Spaniards, who made the march across the Illinois Country for the purpose of capturing Fort St. Joseph at the mouth of the St. Joseph's River, in the present State of Indiana, in 1781, encamped on the present site of the city of Chicago, although this would have required a considerable diver- gence from a straight line towards the point of their destination. Captain Andreas, in his "History of Early Chicago," commenting upon the isolation of Chicago during the eighteenth century, says: "After the Foxes came the Pottawatomies, who finally almost exterminated the old allies of the French, and the Chicago route, for- merly so often traversed by French mission- aries and traders on their way to the Illinois and Mississippi, was, as before stated, for- saken, if not forgotten. . . . For nearly half a century the name of Chicago is not men- tioned, and there is no record of any visit of a white man to the locality. Du Pratz, an old French writer and a resident of Louisi- ana from 1718 to 1734, says of the 'Chicagou' and Illinois route in 1757: 'Such as come from Canada, and have business only in Illi- nois, pass that way yet; but such as want to go directly to the sea, go down the river of the Wabache to the Ohio, and from thence into the Mississippi.' He predicts also that, unless 'some curious person shall go to the north of the Illinois in search of mines,' where they are said to be in great numbers and very rich, that region 'will not soon come to the knowledge of the French.' " The "mines" referred to were, no doubt, those belonging to what was known as the "Galena Lead Mine Region" in the early part of the last HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 627 century, of the character and richness of which the French had probably received exaggerated reports from the Indians. CHAPTER V. STORY OF A LAND DEAL. FIRST TRANSACTION AFFECTING CHICAGO REAL ESTATE PRINCIPAL PART OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS BOUGHT FOR FIVE SHILLINGS AND CERTAIN "GOODS AND MERCHANDISE" CESSION OF LANDS BY THE INDIANS UNDER TREATY OF GREENVILLE TRACT SIX MILKS SQUARE AT MOUTH OF CHI- CAGO RIVER CEDED TO THE UNITED STATES GOV- ERNMENT SITE OF EARLY FRENCH FORT IN DOUBT. A story of curious interest in connection with the early history of Chicago, relates to the alleged purchase from the Indians, before the Revolutionary War, by one William Murray, of a tract of land embracing a large part of the State of Illinois, including the site of the City of Chicago. According to this story, as told by Murray himself, his negotiations were conducted with the chiefs of the several tribes of the Illi- nois Indians, in the presence of the British officers and authorities stationed at Kaskaskia, in the summer of 1773. Two tracts appear to have been involved in this transaction, one of them (the northern) being described in the deed, as quoted in Hurlbut's "Antiquities of Chicago," as follows: "Beginning at a place or point in a direct line opposite to the mouth of the Missouri River; thence up the Mississippi by the sev- eral courses thereof to the mouth of the Illi- nois River about six leagues, be the same more or less; and then up the Illinois River by the several courses thereof, to Chicagou or Garlick Creek, about ninety leagues or thereabouts, be the same more or less; then nearly a northerly (probably westerly) course, in a direct line to a certain place remarkable, being the ground on which an engagement or battle was fought, about forty or fifty years ago, between the Pewaria (Peoria) and Renard (Fox) Indians, about fifty leagues, be the same more or less; thence by the same course in a direct line to two remarkable hills close together in the middle of a large prairie or plain about fourteen leagues, be the same more or less; thence a north of east course in a direct line to a remarkable spring known by the Indians by the name of Foggy Springs, about fourteen leagues, be the same more or less; thence the same course in a direct line to a great moun- tain to the northward of the White Buffaloe plain, about fifteen leagues, be the same more or less; thence nearly a southwest course in a direct line to the place of beginning about forty leagues, be the same more or less." Making due allowance for apparent typo- graphical errors in points of compass in this pretended deed, as handed down to us through a period of two and a quarter centuries, in spite of an evident attempt to adhere to the use of specific legal terms then in vogue, it is doubt- ful if the tract intended to be conveyed could have been satisfactorily traced at that time or any other: certainly such a feat would be impossible at the present day. There may have been a purpose on the part of the purchasers, however, in the lack of definiteness in describ- ing the boundaries, the chief object being to establish a sort of claim to as large a territory as possible. Almost the only points now dis- tinctly understood from the so-called "deed," as given, are the facts that the southern limit of the tract was opposite the mouth of the Missouri, that it extended north along the east bank of the Mississippi and the Illinois, and reached the mouth of the "Garlick Creek," embracing the site of the present city of Chi- cago. Not the least curious circumstance in connection with this early land transaction, is that the "consideration" for the transfer of this tract is said to have been "the sum of five shil- lings, to them (the Indians) in hand paid," and certain "goods and merchandise." The items embraced in the "merchandise" part of the "consideration" are described as follows: "260 strouds, 250 blankets, 250 shirts, 150 pairs of strouds and half-thick stockings, 150 stroud breech-cloths, 500 pounds of gunpowder, 4,000 pounds of lead, one gross of knives, 30 pounds of vermilion, 2,000 gun-flints, 200 pounds of brass kettles, 200 pounds of tobacco, three dozen gilt looking-glasses, one gross of gun-worms, 628 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. two gross of awls, one gross of fire-steels, 16 dozen of gartering, 10,000 pounds of flour, 500 bushels of Indian corn, 12 horses, 12 horned cattle, 20 bushels of salt and 20 guns" the receipt whereof was acknowledged, though it is doubtful if the articles ever passed out of the hands of the alleged land purchasers. Out of this curious transaction appears to have grown the attempt to organize the "Illi- nois Land Company," composed of Englishmen, but later (in 1780 the Revolutionary War, in the meantime, having been in progress for several years) reorganized as an American company at Philadelphia. This claim was brought before the Continental Congress in 1781, in an attempt to secure its recognition by a proffer to cede the land to the United States on condition that one-fourth of the claim be reconveyed to the company; but it was fin- ally rejected on the ground that private per- sons, without previous authority obtained from the Government, could not obtain a valid title to lands from the Indians. Attempts were made to revive the claim before Congress in 1792 and 1797, but with the same result as in 1781. (H. U. HurlbuVs "Chicago Antiquities.") The next land transaction involving the title to the site of the present City of Chicago, though not embracing quite so large a terri- tory as that claimed under the Murray pur- chase, proved of less questionable legality and more permanently effective. This was the result of what is known as the Greenville Treaty, concluded on August 3, 1795, by Gen. Anthony Wayne, with representatives of twelve Indian tribes then occupying most of the Terri- tory Northwest of the Ohio River being the direct outcome of Gen. Wayne's decisive vic- tory gained over the Indians at the Battle of Maumee Rapids, in August of the previous year. The tribes especially interested in this treaty, as it affected Illinois territory, were the Pot- tawatomies, Miamis, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Kaskaskias, the first named being then the principal claimants to land about the south- western shore of Lake Michigan, including the mouth of the Chicago River. Among the ces- sions granted by this treaty were sixteen special grants (or reservations), embracing tracts vary- ing in area from two to twelve miles square, each, three of which were within the present limits of the State of Illinois. One of these related to a tract six miles square at the mouth of the Chicago River; another to a tract twelve miles square at or near the mouth of the Illi- nois, and the third to a plat six miles square embracing the fort and village at the lower end of Peoria Lake, then called Illinois Lake. The terms of the grant, as it applied to the tract about the mouth of the Chicago River, were as follows: "One piece of land six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicago River, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Mich- igan, where a fort formerly stood." The fort here referred to is generally assumed to have been that mentioned in the earlier part of this history as being under the command of Colonel Durantaye between 1685 and 1700, and there was probably as much doubt at the date of the Greenville Treaty about its actual location as at the present day. For reasons of policy, perhaps, rather than regard for the actual truth of history, the region about the mouth of what is now known as the Chicago River, appears to have been settled upon as the location of this reservation, and this was accepted by the Indians, and here the erection of old Fort Dear- born by Capt. William Whistler was begun in 1803. In reference to the early French fort, sup- posed to be the one alluded to in the Treaty of Greenville, Andreas' "History' of Early Chi- cago" says: "What this fort was, or by whom erected, is now chiefly matter of conjecture. In 1718, James Logan, an agent of Governor Keith, of Pennsylvania, was sent to explore some of the routes to the Mississippi. Among others he reports as to the route by way of the River Chicagou as follows: " 'From Lake Huron they pass by the Strait of Michilimakina four leagues, being two in breadth and of a great depth, to the Lake Illi- noise; thence 150 leagues to Fort Miamis, sit- uated at the mouth of the River Chicagou. This fort is not regularly garrisoned.' "About this time, or shortly after, the fort was probably entirely abandoned. At all events, at the time of the Treaty of Green- ville, the oldest Indians then living had no recollection of a fort ever having been at that place." The doubtfulness as to the exact location of the fort mentioned by James Logan, in the above quotation from his report, is all the greater in view of the fact that the "Fort of the Miamis" was the name given to the first fort Pub X_ Eng Chico-gc HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 629 erected by LaSalle, in the winter of 1679-80, at the mouth of the St. Joseph River which, for a time, bore the name of the "Chicagou." While this could scarcely have been the fort alluded to by Logan in 1718. it is barely possible that the name of La'Salle's fort may have been transferred to that occupied by Durantaye in 1685, and which there is reason to believe was maintained until after 1700. CHAPTER VI. SETTLEMENT OF CHICAGO. CHICAGO'S FIRST PERMANENT SETTLER A SAN DOMINGO NEGRO COLONEL DE PEYSTER'S DESCRIPTION OF JEAN BAPTISTE POINTE DE SAIBLE CHICAGO THEN KNOWN AS "ESCHI- KACOU" LE MAI, A FRENCH TRADER, SUCCEEDS POINTE DE SAIBLE OTHER EARLY SETTLERS ANT01NE OUILMETTE COMES IN 1790 CHICAGO PREVIOUS TO THE BUILDING OF FORT DEARBORN. Even at an earlier date than the Treaty of Greenville, what has come to be accepted as the first permanent settlement had been made on the site of the present city of Chicago. The name connected with this important event is that of Jean Baptiste Pointe de Saible (or, as written by some, AuSable), and his history gives to the circumstance an air of romance. The earliest mention made of him in history is found in a volume of "Miscellanies" written by Col. Arent Schuyler DePeyster, a British officer, who had been assigned to the command of the British post at Mackinac in 1774, where he remained several years. In his "Miscellanies," under date of July 4, 1779, appears the follow- ing entry: "Baptiste Pointe de Saible, a hand- some negro, well settled at Eschikagou, but much in the French interest." Elsewhere in the same volume Colonel DePeyster writes: "Eschikagou is a river and fort at the head ot Lake Michigan." There is evidence that the river here referred to was the Chicago River of to-day, and it would seem that there was a fort of some sort here at that time, though its character and exact location are left in doubt. From other sources of information it would appear that Pointe de Saible was a native of San Domingo who had come to this country before or during the early years of the Revolutionary War, and, after spending some time with a friend and fellow-countryman named Glamor- gan, who was a trader among the Peoria Indi- ans about Lake Peoria, had come to the locality of Chicago probably as early as 1778. It has also been assumed in some quarters that he had been a slave. However this may have been, his color has suggested the facetious paradox that "the first white settler of Chicago was a negro." Another interesting circumstance developed by Colonel DePeyster's reminiscence is the fact that, among the score or more of different spellings given to the name of Chi- cago in the hundred years following the visits of Marquette and LaSalle, was that of "Eschi- kagou." The story of Pointe de Saible's presence here at this early day is corroborated by the state- ment of Augustin Grignon, obtained in the form of an interview in 1857, and published in the third volume of the "Wisconsin Historical Society's Collections." Grignon belonged to a pioneer family of Wisconsin, being the grand- son of Sieur Charles de Langlade, who is cred- ited with having been the first permanent white settler in Wisconsin, where he located about 1735 after having served in the French-Indian War. At the time of making this statement, Mr. Grignon was a resident of Butte des Morts, near Oshkosh, Wis. He says: "At a very early period there was a negro lived there (at Chicago) named Baptiste Pointe de Saible. My brother Perish Grig- non visited Chicago about 1794, and told me that Pointe de Saible was a large man; that he had a commission for some office, but for what particular office, or from what govern- ment, I cannot now recollect. He was a trader, pretty wealthy and drank freely. I know not what became of him." All that is known of Pointe de Saible's later history is, that about 1796 he sold or aban- doned his cabin which was probably also his headquarters for trade with the Pottawatomies when it fell into the hands of a French trader named LeMai, Pointe de Saible rejoining his old friend and comrade Glamorgan, at Peoria, and dying there soon after. There is a tradition that, while about Chicago, he sought to place himself at the head of the Potta- 630 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. watomies as their chief, but in this was doomed to disappointment. His house, which seems to have been a better building than the ordi- nary cabins of that day, is said to have been constructed of "squared logs," and located on the north side of the Chicago River about the present junction of Kinzie and Pine streets. This cabin had an important history. After being occupied as a home and trading house some eight years, it was sold by LeMai, in 1804, to John Kinzie, who came to this locality soon after the erection of Fort Dearborn, and became the first permanent settler of the metropolis of the Northwest. (See Pointe de Saible Hist, Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) Besides LeMai, who succeeded Pointe de Saible, there appear to have been settled about the mouth of the Chicago River, during the closing years of the eighteenth century, several other white men, most, if not all, of whom were Indian traders with Indian wives and half-breed families. One of these was a French trader named Guarie, whose location was on the west side of the North Branch near its junction with the South Branch, and from whom the former received the name of Guarie (or Garay) Creek, by which it was known about that time. The date of Guarie's arrival and the length of his stay here are unknown. Another early resident was Antoine Ouilmette, also a trader, who, according to his own statement, came here in 1790, was here at the date of the Fort Dear- born massacre of 1812 and as late as 1825. In 1839 he was living at Racine, Wis. The suburb known as Wilmette, just north of Evans- ton, with an Anglicized spelling, was named in his honor. There was also another Frenchman named Pettell here at this time, but of whom little is known. These substantially included all who were located about the mouth of the Chicago River at the time the erection of the first Fort Dearborn was begun in 1803, although, no doubt, traders, trappers and explor- ers were accustomed to make brief sojourns here during that period. The Hon. John Went- worth, who came to Chicago in 1836 when the history of that era was still fresh in the mem- ories of the older settlers, in an address deliv- ered on occasion of the unveiling of a tablet to mark the site of the old Fort Dearborn, said of the condition existing at Chicago at the time work on the fort was begun: "There were then here but four rude huts, or traders' cabins, occupied by white men, Canadian French with Indian wives." These were doubtless the men whose names have already been quoted. During this early period one William Bur- nett seems to have been conducting an extensive business among the Indians between Detroit and Mackinac. His headquarters appear to have been at St. Joseph, Michigan, from 1786 to 1803, although he is believed to have located in Michigan as early as 1769. Like most of the Indian traders of his time he had an Indian wife the sister of a prominent Pottawatomie chief and reared a half-breed family. For a part of the time, probably as early as 1798, he is reputed to have had a storage or trading house at Chicago, though earlier conducting his busi- ness at St. Joseph, which was a more promi- nent trading post than Chicago. After the Fort Dearborn massacre in 1812, Captain Heald (who had been commander of the fort) , together with his wife, found a temporary refuge at the home of Mr. Burnett before giving himself up to the British commandant at Mackinac. CHAPTER VII. STORY OF FORT DEARBORN. BUILDING OF THE FIRST FORT BEGUN BY CAPTAIN WHISTLER IN 1803 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL FORTRESS ARRIVAL OF THE KINZIE FAMILY OTHER NEWCOMERS THE KIN- ZIES OCCUPY THE LEMAI CABIN DR. ALEXANDER WOLCOTT AND GEN. DAVID HUNTER CHARLES JOUETT, INDIAN AGENT AND "CHICAGO'S FIRST LAWYER" MRS. j. H. KINZIE'S "WAUBUN" A PRECURSOR OF DISASTER THE HARDSCRABBLE MASSACRE. Mention has already been made of the reser- vation of a tract of land six miles square, at the mouth of the Chicago River, in accordance with the terms of the Treaty of Greenville, in 1795. Although this indicated the purpose of the Government to establish some sort of a military post here, and this seems to have been under consideration as early as 1798, it was not until 1803 that actual steps were taken in that direction. In the summer of the latter year Capt. John Whistler, of the regular army, was HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 631 ordered to proceed with his company from Detroit to the mouth of the Chicago River and erect a fortification there. Captain Whistler, accompanied by his family, including his son, Lieut. William Whistler, of the same company, and the young wife of the latter (aged seven- teen years), bringing with him supplies for the new garrison, made the trip from Detroit on board the United States schooner "Tracy" to the mouth of the St. Joseph's River, and thence by row-boat to Chicago. The date of his arrival at the latter place has been given as July 4, 1803. The remainder of the com- pany came overland under command of Lieut. James S. Swearingen. The arrival of the troops, with that of the schooner which soon after followed from St. Joseph, was an event of deep interest to the numerous bands of Indians either gathered about the two or three trading houses then located here, or attracted by the novel scenes they had come to witness. Captain Whistler at once began the construc- tion of the fort or stockade which was neces- sary for the housing and protection of his troops the soldiers, in the absence of teams of any sort, dragging the needed timbers from the woods in the immediate vicinity. Accord- ing to the statement of the younger Mrs. Whist- ler, who was a visitor in Chicago in 1875, there were here at that time only "fouir rude huts, or traders' cabins, occupied by white men, Can- adian French with Indian wives." (The names of the occupants of these huts have already been given under the head of "Early Settlers.") The structure stood on the south side of the Chicago River, about the foot of Michigan Ave- nue opposite the south end of the Rush Street bridge, and a short distance west of where the river then made a bend to the southward before entering the lake where the foot of Madison Street now is. Although its construction was begun in 1803, the fort was not completed until the following year. As originally constructed it consisted of two block-houses located at opposite angles (.northwestern and southeastern) of a strong wooden stockade, with the commandant's head- quarters on the east side of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the west, and magazine, contractor's (or sutler's) store and general store-house on the north the whole built of logs, and all, except the block-houses which commanded the outside of the stockade, being entirely within the enclosure. There were two main entrances one on the south or land side, and the other on the north or water side, where a sunken road led down to the river, giving access to the water without exposure to a besieging force from without. The armament consisted of three pieces of light artillery, besides the small arms in the hands of the soldiers constituting the garrison. Captain Whistler remained in command of the garri- son until the early part of 1811, when he was succeeded by Capt. Nathan Heald. There has been some discussion regarding the name which the post first received, yet there seems to be no doubt that it was first named Fort Dearborn, in honor of Gen. Henry Dearborn, who was Secre- tary of War at the time it was constructed ; and this was the name by which it was known at the time of the massacre and its destruction by the Indians in 1812 an event which will be the subject of comment later on in this narra-. tive. (See Whistler, John, and Fort Dearborn Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) The most important event in local history about Chicago, following the establishment of the garrison at Fort Dearborn, was the arrival here, in the early spring of 1804, of John Kin- zie, who had previously been engaged in trade with the Indians at Detroit and, later on, about St. Joseph, Mich. Mr. Kinzie had learned the trade of a silver-smith in his youth at Quebec, and had made himself useful to the Indians in repairing their guns and trinkets, besides becoming widely known as a popular trader. He was known among the Indians by the name of "Shaw-nee-aw-kee" (The "Silver-man") which, at a later date, descended to his son, Col. John H. Kinzie, who, in the early '30s, was Sub-Agent for the Winnebago Indians, with headquarters at Fort Winnebago, Wis. (See Kinzie, John, and Kinzie, John Harris. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) The elder Kinzie brought with him his family consisting of his wife and the son just named, the latter an infant less than one year old. The maiden name of Mrs. Kinzie was Eleanor Lytle, but at the date of her marriage to Kinzie (about 1800) she was the widow of a British officer named McKillip, who had been killed by accident at Fort Defiance, in the present State of Ohio, in 1794. On his removal to Fort Dearborn, Mr. Kinzie purchased from the French trader, Le Mai, the cabin originally occupied by Pointe de Saible, located on the north shore of the Chi- cago River opposite the fort. Here he followed 632 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. his vocation as a silversmith, sutler for Fort Dearborn and trader among the Indians, in after years becoming an agent of the American Fur Company, organized in the early part of the last century by John Jacob Astor. A mem- ber of Mr. Kinzie's own family has been quoted' as authority for the statement that he had the position of sutler when he came to Fort Dear- born, which is highly probable, as he appears to have been an intimate friend of Captain Whist- ler, and at a later date, had a son of the latter as a partner in business. The Pointe de Saible and LeMai cabin, hav- ing been improved and enlarged, became widely known throughout the Northwest as "The Kinzie Mansion," and many men of national reputation were entertained there during the first quarter of the century. The fact that Mr. Kinzie continued to be a resident of the vicinity for the remainder of his life except for a few years following the Fort Dearborn massacre and reared here a family who were prominently identified with Chicago history after the place became a city, won for him the title of the first permanent white settler of Chicago. Besides the elder son, John H. Kin- zie, already named, who was born at Sandwich, Canada, in 1803, his descendants included Ellen Marion Kinzie, born in December, 1805 after- wards became the wife of Dr. Alexander Wol- cott, for many years Indian Agent at Chicago; Maria Indiana Kinzie, born in 1807 became the wife of Gen. David Hunter, a distinguished soldier of the Civil War; and Robert Allen Kin- zie, born at Fort Dearborn in 1810. Mrs. Juli- ette A. (Magill) Kinzie, the gifted author of early reminiscences of Chicago and the North- west under the title of "Waubun," was the wife of Col. John H. Kinzie, to whom she was mar- ried at Middletown, Conn., in 1830, going imme- diately to Fort Winnebago, Wis., where, as already stated, he had charge of the Indian Agency. In the eight years following the erection of P'ort Dearborn there were few changes of which any record has been preserved, although there is reason to suppose that there were the usual excitements incident to life about a fron- tier military station, varied only by communica- tion, at long intervals, with the older settle- ments, and not infrequent visits from noisy bands of Indians who came to trade, but remained to carry on their drunken revels. Doubtless there were few arrivals of white men during this period, except of those employed in some official capacity, or of traders seeking to extend their traffic with the Indians. Among the former class was Charles Jouett, who had, been educated as a lawyer in Virginia, but came to Detroit in 1802 to serve as Indian Agent by appointment of President Jefferson, and, three years later (1805), was transferred in the same capacity, to Fort Dearborn, remain- ing until 1811, when he resigned. The year previous to the rebuilding of Fort Dearborn in 1816, Mr. Jouett resumed his old position as Indian Agent at Chicago, but about 1820 again resigned and, for a time, was Judge of the United States Court for the Territory of Arkansas. In consequence of his training as a lawyer he has been accredited the honor of being "Chicago's first lawyer," though it is doubtful if, apart from his official duties as Indian Agent, his legal qualifications were ever called into requisition. Mr. Jouett took a prominent part in negotiating several impor- tant treaties with the Indians during his' con- nection with the agency at Detroit and that at Chicago. The first Agency Building or "United States Factory," as it was also called occupied by Mr. Jouett, is said to have stood west of the fort and just outside of the palisade. It is believed to have been erected about 1810, and is described by Mrs. Kinzie in "Waubun" as "an old-fashioned log-building, with a hall running through the center, and one large room on each side. Piazzas extended the whole length of the building in front and rear." On Mr. Jouett's return to Chicago in 1815 he occupied quarters on the north side of the river about where the freight depot of the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railroad now stands. His house is believed to have been in existence before the massacre. At a later date another building for the Agency was erected in the immediate vicinity of the latter, and this became somewhat famous under the name of "Cobweb Castle," but was never occupied by Mr. Jouett. (See Jouett, Charles. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) During this period (i. e., between 1804 and 1812) two other settlers are known to have been located in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn. One of these was John Burns, who occupied a cabin on the north side west of the Ouilmette home, and was living there with his family a few months before the massacre. The Burns house is conjectured to have been the one occupied by HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 633 Mr. Jouett as an Agency building on the re-es- tablishment of the Agency here in 1815. The other new settler was one Charles Lee, who is believed to have come soon after the establish- ment of Fort Dearborn, and erected a cabin on the lake shore near the fort, where he resided with his family. Lee had begun to open a farm on the South Branch, some four miles from its mouth, about where Bridgeport stood at a later day, but now within the limits of the city of Chicago. This farm, at an early day, bore the name of "Lee's place," and later was known as "Hardscrabble." It was at this place during the spring of 1812 that occurred an event which proved a pre- curser of the disaster which was to follow, a few months later, at Fort Dearborn. What has been generally accepted as a substantially accu- rate history of this affair has been given by Mrs. Kinzie, in her story entitled "Waubun." On the date of this event there happened to be at Lee's place three men and a boy one of the former being Liberty White, the manager, and the latter the son of Mr. Lee. Mrs. Kinzie's story runs as follows : "In the afternoon (April 6, 1812), a party of ten or twelve Indians, dressed and painted, arrived at the Lee house, and, according to their custom, entered and seated themselves without ceremony. Something in their appearance and manner excited the suspicions of one of the family, a Frenchman (named Debou), who remarked: 'I don't like the looks of these Indians they are none of our folks. . . . They are not Pottawato- mies.' Another of the family, a discharged soldier, said to the boy: 'If this is the case, we had better get away if we can. Say noth- ing, but do as you see me do.' "As the afternoon was far advanced, the soldier walked leisurely towards the canoes tied near the bank. The Indians asked where he was going. He pointed to the cattle which were standing among the haystacks on the opposite bank, and made signs that they must go and fodder them, and then they would return and get their supper. He got into one canoe and the boy into the other. . . . When they gained the opposite side they pulled some hay for the cattle . . . and when they had gradually made a circuit so that their movements were concealed by the haystacks, they took to the woods and made for the fort. They had run a quarter of a mile when they heard the discharge of two guns successively. . . . They stopped not nor stayed until they arrived opposite Burns' place (about the State Street bridge), where they called across to warn the family of the danger, and then hastened on to the fort. . . . "A party of soldiers, consisting of a cor- poral and six men, had, that afternoon, obtained leave to go up the river to fish. They had not returned when the fugitives from Lee's place arrived at the fort. . . . The commanding officer ordered a cannon to be fired to warn them of their danger. Hearing the signal, they took the hint, put out their torches and dropped down the river toward the garrison as silently as possible. . . . When the fishing party reached Lee's place it was proposed to stop and warn the inmates. . . . All was still as death around the house. They groped their way along and, as the corporal jumped over the small enclos- ure, he placed his hand on the dead body of a man. By the sense of touch he soon ascer- tained that the head was without a scalp and was otherwise mutilated. The faithful dog of the murdered man stood guarding the remains of his master. They retreated to their canoes and reached the fort unmolested about eleven o'clock at night. The next morning a party of citizens and soldiers vol- unteered to go to Lee's place. . . . The body of Mr. White was found pierced by two balls and with eleven stabs in the breast. The Frenchman lay dead with his dog still beside him. Their bodies were brought to the fort and buried in its immediate vicinity. "It was subsequently ascertained from trad- ers out in the Indian country, that the per- petrators of this bloody deed were a party of Winnebagos who had come into this neigh- borhood to 'take some white scalps..' Their plan had been to proceed down the river from Lee's place and kill every white man without the walls of the fort. Hearing, how- ever, the report of the cannon, and not know- ing what it portended, they thought it best to remain satisfied with this one exploit, and forthwith retreated to their homes on Rock River." This affair produced general alarm among the inhabitants outside of the fort, consisting 634 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. chiefly of a few discharged soldiers and a few traders with their half-breed families, who now entrenched themselves in the Agency House near the fort. No immediate attack was made, and, with the exception of the appearance of skulking parties of Indians in the vicinity, for the purpose of picking off straggling soldiers or stealing horses, no hostile demonstration against the fort occurred for over three months. CHAPTER VIII. FORT DEARBORN MASSACRE. BEGINNING OF WAR OF 1812 GENERAL HULL ORDERS EVACUATION OF FORT DEARBORN STATEMENT OF CAPTAIN HEALD A STORY OF INDIAN TREACH- ERY LOCATION OF THE GREAT TRAGEDY: INCI- DENTS OF THE BLOODY AFFAIR AS RELATED IN MRS. KINZIE'S "WAUBUN" MAGNANIMOUS CONDUCT OF CHIEF BLACK PARTRIDGE THE STORY OF MRS. HELM VALOR OF CAPT. WILLIAM WELLS AND HIS TRAGIC FATE. Before the close of the summer of 1812 occurred the most bloody tragedy in the history of Illinois, which, only three years preceding, had been organized under a Territorial Gov- ernment, although Chicago, as a city, was not yet in existence even in embryo. War between England and the United States had been declared on June 18th of this year and, on July 16th, Fort Mackinac surrendered to the British. The situation was calculated to arouse the ani- mosity of the Indians, who had already mani- fested their friendship for the British, and were watching their opportunity to give vent to their hatred against the Americans. The account of what followed is drawn from the statement of Capt. Nathan Heald, the com- mandant at Fort Dearborn, and the story of the massacre as told by Mrs. Juliette A. Kinzie in "Waubun" : On June 9, 1812, a friendly Pottawatomie Chief, named Winnemeg, arrived at Fort Dear- born bringing dispatches from General Hull, then of Detroit, but in command of the North- west, instructing Captain Heald, the command- ant at Fort Dearborn, in consideration of the fall of Mackinac, to evacuate the fort and pro- ceed with his command by land to Detroit. According to a statement of Captain Heald, pub- lished a few months later, the order for evacu- ation was positive, only leaving it to his dis- cretion to dispose of the public property as he saw proper. Other authorities, including a let- ter from General Hull of an earlier date than his order to Heald, imply that the latter was authorized to exercise his own judgment in ref- erence to the matter of evacuation. Captain Heald's statement continues: "The neighboring Indians got the informa- tion as early as I did, and came in from all quarters in order to receive the goods in the factory store, which they understood were to be given them. On the 13th, Captain Wells, of Fort Wayne, arrived with about thirty Miamis, for the purpose of escorting us in by the request of General Hull. On the 14th I delivered the Indians all the goods in the factory store, and a considerable quantity of provisions which we could not take away with us; the surplus and ammunition I thought proper to destroy, fearing they would make bad use of 'it if put in their possession. I also destroyed all the liquor on hand soon after they began to collect. The collection was unusually large for that place, but they conducted with the strictest propriety till after I left the fort. On the 15th, at nine in the morning we commenced our march; a part of the Miamis were detached in front and the remainder in our rear as guards, under the direction of Captain Wells. The situation of the country rendered it necessary for us to take to the beach, with the lake on our left and a high sand-bank on our right hand about 100 yards distant. "We had proceeded about a mile and a half, when it was discovered that the Indians were prepared to attack us from behind the bank. I immediately marched up with the company to the top of the bank, when the action com- menced; after firing one round we charged, and the Indians gave way in front and joined those on our flanks. In about fifteen minutes they got possession of all our horses, pro- visions and baggage of every description; and, finding the Miamis did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had left and took possession of a small elevation in the open prairie, out of shot of the bank or any other HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 635 cover. The Indians did not follow me but assembled in a body, on the top of the bank and, after some consultation among them- selves, made signs for me to approach them. I advanced toward them alone, and was met by one of the Pottawatomie chiefs, called the "Black Bird," with an interpreter. After shaking hands, he requested me to surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the pris- oners. On a few moments' consideration, I concluded it would be most prudent to com- ply, although I did not put entire confidence in his promise. After delivering up our arms, we were taken to their encampment near the fort and distributed among the different tribes. The next morning they set fire to the fort and left the place, taking the prisoners with them. Their number of warriors was between four and five hundred, mostly of the Pottawatomie nation, and their loss, from the best information I could get, was; about fif- teen. Our strength was 54 regulars and 12 militia, out of which 26 regulars and all the militia were killed in the action, with two women and twelve children. Ensign George Roman and Dr. Isaac V. Van Voorhis of my company, with Captain Wells, of Fort Wayne, are, to my great sorrow, numbered among the dead. Lieut. Lina T. Helm, with 25 non- commissioned officers and privates and eleven women and children, were prisoners when we were captured. Mrs. Heald and myself were taken to the mouth of the river St. Joseph, and, being both badly wounded, were permit- ted to reside with Mr. Burnett, an Indian trader. In a few days after our arrival there, the Indians all went off to take Fort Wayne, and in their absence I engaged a Frenchman to take us to Mackinac by water, where I gave myself up as a prisoner of war, with one of my sergeants."* The exact location where the battle and mas- sacre of the 15th of August, 1812, occurred has been matter of Interesting speculation, although, from contemporary descriptions of the event and the reminiscences of citizens who arrived at Chicago a few years later, it has been possible to locate the site with reasonable accuracy. While the operations of the troops from the fort and the attacking force of Indians must have covered considerable ground, the best informed authorities seem to have settled upon the space near the lake shore between Eight- eenth and Twenty-first streets as the probable scene of the fight. An elm tree which, until a few years ago, stood on the premises of the late George M. Pullman, near the foot of Eighteenth street, has been accepted as the historical point ; and here Mr. Pull- man erected, in 1893, a monument in commemoration of the event. Other statements including that of Mrs. Kiii- zie, who undoubtedly obtained her account indirectly from the elder Mr. Kinzie through the widow and other members of the family of the latter differ materially from that made by Captain Heald. According to the history of the affair as told by Mrs. Kinzie, Winnemeg, the Pottawatomie Chief who had brought the order from General Hull to Captain Heald, when informed of its purport, strongly advised against evacuation; but, in case this step should be decided upon, urged that it be taken without delay. Mr. Kinzie who, from long residence among the Indians, was well acquainted with their temper and character, seems to have been in thorough accord with Winnemeg's opinion. It is also claimed that the subordinate officers strongly protested against Captain Heald's pro- posed line of action, while the Indians them- selves had begun to manifest an unruly and dangerous spirit even before the work of evacu- ation began. An incident indicating the condition of affairs existing among the Indians, as well as illustrating the honorable character of at least one of their number, is related by Mrs. Kinzie in the volume ("Wau-bun") already referred to in this history. Mrs. Kinzie relates this inci- dent as follows: "Among the chiefs were several who, although they shared the general hostile feel- ing of their tribe toward the Americans, yet retained a personal regard for the troops at this post, and for the few white citizens of the place. These chiefs exerted their utmost influence to allay the revengeful feelings of the young men, and to avert their sanguin- ary designs, but without effect. On the even- ing succeeding the council Black Partridge, a conspicuous chief, entered the quarters of the commanding officer (Captain Heald). 'Father,' said he, 'I come to deliver up to you the medal I wear. It was given to me by the Americans, and I have long worn it in token of our mutual friendship. But our young men are resolved to imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites. I cannot restrain them, and I will not wear a token of peace while I am compelled to act as an enemy.' " While this can only be supposed to indicate the substance of Black Partridge's speech, it furnishes proof that Captain Heald had abun- dant evidence, in advance, of the hostile feel- 636 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing in existence among the savages. Black Partridge had long been a friend of the whites, and the medal which he then proposed to sur- render is said to have been given him by Gen- eral Wayne at the time of the Treaty of Green- ville, in 1795. Before the conclusion of the tragedy at Fort Dearborn this high-minded Indian had an opportunity, in another way, to prove his magnanimity to one of the helpless victims. This incident, as related by the victim herself Mrs. Helm, the wife of Lieutenant Helm, an officer of the garrison is quoted by Mrs. Kinzie. While the fight was going on near the lake shore, a young Indian attacked Mrs. Helm, aiming to strike her on the head with his tomahawk. By springing aside she had partially avoided the blow which fell upon her shoulder, inflicting there a painful wound. What followed is thus described by Mrs. Helm: "I seized him around the neck and, while exerting my utmost efforts to get possession of his scalping-knife, which hung in a scab- bard over his breast, I was dragged from his grasp by another and older Indian. The lat- ter bore me struggling and resisting towards the lake. I was immediately plunged into the water and held there with a forcible hand, notwithstanding my resistance. I soon perceived that the object of my captor was not to drown me, for he held me firmly in such a position as to place my head above water. This reassured me, and regarding him atten- tively I soon recognized, in spite of the paint with which he was disguised, The Black Part- ridge." While the troops generally gave evidence of the most splendid courage in their efforts to resist the assaults of the infuriated savages and protect the helpless women and children, there were numerous instances, on the part of their assailants, of those inhuman atrocities custo- mary in savage warfare. One of the most revolting of these was the deliberate murder of all the children twelve in number of the white families, who had been placed in a bag- gage wagon for convenience of transportation with the troops, while many of the wounded prisoners shared the same fate. The feeling of horror produced by the recital of these atro- cities is relieved somewhat by individual instances of humane treatment on the part of some of the Indians. Following out the story of Mrs. Helm: After the battle she was taken back to the vicinity of the fort by her pre- server, Black Partridge, and, after having been protected, for a time, by the wife of a friendly chief, was placed in charge of a French trader named Ouilmette, with a half-breed family, and either kept concealed or disguised as a French woman until it was safe to surrender her to her step-father, Mr. John Kinzie. The case of Capt. William Wells, who had arrived from Fort Wayne, two days before the evacuation, with a party of Miamis, to act as an escort for the force from Fort Dearborn, was one of deep interest. Wells, who was the uncle of Mrs. Heald, belonged to a white family of Kentucky, but having been captured by Indians at the age of twelve years, had grown up among them and adopted their mode of life. While a captive he had been adopted by the celebrated Miami Chief, Little Turtle, whose daughter he married. He took part on the side of the Indians in the war of 1790 and was pres- ent at the defeat of Colonel Harmer the same year, and that of Governor St. Clair in 1801, but later joined the whites and fought under General Wayne at Maumee Rapids. Having settled near Fort Wayne, he began to open a farm, was appointed a Justice of the Peace by Gov. William Henry Harrison, and, at the time of the evacuation of Fort Dearborn, was serving as Indian Agent. Anticipating trouble from the start, it is said that he took his place, in Indian garb and with blackened face, in com- mand of the rear guard, and was one of the first to discover the hostile intentions of the treach- erous savages. He made a most gallant resist- ance, but having his horse shot under him, was soon overpowered and fell fighting desper- ately. According to one report his head was cut off and borne upon a pole back to the fort, while his heart was cut out and eaten by the fiendish savages. Mrs. Helm and a son of Cap- tain Heald have been quoted as authority for the statement that, before receiving his death- wound, this heroic man had succeeded in kill- ing eight Indians. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 637 CHAPTER IX. AFTER THE MASSACRE. THE KINZIE FAMILY IN PERIL APPEARANCE OF "SAUGANASH" ON THE SCENE FORT DEARBORN BURNED THE KINZIES TAKE REFUGE AT ST. JOS- EPH LIEUTENANT HELM RELEASED THROUGH THE INFLUENCE OF BLACK PARTRIDGE SOME PROMINENT ACTORS SKETCHES OF THE NOTED HALF-BREEDS, ALEXANDER ROBINSON AND BILLY CALDWELL ("SAUGANASH") BLACK PARTRIDGE AGAIN PROVES HIS HUMANITY UNGRATEFUL TREATMENT OF THIS NOBLE "MAN OF THE WOODS." Mr. Kinzie, although not directly connected with the fort except as sutler and an occasional interpreter, and regarded as a lifelong friend by the Indians, determined to leave with the troops. A part of his family had taken passage on board a bateau, with which it was intended to keep along the lake shore near the moving column. The boat had reached the mouth of the river (then about where Madison Street now approaches the lake), when a friendly Indian brought intelligence of the tragedy that had just been enacted. Having been halted here, the family were guarded by friendly Indians until able to return with safety to their home opposite the fort. While the boat lay at the mouth of the river, Mrs. Kinzie's attention was directed to Mrs. Heald who, although badly wounded, was still on horseback, but a captive in the hands of an Indian who was preparing to scalp her. Through Mrs. Kinzie's appeal to Chandonai, a friendly half-breed and chief of the Pottawatomies, Mrs. Heald, by the offer of a liberal reward, was rescued from her captor and finally taken to the Kinzie home, where a bullet was extracted from one of her most dangerous wounds by Mr. Kinzie with a pen-knife. Although once more in their home, the con- dition of the Kinzie family was one of great peril and anxiety. The house was constantly exposed to invasion by hostile savages who watched the inmates with suspicion, while a few, like Black Partridge, sought to shield them from danger. At a time when even the faithful Black Partridge had lost hope, the unexpected appearance on the scene of another "friendly" had the effect to avert disaster. This part of the story, as graphically told by Mrs. J. H. Kinzie in Jier "Waubun," is as follows : "At this moment a friendly war-whoop was heard from a party of new-comers on the opposite bank of the river. Black Partridge sprang to meet their leader. 'Who are you?' 'A man. Who are you?' 'A man like your- self; but tell me who you are.' 'I am the Sauganash.' (Englishman.) 'Then make all haste to the house. Your friend is in danger; you alone can save him.' Billy Caldwell for it was he entered with a calm step and without a trace of agitation. He deliber- ately took off his accoutrements and placed them with his rifle behind the door, then saluted the hostile savages. " 'How now, my friends! A good day to you. I was told there were enemies here; but I am glad to find only friends. Why have you blackened your faces? Is it that you are mourning for the friends you lost in battle? Or is it that you are fasting? If so, ask our friend here and he will give you to eat. He is the Indians' friend, and never refused them what they had need of.' "Thus taken by surprise, the savages were ashamed to acknowledge their bloody pur- pose. They therefore said modestly that they had come to beg of their friends some white cotton to wrap their dead. This was given them with some presents and they took their departure." "Billy Caldwell" or "The Sauganash" (Eng- lishman), as he was known among the Indians was the half-breed son of a Pottawatomie woman and an Irish officer in the British army, was educated in a Jesuit school and fought on the side of the British in the war of 1812, being an aid of Tecumseh's at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. His interference for the pro- tection of the Kinzie family in 1812, seems to have been prompted purely by his personal friendship for Mr. Kinzie. The day after the massacre, Fort Dearborn and the Agency building having previously been looted, were burned by the Indians. Three days later, the Kinzie family, having been joined in the meantime by Mrs. Helm in com- pany with a few other refugees, were on the way to St. Joseph, where they found a tempo- 6 3 8 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. rary refuge with Alexander Robinson, a half- breed Pottawatomie chief, but soon after were removed as prisoners to Detroit, which had been surrendered by General Hull to the Brit- ish the day after the evacuatipn of Fort Dear- born. Lieutenant Helm, after being wounded on the day of the massacre, had been carried as a prisoner to a village on the Kankakee. Here he was discovered two months later, by Black Partridge, who, having been author- ized by Col. Thomas Forsyth, a half-brother of Mr. Kinzie, and then Indian Agent at Peoria, to negotiate for his ransom, succeeded in doing so, but not until he had added his pony, his rifle and a large gold ring which he wore in his nose, to the ransom money. The Lieuten- ant was then permitted to join his wife at Detroit and finally, after having been sub- jected to considerable hardship as prisoners under the notorious and inhuman British Col- onel Proctor, they were exchanged. A brief reference to some of the actors in this drama, who were afterwards prominent in Chicago history, will be of interest. Alexander Robinson, the half-breed Pottawatomie chief (Indian name Chee-chu-pin-quay) is said by the late Mr. Draper, Secretary of the Wisconsin. State Historical Society, to have been the son of a Scotch trader and an Ottawa woman, although the latter is believed to have had French blood in her veins. Another author speaks of him as a "half-breed Chippewa." He appears to have grown up at Mackinac (possibly was born there) and early in the last century was con- nected with a trading house at Bertrand, Mich., and, as early as 1809, visited Chicago. About the date of the evacuation of Fort Dearborn, he appears to have been living at St. Joseph, and, if not present with other members of his tribe at the time of the massacre, evidently made his appearance soon after and accompa- nied the Kinzies to his home still later taking Captain Heald to Mackinac, where the latter surrendered to the British commandant. The exact date of his locating at Chicago is un- known, but is thought to have been as early as 1814. Later he appears to have been associ- ated at different periods with Mr. Kinzie, Gur- don S. Hubbard and others in trade with the Indians. His home at an early day was on the north side about, the intersection of Dearborn Avenue and Kinzie Street, and, later, at Wolf Point, the junction of the North and South Branch. He often officiated as interpreter for the Government, and, about 1823, was employed in that capacity by the Indian Agent, Dr. Wol- cott. ^is name appears in a list of voters and tax-payers at Chicago in 1825 and 1826, and he was one of the signers of the treaty at Prairie du Chien in 1829, and of that at Chicago in 1833 was granted a reservation of two sec- tions of land on the Des Plaines and an annu- ity of $200 in 1832, and an addition to the lat- ter of $300 at the Treaty of Chicago in 1833. He is reputed to have rendered valuable ser- vice, in conjunction with Caldwell and Sha- bona, in holding his tribe in check during the "Winnebago Scare" of 1827, and again during the Black Hawk War of 1832. He assisted in removing the Indians west of the Mississippi after the Treaty of 1833, but returned and set- tled on his reservation on the Des Plaines, where he spent the remainder of his days, dying there, April 22, 1872. The inscription on his tomb-stone fixes his age at 110 years; though the late Henry H. Hurlbut, who knew Robin- son personally, thinks his age could not have exceeded 85 years, and possibly was not over 80. Capt. Billy Caldwell (Indian, "The Saugan- ash"), alluded to elsewhere as the preserver of the Kinzie family, was a native of Canada, and, although a half-breed, was fairly well edu- cated, being able to write with facility in both the English and French languages, besides being master of several Indian dialects. His devotion to the British cause was the natural result of his having grown up under British rule. From 1807 down to the battle of the Thames in 1813, he was intimately asso- ciated with the celebrated Chief Tecumseh, and known as his "secretary." In 1816 he was at Amherstburg, Can., and is believed to have located in Chicago about 1820. His wife was the daughter of a somewhat famous Indian chief named Nee-scot-nee-meg, who is said to have been one of the participants in the massacre of 1812. Caldwell was a tax- payer here in 1825, and in 1826 a voter, serving also as one of the clerks at the same election. During the latter 3 r ear he was appointed a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, to which the region now embraced in Cook Oounty was then attached. Although an office-holder and a voter under the State Government of Illinois, it appears that Caldwell never renounced his allegiance to Great Britain. In 1828, in con- sideration of his services, the Government erected a house for him on the North Side MUNSELL PUBLISHING CO CHICAGO HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 639 near the intersection of North State Street and Chicago Avenue. This house was the first frame building erected in Chicago, much of the material for it having been brought from Cleveland, Ohio. At a later period it was removed to Indiana Street, but was destroyed in the fire of 1871. At the treaty of Prairie du Chien in 1829 a reservation of two and a half sections of land on the Chicago River was set apart for Caldwell, and at Tippecanoe, in 1833, he was granted an annuity of $600. He is described by his contemporaries as "a tall, fine- looking man," of high courage and strong com- mon sense. During the troubles with the Win- nebagoes in 1827, and the Sacs and Foxes in 1832, he proved himself a faithful and efficient friend of the whites. On the departure of the Indians from Northern Illinois for their new home west of the Mississippi, in 1836, he felt it his duty to accompany them; and, after liv- ing with them five years, died at (or near) Council Bluffs, Iowa, September 28, 1841, in the 60th year of his age. "The Sauganash Hotel," a log-building erected at the corner of Lake and Market Streets, and opened as a hotel, about 1831, by Mark Beaubien, was one of the earliest and most noted hostelries in the future great city, and was* named in honor of Captain Caldwell. (See Khabona; also, Beaubien, Mark. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol I.) The Indian, Black Partridge, who had sought so faithfully to protect Mrs. Helm and the fam- ily of Mr. Kinzie, continued his kindness to tne sufferers after the massacre. One of his benevolent acts, of which mention has been made by Mrs. Kinzie, was the carrying of an infant of a Mrs. Lee to Chicago, a distance of fifty miles, in order that it might receive medi- cal treatment. Mrs. Lee was the widow of Charles Lee, the owner of "Lee's Place," where had occurred the tragedy of the spring of 1812 before the Fort Dearborn massacre. Mr. Lee, with a son and daughter, had been killed dur- ing the massacre. Black Partridge, who had taken charge of the surviving members of the family, wished to marry the widow, but, too honorable to force his affections upon her, con- tinued to treat her with respect in spite of her refusal. Later, she became the wife of a French trader named Du Pin, who located here about the time of the massacre. The magna- nimity of this high-minded and honorable savage did not protect him, however, from punishment for the wrongs committed by other members of his tribe. According to Moses' History of Illi- nois, it was only a few months later, when his village, then located near the head of Peoria Lake, was attacked without provocation by a party of volunteers under command of Governor Edwards on the way to Peoria, and some thirty of Black Partridge's followers were killed, their village and stores burned and eighty horses captured. (See Hoses' "History of Illinois," Vol. I., p. 253.) Black Partridge's experience seems to have been a counterpart of that of the celebrated Chief Logan examples which have left an indelible stain upon American civiliza- tion. CHAPTER X. THE SECOND FORT DEARBORN. FOUR YEABS OF ARRESTED DEVELOPMENT FORT DEARBORN IN DESOLATION ITS RESTORATION BEGUN IN 1816 BURIAL OF VICTIMS OF THE MASSACRE LIST OF COMMANDANTS A NEW IMMIGRATION SETS IN THE KINZIES AMONG THE FIRST TO ARRIVE OTHER NOTABLE ARRIV- ALS THE CLYIiOURNS, GALLOWAYS, HEACOCK. ETC. A FIRE IN FORT DEARBORN THE "WINNE- BAGO SCARE." The four years following the evacuation of Fort Dearborn was a period of practical sus- pension, so far as Chicago history was con- cerned. The evacuation and subsequent mas- sacre resulted in the elimination from the region about the mouth of the Chicago River of the last remnant of American civilization. All that remained consisted of the mixed French and Indian type, such as had existed, for a century previous, at the various trading posts along the Great Lakes and about the head- waters of the Mississippi. For the time being the northern portion of what then constituted the Territory of Illinois was under practical control of the British, or rather their savage allies who roamed over all this region at their will. Probably the only family permitted to remain here immediately after the massacre, was that of the French trader Ouilmette, which, being composed chiefly of half-breeds, was regarded as friendly to the Indians. It is said, 640 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. however, that another trader named Du Pin came here about the time of the evacuation, or soon after, and occupied the Kinzie home. It has been claimed that Jean Baptiste Beaubien, who had been engaged in the fur trade on the Grand River of Michigan, probably before 1800, and at a later date at Mackinac and Milwaukee, about the time of the massacre bought the Lee cabin on the Lake shore south of the fort. While Beaubien may have been here for a time during this period, there is no conclusive evi- dence that he resided here permanently until some years later. One John Dean, an army con- tractor, appears to have erected a house near the old fort about the close of the period here referred to, and this was purchased by Beaubien and became his home in 1817. Beaubien became the head of a large and well-known family, and, in later years, was in the employ of the Ameri- can Fur Company and owner of a farm at "Hardscrabble" (the historic Lee Place), where quite a number of families lived. The arrival of Alexander Robinson (half-breed Indian chief) in 1814 has been mentioned elsewhere. Peace between the United States and Great Britain having been declared in 1815, the Indian Agency was re-established at Chicago the same year, under the former Agent, Charles Jouett. During the following year (1816) Fort Dearborn was rebuilt under the direction of Capt. Hezekiah Bradley, who brought with him two companies of infantry. The date of Cap- tain Bradley's arrival is said to have been July 4, 1816, the same day of the month upon which his predecessor, Captain Whistler, arrived thir- teen years before. One of the earliest acts of Captain Bradley's troops after arriving was the burial of the victims of the massacre of 1812, whose bones had lain bleaching on the lake shore during the intervening four years. The new fort was erected on the site of the old one, though constructed on a somewhat larger scale and improved plan. It consisted of a, quadrangular stockade of oak pickets four- teen feet high, inclosing barracks for the sol- diers and officers' quarters, constructed of hewed logs and two stories in height. A mag- azine (of brick) and store-houses were also embraced in the area of about 600 feet square. The soldiers' barracks were located on the east side and the officers' quarters on the west. The structure was defended by bastions at the northwest and the southeast corners, with a blockhouse at the southwest angle. Captain Bradley remained in command until the fol- lowing year (1817), when he was succeeded by Maj. Daniel Baker, who remained until 1820. Captain Bradley then resumed command for one year. Other commandants were: Maj. Alexander Cummings, 1821; Lieut. Col. John McNeil, 1821-23; Capt. John Greene for a short time in 1823. In May of the latter year, the garrison having been withdrawn, the fort was turned over to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, then Indian Agent at Chicago. In August, 1828, fol- lowing upon the heels of the "Winnebago Scare," the fort was again occupied by a gar- rison under command of Maj. John Fowle, so continuing until May, 1831, when it was again evacuated. Again, in June, 1832 the Black- Hawk War being then in its early stages the fort was reoccupied by a force under command of Maj. William Whistler, the son of Capt. John Whistler, the builder of the first Fort Dearborn. Major Whistler was succeeded by Maj. John Fowle for a short time, and the lat- ter, in 1833, by Maj. De Lafayette Wilcox. After a few other changes, on December 29, 1836, it was permanently abandoned, the garrison being ordered to Fort Howard, near Green Bay. The structure gradually disappeared before the advancing tide of development in Chicago, although the old block-house stood until 1857, when it was demolished. Although peace had generally been restored throughout the Northwest before the time of the rebuilding of Fort Dearborn, the accessions to population about the fort, in the next decade and a half, gave no indication of the rapid influx that was to be witnessed a generation or two later the arrivals for some time being confined almost exclusively to Government employes or persons engaged in trade with the Indians. One of the earliest arrivals during this period was that of Mr. John Kinzie, who, after remaining a prisoner for some time in the hands of the British, had spent most of the interval of his absence from Chicago in the effort to reestablish his business at Detroit. On returning to Chicago he re-occupied the historic house opposite the fort which he had abandoned after the massacre, thus establish- ing his claim as the first permanent settler at Chicago. Here he resumed his occupation as a silversmith and fur-trader, some years later entering into the service of the American Fur Company. He also served for a time as sub- agent under Indian Agent Charles Jouett. In HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 641 1821, and again in 1823, he was 1 recommended for appointment as a Justice of the Peace at the former date for Pike County and, at the later, for Fulton but in 1825 was formally appointed for Peoria County, becoming the first Justice at Chicago, which had been transferred to the jurisdiction of Peoria County the same year. Some time in 1827 the Kinzie family took up their residence in the fort, which had been vacated as a military post four years previous. Later they resided in a house belonging to J. B. Beaubien, just outside the fort, and here Mr. Kinzie died on January 26, 1828. (See Kinzie, John. Hist. Encyc. of III, Vol. I.) Those arriving during the next four years, but not previously mentioned in this record, included: Jacob B. Varnum, United States Factor, who came in 1816 and remained until about 1822, when the factory was abolished; John Crafts, fur-trader, from 1817 until about 1823, when hp entered into the service of the American Fur Company, but, dying in 1825, was succeeded by John Kinzie; Dr. Alexander Wolcott came as successor to Mr. Jouett as Indian Agent in 1820, serving until his death ten years later. (See Wolcott (Dr.) Alexander. Hist. Encyc. of III, Vol. I.) Henry R. Schoolcraft, the noted ethnologist and naturalist, who visited Chicago in 1820, says there were only four or five fam- ilies here at that time, of whom he names those of John Kinzie, Dr. Wolcott, John B. Beaubien and John Crafts. Two years later (1822) Charles C. Trowbridge made a trip on Govern- ment business from Detroit to Chicago, when there does not seem to have been any increase, as he names only Kinzie, Wolcott and Beaubien as residents about the fort Crafts being then located at "Hardscrabble." In 1822 the accessions included David McKee, who* came here as Government black- smith in connection with the Indian Agency, and became a permanent citizen, dying at Aurora in 1881. Joseph Porthier, a Frenchman, with a half-breed family, also came the same year, as McKee's assistant. The most impor- tant addition to the population about this period was due to the arrival, in 1823, of Archibald Clybourn, a distant relative of the Kinzies. who, coming from Virginia, joined his half-brother, John K. Clark, who had been engaged as a clerk in trade with the Indians for several years. The following year Clybourn and Clark brought out the family of Jonas Clybourn, the father of the former, and the new arrivals, settling on the North Branch, started the growth of the village in that direction. Mr. Clybourn became the first Constable at Chicago, being appointed for Peoria County in 1825, and a Justice of the Peace in 1831. Another arrival of 1824 was James Galloway, who brought his family by way of the Lakes from Sandusky, Ohio, and, locating at "Hardscrabble," was engaged in the fur trade for some three years, finally removing to LaSalle County in 1827. Here Archibald Clybourn was married in 1829 to Miss Mary Galloway, oldest daughter of Mr. Galloway, who survived until 1904, in an honored old age, Mr. Clybourn became a successful and respected business man, was one of the first to engage in the packing business in Chicago, and did much to build up the northwestern part of the city. Clybourn Avenue was named in his honor. Rev. William See, a local Methodist preacher from Virginia, came the same year the Cly- bourns did, and, for a time, lived in a log-house on the West Side. He became the first County Clerk on the organization of Cook County and, later, a Justice of the Peace; but spent over twenty years, in the latter part of his life, in Wisconsin, dying at Pulaski, in that State, in 1858. Others who located at "Hardscrabble" about the time the Galloways were there were the Laframboise families father and three sons (1824), half-breeds engaged in trade with the Indians; William H. Wallace (1826), a fur- trader, said to have died there a year later, and David and Bernardus (or Barnabas) Laughton, also traders, who located a year or so later on The Des Plaines about where River- side now is. In fact, about this time leaving out the garrison at Fort Dearborn "Hard- scrabble" seems to have been not less populous, and scarcely less important as a business point, than its rival at the mouth of the river. The assessment roll for Peoria County, to which Chicago was attached in 1825, contained a list of fourteen persons probably comprising all the heads of families in this region at that time paying taxes on a valuation ranging from $50 to $5,000, each. The larger sum, was assessed against John Crafts, the Agent of the American Fur Company, while the others graded down, from $1,000 for J. B. Beaubien to the smaller sum mentioned. Judging from the names of the tax-payers about one-half were Frenchmen, or of French descent several of them being half-breeds. The year of the arrival of the elder Clybourn 642 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. (1824) James Kinzie, an older son of Mr. John Kinzie by the first wife of the latter who had been an employe of the American Fur Company about Mackinac and Milwaukee came to Chi- cago and, later, became a prominent business man. About 1826 Kinzie and David Hall, a half- brother of Kinzie's, from Virginia, kept a store in a cabin on the South Side, at the forks of the river. During the same year Mark Beau- bien, a younger brother of J. Beaubien, appeared on the ground and soon after purchased a cabin from Kinzie, probably the one just mentioned. There will be occasion to refer to both Kinzie and Beaubien again in connection with the his- tory of early Chicago hotels. The year 1826 also saw the advent in this vicinity of Jesse Walker, the pioneer Methodist Missionary in Northern Illinois, who, a year or so later, erected a log-cabin at Wolf Point, which, in after years, was used as a meeting house, where one of Chicago's early schools was taught by John Watkins. The Scott family Stephen H., Willard and Willis came this year, and the former located a claim at Gross Point, now Wilmette. An arrival of importance in 1827 was that of Russell E. Heacock, who, after spending sev- eral years in the southern part of the State, removed to Chicago, and became the earliest practicing lawyer here. Soon after his arrival Mr. Heacock taught a school in Fort Dearborn, but a year later was living on the South Branch at a place called : 'Heacock's Point." He was prominent in the organization of Cook County in 1831, and was appointed a Justice of the Peace for the new county two years later. He also bore a prominent part, at a subsequent period, in connection with the discussion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal question. (See Heacock, Russell E. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) An incident of the year 1827 was a fire in Fort Dearborn caused by lightning during the night, which resulted in the destruction of the soldiers' barracks and store-house, with a part of the guard house. This occurred just at the close of the payment of annuities to the Pot- tawatomies, which had been celebrated by a dance iu the soldiers' quarters the same night. Gurdon S. Hubbard, who relates the incident in the "Reminiscences" of his life, says the alarm was given by Mrs. Helm, who saw the flames from her window in the Kinzie dwelling on the north side of the river. Mr. Hubbard, who happened to be there, accompanied by Robert H. Kinzie, finding it impossible to launch a canoe, swam the river, and arousing the inmates of the fort, took a prominent part in subduing the flames. The men and women, about forty in number, formed a line between the fort and the river, and every available utensil was brought into use in passing water to Mr. Kin- zie, who had taken his place on the roof. Although he had taken the precaution to wrap himself in a wet blanket, Mr. Kinzie was severely burned about his face and hands, but kept his place until the flames were brought under subjection. A number of Indians, who had gathered around as spectators, refused to give any assistance in fighting the flames. It was a few days probably one week after this event that Gen. Lewis Cass, then Gov- ernor of Michigan Territory, arrived at Chi- cago, coming from Green Bay by way of Fox River, the Wisconsin and the Mississippi to St. Louis, and thence returning by the Illinois fol- lowing the route pursued by Joliet and Mar- quette in 1673 bringing with him the first intelligence of the actual outbreak of hostilities with the Winnebagos. General Cass is said to have been entertained on this occasion at the Kinzie home, but left in a few hours, by the western shore of the lake, for Green Bay. An important event following closely upon the fire in Fort Dearborn of this year (1827) was the outbreak of the "Winnebago War," which, although the principal disturbances occurred on the upper Mississippi, produced a general panic throughout all the white set- tlements of Northern Illinois, in view of the possibility that other tribes (especially the Pot- tawatomies) might be drawn into hostilities. Many of the settlers throughout the region con- tiguous to Chicago hastened to Fort Dearborn for safety, although the fort was at the time without a garrison. The militia were called out by the Governor, and Mr. Gurdon S. Hub- bard, acting in the interest of the people col- lected at Fort Dearborn, mart^, an unprecedented trip to Danville to procure aid, returning at the end of seven days with a force of one hundred volunteers under the command of an old Indian fighter named Morgan. Through the influence of Billy Caldwell and Shabona, the Pottawato- mies were prevented from joining the Winne- bagos, and General Atkinson having arrived at the scene of the disturbances with a force of over 700 regulars from Fort Jefferson, below HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 643 St. Louis, a settlement of the difficulties was reached by the voluntary surrender of the prin- cipal leaders. During the continuance of the excitement at Fort Dearborn, a company of citizens, composed mostly of Canadian half- breeds and a few Americans, formed an organ- ization for defense under the command of Col. J. B. Beaubien. (See Winnebago War. Hist. Enc. of III., Vol. I.) CHAPTER XI. CHICAGO IN EMBRYO. VARIED ORTHOGRAPHY OF THE NAME CHICAGO REPUTED ORIGIN OF THE NAME SOME EARLY IMPRESSIONS OF THE FUTURE GREAT METROP- OLIS AS SEEN BY JUDGE STORROW, GUKDON S. HUBBARD, SCHOOLCRAFT, PROFESSOR KEATING AND OTHERS EARLY MAIL FACILITIES SOME PIONEER HOTELS AND THEIR HISTORY. Probably no other name in all history has given rise to so many different forms of spell- ing, in the effort to perpetuate it in written symbols, as the word "Chicago." More than sixty different varieties of orthography have been enumerated, most of them due to imper- fect attempts to transfer, from an unwritten to a written language, sounds in themselves vary- ing more or less according to the dialect through which they were transmitted, as well as affected by the difference in hearing or intel- ligence of those receiving them. Only the more important and historical modes of spelling will be cited here. They embrace the following, with the authorities through which they were derived, arranged in a somewhat chronological order: Che-cau-gou (Father Hennepin) ; She- ca-gou (LaSalle) ; Chi-ca-gou (Marquette and LaSalle) ; Chi-ca-ga (Sanson, geographer to Louis XIV.) ; Che-ka-gou and Chi-ka-goue (old maps of 1679-82) ; Cha-ca-qua (old French maps, 1684-96); Che-ga-kou (LaHontan) ; Chi- ca-gou-a (Father Gravier) ; Chi-ca-gu, Chi-ca- gou, Chi-ca-qw and Chi-ca-go (St. Cosme, 1700); Che-ka-kou (Moll, cartographer, 1720) ; Chi-ca- gou (Charlevoix, 1721); Chi-ca-goe (report of English Commissioners, 1721) ; Chi-ca-goux (letter of M. De Ligney to M. De Siette, 1726) ; Eschikagou (Colonel DePeyster, British Com- mandant at Mackinac, 1779); Chi-ka-go (Capt. William Whistler, builder of the first Fort Dear- born) ; Chi-cau-ga (Niles' Register, 1813). Besides these spellings for the name of the river and the locality about its mouth, there are a number of other words of similar sound, and alleged to be of related significance, from the Indian dialects, as She-cau-go ("playful waters"); Choc-ca-go ("destitute"); Sho-gang (skunk). The signification of the term has been much debated, but while its first meaning is conceded to be the "skunk," "leek" or "wild onion," competent etymologists claim that it is also the synonym of "strong, mighty or powerful." Henry R. Schoolcraft, the celebrated ethnol- ogist, who spent many years among the Indians in the Northwest and was familiar with many of their dialects, defined the word Chicago as "Place of the Wild Leek" (or onion). Samuel A. Storrow, who visited Fort Dearborn as a Judge Advocate of the United States Army in 1817, in an official report speaks of "the River Chicago or, in plain English, Wild Onion River" and this view of the definition is cor- roborated by Gurdon S. Hubbard, who was here in 1818, and many more who asserted that at an early day the wild onion grew in great lux- uriance in the marshes about the mouth of the river. The theory has also been strongly main- tained (referred to in Mrs. Kinzie's "Waubun" as handed down through Indian tradition) that the river Chicago derived its name from a noted Indian Chief of the Illinois, of the same name, who was drowned in the river at a remote period. Charles Fenno Hoffman, whose letters have been alluded to elsewhere as written here during the winter of 1833-34, when the Indians were still numerous throughout this section, gave the pronunciation of the word, as uttered by the Indians at that time, as "Tschi-cau-go." The Indian pronunciation of the name, as described by Mr. Fernando Jones who prob- ably retains a more vivid recollection of the Pottawatomie dialect than any other among the few surviving pioneers of Chicago closely resembles that just quoted from Mr. Hoffman. The last two syllables, "cau-g6" with a strong accent on the last syllable as defined by Mr. Jones on the basis of information derived directly from the Pottawatomies, simply meant "Nothing;" while the first syllable, "Tschi" 644 HISTOBICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ("S-shi-"), pronounced with a strong hissing accent, simply made the meaning more emphatic "absolutely nothing." This rather graphic definition, as explained by Mr. Jones, was intended by the Indians to describe the Chicago River, which after being explored from its mouth up both branches into the marshes which, in the dry season, soon ceased to be navigable even for an Indian's canoe was declared to be "Absolutely Nothing" as a river. If this was the Indian conception of the Chicago River at the beginning of the nine- teenth century, its present condition as a water-way, bearing a large percentage of the commerce of the Nation and destined to become the connecting link between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, illustrates the marvel- ous results which have been wrought by the civilization of a single century. (See article on "The Name Chicago," by Mr. Fernando Jones at close of this chapter.) The following additional forms of spelling the name of a prominent Indian of the Illinois tribe, supposed to be the same identified with the naming of the Chicago River, have been fur- nished by different French explorers of this period: Chachagouession (Marquette) ; Chas- sagoac (Membre) ; Chassagouache (LaSalle). While Chicago was visited by numerous trav- elers, official and otherwise, during the first decade after the restoration of Fort Dearborn, the number of those whose impressions regard- ing the place at -this primitive period in its history have come down to us, has been com- paratively small. James W. Biddle, of Phila- delphia, a contractor engaged in furnishing sup- plies to the troops in 1816, said of the condi- tion of the place at that time: "Chicago then had no trading reputation, vessels only visiting it to carry troops or provisions to supply them." A visitor to Fort Dearborn in 1817 was Judge Advocate Samuel A. Storrow, of the United States Army. In a report of his visit, he had this to say of the physical conformation of the country between the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers : "The course of these two rivers illustrates the geographical phenomenon of a reservoir on the very summit of a dividing ridge. In the autumn they are both without any appar- ent fountain, but are formed within a mile and a half of each other by some impercep- tible undulations of the prairie which drain and lead in different directions. But in the spring the space between the two is a single sheet of water, the common reservoir of both, in the center of which there is no current toward either of the opposite streams." (Then, speaking particularly of the location of Fort Dearborn, he adds:) "It has no advantage of harbor, the river itself being always choked, and frequently barred, from the same cause that I have imputed to the other streams of this country" (viz.: the accu- mulation of sand dunes about their mouths by the combined action of winds and waves.) "In the rear of the fort is a prairie of the most complete flatness, no signs of elevation being within range of the eye. The soil and climate are both excellent." One of ' the most important arrivals at Chi- cago about that period was that of Gurdon S. Hubbard, who, although then only a youth of about sixteen years, at a later period became one of Chicago's most prominent and highly esteemed business men. In an interesting vol- ume of reminiscences relating to his experi- ences while in the employ of the American Fur Company, Mr. Hubbard gives the following account of his first sight of Fort Dearborn in the fall of 1818 having come from Mackinac by the eastern and southern shore of the lake: "On the evening of September 30, 1818, reached the mouth of the Calumet River, then known as the 'Little Calumet,' where we met a party of Indians returning to their villages from a visit to Chicago. They were very drunk and before midnight commenced a fight in which several of their number were killed. Owing to this disturbance we removed our camp to the opposite side of the river. We started at dawn. The morning was calm and bright, and we, in our holiday attire, with flags flying, completed the last twelve miles of our lake voyage. Arriving at Doug- las Grove, where the prairie could be seen through the oak woods, I landed and, climb- ing a tree, gazed in admiration on the first prairie I had ever seen. The waving grass, intermingling with a rich profusion of wild flowers, was the most beautiful sight I had ever gazed upon. In the distance the grove of Blue Island loomed up, beyond it the tim- ber on the Des Plaines River, while, to give animation to the scene, a herd of wild deer appeared and a pair of red foxes emerged HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 645 from the grass within gunshot of me. Look- ing north, I saw the whitewashed buildings of Fort Dearborn sparkling in the sunshine, our boats with flags flying and oars keeping time to the cheering boat-song. I was spell- bound and amazed at the beautiful scene before me. I took the trail leading to the fort, and on my arrival, found our party camped on the north side of the river near what is now State Street. A soldier ferried me across the river in a canoe, and thus I made mv first entry into Chicago, October 1, 1818." Making due allowance for the enthusiasm of youth with which Mr. Hubbard, for the first time, looked upon the scene about the mouth of the Chicago River, there can be no doubt that the view was a most inspiring one, but would have been infinitely more so if he could have looked forward in history to a period three-quarters of a century later. A description scarcely less enthusiastic than that of Mr. Hub- bard, and belonging to the same era, was that furnished by Henry R. Schoolcraft, the cele- brated ethnologist and naturalist, in his "Nar- rative Journal of Travels from Detroit North- west to the Sources of the Mississippi in 1820." Mr. Schoolcraft, having arrived here in company with Gov. Lewis Cass, thus states his impressions of the surrounding country: "The country around Chicago is the most fertile and beautiful that can be imagined. It consists of an intermixture of woods and prairies, diversified with gentle slopes, some- times attaining the elevation of hills, and irrigated by a number of clear streams and rivers which throw their waters partly into Lake Michigan and partly into the Mississippi River. As a farming country it unites the fertile soil of the finest lowland prairies with an elevation which exempts it from the influ- ence of stagnant waters, and a summer cli- mate of delightful serenity, while the mead- ows present all the advantages of raising stock of the most favored part of the valley of the Mississippi. It is already the seat of several flourishing plantations, and only requires the extinguishment of the Indian titles to the land to become one of the most attractive fields for the immigrant. To the ordinary advantages of an agricultural mar- ket town it must hereafter add that of a depot for the inland commerce between the northern and southern sections of the Union, and a great thoroughfare for strangers, mer- chants and travelers." All of which and more was accomplished before the close of the century, giving to Mr. Schoolcraft's description an air of prophecy. An impression of a sort quite different from those just cited was that received by Prof. W. H. Keating, geologist and historiographer of Major Stephen H. Long's expedition to the sources of St. Peter's River in 1823. His report has been widely attributed to Major Long, who, although probably approving it, cannot be said technically to have been its author. Professor Keating who was Professor of Mineralogy and Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania in his narrative of Long's expedition, published in London in 1825, makes the following refer- ence to Chicago: "We were much disappointed at the appear- ance of Chicago and its vicinity. We found in it nothing to justify the great eulogium lav- ished upon this place by a late traveler (Schoolcraft), who observes that it 'is the most fertile and beautiful that can be imag- ined.' " (The writer then goes on to com- ment upon the obstacles to be encountered in obtaining satisfactory supplies for the sub- sistence of troops from the immediate vicin- ity, and the difficulties met with by agricul- turists on account of the shallowness and humidity of the soil, and its exposure to "cold and damp winds, which blow from the lake with great force during most part of the year," the destruction of growing crops by insects, birds, etc., and then proceeds : ) "The appearance of the country near Chicago offers but few features upon which the pye of the traveler can dwell with pleasure. There is too much uniformity in the scenery; the extensive water prospect is a waste uncheck- ered by islands, unenlivened by the spreading canvas, and the fatiguing monotony of which is increased by the equally undiversified pros- pect of the land scenery which affords no relief in sight, as it consists merely of a plain in which but few patches of thin and scrubby woods are observed here and there. The village presents no cheering prospect as, not- withstanding its antiquity, it consists of but few huts inhabited by a miserable race of men scarcely equal to the Indians from whom they are descended. Their log or bark houses 646 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. are low, filthy and disgusting, displaying not the least trace of comfort. . . . The number of trails centering at this point, and their apparent antiquity, indicate that this was probably for a long time the site of a large Indian village. As a place of business it offers no inducements to the settler." While Professor Keating may have looked upon the scene with the eye of a rather fastidi- ous artist, it was evidently without imagination, as he foresaw nothing of the development brought about within the next half century, removing many of the blemishes of which he complained and supplying some of the very features whose absence he deplored the "scrubby woods" giving place to extensive man- ufactories and vast mercantile establishments, while the waste of waters, "unenlivened by the spreading canvas," has been transformed into a highway of commerce connecting Chicago, not only with every lake port, but even with Europe itself. Yet, in view of possibilities growing out of the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, Major Long's histori- ographer thought it "not impossible that, at some distant day, when the banks of the Illi- nois shall have been covered by a dense popu- lation, and when the low prairies which extend between that river and Fort Wayne shall have acquired a population proportionate to the prod- uce which they can yield, Chicago may Lew me one of the points in the direct line of com- munication between the northern lakes and the Mississippi" a conclusion showing that he was not wholly incapable of realizing the changes which might be wrought by the development of less than a century. Previous to 1826 the residents about Fort Dearborn were compelled to depend upon occa- sional visits of traders or travelers, or the arrival of small lake craft bringing supplies for the troops at Fort Dearborn or for the fur- traders located here, for communication with the outside world. At an early day the officers of the fort were accustomed, in cases of emer- gency, to employ special messengers or "run- ners," while ordinarily and at long intervals receiving mail for the garrison from Fort Wayne, now in Eastern Indiana. The first regular mail-route crossing the Allegheny Mountains was established between Philadel- phia and Pittsburg in 1788; in 1794 it was extended to Louisville, in 1800 to Vincennes, and, in 1810, from Vincennes to Cape Girardeau in Missouri. By 1824 a direct route had been established between Vandalia and Springfield, and, during 1826, David McKee, who had come to Fort Dearborn as a Government blacksmith in 1822, began carrying dispatches and letters once a month between Chicago and Fort Wayne two weeks being required to make the trip one way. At a later date White Pigeon, Mich., became the supply station instead of Fort Wayne. At a still later period probably 1820 according to the Hon. John Wentworth, the supply point was moved westward to Niles, Mich., and Elijah Wentworth, Jr., the son of Chicago's second hotel-keeper, became the mail- carrier. Early in 1831 a post-office was estab- lished here and Jonathan N. Bailey, by appoint- ment of President Jackson, became the first postmaster, using the Kinzie house on the North Side of the Chicago River, opposite Fort Dear- born, as a residence and postoffice. The car- rier about this time is said to have been an Indian half-breed, who made the trip from Niles, Mich., once in two weeks. Bross's "His- tory of Chicago" says: "In 1832 there was a mail-route established from Tecumseh, Mich., by way of Niles to Chicago; from Chicago to Danville, also (from Chicago to Green Bay," the two last named places being supplied by mail carried weekly on horseback. The car- riers on these routes, especially that to Green Bay, suffered great hardship from exposure to cold and heavy snows in passing through long stretches of country that were totally uninhab- ited. After 1831 the history of the postoffice became a part of the history of Chicago, and the arrival of the stage coach, under the suc- cessive management of Frink, Messrs. Frink & Bingham, and Messrs. Frink & Walker, became an important feature of Chicago daily life. (See Chicago Postofft.ee.) Prior to 1830 the bulk of the settlement at Chicago had begun to concentrate about "Wolf Point," as the locality at the junction of the North and the South Branch was known, Fort Dearborn, during a part of that time (1823 to 1828), being occupied by the Indian Agent instead of a garrison.'NThe tide of travel which had begun to set in by that time created a demand for places of entertainment, although up to that period there scarcely seems to have been any thought of organizing a village here, much less of founding a city. Previous to this date the few travelers visiting the locality of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 647 Fort Dearborn if not public officials and, there- fore, entitled to entertainment at the fort or the Agency were, no doubt, accommodated in private homes. That of the Kinzie family, being the most commodious, as well as the most widely known, was probably most frequently called upon to give evidence of its hospitality. While there is some doubt as to the date of the formal opening of the first house of public entertainment, it appears to be conceded that Archibald Caldwell, who came to Chicago in 1827, was conducting a tavern here in the autumn of 1829, for which he received a license from the County Commissioners of Peoria County in December of the same year. The house was a double log-cabin located at Wolf Point on the West Side, and has gone down in history as the "Wolf Point Tavern." It is believed to have been owned in whole or in part by James Kinzie. Caldwell appears to have remained in charge only for a short time, as, early in 1830, the establishment had passed into the hands of Elijah Wentworth, who came here in the latter part of the preceding year with the intention of returning to Maine, but remained to become Chicago's second hotel- keeper. While Wentworth was in charge of the "Wolf Point Tavern," Samuel Miller was con- ducting an opposition house on the North Side, east of the North Branch, and, a few months later, Mark Beaubien had opened another on the South Side, just east of the South Branch. When first established Beaubien's tavern was kept in a log-house bought from James Kinzie, to which he built an addition; but a year later he erected the second frame house in Chicago, at the corner of Lake and Market Streets, to which he gave the name of "The Sauganash," and which became one of the most famous hos- telries in the history of Chicago. After under- going various changes, for a part of the time being used as Chicago's first theatre this his- toric building was burned on the morning of March 4, 1851. Other notable places of enter- tainment connected with early Chicago history were the "Mansion House," erected by Dexter Graves on Lake Street near Dearborn in 1831; the "Green Tree Tavern," built by James Kinzie at the northeast corner of Canal and Lake Streets in 1833, and the "Lake House," erected by Chicago capitalists in 1835 at the corner of Kinzie, Rush and Michigan Streets the latter, In its time, the most pretentious building of its kind in Chicago. Among hotels of a later date none have had a longer or more conspicu- ous history than the "Tremont House" and the "Sherman House." The former, erected first as a frame building on the northwest corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets in 1833, was kept as a saloon and boarding house for a short time, when it passed into the hands of the late Couch brothers, who opened it as a hotel. This structure having been burned in October, 1839, a new frame-building was erected at the south- east corner of the same streets on the site of the later Tremont, and opened as a hotel early in 1840. On July 21, 1849, this building was destroyed by fire, but having been replaced by a brick structure, was reopened in October, 1850. After various changes in management, it was burned again in the fire of 1871, was again rebuilt on an enlarged and substantial scale and maintained as a hotel until 1901 when, having become surrounded by heavy manufacturing and wholesale business houses, it passed into the hands of the Northwestern University to be utilized by that institution for its' depart- ments of Law, Pharmacy and Dental Surgery, thus ending its hotel history of nearly three- quarters of a century. The Sherman House, erected in 1836-37 by Francis C. Sherman, was opened at the close of the latter year as the City Hotel; was enlarged and remodeled in 1844 and opened as the Sherman House, which it has since remained under various changes of proprietorship. THE NAME CHICAGO. Many fanciful stories, as to the derivation of the name of the River upon which the great City of Chicago is situated, have been circulated and put in print. These stories are mostly given out by ignorant travelers, preachers and school-teachers, all equally absurd. One reports that the word signifies great strength; another, miserable weakness. One says it signifies a skunk, or skunk cabbage; another, that it means a leek or wild onion. A celebrated writer insists that it was named for a great chief who was famed for his strength. On my arrival in Chicago in the early spring of the year 1835, I became acquainted with many of the Indians and learned their Ian- 648 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. guage the Pottawatomie. I was told many times, by different Indians, of the tradition of the name. The legend was repeated to me many times and legends handed down from father to son are more reliable than fanciful written histories. Each one of my informants told the same story. Some Northern Indians bent upon exploring which is a common trait of the roaming red man came down to the mouth of what seemed to be a great river, per- haps 50 or 100 miles long. They bivouacked at the mouth of what seemed to be a river, and sent an Indian, with his birch bark canoe, to investigate. He paddled his light canoe up the stream about half a mile, where it divided into two branches. He went up the north, branch, something like a mile, when it began in a low swamp. He quickly returned and paddled up the south branch, about the same distance, and found that it began in a lake of mud. He returned and reported "Ca-go" there is "Noth- ing." Upon being remonstrated with, he used an adjective signifying in the strongest terms, positively "tocchi," or "chugh," "ca-go!" "ca-go!" "Chuh-ca-go!" positively, there is no river. And that name has stuck to it through all the years. The name is justified, for the river is no river, being but a dirty slough; and the city is no city, being but an overgrown vil- lage "Chic-cago." While upon the subject of the Indians, I recall the fact, that, by a treaty of the United States, the Pottawatomies were to receive, amongst many other things, as payment for their land, $16,000 annually, forever 'payable at Chicago; 50 barrels of salt annually, forever, delivered at Chicago; and a blacksmith-shop for the tribe, at Chicago. Did the good Doctor Wolcott, the Indian Agent who manipulated this treaty, really believe this was to be car- ried out, or did he know that it was a fraud upon the poor Indian? In a very few years they were driven away beyond the Mississippi River by a new treaty, forced upon them by unscrupulous agents of the Government. CHAPTER XII. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. CONDITIONS UNDEK FRENCH OCCUPATION NORTH- ERN ILLINOIS ATTACHED TO CANADA AS PART OF NEW FRANCE EFFECT OF THE COL. GEORGE ROG- ERS CLARK EXPEDITION TERRITORY NORTHWEST OF THE OHIO RIVER ORGANIZED ORDINANCE OF 1787 TERRITORIAL AND COUNTY HISTORY COOK COUNTY ORGANIZED FIRST ELECTION AND FIRST COUNTY OFFICERS. Up to this point the settlement about the mouth of the Chicago River sems to have gone on without any formal attempt to organize a local civil government. What government existed was administered either by the military officers over the troops at Fort Dearborn or, during the latter period, through the county authorities at a distance from the locality gov- erned. In the early days of French exploration and occupation, this region was regarded as coining within the undefined limits of what was then known as "New France," but after the establishment of a local government near the mouth of the Mississippi, it was attached to Canada the region south of the Illinois (including the settlements about Kaskaskia and Cahokia) becoming a part of Louisiana. On the extinguishment of the French title by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, it became nominally British territory, though formal possession was not taken of Southern Illinois until two years later. As the result of the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, the region known as the "Illinois Country" fell under jurisdiction of the State of Virginia, but the Revolutionary War being then in progress, the lake region continued to be disputed territory, or in virtual possession of the British, until the treaty of peace of 1783, when the title of the United States to the region east of the Mississippi and south of the lakes was recognized. It is safe to say there was no more influential factor in bringing about this result than the Clark expe- dition to the "Illinois Country" and the build- ing of forts and block-houses in this region, which followed the occupation of Kaskaskia and Vincennes, backed by the 'American Commis- sioners at the Treaty of Paris in 1783. CenturvPuilisMng &EnrwiAg Co. CMcagc HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 649 From that time all this region was regarded as part of the unorganized "Territory North- west of the River Ohio," and, in 1784, came under the operation of a resolution adopted by Congress under the Articles of Confederation, providing a temporary government therefor. Speaking of the condition of affairs in this region as late as 1785, Gen. William Henry Harrison, in an address delivered before the Historical Society of Ohio, said there was "not a Christian inhabitant within the bounds of what is now the State of Ohio" proving that, in permanent settlement, Illinois antedated its sister State farther east. The enactment by Congress of the celebrated "Ordinance of 1787" established a more permanent form of govern- ment and, for the next thirteen years (1787-1800) Illinois, with the territory now embraced within the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michigan and Wis- consin, constituted one territorial government under the name of the "Northwest Territory." In 1800 Ohio was set apart, the remainder of the territory being organized as Indiana Territory, and, by act of Congress of February 3, 1809, Illinois Territory was set off from Indiana, the former embracing the country west of the present eastern boundary of the State and Lake Michigan, extending westward to the Missis- sippi and north to the Canada boundary line. From south to north it extended from the mouth of the Ohio to the Lake of the Woods. On April 13, 1818, Congress passed an act empow- ering the people to frame a State Constitution and organize a State Government, and, on December 3d, following, Illinois was formally admitted as a State with its present boundaries. (See Illinois. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) The first county organization within the Northwest Territory was created by act of the Virginia Legislature in October, 1778, a few months after the occupation of Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark this act being per- formed by virtue of the fact that Clark's expe- dition was undertaken wholly under authority of the State of Virginia, which assumed control of the territory thus added to the newly cre- ated American Union. The territory organized received the name of "Illinois County," but, without naming any specific boundaries, simply assumed to include "the citizens of the com- monwealth of Virginia who are already settled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio," and provided for the government of the same by a "County-Lieutenant or Com- mandaoat-in-Chief," to be appointed by the Gov- ernor of Virginia. Col. John Todd, of Ken- tucky, was appointed Commandant, and pro- ceeded to appoint subordinates and provide for the election of civil officers at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, and still later at Vincennes; but Chicago being without what might even be called a "settlement," was not recognized as coming within the operation of the act. The next county to be organized within Illinois territory was St. Clair by the act of Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Northwest Territory, in 1790. Its territory lay between the Missis- sippi and the Illinois Rivers on the west and northwest, the Ohio on the south, and a line on the east drawn from about Fort Massac on the Ohio, northward to the junction of the Little Mackinaw River with the Illinois, in what is now the county of Tazewell. Other counties organized within the Northwest Territory previous to 1800 (the date of the separation of Indiana Territory from Ohio) were: Washing- ton (the first 1788); Hamilton (1790); Knox (1790); Randolph (1795); Wayne (1796); Adams and Jefferson (1797), and Ross (1798). Of these, five Washington, Hamilton, Adams, Jefferson and Ross were wholly, and Wayne partly, within the present State of Ohio; Knox in Indiana, and St. Clair and Randolph within Illinois. Wayne County, as organized in 1796 the year the British finally evacuated the upper lake region under the Jay Treaty of 1794 embraced Northwestern Ohio, a considerable portion of Northeastern Indiana, the whole of the present State of Michigan, and, on the west, extended to the heads of the streams flowing eastward into Lake Michigan thus including the section about the mouth of the Chicago River to the portage to the Des Plaines and a considerable portion of Eastern Wisconsin. In January, 1803, the boundaries of Wayne County were changed, leaving out the Chicago district, which remained outside of any county organization (though a part of the Territory of Indiana), until 1809. The Territory of Illi- nois having been organized this year, one of Governor Edwards' earliest acts was the issue of a proclamation re-organizing St. Clair County in such manner as to include the whole of the northern part of the territory to the Canada boundary line, embracing all Northern Illinois, as well as the present State of Wisconsin and the western peninsula of Michigan. In 1812 there came another change, in the creation, by 650 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. proclamation of Governor Edwards (September 14, 1812) of the county of Madison out of the northern part of St. Clair County, and extend- ing, as the latter had done, to the Canada line. Other county connections formed in accordance with the precedent established as to St. Clair and Madison Counties, brought Chicago success- ively under the jurisdiction of Edwards County (1814-16) and Crawford (1816-18) during the Territorial period, and (after the admission of Illinois as a State) of Clark (1819-21), Pike (1821-23), Fulton (1S23-25), and Peoria (1825- 31). This jurisdiction consisted chiefly in the exercise of authority by Justices of the Peace appointed by the Governor, but these officials seem to have been few in number and widely scattered, since, as late as 1823, Dr. Alexander Wolcott, then Indian Agent at Chicago, found it necessary to call upon a Justice of the Peace from Fulton County to perform the ceremony uniting him in marriage to Ellen Marion Kin- zie, the oldest daughter of John Kinzie. To a great extent the scattered pioneer settlements, though nominally under the jurisdiction of county authorities located at distant points, remained isolated and almost unnoticed. As stated by C. W. Butterfield in his History of Wisconsin, their jurisdiction was "rather ideal than real." At the regular election held at Chicago in August, 1830 Chicago then consti- tuting a part of Peoria County only 32 votes were cast. The precinct then extended west- ward to the Dupage River. On January 15, 1831, the State Legislature passed an act organizing the county of Cook, which was named in honor of Daniel P. Cook, who had been the Representative" in Congress from 1819 to 1827, and through whose efforts the first grant of public lands to aid in the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal was obtained from Congress. In addition to its present area, the new county, as originally organized, embraced the present counties of Lake, McHenry, Dupage and Will, covering an area of a little over 3,000 square miles. Within the next eight years this area was reduced to its present limits by the setting-off of McHenry and Will Counties in 1836 (the former embracing also the present territory of Lake County, organized in 1839), and Dupage County in 1839. According to the report of Henry Gannett, Geographer of the Census Bureau for 1900, the area of Cook County at the present time is 993 square miles, although it has heretofore been set down at 50 to 100 square miles less. The same act which created Cook County in 1831 also provided for the election of a Board of County Commissioners at an election to be held on the first Monday in March of that year. Samuel Miller and Gholson Kercheval of Chi- cago, and James Walker, the latter living on the Du Page River, were elected the first Com- missioners, and, having been sworn in the next day by John S. C. Hogan, a Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, proceeded to organize the new county government. William See was chosen County Clerk and Archibald Clybourn Treasurer, while Jedediah Wooley was recom- mended for appointment as County Surveyor. At a meeting of the Board of County Commis- sioners held in April following, James Kinzie was chosen Sheriff, and John K. Clark, Coro- ner. Kinzie served until 1832, when he was succeeded by the election of Stephen V. R. Forbes, who came to Chicago in 1829 and had been employed as one of the first teachers in Chicago. At this second meeting the Com- missioners also made provision for levying a tax of one-half of one per cent upon property, and the issue of licenses for the privilege of conducting certain classes of business, as a means of raising funds for county expenses. Those receiving licenses as tavern keepers in- cluded Elijah Wentworth, Samuel Miller and Russell E. Heacock the two former located at the forks of the river (see Early Hotels) and the latter at "Hsacoek's Point," known also as "Hardscrabble." A dozen names appear in the list of those to whom licenses were granted this year, to conduct mercantile business, among them, Alexander Robinson, three Beaubiens, Bernardus Laughton, R. A. Kinzie, Samuel Mil- ler, Oliver Newberry, Joseph Laframboise, John S. C. Hogan, Philip F. W. Peck, Joseph Naper, and others. Newberry and Peck had come to Chicago during the previous year and, at a later period, became prominent business men, while Naper was the founder of Naperville. At the first election the whole county had consti- tuted a single precinct, but at one of its earliest meetings the Board divided it into three pfe- cincts named Chicago, Hickory Creek and Du- page. At the meeting held in September, the lower room of the "brick house" (the magazine) in Fort Dearborn was selected as the place for holding the sessions of the Circuit Court. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 651 CHAPTER XIII. A CREATIVE PERIOD. ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL FEASIBILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE RECOGNIZED BY EARLY EXPLOR- ERS EFFECT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHICAGO SURVEY OF GOVERNMENT LANDS ABOUT THE MOUTH OF CHICAGO RIVER IN 1821 CHICAGO VILLAGE PLATTED IN 1830 FIRST SALE OF VIL- LAGE LOTS CHICAGO BECOMES A COUNTY SEAT IN 1831 PAYMENT OF INDIAN ANNUITIES PROMINENT MEN WHO BECAME CITIZENS IN THAT YEAR. Undoubtedly Chicago owes its first existence as a village, as well as its unprecedented growth after it had taken on the form of a city government, to the project which began to be discussed at an early day for the construction of a canal connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois River. In fact, the feasibility of this enterprise had attracted the attention of the early French explorers notably Louis Joliet and was the subject of frequent comment at a later period. The principal steps which led up to the actual undertaking of the work embraced a favorable discussion of the subject in a report by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin, in 1808; the cession by the Indians in 1816, of a strip of land ten miles wide from Lake Michigan to the Illinois at the mouth of Fox River, as a route for the canal ; an endorse- ment of the measure as "valuable for military purposes," in 1819, by John C. Calhoun, then Secretary of War; the granting to the State by Congress of the right of way for the canal through the public domain in 1832, and the donation, five years later, of public lands for its construction. The Congressional act of 1822 had led to the passage by the State Legislature, in 1820, of an act authorizing the appointment of a commission to devise means for carrying the enterprise into effect. Although this was followed by surveys for the purpose of determin- ing the most available route and the passage of an act by the Legislature, in 1825, incorpo- rating the "Illinois and Michigan Canal Associa- tion" with a capital of $1,000,000, nothing was done toward actual construction until after the passage by Congress, in 1827, of an act appro- priating alternate sections on each side of the canal for a distance of five miles, to be applied to the cost of construction. To follow out the history of the enterprise concisely, it is suf- ficient to say here that, after nine years of effort to secure funds by the sale of lands and State bonds, the work was begun at Bridgeport (now within the limits of the city of Chicago) on the 4th of July, 1836, Dr. W. B. Eagan of Chicago delivering an eloquent address in cele- bration of the event. Although the work often lagged for want of funds, it was so far com- pleted by April, 1848, as to admit of the passage of boats betwen Chicago and La Salle. The outlay up to this time had been nearly six and a quarter million dollars against less than three-quarter million, as first estimated, after- wards increased to $4,000,000. Enlargements and betterments of the canal up to 1879 had increased the expenditures to a little over nine and a half million dollars, which had almost been met by receipts from tolls and otherwise. (See Illinois and Michigan Canal, also Chicago Drainage Canal. Hist. Encyc. of III., Vol. I.) While the selection of the Chicago River as the northern terminus of the canal no doubt determined the location of the future city, it is a fact of curious interest that there were prominent men at that time who regarded the mouth of the Calumet as the most available medium for making the connection with the lake. Maj. Stephen H. Long, of the Govern- ment Engineer Corps, who had inspected the route of the proposed canal and made a report on the measure to the War Department in 1817, referring to the subject in his "Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter's River in 1823," says: "It is the opinion of those best acquainted with the nature of the country, that the easiest communication would be be- tween the Little Calamick (Calumet), and some point of the Des Plaines, probably below the portage road." Ex-Gov. Edward Coles, in a communication published in the "Illinois Monthly Magazine" of October, 1830, corrobo- rated this view, favoring the route between the "Calumet of the lake and the Saganaskee" ("The Sag"), on the ground that "between these streams the summit is believed to be the low- est." Although the Government survey of lands about the mouth of the Chicago River took place in 1821, it was not until nine years later 652 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. that the work of platting the land now embraced within the heart of the city was begun. This followed upon the passage by the State Legislature, of an act accepting the appropria- tion of lands by the General Government for the construction of the canal and empowering the Commissioners, appointed by the same act, to fix the route of the canal and select the lands for that purpose. The same act authorized the Commissioners to sell the lands so selected, as well as to lay out towns and dispose of lots within the same. Up to this time no steps had been taken for the organization of a village government for Chicago. The first town to be laid out by the Commissioners under the act of 1829 was Ottawa, after which came the plat- ting of Chicago, this work being done by James Thornton of St. Louis, who filed his plat under date of August. 4, 1830. The village of Chicago, as thus platted, covered an area of about three-eighths of a square mile, embrac- ing the southern portion of Section Nine of Township 39 North, and Range 14 East of the Third Principal Meridian, and extending from Kinzie Street on the north to Madison on the south, and from State Street on the east to Des Plaines on the west. Wolf Point was near the center of this area, while Fort Dearborn lay on the east. The first sale of lots took place September 27, 1830 130 lots being disposed of to thirty-six purchasers, at prices ranging from $8 to $100 each, realizing a little over $4,500.* The population at that time, outside of two companies of United States troops in Fort Dear- born, it has been estimated, did not exceed one hundred. This embraced a number of Indian traders, several of them being Frenchmen (or their half-breed descendants) with half-breed families. There were three taverns all located in the immediate vicinity of the forks of the river, one on the West Side, one on the North and the other on the South. The poll-book for the precinct of Chicago then attached to Peoria County for the election held August 2, 1830, contained thirty-two names. The precinct embraced all that portion of country between the junction of the Dupage and Des Plaines James M. Bucklin, who was Chief Engineer of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in 1830, in a com- munication to "Pomeroy's Democrat," printed in 1876, says that the town of Chicago was platted by Captain Pope, "surveyor of the Board of Canal Commis- sioners" and that, "previous to the sale of lots," acting "by order of the Board," he "enlarged the boundaries of the town, extending them to the mouth of the Chicago River" also, that the sale occurred on September 1, 1830 a statement which does not appear to have got into local history. Rivers on the west, and Lake Michigan on the east, covering an area larger than Cook County at the present day. It is probable, therefore, that the list of voters included quite a number outside of the village of Chicago. Among those who were residents of the village about 1829- 30 not including those previously named were Leon Bourassea (fur-trader) ; Jonathan A. Bailey, who become Chicago's first postmaster: John L. Davis, John S. C. Hogan, Stephen Mack (clerk of the American Fur Company), and a number of others whose history is unknown, but who were probably employes about the fur- trading stations, the Factor House or the fort. Stephen R. V. Forbes came the former year and, during 1830, became one of Chicago's early teachers, and two years later the first regularly elected Sheriff of Cook County. The act of the Legislature which authorized the creation of the new county and the organ- ization of a county government, also named Chicago (as it had been laid out during the previous year by the "Land Commissioners" appointed to dispose of the canal lands), as the permanent county-seat, and empowered the County Commissioners to sell certain lands at their discretion, and apply the proceeds to the erection of a court-house and jail. Thus Chi- cago received its recognition as a town, though the formal organization of a village government did not come until two years later. The lands placed at the disposal of the County Board by the Canal Commissioners embraced a tract of ten acres on the south side of the river, includ- ing the present court-house square. The County Board decided to sell a part of this tract and retain the remainder as a site for the county- buildings, which has been maintained to this day. The sale took place in July, 1831, James Kinzie acting as auctioneer the sum realized from the sale amounting to $1,153.75. An event of local importance this year was the payment of the annuities to the Indians in September, which was the means of bring- ing nearly 4,000 savages to this locality. The payment was conducted by Col. T. J. V. Owen, Indian Agent, assisted by John H. Kinzie and Gholson Kercheval. As Fort Dearborn had been evacuated by the United States troops during the preceding year, and the friction which cul- minated in the Black Hawk War in the fol- lowing year had already become manifest on the Mississippi, there was considerable nervous- ness among the few white residents in view of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. .653 the hostile attitude manifested by some of the Pottawatomie chiefs. An outbreak was averted by the firmness and good sense of Colonel Owen and the fidelity of some of the half-breeds who had been residents of Chicago for many years, especially including in this number Capt. Billy Caldwell, the famous "Sauganash." Although attention had been directed to the new town by its erection into the seat of jus- tice for Cook County in 1831, its growth during the next two years was slow. Among the more important accessions to the population about this time were Col. R. J. Hamilton, George W. Dole, Mark and John Noble, Dr. Elijah D. Har- mon, and a few others who, in after years, became prominent in Chicago history. Colonel Hamilton, who had been identified with the infantile banking interests for ten years in the southern portion of the State, came here early in 1831, to assume the duties of Probate Judge in the new county by appointment of Governor Reynolds. In after years he held simultane- ously besides the position of Probate Judge the offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and Commissioner of School Lands, and was also, for a time, a Colonel of the State Militia. Mr. Dole became one of Chicago's most prominent and successful merchants and, as the associate of Archibald Clybourn, the Noble Brothers and Gurdon S. Hubbard, was one of the first to set in motion enterprises which have since grown into such vast proportions as to make Chicago the greatest stock market in the world. ( See Chicago Live Stock and Meat-Pack- ing Industry.) CHAPTER XIV. SOME INDIAN HISTORY. THE BLACK HAWK WAR EPISODE RECEIPT OF THE NEWS IN CHICAGO AND PREPARATIONS FOR DEFENSE SERVICE RENDERED BY CHIEF SHA- BONA, BILLY CALDWELL AND ALEXANDER ROB- INSON REFUGEES SEEK SAFETY IN FORT DEAR- BORN ORGANIZATION OF VOLUNTEERS GEN. SCOTT'S TROOPS ATTACKED BY CHOLERA THE INDIAN TREATY OF 1833 DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENT BY AN ENGLISH TRAVELER. The events leading up to the Black Hawk War of 1832 produced a condition approaching universal panic throughout Northern Illinois, which did not fail to communicate itself to the few residents about Chicago. The alarm was all the greater in view of the fact that Fort Dearborn was then unoccupied as a military post, the troops having been transferred during the previous year to Port Howard (Green Bay). The first rumor of the threatened outbreak is said to have been brought to Chicago by Hon. Richard M. Young, then a Justice of the Circuit Court for the northern part of the State, who, on making the journey from Galena in com- pany with Benjamin Mills and J. M. Strode, had learned at Dixon of the appearance of Black Hawk's hostile band on Rock River. The hos- tile savages did not approach nearer to Chicago than the vicinity of Naperville in Dupage County, but the alarming reports of outrages, reaching Chicago almost daily, produced the wildest consternation among its few citizens and the refugees gathered there. As he had done during the "Winnebago Scare" of 1827, the friendly Pottawatomie Chief Shabona ren- dered the whites valuable service by warning the settlers along the Fox River, and exerting his influence among the Pottawatomies to pre- serve the peace, as Billy Caldwell and Alexan- der Robinson did about Chicago. The pioneer families settled along the Des Plaines and Fox Rivers, sought refuge at Fort Dearborn until it was estimated that, by the latter part of May, five hundred fugitives had collected at the fort and its vicinity. Aid consisting of small com- panies of volunteers came from the vicinity of Niles, Mich., and Danville, 111., while two or three small companies were organized from set- tlers about Chicago and refugees from the soir- rounding country. One of the earliest of these, organized under command of Capt. Gholson Kercheval, with George W. Dole and John S. C. Hogan, as First and Second Lieutenants, embraced among its rank and file such familiar names as Richard J. Hamilton, Isaac D. Har- mon, Samuel Miller, James Kinzie, Samuel Ellis, David McKee and other well-known early settlers. Another company organized still later with Joseph Naper, one of the founders of Naperville, as its head, included P. F. W. Peck, Alanson Sweet, Lyman Butterfield, Isaac P. Blodgett (father of Judge Henry W. Blodgett), Richard M. Sweet, Calvin M. and Augustine Stowell and some twenty-five others. Another organization made up of refugees and local 654 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. settlers was under command of Capt. J. B. Beaubien, while a company of some fifty Potta- watomies, under command of Robert Kinzie, rendered good service as scouts in the region now embraced in Cook and adjoining counties. Among the settlers from distant localities who took refuge in Fort Dearborn were those from Naperville and Plainfield. At the latter place a considerable number of fugitives had taken refuge in a hastily constructed block-house, from which they were removed under escort to Chicago for safety. On June 17, Fort Dearborn was occupied by two companies of United States infantry under command of Maj. William Whistler, the son of the builder of the first Fort Dearborn. While this compelled the set- tlers who had taken refuge in the fort to find quarters elsewhere, it assisted to restore con- fidence in their general security. Besides anxiety for the safety of friends, refugees were compelled to endure many privations in the abandonment of their property and for lack of shelter and supplies. One of the tragic events of this period in the region adjacent to Chi- cago, was the massacre of the Hall, Davis and Pettegrew families on Indian Creek in La Salle County, in which sixteen lives were sacrificed. On July 10, the steamer "Sheldon Thompson" reached Chicago, bringing four companies of United States troops under command of Gen. Winfield Scott, intended to reinforce the troops then in pursuit of Black Hawk. These, however, brought with them a peril no less dreaded than the Indians. Before their arrival the Asi- atic cholera had obtained a foothold among the troops, and Fort Dearborn was immediately transformed into a hospital. Another detach- ment which arrived a week later by the "Wil- liam Penn," was in a similar condition, and in the course of ten days the number of soldiers who succumbed to the fell disease has been estimated at one hundred. On the 20th of July Gen. Scott removed his command to the Des Plaines, encamping about where Riverside now is a step which was attended with beneficial results as to their health. Soon after intelli- gence was received of the final defeat of Black Hawk at the Bad Axe in Wisconsin, and Gen- eral Scott's forces made their way across the State to Fort Armstrong (Rock Island) with- out having an opportunity to participate in the war. (See Black Hawk War, Hist. Ency. of III., pp. 608-615.) TUB INDIAN TREATY OF 1833. An event of importance connected with this period was the Council at Chicago with the Pottawatomie, Chippewa and Ottawa Indians, which resulted in the Treaty of September, 1833. Following upon the Black Hawk War of the previous year, it gave a new and pow- erful impetus to the development of the embryo city. It was estimated that 7,000 Indians were present at the council, and for days the streets of the frontier village were thronged with sav- ages, and the shrubs lighted with their camp fires. Charles J. Latrobe, an English traveler who happened to be in Chicago at the time, has left a graphic account of the event, of which the following is a brief extract: "We found the village on our arrival crowded to excess, and we procured with great difficulty a small apartment, comfortless and noisy from its close proximity to others, but quite as good as we could have hoped for. . . . The village and its occupants pre- sented a most motley scene. The fort con- tained within its palisades by far the most enlightened residents in the little knot of officers attached to the slender garrison. The quarters were too confined to afford place for the Government Commissioners, for whom and a crowd of dependents a temporary set of plank huts were erected on the north side of the river "With immigrants and land speculators as numerous as the sand, you will find horse- dealers and horse-stealers rogues of every Description white, black, brown and red; half-breeds, quarter-breeds and men of no breed at all; dealers in pigs, poultry and pota- toes; . . . sharpers of every degree; ped- dlers, grog-sellers; Indian Agents and Indian traders of every description The little village was in an uproar from morning to night, and from night to morning; for during the hours of darkness, when the housed portion of the population of Chicago strove to obtain repose in the crowded plank edifices of the village, the Indians howled, sang, wept and whooped in their various encampments All was bustle and tumult, especially at the houses set apart for the distribution of the rations Frame and clapboard houses were springing up daily under the active axes and hammers of the speculators, and piles of lumber HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 655 announced the preparation for yet other edi- fices of an equally light character. . . . Within the vile two-storied barrack which, dignified, as usual, by the title of hotel, afforded ua quarters, all was in a state of most appalling confusion, filth and racket. . . . Far and wide the grassy prairie teemed with figures; warriors mounted or on foot, squaws and horses." The Commissioners engaged in negotiating the treaty on the part of the United States were George B. Porter, Thomas J. V. Owen and William Weatherford, and the treaty was concluded September 26, 1838. The lands ceded by the Indians embraced a little over 5,000,000 acres in Northern Illinois and Eastern Wiscon- sin, in consideration for a like area west of the Mississippi, besides money and goods amount- ing to over $1,000,000. A large proportion of the latter went into the hands of alleged cred- itors of the Indians. The affair ended in a spec- tacular war dance participated in by eight hun- dred braves. CHAPTER XV. CHICAGO IN DEVELOPMENT. AN ERA OF PROGRESS AFTER THE BLACK HAWK WAR EARLY BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN GROWTH IN 1833 "A VILLAGE OF PIKE COUNTY" IN 1823 CHICAGO INCORPORATED AS A TOWN IN 1833 ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST NEWS- PAPER CHICAGO IN 1833-1837 THE "LAND CBAZE" SOME CONTEMPORANEOUS DESCRIP- TIONS OF THE PLACE INCORPORATED AS A CITY FINANCIAL REVULSION OF 1837 GROWTH IN AREA AND POPULATION FROM 1837 TO 1900. While the Black Hawk War proved a tem- porary check to the growth of Chicago thus early in its history, it became the means, indi- rectly, of attracting wide attention to the com- mercial advantages of the place through the presence here of persons from distant portions of the country in the character of soldiers or otherwise. As a consequence a strong tide of immigration set in immediately thereafter, which continued with increasing volume for the next four years. Among those who arrived during this period and afterwards became prom- inent as business or professional men, were Philo Carpenter, John S. Wright, D. Philip Maxwell, Dr. E. S. Kimberly, John D. Caton, John K. Botsford, Silas B. Cobb, Charles Cleaver, Walter Kimball, H. W. Knickerbocker. Asahel Pierce, Dr. John T. Temple and Rev. Jeremiah Porter. Up to this time Chicago was almost wholly a village of log cabifts, but during the year 1833 it is estimated that one hundred and sixty-five frame buildings were erected. This was also the year of the erec- tion of the first brick building in Chicago out- side of Fort Dearborn, the builders being Alan- son Sweet and William Worthington. The improvement of the Chicago harbor the same year, based upon an appropriation of $25,000 by Congress, with the result that the channel of the Chicago River was straightened into Lake Michigan, and, on July 11, 1834, the schooner "Illinois," the first large vessel to enter the river, crossed the bar and sailed into the harbor amid great public rejoicing. CHICAGO INCORPORATED. Another event of 1833 was the formal incor- poration of the town of Chicago, which, in "Beck's Gazetteer" (1823), had been described as "a village of Pike County" with "twelve or fifteen houses and about 60 or 70 inhabitants," and which in 1831, had become the county-seat of Cook County. The decision to incorporate was reached at a public meeting held August 5th, at which only one dissenting vote was cast. At an election for the choice of a Board of Trus- tees, held at the house of Mark Beaubien, 28 votes were cast, resulting in the election of Thomas J. V. Owen, George W. Dole, Medore Beaubien, John Miller and E. S. Kimberly. Owen was chosen President of the Board, Isaac Harmon Clerk, and George W. Dole Treasurer. On November 6th the limits of the town were extended to Jackson Street on the south, Jef- ferson Street on the west, Ohio Street on the north and State Street on the east. Other notable events of this year were the establishment of the first newspaper "The Chicago Democrat" by John Calhoun, which commenced publication November 26th; * the first log-jail was built, and the first public school was opened under the instruction of Miss Eliza Chappell. During the same year occurred the sale of school lands (the 16th sec- tion) in the township embraced within the city of Chicago. These lands were located in the 656 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. very heart of the present city, the whole sec- tion, with the exception of four blocks, being sold, realizing less than $39,000. From 1833 to 1837 something like a "land craze" prevailed at Chicago, as at many other places throughout the West, and the increase in values, as well as in population, was phe- nomenal. The bona fide population of the vil- lage at the close of the year first named has been estimated at 200; in 1834 it was claimed to be 1,600; in 1836 a school census showed 3,279, and, in 1837, the first census under the new city government showed a total of 4,179. Some contemporary opinions of the future emporium of the West will be of interest, as indicating its growth about this period. Charles Fenno Hoffman, a popular writer and, for a time, editor of the "Knickerbocker Maga- zine," in a series of letters under the title, "A Winter in the West," early in 1834, wrote as follows: "The writer is informed by a gentleman recently from Illinois that Chicago, which, but eighteen months since, contained but two or three frame buildings and a few miserable huts, has now 500 houses, 400 of which have been erected this year, and 2,200 inhabitants. A year ago there was not a place of worship in the town; there are now five churches and two schoolhouses, and numerous brick stores and warehouses." In another letter written from Chicago a few weeks later, Mr. Hoffman spoke of the town as destined, from the improve- ments already under way for the ensu- ing season, to assume a "metropolitan appearance." "As a place of business," he predicted that, "its situation at the central head of the Mississippi Valley, will make it the New Orleans of the North." One of Mr. Hoff- man's letters was devoted entirely to a descrip- tion of a wolf-hunt on the Des Plaines River, in which he took part with a number of ladies and gentlemen from Chicago. Rev. John M. Peck, in his "New Guide for Emigrants for the West," published in 1836, spoke of Chicago as "the largest commercial .town of Illinois . . . said to contain 51 stores, 30 groceries, 10 taverns, 12 physicians, 21 attorneys and 4,000 inhabitants." Hon. H. L. Ellsworth, at the time Superin- tendent of the Patent Office at Washington, in a volume entitled "Illinois in 1837," wrote of Chicago as follows: "Its growth, even for western cities, has been unexampled. In Dr. Beck's Gazetteer, published in 1823, Chicago is described as a village of ten or twelve houses, and 60 or 70 inhabitants. In 1832 it contained five small stores and 250 inhabitants; and now (1837) the population amounts to 8,000 (an exag- gerated estimate, however Ed.) with 120 stores, besides a number of groceries. . . . It has also twelve public houses, three news- papers, nearly 50 lawyers and upwards of 30 physicians." One of the most noteworthy, as well as enthu- siastic descriptions of the Chicago of 1837, was contributed by a correspondent of the "Penn- sylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier" of Phila- delphia, over the signature, "A Rambler in the West." In one of his letters "A Rambler" writes : "Chicago is, without doubt, the greatest wonder in this wonderful country. Four years ago the savage Indian there built his wigwam the noble stag there was undis- mayed by his own image reflected in the pol- ished mirror of the glassy lake the adven- turous settler there cultivated a small por- tion of those fertile prairies, and was living far, far away from the comforts of civiliza- tion. Four years have rolled by and have changed that scene. That Indian is now driven far west of the Mississippi ; he has left his native hills, his hunting grounds, the grave of his father, and now is building his home in the Far West, again to be driven away by the tide of emigration. That gallant stag no longer bounds secure over these mighty plains, but startles at the rustling of every leaf or sighing of every wind, fearing the rifles of the numerous Nimrods who now pursue the daring chase. That adventurous settler is now surrounded by luxury and refinement; a city with a population of over 6,000 souls has now arisen; its spires glitter in the morning sun; its wharves are crowded by the vessels of trade; its streets are alive with the busy hum of commerce. "The wand of the magician never effected changes like these; nay, Aladdin's lamp, in all its glory, never performed greater won- ders. But the growth of the town, extraor- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 657 dinary as it is, bears no comparison with that of its commerce. In 1833 there were but four arrivals or about 60,000 tons. Point me, if you can, to any place in this land, whose trade has increased in like proportion. What has produced this great prosperity? I answer, its great natural advantages and the untiring enterprise of its citizens. Its situa- tion is unsurpassed by any in our land. Lake Michigan opens up to it the trade of the North and the East, and the Illinois and Michigan Canal, when completed, will open up the trade of the South and West. But the great share of its prosperity is to be attributed to the enterprise of its citizens." How far the enthusiastic dream of "A Rambler" has been surpassed by the reality in a little more than three-score years, is a story already familiar to the world. In common with the entire country, Chicago felt most keenly the effects of the financial revulsion of 1837. During a considerable part of the next five years, the financial disasters which had overtaken the State, compelled the suspension of work on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which had been entered upon in 1836, and upon the completion of which the future growth of the city was so closely dependent. As a consequence there was a rapid deprecia- tion in the value of real estate and a general stagnation in business, which had the effect to check the tide of immigration which had been so marked a feature of the four years following the Black Hawk War and the Indian treaty of 1833. About 1842 there was a revival of busi- ness and immigration, which was made evident by the State census of 1845 showing a popula- tion of over 12,000, and was still more marked by the United States census of 1850, when the population had grown to more than 28,000 an increase of over 600 per cent as compared with that of ten years previous. In 1844 it has been estimated that over 600 new buildings were erected. On March 4, 1837, the State Legislature passed an act granting a special charter author- izing Chicago to organize a city government. The first election under this act was held on the first Tuesday in May, following, resulting in the election of William B. Ogden the first Mayor, the total vote cast being 703. The first charter fixed the term of the Mayor at one year, but in 1863 it was changed to two years. In the sixty-eight years that have elapsed since the organization of a city government thirty different persons have occupied the chair of Mayor eighteen under the one-year rule, and twelve under the two-year period. Of the one- year class, ten held office for one term each and eight for two terms each ; while of the two-year class, nine held office for one term each, one for two terms, one (Carter H. Harrison, Sr.) five terms, and one (Carter H. Harrison, Jr.) is now (1904) serving his fourth consecutive term. Embracing an area of 2.55 square miles at the date of its incorporation as a town in 1835, Chicago has grown by successive annexations until now (1905) it covers 190.64 square miles, including seven entire townships, viz.: North, South and West Chicago, Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View and Jefferson, with parts of Calu- met, Cicero, Evanston, Maine, Niles and Nor- wood Park Townships. The following table presents the population of Chicago, as officially reported at different periods during its history as a city: 1837 4,179 | 1870 298,977 1840 4,470 | 1880 503,185 1850 28,269 | 1890 1,099,850 1860 112,162 | 1900 1,698,575 Population 1903 (est.) 1,885,000. SUBURBAN VILLAGES ABSORBED BT CHICAGO. One of the most noteworthy evidences of the change that has been going on in Cook County within the past twenty years, has been the absorption of outlying villages and townships within the city of Chicago. As already explained in the opening pages of this chapter, the city now embraces seven full townships, which formerly had an independent existence, while it has absorbed parts of five others. One of the interesting features in the history of these changes relates to the large number of suburban villages which have been swept into the city by the various annexations which have taken place within the past fifteen years. The fever for annexation began in 1869, and since that time there have been ten successive annexations, which have more than quadrupled the area of the city and added largely to the population by annexation alone, as well as given room for further development. Previous to the date first named, the northern limit was at Fullerton Avenue, the southern at Thirty- ninth Street, and the western at Fortieth Ave- nue. Since then the city limits have been 658 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. moved six and a half miles farther north, thir- teen miles farther south to One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Street, four miles farther west making the city over twenty-five miles in length from north to south, with an average width of about seven and a half miles to make up its area of 191 square miles. The record breaking year in the way of annexations was 1889, when nearly four congressional townships (about 140 square miles) were brought within the city limits. These comprised the whole of Jefferson and Lake View Townships on the uorth/and Lake and Hyde Park Townships on the south. The town of Hyde Park was organized in 1861, being set apart from Lake Township, its area at first extending from Thirty-ninth Street on the north to Eighty-seventh Street on the south, and from Grand Boulevard, or South Park Avenue, on the west to Michigan on the east. In 1867 its limits were extended south to One Hundred Thirty-eighth Street on the south and to Indiana State line on the east. While Hyde Park Township, at the date of its annexation to the city in 1889, constituted a municipal corporation with a population of some 80,000, it was made up of a large number of incipient villages, or hamlets, which had sprung into existence at different periods. One of the most important of these was known as Oakland also as .Cleaverville;, from Charles Cleaver who settled in Ellis Avenue south of Thirty-ninth Street in 1853. It is only possible here to make mention of some of the most important incidents in the history of this local- ity, but it was, for a time, the residence of some of the most prominent citizens of Chi- cago Village, Oolehour, Cummings, Hegewisch, township were Forrestville, Egandale, Grand Crossing, Cornell, Brookline, Cheltenham Beach, South Chicago, City of Calumet, South Chi- cago Village, Colehour, Cummings, Hegewisch, Riverdale, Wildwood, Kensington, Roseland, Pullman, North Pullman, etc. Some of these were simply residence districts taking their names, like Egandale and Cornell, from their most prominent families, while others, like Pullman, Colehour, Cummings, Hegewisch, Kensington, etc., were manufacturing centers, or points of junction of different lines of rail- road approaching Chicago. The most important of these was Pullman, which, starting as a manufacturing suburb, grew to the proportions of a model city, and now constitutes one of the most busy and prosperous parts of the city of Chicago. Lake Township, one of the early voting pre- cincts of Cook County, later one of the town- ships organized in 1850, and incorporated as a village in 1855, comprised within its area a num- ber of industrial and residence centers, though not formally incorporated as villages. The most important of these was the Union Stock Yards, which would rank as a city in itself today, if the number of persons finding employ- ment there, and the volume of financial trans- actions were alone taken into account. Engle- wood, South Englewood, and Auburn were prom- ising residence districts, while Normalville was the location of the Cook County Normal School. South Lynn and South Brighton were also the beginnings of residence suburbs, .the latter in the immediate vicinity of what is now known as McKinley Park. On the North Side, Lake View Township, lying between the City of Chicago and Evanston, and embracing an area five miles in length, with an average of two and a half in breadth along the lake shore, and including a portion of Lin- coln Park, was known previous to the annexa- tion period as one of the choice residence sub- urbs of Chicago. This applies especially to the village of Ravenswood, situated on the Mil- waukee Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. The first settlement was made in the township previous to 1837. The north branch of the Chicago River flows near the west line of what was Lake View Township and across its southwest corner. Rosehill and Graceland cemeteries, two of the most noted cemeteries near Chicago, are both within the limits of the original Lake View Township, now, as already explained, a part of Chicago. Jefferson Township, originally another sub- urban district to the northwest of Chicago but now a part of the city, is believed to have been settled first in 1830, by John K. Clark, a rela- tive of the Kinzies and Clybourns. Other early settlers in the township were Mark Noble, George Bickerdike and Joseph Lovell. A number of prosperous villages were located in this township previous to the date of annexa- tion, all being now within the city of Chicago. The most important were Humboldt Park, Cragin, Avondale, Mont Clare, Forest Glen, Bowmanville, Galewood, Montrose, Garfield and Pennock. Several of these, like Humboldt Park and Garfield, have given names to impor- tant localities within the city. Mc-.na.sLL Pub Cc HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 659 CHAPTER XVI. centering at Chicago with the mileage operated by each, as stated in the Report of the Illinois Railway Commission for 1903: TRUNK LINES. MILEAGE. RAILWAY PROGRESS. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. . . 4,828.86 Baltimore & Ohio 3,832.89 Chicago & Alton 898.04 Chicago & Eastern Illinois 728.36 CHICAGO AS A RAILWAY CENTER--THE GALENA & ^.^ & Wegtern In( j iana 37.37 CHICAGO UNION THE PIONEER LINE PRINCIPAL CMcago & Er j e 349.57 LINES NOW OPERATING-STREET RAILWAY HIS- CMcagQ & Qrand Tnmk 330 4Q TORY-SURFACE AND ELEVATED LINES-INTER- CWcago & Northwes tem 7,327.38 URBAN TROLLEY ROADS-THE FOX RIVER VALLEY CM Burlington & Q uincy 8)0 95.69 SYSTEMS-CHICAGO & JOLIET LINE. ^.^ ^^ ^^ 846<18 Chicago, Indianapolis & Louisville Chicago was still in the primitive condition (M(m(>n Route) 53g 89 of a pioneer settlement and Indian trading post Chicago> Indianapolis & Western 36L45 when railway construction began in the older chicago> Mllwaukee & st Paul 6;669 . 20 sections of the Union, and had scarcely entered Chicago Rock Igland & paciflc ^^ M upon the condition of an embryonic city when Cleyelimd Cincinnati, Chicago & St. the first railroad was built in the State of Illi- T . , g,y. . nois. Consequently it was* tardy in entering min g S central".' .' ^SS.'lS upon its career of railroad construction, yet in Lake Shore & Michigan Southern 1>411 . 16 the half-century, which has since elapsed, it Micnigan Central . 1>650 . 18 has become the center of a larger mileage of New York Chicago & gt LQuis (Nickel tributary railway lines than any other city in pi t ^ 512 5"> the country-or, for that matter, in the world. Penns y lvan ' ia ' ' '^ ' ' ( ^pJttsbuVg,' ' Ft. ' ' Of over twenty corporations now operating Wayne & Chicago) 1;470 78 main or trunk lines into the city of Chicago, p^ Cincinnati, Chicago & St. several have control, either by lease or pur- _ . 1 35g <, chase, of subsidiary lines leading into the w h h ' 2*044 70 city or directly tributary to it. The whole num- wiscongin ' Cen V ral ' ] ' 815 [ 1Q ber of original lines centering at Chicago as a terminal point has numbered not less than T , , 552B511 thirty-five, of which several have been known by different names. The first railroad to be While the main lines radiating from Chicago constructed with Chicago as the starting point, give close connection with other trunk lines was the Galena & Chicago Union now a part leading to both the Atlantic and the Pacific, as of the Chicago & Northwestern originally well as to the Gulf Coast and Canada, there chartered in 1836, although the work of actual are a number of short lines directly tributary to < construction was not fairly begun until 1847. the city which add largely to the general vol- As its name indicates, this line was intended ume of business. The gross earnings' of the to connect the cities of Galena and Chicago. twenty-two roads constituting the Chicago Rail- The first ten miles of the line west from the road Association for the year 1903, aggregated city of Chicago were so far completed as to $660, 800,972, showing an increase of 87 per permit the running of a train over it in Decem- cent in the income of the same lines in the ber, 1848, an event celebrated with great past ten years, while the increase in mileage of enthusiasm by the people. This was ten years the same companies, during the same period, after the first locomotive had been placed on amounted to 26 per cent. The total number of the track of the Northern Cross Railroad (now passenger trains arriving at and departing from a part of the Wabash System), and about nine Chicago per day (Sundays excepted) at the years after the completion of that line from the present time (1904) amounts to 1,144, of which Illinois River to Jacksonville. The following 333 are through express trains and 811 are table presents a list of the trunk line railways accommodation and suburban trains. The aver- 66o HISTOKIC'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. age number of freight trains arriving and departing daily is estimated at 325 outgoing and 324 incoming trains, making a total of 649 within twenty-four hours. The total amount of freight handled by Chicago roads aggregates 41 per cent of the entire freight ton- nage of the United States, making Chicago the largest railroad center in the world. Besides many substations within the city limits, the general passenger business of roads entering Chicago is handled at six separate ter- minal stations, located in different parts of the city but conveniently accessible from the prin- cipal hotels. Central Station, located at No. 1 Lake Park Place, is used by five main lines; Dearborn Station, on Polk Street facing Dear- born, by nine lines; Grand Central Passenger Station, Harrison Street and Fifth Avenue, by five lines; La Salle Street Station, 136 to 154 Van Buren Street, by three lines; Northwestern Depot, North Wells and Kinzie Streets, by the Chicago & Northwestern; and the Union Depot, Canal and Adams Streets, by five lines. STREET RAILWAYS. The history of street railways in Chicago begins with the construction of a line in State Street authorized by ordinance of the City Council in 1856, and later granted special char- ter by act of the General Assembly, although the work of actual construction did not com- mence until nearly three years later. The line, as originally opened in April, 1859, extended south to Twelfth Street, and was, of course, operated by horse-power, as all street-car lines were in that day. The progress made in this department within the last forty years is indi- cated not only in the increased mileage, but in the style of construction, horse-power having given way almost entirely to cable and electric power. Reduced to single track, the mileage of ten surface and six elevated lines amounts to more than 1,000 miles. The following is a list of the lines as reported for July, 1901, since when there have been few changes. SURFACE LINES. Calumet Electric Street Railway (trolley) operates 72 miles of owned and 5 miles of leased track total Chicago City Railway (cable, trolley and horse) General Electric (controlled by Chi- Trackage in miles. 77. 209.82 Trackage in miles. cago City Railway Company operated by storage battery .... 56 . Chicago Electric Traction (trolley). 28. Chicago General Railway (electric). 22. Chicago Union Traction (cable and electric) includes : West Side System 202.70 North Side System 94 . 33 Chicago Consolidated Trac- tion 205 . 71 502 . 74 Northern Electric Railway 5. South Chicago City Railway 37. Total ELEVATED LINES. 937.56 As the city has extended its area and the downtown streets have become more and more congested with traffic and travel, there has been a constantly increasing demand, during the last few years, for relief by the construc- tion of elevated lines, thereby securing both speed and safety. The first line of this class to be constructed was the South Side Elevated (popularly known as the "Alley L") chartered as the "Chicago and South Side Rapid Transit Railroad" in 1888, and completed from Con- gress Street to Thirty-ninth Street in 1892, and to Jackson Park (8.56 miles) in May, 1893, becoming an important factor in connection with the World's Fair. It is a double-track line with switches and sidetracks, making a total trackage of 19.44 miles. A most important part of the elevated rail- road system is the "Union Loop," extending north on Wabash Avenue to Lake Street, west on Lake to Fifth Avenue, south on Fifth Avenue to Van Buren and east on Van Buren to Wabash Avenue. The company was organized in 1894 for the purpose of constructing a road to connect the several elevated lines, and owns approximately two miles of double-track total trackage, about four miles. The "Loop" is used for turning purposes by the following lines: Lake Street Elevated, Metropolitan West Side Elevated, Northwestern Elevated and South Side Elevated. The Union Consolidated Ele- vated Railroad is a short line extending in Van Buren Street from Fifth Avenue to Market Street, and is operated by the Metropolitan Elevated, furnishing the latter with a connec- tion with the Union Loop. The Lake Street Elevated was chartered in 1888, but not constructed until several years later. Besides the Union Loop Division it oper- HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 66 1 ates 6.5 miles of double-track elevated line from Fifth Avenue to West Fifty-second Street, and 4.3 miles of surface track. The Metropolitan West Side Elevated was organized in 1892, and in May, 1901, operated over 17 miles of road (lineal measure) exclu- sive of the Union Loop, made up of the main line and two branches. A part of this is 4- track and the remainder double-track, making a total of 37.9 miles single track. The Northwestern Elevated (May, 1901), is made up of .92 mile double-track from Lake Street to Institute Place; 5.52 4-track line from Institute Place to Wilson Avenue; besides one and a half miles for storage purposes. The total length of line operated for transportation purposes in 1903 was 8.42 miles, or about 25 miles of single-track. At the present time (January, 1905) the Northwestern Elevated is constructing a line to the Ravenswood district in the northwest part of the city. The aggregate of all the elevated lines oper- ated in Chicago, at the present time is esti- mated, approximately, as follows: Length in miles. Lake Street Elevated *10.8 Metropolitan West Side Elevated 17 . 35 Northwestern Elevated 8.42 South Side Elevated 8.72 Union Loop 1.98 Total 47.27 INTERURBAN LINES. About five years ago the attention of capital- ists began to be attracted to projects for the construction of electric lines of railway, con- necting various suburban towns with the city of Chicago, and during the past three years the work of construction has been going on with great activity. The earliest of these lines, known as the "Suburban Railroad," was char- tered in 1895, for the purpose of constructing a trolley line connecting Chicago with Elgin, Aurora, Joliet and intermediate points. During 1900 this line was completed by way of River Forest, Riverside and Grossdale to La Grange by way of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad some fourteen miles from the city and the company has been operating over 33% miles of owned single track, besides 22^4 miles of leased track belonging to the Chicago *4.3 miles of this line is surface road. Terminal Transfer Company, thereby securing connection with Oak Park, Ridgeland, Harlem and the Metropolitan West Side Elevated Road. One of the most extensive interurban lines projected is the Aurora, Wheaton & Chicago Railroad, designed to connect the places named in the title. Early in 1901 the company absorbed several other similar enterprises, including the Elgin, Carpentersville & Aurora; the Aurora Street Railway; the Aurora & Gen- eva; the Aurora, Yorkville & Morris, and the Geneva, Batavia & Southern. When completed, the parent road, extending from Fifty-second Avenue in Chicago (where it has connection with the Metropolitan Elevated), will connect with Wheaton, Aurora, Elgin, Warrenhurst and Batavia a total of 55 miles. About July 1, 1901, it had 71 miles, single-track measurement, in operation, and before the close of the year the principal towns of the Fox River Valley between Yorkville, in Kendall County, and Dundee, in Kane County, were in communica- tion with each other and the city of Chicago. Ultimately these rural lines will establish con- nections with similar lines extending to Rock- ford, Belvidere, Freeport, etc., forming a per- fect network of electric lines over Northern Illinois. One of the most important of these inter- urban lines is the Chicago & Joliet, extending from Forty-eighth Street and Archer Avenue in the city of Chicago to Joliet a distance of 40 miles which was opened in September, 1901, and will, no doubt, be extended down the valley of the Illinois, and ultimately form a connection with rural lines projected and in process of construction from Springfield and Bloomington northward. The total trackage of the Joliet line (1903) aggregates 48% miles. The Chicago & Milwaukee Electric Railway, designed to connect Chicago with Milwaukee and intermediate points, has been completed (1901) to Waukegan, a distance of 30 miles from the city limits and 28 miles from Evans- ton. The Hammond, Whiting & East Chicago Electric Railway, extending from Hammond to East Chicago and Whiting in Lake County, Ind., though wholly within the State of Indi- ana, is directly connected with the Chicago system. The company owns 22 miles of trolley line. 662 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XVII. POLITICAL. CHICAGO AS A POLITICAL CENTER NATIONAL POL- ITICAL CONVENTIONS NOMINATION OF LINCOLN IN 1860 OTHER NOTABLE CONVENTIONS CITI- ZENS OF COOK COUNTY WHO HAVE HELD STATE OFFICES COOK COUNTY CITIZENS IN THE COUN- CILS OF THE NATION UNITED STATES SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS PRESENT REPRESENTATION (1904) IN CONGRESS LEGIS- LATIVE DISTRICTS IN COOK COUNTY. The importance of Chicago as a political cen- ter is indicated in the fact that, within the last forty-four years (1860-1904), it has been the point for the holding of more National conven- tions of the respective political parties than any other single city in the country since the foundation of the Republic. Commencing with the memorable convention of May 16, 1860, which resulted in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice-President, there have been six National conventions of the Republican party and four Democratic. The dates of Republican conventions, besides that of 1860, have been as follows: May 21, 1868, at which Gen. U. S. Grant was nominated for the Presi- dency and Schuyler Coif ax for Vice-President; June 2-8, 1880, resulting in the nomination of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur; June 3, 1884, when James G. Elaine and Gen. John A. Logan were nominated for President and Vice-President; June 20-25, 1888, which ended in the first nomination of Benjamin Harrison for President and Levi P. Morton for Vice- President; the sixth being the convention of June 21-23, 1904, at which Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for the Presidency and Charles W. Fairbanks of Indiana, for the Vice-Presi- dency. Of these conventions, that of 1860, marking the beginning of Republican rule in national affairs and the agitation which termi- nated in the Civil War; that of 1880, when a sturdy struggle was made for the nomination of Gen. Grant for the Presidency for a third term, and that of 1904, at which the nomina- tion of both candidates on the national ticket was accomplished by acclamation, will gener- ally be regarded as most noteworthy. The National conventions of the Democratic party were held, respectively, August 29, 1864 this date being a postponement from July 4 preceding which ended in the nomination of George B. McClellan and George H. Pendleton; July 10, 1884, when Grover Cleveland was nom- inated for the first time; June 21, 1892, when Mr. Cleveland received his third nomination for the Presidency, with Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois, as his running mate for the Vice- Presidency; while the fourth was that of July 7-10, 1896, at which William J. Bryan received his first nomination for the Presidency. Of these the conventions of 1864 and 1896 were probably the most notable the first resulting in the choice of a candidate for the Presidency of a man who had been in command of the Union armies in the field on a platform declar- ing the war "a failure;" while the second was notable for the display of oratory during its deliberations and the declaration of the party in favor of free-coinage of silver on the basis of 16 to 1 of gold a position which the party maintained for the next eight years. On the other hand, the conventions of 1884 and 1892 at both of which Mr. Cleveland was nominated for the Presidency resulted in the only suc- cesses which the party has attained in national campaigns since 1856. CITIZENS OF COOK COUNTY WHO HAVE HELD STATE OFFICES. While Chicago has been an important and constantly growing factor in National and State politics, the number of its citizens who have held executive and other prominent positions in connection with the National and State gov- ernments has not been large. Up to 1904 only two citizens of Cook County had held the office of Governor, viz.: John L. Beveridge, who was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the same ticket with Governor Oglesby, and, on the election of the latter to the United States Senate ten days after his inauguration, succeeded to the gov- ernorship; and John P. Altgeld, who was elected Governor in 1892. November 8, 1904, Charles S. Deneen, who had previously served as a member of the lower branch of the Gen- eral Assembly from Cook County, and two terms in the office of State's Attorney, was elected Governor on the Republican ticket by the unprecedented plurality, for the whole HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 663 State, of over 300,000 votes, of which Cook County furnished over 130,000 his majority within the county over all other candidates for the office of Governor being 81,560 votes. Those who have held the office of Lieutenant- Governor by election, have been: Hon. Fran- cis A. Hoffman, 1861-65 (elected with the first Gov. Richard Yates); William Bross, 1865-69; John L. Beveridge, Jan. 13 to 23, 1873, when he succeeded to the governorship; Andrew Shuman, 1877-81; Gen. John C. Smith, 1885-89. The only citizen of Cook County who ever occupied the office of Secretary of State was David L. Gregg, who had previously been a citi- zen of Will County and editor of the first paper established at Joliet. He held the office from 1850 to 1853, as successor to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office during the year first named. Gregg had previously been a member of the Legislature from the Will County District, and after his retirement from the Secretaryship, .served as Commissioner to the Sandwich Islands by appointment of President Pierce. The following citizens of Cook County have served in the office of State Treasurer: Gen. George W. Smith, 1867-69; Edward Rutz, 1881-83 having previously served two terms as a res- ident of St. Glair County; Jacob Gross, 1885-87; Henry Wulff, 1895-97; Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99. COOK COUNTY CITIZENS IN THE NATIONAL COUN- CILS. In the councils of the Nation Chicago has exerted a marked influence, although, of twen- ty-seven men who have held the position of United States Senator from Illinois, for one or more terms, up to the present time (1904), only five were residents of Chicago for at least a part of their terms of service, though men of wide national reputation. The list includes the names of Stephen A. Douglas, who was Sen- ator from 1847 to 1861; Lyman Trumbull, 1855 to 1873; John A. Logan, 1871 to 1877 and 1879 to 1886; Charles B. Farwell, 1887 to 1891, and William E. Mason, 1897 to 1903. Of these all except Farwell and Mason were elected for three terms each, Douglas and Logan dying before the expiration of their last term, while Trumbull served his full period of eighteen years. At the time of his first election, Doug- las was a resident of Quincy, afterwards becom- ing a citizen of Chicago, while Trumbull entered the Senate as a citizen of Belleville, but before the beginning of his second term removed to Chicago. Logan, Farwell and Mason were residents of Chicago during their entire incumbency in the Senate. Senator Far- well's service of four years was as successor to Senator Logan, filling the unexpired term of the latter who died in 1886 after his third elec- tion in 1885. As Chicago and Cook County have increased in population they have steadily increased in the- number of their Representatives in Con- gress, until now, under the apportionment adopted by the General Assembly of 1901, divid- ing the State into twenty-five Congressional Districts in accordance with the census of 1900, nine Districts are Assigned wholly to Cook County and the tenth to Cook in conjunction with Lake County. Of Cook County Districts, six ttfe First, Second, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth and Ninth lie wholly within the Chicago city limits, while the Third, Sixth and Seventh each embrace parts of the city and country towns. The Tenth District, as already stated, embraces. Lake County, with a portion of the city of Chicago and several northern townships of Cook County. John Wentworth, the second newspaper editor in Chicago, was the first citizen of Chi- cago to hold a seat in the lower house of Con- gress from the district of which Cook County then formed a part, being elected for six terms between 1842 and 1866. Other citizens of Chi- cago and Cook County who have represented the city and county in the Congressional House of Representatives have been: James H. Wood-, worth (one term), 1855-57; John F. Farns- worth (two terms), 1857-61 later a resident of Kane County; Isaac N. Arnold (two terms), 1861-65; Norman B. Judd (two terms), 1867-71; John L. Beveridge for State-at-large, 1871-73; Charles B. Farwell, 1871-75 and 1881-83; John B. Rice, 1873-74 (died in office); Jasper D. Ward, 1873-75; B. G. Caulfield (as successor to Rice), 1875-77; Carter H. Harrison, 1875-79; John V. LeMoyne, 1876-77; William Aldrich, 1877-83; Lorenz Brentano, 1877-79; George R, Davis, 1879-85; Hiram Barber, 1879-81; R. W, 66 4 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dunham, 1883-89; John F. Finerty, 1883-85; George E. Adams, 1883-91; Frank Lawler, 1885-91; James H. Ward, 1885-87; William E. Mason, 1887-91; Abner Taylor, 1889-93; Law- rence E. McGann, 1891-97; Allen C. Durborow, 1891-95; Walter C. Newberry, 1891-93; J. Frank Aldrich, 1893-97; Julius Goldzier, 1893-95; Wil- liam Lorimer, 1895-1905; Charles W. Wood- man, 1895-97 ; George E. White, 1895-99 ; Edward D. Cooke, 1895-97 (died in office after re-elec- tion) ; George Edmund Foss, 1895-1905; James R. Mann, 1897-1905; Hugh R. Belknap, 1897-99; Daniel W. Mills, 1897-99; Henry Sherman Bou- tell, vice Cooke, 1897-1905; George P. Foster, 1899-1905; Thomas Cusack, 1899-1901; Edward T. Noonan, 1899-1901; John J. Feely, 1901-03; James J. McAndrews, 1901-03; William F. Mahony, 1901-05; Martin Emerich, 1903-05. The Representatives in the Fifty-eighth Con- gress (1903-05), representing districts com- prised, in whole or in part, within Cook County, are: First District Martin Emerich (Dem.); Second District James R. Mann (Rep.)? Third District William Warfield Wilson (Rep,); Fourth District George P. Foster (Dem.); Fifth District James McAndrews (Dem.) ; Sixth District William Lorimer (Rep.) ; Sev- enth District Philip Knopf (Rep.); Eighth District William F. Mahony (Dem.); Ninth District Henry Sherman Boutell (Rep.) ; Tenth District George Edmund Foss (Rep.) REPRESENTATION IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY. Under the act apportioning members of the General Assembly, Cook County is divided into nineteen Legislative Districts, of which four- teen are wholly within the city of Chicago; four composed of city territory and country towns combined, and one consisting wholly of rural territory. The city districts are numbered First to Fifth consecutively, the Ninth, Eleventh, Sev- enteenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-fifth, Twenty- seventh, Twenty-ninth and Thirty-first; the city and country districts being the Sixth, Thir- teenth, Nineteenth and Twenty-third, and the sole country district the Seventh. The county is thus entitled to 19 Senators and 57 Repre- sentatives making a total representation in both branches of the Legislature of 76, a little over one-third of the representation of the whole State. CHAPTER XVIII. PARKS AND BOULEVARDS. GENERAL HISTORY BEGINNING OF THE PARK SYS- TEM FIRST PARK NAMED FOR THE MARTYRED PRESIDENT STATISTICS OF COST AND AREA OF PARK SYSTEMS IN THE THREE SEVERAL DIVIS- IONS PROJECTED PARKS ON THE DES PLAINES AND CALUMET RIVERS. Geographically considered the most pictur- esque feature of modern Chicago rests upon its extensive system of public parks, a portion of which is located in each of the three divisions into which the city is divided, the whole being united by a system of improved boulevards and driveways making a complete circuit of the city. The park system had its origin in an act of the Legislature in 1837 granting to the town of Chicago a lot of canal land near the town plat on the North Side, to be used as a burial ground, and paid for by the town at the valua- tion afterwards to be set upon these lands by the State. During the cholera epidemic of 1852, a considerable tract was purchased in the same vicinity, for the purpose of establish- ing a hospital and quarantine grounds. By 1858 the city had grown around the cemetery, and considerable opposition began to be mani- fested to the maintenance of a cemetery within the city limits. This led to the passage of an ordinance by the City Council in 1859, prohibit- ing the further sale of lots within the cemetery. During the next year the question of dedicating a portion of these lands for use as a public park began to be agitated, and, early in 1860, an ordinance was adopted limiting burials to the portion already subdivided for that purpose, and reserving the north sixty acres to be used as a public park, or for such purpose as the Common Council might direct. Two years later a beginning had been made in the laying out of roads and walks and the clearing of ground in the portion of the tract reserved for park purposes, the prosecution of the work being in charge of the Commissioners of Pub- lic Works. Early in 1864 an ordinance was passed setting aside the whole of this tract (including the cemetery grounds) for a public HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 665 park, and giving it the name of "Lake Park." The further sale of lots for cemetery pur- poses was also prohibited and, in 1866, an ordinance was adopted prohibiting any more burials in the cemetery, and the removal of bodies to other burial grounds, which had already begun, became general. Up to 1864 the appropriations for the improvement of the park had been insignifi- cant, and very little real progress had been made. In June, 1865 a few weeks after the assassination of President Lincoln the name of Chicago's pioneer park was changed by ordinance to "Lincoln Park," and, with the increased interest produced by attaching to it the name of the "Martyred President," the work of development appears to have begun in earnest. The appropriation for this year amounted to $10,000, which enabled the Com- missioners to employ a landscape gardener to lay out walks and drives. In 1868 the expen- ditures in construction of drives and walks, transplanting trees and digging sewers, exceeded $20,000. A new and most important step was taken in 1869, when, by three separate acts of the Legislature, the regulation of the Chicago park system came under control of State laws providing for the improvement of parks in each of the three divisions of the city, each being under control of a separate Board of Commissioners. These will be treated of separately under their respective heads. NORTH PARK SYSTEM. A concise history of Lincoln Park which virtually constitutes the whole of the North Park System has been given up to the time of its passing under control of a Board of Park Commissioners appointed under act of the State Legislature. This step was taken in the passage of an act, approved February 8, 1869, which named E. B. McCagg, John B. Turner, Andrew Nelson, Joseph Stockton and Jacob Rehm as the first Board of "Commis- sioners of Lincoln Park." In 1871 the appoint- ing power was placed in the hands of the Governor, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the number of the Commissioners remaining unchanged until 1897, when it was increased from five to seven. As would naturally be inferred from its his- tory as the original park enterprise in the City of Chicago, the equipment of Lincoln Park as to improvement of grounds, walks and drives, landscape gardening and greenhouses, lakes and other water-ways, fountains, monu- ments and statuary, zoological collections, etc., is the most complete and extensive in the city, and surpasses any other in the United States, unless it be that of Central Park in New York City. At the same time the area occupied for park purposes is smaller than that of either of the other divisions of the city, being less than half that of the West Side system (includ- ing boulevards), and less than one-third of that of the South Side. Besides Lincoln Park, proper, two other small parks extending from North Avenue on the south to Diversey Boule- vard on the north constitute a part of the North Park system, viz.: Chicago Avenue Park and Union Square. The area of these, with the boulevards attached, as shown by the report of the Park Commissioners for 1900, is as follows: AEEA IN ACRES. Lincoln Park 308.072 Chicago Avenue Square 9.160 Union Square 462 All Boulevards . . 91.433 Total 409.127 (Since 1900 the Oak Park Triangle embracing an area of 9 acres has been added to the sys- tem, making a total, with boulevards, of 418- .433 acres.) The total length of improved boulevards in miles (1901) approximated 8% miles, while the improved walks and drives within the park aggregated a little over 25 miles. Work is now in progress (1904) on the Shore Boulevard extending from Indiana Street to Lincoln Park. In addition to about 41 acres of water surface (ponds and lagoons) within the park, Lincoln Park has a water frontage of 4% miles along the lake shore, which is traversed through its entire length by the famous Lake Shore Drive. An extension of Lincoln Park on the north by the filling in of the lake front is contemplated, which is expected to add about 213 acres to its area. The buildings in Lincoln Park are the most extensive of those of any park in the city, including "The Zoo" which, with its collec- tion of animals, is an especially attractive feature for visitors; the Matthew Laflin Memo- rial Building, which furnishes offices for the Park Commissioners and houses the treasures 666 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of the Academy of Sciences; and the great conservatory, which is approached by terraces at the north end of the park. Besides the colossal statue of Abraham Lincoln facing the southern entrance to the park, there are statues of General Grant, Schiller, Linne, Franklin, Shakespeare, La Salle, Hans Christian Ander- sen, Beethoven, Garibaldi and "Peace," repre- sented by an Indian (in bronze) astride a horse several of these statues being gifts from citizens of different nationalities. The stupendous character of the work accom- plished by the development of Lincoln Park and its connecting systems of boulevards, in thirty- two years, is indicated by the fact that, between 1869 and January 1, 1901, the total expendi- tures for park purposes (purchase of ground, erection of buildings and other improvements) amounted to $8,808,121.31. The receipts of the Board of Commissioners within the same time aggregated $8,921,002.79, of which $5,104,- 815.06 was obtained by general taxation, and the remainder ($3,816,187.73) derived from special assessments and other sources. The Lincoln Park Commission for 1904 embraces the following names: W. W. Tracy (President), Bryan Lathrop (Vice-President), F. H. Gansbergen, J. H. Hirsch, Burr A. Ken- nedy, Gustave Lundquist and F. T. Simmons; with R. H. Warder, Superintendent and Secre- tary; Edward Dickinson, Treasurer; and Frank Hamlin, Attorney. SOUTH PARK SYSTEM. The creation of the South Park system fol- lowed closely upon the organization of Lincoln Park under authority of State law, and was undoubtedly the result of the rivalry aroused by that act between the different divisions of the city. The act authorizing the appointment of a Board of South Park Commissioners, and empowering them to purchase lands and improve the same, passed the Legislature and received the approval of Gov. John M. Palmer, February 24, 1869 only about two weeks after the creation of the Lincoln Park Board. The first Board of Commissioners appointed con- sisted of John M. Wilson, George W. Gage, Chauncey T. Bowen, L. B. Sidway and Paul Cornell. The number of Commissioners, origi- nally fixed at five, has remained unchanged, their appointment being placed in the hands of the Judges of the Circuit Court of Cook County. Plans were prepared for the develop- ment of a park system for the towns of South Chicago, Hyde Park and Lake, by Messrs. Olm- stead and Vaux, landscape architects, but active work was soon suspended in conseque'nce of the fire of 1871, but resumed the following year. As it now stands, the South Park system is the most extensive in the city, embracing six park districts varying in area from 20 to approximately 524 acres each, with 17.28 miles of boulevards. The two largest park areas are embraced in Jackson and Washington Parks, with the connecting Midway Plaisance, making a total of about 975 acres. On January 10, 1901, a tract known as Brighton Park, just east of the South Branch and north of Thirty-ninth Street, was transferred to the South Park Com- missioners at a cost of $85,827.50, and by action of the Board on October 9th following, received the name of McKinley Park. By act of the , General Assembly of 1901, what was known as Lake Front Park, extending along the lake shore from Monroe Street on the north to Park Place on the south, and east of Michigan Avenue, was changed to Grant Park. This park is already the site of the Chicago Art Institute and of the equestrian statue of Gen. John A. Logan. The following table exhibits the area of the several South Side parks, with the amount of improved lands belonging to each, as shown by the Report of the South Park Commissioners for December 1, 1900, except as to McKinley Park, which was acquired since January 1, 1901: IMPBOVED AREA TOTAL AREA IN ACBES. IN ACRES. Jackson Park 290.86 523.9 Washington Park ..371 371 Grant Park 25.13 186.43 Gage Park 5 20 Midway Plaisance. . 80 80 McKinley Park 34.33 Total 771.99 1,215.66 Area of Boulevards . . 318.88 Grand Total of System 1,534.54 Since the above table was prepared, under the provisions of an act of the Legislature passed in 1903, 14 new parks have been added to the South Park System, of which Marquette Park is the largest, with an area of 322.68 acres, making a total of 20 parks under the management of the South Park Board, and HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 667 increasing the total area to 1,872.96 acres. The areas of the smaller parks range from five to about 60 acres each. Considerable improve- ments have been made in Jackson and McKinley Parks, an extensive outdoor swim- ming pool having been constructed in the latter, but the most extensive improvements are con- templated in Grant (formerly Lake Front) Park, which is now in process of enlargement to something like 200 acres by filling in the lake east of the Illinois Central Railroad. In addition to this it is proposed to construct a boulevard along the harbor line, which will be 220 feet wide and over a mile in length. The Michigan Avenue side of this park north of Monroe Street, will be the site of the new Crerar Library, which with the Field Colum- bian Museum, also to be erected on the park grounds, and the Art Institute already in exist- ence, will be the most conspicuous buildings and attractive centers of future Chicago. One of the improvements contemplated for McKin- ley Park is a monument to President McKinley, for whom the park is named. Of ten boulevards belonging to the South Park system, with a total length of 17.28 miles, Michigan Boulevard is the longest, with a lineal measurement of 5% miles, while the Drexel, Garfield and Western Avenue Boulevards have each a width of 200 feet and Grand Boulevard 198 feet. The aggregate length of improved drives, including those within the parks as well as the boulevards, is 41.75 miles. Jackson Park and its associated Midway Plaisance acquired a world-wide celebrity as the site of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, the total area occupied for that purpose being 666 acres. This event gave an impulse to the improvements in Jackson Park, which has since been followed up by the Commission- ers with great vigor and successful results, rfaking it one of the most attractive pleasure grounds in the city. The Field Museum (ulti- mately to be transferred to Grant Park), though not under the management of the South Park Commissioners, is one of the noteworthy attractions of the park, while the Convent Building (another relic of the Exposition of 1893), has been used with most satisfactory results during the summer months as a fresh air sanitarium for children. A large space in both Jackson and Washington Parks, as well as in the Midway Plaisance, is set apart for athletic sports. The total assets of the South Park system on December 1, 1900, were $16,279,640.02, of which $16,180,042.68 represented expenditures in the purchase of lands, cost of improvements, main- tenance, etc., since its organization in 1869. Adding $85,827.50 expended in the purchase of Brighton (now McKinley) Park, since January 1, 1901, makes the cost of the park system, up to that date, in excess of sixteen and a quar- ter million dollars. The South Park Commission at the present time (1904) consists of William Best, Jefferson Hodgkins, Henry G. Foreman, Lyman A. Wal- ton and Daniel F. Crilly, with Mr. Foreman as President of the Board, Mr. Best, Auditor; Edward G. Shumway, Secretary, and John R. Walsh, Treasurer. WEST CHICAGO PARK SYSTEM. The West Chicago Park system dates its origin back to an act of the Legislature, approved February 26, 1869, two days after the incorporation of the South Park system. The first Board of Commissioners for the West Chicago Park system was appointed by the Governor April 26, 1869, consisting of Charles C. P. Holden, Henry Greenebaum, George W. Stanford, Eben F. Runyan, Isaac R. Hitt, Clark Lipe and David Cole. The number of the members originally fixed at seven, appointed by the Governor has remained unchanged ever since. The system is made up of three principal parks, with six minor ones, all being connected by a boulevard system embracing a greater mileage and larger acreage than any other system in the city. The follow- ing is a list of the several parks with the area of each in acres, as per the Report of the Com- mission for the year ending December 31, 1900: ACREAGE. Humboldt Park ..." 205.865 Garfield Park 187.534 Douglas Park 181.991 Union Park 17.37 Jefferson Park 7.026 Vernon Park 6.14 Campbell Park 1.38 Wicker Park 4.03 Shedd's Park 1.134 Holstein Park . 1.94 Total 614.41 Area of boulevards. . . .374.396 Total area of system 988.806 668 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. The West Park system embraces twelve bou- levard lines, aggregating 21.75 miles in length and connecting the several parks with each other and with the North and South Side sys- tems. The longest of these is Washington Bou- levard, which has a lineal extent approximating five miles, while Humboldt, Franklin, Douglas and Marshall cover the largest area, having a width of 250 feet each through their entire length, which, for a small section of Humboldt Boulevard, is increased to 400 feet, with a lawn in the midway. Jackson Boulevard extends by a direct east and west line from Garfield Park through the South Side to Lake Michigan. The area of water surface (lakes and lagoons) within the parks aggregates 70 acres, and the improved lawns, 243 acres, leaving a balance of nearly 300 acres of unimproved lands belong- ing to the system. Notwithstanding some financial reverses, espe- cially that growing out of the defalcation of the Park Board Treasurer in 1896, there has been much activity in the development of the West Side Park system during the past few years. The total cost of the entire park sys- tem from its organization in 1869 to January 1, 1901 (exclusive of special assessments), amounted to $11,027,243.68, of which $7,145,- 981.43 was on account of lands and improve- ments, and $3,775,339.44 for maintenance. The amount received on special assessments for boulevard improvements and maintenance dur- ing the same time has been $2,107,194.56, mak- ing a grand total of $13,134,438.24 for the entire West Park system. The West Chicago Park Commission of seven members (1901) is as follows: Fred A. Bangs (President), Andrew J. Graham, Charles W. Kopf, C. Lichtenberger, Jr., Gabriel J. Norden, Edward H. Peters and Frederick Schultz, with Col. Walter Fieldhouse, Secretary; F. W. Blount, Treasurer, and William J. Cooke, Gen- eral Superintendent. SUMMARY. A consolidated statement of the several park systems of the city of Chicago, as they exist at the present time (1904), presents the follow- ing results as to number of both parks and boulevards, with area of the former in acres, and mileage of the latter: No. South Park System . . 20 West Park System . . 17 Lincoln Park System 9 School Parks (City) . 38 Area in acres. 1,872.96 644.41 549.69 102.00 Totals 84 3,169.06 No. of Blvds. 10 12 12 34 Miles. 17.28 23.14 9.22 49.64 The area of the boulevards reported in 1901 at 734.71 acres, and which has not materially changed since then would make the combined area of parks and boulevards 3,903.77 acres. Of this area nearly 2,200 acres, or more than one-half of the whole, is in the South Park Dis- trict. The largest acreage in boulevards belongs to the West Park system. EXPENDITURES OF PARK BOARDS TO JANUARY 1, 1901: Lincoln Park System $ 8,808,121 . 31 South Park System 16,180,042 . 69 West Park System 13,134,438.24 Grand total $38,122,602 . 24 HISTORIC DEARBORN PARK. Dearborn Park, the most historical of all the Chicago Parks, embracing, as it does, a consid- erable portion of the site of the old Fort Dear- born, is occupied by the Chicago Public Library and Memorial Hall building. The ground on the east side of Michigan avenue opposite Dearborn Park, constituting the northern por- tion of what has been known as Lake Front Park, still remains under the jurisdiction of the Commissioner of Public Works. By act of the Forty-second General Assembly (1901) the portion of this tract lying between Madison and Monroe streets, was set apart, under cer- tain conditions, to be used as the site of the John Crerar Library, which will, in all prob- ability, be erected within the next three years. SCHOOL PARKS. In addition to the larger parks, already enu- merated, to which the Park Boards are mak- ing frequent additions, a plan was set on foot about 1900, for the purpose of establishing playgrounds in connection with various public schools. These remain under control of the City Council, but are managed by a special com- mission consisting of members of the City Council, representatives of the Park Boards and of the County Board, besides citizens rep- resenting different professions and classes of business, the object being to secure the aid of practical architects, civil engineers, landscape gardeners and advisers as to sanitary condi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 669 tions. The extension of the system is being actively agitated and, at a meeting of the City Council held in October, 1904, authority was granted to purchase 25 playgrounds in addi- tion to the eight or nine already in use. It is claimed that these playgrounds are having a decidedly beneficial effect upon the children in the neighborhoods provided with them. OUTER-BELT PARK SYSTEM. On April 21, 1904, an organization was effected of what is known as the "Outer-Belt Park Commission" under authority granted by the Board of Commissioners of Cook County, August 3, 1903. The commission is made up of ten prominent citizens representing the city and county, the Mayor of Chicago and four Aldermen, three members of each Park Com- mission, and four members and the President of the Board of County Commissioners, its object as defined in its constitution being "to devise plans and means, and do all things that may be necessary, to create a system of outer parks and boulevards encircling the city of Chicago," on the ground that such improve- ments are needed for the health and comfort of the people of the city and its suburbs. The scheme contemplated by this commission looks to the establishment of a system of suburban parks on the northern border of the city, along the Des Plaines on the west, in the Calumet region on the south, and eventually possibly along "the Sag" in Palos Township in the south- west. All these localities afford important ad- vantages for improvements of this character, and while the Park Board has but recently effected its organization, it is proposed to take up its labors energetically during the present year. Both the Des Plaines and the Calumet regions are convenient of access from the central portions of the city, and, as the population in these sec- tions becomes more and more congested, the demand for larger breathing places will become more urgent. In support of the argument for an increased park area for the benefit of the citizens of Chicago, it is shown that the city stands nineteenth in a list of principal cities of the United States, in park and reservation areas in proportion to population, the total (in acres) for Chicago, being 3,174 against 12,878 for Boston; 8,074 for New York; 3,503 for Phil- adelphia; 2,911 for Washington, D. C., and 2,183 for St. Louis. The proportions of popu- lation to each acre of park and reservation area for these and other cities are as follows: Los Angeles, Cal., 36.1; Boston, 46.8; Minne- apolis, 153.6; St. Paul, 103.4; New York, 443.9; Philadelphia, 427.8; St. Louis, 320.3; New Orleans, 507.6; Baltimore, 520.4; and Chicago the largest population in proportion to park area 702.9 population per acre. In the event that the plans of the Outer-Belt Park Commis- sion are carried into effect, it may be expected that Chicago will ultimately rival Boston in the aggregate of its park area, if not in its proportion as to population. NORTH SHORE PARK DISTRICT. In addition to the park systems already enumerated, what is known as the North Shore Park District has been organized within the past two years, for the development of a park system in the northern section of the city, but the Board of Commissioners has so far devoted its attention chiefly to the subject of boulevards. CHAPTER XIX. NOTABLE EVENTS. REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CONVENTION OF 1860 THE CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY SOME OF ITS PRINCIPAL ACTORS EXPOSURE AND DEFEAT THE CONFLAGRATION OF 1871 VAST DESTRUC- TION OF PROPERTY AND HOMES AREA BURNED OVER RELIEF MEASURES THE HAYMARKET MASSACRE CONVICTION AND PUNISHMENT OF THE CONSPIRATORS LABOR STRIKES HEAVY LOSSES OF EMPLOYERS AND EMPLOYED. While Chicago has been the theater of many important and far-reaching events, such as the nomination here, on the 16th day of May, 1860, of the first successful Republican candidate for the Presidency in the person of Abraham Lin- coln, whose election and inauguration proved the forerunner of the attempted secession of eleven Southern States and a four-years' war in the effort to perpetuate negro slavery under the auspices of a "Southern Confederacy," only a few of the more notable of these events can be noticed in a volume of this character. One 670 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. of those deserving special mention in this con- nection, both on account of its importance from a national point of view and its relation to local history, is what is known as the "Camp Douglas Conspiracy." This was a plot entered into early in 1864, by a number of rebel leaders in the South or their agents with confederates connected with certain treasonable organizations in the North, which had for its object the securing by force of the liberation of the rebel prisoners confined in certain North- ern prison-camps, especially those at Chicago, Rock Island, Springfield and Alton in this State. Camp Douglas from which the plot took its name, in view of the fact that it con- tained a larger number of prisoners than any of the others named and was the center of greatest activity on the part of the conspira- tors had been established during the first year of the war on an irregular block of ground within the present limits of the city of Chicago between Thirty-first Street and Thirty-third Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest Avenues. This was a part of the ground which had been originally donated to the old University of Chicago, by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, from whom it took its name. Originally established as a camp of instruction for military recruits, soon after the capture of Fort Donelson it was changed into a place of confinement for rebel prisoners of war, and during a part of the year 1864, is reputed to have contained as high as 12,000 prisoners. At the time the conspiracy was at its height during the summer of 1864, it is estimated that the total number of South- ern prisoners in prison-camps within the State of Illinois was about 26,500, of whom 8,000 were in Camp Douglas, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Camp Butler (Springfield), and 5,000 at Alton. The principal agents on the part of the Confederacy in organizing the conspiracy were three so-called "Peace Commissioners" Jacob Thompson (who had been a member of President Buchanan's cabinet), C. C. Clay, and J. P. Holcomb who, having established them- selves in Canada, found means of getting into communication with representatives of secret treasonable organizations in the Northern States, especially the organization known, suc- cessively and at different periods during the progress of the war, as "Knights of the Golden Circle," "American Knights" and "Sons of Lib- erty," and which had been especially active in the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. The general management of the affair for Illinois was entrusted by the rebel agents to one Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who established himself at Chicago, where it is is estimated there were at that time 4,000 "Sons of Liberty," and gave his attention to the collection of arms and the dis- tribution of funds. One Charles Walsh was at the head of the movement in Chicago, with confederates scattered throughout this and other States. The scheme not only contem- plated the release of rebel prisoners, but, so far as Chicago was concerned, looked to the seizure of arms and military stores, the looting of banks and finally, if necessary to carrying out the plot, the burning of the city. A draft having been expected during the month of July, the 20th day of that month had been first selected as the date of the uprising. This hav- ing been abandoned, the next date chosen was August 29th that of the Democratic National Convention, which had found reason for ad- journing over from July 4, the first date chosen for its assembling. It was evidently antici- pated that the crowd of strangers, then expected in the city, would divert suspicion from any unusual gathering of those expected to take part in the affair. Suspicion had been aroused, however, and the forces in charge of Camp Douglas having been strengthened by the addi- tion of a regiment of infantry and a battery of artillery, another postponement of the plot was deemed advisable by the leaders. The third date selected was November 8th, the date of the National election at which Mr. Lincoln was chosen President for his second term. It was expected that the local conspirators would be strongly reinforced by confederates from dif- ferent parts of the State, and that, having released the prisoners from Camp Douglas, the combined force of conspirators and released prisoners by that time a large army would proceed to Rock Island, Springfield and Alton, and perform the same feat there. By this time the authorities, through the aid of detectives and one or two of the prisoners who had been admitted into the plot, had obtained evidence of what was afoot. At an early hour on the morning of the 7th the day before the plot was to be carried into effect Gen. Benjamin J. Sweet, who was in command at Camp Douglas, secured the simultaneous arrest of the principal conspirators in their various hiding places, and the scheme was defeated. Almost the only important agent //s HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 671 connected with the local plot who succeeded in evading arrest was Captain Hines, its gen- eral manager. Among those arrested were Charles Walsh, a "Brigadier General" of the "Sons of Liberty," who was furnishing shelter to the leading agents of the conspiracy from abroad, and on whose premises a large quantity of arms and military stores were found. The service rendered by General Sweet in ferreting out and defeating this nefarious conspiracy, won for him the gratitude and admiration of the whole country, and was recognized by the Government in his promotion from the rank of Colonel to that of Brigadier-General and later, by his appointment to various offices under the General Government, one of which was that of Pension Agent at Chicago. (See "Camp Douglas Conspiracy" "Secret Treason- able Organizations" and "Gen. Benjamin J. Sweet," Hist. Encyc. of 111., Vol. I.) THE GREAT CONFLAGRATION OF 1871. Undoubtedly the most tragic chapter in Chi- cago history is that which has to deal with the great fire of October 8-9, 1871. The preceding three months had been marked by an almost unprecedented drouth, which had parched vege- tation and reduced wooden structures, then so numerous even in the business portions of the city, to a highly inflammable condition. On Saturday night, October 7th, occurred a fire on the West Side, commencing in the planing mill of Lille & Holmes, at 209 South Canal Street, which would ordinarily have been regarded as extremely disastrous. This destroyed nearly the whole of four blocks of buildings (covering about 27 acres) surrounded by Adams, Clinton and Van Buren Streets and the South Branch. The loss from this fire has been estimated at $1,000,000. On the next evening (Sunday, October 8) a fire broke out a little before 9 o'clock in a barn attached to a wooden tenement at 137 De Koven Street, southwest, but only two blocks distant from the district burned over the night before. The premises where the fire began were occu- pied by a family named O'Leary, where a dance had been in progress during the evening, and the story widely accepted has been that the fire was started by the breaking of a kero- sene lamp in the barn while some one was milk- ing a cow, although this was vigorously denied by the O'Learys. Owing to the fatiguing serv- ice which the fire department had rendered the night before, according to one report, although another attributes the cause to over-indulgence of the firemen through the mistaken hospitality of a saloon-keeper after the Saturday evening fire there was great delay in securing a response from the fire department. In the meantime the fire, aided by a strong wind and the inflammable condition of the buildings in the vicinity, was rapidly getting under way and was soon beyond control. In some cases burn- ing brands, carried by the force of the wind, started new fires one or two blocks distant, and in a short time the flames had spread to the heart of the business district on the South Side and the choicest residence portion of the city north of the river. By three o'clock on Mon- day morning the Chamber of Commerce, the Court House, the Postoffice, the principal hotels and many of the largest business houses on the South Side were in ruins, and half an hour later, the water-works station on the North Side was in the same condition, greatly para- lyzing the efforts of the firemen to fight the flames. Although the greatest havoc was wrought during the early hours of the morn- ing, the fire continued its ravages until half past ten o'clock Monday evening a period of twenty-five hours when it practically ceased for want of material to prey upon. The last house destroyed is said to have been that of Dr. John H. Foster, the well known scientist and educator, on Fullerton Avenue where it ends at Lincoln Avenue, then the northern limit of the city and four miles from the place of the starting of the fire. Of the fire apparatus, eight engines, three hose-carts and three hook and ladder trucks had ^ to be abandoned and were destroyed. The total area burned over is estimated at 2,124 acres, of which 194 acres were on the West Side, 460 acres on the South Side and 1,470 acres on the North Side. This area extended from Fullerton Avenue on the north to Harrison Street on the south, with an arm extending southwest to De Koven and Jef- ferson Streets in the West Division, and em- bracing the district within these northern and southern limits lying between the lake shore on the east and an irregular western boundary extending at some points nearly to Halsted Street. In the more compactly built portions of both the North and South . Divisions, the areas between the North and South Branches of the Chicago River on the west and the lake on the east, were swept clean. The number of HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. buildings destroyed has been estimated at 17,450, valued with other property at $187,000- 000, and leaving 98,000 people homeless. No reliable statement of the actual jloss of life resulting from the fire has been attainable, but it has been estimated that 250 to 275 persons perished. The total insurance on the property de- stroyed amounted to about $88,000,000, of which, in consequence of the insolvency of many of the insurance companies, only about one-half was recovered. In the area burned over, only two buildings escaped destruction. One of these was the residence of Mahlon D. Ogden, a wooden building in the heart of the North Division, located at North Clark Street and Walton Place on the site now occupied by the Newberry Library, while the other was a grain elevator, known as "Elevator B," belonging to Messrs. Sturges & Buckingham, and located at the junction of the Chicago River and Lake Michigan, near the Randolph Street Station of the Illinois Central Railroad. The preservation of the elevator building was due to the discov- ery of a fire engine in the Illinois Central Rail- road yards, which was awaiting transportation to some other city on Lake Michigan. This was used successfully to extinguish a fire which had already started in a building attached to the elevator. While the further spread of the flames was checked by the exhaustion of material, the fires continued to burn for days in the ruins of some of the larger buildings, and thousands of excursionists came from long distances to gaze upon the ruins which had been left in the wake of one of the most appalling conflagrations in the world's history. Systems of relief for sufferers by the fire were set on foot immediately, not only by the citizens of Chicago who had escaped the dis- aster, but in the principal cities of the country, and even in Europe, especially in England, Germany and France. A Relief and Aid Society composed of prominent citizens, was organ- ized for the purpose of distributing contribu- tions among the needy and, in a report made under date of April 30, 1874, they acknowledged the receipt of $4,820,148, of which $973,897 came from foreign countries, over $500,000 coming from England, Scotland and Ireland, $80,000 from Germany and nearly $63,000 from France. Churches and secret societies also acted with great promptness and liberality in aid, not only of their associated organizations, but for the benefit of the various classes of sufferers. Governor Palmer called the Legis- lature together in special session before the close of the week, with a view to furnishing such relief as might appropriately come from that body. One of the steps taken by the Leg- islature was the passage of an act reimbursing the city for $2,995,340 expended in the deepen- ing of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Relating to the destruction by the fire of public records involving titles to real estate, etc., the late Joseph Kirkland, in connection with a reference, in his "Story of Chicago," to- the three abstract firms then doing business in the city, says: "It curiously happened that, although the portion of the records saved by each abstract firm was only a portion, yet the part lost by each was saved by another; so that, when combined, the fragments made a total whole and entire, lacking nothing in continuity or completeness. Chase Brothers lost many of their press copies of abstracts given out, but saved tract indexes, judgment dockets, tax- sales and some volumes of their 'original entries,' Shortall & Hoard lost their record of 'original entries,' but saved tract indexes, judgment dockets, tax sales and some vol- umes of their original entries. Jones & Sel- lers saved all their original entries and let- ter-press copies of abstracts given out." The fortunate consequences of this accidental combination of circumstances, has been seen in the avoidance of confusion as to titles of real estate in Chicago and Cook County growing out of the fire. The rebuilding of the ruined city began immediately, and its restoration and enlarge- ment within a generation after the most disas- trous calamity that has overtaken any city in modern times, has been one of the marvels of the century. Not only has every vestige of the catastrophe of thirty-three years ago been wiped away, but the ruins of 1871 have given place to a class of structures, in their number, size and magnificence, unsurpassed by those of any other city of its size in this or any other country, and, in population, it has grown, within the same period, from less than 350,000 people to nearly 2,000,000, making it the sec- ond city in size in the United States. On the afternoon of July 14, 1874, a fire broke out in a two-story frame building at 449 South Clark Street between Polk and Taylor Streets 9 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and south of the burned district of 1871 which, before it was subdued, swept as far north as Van Buren Street and east to Michigan Avenue, covering an area of forty-seven acres and destroying property estimated at $2,845,000, of which $2,200,000 was covered by insurance. This fire lasted about eleven hours, and but for the greater disaster of three years before, would have been regarded as a calamity unpar- alleled in the history of the city. THE HAYMARKET MASSACRE. On the evening of May 4, 1886, occurred what has been handed down in history as the "Hay- market Massacre." This grew out of an assem- blage held in Haymarket Square on the West Side, in the nominal interest of a projected strike for an eight-hour labor-day. A number of professional anarchists, desirous of posing as the champions of labor, had taken advantage of a strike which had been ordered in the McCormick Reaper Works, to call the meeting on the evening named. On the day preceding a collision had occurred at the Reaper Works between a party of strikers and the police, in which six of the former were killed and a large number wounded. This was used by the anar- chist agitators as a pretext for issuing an inflammatory circular, summoning the "work- ingmen to arms" and appealing to them to seek "revenge" upon the police, upon the ground that they had played the part of "bloodhounds" at the command of capital, and had been guilty of "killing workingmen because they dared to ask for the shortening of the hours of toil." The appeal was written by August Spies, the editor of an anarchist paper called the "Arbeiter-Zeitung." At the hour named an immense crowd assembled, many being attracted through curiosity. The Mayor Carter H. Har- rison, Sr. was present during the early part of the meeting, but the proceedings being more peaceful than had been anticipated, he with- drew. Later the speeches having assumed a more violent and incendiary character, a strong force of police appeared under the com- mand of Inspector Bonfield, who commanded the peace "in the name of the people of the State," and ordered the crowd to disperse. The answer to this was the hurling of a dynamite bomb among the policeman, followed by an explosion which resulted in the wounding of sixty-seven members of the force, of whom seven died. A number of arrests of suspected parties followed, and on June 7th the trial began, twenty-one days being consumed in securing a jury during which 982 veniremen were examined. Judge Joseph E. Gary, still (1904) a Justice of the Superior Court of Cook County, presided, while Julius S. Grinnell, now counsel of the Chicago City Railway Company, officiated as State's Attorney, the trial occupy- ing 62 days, during which 143 witnesses were examined for the prosecution and 79 for the defense. The outcome of the trial was the con- viction of eight persons, of whom seven were sentenced to suffer death and one (Oscar Neebe) to the State's Prison for fifteen years. The names of those sentenced to suffer capi- tally were August Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Adolph Fischer, Louis Engel, Louis Lingg, Samuel Fielden and Justus Schwab. Of these Lingg committed suicide while awaiting execu- tion, by exploding in his mouth a bomb which he had obtained surreptitiously from some sympathizer; the sentences of Fielden and Schwab were commuted by Governor Oglesby to imprisonment for life on their appeal for clemency, supported by the recommendations of the Judge, Prosecuting Attorney and Jury, while Spies, Parsons, Fischer and Engel were executed, Nov. 11, 1887 eighteen months after the commission of their crime, but not until the proceedings in the lower court had been sustained by the unanimous opinion of the Supreme Court. On June 26, 1893, Fielden, Schwab and Neebe were pardoned by Governor Altgeld in a decree in which he attacked the ruling and acts of the trial court, although the latter has been sustained in a most conspicu- ous manner not only by public sentiment but by the courts of higher jurisdiction. The scene of the "Haymarket Massacre" has been marked by the erection on its site of a statue in commemoration of the policemen whose lives were sacrificed by a murderous plot while in the discharge of their duty. STRIKE HISTORY. The year 1877 was a period of turmoil and excitement unparalleled in the previous history of the nation, except when the country was engaged in actual war. This condition grew out of "strikes" on the part of labor organizations, beginning with a reduction of wages by some of the railroads, but extending to other employes on grounds of sympathy. While the disturb- ances were widespread, involving nearly every 674 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. important city in the Northern States, Chicago was one of the centers of most serious disturb- ance, second only to Pittsburg and Baltimore, where there was heavy destruction of property accompanied by much loss of life. The trouble in Chicago began on the night of the 23d of July, following promptly out- breaks by railroad employes at Martinsburg, Va.; Baltimore, Pittsburg, and other Eastern points. The first demonstration in Chicago was made by the switchmen of the Michigan Central Railroad who, on the following morn- ing, visited the employes of other roads and by noon they had brought about a general strike on all the lines except the Chicago & North- western. This was followed a day or two later by a general suspension of business in manufac- tories, rolling mills, lumber yards and work- shops of every variety, and, although the employes of the Northwestern Railroad main- tained that they had no grievance, they were at last compelled to cease work by constant interference and intimidation by the mob. In the meantime the streets, especially in the neighborhood of the railroads and manufactur- ing plants, were thronged by riotous bands of strikers and their friends the latter, in many cases, being composed of boys and riotous classes who had no other interest in the strike than to bring about a condition of lawlessness that would open the way for the pillaging of stores and other places of business. Although there was much disorder throughout the city, the most serious disturbances occurred in the neighborhood of Halsted Street between Six- teenth and Twenty-second Streets, where fre- quent collisions occurred between the strikers and the police. The turbulent element was held in check somewhat by the fact that Mayor Monroe Heath had taken the precaution to order the saloons throughout the city closed. Besides the police and posses of armed citizens under the command of the peace officers, five regiments of the State militia were called out by authority of the Governor under command of Gen. Torrence, although the First and Sec- ond Regiments were most constantly on duty. Several companies of United States regulars who happened to be passing through the city, were held for several days and rendered effi- cient service in checking the spirit of lawless- ness and protecting life and property. Valuable aid was rendered the authorities by various volunteer and independent organizations com- posed of business men and other friends of law and order, one of the most effective of these being the Union Veterans, a force composed wholly of old and tried soldiers of the Civil War, under the command of Gen. Reynolds, Col. Owen Stuart, Gen. 0. L. Mann and Gen. Martin Beem. On the night of the 25th of July, when the disturbances had reached a most critical stage, it is estimated that 15,000 men were under arms in the city of Chicago. In a conflict between the police and a mob at Halsted Street viaduct on the morning of the 26th, two persons (one a boy) were killed and, on the afternoon of the same day, five of the rioters were killed at Turner Hall, on West Twelfth Street. In a riot in the evening of the same day, at Sixteenth and Halsted Streets, three soldiers and two policemen were badly wounded and several of the rioters danger- ously hurt. During the progress of the strike women took a prominent part in the parades of the strikers; and, in some of the most vio- lent conflicts, as usual on such occasions, a lawless class who had no immediate connection with the workingmen's organizations were most active in their efforts to stir up strife with the authorities. Friday, July 27th, business began to be resumed, many of the strikers rushed back to secure their old places, and the strike was practically at an end. The organizations reputed to be chiefly represented by the strik- ing element, were then known as the "Working- men's Party," the "Workingmen's International Association" and "Labor League," although the most active spirits came from the ranks of the anarchists and foreign communists who have never failed to avail themselves of a labor strike to promote their lawless ends. During the progress of the strike there were serious disturbances at a number of other points in the State, especially at Peoria, Springfield and Braidwood, the most serious, however, being at East St. Louis, where the passage of railroad trains across the bridge to St. Louis was obstructed for several days; but the prompt and vigorous measures taken by Gov. Cullom finally restored order. A record-breaking period in strike history in the city of Chicago came during the year 1886, culminating in the Haymarket riot of May 4th, in which seven policemen lost their lives and sixty others were more or less severely wounded by the explosion of a bomb in their midst by some one professing to be in the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 675 interest of a party of striking employes con- nected with the McCormick Reaper Works. (See "Haymarket Massacre" in this chapter.) While the year was one of great commotion among labor organizations throughout the country, Chicago was the theater of some of the most stubborn conflicts between labor organiza- tions and employers. According to statistics furnished by the United States Labor Com- mission, the total number of strikes in Illinois for that year was 487, of which 313 were in the city of Chicago. The number of employes affected by the strike in the State was over 100,000, while the business establishments involved numbered 1,060. Of these 310 strikes succeeded, 204 were partially successful, an.l 546 ended in failure. The issues between employers and employes during the strike of 1886 were largely based on demands of the latter for reduction of hours of employment, with a smaller number for increase of wages and quite a number demanding the concession of both points. A still smaller number were based on resistance to the employment of non- union men and demands for recognition of the union. The loss to employes in wages was esti- mated at $2,524,244, and that of the employers at $2,366,555. Besides these, there were 43 lockouts, of which seven succeeded, 30 were partially successful and six were failures. The losses of employers and employes in these cases nearly counterbalanced each other, each aggre- gating about $250,000. The third most notable labor disturbance connected with Chicago history, was that of May to July, 1894, growing out of a strike of the employes in the Pullman Palace Car shops. The previous year had been one of considerable commotion, owing to the increasing financial depression and the decline in industrial enter- prises, but the striking element had been held in check somewhat, so far as Chicago was con- cerned, by concessions due to the fact that the Columbian World's Exposition was then in progress. During the summer of 1893 an organ- ization of railroad employes under the name of the "American Railway Union" was formed, and in the following fall the agitation against a threatened reduction in wages became very active. Owing to the growing depression in the car manufacturing industry during the latter part of 1893, The Pullman Company, in Septem- ber of that year, made a reduction in the wages of their employes, and in March and April fol- lowing, the latter, who had become dissatisfied with the existing condition of affairs, became members of the Railway Union and submitted to the Company a demand for a restoration of the wages which they had received during the previous year. This having been refused, on May 10, 1894, the local union ordered a strike which went into effect the next day, some three hundred members taking part in it. This was promptly followed by the Company with an order to close the shops, thus throwing out of employment six hundred men who had not pre- viously taken part in the strike. Up to July 3 it is claimed that no actual violence or destruc- tion of property by the strikers or their sym- pathizers had taken place, although a sympa- thetic boycott and strike against the handling of Pullman cars by members of the Railway Union was ordered on the 26th of June, which soon extended practically to all the railroad lines entering the city of Chicago. From this time the disorders increased rapidly, and on July 7 the principal officers of the American Railway Union were indicted and placed under arrest for refusing to obey an injunction of the United States Court issued on July 2, prohibit- ing interference with the moving of railroad 'trains. Meanwhile many scenes of violence were occurring upon the streets and in the vicinity of the railway yards, much property was destroyed and a general paralysis of busi- ness had resulted. So serious had become the situation, the municipal and State authorities proving themselves incapable of holding the lawless element in check, that on July 3 Presi- dent Cleveland issued a proclamation taking notice of the interference with the laws, and instructing the officer commanding the United States forces at Fort Sheridan to "move his entire command at once to the city of Chi- cago, there to execute the orders and processes of the United States Court, to prevent the obstruction of the United States mails, and generally to enforce the faithful execution of the laws of the United States." Gen. Nelson A. Miles, then in command of this Department, appeared on the scene about noon on July 4, took command in person, and State troops being also ordered upon the ground to assist the civil authorities, the lawless element was finally brought under control, although several days were necessary to bring about a complete restoration of order. According to the report of a commission con- 676 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. sisting of Carroll D. Wright, United States Commissioner of Labor, John D. Kernan, of New York, and N. E. Worthington, of Illinois, to inquire into the causes and facts connected with the controversy between the railroads and their employes, the number of men employed in the preservation of order during the progress of the strike was over 14,000, of which 1,936 were United States troops, about 4,000 State militia, about 5,000 Deputy United States Mar- shals, 250 Deputy Sheriffs and a local police force of 3,000. During the same time twelve persons were killed or fatally wounded, and 515 arrests were made and a large number indicted by the Grand Jury of the United States Court. One of these was Eugene V. Debs, who had been a leader in organizing the strike, and who was sentenced to imprisonment for a period of six months. Independent of the cost to the city, State and General Governments of restor- ing order, the loss of property and incidental expenses to the railroad corporations, is esti- mated by the same authority at $685,308; loss of earnings sustained by the same corporations, $4,672,916; the loss in wages to 3,100 employes, at Pullman, at $350,000, and that of about 100,- 000 employes on the railroads entering Chicago, $1,389,143 making a total loss of wages amounting to $1,739,000. In this no account is taken of the loss to other branches of business by the general suspension and paralyzation of traffic. The following statistics of strike history for a period of twenty years (1881-1900) taken from the Sixteenth Annual Report of the Commis- sioner of Labor for 1901, will furnish a fitting conclusion to this chapter. According to this report, Illinois and especially the city of Chi- cago has become the leading strike center in the country, second only at some periods to the city of New York, but in later years taking front rank in cost to both employers and employed. Within the period named, the total number of strikes and lockouts in Chicago has been 1,794, affecting 20,645 business concerns employing 720,000 operatives. The loss to employes in wages during this time is estimated at $41,614,883 and that of employers at $30,698,- 194. STRIKES OF 1902-1904. One of the notable strikes in the history of the country was that of the anthracite coal- miners in the fall of 1902. While this did not directly involve the labor organizations of Chi- cago, it seriously affected the interests of the people of the city, as it did those of the whole country, in consequence of its effect on the supply of coal needed for local consumption and the consequent advance in prices. During 1903 there were numerous strikes by local labor organizations, that of the building- trades and metal-workers unions being probably the most serious, as it paralyzed building opera- tions to a large extent through the whole year. Other strikes which were most stubbornly con- tested were those of the metal-workers, machin- ists and electrical workers in the employ of the Kellogg Switchboard Supply Company, and the Franklin Union Bookbinders and Pressfeeders both of these being attended with much riot- ing and numerous attacks upon both life and property. The strike of City Railway employes, occurring during the month of November, 1903, was especially noteworthy because of the inconvenience it imposed upon that large pro- portion of the population accustomed to use the cable and trolley-car lines to reach their places of business or regular employment. This also was attended by many acts of violence and some damage to property in consequence of assaults upon non-union conductors, grip and motor-men by the strikers and their sympathiz- ers. A strike by the employes of the Deering Harvester-Works, begun on April 27, 1903, for recognition of the union, ended in practical failure as the strikers were without a grievance. Less important strikes of the year were those of the elevator men and janitors in the large office and flat-buildings; the laundry-workers; and the restaurant employes the latter being for higher wages and shorter hours. The first of these was settled without material changes or loss to either party; the laundry-workers were temporarily successful, but a few months later prices fell back to the original standard; while the restaurant-waiters' strike ended in absolute failure, a majority of those employed in down-town resturants permanently losing their places. The most sensational strike of 1904 was that of the packing house employes, which began July 12, in a demand for uniform wages for the same class of employes in all the packing establishments of the country, with a material advance for unskilled workmen. This included the packing establishments at Chicago, Omaha. St. Louis, Kansas City, Sioux City, Fort Worth HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 677 (Texas), and New York. A week after the strike began an agreement was reached and, two days later (July 21), a portion of the men returned to work, but were immediately called out by the leaders on the ground that the employers were not fulfiling their part of the contract. A few days later an attempt was made to get up a sympathetic strike, but it was only partially successful, there being a wide- spread impression that the striking employes had violated their agreement. On September 7 the unions involved voted almost unani- mously to continue the strike, but a day later (September 8) the officials of the order called it off and there was an immediate rush, on the part of the employes, to secure their old places without change of wages. The strike, which lasted 51 days, had affected 50,000 workmen engaged in the different packing industries of the country, of whom 20,000 belonged to the city of Chicago", besides 6,000 connected with other trades. A newspaper estimate of the loss in wages by Chicago employes during the con- tinuance of the strike places the sum at $2,680,000, against which they had received in benefits from other organizations $115,000. The loss to packers in the same time is estimated by the same authority at $6,250,000; to stock- men, $2,750,000; to the Union Stock Yards, $150,000, and to the railroads $550,000, making a total of $12,380,000. This estimate, while in some respects possibly exaggerated, does not include the loss to the general public in the increased cost of food products, to say nothing of the inconvenience caused by inability to procure supplies while the strike lasted, nor the suffering caused to many of the strikers' families. When it is remembered that the strikers gained no advantage either in the mat- ter of wages or hours of labor, this will take rank as one of the most disastrous strikes in history. EARLY NEWSPAPERS OF CHICAGO. (See Newspapers, Early, Hist. Encyc. of 111., p. 398.) WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 1893. (See World's Columbian Exposition, Hist. Encyc. of 111., pp. 600-601.) CHAPTER XX. CHRONOLOGY OF IMPORTANT EVENTS. Among the more important events in local history may be enumerated the following: 1803. Fort Dearborn established. 1804. First permanent white settler, John Kinzie, arrives. 1805. First Masonic Lodge organized. 1812. (June 15) Fort Dearborn Massacre. 1816. Fort Dearborn rebuilt. 1823. (July 20) First marriage, Dr. Alex- ander Wolcott to Ellen M. Kinzie, celebrated in Chicago. 1825. (Sept. 6) Chicago becomes a precinct of Peoria County; (Oct. 9) Isaac McCoy preaches the first Protestant sermon in Chicago. 1826 (August 7) First election in Chicago. 1829. First ferry established at Lake Street. 1830. City surveyed and platted by Canal Commissioners; first bridge across South Branch erected near Randolph Street. 1831. (Jan. 15) Cook County created by act of the Legislature; first county roads estab- lished (State Street, Archer Avenue, Madison Street and Ogden Avenue) ; first Methodist class organized; first Postoffice established. 1832. First street leading to lake laid out; first bridge over North Branch erected; first Sunday School organized; period of Black Hawk War; visitation of cholera. 1833. First Catholic church (May 5) organ- ized; first Presbyterian church (June 26) organized; (August 10) Village Government organized; (Nov. 26) first issue of "Chicago Democrat." 1834. First drawbridge across Chicago River constructed at Dearborn Street; first Episcopal service in Chicago. 1835. Government Land Office opened at Chicago James Whitlock, Register, and E. D. Taylor, Receiver; first court-house erected; first fire company (the Pioneer) organized. 1836. Work on the Illinois and Michigan Canal inaugurated (July 4) at Bridgeport, Dr. W. B. Egan, delivering the address; Fort Dear- born permanently evacuated ; first Odd Fellows' Lodge organized. 1837. City incorporated, March 4; first city 678 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. election, March 31; first theatrical entertain- ment. 1839. (April 9) First daily paper (the "Chi- cago American") commenced publication; first book printed in Chicago by Stephen F. Gale ("Scammon's Compilation of Public and Gen- eral Laws of Illinois"). 1840. New market-house (corner of State and Lake Streets) opened; bridge across river at Clark Street built. 1841. Bridge across river at Wells Street built. 1842. First propeller built on Lake Michi- gan; first water-works put in operation; negro sold at auction (Nov. '14). 1843 Rush Medical College established; Board of Trade organized. 1844. First meat packed for a foreign mar- ket; (April 22) first issue of the "Chicago Daily Journal." 1845 First public school building completed and opened. 1846. Chicago made a port of entry first Collector of the Port appointed. 1846-48. Mexican War. Chicago furnished two companies (B and K) for the First Regi- ment (Col. John J. Hardin's) Illinois Volun- teers, one company (F) for the Fifth Regi- ment (Col. Newby's), and a number of recruits for the Sixth. 1847. River and Harbor Convention held in Chicago; first theater (John B. Rice's) opened. 1848. First telegraphic dispatch received at Chicago; Illinois and Michigan Canal opened to La Salle; first grain elevator erected; first regular cattle market established; first railroad (10-mile section of Galena & Chicago Union) opened. 1849. Galena & Chicago Union Railroad opened to Elgin; great flood in the Chicago River. 1850. City lighted by gas for first time. 1852. First Eastern Railway (Michigan Southern) opened. 1853. First Southern Railway (Chicago & Rock Island) opened to Peru; new court house occupied; city water-works put in operation. 1855. (December 28) Main line Illinois Cen- tral Railroad between Chicago and Cairo com- pleted. 1858. Paid Fire Department organized. 1859. First Street Railroad (State Street line) opened. 1860. Republican National Convention in Chicago (May 16) nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency; Steamer Lady Elgin wrecked off Milwaukee (Nov. 7) 297 lives, out of 393 persons on board, lost. 1861. (June 3) Senator Stephen A. Douglas dies in Chicago. 1861-65. Period of the Civil War; citizens of Chicago and Cook County contributed, in whole or in part, to the organization of 23 regiments of infantry, seven of cavalry, and 11 companies of artillery number of troops furnished by Cook County, 22,436. 1864. Camp Douglas conspiracy exposed. 1867. Lake tunnel completed and new water- works system inaugurated. 1868. (May 21) Republican National Con- vention at Chicago nominated Gen. U. S. Grant for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- President. 1869. Park System inaugurated. 1871. The Great Fire (October 8-9) 2,024 acres burned over; 18,000 buildings destroyed; property loss estimated at $187,000,000. 1875. City government reorganized under General Incorporation Act. 1877. Great Railroad Strike at Chicago. 1880. (June 2) Republican National Con- vention meets in Chicago; James A. Garfield nominated for President June 7. 1884. (June 3) Republican National Conven- tion meets in Chicago; James G. Blaine nomi- nated for President and John A. Logan for Vice-President; (July 10) Democratic National Convention in Chicago nominated Grover Cleve- land for President. 1886. Haymarket Riot (May 4) growing out of a labor strike begun at the McCormick Reaper Works in February previous; sixty- seven policemen wounded (of whom seven died) by the explosion of a bomb thrown by the rioters. In ( the trials which followed, seven of the leading rioters were condemned to death and one to fifteen years' imprison- ment. Of those condemned to death, one com- mitted suicide, four were executed (Nov. 11, 1887) and the sentences of two were commuted to life imprisonment. 1887. (October 2) Lincoln Statue unveiled in Lincoln Park. 1888. (June 20) Republican National Con- vention in Chicago; Benjamin Harrison nomi- nated for President. 1889. (June 29) Hyde Park, Lake Township, Jefferson and Lake View annexed to the city HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 679 of Chicago; (Nov. 21) phenomenally dark day in Chicago lights used at noon. 1890. University of Chicago endowed by J. D. Rockefeller with gift of $1,600,000. 1891. (July 22) Unveiling of Grant Eques- trian statue in Lincoln Park. 1892. (September 3) Work on Drainage Canal inaugurated; World's Fair Site dedicated October 21. 1893. The World's Columbian Exposition formally opened May 1 officially closed Oct. 30; Mayor Carter Harrison assassinated Octo- ber 27; Gov. Altgeld pardoned the three an- archists connected with the Haymarket Mas- sacre who were serving life terms in the State Penitentiary. 1900. Drainage Canal opened for flow of water from Lake Michigan into the Des Plaines and the Illinois Rivers. 1904. (June 21-23) Republican National Con- vention held in Chicago, nominating Theodore Roosevelt for President and Charles W. Fair- banks for Vice-President. CHAPTER XXI. OLD SETTLERS' ORGANIZATIONS. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHICAGO'S EARLY SETTLERS PROBLEMS THEY HAD TO MEET CHICAGO HIS- TORICAL SOCIETY ITS OBJECT, HISTORY AND MEMBERSHIP FIRST OLD SETTLERS' SOCIETY CALUMET CLUB OLD SETTLERS' REUNIONS PIONEERS OF CHICAGO PIONEERS' SONS AND DAUGHTERS' SOCIETY LIST OF MEMBERS THE SONS OF CHICAGO OLD TIME PRINTERS' ASSO- CIATION OLD SETTLERS' CLUB OF WILLIAMS STREET GERMAN OLD SETTLERS' PICNIC. Chicago was peculiarly fortunate in having for its early settlers men of sterling worth and of mental as well as physical ability, who held an abiding faith in their chosen place of abode and labored for its ultimate success. Undaunted by the hardships that naturally beset every initiative effort in establishing a home in the wilderness, nerved to repulse the encroachments of Indians, wild animals, and unusually severe winters, they struggled on, each performing the task laid out for him, sustained by an indomitable will that remained steadfast under every discouraging circum- stance. That was the material of which the pioneers of Chicago were made, and by which was rendered possible the Empire City of the West. And these men who, as it were, blazed the way to civilization and all that the word stands for, are most worthy of earnest con- sideration and all the honor that can be accorded them. The present generation is only too apt to look upon the city's existing prosperous state with a prejudiced eye, losing sight of the early efforts which made that condition possible. It is prone to overlook the battles waged by its ancestors in laying the foundation of present day prosperity, and to place the credit more to the present than to the past. Through the mist of years it loses sight of the importance of those early struggles that were so productive of good. Once the corner-stone was laid, the underbrush of savagery cleared away, it was a comparatively easy matter to proceed with the task, stupendous as it was at the beginning. And now, after the years have winged their way to the past after the struggles, the con- tentions, the privations, have been relegated to the storage room of their memories the old settlers have transferred the burden of civili- zation to the shoulders of the younger genera- tion, content in the knowledge that they, themselves, have builded well. But a certain spirit of restlessness, inculcated in youthful days, still makes itself evident, and a longing occasionally comes to live over the past, even though it be only in imagination, to dig up those memories laid away in the mental store- room, and to exchange reminiscences with old-time comrades. That is the incentive that has caused the organization of various old settlers' societies throughout the city. "Youth lives in the future, middle age in the present, old age in the past." And it is only appro- priate that some recognition of these societies, organized to perpetuate a feeling of comrade- ship, the promotion of social life, and more thoroughly to Cement the ties that bind the present with the past, should be given some definite as well as permanent form in the city's history. 68o HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. When a city has passed its one-hundredth milestone, there is a peculiar interest attached to its early history and the circumstances which have made its present position among the world's leading cities possible. The preserva- tion of early records becomes of paramount importance and the contributions to its pioneer history have a value that will be at once recognized by the historiographer. As far back as 1856 the idea of collecting the records of Chicago's local history, as well as the preservation of material relating to the early days and growth of the State, was con- ceived by Rev. William Barry, and it was prin- cipally through his well-directed efforts that the Chicago Historical Society was organized on the 24th of April, 1856. The following officers were at that time elected: William H. Brown, President; William B. Ogden and J. Young Scammon, Vice-Presidents; S. D. Ward, Treasurer; William Barry, Recording Secre- tary; Charles H. Ray, Corresponding Secretary. In addition to the foregoing, the following were the charter members of the Society: Mark Skinner, M. Brayman, George Manierre, John H. Kinzie, J. V. Z. Blaney, Isaac N. Arnold, E. I. Tinkham, J. D. Webster, W. A. Smallwood, Van H. Higgins, N. S. Davis, M. D. Ogden, F. Scammon, Ezra B. McCagg, and Luther Haven a list of most distinguished and influential Chicago ciitzens. The objects of the Society are first, the establishment of a library; second, the collec- tion, into a safe and permanent depository, of manuscripts and documents of historical value; third, to encourage the investigation of aborigi- nal remains ; and fourth, to collect and preserve such historical materials as should serve to illustrate the settlement and growth of Chi- cago. At the time of the destructive fire of 1871 the Society occupied a commodious brick building on its present site, at the corner of Dearborn Avenue and Ontario Street, where, under the intelligent management of its Secre- tary, Dr. Barry, had been collected a library of 14,000 volumes and priceless treasures in manuscripts and records, including the Emanci- pation Proclamation, in the handwriting of President Lincoln and his signature. The dev- astating flames swept everything away. Sub- sequently another building was erected, but it met a similar fate in the conflagration of 1874. Undaunted, however, by these repeated dis- asters, the Society's friends once more began the collection of books and material and, in 1877, a third building was erected, and the col- lection of valuable documents, books and accu- mulations was resumed, continuing until the quarters had become too small for their proper storage, when it was decided to build a struc- ture more suitable to the demands of the Society. In 1896 a magnificent edifice was built the most perfect fire proof building in the world at a cost of $150,000, and it stands today as a monument to the industry, perseverance, and energy of Chicago's citizens. Among the So- ciety's three hundred members are to be found the city's prominent pioneers, who have been identified with Chicago's best interests ever since the days of its struggling infancy. The full list of members follows: Levi Z. Leiter, Sarah McClintock, Nettie F. McCormick, Samuel M. Nickerson, Daniel K. Pearsons, Byron L. Smith, John M. Adams, Edwards E. Ayer, Eliphalet W. Blatchford, George M. Bogue, Henry I. Cobb, Richard T. Crane, George L. Dunlap, William W. Farnum, John V. Farwell, Marshall Field, Henry Greene- baum, Henry H. Honore, Charles L. Hutchin- son, Samuel H. Kerfoot, Jr., Joseph Leiter, Jessie B. Lloyd, Frank O. Lowden, Henry C. Lytton, Ezra B. McCagg, Cyrus H. McCormick, Jr., William B. Ogden, Benjamin V. Page, Honore Palmer, William J. Quan, Martin A. Ryerson, Otto L. Schmidt, Catharina O. Seipp, Jesse Spalding, George C. Walker, Elias T. Watkins, Frederick H. Winston, George E. Adams, Charles C. Adsit, Albert Antisdel, Edward D. Appleton, George A. Armour, Ed- ward P. Bailey, Alfred L. Baker, Henry C. Bannard, Frederick Barnard, Charles J. Barnes, Henry Bartholomay, Jr., Adolphus C. Bartlett, Enos M. Barton, William G. Beale, Anita M. Blaine, Edward T. Blair Fred M. Blount, Joseph T. Bowen, J. Harley Bradley, George P. Braun, James C. Brooks, Edward O. Brown, William J. Bryson, Ebenezer Buckingham, John W. Bunn, Augustus H. Burley, Le Grand S. Burton, Augustus A. Carpenter, George B. Car- penter, Kate S. Caruthers, William J. Chalmers, Hobart Chatfield-Taylor, Lewis L. Coburn, Milo L. Coffeen, Charles Colahan, Charles H. Con- over, Charles R. Crane, Charles C. Curtiss, Edward T. Gushing, Nathan S. Davis, Luther M. Dearborn, Charles Deering, William Deering, HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 68 1 Annie L. DeKoven, Frederick A. Delano, Thomas Dent, Albert B. Dick, Albert Dickin- son, Arthur Dixon, William F. Dummer, Elliott Durand, Sidney C. Eastman, Max Eberhardt, Augustus N. Eddy, John M. Ewen, Granger Far- well, John V. Farwell, Jr., George H. Fergus, George H. Ferry, Eugene H. Fishburn, Lucius G. Fisher, Walter L. Fisher, Archibald E. Freer, Oliver F. Fuller, William A. Fuller, John J. Glessner, Ralph S. Greenlee, Otto Gresham, Charles F. Gunther, William W. Gurley, David G. Hamilton, George B. Harris, Norman W. Harris, Carter H. Harrison, William P. Harri- son, Frank W. Harvey, Frederick T. Haskell, Franklin H. Head, Wallace Heckman, Harlow N. Higinbotham, Annie M. Hitchcock, John P. Hopkins, Christoph Hotz, Charles H. Hulburd, Robert W. Hunt, William J. Hynes, Samuel Insull, Ralph N. Isham, John F. Jameson, John N. Jewett, David B. Jones, Joseph R. Jones, Thomas D. Jones, Albert Keep, Chaun- cey Keep, William E. Kelley, William D. Ker- foot, Eugene S. Kimball, William W. Kimball, Francis King, John B. Kirk, Herman H. Kohl- saat, George H. Laflin, Bryan Lathrop, Dwight Lawrence, Victor F. Lawson, Albert T. Lay, Thies J Lefens, Robert T. Lincoln, John B. Lord, Harold F. McCormick, Robert H. McCor- mick, Robert S. McCormick, Stanley McCor- mick, George A. McKinlock, Franklin Me- Veagh, Lafayette McWilliams, Levy Mayer, George Merryweather, Luther L. Mills, James H. Moore, Fred W. Morgan, Joy Morton, Adolph Moses, Alfred H. Mulliken, Charles H. Mulli- ken, Walter C. Newberry, Jacob Newman, La Verne W. Noyes, John A. Orb, Ferdinand W. Peck, Erskine M. Phelps, Eugene S. Pike, Char- lotte W. Pitkin, Henry H. Porter, Sartell Pren- tice, Norman B. Ream, William H. Rehm, Dan- iel G. Reid, Edward P. Ripley, Robert W. Rolo- son, Maurice Rosenfeld, Harry Rubens, John S. Runnells, Edward L. Ryerson, Harry L. Say- ler, Frederick M. Schmidt, Richard E. Schmidt, Frank H. Scott, Caroline R. G. Scott, John A. Scudder, William C. Seipp, Elizabeth Skinner, Frederika Skinner, Delavan Smith, Frederick B. Smith, Orson Smith, John A. Spoor, Albert A. Sprague, Otho S. A. Sprague, Lucretia J. Tilton, Lambert Tree, Charles H. Wacker, Henry H. Walker, William B. Walker, Thomas S. Wallin, Ezra J. Warner, David S. Wegg, John C. Welling, Frances S. Willing, John P. Wilson, Frederick S. Winston, John H. Wrenn, Mar- garet M. O'Donoghue, Charles F. Adams, Henry W. Blodgett, Isaac Craig, Shelby M. Cullom, Andrew S. Draper, Desire Girouard, William E. McLaren, Charles Rogers, Adlai E. Stevenson, William L. Stone, Jr., Samuel D. Ward, F. Cope Whitehouse, Henry C. L. Anderson, Perry A. Armstrong, George H. Baker, Edmund M. Bar- ton, Oliver, L. Baskin, Hiram W. Beckwith, John H. Beers, Rufus Blanchard, Daniel Bon- bright, Benjamin N. Bond, Henry R. Boss, Ben- jamin L. T. Bourland, Wesley R. Brink, Ed- mund Bruwaert, John H. Burnham, Francis Cantelo, Charles C. Chapman, Francis M. Chap- man, Oscar W. Collet, John W. DePeyster, Charles H. G. Douglas, Daniel O. Drennan, Jacob P. Dunn, Jr., Reuben T. Durrett, Francis A. Eastman, Bernhard Felsenthal, Jacob Fouke, Marian S. Franklin, Asa B. Gardner, Charles Gilpin, Richard A. Gilpin, Edward Goodman Nelly K. Gordon, Samuel A. Green, Ossian Guthrie, William Harden, Robert J. Harmer, Charles Harpel, Henry H. Hill, Adolphus S. Hubbard, William B. Isham, Dwight H. Kelton, William H. Kimball, Henry C. Kinney, George S. Knapp, Edward F. Leonard, Benjamin F. Lewis, John T. Long, Anthony J. Ludlam, David R. McCord, James J. McGovern, Eliza, Meachem, Peter A. Menard, William A. R. Mitchell, Will- iam J. Onahan, Nathan H. Parker, Stephen D. Peet, William H. Perrin, Lily M. Redmond, James A. Rose, Julius Rosenthal, John C. Smith, Perry H. Smith, Jr., John F. Steward, James S. Swearingen, Edward S. Thacher, Reuben G. Thwaites, Caleb B. Tillinghast, George P. Up- ton, Addison Van Name, Thomas A. M. Ward, Townsend Ward, Winslow C. Watson, Albert E. Wells, Garland N. Whistler, Samuel Willard, James G. Wilson, James W. Wood. THE FIRST OLD SETTLERS' SOCIETY. The organization of the first "Old Settlers' Society" took place before the fire of 1871. It had headquarters in what was then known as Rice's building, and the following constituted its officers: William Jones, President; J. H. Kinzie, Vice-President; G. W. Dole, Treasurer; G. T. Pearson, Secretary. Later John Calhoun was Treasurer. William Jones, the President, was the father of Fernando Jones. Mr. Kinzie and Mr. Dole were ex-Mayors of Chicago, and John Calhoun was the original editor of the 682 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. old "Chicago Democrat." The following account of a meeting held to organize an Old Settlers' Society is from the "Chicago Tribune" of January 20, 1871: "There have been several spasmodic at- tempts in this city to permanently organize an old settlers' society, but hitherto without success. About three years ago a number of 'Old Folks' put their venerable heads together, but beyond having a good old-fash- ioned festival, and a social reunion, accom- plished nothing. There are several cities where the pioneer residents have permanent organizations, and at the recurrence of each dull winter season they enjoy themselves in real old-time style. Among the prominent societies of this kind is that at Buffalo, where a round of fun, lasting from three to four days, is indulged in in the winter, by old and young, and where all the old fashions worn by the parents and grandparents of the members of the Society, are exhibited to the wondering eyes of the young people. "The new movement, begun so auspiciously last evening, looks toward a permanent organ- ization, and as a natural result, plenty of fun, such as the Old Settlers can engage in. Soon we shall have Old Folks' concerts, balls, suppers, etc., and there are plenty of old time people to participate in them. "Agreeably to a call in the newspapers a goodly number of Chicago's oldest residents gathered in Parlor No. 1, Tremont House, last evening. Such an assemblage of white and gray-haired men, some with bald crowns glis- tening in the gas-light, has rarely been wit- nessed in these parts. "On motion of Hon. John Wentworth, G. S. Hubbard was called to the chair; Mr. Went- worth was made Secretary, and L. P. Hilliard Assistant Secretary. "It was suggested that a list of those pres- ent, and who came to Chicago previous to 1843, be taken in, and it was found that the following were present, the years preceding their names indicating when they came to Chicago: 1818, G. S. Hubbard; 1825, Joseph Robertson; 1826, W. Marshall, Julius M. War- ren; 1833, Joseph Meeker, Ezekiel Morrison, L. Hugunin, S. B. Cobb, Captain John M. Turner, Dr. J. H. Foster; 1834, Robinson Tripp; 1835, K. K. Jones, J. H. Rees, Tuttle King, Fernando Jones, John C. Haines, S. L. Brown, William H. Clark, H. H. Magee, H. P. Murphy, Dr. C. V. Dyer, H. O. Stone, E. K. Rogers, Seth Wadhams, J. K. Murphy; 1836, John Wentworth, L. P. Hillard, A. B. Wheeler, M. L. Satterlee, David Follansbee, B. W. Ray- mond, L. C. P. Freer, H. L. Stewart, Redmond Prindiville, S. P. Warner, M. C. Stearns, Orrin Sherman; 1837, Matthew Laflin, J. C. Walter, William Wayman, Thomas Hoyne, C. N. Holden, John M. Van Osdel, Peter Page, John Gray; 1838, A. J. Willard, C. R. Vander- cook, H. W. Clark; 1839, Isaac Speer, C. G. Wicker, Henry Fuller, 0. W. Stoughten, John A. Oliver A. W. Gray, N. Scranton, Nat Saw- yer; 1840, R. W. Patterson, M. B. Clancy; 1841, George Anderson; 1842, William Blair, O. Lunt, Henry Warrington, William M. Ingalls, J. F. Irwin. "On motion of K. K. Jones, the Chairman and Secretaries were appointed a Committee to draft a Constitution, to be presented at a future meeting. On motion of John C. Haines, the meeting adjourned, subject to the call of the Committee on Constitution. It is expected that the next meeting will be held in about two weeks, when the organization will be perfected." On February 7, 1871, the following notice was inserted in the newspapers: "All residents of the original county of Cook, prior to the adoption of the city char- ter, and all voters of the city of Chicago prior to the first day of January, 1843, are invited to meet at Parlor No. 1, Tremont House, on Thursday evening, Feb. 9, at 7 o'clock, to hear the report of the Committee appointed to prepare a Constitution. "G. S. HUBBARD, "JOHN WENTWORTH, "L. P. HILLIARD, "Committee." The Tribune made the following report of the meeting in its issue of February 10: "An adjourned and largely attended meet- ing of the Old Settlers of Chicago was held in the ladies' ordinary of the Tremont House last evening. "A more venerable assembly has rarely taken place here, and the collection of white, gray, and bald heads was one such as is seldom seen anywhere. G. S. Hubbard, Esq., the oldest settler present, called the meet- J V HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 683 ing to order, and reported that the Commit- tee on Constitution had examined the Con- stitutions of old settlers' societies in other places, and had prepared one for considera- tion. "Hon. John Wentworth read the Constitu- tion, which is, in brief as follows: "The name to be the Old Settlers' Society of Chicago. "Object. To cultivate social intercourse, friendship, union, and the collection of and preservation of information. "Members to be only residents of Cook County prior to the adoption of the charter ofi Chicago, and those voters resident in Cook County prior to January 1, 1843. The time may be extended every third year by a vote of three-fourths of the members present at an auuual meeting. "Ladies who have been here since 1843 are made honorary members. "Any members of the Society may register the number of their family as junior mem- bers of the Society. "The officers shall be a President, Vice- President, Corresponding Secretary, Treas- urer, and eight Directors (who, with the President, shall constitute a board of nine members), a Recording Secretary, and a His- toriographer, and such others as may be provided for in the by-laws. All the officers shall be elected annually. "The duties of the officers are denned at length. The Directors shall meet upon the call of the President, and a majority may call a meeting of the board or society. No debts shall be contracted or bills paid with- out the sanction of the Directors. "Four times the amount of the initiation fee paid by an old settler constitutes him a life member. "After some discussion a motion of Mr. B. T. Lee to fix the initiation fee at $10 was carried, and then a reconsideration was had. Another colloquy, facetious and sincere in its nature, followed, and the amount necessary for the entrance fee into the Society was fixed at $10. "A letter from Hon. Carlile Mason, express- ing a desire to join the Society, was read. He had been a resident of Chicago since 1842. "The Constitution was then signed by the following gentlemen: Gurdon S. Hubbard, J. W. Poole, L. Nichols, James A. Marshall, Philo Carpenter, Joseph Meeker, Alexander Beaubien, A. D. Taylor, Hibbard Porter, Asahel Pierce, Samuel Wayman, Rev. J. E. Ambrose, Grant Goodrich, Bennet Bailey, J. C. Rue, Alexander Wolcott, Seth Paine, James A. Smith, Tuttle King, Jacob Doney, Cyrenius Beers, M. D. Butterfield, John M. Turner, D. N. Chappell, George Bassett, James Lane, K. K. Jones, Charles V. Dyer, S. L. Brown, James Couch, A. B. Wheeler, William L. Church, Daniel Worthington, A. Follansbee, J. T. Durant, Jacob Morgan, Charles Harding, James M. Hannahs, Elisha B. Lane, A. S. Sherman, Peter Graff, Oren Sherman, W. W. Smith, C. McDonald, John W. Weir, M. B. Smith, L. P. Hilliard, John Wentworth, John Turner, William M. But- ler, L. A. Doolittle, C. B. Sammons, J. B. Hunt, Matthew Laflin, Michael White, N. S. Cush- ing, Eljiah Smith, Darius Knights, William Wayman, J. B. Bridges, Eugene O'Sullivan, John M. Van Osdel, John Gray, Joel C. Wal- ters, N. Goold, James B. Hugunin, Alonzo J. Willard, William B. H. Gray, W. Butterfield, O. L. Lange, Henry Fuller, Isaac Speer, John Oliver, Sydney Sawyer, Edwin Judson, Thomas L. Forrest, Frederick Burcky, Thomas Speer, James Ward, B. W. Thomas, Thomas Hastie. "The main object of the Society, as set forth by John Wentworth, who was the prime mover in its organization, was not only the social reunion of old settlers, but the col- lection and formulation of historical facts, which otherwise would pass from remem- brance and be lost. "The Society then adjourned, subject to the call of the Committee on Constitution. At the next meeting the officers will be elected and the organization perfected." During the following spring and summer months the Society did not accomplish a great deal, either in holding meetings, or in the accumulating of historical information. Then came the all-absorbing fire of October 9, and the Old Settlers' Society, as it was then organized, ceased to exist, giving way to the weightier problem of rebuilding a cremated and wholly dismembered city. 684 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CALUMET CLUB OLD SETTLERS' REUNION. In 1879, interest began again to manifest itself in the welfare of Chicago's old settlers. In that year several of the oldest members of the Calumet Club, which had been organ- ized in 1878, decided to constitute themselves a committee to invite all those citizens who had lived in Chicago prior to 1840, and who were over twenty-one years of age at the time, to attend a reception at the club house. This restriction was found to be necessary at the time on account of the number of people who would be otherwise eligible. At the first recep- tion about eight hundred pioneers attended. Arrangements for the first reception were made at the first annual meeting of the Calu- met Club, held May 5, 1879, the motion to that effect being presented by Mr. Joel Walter, seconded by Mr. Charles S. Hutchings. At a special meeting of the Board of Directors of the Club, held on May 10, it was, on motion of Mr. Augustus M. Eddy and seconded by Mr. William Chisholm, resolved that a committee of three, to consist of the Vice-President, Mr. Charles J. Barnes, the Secretary, Mr. Frederick B. Tuttle, and Mr. A. G. Van Schick, be appointed with power to act, to confer with Messrs. Silas B. Cobb, Franklin D. Gray, Mark Kimball, James H. Rees, Marcus Stearns, Fred- erick Tuttle, and Joel C. Walter, and to make all necessary arrangements for the reception to be given the old settlers of Chicago. Invi- tations were at once issued, and on the even- ing of Tuesday, May 27, the settlers of Chicago began to assemble in large numbers at the Club house, which at that time was located at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Eighteenth Street. The members of the Club were there to give them a cordial greeting, and by eight o'clock there was an assemblage of Chicago's pioneers that exceeded in number the expecta- tions of the most sanguine. Mr. Cobb called upon the Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, the oldest living Chicago clergyman, born in 1801, and who was here in 1831, to make a prayer, after which he was asked to give his experiences in early Chicago. Addi- tional addresses were made by the following pioneers: General Henry Strong, Ex-Chief Justice John Dean Caton, Judge Henry W. Blodgett, Judge James Grant, Hon. John Went- worth, Judge Grant Goodrich, J. Young Scam- mon, and Lieutenant-Governor William Bross. At the close of the last speech the guests were invited into the supper room. After refreshments they returned to the original reception rooms, which had been cleared for dancing. Mr. Mark Beaubien took a position at the head of the rooms with fiddle in hand, and the guests all went forward and shook his hand, as a valued friend of olden times, and congratulated him upon his well-preserved appearance and good spirits. He sang a song, accompanied by his fiddle, in ridicule of Gen- eral Hull's surrender, which he learned at Detroit in 1812. Then he and Gurdon S. Hub- bard indulged in a conversation in the orig- inal Indian tongue, which terminated in their giving a specimen of Indian dancing, to the great merriment of the company. Hon. John Wentworth assumed the role of floor manager and, with a voice loud enough for the deafest to hear, called upon Colonel Julius M. Warren to lead Silas B. Cobb to the head of the hall for "Monnie Musk." He called upon all those over seventy-five, all over sixty, all over fifty-five, and all over fifty, and then requested the younger members of the Club to stand back and see how their fathers and grandfathers danced when Mark Beaubein handled the bow. The "Virginia Reel" and several old time favorite dances were after- ward gone through with, and early incidents were recalled and stories told. The settlers then took their leave with many expressions of gratitude, hoping, without reasonably expect- ing, that some day they might all meet again. Their hopes were destined to be realized, for that was the first of a series of annual recep- tions given to the old settlers by the Calumet Club, which continued uninterruptedly until 1892. Of the old settlers of Chicago prior to 1840 who attended the first Calumet Club reception, one hundred and forty-nine registered their names as follows: William H. Adams, James M. Adsit, Isaac N. Arnold, Ezra Batchelor, Ben- net Bailey, Franklin Baker, William A. Bald- win, John Balsley, John Bates, Mark Beaubien, Jerome Beecher, Stephen R. Beggs, S. Sand- ford Blake, Henry W. Blodgett, Levi D. Boone, Jabez K. Botsford, Erastus E. Bowen, James B. Bradwell, Frederick A. Bryan, Arthur G. Bur- ley, Augustus H. Burley, James Campbell, Thomas B. Carter, Abel E. Carpenter, Philo Carpenter, juiir Dean Caton, William L. Thei HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 685 Church, Henry W. Clarke, L. J. Clarke, James Couch, Norman Clarke, Silas B. Cobb, Charles Cleaver, Isaac Cook, Eleazer W. Densmore, Calvin De Wolf, Christian B. Dodsori, Theodorus Doty, Thomas Drummond, Wiley M. Egan, James F. D. Elliott, Albert C. Ellithorpe, Robert Fergus, Charles Fol- lansbee, Robert Freeman, L. C. Paine Freer, Abram Gale, Stephen F. Gale, Philetus W. Gates, George H. Germain, Samuel H. Gilbert, Grant Goodrich, T. W. Goodrich, Peter Graff, Elihu Granger, Amos Grannis, James Grant, Franklin D. Gray, George M. Gray, John Gray, Joseph H. Gray, William B. H. Gray, Edward H. Hadduck, Philip A. Hall, Polemus D. Ham- ilton, John L. Hanchett, Isaac N. Harmon, John S. Hawley, William Hickling, Van H. Higgins, Lorin P. Hilliard, Samuel Hoard, Charles N. Holden, Dennison Horton, Frederick A. Howe, Alonzo Huntington, Thomas Hoyne, Gurdon S. Hubbard, Nathaniel A. Jones, Michael Kehoe, Jonathan A. Kennicott, Mark Kimball, Martin N. Kimball, Walter Kimball, Tuttle King, H. W. Knickerbocker, Elisha B. Lane, James Lane, William Lock, Horatio G. Loomis, Edward Manierre, James A. Marshall, Alexander Mc- Daniels, John R. Mills, Isaac L. Milliken, Ira Miltimore, Daniel Morrison, Ephraim Morrison, Ezekiel Morrison, James K. Murphy, R. N. Murray, Willard F. Myrick, John Noble, Mahlon D. Ogden, John A. Oliver, A. L. Osborn, Will- iam Osborn, Peter Page, Joseph Peacock, Asahel Pierce, J. W. Poole, Hibbard Porter, William G. Powers, Cornelius Price, John Prindiville, Redmond Prindiville, Benjamin W. Raymond, James H. Rees, Stephen Rexford, James J. Richards, Edward K. Rodgers, George F. Rum- sey, Julien S. Rumsey, M. L. Satterlee, Sidney Sawyer, J. Young Scammon, Willard Scott, Wil- liam H. Scoville, Alanson S. Sherman, Ezra L. Sherman, L. Sherman, Oren Sherman, Mark Skinner, S. Smith, William B. Snowhook, John Sollitt, Marcus C. Stearns, James W. Steele, L. Stewart, S. A. Stubb. Many left without knowing a registry was being kept, and some called subsequently and registered. This custom of inviting the old settlers to an annual reunion, which had been so auspi- ciously begun, was continued from year to year until 1892, when, for reasons of their own, the Directors of the Club decided not to hold the annual event. In the meantime, however, cir- cumstances had been so shaping themselves that, as a direct outcome of the yearly gather- ings at the Calumet Club, the old settlers were to have an organization of their own, and the decision of the Club served to stimulate the plans that had been working in the minds of some of the more active old settlers previously. THE PIONEERS OF CHICAGO. The old settlers who were accustomed to gather once a year at the Calumet Club were not an organized society. There were merely invited guests of the Club, the only qualifica- tions being that they must have been residents of Chicago qualified to vote in 1840. This formed rather an exclusive coterie, and kept from the gatherings a large number of old residents who laid claim to having grown up with the city from its infancy. The Calumet Club had been asked once or twice to alter the qualifications so that more old settlers might attend the receptions, and it had been suggested that the year 1850 should be substituted for 1840. Those members of the Club who had the matter in charge thought differently, and were afraid that the recep- tions would become too large. This being the case, something had to be done by which those who were of the opinion that they were entitled to be ranked as old settlers should be able to come together. In this emergency Mr. Fernando Jones came to the rescue with a happy thought in the spring of 1890. On May 26th of that year he would complete his seventieth year, and he determined to invite fifty old residents of Chi- cago to dine with him at the Auditorium in celebration of his birthday, and at the same time they would organize a society and retain the fellowship which had existed among them for so many years. A charter was applied for and, on May 22d, four days before the banquet, the charter was granted. It was a merry gath- ering of well-preserved and notable men that assembled in the Auditorium, and after Mr. Jones had been duly congratulated, the business of the evening was laid before the assembled guests. The idea met with hearty co-operation and it was unanimously resolved that a society should be formed, to be known as "The Pio- neers of Chicago." The fifty guests present 686 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. formed the nucleus of this now well known society. Two years later, on May 26, 1892, the Chicago Pioneer Society was formally organized at another banquet given by Mr. Jones at the Auditorium, and the following officers were elected: Henry W. Blodgett, President; Fer- nando Jones and James B. Bradwell, Vice-Presi- dents; Amos Grannis, Treasurer; William A. Calhoun, Corresponding Secretary; George H. Fergus, Recording Secretary. The by-laws of the Society provide that no citizen of Chicago is eligible for membership until he has been fifty years in Chicago. Con- sequently the Society's membership is limited, but numbers over one hundred and eighty, including twenty-five ladies. Arrangements were made whereby the Society should not die out, even after its founders and original members were no more. To this end associate members were allowed to join, men who had lived nearly the fifty years, and who, having been born in Chicago, were still in the prime of life. The object of the Pioneers of Chicago Society is to enable the real old folk to make the acquaintance of the younger class of pioneers. The Society is neither exclusive nor expensive. There are no initiation fees, the expenses being met by voluntary contributions. The candidate for admission to the Society is asked to. fill out a blank addressed to the Board of Direc- tors of the Pioneers of Chicago, certifying that he or she had resided in Cook County fifty years, with the additional facts of the date of birth and time of arrival in Chicago. At the time of the formation of the Pioneers' Society, notices were sent to all who were con- sidered eligible to membership, and with them information blanks. It was not then deemed advisable to include those old settlers who had been attending the receptions of the Calumet Club, as it was thought the members of that Club might think the Pioneers were encroach- ing on their prerogative and be offended. The Pioneers of Chicago held their first annual reunion and dinner at the Grand Pacific Hotel, May 26, 1892, about two hundred ladies and gentlemen being present. At the same date in each succeeding year the society has held a reunion and banquet, which promises to be repeated for many years to come. PIONEERS' SONS AND DAUGHTERS' SOCIETY. Inspired by the laudable example of their forefathers to still further perpetuate and keep young in the hearts and minds of generations yet to come, the old time friendships, the early associations, the cherished recollections of pio- neer days, there was organized, in the summer of 1901, still another association, the interest of whose members is directed toward the past rather than the future. When the Pioneers of Chicago decided to place the year 1900 as a time limit in which those who desired to join their ranks should be able to qualify, a number of the descend- ants of the old settlers got together for the purpose of devising ways and means whereby they and others might also enter the charmed circle that formed the connecting link between the present and the past. In this movement Mr. Frank W. Smith was the leading spirit. For many years Mr. Smith has taken a deep interest in Chicago, and possesses the most complete collection of pic- tures of old Chicago landmarks and historic places in the city. As a result of his earnest efforts to inculcate a feeling of interest among the younger generation, a meeting was held in July, 1901, in Parlor M of the Sherman House, which was attended by the following: Mrs. J. D. C. Whitney, William H. Gale, Fer- nando Jones, George Sinclair, James Sinclair, David Vernon, C. D. Peacock, De Witt H. Curtis, George H. Fergus, John A. Phillips and David E. Bradley. In consequence of this gathering the organ- ization now known as the "Chicago Pioneers' Sons and Daughters" was formed, and the fol- lowing officers were elected: Frank W. Smith, President; Charles D. Peacock, First Vice-President; David Vernon, Second Vice- President; Samuel H. Kerfoot, Jr., Third Vice- President; Orson Smith, Treasurer; John S. Zimmerman, Corresponding Secretary; George H. Fergus, Recording Secretary; William H. Gale, Historiographer. Directors: David E. Bradley, De Witt H. Curtis, Edward T. Gush- ing, John J. Flanders, Sarah C. Forrest, Reuble M. Outhet, Albert G. Lane, Joseph Schlossman, Charles E. Sinclair, Alice J. Whitney. The object of the Society is to renew and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 687 maintain early social relations among the mem- bers, and those who were resident of Chicago as early as 1850, their descendants who have attained the age of thirty-five years, and those who were pupils and teachers of Chicago schools as early as 1860, are eligible to active membership. The husbands and wives of active members may become associate members, en- titled to all the privileges except voting and holding office. The annual meeting is held on the second Tuesday in October. The Pioneers' Sons and Daughters rapidly attained popular interest, and as all those who had joined the ranks of the Pioneers of Chi- cago were eligible to membership, the two societies are to a certain extent intermingled and affiliated with one another. The follow- ing is the complete membership of both organ- izations: A Miss Katherine Arnold, 108 Pine St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. G. E. Adams, N. Clark & Belden Av., Chi. Mrs. Sarah M. Adams, 467 Warren Ave., Chicago. Mr. Charles E. Affleld, 1824 Diversey Blvd., Chicago. Mr. Frank O. Affleld, 22 Pine St., New York. Mr. John Anderson, 646 Cleveland Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Armstrong, 85 Lincoln Av., Chicago. Mrs. J. K. Armsby & Sister, Evanston, 111. Mr. J. F. Ahles, 287 S. Irving Ave., Chicago. Mr. Jas. M. Adsit, 400 Dearborn Ave., Chicago. Mr. Chas. C. Adsit, 222 La Salle St., Chicago. Mr. Wm. M. Adams, 566 Washington Blvd., Chicago. Mr. Harvey Akhurst, 4812 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Mr. Abram Adler, Joliet, 111. Mrs. Cyrus P. Albee (widow), Blue Island, 111. Mr. James B. Allen, 3410 W. 60th St., Chicago. Mrs. Mary Allen, Mont Clair P. O. Mr. Ed. L. Austin, 5723 Cedar St., Austin. Mr. Edward Brainard, Chestnut St., Chicago. Mr. John R. Barker, 2421 Indiana Ave., Chicago. Mrs. John N. Barker, 5000 Greenwood Ave., Chicago. Mr. Geo. P. Bay, 6400 Wentworth Ave., Chicago. Mr. A. H. Blackall, Randolph St., Chicago. Dr. J. N. Banks, E. Church Block, Chicago. Mr. George Barry, Wilmette, 111. Mr. Hugh Bradshaw, 695 Fullerton St., Chicago. Mr. Frederick Barnard, 46 La Salle St., Chicago. Mr. David 1 F. Bremmer, Home Ins. Bldg., Chicago. Mr. Robert Bremmer, 205 La Salle St., Chicago. Hon. Charles Bent, Morrison, 111. Mr. A. H. Beardsley, Rosalie Court, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. John Burton, Hinsdale, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Benjamin Burton, Aurora, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Cyrus Bentley, Ind. Ave. & 20th St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. B. A. Bailey, 649 Cleveland Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Babcock, 2701 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. John Bailey, Chicago. Dr. David Basset, Waukegan, 111. Mr. & Mrs. W. E. Barnum, 6400 Wright St., Chicago. Hon. John L. Beveridge, Evanston, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Andrew Blaikie, 417 Center St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. E. S. Blake, 1275 Palmer St., Ravenswood. Mr. & Mrs. J. Bickerdike, Elston Ave. & Roacoe St. Mr. & Mrs. R. J. Bickerdike, 2058 Elston Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. R. F. Bickerdike, W. Ros. St. & Els. Av. Mr. & Mrs. C. G. Bickerdike, 2077 Elston Av., Chicago. Mrs. E. Brooks, 804 Pine Grove Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Thomas Buckley, 957 Spaulding Av., Chi. Maj. & Mrs. E. A. Blodgett, 6415 Wright St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Andrew J. Brown, Evanston, 111. Mr. Henry Bowman, Oakland, Gal. Hon. A. H. Burley, 254 Dearborn Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. L. A. Budlong, Foster & West'rn Av., Chi. Hon. Thomas B. Bryan, Elmhurst, 111. Mr. Louis Braunhold, 1729 Diversey, Blvdl., Chicago. Mr. Robert Boyd, 111. Trust & Savings Bank, Chicago. Mr. C. F. Bass, 149 Lincoln Park Blvd., Chicago. Mr. Chas. H. Brenan, 1007 West Adams St., Chicago. Mr. Howard C. Bristol, East Tawas, Mich. Mr. Edward F. Bishop, Denver, Colo. Mr. Lewis Bushnell, 439 W. Randolph St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Geo. W. Beaubien, Dubuque, Iowa. Mr. Thomas Bradwell, 3209 S. Park Ave., Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Bassett, LaSalle St., Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Boardman, 2513 Mich. Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. H. C. Bradley, cf. 444 N. Clark St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. C. H. Bradley, Cty. Clks. Off., C. H., Chi. Mr. Frank W. Baker, Benton Harbor, Mich. Mr. N. S. Bouton, 191 47th St., Chicago. Mr! Walter S. Bogle, 1449 Sheridan Park, 111. Mr. Hume R. Buchanan, 5315 Lake Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. F. E. Brown, 6830 Woodlawn Ave., Chi. Mary A. Bourke, 3650 Ashland Ave., Chicago. Mr. L. N. Barnes, 4012 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago. Mr. Martin Barbe, 3153 Prairie Ave., Chicago. Mr. Addison Ballard, 241 53rd St., Chicago. Mr. N. H. Blatchford, 375 LaSalle Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Jerome Beecher, 241 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. C. T. Boggs (deceased), 5547 Wash. Ave., Chi. Mr. Ira P. Bowen, 218 LaSalle St., Chicago. Mr. Wm. A. Bond, 4029 Drexel Blvd., Chicago. Alice L. Barnard, 2018 N. 103rd St., Longwood. .Alex Beaubien, 98 S. Whipple St., Chicago. Mr. Wm. S. Beaubien, 91 S. Whipple St., Chicago. Mr. Geo. D. Bromell, 496 W. Monroe St., Chicago. Mr/ Fred M. Blount, Chicago Nat'l Bank, Chicago, Mrs. Wm. Blair, 230 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. Otto C. Butts, Reaper Block, Chicago. Mr. Jas. B. Bradwell, 112 Clark 'St., Chicago. Mr. H. W. Blodgett, Waukegan, 111. Mr. & Mrs. A. E. Bournique, 51 23d St., Chicago. Mr. Frank M. Barrett, 1304 Wash. Blvd., Chicago. Mr. Fred W. Bryan, 164 LaSalle St., Chicago. Mr. Chas. L. Boyd, 486 42d St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. N. Buschwah, 142 Eugenie St., Chicago. Mr. A. C. Blayney, 398 40th St., Chicago. Hattie J. Blake, 55 20th St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. E. B. Bacon, 596 Cleveland Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Oscar W. Barrett, 785 W. Monroe St., Chicago. Mr. John D. Bangs, 3861 Ellis Ave., Chicago. Mr. Olaf Benson, 594 Cleveland Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Josephine J. Brabrook, 520 W. Congress St., Chi. Mrs. Margaret P. Barker, 824 Wash. Blvd., Chicago. Mrs. S. C. Blake & Sons, 55 20th St., Chicago. Miss Josephine Balkman, County Record's Offi., C. H. Mr. David E. Bradley (deceased) Evanston, 111. 688 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Dr. Wallace Blanchard, Avenue House, Evanston, 111. Mrs. Rose Baumstark, 189 B. Fullerton Ave. Mr. James Bell, Grove, 111. Mr. Arthur G. Bennett, Wm. H. Hoyt & Co. Mr. Jonathan Brooks, 4912 Wood'lawn Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Stiles Burton, 229 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Chas. Bowron, Green Bay, Wis. Mr. & Mrs. Arthur Burnham, Reid, Murdock & Co. Prof. C. P. Bradley, 1745 Hinman Ave., Evanston, 111. Mr. & Mrs. F. C. S. Calhoun, Oak Park, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Chas. Catlin, 481 Belden Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Mary L. C. Clancy, 3244 Vernon Ave., Chicago. Mrs. B. F. Chase, 3353 Forest Ave., Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Thos. Chalmers, 179 Ash'd Bd., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. J. Chalmers, Virginia Hotel, Chicago. Mr. Arthur J. Caton, 1910 Calumet Ave., Chicago. Mr. G. H. Campbell, 3334 Rhodes Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. D. W. Clark, 956 Warren Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. R. R. Clark, 1547 N. Halsted St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. W. Clark, 1857 W. 22d St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. J. M. Clark, 2000 Prairie Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Chas. Cherry, 6530 Monroe Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Flora B. Clark, 5830 Wash. Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Clinton Carpenter, 306 Chestnut St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. G. B. Carpenter, Lake Shore Drive, Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Jno. H. Carpenter, 16 Irving PI., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. O. J. Carpenter, 517 Fulton St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. H. E. Caster, 419 41st St, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Geo. Catlin, 5111 Hibbard Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Robert Clark, 3505 Kenmore Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. W. W. Cherry, 436 W. Wash., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. H. B. Chamberlain, 6532 Vincennes, Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Walter F. Cobb, 138 Rush St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. Clingman, 617 Oglesby Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. R, W. Clifford, 1729 Mich. Ave., Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. John Sidney Cooper, 376 Oak St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Isaac S. Collins, 76 Bellevue Place, Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Isaac Cook, Jr., St. Louis, Mo. Mr. & Mrs. J. Harrison Cowper, 215 Warren Av., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. C. H. Cowper, 2 W. Madison St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Frank L. Church, 165 Gladys Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Wm. Collier, 361 Fullerton St, Chicago. Mr. Jas. Alex. Clybourn, Eau Claire, Wis. Mr. & Mrs. Peter Cure, Blue Island, 111. Mrs. Emma Carter, Salt Lake City, Utah. Mrs. Henry C. Crittenden, 1658 Brier Place, Chicago. Mr. Edtoondson Cooban, 6142 Wallace St., Chicago. Mr. T. S. Chamberlain, 1668 W. Chicago Ave., Chi. Capt. W. A. Calhoun, 1043 Wilcox Ave., Chicago. Mr. Ira J. Couch, No. 6 Rookery, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Jno. T. Casey, 4720 Shields Ave., Chicago. Mr. John Culver, 64 Wendell St., Chicago. Mr. Leslie Carter, 108 Cass St., Chicago. Mr. Francis T. Colby, 282 Campbell Ave., S. Chicago. Mrs. M. S. Chatterton, 2897 Kenmore Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Charlotte Miller Crib, Lake Villa, 111. Mr. E. T. Gushing, Dearborn & 15th St., Chicago. Mr. C. W. Clingman, Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co., Chi. Mary F. Clift, 425 La Salle Ave., Chicago. Mr. D. B. Coey, 5238 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. Stewart Clark, Evanston, 111. Mr. Daniel W. Clark, People's Gas Co., Chicago. Mr. J. V. Clarke, Hibernian Bank, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. B. Conkey, 5318 East End Ave., Chi. Mr. Andrew Cummings, 147 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mrs. H. R. Clissold, Morgan Park, 111. Mr. A. J. W. Copelin, 308 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mr. R. W. Clifford, 1729 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Robert Clarke, 2022 Indiana Ave., Chicago. Mrs. M. Crowe, 433 Grand Ave., Chicago. Mr. James Cook, 2964 State St., Chicago. Mr. R. H. Countiss, 3612 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. R. W. Cox, 131 Astor St., Chicago. Mr. Chas. R. Corwith, 1945 Prairie Ave., Chicago. Mr. Chas. C. Curtiss, Studebaker Bldg., Chicago. Gertrude Cole, 3139 Forest Ave., Chicago. Mrs. W. N. Campbell, 398 Superior St., Chicago. Mr. Lucien P. Cheney, 444 Dearborn Ave., Chicago. Mrs. James Chisholm, 536 Orchard St., Chicago. Mrs. Emily A. Chapman, 1239 Wilcox Ave., Chicago. Mrs. H. J. Cater, Libertyville, 111. Mr. & Mrs. J. B. Carter, 499 W. Congress St., Chicago. Mr. J. C. Carroll, Majestic Hotel, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. E. D. Clarke, 5432 Lexington Ave., Chi. Mr. G. T. Chacksfleld, 941 W. Van Buren St., Chicago. Mr. Fred L. Chase, 128 5th Ave., Chicago. Gen. A. L. Chetlain, 1137 Birchwood Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Archibald Clybourn, 135 Seminary Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Rebecca Fetsworth Curth, 6458 Wright Ave., Chi. Mr. De Witt H. Curtis, 409 Wash. Blvd., Chicago. D Mr. John R. Daley, 318 High St., Elkhart, Ind. Mr. & Mrs. A. J. Doyle, 5915 Washington Blvd., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. John F. Dony, 96 Hill St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. H. L. Daniels, 81 Lefferts PI., B'klyn.N.Y. Mrs. Mary R. Dewey, 5700 Jackson Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. John Dennis, 34 St. John's PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. John S. Dixon, 387 Bissell St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Jas. M. Doyle, 203 Wood St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Chas. Hogan Dodson, Geneva, 111. Mr. Joseph Duncan, 4047 Indiana Ave., Chicago. Mrs. M. O. Downes, 880 Warren Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. E. A. Downs, 7 Lake St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Harvey C. Doty, 88 Austin Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Margaretta K. Donelly, 398 Oak St., Chicago. Mr. Wallace De Wolf, Midlothian Club, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. David G. Doty, 486 E. 42d Place, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Erastus D. Doty, 486 E. 42d PI., Chicago. Mr. Chas. A. Dean, 1 River St., Chicago. Mr. James B. Dutch, 6637 Parnell Ave., Chicago. Mr. Thomas Dugall, 47 Cedar St., Chicago. Dr. N. S. Davis, Jr., 291 Huron St., Chicago. Mr. John Dillon, 5000 Washington Ave., Chicago. Julia Knights Duncan, 4728 Evans Ave., Chicago. Mr. T. C. Denier, 489 Ashland Ave., Chicago. Virginia E. Doty, 5547 Washington Ave., Chicago. Mr. Fred Dickinson, 97 Board of Trade, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. H. L. Dahl, 634 La Salle Ave., Chicago. Mrs. H. L. Dupee, 4824 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago. Mr. Albert J. Deniston, 3226 Rhodes Ave., Chicago. Mr. John Dolese, 184 La Salle St., Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. John Dupee, 12 Rookery, Chicago. Mr. Gayton A. Douglas, 4210% Berkely Ave., Chicago. Mr. Wm. Dickinson, 1691 Sheridan Road, Chicago. Mrs. S. S. Banaive, 1775 Perry St., Chicago. Mr. Robert Dunk, 324 Hermitage Ave., Chicago. Mr. B. C. Delane, 172 Ashland Blvd., Chicago. Mr. Richard W. Dodd, 7042 Princeton Ave., Chicago. Mr. Chas. J. Dorrence, Marquette Club, Chicago. Mr. Thomas H. Dunk, Mont Clare P. O. Mrs. Edwin Dymond, 3959 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago. HISTORICAL EN-CYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 689 E Mrs. Zebina Eastman, 1807 Arlington PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. S. C. Eastman, 1807 Arlington PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. J. F. Eberhardt, 64th St., Cor. 4, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. S. Edbrooke, 881 W. Oakley Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Prank D. Everett, Highland Park, 111. Mr. Geo. Ebbert, La Salle & Madison Sts., Chicago. Mr. W. H. Ebbert, La Salle & Madison Sts., Chicago. Mrs. Ann Davidson Elsey, 123 York St., Chicago. Mr. Albert E. Ebert, State & Polk Sts., Chicago. Mr. Albert D. Elmers, 5330 Ellis Ave., Chicago. Mr. Wm. M. Egan, 444 Dearborn Ave., Chicago. Mr. J. W. Errant, 346 54th St., Chicago. Mr. Frank L. Eastman, Wm. Merigold & Co., Chicago. Col. A. C. Ellithorpe, 939 N. 63d Ave., Mont Clare. Samuel Eugene Egan. P Mr. & Mrs. Chas. B. Farwell, 99 Pearson St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Jno. V. Farwell, 109 Pearson St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Jos. W. Franks, Peoria, 111. Mr. & Mrs. E. Frankenthal, 3236 Mich. Ave., Chicago. Mrs. L. C. P. Freer & Sisters, 4527 G'nwood Av., Chi. Mr. Scott Fergus, San Antonio, Tex. Mr. & Mrs. John B. Fergus, Sheridan Road, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Edw. A. Filkins, 507 Webster Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. B. F. Felix, 555 N. State St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Thos. L. Forrest, 419 Center St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Geo. L. Forrest, La Grange, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Horace S. Foot, Milwaukee, Wis. Mr. & Mrs. O. C. Foster, 527 La Salle Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Elisha M. Ford, 1000 Warren Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Archibald Freer, N. Shore Drive, Chicago. Aid. & Mrs. Frank D. Fowler, 149 Fulton St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Lucius G. Fisher, Erie & Cass Sts., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. N. D. Fraser, 1245 Wash. Blvd., Chicago. John Q. Fergus, Mrs. R. M. Fair, 2222 Calumet Ave., Chicago. Miss Fergus, 25 Walton Place, Chicago. Mr. Conrad Furst, 84 Astor St., Chicago. Mrs. Carrie Clark Foreman, 2022 Ind. Ave., Chicago. Mr. Wm. A. Fuller, 2913 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. Hy. E. Fisk, 2100 Calumet Ave., Chicago. Mr. Geo. H. Fergus, 11 S. Water St., Chicago. Mr. Hy. F. Frink, 97 Clark St., Chicago. Mr. A. C. Fuller, 3226 Rhodes Ave., Chicago, Mr. Chas. B. Foot, Corn Ex. Nat'l Bank, Chicago. Mr. John J. Flanders, 1519 Masonic Temple. Mr. L. H. Freer, 138 Washington St., Chicago. Mr. Geo. A. Follansbee, 2342 Ind. Ave., Chicago. Mr. Chas. E. Follansbee, 4539 Greenw'd Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. John A. Farwell, 2506 Mich. Av., Chicago. Mr. Max Frank, 4516 Drexel Blvd., Chicago. Sarah P. Forrest, 1043 Wilcox Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Myra Felker, Glen Ellyn, Illinois. Mr. Jno. P. FOBS, 447 W. Monroe St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. James Forsyth, 5031 Mad. Ave., Chicago. G Mr. & Mrs. T. M. Garrett, Ontario & Cass, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. F. X. Glock, 5046 5th Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. George Gregory, 440 Elm St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. David Goodwillie, Roslin PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Dennison F. Graves, 4011 Lake Av., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Ossian Guthrie, Hyde Pk. Hotel, Ch.i. Hon. Walter S. Gurnee, 7 Nassau St., New York. Mr. & Mrs. Warden Guthrie, 2822 Ind. Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. George Kirk, Waukegan, Illinois. Mr. Henry Graves, 3254 Graves PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Henry H. Gage, Borden Blk., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. B. W. Gates, Jr., 650 Els. Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. A. J. Gates, 650 Elston Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Horace A. Goodrich, Deming PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. L. W. Goodrich, Milwaukee, Wis. Mr. & Mrs. Jacob Gross, 1730 Deming PL, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Wm. W. Gordon, Savannah, Ga. Dr. A. W. Gray, 1410 Washington Blvd., Chicago. Mrs. Elizabeth Gilmore Reid, 1032 N. Hal. St, Chi. Mr. James S. Gibbs, 111. Trust & Sav. Bk., Chicago. Mr. Dennison F. Grover, 4011 Lake Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Edwin O. Gale, 34 .Wash. St., Chicago. Mr. George L, Gray, 2644 Ind. Ave., Chicago. Lily Gray, 77 53d St., Chicago. Mr. W. J. Gray, 5238 Cornell Ave., Chicago. Mr. Geo. F. Geist, 21 Drexel Square, Chicago. Mr. Wm. H. Gale, Mont Clare. Mr. Frank N. Gage, 125 Clark St., Chicago. Mr. John E. Gould, 2219 Cot. Grove Ave., Chicago. Mr. Geo. E. Gerts, 208 Randolph St., Chicago. Mr. W. H. Gilmore, 217 N. Cen. Park Ave., Chicago. Mr. James B. Gallaway, 185 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mrs. S. E. Gross, 1182 N. Lawndale Ave., Chicago. Mr. Jno. B. George, 3119 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Mr. Albert W. Giles, Oak Park, 111. Mrs. Carolina Giles, Oak Park, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Walter Goodrich, 79 Clark St. Mr. & Mrs. Walter S. Haines, Rush Med. Col., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Charles J. Haines, Waukegan, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Wm. Harman, Oak Park, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Charles Henrotin, Chicago. Dr. & Mrs. Fernand Henrotin, 353 LaSalle Av., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Christopher J. Hess, 4431 Ellis Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Daniel E. Healey, 2700 Lime St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. John Healey, 222 42d Place, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. James J. Healey, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. A. A. Heartt, 3219 Prairie Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Henry E. Hamilton, 115 Dearb'n St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Henry H. Handy, 4423 Ellis Ave., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Parry Hanna, Traverse City, Mich. Mr. & Mrs. John Hayward', 4739 Kimbark Av., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. William Hansborough, Blue Island, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Charles Harpel, 394 Oak St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. James M. Hatch, 610 W. Wash. St., Chi. Mrs. Carolina C. Hatch, River Forest, 111. Mr. S. A. Hillard, 6 Wabash Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Louis J. Hitz, 211 Monroe St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Thomas C. Hoag, Evanston, 111. Mr. & Mrs. F. A. Howe, 3931 Grand Blvd., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Jeremiah P. Hoit, 3916 Lake Ave., Chi. Hon. Francis A. Hoffman, Elmhurst, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Gurdon S. Hubbard, Jr., 115 Mon., Chi. Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Evanston, 111. Mr. & Mrs. James L Houghteling, 27 Banks, Chicago. Mrs. Virginia Burton Holmes, Chicago. Mrs. Harriet B. Rossiter Home, 1892 Paulina, Chi. Maj. James R. Hayden, Seattle, Wash. Mrs. J. Sherman Hall, 3701 Sheridan Road, Chicago. Mrs. Gurdon S. Hubbard, 85 Rush St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Geo. H. Heafford, 4560 Oaken'd Av., Chi. 6go HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Mr. & Mrs. Wm. F. Hunt, 180 Lake St., Chicago. Mr. A. Lucas Hunt, 180 Lake St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. E. Hamilton Hunt, 180 Lake St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. D. G. Hamilton, 2929 Mich. Ave., Chicago. Mr. J. R. Hoxie, 2929 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. B. W. Hutchinson, 400 Walnut Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Helmer, 1428 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Daniel D. Healy. Mr. Perry G. Hale, 538 W. Jackson St., Chicago. Mr. E. K. Hubbard, Middletown, Conn. Mr. C. C. P. Holden, 1837 W. Monroe St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. E. M. Higgins, 2897 Kenmore Ave., Chi. Mrs. Christopher J. Hess, 4431 Ellis Ave., Chicago. Mr. Holmes Hoge, First National Bank. Mr. Arthur J. Howe, 217 LaSalle St., Chicago. Mrs. E. Hunter, 153 Laflin St., Chicago. Mr. Frank G. Hoyne, 90 21st St., Chicago. Mr. H. W. Hinsdale, Cham. Com. Safety V'lts, Chi. Mr. Chas. M. Home, 708, 169 Jackson St., Chicago. Mr. Joseph Harris, 375 Rookery, Chicago. Mrs. Harriet H. Hayes, 5832 Rosalie Ct., Chicago. Mr. Wm. P. Hilliard, 59 Clark St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Chas. E. Hyde, 601 Jackson Blvd., Chi. Mr. Jno. M. Hubbard, Post Office, Chicago. Mr. W. H. Hansborough, 3142 Lake Park Ave., Chi. Mr. Albert J. Hough, 4828 Kenwood Ave., Chicago. Mr. Chas. Hough, 4828 Kenwood Ave., Chicago. Mr. Walter Hough, 6617 Washington Ave., Chicago. Mr. A. T. Heminway, 189 LaSalle St., Chicago. Mr. T. W. Hamill, 517 The Plaza, Chicago. Mr. Wm..H. Holden, 91 Hartford Block, Chicago. Mr. Hy. E. Hamilton, 115 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mr. Erasmus W. Hills, 115 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mr. Frank Hills, 115 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mr. E. Burton Holmes, 229 Michigan Ave., Chicago. Mr. Jas. H. Heald, 301-172 Washington Ave., Chicago. Eliza Gray Howland, 5407 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago. Mr. A. C. Helm, 11 Board of Trade, Chicago. Mr. Julius Husted, 429 55th St., Chicago. Mr. Frank Husted', 259 S. Clinton St., Chicago. Mr. Thos. M. Hoyne, 3369 Calumet Ave., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. H. Holden, 500 W. Mon. St., Chicago. Mr. Charles Holden, 1841 Wellington Ave., Chicago. Dr. P. Hayes, Western Springs, 111. Mrs. Louise Boyce Harvey, 116 Oakley Blvd., Chicago. Mrs. Eliza O. Harvey, 481 W. Mon. St., Chicago. Mr. Christian Halm, 1148 Hermitage Ave., Chicago. Mr. Ernest T. Halm, 1148 Hermitage Ave., Chicago. Mrs. Caroline Hatch, River Forest, 111., Chicago. Mr. Jas. Harrick, 103 State St., Chicago. Mr. E. W. Hoard, Oak Park, 111. Miss Eleanor Hunter, 153 Laflin St., Chicago. Ex-Officer Geo. W. Hunter, Hyde Park, Chicago. Dr. & Mrs. Ralph N. Isham, 321 Dearborn Av., Chi. Mrs. Mary Church Ingals, Oak Park, 111. Mrs. N. B. Judd, 3522 Calumet Ave., Chicago. Mr. Edward J. Judd, 433 Rookery, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Eugene M. Jerome, 55 Williams St., Chi. Dr. & Mrs. Wm. J. Johustone, 6151 Hal. PI, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. James B. Johnstone, (H., S. & B.,) Chi. Mr. & Mrs. Oliver K. Johnston, 4527 Green'd Av., Chi. Mrs. Parker A. Jenks, 3179 Melden, Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. Clarence M. Jacobson, 715 W. Mad., Chi. Mr. Fernando Jones, 1834 Prairie Ave., Chicago. Mr. Oliver Jackson, 130 50th St., Chicago. Mr. Wm. Jones, 14 Trades Bldg., Chicago. Mr. Walter S. Joslyn, 803-115 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mrs. M. E. Jennings, 234 Park Ave., Chicago. Mrs. H. L. Jennings, 752 W. Adams St., Chicago. Mrs. A. M. Johnson, 2475 Paulina St., Ravenswood. K Maj. & Mrs. Ranson Kennicott, 4050 Ellis Ave., Chi. Mrs. Ellen Hamilton Keenon, 117 Dearborn St., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. H. C. Kelley, cor Wash. & Frank., Chi. Mr. & Mrs. George Kettlestrings, Oak Park, 111. Mr. John H. Kedzie, Evanston, 111. Mr. & Mrs. C. C. Kohlsaat, 239 Ashland Blvd., Chi. Mr. Joel A. Kinney, Wilmette, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Eugene L. Kimball, 4702 Woodlawn, Chi. Mrs. James B. Kimball, 10 Scott St., Chicago. Mr. & Mrs. W. W. Kimball, 1801 Prairie Ave., Chi. Mr. Wm. Brown King, Portland, Ore. Mrs. Sarah Ann King, 334 Division St., Chicago. Mr. Frederick J. Knott, 340 S. Blvd., Oak Park, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Stephen C. Knight, 3336 Rhodes Av., Chi. Mrs. Arthur M. Kenzie, Riverside, 111. Mr. George S. Kimberly, Barrington, 111. Mr. & Mrs. Kimball, 184 Lincoln Park Blvd., Chi. Mr. Eugene C. Kimball, 4706 Woodlawn Ave., Chi. Mrs. E. D. Kimball, 4828 Kenwood Ave., Chicago. Mr. Spencer S. Kimbell, 138 Washington St., Chicago. Mr. Chas. B. Kimbell, 140 Dearborn St., Chicago. Mr. Martin N. Kimbell, 1459 Kimball Ave., Chicago. Mr. S. H. Kerfoot, Jr., 1012 Chamber Com., Chicago. Mrs. Elizabeth Kenned, 271,743 Sheep 4,582,760 Hogs (average weight, 226 Ibs) ..,. ; 7,325,923 Horses 100,603 Total, animals 15,713,515 Valued at $228,152,707, as against $42,765,328 in 1866. In thirty-eight years since the Yards were established there have been received: Cattle .. t ., 71,499,896 Calves 3,041,768 Sheep 61,241,143 Hogs 217,418,600 Horses .., 1,847,323 Total, animals 355,048,730 Valuation $6,393,742,642 The shipments of all kinds of stock from the Yards during the thirty-eight years have been 107,232,392 animals, making the grand total handled by the Union Stock Yard & Transit Company of Chicago, since its establishment, 462,281,122 head. LARGEST RECEIPTS. The largest receipts of stock in one day have been as follows: Cattle, Sept 28, 1903 , 44,445 Calves, April 15, 1902 5,076 Hogs, Feb. 11, 1895 74,551 Sheep, Sept. 29, 1902 : . 59,362 Horses, March 25, 1901 1,697 Cars, Dec. 1, 1902 2,811 The largest receipts of stock in one week have been: Cattle, week ending Sept. 17, 1891 95,524 Calves, week ending May 9, 1903 9,236 Hogs, week ending Nov. 20, 1880 ..>, 300,488 Sheep, week ending Oct. 18, 1902 162,459 Horses, week ending Mar. 30, 1895 4,369 Cars, week ending Dec. 13, 1902 8,474 The largest receipts of stock in one month have been: Cattle, September, 1892 385,466 Calves, April, 1903 37,546 Hogs, November, 1880 1,111,997 Sheep, October, 1902 613,547 Horses, March, 1897 17,782 Cars, December, 1891 31,910 The largest receipts of stock in one year have been: Cattle, 1892 3,571,796 Calves, 1903 271,743 Hogs, 1898 8,817,114 Sheep, 1903 4,582,760 Horses, 1898 118,754 Cars, 1890 311,557 In reviewing the number and value of ani- mals received at this market, Hon. George F. Stone, the veteran Secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade, says: "A studious contemplation of the above figures must bring before the mind a vast, complex and yet systematic volume of busi- ness, the ramifications of which extend into every department of mercantile life, affect- ing lard, lumber and iron, dry goods and grain, transportation and banking; indeed, nearly every activity in the range of com- merce is set and kept in motion by this great industry, from its inception to its distribu- tion and final assimilation." PRESENT OFFICERS. President, J. A. Spoor, Chicago; First Vice-President, Alvin H. San- ders, Chicago; Second Vice-President, DeWitt C. Smith, Springfield, 111.; General Manager, W. E. Skinner, Chicago; Treasurer, R. Z. Her- rick, Chicago; Secretary, Mortimer Levering, Lafayette, Ind. The Board of Directors is made up of the Presidents of all recognized Breeding Record Associations in the United States and Canada. INTERNATIONAL LIVE-STOCK EXPOSI- TIONS. We have shown in this statement of the Rise and Progress of the Live Stock and Meat Packing Industry of Chicago from 1827 to 1904, that Chicago is supreme in her genius for organizing and carrying forward to complete success any enterprise, no matter how large or how difficult, and, as an epitome or condensed HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 711 result of the whole movement herein described, is presented the following summary of Interna- tional Live-Stock Expositions held in the last four years, beginning with 1900: During the fall of 1899 the friends of live stock and agriculture made a careful survey of the conditions of these two great industries throughout the United States, and came to the conclusion that an era of increased and improved live-stock production was an absolute necessity in order to prevent a period of scarcity of animals and meats, a consequent decline in our exports, and a further decrease in the fertility of the soil on the farms of the Middle West, upon the preservation of which must necessarily depend the continued suc- cess of both stock-raising and crop-growing. It was noticed that live-stock production was not keeping pace with the increase of popula- tion in the United States, that the producing area could not expand, and that henceforth intensive use of productive capacity must be relied upon to supply the increased needs of an increasing population. Efforts had been made by the live-stock and agricultural press to arouse the stockmen and farmers of the country to a realization of these facts and the neces- sity of increasing and improving their live stock; but they had been without leadership, without incentive, and without the practical object lessons which the magnitude and impor- tance of the subject demanded. It was seen that, in order to awaken the necessary interest in the subject, a campaign of practical educa- tion would be necessary. The outcome of these considerations was the establishment of an International Live-Stock Exposition as a broad educational factor for all the people. The mission of the International Live-Stock Exposition was to gather into one place the best specimens of cattle, sheep, swine, and horses that could be found, and thereby present to the agricultural population of the United States a great and valuable educational opportunity, wherein the eye and the mind should be instructed and encouraged to the pro- duction of better animals for breeding, market- ing and exporting, thus encouraging greater consumption of American animals and meats at home and abroad. In 1902 a new live-stock building, called Pedigree Cattle Pavilion, 600x137 feet, was con- structed, of brick and steel, for the exhibition of cattle at the Exposition, to be used at otHer times for special sales and handling pure-bred stock. This pavilion, in addition to the Dexter Park Amphitheater and the other large show buildings, afforded ample accommodations for all the exhibits at the stock show. FIRST INTERNATIONAL STOCK EXPOSITION. On December 1, 1900, the management threw open to the public the gates of the first Inter- national Live-Stock Exposition, and the exhibit which continued during the week, December 1-8, proved the most wonderful and complete of its kind ever made, surpassing even the famous Smithfield show of England and second only to the World's 1 Columbian Exposition in interest for those engaged in agricultural pur- suits even surpassing the latter in this par- ticular line, as the whole world was asked to contribute to its success. The interest awakened was intense and instantaneous. The little farmer with his dozen animals, the large feeder with his several hundred head, and the range man with his thousands, came and saw and were convinced that there were living machines which would produce more and better meats on the same amount of feed, than would the heterogeneous animals they had been raising. The wonderful success of the first Exposition removed all uncertainty as to whether the interest in pure- bred stock was confined only to a few wealthy fanciers who held their herds for show pur- poses, or whether it was a lively, vital, every- day question among all breeders and raisers. The expectations of every one interested in stock were realized, and it was unanimously decided that the International Live-Stock Expo- sition should become an annual affair. THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL LIVE-STOCK EXPO- SITION was held from November 30 to December 7, 1901. There were over 4,000 entries, com- peting in 600 classes of cattle, sheep, swine and draft-horses, for premiums aggregating $110,- 000. Practically 12,000 animals, coming from all parts of this country and from England, Scotland, Argentine, Canada and France, were on exhibition, and they were viewed by over 400,000 people from all quarters of the globe. Special auction sales of pure-bred stock were held during the show, and realized enormous prices. A total of 322 cows and bulls of stand- ard breeds were sold at public auction, and fully as many at private sales. THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL LIVE-STOCK EXPO- SITION was held in Dexter Park Amphitheater 712 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. and surrounding buildings, from November 29 to December 6, 1902, with the car-load exhibits in the Union Stock Yards proper, as in the two previous Expositions. It was a demonstra- tion in many ways. No better evidence of the immense value of these annual expositions to the live stock industry of the whole North American continent could be desired than to witness the marked improvement since the first show in 1900, in the breeding, quality, and con- dition, in both pure-bred and fat classes, of the thousands of animals gathered from every State, and exhibited side by side with the best imported ones. The car-load exhibits and show of draft horses were far beyond anything of the kind ever before seen in this or any other country. One of the important events of this show was the dedication, on December 1, of the Pure Bred Live-Stock Record Building, at the corner of Dexter Park and Exchange Avenues, near the main entrance to the Stock Yards. It was erected by the Union Stock Yard and Tran- sit Company as a permanent home for the various National Pure-Bred Live Stock Record Associations, the Exposition Association, and as the chief meeting place of the live stock representatives of the world. FOURTH EXPOSITION. When the fourth Inter- national Live-Stock Exposition was held at the usual time in December, it was noticed that, in every department, the improvement in the quality of the exhibits was most pronounced. This was due to the fact that the Exposition Is unquestionably fulfilling its mission, in that it is creating, for the breeders and the feeders, ideals that call forth their greatest genius to produce. Live stock experts made the state- ment that it was hardly possible to realize that only four short years had passed since the first Exposition, instead of a century, as the change in ideals or standards would imply. THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL LIVE-STOCK EXPO- SITION was held at the Union Stock Yards, from November 26, to December 3, 1904. In point of attendance and enthusiasm, number of exhibit- ors and value of awards, it was the greatest show ever held by the International Live-Stock Exposition Association. The first day of the show was devoted to a judging contest by the agricultural students, in which five from each of the following insti- tutions participated: Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont.; Iowa Agricultural Col- lege; Michigan Agricultural College; Ohio Agricultural College; Texas Agricultural Col- lege, and the Kansas State Agricultural Col- lege. The contest was open to farmers' sons as well as students, but, of the hundreds pres- ent at the opening session, only one young man admitted that he had been born on the farm. Six thousand of the finest cattle, horses, sheep and hogs that North America is capable of producing, as well as a number of foreign- bred horses, were on exhibition, among the latter being fifteen horses from the stables of King Leopold II. of Belgium, in charge of Baron von Schelle. There were also exhibits from France and Germany. A great deal of interest was manifested in the Horse Fair in Dexter Park Pavilion, where Belgian and hack- ney horses were shown in hand, also ponies as well as four-in-hand and six-in-hand draft- teams of a half-dozen packing firms. The entries in the horse classes were of so high a standard that much difficulty was found by the judges in separating them. The Pabst Brewing Company, of Milwaukee, won first prize over all the Stock Yards entries in the class for single mares or geldings weighing over 1,760 pounds. Canada made almost a clean sweep in the sheep classes, winning in six out of eight. The record-holding Here- ford calf, "General Manager," owned by the Iowa Agricultural College, won the grand championship in competition with the best cat- tle at the show, and also received two first prizes. Another first prize winner was the Minnesota Agricultural College steer, "Clear Lake Jute." A new feature introduced during the expo- sition was a corn judging contest, in which agricultural students participated. While the Horse Fair was in progress, a mass-meeting of the International Live Stock Association was held in the Pedigree Record Building, at which it was definitely settled that there is to be an elaborate exhibition structure erected at the Stock Yards for future stock expositions. Nearly $11,000 of the $14,000 necessary to complete a guarantee fund of $50,000 was subscribed, and Vice-President Alvin H. Sanders said that the undertaking was assured. The raising of this guaranty fund means that the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company will enlarge the present Dexter Park Pavilion to make it one of the largest coliseum buildings in America. It will / X HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. be expanded to seat six thousand persons, while the arena space will be 340x202 feet. The live stock at this exposition occupied thirty buildings, with twenty acres of floor space, it having been found necessary to erect temporary structures in order to accommodate all of the animals. The total attendance during the week was 461,390, or nearly 150,000 more than that of last year. "Scientific agriculture and stock raising is fast coming to be recognized," said President Edmund J. James, of the University of Illinois. "The fact that the University of Minnesota students carried off the grand champion prize at this show proves its value. It is our inten- tion that the University of Illinois shall have one of the best agricultural schools in the world." CHAPTER XXIII. CHICAGO GRAIN TRADE. AN EXAMPLE OF MARVELOUS DEVELOPMENT PROG- BESS OF FIFTY YEARS THE CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE STATE LAWS REGULATING WAREHOUSES AND GRAIN INSPECTION LIST OF INSPECTORS AND REGISTRARS CHICAGO STANDARD OF IN- SPECTION WIDELY ACCEPTED HISTORY OF ELE- VATOR SYSTEM A CHICAGO GEAIN ELEVATOR AND ITS OPERATION DESCRIBED GRAIN TRADE STATISTICS 1900 A RECORD BREAKING YEAR. In no single item has the marvelous develop- ment of Chicago trade and commerce been more strikingly exemplified than in the statistics of the grain trade. An illustration of its growth in this respect is furnished in the increase in number and capacity of its grain warehouses and elevators during a period of half a century, which virtually covers the history of this line of business. Situated in the heart of an agri- cultural region of unsurpassed fertility and at the connecting point between the vast Missis- sippi Valley with the great Lakes, affording an easy and cheap route of almost uninterrupted water transit to the Atlantic coast, with the demonstrated possibility of a direct and regular communication with European ports, the de- velopment in this respect has been one of the marvels of the century, though, when consid- ered in the light of the growth of railways and other enterprises on the American con- tinent, a natural evolution. A few figures from the statistics of Chicago trade will serve to illustrate this point. In 1838, the first year of which any record has been furnished, the grain shipments for the port of Chicago amounted to a total of 78 bush- els of wheat. The growth of the next few years was steady but gradual, though confined exclusively to the wheat trade. In 1844 Chi- cago began to send out its first shipments of flour, amounting to 6,320 barrels, with nearly 900,000 bushels of wheat, making a total of less than 925,000 bushels of this commodity. The completion of the Illinois and Michigan Canal between Chicago and LaSalle, in 1848, and the organization of the Chicago Board of Trade the same year, were events marking an epoch in the commercial history of the city, and from that time there was a rapid increase in both the volume and variety of commodities which found a market here. The total shipments of grain from this city for that year aggregated a little over 3,000,000 bushels, of which more than two-thirds was in wheat and flour. The influence of the Board of Trade in developing this, as well as all other branches of the Chicago produce trade, has been most marked. It has been largely through the influ- ence of that organization that uniform systems of conducting trade and improved methods of storage and transportation have been adopted. It is also due to its efforts that the annual statistics of trade have been preserved, making it possible to trace the growth of business from year to year. The first State law regulating warehouses and the business of warehousemen was enacted in 1851, the number of grain ware- houses or elevators in the city of Chicago at that time being three, with an estimated capac- ity of 750,000 bushels. In 1858 the system of inspecting and grading grain was adopted a device of the Board of Trade which went far to establish the reputation of Chicago grain in the markets of the world, and at the follow- ing session of the General Assembly (1859) it was recognized in the enactment of a State law on the subject, though its operation was prac- tically left in the hands of the Board of Trade. Messrs. Julian S. Rumsey, S. H. Butler and Charles S. Dole were appointed a committee to draft a new system of wheat inspection, and George Sitts served as the first Chief Inspector. At first the system applied only to grain re- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ceived by railroads, but was soon after ex- tended to receipts by lake and the canal. A second and more comprehensive State law was enacted in 1867. By this time the three elevators of 1851 had been increased to seven- teen, with a storage capacity of 10,880,000 bush- els. The act of 1867 took the matter of grain inspection out of the hands of the Board of Trade and introduced a number of stringent regulations which were found impracticable of enforcement, and some of its main provisions were repealed at the session of 1869. The sub- ject was taken cognizance of in the Constitution of 1870, making it the duty of the General Assembly to "pass laws for the inspection of grain, for the protection of producers, ship- pers and receivers of grain and produce," with the result that elaborate laws have been enacted regulating the receipt, inspection, storage and shipment of grain, the enforcement of which is placed in the hands of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission appointed by the Gov- ernor. The principal executive officer connected with the Grain Department is the "Chief Inspector," appointed by the Governor on the recommenda- tion of the Railroad and Warehouse Commis- sion, who have authority to establish rules and regulations for the discharge of the duties of his office. The second officer connected with the warehouse department is the "Warehouse Registrar," who receives his appointment at the hands of the Commission. It is the duty of the Chief Inspector to exercise general super- vision over the inspection of all grain received in or shipped from the elevators in Chicago, under rules and regulations prescribed by the Railway and Warehouse Commission, and to this end he has the authority to recommend to the Board, for appointment, as many assistant inspectors as may be needed for the proper performance of the work. The registrar is the accountant of the Board, whose duty it is to keep an account of and report upon receipts of the different kinds of grain into and ship- ments out of the several elevators, and the amount remaining on hand in each at the end of the fiscal year which terminates with the 31st of October. The following is a list of the incumbents in these two offices since the organ- ization of the Railroad and Warehouse Com- mission under the act of 1871: CHIEF GRAIN INSPECTORS. Wm. F. Tompkins 1871-73 Wm. H. Harper 1873-75 Gen. John C. Smith 1875-77 Wm. H. Sweet 1877-78 John P. Reynolds 1878-82 P. Bird Price 1882-83 Frank Drake 1883-85 P. Bird Price 1885-93 Geo. P. Bunker 1893-95 D. W. Andrews 1895-97 Edwin J. Noble 1897-01 Jos. E. Bidwell 1901-04 W. S. Cowen 1904- WAREHOUSE REGISTRARS. Steven Clary 1871-73 Troilus H. Tyndale 1873-79 Henry S. Dean 1879-81 P. Bird Price 1881-82 Wm. C. Mitchell 1882-86 John W. Burst 1886-93 Louis Wagner 1893-97 Daniel Hogan 1897-04 A. J. Lovejoy 1904- The highest compliment to the system of inspection in use in the City of Chicago, has been the high standard fixed for the grain from this market at the leading export points and in foreign markets, and the adoption of the same, or a similar system, in many of the principal cities both in this country and in Canada. The number of elevators in the City of Chi- cago at the time of the great fire of 1871 was seventeen, with an estimated capacity of 11,750,000 bushels. Of these six were destroyed with over one and a half million bushels of grain, the eleven remaining having a capacity of nearly 9,000,000 bushels. The intimate relation between the elevator system of Chicago and the railroads is shown by the fact that, while these structures were either originally built beside railroad tracks, or have been connected therewith by switches or side-tracks for purposes of convenience in receiving and shipping grain, many have been erected by railroad companies, or upon their lands, through the inducements offered to cap- italists. Thus, the first elevator of considerable size erected in Chicago was built by Chicago's early capitalist and grain dealer, Solomon Sturges, in partnership with Clarence P. and HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Alvah Buckingham, in 1854, upon ground leased from the Illinois Central Railroad Com- pany. In 1855 the Chicago & Rock Island Company erected its first elevator here, with a capacity of 700,000 bushels, at a cost of $125,000, and in 1861 or 1862, Messrs. Munn & Scott entered into contract with the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad to erect a large elevator on the depot grounds of the latter. While the number of Chicago elevators was diminished by a destructive fire a few years ago, the sev- enteen separate and distinct structures, with some half dozen "annexes," still have an esti- mated storage capacity of 28,000,000 bushels. The following description of the construction and operation of a Chicago elevator, taken from the "History of Chicago" (Vol. I., article "Trade and Commerce"), issued by the Munsell Publishing Company in 1895, may have an interest for the general reader one of the Armour elevators being chosen for the pur- pose of description: "The enormous ground floor at first reminds one of the transept of a great cathedral. Here grain is received from wagons or cars, inspected and graded, but on this floor there are no facilities for storage. Above, the heavy tim- bers which form its top, however, rise to the alti- tude of nearly 150 feet, tier after tier of lofts whose areas are broken by long rows of mighty bins and ponderous weighing machines. There are 379 of these bins, each 12x12x65 feet, and capable of containing 7,000 bushels, their total capacity exceeding 2,500,000 bushels an amount beyond ordinary comprehension. They can receive and weigh 500 cars, or 300,000 bushels, per day, while their capacity for deliv- ery is 100,000 bushels per hour. As an example of what may be accomplished by the substitu- tion of machinery for manual labor, this rec- ord is said to stand unrivaled, and is repeated over and over again each year. Seventy-five men are found sufficient to operate this machin- ery, which is driven by a Corliss engine of 1,200 horse-power of the description known as 'fore- and-aft compound valve-motion.' The main driving belt, which is made of eight-ply rubber and duck, is said to be the largest in the world, being 250 feet long and five feet wide. It runs very nearly vertically from the engine to the pulley on the counter-shaft, which is sit- uated at the top of the building. All along other counter-shafts are pulleys over which run no less than twenty 8-inch rubber elevator belts, each of which carries steel buckets riv- eted to its face at regular intervals. As these belts move upward they carry full buckets on one side, which, as they pass over the driving pulley at the top, are emptied and descend empty on the other side. "The grain, once discharged, falls through chutes, by force of gravitation, to the main body of the elevator, whence it is directed by other chutes to any desired point. The dis- tribution is accomplished by means of a chute rotating on a vertical axis, the prolongation of which would pass through its lower mouth. Thus, when swinging round on its pivot, its upper (or receiving) mouth remains constantly in the same position. Around its lower end are arranged, in a circle, the yawning and insatiate mouths of a number of chutes, each numbered to correspond with a particular bin, and each capable of being connected with the central shaft. In this way one elevator is made to feed a number of bins. "On the next floor below the chutes are what is known as 'garners,' which are simply square bins holding 1,000 bushels each. Imme- diately under each is a platform scale, whose bin contains precisely the capacity of the bin above it, and receives grain therefrom as desired. There are 28 of these scales in all 12 for receiving and 16 for shipping and on them the grain is weighed, the capacity of each being 60,000 pounds. Much (probably most) of the grain received is simply graded and delivered in bulk, i. e., a like weight is given the owner. Other grain is received with 'iden- tity to be preserved.' "All garners, weighing bins and storage bins have sloping bottoms, to prevent the lodgment of kernels on their passage, and all grain is weighed twice (on receipt and withdrawal), each necessitating its elevation to the top of the building under the system, which has been explained." Owing to irregularities in the shipment of grain without the cancellation of receipts (or "certificates") in recent years, the General Assembly, at its last session (1901), passed an act making it the duty of the warehouse- man, on the receipt of grain for the purpose of storage, to issue a receipt for the same, which he is required, within twenty-four hours, to report to the Warehouse Registrar, indicat- ing the amount, grade of grain, the name of the owner and the number of the receipt. The 716 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. warehouseman is prohibited, under heavy pen- alties from delivering grain upon said receipt, except upon its return "stamped or otherwise plainly marked by the Warehouse Registrar with the words, 'registered for cancellation,' " with the date of such entry. Within twenty- four hours thereafter, the warehouseman is required to "report said receipts to the Regis- trar cancelled." The warehouseman, his clerk or agent, failing to do this, is subject to a fine of $100 for each offense. The law further declares, that any warehouseman or his agent, delivering grain upon which such receipts have been issued, or any inspector or person con- nected with the Grain Department, "knowingly permitting said grain to be delivered, without notice from the Registrar that said receipts have been registered for cancellation, shall be deemed guilty of a crime," and liable to be fined an amount equal to the value of the prop- erty wrongfully delivered, or imprisoned for a period not less than one nor more than ten years. This paper cannot conclude more fittingly than by the incorporation of a few statistics from the Forty-Third Annual Report of the Chicago Board of Trade (for 1900). From these it appears that the receipts of grain of all kinds for the year (including flour in its grain equivalent) was the largest in the history of the Chicago grain market being 349,637,295 bushels, against 320,670,441 (the next highest) in 1899. The shipments for the same period amounted to 265,552,246 bushels, being exceeded only by those of 1898. The receipts of wheat during the year aggregated 48,048,298 bushels a little more than two millions below those of 1892, the highest. The receipts of corn sur- passed all previous records, amounting to 134,- 663,456 bushels, while the shipments (aggre- gating 111,099,653 bushels) fell short of those of 1898 and 1899 1898 being the record year. The receipts of oats fell short of the four pre- ceding years from four to seven millions, the aggregate being 105,226,761 bushels. In the seventeen principal elevators with their six annexes, with a capacity of 28,000,000 bushels, the amount in store at the end of the year was 17,514,305 bushels, against 22,395,014 at the beginning. Much the larger proportion of the receipts of grain of all kinds came by rail, ' that by lake and canal being less than five and a half million bushels. In the amount of the receipts of both corn and oats, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad holds precedence (of the former, 30,910,300 bushels), the Illi- nois Central, Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific following sub- stantially in the order named. These stupen- dous figures indicate that Chicago still holds its place as the greatest grain market of the world, yet it would be unsafe to say that it has reached its limit. STATISTICS FOR 1903. While 1900 was a record-breaking year in respect to the total receipts of grain in the Chicago market, the receipts of wheat during that year were sur- passed by those of 1901 the latter amounting to 51,197,870 bushels, against 50,234,556 bush- els in 1892, the next highest in the history of the city. The statistics of grain receipts and shipments for the year 1903, compiled by Mr. George F. Stone, Secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade and published in "The Forty- Sixth Annual Report of the Trade and Com- merce of Chicago," present the following results: Bushels. Aggregate Receipts of Grain 275,468,195 Aggregate Shipments of Grain 210,255,151 Total Receipts of Wheat 27,124,585 " Shipments of Same 21,369,548 " Receipts of Corn 98,545,534 " Shipments of Same 68,093,622 " Receipts of Oats 88,588,386 " Shipments of Same 63,539,179 " Receipts of Barley 23,273,519 " Shipments of Same 2,986,816 According to the same report there were in the City of Chicago, during the year 1903, six- teen regular warehouses (or elevators) with six annexes, having a total capacity of 26,750,000 bushels, besides fifty-two private ele- vators, with a total capacity of 30,400,000 bush- els grand total storage capacity, 57,150,000 bushels. The aggregate of cereals in store in Chicago at the close of the year was 6,753,676 bushels, of which there were (in bushels): Wheat, 2,768,291; Corn, 2,244,068; Oats, 1,277,- 728; Rye, 242,279; Barley, 271,310. The aggre- gate amount of grain in store at the beginning of the year was 10,977,301 bushels, showing a reduction during the year of 4,223,625. The range of prices on different cereals for the year (1903) was as follows: Wheat, 70 14 to 93 cents; Corn, 41 to 53 cents; Oats, 31*4 to 45 cents; Rye, 48 to 60 cents. 1/> HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 717 CHAPTER XXIV. EDUCATIONAL Y. M. C. A. ORGANIZATION CHICAGO MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL ITS ORIGIN AND OBJECT WORK ACCOMPLISHED IN TWENTY- ODD YEARS OF ITS HISTORY NUMBER OF GRAD- UATES MERGED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ARMOUR TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOL YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION OF ILLINOIS ITS HISTORY OF FIFTY YEARS PRESENT STRENGTH AND STATUS OF THE ORGAN- IZATION Y. M. C. A. BUILDING IN CHICAGO. The Chicago Manual Training School owes its existence to "The Chicago Commercial Club," an association composed of prominent business men, whose monthly meetings are devoted to the discussion of social, civil and political questions. To this body of thoughtful and observant men the subject of education early commended itself as of vital importance to the welfare of the commonwealth. The need of something more than, and different from, the usual grammar and high school education was fully *felt. At a meeting of the Club held March 25, 1882, it was resolved to raise a sum of $100,000 to establish a manual training school. The money was raised, and the same evening a com- mittee was appointed to draft a plan for the organization of the school. This committee reported Dec. 30, 1882. "The Chicago Manual Training School Association" was formed, con- sisting exclusively of members of The Com- mercial Club. The following gentlemen were elected Trustees: E. W. Blatchford, R. T. Crane, Marshall Field, William A. Fuller, John Crerar, John W. Doane, N. K. Fairbank, Edson Keith, George M. Pullman. E. W. Blatchford was chosen President of the Board ; R. T. Crane, Vice-President; Marshall Field, Treasurer, and William A. Fuller, Secretary. On June 9, 1883, Dr. H. H. Belfield, at that time Principal of the North Division High School, was elected Director. The object of the school is thus stated in its charter : "Instruction and practice in the use of tools, with such instruction as may be deemed nec- essary in mathematics, drawing, and the Eng- lish branches of a high-school course. The tool instruction, as at present contemplated, shall include carpentry, wood-turning, pattern-mak- ing, iron-chipping and filing, forge-work, braz- ing, and soldering, the use of machine-shop tools, and such other instruction of a similar character as may be deemed advisable to add to the foregoing from time to time, it being the intention to divide the working hours of the students, as nearly as possible, equally between manual and mental labor." The site of the school, at the northwest cor- ner of Michigan Avenue and Twelfth Street, was purchased March 28, 1883. The corner- stone was laid, with appropriate ceremonies, Sept. 24, 1883, and the school opened its doors to pupils Feb. 4, 1884. It was intended that the course of the school should be three years, since it was believed that the essentials of a high school curriculum, with five hours per week of drawing and ten hours a week of shop work, could be thoroughly accomplished in that time. This belief was well founded. About fifty per cent, of the graduates of this school have entered technological schools abundantly well equipped for their work. Twelve of the class of 1893 were fitted for the Sophomore class of Sibley College, Cornell Uni- versity. The acceptance by the technological schools of the shopwork and drawing of man- ual-training school graduates, as an, equivalent, wholly or in part, of similar work demanded by the school of technology for the degree of E. E. or M. E., saves much time to the students possessing it. During the twenty-two years of the school's existence, its general purpose has been maintained without essential change. As the pedagogical value of manual training became recognized, the optional study of Greek was added, in order that boys desiring to pre- pare for classical colleges might have the ben- efit of drawing and shopwork. The technical skill of boys, when directed by competent and enthusiastic teachers, is well illustrated by some of the products of the school. Besides two dozen or more steam- engines from six to ten horse-power, the pupils have made three sensitive drills, a large drill- press, a dozen half-speed lathes, a pattern- maker's gap lathe, weighing 1,500 pounds, and many other articles in wood, iron and steel. The tower-clock, with a 60-inch dial, a West- minster chime, etc., in use for years, was designed and built by pupils. The drawing includes free-hand, machine and 7 i8 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. architectural work. About fifty per cent, of the graduates of the school go directly into business. The others, as has been said, enter college, chiefly to engineering departments. Over two hundred college degrees are known to have been conferred upon graduates, and one hundred and forty others are now in col- lege. The number of graduates is now (June, 1901) 776. On the ninth day of July, 1897, the school was presented by its Trustees with the unan- imous approval of the Chicago Manual Train- ing School Association to the University of Chicago. Its legal ownership is now vested in a Board of nine Trustees, elected by and from the Board of Trustees of the University of Chi- cago. This transfer of ownership is commem- orated by a handsome bronze tablet, placed in the vestibule of the school, which reads as follows : "THE CHICAGO MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL, the first independent school of this character in the United States, was founded by The Commercial Club of Chicago; was incorporated, April 10, 1883; the corner-stone of its building, corner of Michigan Avenue and Twelfth Street, was laid September 24, 1883, and regular school exercises began Feb- ruary 4, 1884. "The school was designed to give instruc- tion and practice in the use of tools, in math- ematics, drawing, modern languages, and the English branches of a high school course. "That, during the fourteen years of the existence of the school, it has instructed over sixteen hundred pupils, of whom six hundred and three have been graduated; that it has caused the establishment of many sim- ilar institutions and, especially, that it has secured the incorporation of this system of education into the public schools of this city and of many other cities is evidence to the founders of the school that it has success- fully accomplished the purpose for which it was organized. In the belief that the use- fulness of the school will thereby be enlarged and its perpetuity secured, the membership of the Association has been, by unanimous action, so changed that the administration of the school, with its building, grounds, equip- ment, and the endowment (a bequest of the late Mr. John Crerar), has been this day entrusted to a membership composed of Trustees of "THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. "BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1896-97. "E. W. Blatchford, President. "John M. Clark, Vice-President. "Marshall Field, Treasurer. "William A. Fuller, Secretary. i "John W. Doane Christoph Hotz Edson Keith H. H. Porter George M. Pullman. "HENRY H. BELFIELD, Director." "July 9, 1897." Mr. Crerar's bequest was $50,000. It will be noticed that Messrs. Blatchford, Field, Fuller, Doane, Keith and Pullman were members of the original Board of Trustees, while Messrs. Cre- rar, Keith and Pullman were members at the time of their death. ARMOUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. Armour Institute of Technology was founded in 1892 by Mr. Philip D. Armour of Chicago. The work of instruction was begun in Sep- tember, 1893. The aim of the Institute was expressed in its first public announcement as follows: "This institution is founded for the purpose of giving to young men and women an oppor- tunity to secure a liberal education. It is hoped that its benefits may reach all classes. It is not intended for the poor or the rich, as sections of society, but for any and all who are earnestly seeking practical education. Its aim is broadly philanthropic. Profoundly real- izing the importance of self-reliance as a factor in the development of character, the Founder has conditioned his benefactions in such a way as to emphasize both their value and the stu- dent's self-respect. The Institute is not a free school, but its charges for instruction are in harmony with the spirit which animates alike the Founder, the Trustees and the Faculty, namely: the desire to help those who wish to help themselves." The central feature of the Institute is the Technical College, which offers four year courses in Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Architecture and Science, all of which lead to the degree of Bachelor of Science. The equipment for these courses has been made so complete that the educational work done here compares favorably with that done at any of the other prominent Institutes of Technology in the United States. In order that the young man contemplating a full course in Engineering may receive ade- quate preparation, Armour Scientific Academy HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 719 has been made an integral part of the Insti- tute. The different courses here offered lay special emphasis upon Physics, Chemistry, Drawing and Mathematics as being the founda- tions for future success in applied science. The Associated Department of Domestic Arts and Science offers instruction in sewing, dressmaking, millinery, cookery, home-nursing, hygiene, sanitation and ventilation. Normal courses are offered in order to train young women who desire to teach these subjects. The Kindergarten Normal Department offers a two- year course for the training of kindergarteners. The Department of Music offers instruction in organ and pianoforte playing and voice culture. The building erected by the munificence of Mr. Armour is built in the Romanesque style with Norman windows, and is absolutely fire- proof. No expense was spared in its erection. In the basement are placed the shops for wood- work and forging, the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory and the engine-room. On the first floor are the library, offices of the President and Dean and Machinery Hall. On the second floor are the Electrical Engineering Labora- tories, the physics lecture and apparatus rooms and the Biology Laboratory. On the third floor are the Chemical Laboratory, the Civil Engi- neering room and recitation rooms. The fourth floor is devoted chiefly to the Department of Domestic Arts and Science. On the fifth floor are a large drafting room and a gymnasium. The aim of the Institute is to develop thor- oughly and scientifically the best element in any individual. With this end in view, the instruction in the preparatory department and in the associated departments, as well as in the Technical College, is maintained at a high standard. Young women deserve as careful and as scientific training in the technical pur- suits suited to them as the young men who are seeking to prepare for the life of a professional engineer. The conception is worthy of a prince and Mr. Armour has carried it out in the most princely manner. THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIA- TION IN ILLINOIS. There were Young Men's Christian Associa- tions in existence in Illinois as early as 1854. In the first International Convention of -Young Men's Christian Associations, which was held at Buffalo, N. Y., in June of that year, two del- egates were present from Chicago W. P. Mont- gomery and Cyrus Bentley; and one from Peo- ria T. C. Moore; while a delegate was also enrolled from the "Young Men's Moral and Christian Union" of Quincy. The report of Mr. W. P. Montgomery, one of the delegates from Chicago, states that the organization in that city had been formed about eighteen months previous to the date of the convention. At the time of the second convention, which was held in Cincinnati, Ohio, in September, 1855, the name of Chicago had disappeared from the list of Associations, while Springfield had been added. Of these Associations only Quincy seems to have survived until the third convention held in Montreal, Canada, in June, 1856, and even this disappears from the list before 1858. The oldest existing Association in Illinois is the present organization in Chicago, which was organized in June, 1858. For some fourteen years after that date, while a number of Asso- ciations were organized in different parts of the State, no effort seems to have been made to bring them into relationships of mutual helpfulness. In 1873, however, at the call of Mr. Robert Weidensall, acting as Agent of the International Committee, a convention was held at Bloomington, November 6-9 of that year. This was the beginning of an effort on the part of the Associations to unite for mutual help- fulness and for the extension of the associa- tion work. A State Executive Committee was appointed at this time which, however, accom- plished but very little during its year of office. Nevertheless, conventions have been held con- tinuously since 1873. In the convention of 1875, which was held at Jacksonville, 111., definite steps were taken toward securing the services of a State Secre- tary whose whole time should be given to asso- ciation work. Such an officer was not selected until the following year, when on Nov. 1, 1876, Mr. Charles M. Morton assumed the duties of the office. This position he held for one year only, during which time a large amount of evangelistic work was done in different parts of the State and a number of Associations were organized, so that the State list submitted at the Champaign convention, in September, 1877, contained the names of sixty-two organi- zations. At the close of one year of service, Mr. Morton retired from the State Secretary- ship to accept the pastorate of a mission in the city of Chicago, and the Associations for 720 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. nearly three years were left without close supervision. The Decatur convention in 1879 urged the securing of a State Secretary, and in April, 1880, I. E. Brown was elected to that position which he has continued to occupy until the present time (1904). The names of sixteen Associations were put into his hands as com- prising the association constituency in the State. At that time 2,433 was the reported membership. Two Associations (those of Chi- cago and Aurora) owned buildings. The total value of association property, including three building funds, was reported as $126,500. Thir- teen Secretaries and other officers were employed by the Associations, all but four of these being in Chicago. There was one small gymnasium in existence. Five Associations conducted religious meetings for men only. Since 1880, the growth of association work has been constant, and this growth has demanded the addition of one Secretary after another until seven are now employed in the State work. Beginning with the year 1886, the develop- ment of distinct departments of State work was entered upon. This, however, was not fully carried out until the year 1890. The work of supervision is now divided into the follow- ing departments: 1. General Supervision, with State Secre- tary and Assistant Secretary in charge. 2. Railroad and City Department. 3. County and Town Department. 4. Student Department. 5. Corresponding Membership Department. 6. Office. With the exception of the last two, which are combined under one head, each Department is in charge of an employed Secretary, who is responsible for its development, while in the Railroad and City Department and in the office an assistant is also employed. The whole work is under the supervision of a State Executive Committee of twenty-seven members, one-third of the number being elected annually. Of this Committee, for several years Mr. John E, Wilder of Chicago has been Chair- man. The State Convention, which is made up of delegates from the different local associa- tions, is the creative power of this Committee and the source of its instructions. The last available report (October, 1904) shows 126 Associations in the State, reporting a total membership of 23,375. Twenty-three Associations own their own buildings, while eight others hold their buildings on long time leases from railroad companies. The total value of property reported is $2,727,435. Of the build- ings, eight are for railroad men, two for stu- dents, while the remainder are owned by city Associations. Instead of five religious gath- erings a week for young men, as in 1880, 248 such weekly gatherings were reported in 1898, and the number has been largely increased since. In addition to all of this organized work, the system of representatives or corre- spondents in unorganized towns has been extended to 1103 communities. The development has not been solely in the number of organizations. The physical work has been put upon a scientific basis, and has been extended to 40 associations. The various phases of educational work have been largely developed, and the evening class- work, during the year 1903-04 enrolled 2,041 pupils. Great advances have been made in equipment, not only in the fifteen-fold increase in the number of buildings, but also in their character. The finest building ever erected in the world for Young Men's Christian Work, was entered by the Chicago Association in 1893. Some association work has been done among the coal-miners, and an association has for years done good service among the first grade boys of the Illinois State Reformatory, while a large work has been carried on at the Militia Camp of the Illinois National Guard, and pre- liminary steps have recently (1904) been taken for an Army Association at Ft. Sheridan. CHAPTER XXV. LIBRARIES. THE CHICAGO PURLIC LIBRARY AN OUTGROWTH OF THE GREAT FIRE OF 1871 THOMAS HUGHES, THE ENGLISH AUTHOR, A LEADER IN THE MOVEMENT HISTORY OF THE LIBRARY BUILD- ING STATISTICS FOR THE YEAR 1904 CHICAGO HISTORICAL LIBRARY ITS ORIGIN AND HIS- TORY NEWBERRY LIBRARY JOHN CRERAB LIBRARY EVANSTON FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY. On January 3, 1872, a petition, signed by twenty-eight leading citizens, was presented to HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 721 Hon. Joseph Medill, Mayor of Chicago, request- ing him to call a public meeting of citizens to consider the establishment of a free public library. The names signed to that petition constitute a roll of honor. It would have been difficult to find twenty-eight names more truly representative of Chicago, or which stand for more in its development and history. This step had its origin in a movement started by Thomas Hughes, the celebrated Eng- lish author and Member of Parliament, which received the endorsement of Queen Victoria and a large number of England's most distinguished statesmen and authors, immediately after the great Chicago fire of 1871, looking to the contri- bution of books and means for the founding of a free public library in the fire-stricken city. Mayor Medill issued the call as requested, and a large and enthusiastic public meeting was held Jan. 8, 1872, at Plymouth Church. Res- olutions were adopted thanking Mr. Hughes and his associates for the steps inaugurated to this end, pledging the efforts of the citizens of Chicago to carry on and complete the great work so successfully begun. The Mayor appointed a committee of twenty- two to prepare the legislation necessary to establish a free public library and to receive and preserve such books and literary property as should be presented. This committee pre- pared and reported a free library bill to a meeting held in the City Hall January 20, 1872. This bill was framed from copies of bills at that time before the Legislature, the earliest of which had been prepared by Hon. Daniel L. Shorey and introduced in the House of Rep- resentatives February 6, 1871, by Hon. William H. King of this city. The bill presented by the committee was unanimously approved by the meeting and was in substance the bill which became a law and was approved March 7, 1872. This was a gen- eral law and is the statutory foundation of all the free public libraries in Illinois. This Act was accepted by the Common Council and the Chicago Public Library was thereoy established by an ordinance, also prepared by Mr. Shorey, approved April 13, 1872. As the books were received they were depos- ited in the old iron water tank, which was sit- uated upon the lot at the southeast corner of Adams and La Salle Streets, now occupied by the Rookery Building. This tank had been used as a distributing reservoir for the South Division and stood on a masonry foundation thirty-five feet high. It had the merit of being fire-proof and was selected for that reason. A reading room was fitted up by the city in the third story of the temporary City Hall, adjacent to and connecting with the tank. This was opened to the public Jan. 1, 1873. These quarters having soon proved inadequate for the rapidly growing accumulation of books, on March 16, 1874, the Library was moved to the southeast corner of Madison Street and Wabash Avenue, where it was opened for the circulation of books May 1, 1874, with 17,355 volumes. On May 27, 1875, the Library was again moved, this time to the southwest corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets, where it remained until May 24, 1886. By that time it had again outgrown its habitation, and its 120,000 vol- umes were removed to the fourth story of the City Hall. From the earliest consideration of the sub- ject of a future library building, Dearborn Park has, by common consent, been deemed the most natural and appropriate location. It was public property, by the utilization of which the expenditure of a large sum in the purchase of land was rendered unnecessary. It was of ade- quate size and of symmetrical shape. It was centrally located and convenient to the lines of intramural communication and travel. It filled more completely the requirements of the Library and the convenience of the public than any other site obtainable, but the difficulties in securing its use for library purposes were for many years insurmountable. On the plat of Fort Dearborn Addition, Dear- born Park was marked "Public ground, forever to remain vacant of buildings." The consent of owners of abutting property therefore had to be obtained before a building could be erected. June 4, 1889, an Act of the Legisla- ture of Illinois was passed, giving to the Sol- diers' Home in Chicago the license to erect a Memorial Hall on the north one-fourth of Dearborn Park. The Soldiers' Home, however, was unable to obtain the necessary consent of the owners of abutting property and never obtained possession from the city. It now became apparent that the whole park would ultimately be needed for library purposes and negotiations were entered upon for the acquisi- tion of the interest of the Soldiers' Home. This finally resulted in an agreement between the parties. 722 HISTOKIC'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. An ordinance of the city of Chicago was passed May 19, 1890, and an act of the Legis- lature passed and approved June 2, 1891, which authorized the Library to purchase the interest of the Soldiers' Home and to erect and main- tain a public library on the entire park. The consent of the owners of abutting property was then obtained. The preliminary agreement, on October 24, 1891, ripened into a final con- tract by the delivery of a deed from the Sol- diers' Home to the Chicago Public Library, and by the execution of an agreement by the Library to construct a Memorial Hall and ante- rooms and to lease them for fifty years at a nominal rental to the Grand Army Hall and Memorial Association. The plans were adopted and the architects employed February 13, 1892, from which time the work of construction steadily progressed. Ground was broken July 27, 1892, the cor- ner-stone laid Thanksgiving Day, 1893, and on October 9, 1897, the building was dedicated to the people of Chicago with appropriate exer- cises. On December 1, 1904, there were 295,075 volumes in the library, which had a home cir- culation during the year of 1,859,750, of which 535,457 were issued from the main library, and 754,225 through the 70 delivery stations. Besides this 346,807 volumes were consulted by 124,571 persons in the reference room, while in the branch reading rooms 194,887 visitors consulted 88,558 books and 151,930 periodicals. The number of persons entitled to draw books on cards was 62,384. . THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL LIBRARY. The Chicago Historical Society was organ- ized in 1856, and incorporated in 1857. As William H. Brown, who was a member of a Historical Society formed at Vandalia, about 1835, was the first President, it may not be inaptly called a reorganization or continuation of that society. Its charter members were William B. Ogden, J. Young Scammon, Mason Brayman, Mark Skinner, George Manierre, John H. Kinzie, James V. Z. Blaney, Edward I. Tinkham, Joseph D. Webster, William A. Smallwood, Charles H. Ray, Mahlon D. Ogden, Franklin Scammon, William Barry, Van H. Higgins, Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Samuel D. Ward, and Ezra B. McCagg. The objects of the Society were declared to be: First, the establishment of a library; sec- ond, the collection into a safe and permanent depository of manuscripts and documents of historical value; third, to encourage the inves- tigation of aboriginal remains; and fourth, to collect and preserve such historical materials as shall serve to illustrate the settlement and growth of Chicago. When the destructive fire of 1871 occurred, the Society had erected a commodious brick building for its use on a portion of its lot at the northwest corner of Dearborn Avenue and Ontario Street, in which, under the supervision of Rev. William Barry, had been accumulated a library of 14,000 volumes, besides priceless treasures in manuscripts and records, includ- ing that great document, the Emancipation Proclamation, with President Lincoln's signa- ture affixed thereto. The devouring flames left not a vestige unconsumed. The society was not forgotten in the work of restoration, but the liberal contributions received as a nucleus for a new library were again swept away by the great fire of 1874. The friends of the Society were naturally dis- couraged, but donations of books were made and cared for by Edwin H. Sheldon at his office on Clark Street, until, at a meeting of the Society on January 23, 1877, it was determined to erect a new building. An appeal to the mem- bers for subscriptions meeting with a favorable response, the movement resulted in the erec- tion of another building, which was ready for occupancy by October 16, 1877. There for fif- teen years it grew and prospered. In 1892 the Henry D. Gilpin fund having, by careful investment, more than doubled, and the legacy under the will of John Crerar having become available, it was determined to solicit from its members subscriptions for the erec- tion of a permanent fire-proof home for the Society, on the site at the corner of Dearborn Avenue and Ontario Street, so long identified with the Society's history. To this appeal the members responded with alacrity and their accustomed liberality, and the temporary struc- ture having been removed, on November 12, 1892, the corner-stone of the new building was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The new edifice, erected at a cost of $190,000, is of fire- proof construction and, in point of complete- ness, has no superior for similar purposes in the world. On December 15, 1896, the dedica- tion of the building took place in the presence of a brilliant and representative assemblage of members and friends of the Society. The HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 723 absolute safety of the building from damage by fire has made it a favorite repository for donations of valuable manuscripts, relics, por- traits, etc., from a variety of sources. At the request of the History Section of the Department of Anthropology of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis, the Society made an exhibit of fac-similes of some of its valuable manuscripts and portraits, illustrating the exploration and development of the Missis- sippi Valley, 1673-1817. This exhibit was awarded the gold medal by the Superior Jury of Awards. During the annual meeting of the American Historical Association, held in Chicago by invi- tation of this and other institutions, December 28-30, 1904, the Society was able to assemble for the study and pleasure of its guests a spe- cial loan exhibit of several important collec- tions of historical material displayed at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. This collec- tion of unique and priceless documents (of which a complete catalogue has been pub- lished) was doubtless the most valuable that has ever been assembled for a loan exhibition under the roof of any private institution in the Mississippi Valley, and could hardly have been secured but for the absolutely fire-proof char- acter of the massive building of the Chicago Historical Society. Since 1901 the library and collections of the Society have been entirely free to the public, being open each week day except on national holidays from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. A course of historical lectures is maintained during the winter months, to which members and their friends are eligible. The present officers of the Society are as fol- lows: President, Franklin H. Head; First Vice-President, Thomas Dent; Second Vice- President, Lambert Tree; Treasurer, Orson Smith; Secretary, James W. Fertig; Librarian, Caroline M. Mcllvaine; Executive Committee: Franklin H. Head, Edward E. Ayer, Joseph T. Bowen, William A. Fuller, Charles F. Gunther, Samuel H. Kerfoot, Jr., George Merryweather, Walter C. Newberry, Otto L. Schmidt. As provided in its constitution, and con- trary to popular impression, the field of this Society is not confined to Chicago, but its foun- dations are laid broad and deep to include all the States carved from the "Old Northwest Territory," and this has been extended by com- mon consent to include the entire Mississippi Valley. The number of books, pamphlets, and manuscripts now in the library approximates 140,000, and is being added to at the rate of 2,500 volumes annually. Besides a highly spe- cialized collection of books, maps, and news- papers treating of chosen subjects, the Society has an extensive collection of manuscripts only a small portion of which have been drawn upon for material for its published collections, and a Museum of Relics illustrating the various historical periods in the development of the Northwest. THE NEWBERRY LIBRARY. Chicago has been fortunate in being made the recipient, within the past few years, of private benefactions destined to give it a lit- erary prominence unsurpassed by that of any other city in the country. The first of these gifts came from the late Walter Loomis New- berry, who died November 6, 1868, leaving, by a conditional bequest, one-half of his estate for the purpose of founding a Free Public Library, to be located in that part of Chicago known as the North Division. By the conditions of his will this bequest became available on the death of his widow, Dec. 9, 1885. The value of the one-half of the estate, the sum set off to the Library was estimated, at that time, at $2,512,- 354. The larger part of that sum being in real estate, it has since materially increased in value. On the first of July, 1887, the Trustees, upon whom devolved the duty of "founding the Library" in accordance with the provisions of the will, as a tribute due to the memory of the founder, gave to it the name of The Newberry Library, and decided that it should be a library of reference open to the use of the public on the premises. Dr. William Frederick Poole, for fourteen years the successful head of the Chicago Public Library, was appointed Librarian, entering upon his duties August 1, 1887. The first tem- porary home of the Library was at 90 La Salle Street; in April, 1888, it was removed to 338 Ontario Street, whence after two years, it was transferred to convenient quarters for its tem- porary use at the northeast corner of North State and Oak Streets. Steps were taken as early as 1888, looking to the erection of a per- manent building upon the square bounded by Ontario, Pine, Erie and Rush Streets, which had been the Newberry homestead, and which had been reserved by the Trustees for this pur- 724 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. pose. The site was changed, however, in 1889, for a more desirable location, to what is known as the Ogden Block, surrounded by Dearborn Avenue, Walton Place, North Clark, and Oak Streets, where the erection of a permanent library building was begun in the fall of 1890, in accordance with plans prepared by the Archi- tect, Henry Ives Cobb, in conjunction with the Librarian, and so far finished as to be ready for partial occupancy in the fall of 1893. This building, which fronts on Walton Place directly opposite Washington Park, is constructed of New England rose granite in the Romanesque style of architecture. The dimensions of the present building are 318 feet in length by 72 feet in depth and five stories in height, with a capacity for the stor- age of 1,000,000 volumes. The plan of the build- ing contemplates the erection, as the needs of the Library may demand, of three additions to the main structure with fronts facing east, north and west, and surrounding an inner court. The interior of the building is simply and substantially finished, and is strictly fire- proof. Heat is furnished by steam and light by electricity. There are at present (October, 1904) 196,484 volumes and 70,123 pamphlets in the Library, the preference in the selection of which has been given to works of a solid char- acter suited for general reference, including many rare and choice volumes of history, bibli- ography, archaeology and fine arts. To the department of medicine special attention has been given, as also to that of music. In April, 1892, The Newberry Library was incorporated under an Act adopted by the Gen- eral Assembly of 1891, when the following Board of Trustees was elected: Eliphalet W. Blatchford, President; Edward S. Isham, First Vice-President; Lambert Tree, Second Vice- President, and the following additional mem- bers: Hon. George E. Adams, Edward E. Ayer, William H. Bradley, Daniel Goodwin, Franklin MacVeagh, Gen. Alexander C. McClurg, Gen. Walter C. Newberry, Henry J. Willing, and John P. 'Wilson. The members of the Board for the year 1904 are the same, with the excep- tion of Messrs. Goodwin, MacVeagh, Bradley, Isham, McClurg and Willing, whose places have been filled by Bryan Lathrop, George Manierre, David B. Jones, Horace H. Martin, Moses J. Wentworth, and John A. Spoor. After the death of Dr. W. F. Poole, which occurred on the first day of March, 1894, John Vance Cheney was selected as Librarian, and still holds the position. THE JOHN CRERAR LIBRARY. By the will of the late John Crerar of Chi- cago, who died October 19, 1889, the residue of his estate, after the payment of numerous pri- vate and public bequests, was given to the cre- ation and endowment of a free public library, to be called "The John Crerar Library," and to be located in the City of Chicago. In 1891 the validity of the will was attacked, but it was sustained by a decision of the Supreme Court of the State of Illinois, rendered June 19, 1893. The Library was incorporated under the laws of Illinois, October 12, 1894, and was duly organized January, 12, 1895. By special request contained in Mr. Crerar's will, Norman Williams was made the first Pres- ident of the Board of Directors, the remaining members of the Board also named by Mr. Crerar being: Huntington W. Jackson, Mar- shall Field, E. W. Blatchford, T. B. Blackstone, Robert T. Lincoln, Henry W. Bishop, Edward G. Mason, Albert Keep, Edson Keith, Simon J. McPherson, John M. Clark, and George A. Armour. Huntington W. Jackson was elected First Vice-President, Marshall Field Second Vice-President and George A. Armour Secre- tary. The administrative force was completed during the following year (1895) by the appointment of William J. Louderback, Treas- urer, and Clement W. Andrews, Librarian. The library was opened without formality April 1, 1897, on the sixth floor of the Marshall Field Building, at 87 Wabash Avenue, which it has continued to occupy to the present time. Having sympathetically reviewed the li-brary section of Mr. Crerar's will, and carefully con- sidered the library facilities and needs of the city, the Directors unanimously decided to establish a free reference library of scientific literature. This decision seemed to them to accord with the particular business activities by which the greater part of the founder's for- tune had been accumulated here, to exclude, naturally, certain questionable classes of books which his will distinctly prohibits, and to favor the supreme aim and object which it expressly points out. As personal friends, who had been acquainted with his wise and generous purposes and with his civic patriotism and gratitude, they believed that he would have promptly and cordially approved of their deci- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 7 2 5 sion as highly advantageous to the whole city. They are firm in the conviction that he would have wished his large legacy to supplement, in the most effective way, the existing and pros- pective library collections of Chicago. Accord- ingly, the Directors instituted a series of con- ferences with the Chicago Public Library and the Newberry Library. An elastic scheme was jointly adopted for dividing among them the available world of books. This co-operation will prevent unnecessary duplication and waste- ful rivalry. The special field of the John Cre- rar Library is, therefore, that of the natural, the physical and the social sciences, with their applications. President Williams died in 1899, and First Vice-President Huntington W. Jackson was elected his successor, but survived only one year, dying in January, 1901. Judge Peter S. Grosscup was then elected President, and has held the position to the present time. The full Board at the present time (1904) is composed of the following named persons: Marshall Field, E. W. Blatchford, Robert T. Lincoln, Henry W. Bishop, Albert Keep, John M. Clark, Frank S. Johnson, Peter Stenger Grosscup, Arthur J. Caton, Marvin Hughitt, Thomas D. Jones, John J. Mitchell, and Leonard A. Busby, with Carter H. Harrison, Mayor, and Lawrence E. McGann, Comptroller of Chicago, ex-offlcio members under an amendment of the By-Laws adopted in 1901. The present officers of the Board (1904) are: President, Peter Stenger Grosscup; First Vice-President, Henry W. Bishop; Second Vice-President, Thomas D. Jones; Secretary, Arthur J. Caton; Treasurer, William J. Louderback; Librarian, Clement W. Andrews. The latter, formerly Librarian of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has had charge of the Crerar Library from the date of its opening. Besides Presidents Williams and Jackson, the following named former members of the Board are now deceased: T. B. Blackstone, Edward G. Mason and Edson Keith, while Rev. Simon McPherson and George A. Armour, hav- ing removed from the City of Chicago, have re- signed. Messrs. Blackstone and Mason ten- dered their resignations previous to their decease. (Arthur J. Caton, Treasurer, died since the preparation of this sketch of the Library.) According to the report of the Librarian for 1903, the Library contained at the close of the year 103,291 volumes and was in the receipt of 1,870 periodicals and 3,464 other continuations. During the year the Library had 76,500 visitors, while the number of volumes and periodicals consulted amounted to over 190,000. The acces- sions for the year amounted to 14,280 volumes, of which 2,899 were in the form of gifts, while 11,381 were obtained by purchase. The amount of the bequest for the establish- ment and maintenance of the Library, imme- diately following Mr. Crerar's death, was esti- mated at two and a half million dollars. The total assets at the close of the year 1903 amounted to $4,159,157.69, of which $3,400,000 had been set apart as an "endowment fund," and $523,117.23 as a "building fund" derived from the income from the original bequest showing an increase in the building fund, dur- ing the year, of over $66,000, besides $17,500 set apart for the purchase of books. Under an act of the Legislature, approved March 29, 1901, and an ordinance of the City Council passed during the same month, a vote was taken of the legal voters of the South Park District, empowering the Park Commis- sioners to grant authority to the Crerar Library Board to locate a library building on Grant (or Lake Front) Park, and the proposition was adopted by a vote in round numbers of 51,000 to 9,000. The site granted is in the space between Monroe and Madison Streets, facing Michigan Avenue and one block north of the Art Institute. The space proposed to be occu- pied will embrace approximately 400 feet front by 300 feet in depth, and upon this it is pro- posed to erect a rectangular building in classic style of architecture, with a frontage of 300 feet and capacity for the storage of 1,000,000 volumes and the accommodation of 500 readers. THE EVANSTON FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY, Which was organized June 21, 1873, under the State Library Law, is the outcome of the Evanston Library Association, which was formed in 1870; Luther L. Greenleaf was elected President October 18, 1870. It was largely through Mr. Greenleaf's liberality that the orig- inal Library Association was enabled to make so successful a start, and a substantial collec- tion of books passed into the possession of the Public Library, as a gift from the older insti- tution, and which formed the foundation of what the library is today, and what it will become in the future. The rooms first occu- 726 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. pied by the Association were located in Dr. W. S. Scott's building, now numbered 613 Davis Street, where, on July 3, 1873, the books and other property belonging to the Association were transferred to the Directors of the Free Public Library of Evanston, whose organiza- tion had been effected June 21, 1873. In 1889 the Library was moved to 1574 Sher- man Avenue, and in 1893 it was again moved to the rooms now occupied in the City Hall. Efforts toward securing a library building have been in progress for several years. In June, 1904, the city purchased the property on the northeast corner of Orrington Avenue and Church Street, to be used as a site for a new library building. The site thus being assured, it now seems probable that the nec- essary fund for erecting a building may soon be secured. Total number of books in the library May 31, 1904, 34,617. Total number of periodicals currently received, 115. The circulating department reports 102,595 volumes issued for home use, 28,304 volumes for consultation in the library and 27,066 were circulated or used in the several schools, mak- ing a total of 157,965 volumes used during the year ending May 31, 1904, showing a gain of 4,667 volumes in home circulation. The daily average circulation for the year was 335. The largest issue of any one day was 962 volumes on February 13, 1904; the smallest issue was on July 17, 1903, 219 volumes; the largest month's circulation was in February, 1904, amounting to 13,388 volumes; the smallest was in July, 1903, amounting to 8,501 volumes. There are 4,962 readers' cards in force at the present time. Every permanent resident of Evanston, without limitation as to age, is entitled to a reader's card. Officers. The Officers of the Library for the year 1904 are: J. W. Thompson, President; J. S. Currey, Vice-President; Mary B. Lindsay, Librarian and Secretary. Library Staff. Mary B. Lindsay, Librarian; Gertrude Leroy Brown, Head Cataloguer; Bertha Strong Bliss, Superintendent of Loan Department; Flora N. Hay, Superintendent of Reference and School Work; with Gertrude E. Aiken, Ida F. Wright and Maud Chidester, Assistants; Charles S. Blair and Lloyd L. Dines, Pages, and Win. E. Lee, Janitor. CHAPTER XXVI. CHICAGO POSTOFFICE. PIONEER MAIL SERVICE HOW LETTEBS WERE BROUGHT TO FORT DEARBORN IN 1817 THE FIRST POSTOFFICE IN CHICAGO ESTABLISHED IN 1831 PICTURE OF FIRST OFFICE GROWTH OF BUSINESS IN SEVENTY-TWO TEARS VOLUME OF BUSINESS IN 1903 PERSONAL SKETCHES OF POSTMASTERS NEW POSTOFFICE BUILDING NUMBER OF EMPLOYES AND HEADS OF DEPART- MENTS STATISTICS OF BUSINESS FOB YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1904. A correct barometer of the growth and in- crease in wealth and business of any city or locality is well shown by the development of its mail service, and to no locality in the world will this apply more appropriately than to the city of Chicago, as shown by the following con- densed statement of the business of the Chi- cago Postoffice from its beginning up to the present time. Letters were first brought to Chicago by the annual arrival of a vessel at the fort, or by some chance traveler who came to the place through the wilderness, and later by Govern- ment mail-carriers, who brought the mail to the fort from Detroit, Ft. Wayne or St. Joseph, about once a month. These were the only ave- nues through which the outside world could be heard from till 1831, up to which time no postoffice had been established, and private per- sons were dependent on the courtesy of the commander of the fort for the receipt of let- ters. The first mention of mail communication between Chicago and the East, after the de- struction of Fort Dearborn, was in 1817. In Keating's narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's River, published in Lon- don, England, in 1825, it is stated that in May, 1823, an exploring party met with an express- man named Bemis, sent from Chicago for let- ters at Fort Wayne, Ind., and detained him as a guide. A carrier was at that time despatched once a month for letters from Fort Dearborn to Fort Wayne and in 1831 half a dozen letters weekly was considered a heavy mail, and the carrier's hat was used as a mail-bag and post- HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 727 office. The first list of advertised letters appeared in the "Chicago Democrat" of Jan. 7, 1834, consisting of one letter to Erastus Bowen. Now the weekly list averages 4,000. Now, instead of one letter-carrier doing all the work, for the month of July, 1903, the num- ber of letter-carriers employed by the Chicago Postoffice was 1,926, besides 2,076 clerks re- quired in the several departments, and there were 2,315 collections of mail each day, requir- ing 405 horses, 320 wagons and 90 drivers in the performance of this service. In 1896, 19,814,029 pieces of mail matter were handled in six days. The yearly receipts for 1903 aggregated 744,083,710 pieces, and of this amount 200,000 pieces were received daily from street railway postal stations on Madison Street, Clark Street, Milwaukee Avenue and Cottage Grove Avenue. The total receipts of the Postoffice for 1833 were from $60 to $80. The total receipts for 1903 were $10,066,237.58 for Chicago, being about 7 per cent of the whole amount for the United States. , In 1833 letter postage ranged from 6*4 to 25 cents for each letter, according to distance, reckoning from 30 to 400 miles or over, and people came from 30 to 40 miles to Chicago for their mail, and often were trusted for their postage. Now, for one year, according to the Post- master's Report for 1903, the demand for stamps and postal cards was as follows: One cent stamps 172,759,300 Two cent stamps 216,084,700 Three cent stamps 7,058,900 Four cent stamps 7,081,300 Five cent stamps 7,426,800 Six cent stamps 2,801,200 Eight cent stamps 2,845,300 Ten cent stamps 4,396,500 Fifteen cent stamps 1,612,300 Fifty cent stamps 48,100 One dollar stamps 2,090 Two dollar stamps 307 Five dollar stamps 350 Special Delivery (10 cents) 535,150 Postal Cards 63,442,250 Auditor reports for years ending June 30, 1903: Number. Value. Money Orders Issued . . 827,115 $ 9,672,203.82 Money Orders paid 7,639,567 44,704,172.54 The expenses for the year 1836, including the salaries of the Postmaster and two assistants, were $4,350.00. The expenditures for 1903 were as follows: Clerks' pay-roll $1,763,460.35 Carriers' pay-roll 1,616,281.14 Special Delivery Messengers 50,465.81 Miscellaneous bills 161,565.18 Postmaster's salary 7,000.00 Total $3,588,772.88 Seventy-two years ago Postmaster Jonathan N. Bailey opened the first regular mail, in the first Chicago Postoffice in the old Kinzie resi- dence. This postoffice was soon removed to a small log building on the northeast corner of Lake and South Water Streets, and in July, 1834, the postoffice was again removed from this building to another log building 45 feet in length and 18 feet in width, situated on the corner of Franklin and South Water Streets. One-half of this building was used by Post- master Hogan as a postoffice, which gave him plenty of room to accommodate all of Uncle Sam's mail for Chicago, and the other half of the building was occupied by Brewster, Hogan & Co., fur-traders. The first Postmaster of Chicago, Jonathan Nash Bailey, was born on the 3d day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1789, in Hartford, N. J. He was appointed Postmaster by Postmaster-General William T. Barry, March 31, 1831, during the first term of President Andrew Jackson's ad- ministration and served until Nov. 2, 1832. He was well fitted for his arduous duties, having served from April 25, 1825, to August 21, 1829, as Postmaster at Mackinac, Mich. There were no established mail routes or post-roads north of Chicago in those days. Half a dozen letters weekly were considered a heavy mail. The mail was received twice a week, coming through Niles, Mich., the nearest distributing office, there being no other mail-route in North- ern Illinois nearer than that leading from Peo- ria or Galena. The mail was carried to Niles by stage from Detroit, Mich., to which point it came from Cleveland, Ohio. It required, even down to 1837, fourteen days for a letter to come from New York or Washington, D. C., to De- troit, Mich., and the stage time from the latter 728 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. point to Chicago was five days, more or less, being largely a matter of adventitious circum- stances. Now the time for delivery between New York and Chicago is the same number of hours. The population of Chicago, during Post- master Bailey's term, was about 2,000. John Stephen Coats Hogan, the second Post- master of Chicago, was born on the 6th day of February, A. D. 1805. He came to Chicago in 1830, was appointed Postmaster by President Andrew Jackson, Nov. 2, 1832, and served until March 3, 1837. In 1833 there was but one newspaper slips and Government despatches. Triple rates were charged for letters and news- papers. The experiment was not a success financially and was abandoned. The third Postmaster of Chicago, Sidney Abell, was born in Bennington, Vt., March 10, 1809, and was appointed Postmaster March 3, 1837, by Postmaster-General Amos Kendall under President Martin Van Buren's adminis- tration. In June, 1837, the postoffice was re- moved to the Bigelow building on Clark Street, between Lake and South Water Streets, and j. s. c. HOGAN'S STORE, WHERE THE FIRST CHICAGO POST OFFICE WAS KEPT. From an Original Painting Taken by FERNANDO JONES. eastern mail per week, to and from Niles, Mich- igan, and it was carried on horse-back. Dr. John T. Temple was awarded the contract for carrying mail from Chicago to Ottawa in 1833, but on his first trip there was no mail to carry. The first recorded Assistant Post- master was Thomas Watkins, who served under Postmaster Hogan, and who created a local sensation by marrying Theresa Laframboise, the half-breed daughter of Joseph Laframboise, a French fur-trader and chief of the Pottawat- tomies. In 1836 Postmaster-General Amos Kendall established horse-back express mails to convey letters requiring great expedition, again removed in 1838 to the Saloon Build- ing, 37 Clark Street, on the southeast corner of Lake Street. There was one daily Eastern mail. Postmaster's assistants were Ralph M. P. Abell and Charles Robert Starkweather, the latter remaining in the postoffice until 1860. The salary of the postmaster was fixed at $4,000 per annum. In 1836 the receipts of the Chi- cago postoffice were $2,148.29 and the expenses $350. During the term of Postmaster Abell the pos- tal business increased so that Chicago became a distributing Postoffice and its dependence on Niles, Mich., was discontinued. A daily mail HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 729 to the East was established, and railway postal routes were established in 1838; but as Chicago was only beginning to be approached by rail- roads, it obtained no direct benefit from the system except as the mails were more speedily transported on the lines running toward the west. William Stewart, publisher of the "Chicago Daily American," the fourth Postmaster of Chi- cago, was born in Binghamton, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1810, and came to Chicago in 1835. On July 10, 1841, he was appointed Postmaster, by Post- master-General Francis Granger, under Presi- dent John Tyler's administration. He moved the postoffice into a brick building at No. 50 Clark Street. In 1844 forty-four mails were received and made up weekly at the Chicago Office. No letter carriers were then employed. There were no postal orders, postage stamps, envelopes or registered letters. The population of Chicago was 5,752. Postmaster Stewart was the first newspaper man to hold this office. An act was passed by Congress in 1845 repealing the act of 1816, and reducing letter-postage to 5 and 10 cents a letter, based on the distance letters were carried. The fifth Postmaster of Chicago, Hart L. Stewart, was born in Bridgewater, Oneida County, N. Y., August 29, 1803. He received his appointment from President James K. Polk, April 25, 1845. The population of Chicago at that time was about 12,000. In 1844 he pur- chased the lot on the northwest corner of State and Washington Streets, now occupied by the Stewart Building, 90 by 91 feet, for $360, paying for it in Canal scrip, and thought he had made a bad trade. Richard Lush Wilson, sixth Postmaster of Chicago, was born in Albany, N. Y., in 1814, came to Chicago in 1834 and was appointed Postmaster by President Zachary Taylor on April 23, 1849, but was removed by President Fillmore on September 25, 1850. The seventh Postmaster of Chicago, George Washington Dole, was born in 1815 in Troy, N. Y., was appointed Postmaster by President Millard Fillmore, Sept. 25, 1850, and moved the postoffice to Nos. 51 and 53 Clark Street, the present site of the Ashland Block. The receipts of the office in 1850 amounted to $14,630, and the expenses to $11,863. The population of Chicago then was 28,269. The Assistant Post- master was Charles S. Dole. Isaac Cook, who served the eighth and tenth terms as Postmaster of Chicago, was born near Long Branch, N. J., on July 4, 1813, and came to Chicago in 1834. He was appointed Post- master by President Franklin Pierce, March 22, 1853, and again by President James Buchanan on March 10, 1858. In December, 1854, complaint was made of insufficient space and that the clerks were overworked. During Cook's first term the postoffice was moved to the ground floor of 84 and 86 Dearborn Street, where it re- mained until the completion of the first Govern- ment Building in 1860, on the present site of the First National Bank, at the northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe Streets, when it was again moved to that structure. This building was occupied by the postoffice and other Gov- ernment offices and was burned in the fire of Oct. 9, 1871. The ninth Postmaster of Chicago, William Price, was born in New York City, Nov. 15, 1821. He was appointed Postmaster by Presi- dent James Buchanan, March 18, 1857, and served until March, 1858. The eleventh Postmaster, John Locke Scripps, was born near Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 27, 1818, and was appointed Postmaster by Presi-. dent Abraham Lincoln, March 28, 1861. The Postmaster-General, in a letter to the Postmas- ter of Cincinnati during Mr. Scripp's adminis- tration, spoke of the Chicago office as a model, with perfect discipline pertaining to all its affairs. Notice calling for payment of one cent postage on drop-letters was issued in ac- cordance with an act of Congress, approved Feb. 27, 1861. Samuel Hoard, Chicago's twelfth Postmaster, was born in Westminster, Mass., May 20, 1800, and was appointed Postmaster of Chicago by Abraham Lincoln, March 9, 1865. A. S. Rey- nolds was his Assistant Postmaster. The thirteenth Postmaster of Chicago, Thomas Ogden Osborne, was born in Licking County, Ohio, was nominated by President Andrew Johnson and confirmed by the Senate as Post- master, July 23, 1866; but, owing to his unwill- ingness to endorse the policy of the President, the appointment was withdrawn, and, later, he was elected Treasurer of Cook County. Postmaster number fourteen, Robert Addison Gilmore, was born in New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., April 18, 1833. In the fall of 1866, President Andrew Johnson offered him the position of Postmaster, which was accepted on condition that he be permitted to retain his position as General Ticket Agent of the Chi- 730 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway. There were three divisions in the Postoffice at that time, viz.: City Delivery, Mailing and Registry departments, and but eighty-five carriers as the carrier system had but recently been inaug- urated. Postage was three cents for mail let- ters and two cents for local. Mr. Gilmore was drowned in Lake Michigan, August 9, 1867, while engaged in his favorite pastime of row- ing. A. S. Reynolds was his assistant. The fifteenth Postmaster of Chicago, Francis Trowbridge Sherman, was born in Newton, Conn., Dec. 31, 1825. He came to Chicago in April, 1834, and in 1844, was appointed to a clerkship in the postoffice by General Hart L. Stewart. He was appointed Postmaster by President Andrew Johnson, August 27, 1867, to fill the vacancy caused by the drowning of Postmaster Gilmore. During his administra- tion many improvements were introduced by the department, notably the free delivery sys- tem, the money order system and the railroad mail service. Collins S. Squiers entered the service under Postmaster Hoard as Assistant Postmaster and occupied this position during five administra- tions, beginning with that of Sherman, and ending during the early part of Judd's admin- istration in 1885. Postmaster number sixteen of Chicago was Francis Ambrose Eastman, who was born at Littleton, N. H. In 1858 he came to Chicago, and on April 5, 1869, was appointed Postmaster by President U. S. Grant. After the second year of his incumbency, Chicago became the second postoffice in the United States. The business of the office was admirably conducted through the great fire of 1871. Premises were secured in Burlington Hall, northwest corner State and Sixteenth Streets, and afterwards in the Methodist Church Building, northw.est cor- ner of Wabash Avenue and Harrison Street. Before his appointment as Postmaster, Mr. Eastman served one term (1863-65) as repre- sentative in the General Assembly, and one term (1865-69) as State Senator. John McArthur, the seventeenth Postmaster of Chicago, was born in the County of Ren- frew, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1826, and came to Chi- cago in 1849. He was appointed Postmaster by President Grant, Dec. 18, 1872, and served until March, 1877. During his administration the postoffice was located in the Methodist Church Building, corner of Wabash Avenue and Harrison Streets. The postoffice was burned during the second great fire of 1874, but its business went on uninterruptedly and the serv- ice was highly complimented by the citizens. New quarters were subsequently secured in the Honore Building, at the northwest corner of Adams and Dearborn Streets. Francis Wayland Palmer, the eighteenth Postmaster of Chicago, was born at Manches- ter, Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827. He came to Chicago in 1872, was appointed Post- master by President U. S. Grant in February, 1877, and served until July 1, 1885. In January 1879, the Honore Building on Dearborn Street, in which the postoffice was located, having been destroyed by fire, the basement of the Singer Building (now the Marshall Field & Company's retail store) was secured as a temporary shel- ter for the postoffice, and, without the loss of a single piece of mail, the removal of the office was effected and the ordinary business resumed. The Postmaster-General sent a letter of thanks to the Postmaster for the manner in which the work of removal and re-establish- ment of the office had been performed. Before the close of Mr. Palmer's administration the Government Building on the site of the one now in process of erection was completed and occupied. The nineteenth Postmaster of Chicago was Solomon Corning Judd, who was born in Otis County, N. Y., July 21, 1827, and removed to Chicago in 1873. He was appointed Postmaster in May, 1885, by President Grover Cleveland and held the office until November, 1888. Postmaster number twenty of Chicago was Walter Cass Newberry. He was born at Water- ville, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 23, 1835, re- moved to Chicago in 1876, and was appointed Postmaster by President Grover Cleveland, Nov. 19, 1888. The twenty-first Postmaster, James Andrew Sexton, was born in Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844. He was appointed Postmaster April 16, 1889, by President Benjamin Harrison. During the World's Fair of 1893 the pressure of business upon the office was extremely heavy, but its admirable administration proved fully equal to the emergency. Washington Hesing, Postmaster number twenty-two, was born in in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849; came to Chicago in 1854, and was appointed Postmaster by President Grover Cleveland, Nov. 25, 1893. He resigned his posi- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion, March 15, 1897, in order to become a can- didate for Mayor of Chicago. He died in Chicago, Dec. 18, 1897. At the time Mr. Hesing became Postmaster there were fifty-seven inde- pendent postoffices within what are now the corporate limits of the city of Chicago. All of these were discontinued and merged into the Chicago Postoffice. During his term of office, on account of the extension of the city limits, the number of postal stations was increased from twelve to thirty-seven, sub-stations from twenty-four to fifty-eight, and stamp agencies from seventy to one hundred and ninety, and the number of square miles receiving free de- livery service from seventy to one hundred and twenty-eight. The letter-carrier force was increased during the same period from 935 to 1,096 men; the clerical force from 998 to 1,319; number of daily deliveries from 2,878 to 3,714; daily collections from 570 to 1,007; letter-boxes from 1,987 to 2,827; package boxes from 50 to 244; and the receipts of the office from $4,694,- 905.47 in 1893 to $5,224,659.76 in 1896. While Postmaster, Mr. Hesing was largely instru- mental in bringing about the passage of the act of Congress authorizing the erection of the new Federal Building on the block bounded by Adams, Dearborn and Clark Streets and Jack- son Boulevard at an originally estimated cost of $4,000,000. CHARLES ULYSSES GORDON, Chicago's twenty-third Postmaster, was born April 3, 1865, in the village of Dunlap, Peoria County, 111., the son of Andrew J. Gordon, a native of Surrey County, N. C. At sixteen years of age Mr. Gordon came to Chicago and entered Bry- ant & Stratton's Business College, a year later engaged as a teacher near Jamestown, Ind., after which, having completed his course at Bryant & Stratton's, on Jan. 1, 1883, he became cashier and bookkeeper for Stevens, Wilce & Co., lumber manufacturers, still later engaging in the real-estate business as head of the firm of Charles U. Gordon & Co., continuing until Jan. 1, 1896. March 19, 1897, he was appointed Postmaster of the city of Chicago by President McKinley, was confirmed by the Senate the same day, and assumed the duties of the office April 1, 1897, as successor of the late Washing- ton Hesing, serving until April 1, 1901. Mr. Gordon was one of the organizers of the Mar- quette Club which he served as Secretary, and later as President. He was chosen Secretary of the Real Estate Board in 1890, is a member of the Union League Club, and an enthusiastic supporter of the principles of the Republican party. FREDERICK E. COYNE, present Postmaster of Chicago, and twenty-fifth in order of suc- cession, was born in East Orange, N. J., Sept. 25, 1860, attended public school until his twelfth year, when the necessity of "making a living" having forced him into the field of labor, he was employed at odd jobs until his nineteenth year. Then starting west, he got as far as Kansas City on his way to Colorado, when his mother's sickness called him back to New Jersey. Stopping one day in Chicago on his return, he then determined if he should leave home again, he would locate in that city, which he did in 1883. For a time he earned his living driving a milk-wagon, but later engaged in the lunch-counter business on a small scale, which by shrewd business management has grown into the present large bakery business conducted by him, besides two restaurants on Madison and Lake Streets. Mr. Coyne entered politics by way of recreation, and his rise in this field has been due to the application of the same principles that won success for him in business. His knowledge of men, clear judg- ment and sound methods made him a success- ful organizer and leader in local and State politics. While he has never held an elective office, his influence was potent in the first Mc- Kinley campaign, and the President, seeking a man of ability and business capacity, in 1897 appointed Mr. Coyne Collector of Internal Rev- enue for the Chicago District. The collection of the increased taxes consequent upon the Spanish-American War made the position one of more than ordinary difficulty. The business of the office increased from over $5,000,000 in 1898, to more than $14,000,000 in 1899, and the accounts of the Chicago office balanced to a cent a record probably not equaled by any other large district in the country. So thor- ough was Mr. Coyne's administration of the Government business, that it was the occasion of special recognition by President McKinley. In April, 1901, President McKinley appointed Mr. Coyne Postmaster of Chicago as successor to Mr. Gordon, and he was reappointed by Pres- ident Roosevelt on the assembling of Congress in December following. His application of those business methods and attention to detail that brought success in the bakery business and the collection of Gov- 732 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. eminent revenue, is operating to the advantage of the Chicago Postoffice. Through conditions for which no one can be criticised, the Chicago office was in social and material disorder when Mr. Coyne took charge of it; but through his skillful management the postofflce family of 4,000 employes are in business harmony and, for the past fourteen months, there has been a daily "clean up" of postoffice work. In 1886 Mr. Coyne married Miss Pauline Niehaus, of Chicago, and five small Coynes have been added to the family purse. The following is a list of employes at the head of different departments of branches of the service under the present incumbent: Secretary of Postmaster Eugene B. Fletcher Assistant Postmaster John. M. Hubbard Auditor John Matter Superintendent of Mails F. H. Galbraith Superintendent of Delivery . . Leroy T. Steward Superintendent Registry Division Perry H. Smith, Jr. Superintendent Money Order Division Joseph B. Schlossman Superintendent Inquiry Division John T. McGrath Superintendent Second-class Matter Paul Hull Superintendent Bureau of Printing and Supplies James N. Brady Cashier Theron W. Bean Topographer Lester J. Barr Secretary Civil Service Board Peter Newton Postoffice Inspector (in charge) James E. Stewart Superintendent Sixth Division Railway Mail Service E, L. West The pneumatic tube service connection with the Chicago Postoffice was formally opened in August, 1904. The first matter to be received through the tubes was a silk American flag. The first letter to pass through the tubes was addressed to President Roosevelt. After the first batch of mail had been sent through the bore, the system was formally turned over to the Government and was accepted on behalf of the Federal authorities by Postmaster-Gen- eral Payne. The system consists of nine miles of brass tubes through which bags of mail are transported by compressed air to various sta- tions, including those located at all railway depots. The system here is said to be the largest thus far installed in the United States, but will undoubtedly be largely extended as required by the growing business of the office and as its value is demonstrated by its practical use. From the days in which Postmaster Bailey carried his weekly supply of letters in his hat to the laying of the corner-stone of the mag- nificent steel and stone structure in which the Postoffice is to be housed, seventy-two years have elapsed and there are now employed in its service more than twice as many people as there were residents of Chicago at the time the first postoffice was opened. The expenses of the office in 1836 were $350, and its commissions for the same year were $2,- 148.29 exclusive of the salary of the Postmas- ter. In comparison, the following statistics fr6m the report of the fiscal year ending June 30, 1904, will indicate the growth of business in the office: Receipts for fiscal year, ended June 30, 1904 $10,056,237.58 Expenditures for fiscal year, ended June 30, 1904 3,598,772.48 Surplus for fiscal year, ended June 30, 1904 6,457,465.10 Total area of Chicago Postal dis- trict (square miles) 190.26 Area of free delivery district (square miles) 187.00 Size of present office building (feet) 240x523 Number of Clerks employed in general office 2,076 Number of Clerks employed at stations 354 Number of Clerks detailed at street railway offices 40 Number of Carriers 1,526 Carriers detailed to collection service 303 Total number of deliveries per day. 4,044 Total number of collections per day 2,315 Number of free-delivery stations. . 45 Stations without carriers 5 Number of substations 205 Annual rent paid for stations $ 78,207.40 Annual cost of substations 14,238.78 Despatches from General Postoffice to stations (daily) 418 Despatches from stations to Gen- eral Postoffice (daily) 463 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 733 Total number of exchanges be- tween stations (daily) Number of street railway postal cars Number of canceling machines Number of letter boxes Number of package boxes Number of horses employed in col- lection service Number of wagons employed in collection service Number of horses employed in messenger service Number of wagons employed in messenger service Number of drivers employed in messenger service Car fare allowance, per annum .... $ Yearly cost of messenger service . . 26 108 539 13 45 3,944 672 275 239 130 81 90 000.00 ,350.00 The Postoffice now (1904) occupies temporary quarters in a two-story brick building in Grant Park, facing Michigan Avenue between Ran- dolph and Washington Streets, and having a frontage of 457 feet, by 220 feet in depth, orig- inally with a floor space of 144,132 square feet, which has been increased by subsequent addi- tions by about 3,000 square feet. Here the office will remain until the building, now in process of construction on the site of the old building on the square bounded by Adams, Clark and Dearborn Streets and Jackson Boule- vard, shall be completed. Besides the space mentioned as occupied in the central office building, there are, in different parts of the city, 46 free-delivery carrier stations, besides five other stations and 205 sub-stations, in- creasing the total area occupied for postal serv- ice in all parts of the city by perhaps one hun- dred per cent. The corner-stone of the new Postoffice Build- ing, now in course of construction, was laid with imposing ceremonies October 9, 1899. The main building rises to a height of eight stories above the basement, with an additional height of eight stories in the great dome, making a total of sixteen stories in the central portion. The original estimated cost was $4,000,000 (not including furnishings), which will be increased by changes somewhat. The building occupies the entire block, and will have an aggregate floor-space of over 300,000 square feet, to which material additions will probably be made in basement and subways. It is now promised that the upper stories of the building, which has been in process of construction for over five years, will be ready for occupancy by July 1, 1905, the completion of the portion of the building to be used for the postofflce being de- layed in consequence of changes in construction some months later. CHAPTER XXVII. CHICAGO FIRE DEPARTMENT. HISTORY OF ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF FIRE DEPART- MENT FIRST VOLUNTEER FIRE COMPANY ORGANIZED IN 1832 EARLY METHODS OF FIGHT- ING FIRES FIRST CHICAGO FIRE IN 1834 LOSS CONTRASTED WITH THE FIRE OF 1871 EARLY VOLUNTEER FIRE ORGANIZATIONS LIST OF CHIEF ENGINEERS PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT ORGANIZED IN 1859 CHIEF MARSHALS, 1859-1904 PRES- ENT ORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENT OUTFIT AND VALUE OF FIRE APPARATUS, BUILDINGS AND OTHER PROPERTY THE FIRE-BOAT SERVICE A GREAT FIRE TRAGEDY THE IROQUOIS THE- ATER DISASTER OF DECEMBER 30, 1903 HIS- TORY OF THE FIRE ALARM SERVICE. The first fire company in Chicago, called the Washington Volunteer Company, was organized in 1832, "under an act passed by the State Leg- islature in 1831, conferring power on Town and Village Trustees to organize Fire Companies, the membership to be limited to thirty and exempt from military duty except in time of war," but as Chicago did not have a dozen buildings, and was not even a town, the Wash- ington Volunteers were not incorporated and never owned any apparatus. They are only a memory of the past, as only three names have been handed down to posterity, viz: J. J. Gil- luffy, Secretary, and "high privates" A. V. Knickerbocker and H. Williams. They did nothing but hold meetings until the spring of 1833. The town of Chicago was incorporated in August, 1833, and contained 250 inhabitants. Estimates for the year 1904 71 years later give it about 2,000,000. The first fire ordinance was passed November 6, 1833, prohibiting pass- ing stove pipes through roofs, partitions or 734 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. sides of the building, unless protected from contact with the wood, by at least six inches of two sheets of iron. To enforce this prohibition a "Fire Warden" was necessary, and Benjamin Jones was the first to hold that office. When in September, 1834, the town was divided into four wards, a warden was appointed for each division, viz: W. Worthington, First Ward; E. E, Hunter, Second; Samuel Resague, Third, and James Kinzie, Fourth. These officials were charged not only with the enforcement of the ordinance, but also with the supervision and direction of the action of such citizens as might respond to an alarm of fire, which was then given only by the human voice. The pecuniary emoluments of the position were confined to a per diem stipend for the examination of tene- ments, on the first Monday of each month, with a view to ascertaining whether the stove-pipes were properly protected. The first fire in Chicago, of which any re- port had been preserved, occurred at the corner of Lake and La Salle Streets, October 7, 1834, at 10 o'clock A. M., which was just 37 years to a day before the first part of the great fire of 1871 took place. The citizens hurried to the scene of the first conflagration with a prompt- ness worthy of commendation, and, by their exertion, succeeded in arresting its progress after four buildings had been destroyed, al- though the wind was very high at the time and threatened the destruction of several of the sur- rounding buildings. The combined loss amounted to |2,230, including $230 in money $125 being "Jackson money" found in the ruins, and the balance "rag currency," which was destroyed. This seems an insignificant blaze compared with the great conflagration of 1871, when the total number of buildings destroyed was about 20,000 the property loss $350,000,000, and nearly 300 lives sacrificed. The fire of 1834 was started by a coal dropping from a shovel while being carried from one building to another. For the want of suitable officers to take charge of and oversee in case of fire, it was found that protection at that time was inade- quate in case of emergencies. Two days later the Board of Trustees ordered the fire wardens to wear badges of office, authorized them to summon bystanders to their assistance some- what after the manner of a Sheriff's posse com- itatus and making each warden a temporary "chief" in his own ward. This excitement and zeal caused the imposition of a fine (for the first time) for a violation of the "stove-pipe ordinance." The amount of the penalty is not known, but the name of the unlucky culprit was "Mrs. Hopkins," and she owed her misfor- tune to the zeal of fire warden No. 2. The next action of the Trustees was the passage, on Nov. 3, 1834, of another "fire ordinance" pro- hibiting the conveying of "fire brands or coals of fire from one building to another, within the limits of the town, unless in a covered earthen or fire-proof vessel." The penalty attached to each violation was a fine of five dollars, which might be imposed by any Justice of the Peace, which ordinance, as passed, was attested by the signatures of John H. Kinzie, President of the Board, and E. W. Casey, "Clerk, pro tern." Meanwhile the town's provisions against fire remained ridiculously inadequate to the wants of a rapidly growing community, and for the want of proper appliances, the work of the citizens, and later of the volunteer department, was very often unsuccessful, and dangerous. The "Chicago Democrat" is authority for the assertion that, in May, 1835, there was "not even a fire bucket" in the town, but, on Sep- tember 19, 1835, the Board of Trustees pledged the credit of the corporation for the purchase of two engines of the pattern to be selected by the President, W. B. Ogden, as Agent. On October 7, 1835, the TJrustees ordered two "fire hooks" with chains and ropes, two "ladders" 16 feet long, four "axes" and four "hand saws," at an expenditure of $29.63. On the same date the "Pioneer" Hook and Ladder Co. was formed, the first citizens to sign the roll being Philip F. W. Peck, Joseph L. Hanson, Joseph Meeker and Jason McCord; other names were enrolled as follows: John L. Wilson, E. C. Brackett, John Holbrook, T. Jen- kins, T. F. Spaulding, Isaac Cook, J. J. Gar- land, George Smith, J. K. Palmer, Thomas S. Ellis, John R. Livingston, Henry G. Hubbard, George W. Snow, Thomas J. King, N. F. J. Munroe, George W. Merrill, Samuel S. Lathrop, and Thomas S. Hyde. This action, however, was only tentative, and not until November 4, 1835, was the first Chicago Fire Department really organized. On that day an ordinance was passed making the Board of Trustees ex- officio Fire Wardens, and authorizing them to appoint a chief engineer with two assistants besides four additional fire wardens. The house to house inspection by the fire wardens was continued and every householder was required HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 735 to keep "one good painted leather fire bucket" with the owner's initial painted thereon, for either fire-place or stove, provided he used only one. If he had more he must have two buckets under a fine of two dollars for each deficiency, besides the further sum of one dollar for each month that he shall neglect to provide himself with such bucket or buckets, after he shall have been notified by a fire warden so to do. There were many buckets, and in case of fire every man who owned one might be required to turn out, and work like a Trojan, under the supervision and instruction of the fire warden. Should he fail to respond he was liable to a fine of two dollars. This led to the formation of the first Bucket Company, which existed for five years. The only one of these original leather buckets known to be in existence hangs in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society and bears the name of "C. Stose." A new fire engine was received in December, 1835, the purchase being authorized in Septem- ber of that year. The sellers, Hubbard & Co., kindly favored the corporation, by accept- ing its price, $894.38, to be paid in two annual installments. On December 12, 1835, the first Fire Company under the new ordinance was formed. It adopted the name of "Fire Kings, No. 1." The first signatures to the roll were those of H. G. Loomis, H. H. Magie, J. M. Morrison, W. M. Clarke, John Calhoun, Alvin Calhoun, W. H. Stow, C. Beers, Peter L. Updike, A. Gilbert and J. C. Walters. Its motto was "Pro Bono Pub- lico," and its first officers were: S. G. Trow- bridge, Foreman; H. G. Loomis, Treasurer; A. C. Hamilton, Clerk, and Ira Kimberly, Steward. On December 17, 1835, Hiram Hugunin, Presi- dent of the Board of Trustees, was made Chief Engineer, his first and second assistants being William Jones and Peter L. Updike. Owing to a feeling among the firemen that they should be allowed to select their own chief, Mr. Hugunin resigned his position February 17, 1836, being succeeded by George W. Snow of the "Pioneer" Hook and Ladder Company. The County Com- missioners granted permission to erect an engine house on the public square, on La Salle Street, and to occupy the same without paying rent therefor for five years. The size of the building was 24 by 12 feet, and the members of the Company induced the Board of Trustees to promise that there should be a cistern, made of good pine lumber to hold two hogsheads of water. The contract for the construction of the building was made with Levi Blake in December, 1835, and was completed in 1836. CHIEF ENGINEERS CHICAGO VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT. 1835, Hiram Hugunin; 1836, George W. Snow; 1837, John M. Turner; 1838, Alexander Lloyd; 1839, Alvin Calhoun; 1840, Luther Nichols; 1841-2, A. S. Sherman; 1843-6, Stephen F. Gale; 1847-8, C. F. Peck; 1849, Ash- ley Gilbert; 1850-1, C. P. Bradley; 1852-3, U. P. Harris; 1854, J. M. Donnelly; 1855-7, Cyrus Mc- Bride; 1858-9, Denis J. Swenie. CHIEF ENGINEERS PAID FIRE DEPARTMENT. 1859, Denis J. Swenie; 1860-8, U. P. Harris; 1868- 73, R. A. Williams; 1873-79, M. Benner; 1880- 1901, Denis J. Swenie; 1901-04, William H. Musham; 1904, John Campion. In September, 1841, the "Chicago Bag and Fire Guard Company" was organized. Its mem- bers were provided with wrenches, canvas bags and ropes, and the character of its parapher- nalia probably suggested the sobriquet of the "Forty Thieves," under which cognomen it gave "swell socials" for five years, when it was dis- banded and its members assigned to other com- panies. The names of the famous "Forty" were as follows: L. M. Boyce, D. S. Lee, W. H. Adams, J. C. Haines, L. P. Hilliard, J. Gross, J. W. Mitchell, W. Dunlop, W. M. Larrabee, Ira Couch, J. B. Wier, F. A. Howe, J. W. Streh, J. H. Ries, George Raymond, A. Follansbee, C. N. Holden, E, I. Tinkham, A. H. Burley, Sol Tay- lor, A. McClure, T. P. Robb, H. W. Stow, S, J. Surdam, H. W. Bigelow, Thomas George, R. F. Hamilton, A. E. Fuller, P. C. Sheldon, I. S. Harbley, E. R. Rogers, C. R. Vandercock, E. C. Hall, J. C. Hodge, W. S. Newberry, J. H. Burch, J. E. Davis, J. H. Dunham, E. Emerson and Luther Nichols. The first Foreman was T. P. Robb, and its last, L. M. Boyce. In September, 1841, "Bucket Company No. 1" (the Neptune), was formed, and at first boasted of twenty-five members with headquarters at the foot of La Salle Street. In November, 1846, the Company was disbanded and its members formed an association known as the "Red Jackets," which Company became famous in the annals of the Volunteer Fire Department. Engine Company, No. 3, "Osceola," later the "Niagara," was organized November 24, 1844, with W. F. Foster, Foreman, and W. M. Larra- bee, Assistant. The members were from the best society on the North Side, and "No. 3" was known as the "Kid Glove" Company. 736 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. In January, 1845, the Philadelphia Hose Com- pany, No. 1, was organized, Jacob R. Johnson, Foreman. "Red Jackets, No. 4," were organized and in May, 1852, were made happy by the reception of a ten-inch cylinder and twelve-inch stroke engine built by L. Button & Com- pany. "Excelsior No. 5" was organized November, 1846, with A. S, Sherman, Foreman; "Rough and Ready Bucket Company No. 1" in January, 1847, with Charles Harpel, Foreman. The "Firemen's Benevolent Association" was formed October, 1847, with S. F. Gale, President, and incorporated by the Legislature June 21, 1852. "Hope Hose Company No. 2" was organized in March, 1848. The career of this Company was a brilliant one, and it was known as the "brag" Company, not only of Chicago but of the West. The crack companies of Alton, Springfield and other cities could never suc- cessfully cope with the "Hope" boys. The "Garden City Engine Company, No. 6" was organized in August, 1849. In October, 1850, there was a "Fireman's Festival," an occasion much prized by the boys who "ran with the machine." Twenty-three Companies were in line, representatives being present from Buffalo, Detroit, Milwaukee, Racine and Ke- nosha. A dinner was given at the "Tremont House," and an attempt was made to engineer a torch-light procession, but the wind pre- vented its successful accomplishment. "Lawrence Engine Company, No. 7," was organized in September, 1850, and re-organized in 1852 as the "Eagle." In December, 1851, "Hose Company, No. 3," was formed (called at first the "Lone Star," but afterwards the "Illi- nois"). December 22, 1851, "Phoenix Engine Company, No. 8," came into existence and was re-christened the "Cataract." Its members were mostly sailors, and during the season of navigation it was of comparatively little value. February, 1854, the "New Northern," subse- quently known as "America, No. 9," was organ- ized and in 1853, "Washington, No. 10." An ordinance was passed July 23, 1855, divid- ing the city into six fire districts, two in each Division. The alarm was to be given by eight strokes of the bell, and the number of the dis- trict indicated by the additional strokes follow- ing. The bell first used for that purpose was that of the First Baptist church, which was the most resonant in the city; but in February, 1856, a large bell was hung in the new tower of the Court House. A watchman was also constantly on duty there to fling out his flags by day, or lanterns by night, in order to direct the firemen to the locality in which the flames had been discovered. The rivalry between all the Companies con- stituting the Volunteer Department was intense if not bitter. In July, 1852, the "Red Jackets" went East. There was to be a grand tourna- ment in Providence, and they were desirous of winning the first prize. On reaching New York, they learned that this tournament had been postponed. For a week they remained in that city the guests of the "Live Oaks." U. P. Har- ris, who was Chief of the Chicago Department at that time, was a member of the party, and largely through his exertions a contest was arranged between the visiting company and some of the New York companies. The New Yorkers regarded it as a piece of absurd pre- sumption for an unknown Western organization to attempt to compete with the "crack" com- panies of the metropolis. The result, however, showed how well founded was their confidence. The contest ended in a complete triumph of the "Red Jackets," who received the hearty con- gratulations of their rivals. Horace Greeley, editor of the "New York Tribune," under date of July 5, 1852, said: "The grand parade took place this morn- ing and the spectacle was one truly magnif- icent. The citizens of Chicago, of course, furnished the most imposing part of it. I never witnessed anything so superb as the appearance of the fire companies with their ornamented engines drawn by led horses, tastefully caparisoned. Our New York fire- men must try again; they have certainly been outdone." The first steam fire-engine ever seen in Chi- cago was brought here from Cincinnati in 1855. The engine was known as the "Joe Ross," and on its first trial the engineer, through his own carelessness, succeeded in bursting the boiler, the result being his immediate death. The second contest, however, proved entirely suc- cessful. Subsequently a trial was arranged between the steamer and the hand engines of the Volunteer Department. Nos. 2, 8 and 10, succeeded in beating the new arrival. The steam-engine did not give satisfaction, and was later sold to the city of St. Louis. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 737 It was the custom in those days for the mem- bers of the department to meet in convention to nominate candidates for the election to offi- cial positions in the Fire Department. Chief Cyrus McBride called such a convention for January 28, 1858, to be held in the South Side Market Hall. Three candidates were in the field: D. J. Swenie, Peter Casey and John Egan. The session was a tumultuous one, and many of the companies left the hall to meet in another con- vention at the same place on the following day. Mr. Egan received the nomination of the regu- lar convention, but offered to effect a compro- mise with the Swenie faction by resigning in favor of U. P. Harris. This overture was not accepted, and the next day Mr. Swenie was nominated by the bolters with M. W. Powell for First, and L. Walters, Second Assistant. The other names upon the Egan ticket were John Shark, for First and Jacob Held, for Sec- ond Assistant. The Swenie ticket was elected. On February 5, 1858, there was another test of a steam fire-engine, known as the "Long John," which occurred at the foot of La Salle Street, and the machine met with the approval of the experts and citizens generally. The members of the Volunteer Department were quick to recognize that this was a death-blow to their system. Mr. Swenie had been recognized as the ex- ponent of the idea of a paid Fire Department, and his election, at the time, engendered much bad feeling. On July 6, 1858, Engine Com- panies Nos. 4, 10 and 14, Hose Companies, Nos. 3 and 5, and Hook & Ladder, No. 3, met on Clark Street and, by way of defiant protest, marched down that thoroughfare headed by the "Great Western Band," and, after traversing the principal streets, assembled in the Court House Square, where a large crowd had col- lected. The Mayor was apprehensive of a riot and sent two hundred policemen to the scene. The arrest of the firemen for disorderly con- duct was ordered and a precipitate fight fol- lowed, the machine being abandoned. About a dozen of the firemen were taken into custody, but were subsequently ordered released by the Mayor. The engines were taken to the Armory and locked up, while arrangements were made with special policemen to man them in case of fire. The engine and hose house were guarded by squads of police, as it was feared that a demonstration might be made against the new steamer. No further trouble occurred, however, and the Council, on March 22, 1858, ordered the dis- bandment of the organization which had par- ticipated in the procession. On August 2, 1858, an ordinance was passed organizing a paid fire department, which gave the Chief and Assistant Engineers full charge, with power to make all rules. The Board of Control consisted of the Mayor, the Chairman of the Council Committee on Fire and Water, and the Chief Engineer and Water Commis- sioner, who was to be chosen by themselves. The rules, when adopted, were to have the form of ordinances. Salaries were fixed as follows: Captain, $200 per annum; Lieuten- ants, $100 per annum; Engineers, $600 per an- num; pipemen, drivers and stokers, $1.00 per day, and all others $25 per month. Badges were to be worn and no engines to be used except such as belonged to the city. The number of men who were to compose the sev- eral companies was also regulated by the ordinance. A full company was convened in July, 1858, to operate the "Long John," which was installed in quarters on La Salle near the corner of Washington Street. The first mem- bers of this Company were as follows: Joel A. Kenney, Foreman; Alexander McMonagle, John McLean, Thomas Barry, Thomas O'Brien, William Mullen and James Quirk, Pipemen; Joel A. Prescott, Engineer; Robert Elleridge, Assistant-Engineer; Alvin C. King and Dennis O'Connell, Drivers, and John Farrel, Watch- man. Three more steamers were tried in September, 1858, on the lake shore at the foot of Washing- ton Street. These were known as the "Atlan- tic," "Enterprise" and "Island Queen." The city already owned: the first named, and the two latter, proving satisfactory, were pur- chased. In February, 1860, the "U. P. Harris" and "Little Giant" were added to the list. The Department also owned three hand-engines, two hose-carts and hook and ladder trucks. In 1859, U. P. Harris was again elected "Chief Engineer," his assistants being Darius Knight and James J. Langdon. Under the amended charter of February 16, 1865, the Fire Depart- ment was placed in the hands of a Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. Under this act, in October, 1865, the Council passed an amended ordinance defining new fire limits and adopting regulations for service. "The Fire Commissioners" were A. C. Coventry, John S. 738 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Newhouse, and John Wentworth. The under- writers secured an amendment to the ordin- ance, and, in 1867, William James was ap- pointed a member of the Board, as a special representative of the Insurance interest. In 1866 the department owned eleven steamers, two hand engines, thirteen hose-carts and hook and ladder trucks, and had 120 paid members, 126 volunteers and owned 53 horses. Within the next five years the hand engines had disap- peared. The number of steamers had increased to seventeen. There were twenty-three hose- carts, 194 paid members, and 91 horses. The report of Fire-Marshal Musham to the City Council of Chicago, December 31, 1903 seventy-one years after the first volunteer com- pany was formed shows wonderful growth. The apparatus of the Department includes 5 fire-boats, 2 water-towers, 102 steam fire-en- gines, 3 hand-engines, 23 chemical engines, 59 hose wagons, 30 hose carriages, 33 hook and ladder trucks (all kinds), 8 chemical extin- guishers, 112 portable pumps, 207,491 feet of hose, 128 Siamese connections, 2, 3 and 4 ways; 30 one-horse wagons, 20 two-horse wagons, 127 fire cisterns, 19,922 fire hydrants, 1,847 miles of water mains, and 478 horses in service. Value of fire apparatus $1,022,872.00 Value of buildings 753,800.00 Value of land 381,410.00 Total value $2,158,082.00 There are 1,152 uniformed men in the present force, including the Fire-Marshal and Chief of Brigade, First Assistant Fire-Marshal and De- partment Inspector, Second and Third Mar- shal, Assistant Fire-Marshal and Department Secretary, Fire Inspector, Chiefs of Battalions Captains, Lieutenants, Engineers and Assistant Engineers, Pipemen, Pilots, Stokers and Watchmen, and seven not uniformed men in- cluding Chief Clerk and clerks, stenographers, superintendent of houses and hostlers. In addition there are three volunteer com- panies located at Riverdale, Hansen Park, Nor- wood Park and Mt. Clair, numbering 63 men who are furnished supplies and apparatus, and make reports to the department. The expenses of the department for 1903 were $1,699,162.37, as against $336,700.66 in 1870. FIRE-BOAT SERVICE. Owing to a large fire occurring in the lumber district on the South branch of the Chicago River on May 8, 1885, resulting in an estimated loss of $421,000, the lumber merchants earnestly demanded better protection, and it was largely due to this fact that, about Sept. 1, 1885, the first river fire- boat was placed in service. This was chartered by the members of this line of trade, and was known as the iron tug, "Alpha" they furnish- ing the fuel, while the city paid the salaries of the men employed upon her. Although poorly adapted to the purpose for which she was de- signed, the valuable service rendered by this boat at another large fire in the same district on Sept. 25, 1885, demonstrated the great value of such an addition to the Department's equip- ment. In January, 1886, the Council passed an order authorizing the construction of a fire- boat, and officials of the department visited New York, Brooklyn and Boston, with a view to examining this description of fire service in those cities. Upon their return steps were taken for the construction of the proposed craft, which was launched on July 26, 1886, christened by the appropriate name of the "Geyser," and placed in commission Nov. 29, 1886. The total cost of the boat was $39,000, which has proved to be a judicious investment. The "Alpha" having been found unsatisfac- tory for fire-service, on Dec. 6, 1886, the Coun- cil authorized the purchase of the powerful tug "W. H. Alley" to take its place. The pumps were transferred from the "Alpha" and on Dec. 31, 1886, the "Alley" was put in commis- sion. In the latter part of 1887 she was over- hauled and the old pumps replaced by two new, and more powerful ones, and her name changed to the "Chicago." There is now lying at the dock at the foot of La Salle Street another evidence of the re- markable strides that have been made by Chi- cago in public improvements. Instead of the little tug "Alpha," we find the magnificent fire- boat "Illinois," which is the most powerful and complete of its kind in the world, and was placed in commission Jan. 14, 1899, at a cost of $125,000. The "Illinois" has a capacity of 287 gross tons, which is 44 tons greater than that of the fire-boat "New Yorker," which was the largest in the world. The length of the boat is 118 feet with a 26-foot beam. The hull is built of steel plates five-eighths of an inch thick, with three plates forward and three plates aft, mak- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 739 ing a thickness of nearly two inches, and hav- ing 12 water tight compartments with a draft of eleven feet. There are two 800-horsepower boilers, with two injectors for putting the water in the boilers, and two pumps (10x12x5%) for the boilers. One hundred and forty pounds of steam is carried. There is one 1,000-horse- power steam propelling engine, and a trimming tank for fresh water for the boilers, with a capacity of 16,128 gallons or 60 tons. The steering gear furnished by the Globe Iron Works, was shown at the World's Fair, and is the only one of the kind in the world being propelled by steam and interchangeable to hand- gear, also having a steam fire-whistle. The water is delivered naturally to the base of the pump, and discharged through an 18-inch pipe, which envelopes the entire boat. The smoke- stack is also lowered by steam power. It has three sets of fire pumps (size 17x11x10), the same as steam fire engines, which deliver the water through fourteen foot three and one- half inch ports, which can be divided so as to give twenty-eight streams of the size used by steam fire-engines, and a capacity of 14,000 gallons per minute, with 5,000 feet of 3% -inch hose, besides a supply of regu- lar size fire-engine hose, and nozzles from 4% to 5^ inches. The two stand-pipes can be made to revolve and change to any direction required, and will deliver 10,200 gallons of water per minute. A 10-horsepower dynamo furnishes 100 incandescent electric lights, and the bath-room is fitted up in the most modern style. The "Illinois" is also the fastest running fire-boat ever made, capable of making, eight- een miles per hour without straining her, and giving another proof of the old adage, that "whatever belongs to Chicago and her institu- tions can't be beat." THE IBOQUOIS THEATER FIRE. Not since the conflagration of 1871 has Chicago witnessed such an appalling loss of life as occurred at the destruction of the Iroquois Theater, on the afternoon of December 30, 1903. The theater was filled with a holiday crowd, consisting prin- cipally of women and children, the play being a spectacular performance called "Mr. Blue- beard." The fire is supposed to have originated from an arc-lamp (called a "flood light") on the stage, which ignited the flimsy scenery during the second act. The ventilators in the roof above the stage were closed, and, when the doors upon the stage were opened by mem- bers of the company in their efforts to escape, the flames, heat, smoke and generated gases were forced out into the audience room. Num- bers perished instantly by suffocation, many being found still in their seats. Others, hin- dered in their egress by the confusion resulting from the panic, were burned, suffocated, or trampled to death. The Fire Department was upon the scene within two minutes after the receipt of the alarm, but in that short time most of the lives had been sacrificed. The total fatality record was 582. Within thirty minutes from its incep- tion the fire was extinguished. The damage to the building was comparatively slight, amounting to about $50,000 on furnishings and refinishing. One hundred and four persons were rescued by members of the Department. FIRE-ALARM SERVICE. In the early days of Chicago, as the majority of the inhabitants had good lungs, the alarm for a fire was given by a shout from the one who discovered it. Later the bell on the church, situated between Dearborn and Clark Streets on Washington Streets, was rung in case of fire. In 1850 a bell was placed in the dome of the Court House, another in the tower at Twelfth and State Streets, with others at Blue Island Avenue and Harrison Street, Milwaukee Avenue near Chicago Avenue, Dearborn Street near Chicago Avenue, and on the North Market Building. When a fire occurred the nearest bell was struck eight times continuously, and then the number of times for the district. There were six districts; two each on the South, North and West Sides. j. ne first district was located east of Clark Street. In the daytime the watchman in the Court House Tower would wave the flag in the di- rection of the fire and, at night, hoist red lamps for the number of the district; but not until 1858 did the authorities wake up to the idea that Boston was ahead of us in regard to a fire-alarm telegraph, by adopting the invention of Dr. Channing of that city, who was repre- sented here by J. N. Gamewell (assignee of the Channing patent), and who first exhibited that system for the use of the Fire Department in the Council Chamber, which was thrown open to the public during certain hours of the day. D. J. Swenie was at the time Chief of the Fire Department, and he urged the immediate adop- 740 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. tion of the system. Owing to timidity on the part of the tax-payers, however, no definite action was taken until May 18, 1863. Mean- time the Civil War had broken out, and Mr. Gamewell (who was a native of South Caro- lina, and in Charleston constructing a fire- alarm system for that city when Fort Sumter was fired upon) elected to cast his fortunes with his native State. Former employes of his notably John F. Kennard and William H. Men- dell, of Boston in order to preserve the Chan- ning patents in their entirety, bought them at a confiscation sale in Washington before the close of the first year of the war, and organized the firm of J. F. Kennard & Co., and proceeded to exploit the fire-alarm service wherever they could induce cities to adopt it. In 1863, as above mentioned, the Common Council of Chicago passed a resolution looking toward ascertaining the cost of constructing such a telegraph. In 1864 a contract for its con- struction was awarded to W. H. Mendell, of the firm of John F. Kennard & Co., Mr. Men- dell having been interested in the construction of the system in other cities. The contract price was $70,000, and the system embraced the following apparatus: 125 miles of wire, 106 boxes; 14 engine-house gongs; 6 electric tower bell strikers; 6 instruments for police pur- poses, and the necessary office fixtures. On June 2, 1865, the system was formally turned over to the city and pronounced to be in per- fect working order. The first test proved to be entirely satisfactory, and the bells were superseded by this invention, excepting the Court House bell, which remained until the fire of October 8, 1871. Since the introduction of the system, many improvements have been made in the appara- tus. The central office was originally located in the dome of the old Court House, from which radiated a network of wires to the tops of the buildings which surrounded the Public Square. The operating officers consisted of E. B. Chan- dler, Superintendent; John P. Barrett and Will- iam J. Kirkman, operators; and Alfred Ranous, repairer. Mr. Chandler continued to be Super- intendent for eleven years, when he resigned the office to accept the General Western Agency of the Gamewell Fire-Alarm Telegraph Com- pany, in the spring of 1876, and was succeeded as Superintendent by John P. Barrett, on the 1st day of May, 1876. The system suffered severely in the great fire of October, 1871, but the telegraph corps, under the direction of Superintendent Chandler, worker with such energy that, on the evening of October 11, 1871, with instruments secured wherever possible and altered to suit their needs, the Western Division lines, embracing nearly one-half of the entire system, were ready for service and, by the end of the week, connection was completed with as much of the system in the South Division as had escaped the flames. In 1872 a four-wire- Ke-rite cable was laid, fifty feet under the South Branch of the Chicago River, at Archer Avenue, through the brick tunnel which con- tains the water-main, and a six-wire Ke-rite cable was laid in the water-pipe tunnel under the Ogden slip at Division Street. In connec- tion with the Telegraph Company a cable was laid under the North Branch, at Clybourn Place, two wires of which belonged to the fire- alarm system. In 1873 a four-wire Ke-rite cable was laid from the water-works crib in the lake, through the new tunnel before the water was admitted (a distance of three miles), while other additions and improvements were made in the fire-alarm system. In October, 1877, John P. Barrett laid the first Ke-rite cable along Cass Street between Superior and Erie Streets. This was the first underground cable that was not laid in the water-pipe tunnels or through water-mains. In 1885 and 1886 the telegraph system was materially improved by the erection of new aerial lines, the laying of underground wires and the placing of new fire-alarm boxes. The Superintendents of the Fire-Alarm Tel- egraph have been: Edward B. Chandler, 1865- 76; John P. Barrett, 1876-97; and then Edward B. Ellicott, who still remains in charge of the Department. The signal, or alarm system (by telegraph or telephone), has been improved year by year, until it has reached a degree of efficiency unsurpassed by that of any other American city. CHICAGO THOROUGH PARK HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. CHAPTER XXVIII. MUNICIPAL LIGHTING. FIRST ATTEMPT AT ILLUMINATION AT OLD FORT DEARBORN PROGRESS OF ONE HUNDRED YEARS FROM THE PINE-KNOT TO THE ELECTRIC LIGHT SYSTEM ELECTRIC LIGHTING INTRODUCED IN 1887 HISTORY AND EQUIPMENT OF CENTRAL STATIONS AGGREGATE COST OF THE ENTIRE MUNICIPAL LIGHTING SYSTEM POLICE AND FIRE ALARM TELEGRAPH SERVICE. In the year 1805, Captain Whistler, command- ing the troops at the first Fort Dearborn, or- dered a beacon made from a pine-knot to be lighted nightly near the main entrance of the fort to guide aright the steps of returning hunt- ers. This was the first attempt at illumina- tion for public benefit within the present limits of the city of Chicago. In less than one hundred years, Chicago, with its multitude of brilliant electric lamps, and its far-reaching lines of gas-jets, now possesses the most elab- orate system of street illumination under municipal control in the whole world. When Captain Whistler wished to communicate with the settlers who had built their cabins at "Hardscrabble," situated near the present thoroughfare of Archer Avenue, he dispatched a soldier courier who made his difficult trip over slough, bog and prairie, and thought him- self lucky if he could return an answer to his chief within the space of twelve hours. To- day, the policeman who stands guard at Rush Street bridge (adjoining the site of old Fort Dearborn) steps into the barge office, makes a wire connection and, within the space of thirty seconds, has delivered a message to, and re- ceived an answer from the Harbormaster on duty far up the south branch of the river, near the place where the Hardscrabble settlers lighted their first camp-fire. Chicago not only possesses the most elaborate street illumination under municipal control in the world, but also has a more complete telephone and telegraph system, under its own management, than is possessed by any city at home or abroad. The lighting, fire-alarm, police telegraph and tele- phone facilities of Chicago have grown like the great city itself, from the humblest be- ginnings. The father of the plan of gradually placing the lighting of Chicago in the hands of the city itself, was the late ex-Mayor John A. Roche. The practicability of Mayor Roche's scheme so soon became manifest that it was shown that it would be but a question of a few years when the city would become the producer and con- troller of all its lighting facilities. .From the year 1864, when the first fire-alarm telegraph apparatus was installed in Chicago, until the month of January, 1898, everything electrical in Chicago under municipal control was in charge of the Superintendent of the Fire-Alarm Telegraph, owing to the growth of the electric street lighting plants, and the fire and police telegraph lines were so wide-spread it became necessary to form a new branch of the City's service, which was known as the "Department of Electricity." Edward B. Ellicott was appointed City Elec- trician July 1, 1897. The Department consists of the Bureau of Municipal Lighting, Fire-Alarm Telegraph, Police Telephone and Signal, Elec- trical Inspection, Gas-Lighting and Repairs. The City possesses, today, three electrical pow- er-houses located respectively, at Wentworth Avenue and Sixty-third Street, at Lincoln and Rice Streets, and at Halsted Street and Blue Island Avenue, which are equipped in every particular with the most modern appliances, having a total capacity of 5,850 street arc- lamps of 2,000 candle power each, and 5,400 horsepower engines installed. There were in use December 31, 1899, 3,502 arc-lamps and, on December 31, 1900, 5,675 arc-lamps, 850 incan- descent, 25,044 gas-burners and 4,478 gasoline lamps. The following table shows the cost per mile for lighting the streets during 1899, and a com- parison of the different illuminants used is also given. When electric lights are used the streets are much better lighted than those on which other illuminants are used; but, without taking the question of light into consideration, the comparison is favorable to electric lighting. In 1899. In 1900 Miles of streets lighted by gas 713 725 Miles of streets lighted by gasoline. .327 340 Miles of streets lighted by electric light 270 Total miles lighted 1,310 742 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. Cost of gas lighting per mile ($20 per lamp) $784.60 Cost of electric lighting per mile 567.45 Cost of gasoline lighting per mile (27.60 with mantel) 442.48 Average cost per mile of street lighting. . 654.48 HISTORY OF MUNICIPAL STREET LIGHT- ING BY ELECTRICITY. (1887-1901). The first power house was located in the basement of Chemical Engine House No. 1, cor- ner of Washington and Clinton Streets. The first machinery consisted of four low-tension 30-light Western electric dynamos, and one each 150 horsepower Buckeye engine, and 150 horsepower Porter boiler. (The engine and boiler are now in service at the Fourteenth Street Lighting Station). The first one hun- dred lights were placed on both sides of the Chicago River from Rush to Twelfth Streets, and were started December 25, 1887, and the plant remained in that location for one year until removed December 31, 1888, to Truck House No. 2 on Jefferson near West Van Buren Street, which was made a powerhouse and the capacity increased to 300 lights. After one year the plant was removed to Throop Street, be- tween Congress and West Van Buren, and the capacity having been increased to 1,000 lights, it was started March 17, 1889. This plant was run for about six years, until the Metropolitan Elevated Railroad Company bought the real estate for use of that company. The Rice and Lincoln Streets plant was started April, 1889, and the Chicago Avenue and Sedgwick Street plant February 22, 1889. The Fourteenth Street Station was started December 25, 1890, and the machinery from Jefferson Street having been moved to the Fourteenth Street Station, is still in service there. RICE AND LINCOLN STREETS STATION. The plant at this station began running April, 1889. The building is 100 feet long, 95 feet wide, 28 feet clear of the trusses in the engine room and 18 feet clear of the trusses in the boiler room. It is built of brick with iron trusses, a slate roof on the engine-room and an iron roof on the boiler-room, with cement floors in both rooms, making it practically fire-proof. The engine room is 80 feet long, by 50 feet wide, and the boiler room 93 feet long by 40 feet wide. In addition to these there are coal storage and supply rooms located in the rear of the building. In the engine room there are installeu two 700- horsepower Elmes marine type of engines, di- rectly connected to each end of the line shaft. These engines are vertical, cross-compound, condensing, and economical results have been obtained from their use. T,he shaft between the engines is mounted in ball socket, self- aligning bearings, and equipped with the nec- essary friction clutches to cut out each engine, if so desired. There are 72xl8-inch solid hub wood rim pulleys, mounted on the shaft for driving the dynamos. The electric equipment consists of: 9 150-light Western Electric dynamos. 5 100-light Brush dynamos. 1 marble switchboard. The dynamos are all of modern type, in excel- lent condition, and operate 1,850 arc-lights. The boiler room is provided with two Ault- man-Taylor water-tube boilers, each having a capacity of 500-horse power and four return- tubular boilers equipped with Roney stokers, each boiler having a capacity of 100-horse power. To these boilers are attached two feed- water pumps, each having a sufficient capacity to supply all the boilers. The boilers are con- nected to a brick stack 175 feet high and 96 inches in diameter. Each engine is equipped with a 1,000-horse-power syphon condenser, and to these condensers is connected a pump of sufficient capacity for the purpose of supply- ing them with water in the event of the city pressure being too low. The steam piping is all new, of double strength and properly covered with a first-class quality of steam-pipe covering. The station is thoroughly equipped with a gravity oiling sys- tem and provided with oil filterers, by which means the oil is used several times. HALSTED STREET STATION. This station com- menced operating October 9, 1894. The build- ing is 208 feet long, by 50 feet wide, 25 feet clear of trusses in both engine and boiler rooms. It is built of brick, with iron trusses, a tile-roof and cement floor, making it as nearly fire-proof as a building can be. It is divided into two rooms; the engine room, 142 feet long, by 46 feet 6 inches wide, and the boiler room 39 feet long, by 46 feet 6 inches wide. In addition to the above there is a supply room located in the rear of the building. In the engine-room there are installed two 600-horse-power Corliss type of engines, belted HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 743 to a line shaft, and one Elmes marine type of engine of 800-horse-power, directly connected to the line shaft. These engines are all ver- tical, cross-compound, condensing, and econom- ical in operation. A counter-shaft extends the full length of the engine room and is mounted in ball and socket with self-aligning bearings, equipped with friction clutches to cut out each engine, and to divide the shaft into two equal parts if so desired. There are 18 pulleys mounted on the shaft for driving the dynamos. The electrical equipment consists of: 4 100-light Western Electric dynamos. 2 100-light Brush Electric dynamos. 10 150-light Western Electric dynamos. 1 Marble switchboard. 1 50-light 110-volt T. H. dynamo (incandes- cent) . 1 alternating Westinghouse 800-light incan- descent (for use at City Hall, saving to the City between $200 and ?300 per month). The arc-dynamos are of the latest and best type made and in excellent condition, with a capacity of 2,100 arc-lights. The boiler room is provided with two Heine water-tube boilers, one Aultman-Taylor water- tube boiler, and one Garry boiler, each 500- horse power capacity. To these boilers are connected two feed-water pumps, each of suffi- cient capacity to supply all the boilers. Each engine is equipped with a syphon condenser of 1,000-horse-power capacity. To these conden- sers there is connected a pump for the purpose of supplying water in case there is a lack of pressure from the city mains. The feed-water heater receives the exhaust steam from all the pumps, and the feed-water for the boilers is passed through the heater for the purpose of increasing the temperature of the water before it reaches the boilers. The steam piping throughout the plant is in excellent condition, having been refitted during the past year, and, wherever necessary, new double strength pipe has been put in. It is covered throughout with a first-class quality of steam pipe covering. The station is thoroughly equipped with a gravity oil-system and provided with oil filterers by which means the oil is used several times. ROBERT A. WALLACE STATION, Sixty- fourth Street and Wentworth Avenue, com- menced running April 6, 1900, The building is 178 feet long, by 44 feet wide, 20 feet clear of trusses in the engine room and 23 feet clear of trusses in the boiler room. It is built of brick with iron trusses, tile-roof, cement floor, and is thoroughly fire-proof in every way. The engine room is 100 feet long, by 42 feet wide. In the engine room there is installed one 800-horse power Elmes marine type of engine, directly connected with the line shaft, and provision has been made for two additional engines of the same capacity. The engine in- stalled is vertical, cross-compound, condens- ing, of the same general type as installed at Rice and Lincoln Streets. The counter-shaft is mounted in ball sockets, with self-aligning bearings, and equipped with friction clutch where it is connected to the engine. There are four pulleys mounted on this shaft for driv- ing the dynamos. There is also one Westing- house 800-horse power engine, which went into service March 1, 1901. The electrical equipment consists of nine 160- light Brush General Electric Dynamos. Five of the above dynamos are run on a continuous shaft, so that each dynamo can be disconnected one from the other if desired. The dynamos are of the latest and best type made, and are in excellent condition. There is also one marble switch-board. At the present time the boiler room is pro- vided with one Heine water-tube boiler of 500- horse power capacity, which is connected to a brick stack 175 feet high and 96 inches in diam- eter. The boiler is equipped with a McKen- zie mechanical stoker and smoke consuming de- vice. In addition to the above there are in use two 500-horse power Garry boilers, and feed-water pumps of sufficient capacity for sup- plying four boilers of 500-horse power each are installed. Each engine is equipped with a 1,000- horse power syphon condenser (Baragwanath). The steam piping i-s all new, of double strength and covered with a first-class quality of steam- pipe covering. It is intended to operate at least 2,000 lights from this station; 1,200 lights are now in use. COST OF OPERATING ARC LIGHTS (1899). The following statement gives the different items of expense involved in the operation of the municipal lighting plants, three of which were operated during the year. A stipulated sum is appropriated each year for operating the plants, and as no amount is set aside for replacing worn-out machinery (commonly known as "depreciation"), it has been neces- sary during the year to charge to operating 744 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. expenses such amounts as were necessarily paid out for renewing any part of the plants. These amounts aggregate $10,300.41, and the actual cash cost of furnishing the lights is rep- resented by deducting that amount from the total amount expended. This deduction is made for the purpose of showing that the ordi- nary depreciation of the plants is taken care of in the annual expenses of maintaining the lights, and an examination of the plants will show that the application of a further and theoretical per cent, for depreciation is not necessary or warranted in order to obtain the true cost to the city. A substantial reduction in the cost per light from that shown in 1898 has been obtained, not- withstanding the increase in wages, coal, car- bons and, in fact, almost every kind of mate- rial used in maintaining an electrical lighting system. The decrease in cost is due entirely to the more economical operating conditions that are produced by the extensions of the system. The most economical conditions will exist when each of the plants has been increased to about 2,000 lights the cost per light for each year should then be about $45. If the present plants are increased to this capacity, the yearly cost per light will decrease until the 2,000 lights are operated from each plant. From that time on the cost will vary with the cost of labor and materials used assuming, of course, that the plants are oper- ated practically, with reasonable economy and with business judgment. COST OF LIGHTING FOR 1903. The total cost of municipal lighting for the year 1903 according to the latest report now accessible was as follows: Municipal Electric Lights $262,088.38 Gas Lamps 420,728.52 Gasoline Lamps 159,844.30 Rented Electric Lights 63,871.85 Gas office Expenses 9,679.82 Total $916,212.87 The average number of electric lamps oper- ated during the year was 4,827, and the total number in operation at the close of the year 5,007. The total amount expended for the con- struction and operation of electric lights during the year was $319,436.35. POLICE AND FIRE-ALARM TELEGRAPH SERVICE. In 1882 Superintendent Barrett made a propo- sition to Carter H. Harrison, Senior, and to Austin J. Doyle, Secretary of the Police Depart- ment, to place, at his own expense, the Police Telegraph and Telephone Service in the worst district in the city, viz.: Twelfth Street and if, after three months' service, the system was not entirely satisfactory, he agreed to remove it at his personal expense. After ten days' serv- ice it was accepted by Mayor Harrison and paid for by the city, adopted and generally extended throughout the city. The inauguration of Police Telegraph and Telephone Service occurred under the first mayoralty of Carter H. Harrison, Senior. The electrical apparatus is placed in a box attached to a solid iron booth which also serves as a lamp-post. On opening one side of these boxes, one is confronted with approved appliances for signaling alarms of every description; by sim- ply operating a lever and pressing upon a but- ton, the citizen or officer may notify the near- est station of the breaking out of the fire. Each box also contains a telephone by means of which any patrolman may at once communicate verbally with his immediate superior. In 1887 there were but 473 of these boxes placed at the most prominent street corners throughout the city. By 1891 the number had increased to 675, connected with which was 601 miles of aerial, and 40 miles of underground wire, and the total value of the plant was $81,883.50. For the year 1903 there were 1,335 miles of aerial and 2,607 miles of underground wire, operating 1,022 police patrol boxes, and 1,437 fire alarm boxes. CHAPTER XXIX. CHICAGO WATER SERVICE. EARLY CONDITIONS AS TO THE CHICAGO WATER SUPPLY PUBLIC WELL DUG IN 1834 FIRST PUMPING STATION AND RESERVOIR CONSTRUCTED IN 1840 NEW WATER WORKS SET IN OPERATION IN 1854 THE SYSTEM ADOPTED AND THE FIRST TWO-MILE TUNNFX COMPLETED IN 1867 OTHER TUNNELS CONSTRUCTED PRESENT CONDITION OF THE CHICAGO WATER SYSTEM. Previous to 1834 the inhabitants of the Town of Chicago were dependent for that essential element of human existence, "water," upon the water peddler, who sold it by the gallon, bucket HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 745 or barrel, from house to house, having brought it from Lake Michigan in a water cart. In 1834 a public well was dug by order of the Board of Trustees at a point in Kinzie's addi- tion, which is now at the intersection of Cass and Michigan Streets. The movement for a better water service was made in 1836, when the State Legislature granted a charter to the Chicago Hydraulic Company, for the purpose of establishing the first pumping works com- mensurate with the needs of the people; but the company was unable to organize until 1840, when it began the construction of a reser- voir, at the corner of Lake Street and Michigan Avenue. The reservoir was twenty-five feet square, was elevated about eighty feet above the ground, and was supplied by an 18-inch iron intake pipe laid on a crib-work pier extending from a crib in Lake Michigan 700 feet to a pump-well 15 feet deep, from which the water was forced by a 25-horse power engine and pumped through "bored logs." By this means a few of the citizens of the South Side were sup- plied with water. The capacity of this "ex- tensive and wonderful" plant was twenty-five barrels per minute, which was forced through about two miles of 2, 3, and 6-inch pipe to the reservoir. The total outlay of the company up to 1842, when the works were so far complete as to be used, was $24,000. Water rates ranged from $10.00 per annum for a family of five per- sons, to $500 for large manufacturing establish- ments. In 1842 James Long contracted with the Hydraulic Company to do all of the pumping for the city of Chicago for ten years, without any cost to the company, in consideration of his having the free use of the surplus power of the 25-horse power engine; but long before the con- tract expired the engine proved too small to do the work. The works first established had never given the people satisfactory results, the water as a rule being neither pure nor suf- ficiently abundant in supply. The population of Chicago at that time was about 4,500. In 1851 when the population had increased to 35,000, the city obtained a charter, and the Leg- islature passed an act incorporating the "Chi- cago City Hydraulic Company," composed of John B. Turner, Horatio G. Loomis and Alson S. Sherman; a Board of Water Commissioners were appointed and this company purchased the rights of the old private company. W. J. McAlpine, a civil engineer, was the designer of the new works, which were built in 1852-54, and were put in operation during the latter year, the population then being 70,000. The build- ings and tower were completed in 1853, a tim- ber crib was built 600 feet from the shore, the water was led from the lake to a pump- well 20x30 feet and 25 feet deep, and thence pumped to the top of the tower, 136 feet high, by a vertical beam engine having a steam- cylinder 44x108 inches, and two single acting pump cylinders 36x66 inches. There were also about eight and three-quarter miles of iron pipe and a reservoir of 500,000 gallons capacity. Water was first furnished from the new works February 12, 1854, up to which date they had cost $393,045. In 1856 the first pipe across the river was laid. In 1854 and 1856 three iron storage tanks, on masonry towers, were built, being 60 feet in diameter by 28 feet high, with the bottom eight feet above the level of the lake. The intake was at first from the open water of the lake shore but, in 1855, a curved breakwater was built and an inlet basin dredged within it. By May 1, 1857, the cost of the works had increased to $738,436, at which time 7,053 buildings were being supplied with water. Before 1860 the water began to give trouble from its foul condition, owing to the discharge into it of filth and refuse from the distilleries, packing-houses, and from the fish nuisance, which had increased to an intolerable degree. The question how to secure an adequate supply of pure water became a pressing one. The plan proposed by E. S. Chesbrough, City Engineer, was adopted in 1863. It involved the tapping of the lake at a distance of two miles from the shore by means of an intake tunnel extending out to clear water, and constructed underneath the lake bottom. The work of excavation from the shore shaft, at the east end of Chicago Avenue, was begun March 17, 1864. The tun- nel is five feet in width and five feet two inches in height, and is lined with brick masonry eight inches thick. The great crib to hold the water was launched and sunk at the east end of the tunnel July 25, 1865. It is forty feet high and built of timbers strongly framed in pentagonal form, 98^ feet in diameter with openings at the bottom for the admission of water. Inside the wall is constructed an iron cylinder, nine feet in diameter, running from the water-line to the tunnel, 64 feet below the surface, and 31 feet below the bed of the lake at that point. A house was erected over the crib for the use of the employes. The lay- 746 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ing of brick began at the crib end Dec. 22, 1865, and the entire work was complete, and water let into the tunnel, to flow through the water- pipes and hydrants of the city, March 25, 1867. The entire cost of the tunnel was $457,845, and the total water debt in 1868 was $2,483,000. Up to 1870 the tunnel supplied the city with 20,000,- 000 gallons of water daily. The total amount of water-pipe laid in 1860 was 91 miles. At the close of 1869 it was 239 miles. The cost of maintaining the water system in 1862 was $42,635, and from that year the amount in- creased yearly until, in 1870, it rose to the enor- mous sum of $2,836,852, and the cost of the system, including that year, reached an aggre- gate of $8,288,624; the total amount received during that period was $3,175,479. This mode of supplying the city proved a great success; but enormous as was the capacity of the works, such was the extension of Chicago in every direction, that it was found necessary to make still more extensive improvements of the same kind. The second tunnel was completed in July, 1874, and put in active service in February, 1875. The intake shaft was sunk in the lake near the existing intake crib, and a cross tun- nel was driven from this shaft to the line of the new tunnel. In sinking this shaft great difficulty was experienced in consequence of water passing from the old tunnel to the new work, and it was found necessary to introduce the pneumatic system. This, however, created a new difficulty in consequence of the air escap- ing up along the outside of the cylinder to the lake; but, like everything that Chicago under- takes, the troubles were overcome and the water turned in again after seventeen days, during which time the city supply had been taken from the old inlet basin. The capacity of the two tunnels was 150,000,000 gallons, while the pumping engines had a capacity of 130,000,000; but in 1885, another pair of engines was added, bringing the capacity up to that of the tunnels. TWELFTH STREET OR FOUR-MILE TUNNEL. In 1887 the construction of a new tunnel, extending four miles into the lake, opposite Twelfth Street, with a capacity of 140,000,000 gallons, and engines that would pump 75,000,000 gallons daily, was contracted for. The crib through which this tunnel receives its supply is cir- cular in form, 118 feet in diameter on top and 123 feet on the water line, with a well 70 feet in diameter. It is 50 feet high, the top being ten feet above the water. There are two con- centric %-inch steel shells, with 24 radial bulk- heads, forming compartments which are filled with concrete. This portion of the crib rests on a polygonal timber grillage 13 feet high, through which pass six intake ports five feet square, fitted with gates and fish screens, which are operated from the slides in the middle of the circular wall of the crib. The intake shaft is 10 feet in diameter, and has two gates 5x6 feet, near the top. In 1898 a steam-heating plant was installed and double windows were placed on the openings round the well; a tem- perature of 70 degrees Fahrenheit is main- tained during the winter, so that it is no longer necessary to keep a force of men to remove the ice forming in the well. HYDE PARK OR SIXTY-EIGHTH STREET CRIB. This crib is constructed on the same general lines as the two-mile crib, except that the ports in the protection break-water are at a low level. The newer cribs are built with a timber bottom on which are constructed the crib walls. Two concentric rings of steel, with radial bulk-heads, are filled with concrete to the level of the top of the water. The ports are at a low level and but very little trouble is experienced as a result of even a very severe winter. Even with these improvements, it was still necessary to keep a large force of men on the cribs hoisting ice day and night from the wells. It was thought necessary to leave the well area entirely open. Ice would form, and the ice-laden water passing through would leave its deposit of slush, anchor and drift ice on the crib walls and around the gates of the intake shaft, necessitating the constant working of the men by night and by day to clear the openings to this shaft. CARTER H. HARRISON CRIB. This struc- ture, 2 2-3 miles from shore, represents the highest type of construction of an intake crib. Circular in form, the large fields of running ice are readily parted and continue on their jour- ney without detriment to the crib or danger to the water supply; whereas, a straight surface presenting a perpendicular line to the path of the field, caused the ice to pile from the bottom of the lake to a height of 25 or 30 feet above the water, entirely shutting off the intake ports on that side. The intake ports to the well room are at a low level, and that, combined with the circular form of the interior and a thoroughly modern heating plant in the well- SCENES IN SOUTH PARK.. HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 747 room, allows the crib to present such, a defense that the most severe conditions will not be a menace to the water supply. Light, comfortable quarters, with bath-rooms supplied with hot and cold water, are provided, and good sanitary conditions prevail, so that few of us have in our homes more physical comfort than the crib- keeper. Contracts were let for this work in July, 1898, which included general work, steel and iron work, electric light plant, heating apparatus, tanks, pumps, plumbing, etc., and work was commenced May 1, 1899, and completed by the close of that year, at a cost, including sub- structure, superstructure and landing, of $192,- 441.40 being $275,000 less than the cost of the four-mile crib, hitherto the most complete crib in use. H. H. Jackman was assistant engineer in charge. Considerable improvement has been made in the construction of intake cribs since the old two-mile crib was placed in the early sixties. This crib is made of wood and filled with riprap and concrete, the superstructure being granite limestone and brick. It was constantly in dan- ger, both from anchor ice and the large fields of drifting ice that invade these shores in the win- ter months, proving a constant menace to the ports and also to the safety of the crib. Later a protection breakwater was placed around the crib with an opening 40 feet wide to admit tugs and for the admission of the water supply. But this device, while affording protection to the crib from the fields of ice, only added to the danger of shutting off the water supply by the ice, which made it necessary to employ thirty men and two tug-boats during the winter period. This protection, furnished by this large force, could have been maintained with four men had the ports been placed near the bed of the lake, or had ports been placed at a lower level in the protection breakwater. In the report of City Engineer Lewis B. Jack- son for 1895, it is stated that there were then over twenty miles of water-supply tunnels, through which the city drew its supply from Lake Michigan sizes five, six, seven and eight feet in diameter; and a total length of 105,800 feet. At the present time there are thirty-eight miles of tunnels leading to the pumping sta- tions, costing $4,338,939, and having a capacity of 615,000,000 gallons. The Lake Tunnel, east under the lake, ten feet wide and ten feet two inches high, with a twelve-foot intake shaft in a crib two and two-thirds miles from shore, and a land tunnel ten and eight feet in diam- eter, convey the supply to the Central Park Avenue and Springfield Avenue Pumping Sta- tions, having a daily capacity of 120,000,000 gallons. In 1904 the water system of Chicago con- sisted of eight large pumping stations and two small ones, five intake cribs, and thirty-eight miles of tunnels. The number of available pumping engines was thirty-six, having a total capacity of about 530,000,000 gallons per day of twenty-four hours. The total amount pumped for the year 1903 was 137,515,701,956, approxi- mating 188 gallons per capita. The total expense of operation and maintenance of the pumping stations during the same time was $740,176'.81, and the revenue derived from water collections $3,728,493.83. There were 19,922 hydrants in use at the close of 1903, the total mileage of pipe in use at the same date being 1,939.75. CHAPTER XXX. HEALTH DEPARTMENT FREE BATHS. HISTORY OF THE CHICAGO HEALTH DEPARTMENT THE CHOLERA EPIDEMIC OF 1832 FIRST HEALTH BOARD APPOINTED IN 1833 CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM LIST OF MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT HEALTH BOARDS PUBLIC BATHS CHICAGO THE FIBST CITY IN THE WORLD TO ESTABLISH A SYSTEM OF FREE BATHS CARTER H. HARRISON BATH HOUSE OPENED IN 1894 OTHER BATHING STATIONS BENEFICIAL EFFECT OF THE SYSTEM ON THE PUBLIC HEALTH M'KINLEY PARK SWIMMING POOL. In the growth of all cities and densely popu- lated districts the first institutions or organ- izations of a medical character are the off- spring of necessity. In 1833 the inhabitants of Chicago, on account of the prevalence of the cholera epidemic of the previous year, by which Fort Dearborn became temporarily a cholera hospital, effected a township organization. Among the earliest ordinances adopted by the Board of Trustees was one for the protection of the public health. A fine of three dollars was 748 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. imposed upon any one who should throw refuse into the river, and the Town Supervisor or Street Commissioner was authorized to re- move all nuisances recognized as detrimental to the health of the community. In 1835, fear- ing another outbreak of cholera, the village Trustees appointed a permanent Board of Health, consisting of seven prominent citizens, but including only one physician, Dr. John T. Temple. No cholera appeared that year, how- ever; and after one or two meetings the orig- inal town organization was superseded by a formal city incorporation, one section of the act requiring the Common Council to appoint annually three Commissioners to constitute a Board of Health, and also a health officer, who should visit and care for persons suffer- ing from contagious and infectious diseases. The first Board appointed under these pro- visions was organized in May, 1837, and con- sisted of Dr. J. W. Eldridge, A. N. Fullerton and D. Cox, while Dr. Daniel Brainard was made Health Officer. The Mayor was also ex-offlcio member of the Board of Health. In 1838 Dr. Brainard was superseded as Health Officer by Dr. E. S. Kimberley, who served until May, 1841, when Dr. J. W. Eld- ridge was appointed to the position, and an ordinance passed requiring the attending physi- cian, in any case resulting in the death of the patient, to give a certificate of such death and the causes of the same, which was the first step towards . a record of vital statistics. In 1842 the duties of the Health Officer were divided between the City Physician and the City Mar- shal, and Dr. W. B. Egan was elected to the former office and Mr. Austin Smith to the latter. This arrangement was continued until 1857, the office of City Physician being filled successively by Dr. Philip Maxwell from 1845 to 1847; Dr. Henry S. Huber from 1847 to 1849; Dr. Levi D. Boone from 1849 to 1852 ; Dr. A. B. Palmer during 1852; Dr. Brock McVickar dur- ing 1853-1854 and 1856; Dr. I. Lynn in 1855; Dr. Gerhard Paoli from 1857 to 1859; Dr. William Wagner from 1859 to March 27, 1860, when the Health Deparment was vacated by an ordinance of the Common Council. The city then remained without sanitary or health offi- cers until December 1, 1861, when Dr. Lucien P. Cheney was appointed City Physician with a salary of $600 per annum, out of which he was to furnish the medicines required for such indi- gent patients as were entitled to assistance. When it is remembered that the city population at that time numbered 138,186, including a large proportion of poor people, the salary men- tioned will be regarded as one of the most remarkable specimens of municipal economy affecting the poor; yet Dr. Cheney held the office for thirteen years, and until his death in 1874, performing its duties with as much fidelity as if the salary had been $6,000. Soon after the appointment of Dr. Cheney as City Physician, Charles S. Perry, a policeman, was detailed to act as Health Officer, continuing in that capacity until May, 1865, when T. B. Bridges was elected to the office. Mr. Bridges continued in the position until March 31, 1867, when the Health Department was separated from that of the police and placed entirely under the control of the Board of Health, with the Sanitary Superintendent as its executive officer. The new board was composed of Drs. William Wagner, H. A. Johnson and J. H. Rauch, with citizens William Giles, A. B. Reyn- olds and Samuel Hoard, and the Mayor, J. B. Rice, as ex-officio member of the board. Dr. Rauch was made Sanitary Superintendent and Dr. H. S. Hahn City Physician. In 1869 Dr. George Schloetzer superseded Dr. Wagner as member of the Board, which otherwise remained unchanged until after the great fire of 1871. After the disappearance of the cholera epi- demic, which prevailed to some extent from 1854 to 1860, the city continued quite free from epidemics, and, as usual under such conditions, the municipal .authorities gave less and less attention to sanitary conditions, until, as already stated, in 1860 they formally abolished the Health Department and transferred its duties to the Mayor and police. This was done in opposition to the vigorous protest and earn- est warnings of the leading medical men of the city, acting both as individuals and as members of the Chicago Medical Society. From 1858 to 1863 Dr. N. S. Davis made fre- quent efforts to have a competent medical Health Officer placed in charge of the sanitary interests of the city. His efforts were actively supported by Drs. Rauch, H. A. Johnson and others, and in 1865 a public meeting of the profession appointed a committee consisting of Drs. Davis, J. W. Freer, J. P. Ross, H. Hitch- cock, R. N. Isham and B. McVickar, to formu- late and present specific recommendations to the municipal authorities for improving the HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 749 sanitary conditions of the city, and for the preservation of reliable records of vital sta- tistics. The committee faithfully discharged the duties imposed upon it, and was largely instru- mental in having a regular Board of Health re-established in 1867, with a competent physi- cian as Sanitary Superintendent. In the meantime, however, while sanitary affairs were being neglected, and the city was substantially without a Health Department, the population was rapidly increasing, and the busi- ness of slaughtering and meat-packing indus- try, near the South Branch, had been begun and was being actively prosecuted, and enough of the blood and offal allowed to enter the river to contaminate both air and water. To such an extent had this nuisance grown that, during the years 1863 and 1864, the whole river was tinged with blood. Fish ceased to live in it, and the odor was perceptible over a large part of the city. In the autumn of 1862 a number of cases of smallpox appeared in the city, and the disease spread with such persistence that 2,000 cases were reported during the years 1862, '63 and '64. During the two latter years a severe epidemic of erysipelas also prevailed, much the larger number of cases being located in proximity to the river. Immediately following these local scourges came the cholera epidemic in Europe of 1865, and in this country in 1866, which finally com- pelled the people of Chicago to heed the per- sistent warnings of medical men, sufficiently at least to take measures to create the efficient and intelligent Board of Health of 1867. The Board as then organized remained under the leader- ship of Drs. J. H. Rauch and H. A. Johnson, the former serving as Sanitary Superintendent and the latter as President of the Board until 1873-1874. In August, 1873, Dr. Rauch resigned and Dr. Benjamin C. Miller was appointed his successor. In January, 1874, Dr. Johnson resigned and was succeeded by Dr. J. H. Hahn. In October, 1875, Dr. Hahn died, and the vacancy was filled by the appointment of Dr. Brock McVickar. In July, 1876, another change came in the adoption by the City Council of an ordinance abolishing the Board of Health, and devolving its powers and duties upon a chief officer called the Commissioner of Health, with provision for a corps of Sanitary Inspectors and a Regis- trar of Vital Statistics. The following January (1877) Dr. McVickar resigned his office, and Oscar DeWolf was appointed Commissioner of Health, with Dr. J. S. Knox as assistant, Dr. H. P. Wright as Registrar of Vital Statistics, and a corps of three medical inspectors. Dur- ing the same year an ordinance was passed giving the Commissioner of Health more con- trol over the slaughtering, packing, rendering, fertilizing and other establishments liable to affect the public health. By an act of the Legislature passed in May, 1881, manufactories, work-shops, tenement and lodging houses, etc., were brought under the supervision of the Health Commissioner. While Chicago spends the least amount per capita for health purposes, it has the lowest death rate of any of the principal cities of the country. In accomplishing this result the fol- lowing features of the Health Department's work are regarded as important factors: 1. The supervision and inspection of the milk supply, which has resulted in giving to the city the purest supply of milk and cream of any large city in the country. 2. The efforts of the Department in connec- tion with the use of preventive methods and remedies, especially with reference to consump- tion, diphtheria, influenza, pneumonia, scarlet fever, smallpox and typhoid fever. 3. The city's system of free public baths, open throughout the year. Among other features of the Department's work may be mentioned the development of a first-class practical working laboratory of chem- istry, bacteriology, pathology, and diagnosis, by means of which more than 100,000 separate determinations and manipulations are made annually in the regular branches, exclusive of special examinations and analyses. The original devising and subsequent per- fecting of a system of disinfection, which is widely copied elsewhere. The inauguration of medical school inspec- tion, this being the second city in the country to make the attempt. The vast improvement in the registration of vital statistics and the certification of causes of death. The supervision of contagious disease during life, and conduct of funerals and care of prem- ises after death. And, above all, the persistent education of the public by circulars, leaflets, bulletins, lectures and addresses, and the public press. The Chicago public is thus made more intel- 750 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. ligent on sanitary matters than is any other community, and largely to this fact is ascribed the constantly increasing healthfulness, the reducing of the death rate, and the lengthening of human life in Chicago. Dr. DeWolf continued in the office ten years, during which time the practical working of the city Health Department was systematized, much extended, and administered with more than ordinary efficiency. He resigned in 1887, and was succeeded by Dr. Swayne Wicker- sham who, after a service of three years, in 1890 gave place to Dr. John D. Ware; the latter serving until April, 1893. Dr. Ware was suc- ceeded by Dr. Arthur R. Reynolds, who remained until 1895, when W. R. Kerr was appointed, and served until April, 1897, when Dr. Arthur R. Reynolds was again appointed, and still retains the position. The Department is growing rapidly in importance and in influ- ence, and is frequently quoted and commended by sanitary and other publications. The main offices of the Department of Health are located in Rooms 2, 4, 9, 409, 411, 413 and 415 City Hall . FREE BATH SYSTEM. The Free Public Bath system, already mentioned as an important fac- tor in maintaining the high sanitary standard of the city of Chicago, is claimed in its incep- tion to have been the first absolutely free bath system put in operation in the world other public baths previous to its establishment charging a small fee, ranging from two cents at the Volksbad in Vienna, to five cents in the public rain baths in New York City. The first of its kind to be established in Chicago was the Carter H. Harrison Bath House, which was opened to the public at 192 Mather Street, in the Nineteenth Ward, in January, 1894. The original cost of the building was $7,825, while the plumbing and the heating apparatus cost the additional sum of $2,511, making a total of a little over $10,000. The Martin B. Madden Bath, located at Thirty-ninth Street and Went- worth Avenue, was opened to the public April 17, 1897. "Public Bath Number 3" and the "R. A. Waller Bath" were established respectively in 1900 and 1901, the former located in the Twenty-ninth Ward and the latter in the Eighteenth Ward. Besides these, bathing stations have been opened at a number of the pumping stations, which, by the utilization of the warm waste water, furnish accommodations to a large num- ber of people. The outdoor Swimming and Wading Pool, located in McKinley Park, in the southwest part of the city, was opened during the year 1903, and promises to be of great convenience to a large class of population situated remotely from the lake shore. The dimensions of the pool are 350 by 150 feet, the depth ranging from nothing to nine feet, the whole surrounded by a graded walk, with a shelter 73 1 /& feet in length by 44^4 feet in width. Dressing rooms and suits are provided free. The number of persons men, women and children availing themselves of the advan- tages of the public bathing houses and bathing stations during the year 1903 was estimated at over half a million. CHAPTER XXXI. HARBORS, FERRIES AND BRIDGES. FIRST WHITE VISITORS TO THE CHICAGO RIVER IMPORTANCE OF A HARBOR AT CHICAGO ATTRACTS ATTENTION IN 1814 ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL AND CHICAGO HARBOR TWIN ENTERPRISES FIRST STEP IN IM- PROVEMENT OF CALUMET HARBOR AND RIVER BEGUN IN 1870 RANK OF CHI- CAGO AS A MARITIME PORT HISTORY OF FERRIES AND BRIDGES FIRST FERRY ESTAB- LISHED IN 1829 ADVANCE FROM THE INDIAN CANOE TO THE BASCULE BRIDGE. The division of harbors connected with the Department of Public Works of the city of Chicago has general supervision over the City Harbor, including the Lake Front, the waters of Lake Michigan extending three miles into the lake between the north and south limits of the city; the Chicago River and its branches, and all slips adjacent thereto; as well as the Calu- met River and all slips adjacent thereto. The officers having general supervision of harbor affairs are: Robert B. Wilcox, Assistant Engi- neer in Charge; John A. McCarthy, Harbor Master; Thomas J. Elderkin, Vessel Despatcher. HISTORICAL (1673-1901). The first white men HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. to come to the Chicago River with their boats were the French Jesuit Missionaries and the fur-trade adventurers. Vague rumors, through intercourse with the Indians, had given them an idea of a great river in the West, and through the lakes and this great unknown river they expected to find a navigable water course across the continent. It was this idea of a water way that made Chicago and the Chicago Harbor. Marquette and Joliet came here in 1673 and Marquette's map, published in 1681, shows a river connecting the Mississippi and Lake Michigan. The importance of a harbor at Chicago was first talked of August 6, 1814, in connection with the idea of having a canal which would connect the waters of Lake Michagan with the Mississippi River. "Chicago Creek" at that time did not amount to much, and its mouth was blocked by sand which would admit the passage of small boats only over the bar, although the water was deep enough above the mouth to float larger vessels. The importance of the harbor arose from the fact that a short portage only separated its waters from those flowing into the Mississippi. The projection of the Illinois and Michigan Canal was the making of Chicago. The canal and harbor were twin enterprises. Without a good harbor Chicago could never have become a port of entry; and if there were no clear way of exit into Lake Michigan the canal would be almost worthless. As a result of cor- respondence in 1830 between residents of Chi- cago, then a settlement of less than one hun- dred inhabitants, and members of Congress, the first appropriation of $25,000 was made in 1833 for the improvement of Chicago Harbor, and work was commenced the same year under the direction of Major George Bender. The project contemplated the formation of a channel four- teen feet wide, through the mouth of the river and between two piers extending into the lake. The work was carried on at irregular intervals and, with various modifications, until 1870, when the present plan for an outer harbor was adopt- ed, which contemplated the construction of an easterly breakwater 4,000 feet long, about 3,300 feet from the shore, and a southwesterly break- water 3,000 feet long, the protected area being about 455 acres, of which 270 acres were reserved for piers and slips, and 270 acres with a depth dredged to sixteen feet for harborage. Up to and including 1869 the Government expended $416,167.22 during the years 1863 to 1865. In 1878 the plan was still further modi- fied by proposing an additional breakwater about 5,400 feet long to be located north and east of the harbor entrance. Up to and includ- ing 1900 the United States Government has expended for the improvement of the harbor proper $2,201,005, which is a very small amount in comparison with the money spent on other harbors, when the importance of Chicago as a port is taken into account. CALUMET HARBOR AND RIVER. The improve- ment of the Calumet Harbor and River has been carried on by the United States Government. The improvement of the harbor proper was started in July, 1870. The object was to provide a deep entrance to the Calumet River, which was accomplished by building parallel piers (300 feet apart), projecting into the lake from the shore at the mouth of the river and dredg- ing between them to a depth of 20 feet. To June 30, 1900, 4,140 lineal feet of the north pier, 4,020 lineal feet of the south pier, and 1,000 feet of foundation of the proposed 4,400 feet of the outer breakwater had been completed. Vessels of the largest size and deepest draft known to the Great Lakes now frequent this, the most capacious artificial harbor on Lake Michigan. The importance of Chicago as a port is shown by the following statement taken from the report of W. S. Chance, Supervising Special Agent of the United States Treasury Depart- ment, dated June 30, 1900. From this state- ment it will be seen that Chicago stands in the fourth place in point of collections, and in the first place in point of vessels entered and cleared. Chicago leads New York by 2,998 total entrances and clearances, and falls but 4,331 below the total of the group including Baltimore, Boston, New Orleans, Philadelphia and San Francisco. Thus we see Chicago stand- ing at the very head of the list of ports con- nected with the marine trade on the American continent. CALUMET AND CHICAGO CANAL. A corpora- tion chartered by act of the Legislature March 10, 1869, under the name of the Calumet & Chi- cago Canal & Dock Company, has been the means of developing that part of Chicago and Cook County known as the Calumet region. It had its inception in the plans of the Bowen brothers (Chauncey and James H.), who, in the early sixties, made extensive purchases of land 752 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. along the Calumet River. As just noted, a charter was granted to a company consisting of Elam G. Clark, Daniel J. Schuyler, George W. White, James H. Woodworth, Charles V. Dyer, John McCaffrey, George Schneider, John V. Le Moyne and George W. Sanford, represent- ing a capital of $500,000, with power to pur- chase land, condemn right of way and con- struct a canal connecting the Calumet River with the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Several thousand acres of land were acquired in con- nection with the enterprise, and the contem- plated improvement of the Calumet River began. The canal, however, was not built, and in time the company became financially in- volved. A reorganization was effected in 1881, and a total of common stock was issued of $3,800,000 and bonds amounting to $1,800,000. With the proceeds secured by the sale of bonds, docks were built and the river dredged, making, with subsequent improvements inaugurated by the General Government, one of the best har- bors on Lake Michigan. By making certain concessions the company induced large indus- tries to locate along the harbor, and the Calu- met region is today one of the most busy and prosperous manufacturing, and shipping points in the State, in some respects rivaling even the district immediately adjacent to the Chicago River. Preferred stock was issued to take up mortgages upon property of the company, and the last of these were taken up in 1891, leaving the company free from indebtedness. The cor- poration is still actively engaged in advancing the business interests and promoting the devel- opment of the Calumet valley. The present officers are: President, Leslie Carter; Vice- President, William J. Watson; Secretary, Stew- art Spalding. FERRIES, BRIDGES AND VIADUCTS (1829 to 1901). In view of the unparalleled growth of Chicago from a "frontier settlement" to the world-famous city of the Twentieth Century, with its 2,000,000 inhabitants, each and every detail of this phenomenal development will be of interest to future generations who are des- tined to reap the fruit, the seeds of which were planted by the pioneers of that early period. It is the purpose here to present a brief sketch of the improvements of the river and harbor, those great arteries of commerce, especially in respect to those features most closely con- nected with the development of bridge and via- duct construction. The first means established for crossing the Chicago River, as an improvement upon the "Indian's canoe," was by means of a ferry, for which a license was granted by the County Commissioners June 2, 1829, to Archibald Cly- bourn, Samuel Miller and John B. Beaubien, authorizing them "to keep a ferry across the Chicago River at the lower forks, near Wolf Point (located where the Lake Street bridge now crosses the river), crossing the river below the northeast branch, and to land on either side of both branches, to meet the convenience of persons wishing to cross." The license fee was two dollars, and the rates established for crossing were as follows: For each foot passenger, 6*4 cents; man and horse, 12% cents; horse and pleasure vehicle, 50 cents; one-horse wagon, 25 cents; two-horse wagon, 37% cents; cattle or mules, 10 cents; hogs, 3 cents; merchandise, per hundredweight, and grain, per bushel, 6*4 cents. A public ferry was established in 1831 across the Chicago River at the forks, over which it was provided the people of the County should be passed free, all others to be charged schedule rates. Mark Beaubien was the first duly ap- pointed ferryman. The ferries established not affording sufficient facilities for transportation across the river, the construction of bridges was regarded as a necessity. The first of these to be built was in the summer of 1832, near Kinzie Street, across the North Branch, for the use of foot passen- gers only, and was erected by Samuel Miller. During the year 1833 a floating bridge, con- sisting of rough logs, was constructed over the South Branch just north of Randolph Street, at a cost of $486.20, of which $200 was con- tributed by the Indians of the vicinity. It was built by Alanson H. and Charles Taylor. The first drawbridge over the main branch of the river was placed at Dearborn Street in 1834. The timber used in the construction of the bridge was cut from land adjoining Mich- igan Avenue. The structure was 300 feet long, with a sixty-foot passage for vessels. The old Dearborn Street drawbridge was demolished in 1839, and a "scow-ferry" sub- stituted. The proprietors of the warehouses located on the North Side were clamorous for a new structure, by which the wagon-loads of grain and produce coming into the city from the south might more easily reach them, thus insuring more healthful competition. This rea- HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 753 sonable demand was opposed in the Council for a long time, and the ordinance for the con- struction of the Clark Street bridge, in 1840, was carried only by the deciding vote of Mayor B. W. Raymond. This was a floating swing- bridge constructed after plans made by W. B. Ogden, and similar structures were built at Wells, Randolph and Kinzie Streets between 1846 and 1849. These bridges were operated by a chain and capstan. The bridges at Clark, Wells, Kinzie and Randolph Streets were swept away by the flood and ice in 1849. In 1849 bridges were built at Madison and at Randolph Streets, being constructed largely by means furnished by subscriptions of property owners whose property would be benefltted by such improvements. In April, 1847, an ordi- nance was passed prohibiting teams from stop- ping on a bridge or within forty feet of one. Previous to the flood of 1849 the city did little to regulate bridges or bridge-tenders. There were continuous complaints about the slowness and indifference of bridge-tenders, and it was not until 1852 that they were required to give bonds "for the faithful performance of their duties," the amount of a bond being placed at $500 for each incumbent; but by the ordinance of January 13, 1854, bridge-tenders were made special policemen, and their bonds were in- creased from $500 to $2,000, and they were required merely to open and close their bridges as quickly as possible. A pivot-bridge was built at Clark Street in 1854 at a cost of $12,000. It contained a double carriage-way and sidewalks. In 1856 the plans for a bridge at Madison Street were agreed upon. As it was proposed to construct the bridge at municipal expense, a vigorous pro- test was entered against such a proceeding. The bridge was finally built in 1857 for $30,000, and was the first bridge constructed entirely at the city's expense. The first iron bridge in the West was built in 1856 at Rush Street, and this marked a new era of bridge construction in Chicago. The primitive wooden bridges of the pioneers were supplanted by those made of iron or a com- bination of wood and iron which, owing to the increasing traffic, had in turn to give way to the steel swing bridges of today. Previous to the fire of 1871 the city owned and operated twenty-seven bridges, which were constructed between 1856 and 1870, inclusive, to replace the slow-moving float-bridges which at one time were the only ones in use. Six bridges were destroyed in the fire of October 8 and 9, 1871, involving a loss of $71,000. By March, 1873, the work of rebuilding the bridges and viaducts destroyed by the fire was about completed, at a cost of $526,921 for the former, and $189,573 for the latter. From 1879 to 1886 eight bridges were constructed, costing the city $320,452, and the railroad corporations $106,461. During the same period nine via- ducts were built and three old ones " renewed, at a cost to the city of $582,599 and to the railroads of $723,134. The contrast between these figures and those of 1887 and 1888 is strik- ing. During these years six bridges were con- structed, which cost the city only $243,297, the railroads paying $197,195. Ten viaducts were erected and two renewed at a cost to the city of only $214,155, while that to the railroads was $968,256. The first attempt in Chicago to overcome the objectionable features of the swing-bridge was made in 1891 by the construction of the Weed Street bridge a movable bridge without cen- ter pier, known as a "folding bridge," patented by Captain Harmon, which has not proved a success on account of the expense of its main- tenance and its easily getting out of order. In 1893 a somewhat improved form of this bridge was constructed at Canal Street, but it had the same objectionable features found in the Weed Street bridge. In 1894 the "Waddell" lift-bridge was built over the South Branch, at South Halsted Street. While this bridge re- moves the objectionable feature of the center- pier and protection, its cost is something enor- mous ($237,000), and its operation, repairs and maintenance have been a constant source of expense to the city. In 1895 a rolling lift- bridge, patented by William Scherzer, was built over the South Branch, at Van Buren Street. In 1897 a similar bridge was built over the North Branch, at Halsted Street. These bridges, although a marked improvement upon the fold- ing and lift-bridges, have some objectionable features. The main objection lies in the fact that this type of bridge requires a most solid foundation. In 1899 the Bridge Division of the City made a critical analysis of the literature on movable bridges built in the United States and Europe, with a view to selecting a type of bridge suit- able to the requirements of the Chicago River and its branches. The result of this analysis 754 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. was very ably put in the form of a report by Alexander Von Babo, showing the advantages and disadvantages of the various movable bridges in use. The type known as the "Trun- nion Bascule Bridge" was considered to be the one that could most fully and satisfactorily meet Chicago requirements from a scientific as well as a practical and ecomonical point of view. Three complete designs were made, dif- fering in appearance, but all involving the main feature (that of a revolving trunnion), which were submitted to a Board of Consulting Engi- neers appointed by the Commissioner of Public Works, consisting of the following well-known engineers: E. L. Cooley, Ralph Modjeski and Byron B. Carter. The Board recommended design No. 3, with some modifications, which were subsequently carried into effect. The design was prepared and worked out with great care by Mr. Edward Wilmann, City Bridge Engineer, and John Ericson, City Engineer, with a view to its adoption for all the bridges of this type, and approved by L. E. McGann, Commissioner of Public Works, and the above named consulting engineers. Credit is also due to Thomas G. Pihlfeldt, Assistant City Bridge Engineer, and Alexander Von Babo and Karl L. Lehman, structural iron designers, and Mr. John C. Bley, machine designer, for their serv- ice in connection with this work. Competitive designs and bids were opened May 15, 1900, for the Ninety-fifth Street bridge, and a contract awarded to Roemheld & Gallery June 21, 1900. The approximate cost was $152,000, and work commenced July 18, 1900. Bids for the Division Street bridge were opened June 1, 1900, and the contract was signed July 11, 1900 (contractors, Messrs. Roemheld & Gallery) ; approximate cost, $133,000; work commenced July 16, 1900. Bids were opened for the Clybourn Place bridge January 25, 1901; contracts signed during 1901; contractors, American Bridge Com- pany; approximate cost $148,000, including bid lor substructure by Fitzsimmons & Connell amounting to $64,000. Plans and specifica- tions submitted by the Sanitary District of Chicago for Canal Street bridge have been approved and signed; also for a viaduct at Canal and Sixteenth Street, submitted by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad Companies, and work commenced July 30, 1900. Supervision of the erection of the Northwest- ern Elevated Railroad, together with the usual miscellaneous work of preparing plans, plats and data for various projects, constitute a por- tion of the work of this division. The navigable portions of the river are now crossed by fifty-eight draw-bridges, of which eight are for railroads exclusively, forty-eight for streets and street railways exclusively, and two for both street and traffic. These two latter carry Lake Street and the Lake Street Elevated Railway, Wells Street and the Northwestern Elevated Railway respectively. Of all these existing draw-bridges, fifty are swing-bridges all but one (the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway) having center piers. One of these is a vertical bridge, at Halsted Street; two are folding bridges, at Weed Street and Canal Street; and five are Bascule bridges. The present scheme of improvement provides for the replacement of twelve swing-bridges with as many Bascule bridges. The "Granger" bridge, built between 1846 and 1849, swung on a pivot from the shore end, with the swinging end on a float made out of sheetiron (a square box concern) and turned by a capstan. There was one each at Lake Clark and Wells Streets. At Kinzie Street the old-fashioned weight draw-bridge was built, which was the first edition of the later "Bas- cule." In 1856 the Rush Street bridge was built of steel, which was a great improvement over the float-bridge; but on account of a large drove of cattle being driven on while the bridge was turning, the cattle were forced to run to the north end of the bridge, which caused the structure to break in two on the center pivot, and the cattle were dumped into the river, only a few being saved alive by being hoisted upon a vessel standing near by. The progress from the "Indian canoe" for crossing the Chicago River to the modern Bas- cule bridge has taken comparatively a few years, and is the partial fulfillment of the say- ing that "Chicago beats the world" for growth and improvements. HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 755 CHAPTER XXXII. DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE. FIRST ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE A DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEM FOR CHICAGO IN 1847 DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE COMMISSIONS APPOINTED IN 1852 AND 1855 THE SEWERAGE COMMISSION GIVES PLACE TO A BOARD OF PUB- LIC WORKS IN 1861 CHANGES OF THE LAST FIFTY YEARS EXTENT AND COST OF SYSTEM THE DRAINAGE CANAL ITS HISTORY AND EXTENT COST OF THE WORK OVER $45,000,000. On February 18, 1847, a legislative act, sup- plementary to the City Charter, granted to the Common Council power to build and repair sewers by special assessment upon the prop- erty benefited thereby. In the year 1849, Madison Street, east and west, and State Street, north and south, were decided upon as the summit in the South Division of the city; the grades of that por- tion lying north of Madison Street and west of State Street to slope to the north and drain into the main river; the portion east of State to slope east and drain into the lake; and the portion south of Madison and west of State Street to slope west and discharge into the South Branch. Nothing was done by way of drainage, however, except to open ditches, until the year 1850, when triangular shaped wooden box sewers were built in Clark, La- Salle and Wells Streets from the main river to the alleys south of Randolph Street. The cost of these alley sewers was $2,871.90, which amount was wholly paid for by the property benefited. By act of the Legislature, dated June 23, 1852, a commission consisting of Henry Smith. George W. Snow, James H. Reed, George Steele, H. L. Stewart, Isaac Cook and Charles V. Duer was appointed and empowered to locate, con- struct and maintain ditches, culverts, embank- ments, bridges and roads In lands lying in Townships 37, 38, 39 and 40 North, Ranges 12, 13 and 14 East of the Third Principal Meridian (Cook County), and to the land and material necessary for these improvements, and assess the cost of such work upon the land they deemed to be benefited thereby. The lan