■'"^ fm I E) RAFLY OF THE UN IVLR5ITY Of ILLI NOIS ADDEESS YOUNG MEN, HEAD AT A. LITEEAEY INSTITUTE, LORD LYTTELTON. PrBLISKED VNSBS IHE DIHECTION OF IHE TBACT COIIMITTBB. LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE; sold at the depositories: 77, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's-Inn Fields; 4, Royal Exchange ; 48, Piccadilly ; and by all booksellers. /U ADDEESS. You will remember tlie remarkable passage in one of St. Jobn^s Epistles^* wbere, among otter classes^ be addresses young men as follows: ^^ I write unto you^ young men^ be- cause ye bave overcome tbe wicked one^^; and again more fully^ and witb repetition^ '^Because ye are strong, and tbe word of God abidetb in you, and ye bave overcome tbe wicked one.^^ Tbese words, like otbers in tbe Scriptures,^ suggest tbe misgiving tbat tbey are in present circumstances inapplicable, and not * 1 John ii. 13, 14. A 2 corresponding to tlie actual truth of life. We ask^ Is it so ? Are young men on tlie whole, and as a class, spiritually strong — dwelt in abidingly by the Word ? Have they overcome the evil and wicked one ? Nay, are they not, at best, in the beat of the conflict, often, if not most often, conquered rather than conquerors ? By any, even the most human standard, are they in any adequate sense strong ? Have they reached any firm and settled moral ground whereon to stand ? Compared with the more advanced in life, it might almost seem to us that the saying should be inverted, and applied rather to those. Certainly we must all of us know many of the aged, reposing serenely after their powers of outward activity are gone, of whom we feel we can say, with far more assurance than of any of the young, that they have overcome evil, and have reached an abiding and settled state. So, too, we should infer from the too true proverbial sayings — true, if we look only at the course of nature,, unenlightened and un- aided from above — such as these. That young men will be young men, that they must sow their wild oats, &c. But this is only after the manner of Scrip- ture in many respects. The Spirit often speaks of men and of things, not as they are but as they ought to be : of men as they in their better moods profess to be : as they aim at being, and as they, or some of them, are on the whole tending to become in some higher existence ; as if looking back at the unf alien state of man, or what man would have become had he not fallen, or what he might now be, even after his fall, would he but fully lay hold on the power held out to him by regenerating grace. So, as is often observed, a Saint in the New Testament simply means a Christian. Alas ! are all Christians Saints ? The Christian Churchy even on earth, is spoken of as a pure and lioly tiling — far enough, from wliat it ever lias been or is. It is but a part of the all-pervading mystery^ the discord introduced by moral evil into the perfect concord of God's creation : the weakness that ever dogs and besets strength^ the inex- tricable intermingling of good and bad. ^^An enemy hath done this/'* And we are to learn from it^ of course^ never to be content with what is^ but ever to be looking to the fixed standard of what ought to be_, so as to en- deavour more and more to bring ourselves and others near to it : to measure the constant deflexion of a fallen nature from its normal and commanded state,, and rectify it by the strong counterworking of a power above our own. So_, besides the words which I quoted at the cutset^ you will remember many beautiful expressions in the Bible^ chiefly in the mysti- cal language of prophetic vision, about the * Matt. xiii. 28. essential state of youtli. If^ even apart from actual evil, any sucli creation as this world must be subject to tlie law of cbange, it would be strange if tbe best state of all things were not_, in its proper natm'e,, that of the first-ripe growth. ^^ spring-time/^ says an Italian^ ^' the youth of the year ! youth, the spring-time of life !"* Even Christ, in the figurative phrase of the Song of Solomon, is saidfto be likened to ^^a young hart on the mountains of Bother '^ the mountains of tho Lord hear His voice and leap "like the young unicorn " { : Job § looks back to the days of his youth, when " the secret of God was upon^^ him. The "youth" of him who is in God^s favour is ^^ renewed like the eaglets": || the perfect nature, again, of Christ is spoken of thus : " Thou hast the dew of thy * primavera, gioventu dell' anno ! gioventu, primavera della vita ! t ii. 17. t I^s. xxii. 6. § xxix. 4. |1 Ps. ciii. 5. 8 youtt.'^* And remember tlie two immortal passages in tliat wonderful book Ecclesiastes, wbicli I suppose is inspired in tbis sense^ tbat tbe writer was guided to set fortb in tbe most forcible language^ as a staple of tbe book, tbe unsatisfying view of buman life, and tbe poor attempts of tbe unaided man to make tbe best of it, wbile in occasional glimpses be catcbes a sigbt of tbe true consolation, tbe prospect o^ tbe far land beyond. Botb tbese views, I *2iink, may be seen in tbe former of tbe two passages I mean — "Rejoice, young man, in tby youtb; and let tby beart cbeer tliee in tbe days of tby youtb, and walk in tbe ways of tbine beart, and in tbe sigbt of tbine eyes: but know tbou, tbat for all tbese tbings God will bring tbee into j udgment . Tber ef ore remove sorrow from tby beart, and put away evil from tby flesb ; for cbildbood and youtb are vanity/^ t I hsLve heard a construction, to my mind most dreary * Ps. ex. 3. t Eccles. xi. 9, 10. and inliuman_, put on tliis famous passage, as if it was meant ironically_, and as if it really saidj " Kejoice not in thy youth/^ I believe nothing of the sort. It means to allow the regulated enjoyment, under due control, of the natural pleasures of youth, with a con- sciousness, never to be put away, that it will be all matter of judgment according to righteous- ness hereafter. Any other course is what Scripture calls conformity to ^'^the world '^: which men arbitrarily take to mean, some one thing and some another, whereas it means simply everything, however dealt with, apart from the will of God, and obedience to Him. The concluding words may probably be taken as an illustration of what I alluded to in this book, that it has only short and occasional ghmpses of the higher truth. The writer seems to ^' sink down on scathed wing,^^* from the height he had just reached, and to fall * "Christian Year": St. Michael and All Angels. 10 back on tlie merely Leatlieii or Epicurean view — '' Childliood and youtli are passing vanities^ and there is notking beyond ; there- fore, make the most of them while they last/' This is the one side of Doddridge's famous epigram : — *' Live while you live," the epicure will say, " And give to pleasure eveiy fleeting day." " Live while you live ! " the holy preacher cries, " And give to God each moment as it flies." Lord, in my life may both xmited be, — I live to pleasure if I live to Thee. I say the writer very likely meant this^ while it is easy for the Christian to give the passage its spiritual sense, at least a sense indicating our true interest — namely, to live, because of the transitoriness of youth and of life, so as to extinguish sorrow and evil in eternity, and not only in this world. In the other still better known passage,* the material words are the first ones : '^ Re- member thy Creator in the days of thy youth, * Eccles. xii. 1. 11 wHle the evil days come not^ nor the years draw nigli wlien tliori slialt say_, I liave no pleasure in them." Tliese words sufficiently illustrate wliat I said of the essential goodness and value which ought to belong to youth. For what are the '^ evil days " ? Clearly those^ compared with youth^ of old age and natural decay^ which surely are so in some, though not by any means in every, sense. And the good days are those of youth, but if only in them the Creator is remembered, and '"''the conclusion of the whole matter " * in the fear of Him, and observance of His laws. Another view may be taken. It seems that though in our minds we may imagine in some sort spirits — though invisible — we can by no effi^rt imagine a form more beautiful than the human, in its highest and best aspects, f Thus we people with angels our imagined * Eccles. xii. 13. t Compare Mansel, '' Bampton Lectures," 18, 85^ 286. 12 Heaven; and those wlio have seen, for instance, Lawrence^s portrait of Lord Durham's son, aged thirteen, will feel no extravagance in the well-known phrase, "The human face divine/'* • Having then looked at the season of youth in this ideal sort of way, we must repeat the acknowledgment that it is often far enough from the actual fact. Youth is, or ought to be, the season of free choice, unstiffened by habit; of the plastic or moulding powers of the mind on itself; the season of elasticity, both moral and intellectual; of resistance to discourage- ment and apathy; of hopefulness and confidence tempered by modesty, deference, and teach- ableness ; of buoyant spirits and vigour ever new; of growth in practical faith, spiritual insight, and definite purpose.f What, too often, is it ? * " Paradise Lost," III. 41. t Of course I do not mean very early youth. A man of much experience told me he thought twenty-seven was about the age when a man should be fully fitted for his life's work. 13 I will read you some cliaracteristic words of a great, singular, and popular wi'iter, witli wliom many of you, I have no doubt, are ac- quainted — Mr. Carlyle.* Tkey are, of course, only half in earnest, but in their grim and cynical facetiousness tliey may serve as a balance, of the pessimist kind, to the lofty and optimist ideal which we have been imagining. " I have heard affirmed,^^ says his imaginary hero Teufelsdrockh, ^^ (surely in jest) by not unphilanthropic persons, that it were a real increase of human happiness could all young men from the age of nineteen be covered under barrels or rendered otherwise invisible, and there left to follow their lawful studies and callings, till they emerged, sadder and wiser, at the age of twenty-five. With which sug- gestion, at least as considered in the Hght of a practical scheme, I need scarcely say that I nowise coincide. Nevertheless it is plausibly * " Sartor Resartus," 132. 14 urged_, tliat as young ladies are to mankind precisely tlie most delightful in those years^ so young gentlemen do then attain their maxi- mum of detestabihty. Such gawks are they, and foolish peacocks, and yet with such a vul- turous hunger for self-indulgence; so obstinate, obstreperous, vainglorious; in all senses, so fro ward and so forward." WeU, whatever may be the faults, from the most venial lapse up to the deadliest sins against which the young have to guard, the question is a practical one, and you wiU not expect that I can go far into it, or offer you anything new. In one sense, I need not say, and rightly understood, we accept the Scriptural saying, ^' The love of money is the root of all evil ";* but for our present purpose, and probably as much at this time as at any former one, if not more,, I would rather say, " Idleness is the root * 1 Tim. vi. 10. 15 of all evil.'' Now idleness means doings doing of any kind_, niucli less tiian we ought or can. Literally doing notliing is_, of course, hardly possible. The old lines put it truly enough, — " Satan finds some miscliief still For idle hands to do " ; and the true meaning, I conceive, of our Lord^s saying about the house swept and garnished,* is a warning against idleness. The house is the soul, or the mind, of man ; say of a young man, who has been well brought up and prepared for active hfe : this is the sweeping and garnishing. The evil spirit has been so far, we may trust, di'iven and kept out by the good influences of which Baptism is the sign and the warrant. But a house swept and garnished means a house only ready to he occupied, not yet occupied; and the parable means, that as such a house will be occupied by some one, if not by the good then inevitably * Matt. xii. 43-45. 16 by tlie bad^ so it will be of tbe mind and soul. Unless good influences and principles ^prevent, anticipate^ take jprior possession to the bad ones^ preoccupy tlie ground^ infalKbly the evil ones will not lose their opportunity, but will come in sevenfold force. The soul cannot lie fallow; it must produce the benignant and beneficent crop of corn, or the noxious one of weeds and tares. We may be reminded (though it is not an exact parallel) of a curious passage in Isaiah,* supposed to be addressed to those who pre- tended to be gods, ^' Do good or do evil " ; at all events do something — almost anything that one can lay hold of is better than doing nothing. And of all the unpromising cases, I doubt if there be any more unpromising than that of those whom of late we have called, by a strange word imported from America, of which the derivation is utterly unknown to and * xli. 23. 17 unguessed by me_, — ^''loafers''; fellows wlio lounge about all day with, tlieir hands in their pockets. To put it on the lowest gTOund, they may be very sure that those who do so are the least likely of all men to have anything in the said pockets worth putting their hands in to draw out. I would say to young men^ Work or play, one or the other; understanding both words in a laro-e sense. Best, of course, if the two are compounded in due proportion and fairly ac- cording to rule ; nor is any one blameless who does not observe such a rule : but either of them is better than sheer idleness and vacuity. Exercise for the mind, of almost any kind, is work ; and if it be for an innocent purpose it is not likely to be wrong, if it does not take the place of some duty; for at least it strengthens the muscles of the mind. Exercise for the body must needs be either work or play, and in one sense, of course, the same thing may be both. 18 I liave heard lately a sort of Utopia delineated for tlie Englisli workman^ as follows : — Eight hours for work, and eight hours for play, Eight hours for sleep, and eight shillings a-day. Now if these four eights are hondfide occupied as described — ^if Nature will provide the eight hours' sleep — ^if the work is good_, hard_, and steady work — if the meals are taken out of the eight hours for play — ^if the play includes the cultivation of domestic and social affections, and some mental as weU as bodily recreation and refreshment — and if a fair portion of the eight daily shillings is bestowed on appliances for improvement of all kinds, I do not much object to this symmetrical appropriation, where it is attainable. And you will not fail to notice that it leaves no margin for mere idleness. This advice, however, is particularly ad- dressed to mere handicraftsmen, and many of 19 you are of a class somewhat above that. But for jouj even more than for them, it is a matter of absolute duty^ to which I now advert for a moment, to keep the bodily frame well breathed and exercised. I suspect that duty is not as well attended to among the middle classes as it commonly is among the upper by choice, and among the lower by necessity; though I hope it may be better so than some forty years ago, when I remember the pubK- cation by an able and sensible man, long since deceased — Lord Dabneny — of a pamphlet ad- dressed to London tradesmen on the importance of their securing adequate air and outdoor exercise. Idleness, then, I said, is the root of all or of much evil. One or two special evils may be noted which obviously and indisputably are its growth. One is intemperance. I am not about to give you a teetotal lecture. Apart from the medical ground, of which I am no 20 judge^ and of which I cnn only say that we must wait till the scientific men can come to something like an agreement among them- selves^ it is strange that the advocates of Total Abstinence — I mean, those who urge it as an actual Christian duty, and an ex- ample which we are bound to set — do not see that they have no argument that does not equally apply to all enjoyments and amusements ; for there is none, nor can be, in which there is not temptation to excess, almost always very strong temptation. And on the general cause of temperance there is less need here than in most places to go into any details; for yom* Minister has, or had not long ago, in actual and fairly suc- cessful operation, a system by which those who voluntarily adhered to it bound them- selves to two manifestly reasonable condi- tions, — not to drink spirits except under medical advice, and not to separate drinking 21 alcoholic liquors from eating : in other words^ only to drink them at meals. I am speaking, however, of drunkenness ; and of that it is a commonplace saying, that at least one main cause is idleness ; emptiness of mind and unoccupied limbs. I will not dwell, for in this assembly I hope there are hardly any to whom the words need to be spoken, of the crying evil in these prosperous times, and above almost all other parts of England in this district, of the waste of the time and the resources, to their own loss and that of the nation, of the labouring class. But by all classes everywhere and at all times, are the memorable words of the stem old Prophet to be laid to heart, which he spake of the worst of those sins of the flesh among which drunken- ness holds scarcely a lower place : he attributes them to ^^ pride, fulness of bread, and abun- dance of idleness. ^^* * Ezek. xvi. 49. 22 In speaking of sucli a vice as drunkenness^ we must bear in mind not only what it is_, but wbat it leads to. But this topic is too noto- rious to be dwelt on. I will only repeat to you an old legend^ or apologue^ of the times in which men were believed to make strange and mysterious bargains with the Devil^ by which they became more or less bounds and bound by irresistible obhgation, to act, at least at times,, at his bidding. The story is, that some such unhappy man — even as David was offered the choice of three plagues — ^was once forced to choose between three sins, one of which he must needs commit. To get drunk was one of these. What the other two were is imma- terial; it is enough to say that each of them was, simply in itself, a much worse offence than drunkenness. So the poor wretch elected to get drunk ; and in that state he committed both the other sins which he had hoped to escape. * * Berens' "Advice to a Yotmg Man about to enter Oxford." 1832, p. 119. 23 Apart from legend, tlie essence of tliis story is of daily occurrence; and one of tlie sins alluded to may be easily conjectured. It is tliat on wliicli I liave wished to say a few words with plainness, on wHcli account I requested that only men should be admitted this evening, — ^the sin of impurity. It is not, truly, that women are not in many ways deeply concerned in this matter ; but it would be treated in a different manner with them. And on the whole, though not without sad exceptions, it may be said that the contrast between the young of the two sexes in this respect is broad and strong. Especially in the more favoured classes, to young women may be applied the familiar words ^^Ignorance is bhss,^^ — the igno- rance of innocence and purity; and it certainly is one of the distinctive advantages to them, counterbalancing some relative inferiorities, that herein their temptations are so much less, and, it may be added, in this point of view, the 24 consequences of sin so niucli more serious. Surely tliey, far oftener tlian we in our youth, can say witli trutli what the melancholy poet said in his despairing irony,* that ^^ Goodness is no name, and happiness no dream ''; for full happiness cannot well be for those who are exposed to the incessant persecution of restless longings and long- deferred hopes, even if they resist, and are not, as the same poet says,t '^driven o^er the shoals of guilt, and ocean of excess/^ Now I am not about to dwell on the most ordinary topics, forcible as they are. Indeed I am willing to admit that sometimes, in one point of view, over-strong statements ma-y be made on this matter — I mean in what you will understand as the subjective view : that which relates to the man himself alone. If we admit that the temptation, often or generally, is * B}Ton's " Childe Harold," II. cxiv. t " Poems," II. 190. Ed. 1821. 25 stronger than others^ it may not be unreason- able to bold, so far, that the merciful rule may apply, that the stronger temptation may re- ceive the more lenient allowance. But con- sider what an immense weight is thrown into the other scale, if we look at the case in the manner suggested by what has just been said — namely, in its bearing on the other sex. Is there any one of you — is there, or has there ever been, in any Christian country at least — nay in any society but the most pro- foundly depraved — any one who could bear to think, I will not say of any sister, but of any relation or friend, in whom he took any interest, falling into vice ? being seduced ? Nay, seduc- tion, to a woman, is not the lowest, probably not, in any sense, even the worst form of the vice. It at least implies what is natural, natural passion : generally it may be taken as involving more or less of genuine love. How much lower a depth is that which is so 26 commonly beyond and after seduction, tliat in which, those most unhappy of the human race dwell, those in whom even the natural, how- ever lawless, relations jxro. inverted, who are themselves the solicitors and the aoducers, and in whom the life they lead not only is toroign from love but is not even prompted by lust, but is a mere matter of livelihood and gain ! And if, by common confession, so pitiable and deep -dyed in sin is the condition of these wretched women, what wilful blindness is it which refuses to see that the man is at least to the full extent a sharer in the woman^s sin? Truly, if he reflected at all, he could not but wish that the Mahometan creed, or supposed creed, were true, and that women had no souls to be saved. I will add but one assurance, which I do not merely from hearsay. You will often hear from the reckless and self-indulgent, that this sin is inevitable and irresistible. It is false. 27 It can be resisted^ like otlier vices and temp- tations; and_, without adverting to those direct- ly moral and religious arguments^ wliicli I may more fitly leave to others^ I will only Jiere notice^ as tlie best (I believe) of all secondary aids_, that what I said above as to exercise of body and mind — hoih body and mind^ you will specially note — has its peculiar force with relation to the vice of which I speak. They will best_, and with the least difl&culty^ resist it_, who keep body and mind constantly em- ployed. One word on another great safeguard_, the hope and the prospect of marriage. No greater wickedness_, I conceive^ has been per- petrated in the history of the world than the enforcement of life-long celibacy. But the sting of it is far more in the life-length than in the compulsion. Compulsion for a time may sometimes be right ; at all events it is no more than the constitution of society 28 inevitably does in all old countries, for the great majority. It may surprise some of those who only believe about the famous writer Malthus, ac- cording to the vulgar error, that he was an opponent of marriage, to know that his object was simply the postponement of marriage till 'Hhat period, whatever it may be, when, in the existing circumstances of the society, a fair prospect presents itself of maintaining a family/^ Surely no great tyranny.* But no doubt this implies in most cases a long-con- tinued resistance to temptation, which is natural enough, as one part of our probation. I conclude with words, most tender and profound, of a great writer ;t written before he had left the Church of his fathers, to her heavy loss — ^perhaps the heaviest she has ever * Bk. IV. ch. ii., vol. ii. pp. 327, 328, Ed. 1806. See the whole chapter. t Newman: Sermons by Contributors to Tracts for the Times, Y. 324. 29 sustained : " Blessed are they wlio give the power of their days^ and the strength of soul and body, to Him. Blessed are they who in their youth live to Him who gave His life for them_, and would fain give it to them and implant it in them, that they may live for ever ! Blessed are they who resolve, come good, come ill, come sunshine, come tempest, come hon- our, come dishonour, that He shall be their Lord and Master, their King and Grod ! They will come to a perfect end, and to ^ peace at the last/ They will, with Jacob, confess Him, when they die, *" as the God that fed them all their life long unto that day, the Angel which redeemed them from all evil ' : with Moses that ' as is their day, so shall their strength be ^ : and with David, that ^in the valley of the shadow of death they fear no evil, for He is with them, and that His rod and His staff comfort them ^ ; for ^ when they pass through the waters He will be with them ; and through 30 tlie rivers^ ttey sLall not overflow tliem ; when they walk tlirougli tlie fire they shall not be bumtj neither shall the flame kindle upon them ; for He is the Lord their Grod, the Holy One of Israel,, their Saviour/ ^■'^ * Ps. xxxvii. 38. Gen. xlviii. 15, 16. Dent, xxxiii. 25. Pa. xxiii. 4. Is. xliii. 2, 3. WYMAW AND SONS, PBINTEBS, GEEAT QTJEEK, STBEBT, lONDON, W.O, •.^g ik^s^ -"^ 'M .«. mi -^, n '' y^^' ' ^« ' 'm * -?r P% ' g? C^ ^^T ^mam ^^Wm " Urn -. ^ . ;f?^^ Ik'^ !f''FT^ -, f-^^^:'-,;^\ *|-|^ '^Iji yr.-p' *!F^^fii ^^1 «l i::dfeL '/f/ ^^^ ^ .•■ .^