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 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 11. 
 
 REPORTS OF 
 
 •^CRicu 
 
 
 al 
 
 WITH 
 
 ' May y i 
 
 mo 
 
 bill , 
 
 K I \' l I: 
 
 f I I NO 
 
 VARIOUS INSECTICIDE SUBSTANCES. 
 
 CHIEFLY UPON 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING GARDEN CROPS, 
 
 MADE 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1886 . 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 11. 
 
 REPORTS OF EXPERIMENTS 
 
 with 
 
 VARIOUS INSECTICIDE SUBSTANCES, 
 
 CHIEFLY UPON 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING GARDEN CROPS, 
 
 MADE 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 _ 1 8 8 G . 
 
 9228— Bull. 11 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington, 7). 6\, January 14, 1886. 
 
 r Sir: I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 11 of 
 this Division, which contains in condensed, form the results of a series of 
 ^^experiments with insecticides, carried on by certain agents of the Divis- 
 2 ion during the past summer. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 0. V. RILEY, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Oolman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 l\Th 
 
EXPERIMENTS WITH INSECTICIDES. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 There are a number of remedies against insects, which have been pro 
 posed from time to time, and which have been published without any 
 definite record of experiment, their reputation resting upon hearsay 
 evidence. The list of such remedies is growing longer every day, 
 and with a view of testing some of those which are most frequently rec- 
 ommended, in order to enable us to speak with definiteness concern- 
 ing their value, we prepared a list early in the summer and sent dupli 
 cates to two of our agents, Prof. H. Osborn, at Ames, Iowa, and Mr 
 F. M. Webster, at La Fayette, Ind. At the same time, being desirous of 
 testing the infusions and decoctions of certain plants popularly sup- 
 posed to have insecticide properties, we engaged Mr. Thomas Bennett, 
 of Trenton, N. J., a practical gardener of many years’ experience, to ex- 
 periment in this direction. The reports of these three gentlemen are 
 subjoined, and their results, though in the main negative, are neverthe- 
 less of considerable interest and value. 
 
 KEROSENE WITH MOLASSES. 
 
 It will be noticed that the kerosene emulsion used by Messrs. Web- 
 ster and Osborn w’as made of equal parts of kerosene, molasses, and 
 water. This method of m aking an emulsion was first suggested to us 
 by Mr. E. S. Goff, of the New York agricultural experiment station at 
 Geneva, N. Y., early last August. Mr. Goff had made what he thought 
 a tolerably perfect emulsion w ith these substances by using a crude 
 sorghum molasses, and his experience at once interested us on account 
 of the fact that the mixture was made without heat, and because of the 
 probability that the molasses would render the dilute emulsion more or 
 less adhesive. After a long series of experiments, however, Mr. Goff 
 came to the conclusion that he had overestimated the value of the prep- 
 aration. We quote from his last letter on the subject: 
 
 <‘I write to say that after abundant experimenting with the molasses- 
 kerosene emulsion, of which I w rote to you in August last, I fail to find 
 it equal to the soaj> emulsion. By boiling the molasses and water and 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 adding the kerosene to the hot solution, a very fair emulsion may be 
 made, but on standing, a fermentation seems to take place which causes 
 it to separate, and after that it will not remain mixed. The unexpected 
 success of my first attempt with the very thick sorghum molasses led 
 me to premature and unwarrantable conclusions.” 
 
 Following out the first suggestion, Professor Osborn found it impos- 
 sible to make a stable emulsion from the cold mixture of equal parts of 
 molasses, kerosene, and water, using ordinary low-grade New Orleans 
 molasses, no matter how violent and prolonged the agitation. In from 
 fifteen to twenty minutes, at the most, the oil would almost entirely sep- 
 arate from the mixture, rendering necessary its immediate use after 
 preparation. 
 
 COLD WATER AND CABBAGE WORMS. 
 
 In addition to the results of the experiments with cold water as a 
 remedy for cabbage-worms, as given by both Professor Osborn and Mr. 
 Webster, we have received several communications since our publica- 
 tion early iu the summer, in the columns of the Rural New Yorker , of 
 the suggestion* which originally came to us from Mr. 0. H. Erwin, of 
 Painted Post, N. Y. All of these communications are condemnatory 
 of the remedy. We extract from one. (written by Mr. E. S. Goff) an 
 experiment which is worthy of publication in this connection : 
 
 In experimenting with ice-water for the cabbage caterpillars I tried to intensify the 
 conditions as much as possible. I immersed leaveshaving the caterpillars upon them 
 in ice-water, leaving them there a quarter of a minute. I then removed the leaves to 
 a bench on the west side of the homse, about 3 o’clock p. m., on a very hot day. The 
 temperature must have been at least 100 degrees. Half an hour later I examined 
 them and found the leaves very much withered and becoming brown from the heat, 
 but the worms had crawled to the rear side and were exhibiting no inconvenience. 
 
 In our article just mentioned we left the question as to the efficacy 
 of the remedy open to experimenters, but the positiveness of Mr. Er- 
 win’s assurances, and the thorough, careful tone of his letter, inclined 
 
 * The text of this suggestion was as follows: 
 
 “Mr. Charles H. Erwin, of Painted Post, N. Y., has accidentally hit upon a simple 
 and yet, according to his experience, so perfect a remedy for the imported cabbage 
 worm that I wish to give his experience as much publicity as possible, that it may 
 be widely tested, and, if possible, verified the coming season. It is (to sum up an 
 extended experience which he narrated) simply ice-cold water, or water but a few 
 degrees warmer than ice-water, sprinkled upon the worms during the heat of the day. 
 Mr. Erwin found that such an application iu the hot sun caused them to quickly let 
 go their hold upon the leaves, curl up, roll to the ground and die, while the cabbage 
 suffered nothing, but looked all the fresher for the application. Should this method 
 prove as successful with others as it has with him, it is evident that we have here a 
 remedy of very general application, and one which in cheapness and simplicity far 
 transcends the pyrethrum, which, since I first discovered its value for the purpose 
 iu 1880, has been, on the whole, our safest and most satisfactory remedy against Pieris 
 rapae. Where ice is readily obtainable, as in the more northern States, or where cold 
 springs are found, Mr. Erwin’s discovery will prove of very great value to cabbage- 
 growers, and will prove as useful against some other cabbage worms.” 
 
7 
 
 ns to believe that there might be something in the remedy. When 
 these adverse reports came in we wrote to Mr. Erwin to inquire whether 
 he had made further experiments and for farther evidence. He replied 
 as follows, August 23, 1885 : 
 
 I received last Thursday evening your assistant’s (L. O. Howard) report of your un- 
 successful trial of the “cold-water remedy ” for cabbage worms. I have since called 
 upon two old gardeners in the vicinity, who had used it. Mr. Thomas Homer was the 
 only one whom I found at home, and he was ill . When I told him the result of your ex- 
 periments he interrupted me by saying: “They have not used very cold water, or 
 have used a rose-sprinkler when they should have thrown away the rose and used the 
 spout. I have used ice-water, and it would make them turn white and would not 
 hurt the plants. Deacon Farwell used to make me use ice-water and drench the 
 plants at noon or in the hottest part of the day. I have used nothing else for many 
 years, and have lost scarcely a head of cabbage since I used it.” I have in answer 
 quoted this honest old Scotch gardener for the reason that for the last three or four 
 years I have not worked in or done any gardening for myself. I used to drench my 
 plants every few days, always in the warmest part of the day, or about the time the 
 pests were the most active and destructive — when they were on the upper side of the 
 leaf— and have been told by others that they have succeeded after the worms had 
 filled every crevice with their droppings and rejected chippings, which they had by 
 drenching cleaned out; and here you discover is another benefit and argument for a 
 copious shower of water. 
 
 Possibly those who have experimented have, through fear of injuring the plants, 
 hesitated to use water cold enough or have used it too sparingly and in the cooler 
 part of the day. In making the discovery I was too late to avail myself of caution 
 about the safety of the plant, and was compelled to solace myself with the idea that 
 if the cold had injured and killed them I was not in a worse predicament than before 
 using the cold water, for if I had killed the plants I had only anticipated a few days 
 the certain result of the pests. 
 
 Perhaps the vermin are of a tougher habit in a warmer climate, and I would not 
 hesitate to reduce the temperature of the water another degree or two and be sure of 
 the top degree of the day to apply it. 
 
 Several persons have told me that they used it last season with success, and one 
 person that he had not been troubled this season, not yet having discovered any 
 worms; but until recently but few persons in our vicinity grew more than a hundred 
 plants. This season I have noticed not a few acres planted with cabbages. 
 
 Please have your tests made properly and in the right time, and I think you will 
 succeed. It may seem too simple to be of much benefit, and scarcely worth the trial, 
 and single efforts may fail for want of a little care. Let them act as if there should 
 be no such thing as failure, and they will succeed. Drench more frequently. 
 
 In view of such positive statements on both sides we cannot consider 
 the question as decisively settled yet, but a pretty strong case is made 
 against the remedy in the reports which now follow. 
 
 O. V. KILEY. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS AT LA FAYETTE, 
 
 INDIANA. 
 
 By F. M. Webster. 
 
 I. — Imported Cabbage Worm. {Rieris rapcc Sell.) 
 Experiment 1.— ICE WATER. 
 
 (August 4, 1883.) 
 
 Temperatureof atmosphere about plants, 99° F. Temperature of water, 
 40° F. Drenched two cabbage plants, now well headed and seriously 
 infested. 
 
 Result . — None perceptible. 
 
 Experiment 2. — ICE WATER. 
 
 Temperature of atmosphere, 101° F. Temperature of water, 3S° F. 
 Drenched two plants. 
 
 Result . — None are injured, and only seem to have been displaced. 
 Experiment 3. — ICE WATER. 
 
 ^August 4, 1885. — Temperature of atmosphere, 9S° F. Temperature of 
 water, 30° F. Drenched plants as before. 
 
 Result . — A number were washed off, but none died from the effects of 
 their cold bath. 
 
 Experiment 4.— ICE WATER. 
 
 Temperature of atmosphere, 98° F. Temperature of water, 31° F. 
 Plant seriously infested, larva) from finch long to full grown. Drenched 
 at 1.45 p. m., September 11, 1885, by pouring one quart water on head 
 of plant, thoroughly wetting all larvae visible. 
 
 Result . — At 5 p. m. all worms have returned to the leaves and are 
 actively feeding. 
 
 Experiment 5.— ICE WATER. 
 
 Temperature of atmosphere, 96° F. Temperature of water, 31° F. 
 September 19, 12.45 p. m., poured water from pitcher on two plants. 
 
 Result . — On one plant, worms, even the smallest, finch long, were 
 uninjured; on the other two small worms were found dead soon after. 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 These were discolored when found, and I cannot say whether they died 
 from the effects of water or from an epidemic disease that is destroy- 
 ing these larvae in great numbers; some on this same plant being af- 
 fected and afterwards died, and I think the latter more probably the 
 cause. 
 
 Experiment b. — SALT WATER. 
 
 August 5 . — Dissolved salt in water to fullest capacity. Drenched a 
 number of plants badly infested with larvae. 
 
 Result . — On examination, 24 hours after application, I find no dead 
 larvae, but the living are feeding in abundance. 
 
 Experiment 7.— SALTPETER AND WATER. 
 
 Dissolved in water to fullest capacity. Drenched plants thoroughly. 
 
 Result . — Examined 24 hours after application, but find noue dead, nor 
 any diminution in the numbers of the living, which are feeding as usual. 
 
 Experiment 8.— CARBOLIC ACID AND WATER. 
 
 Solution of 1 part acid to 100 parts water. Drenched two plants. 
 
 Result . — This injured both plants, one quite seriously, by killing the 
 younger, tender leaves, while such of the larvae as were protected by 
 these leaves did not seem to have suffered. 
 
 Experiment 9.— PYRETHRUM POWDER. 
 
 A mixture of one part of powder to three parts flour was thoroughly 
 dusted on plants with Woodason’s powder bellows, care being taken to 
 get the mixture thoroughly introduced among the leaves and cavities 
 eaten out by the larvae. 
 
 This experiment was made in order to establish a basis from which 
 to judge of the efficiency of other insecticides. I will further state that 
 the pyrethrum powder used was sent me from the Department last sea- 
 son (1884), and had been kept in a glass jar closely corked. 
 
 Result . — Fully three-fourths of the larvae were killed. 
 
 Experiment 10. — WOLF’S SOAP.* 
 
 Solution of 1 ounce soap dissolved in J gallon of water, applied at a 
 temperature of 90° E., by drenching plants thoroughly, first wetting 
 them with water, and drenching them with same a short time after ap- 
 plication of solution. 
 
 Result . — At least one-half of the worms were killed and the plants not 
 injured. 
 
 Experiment 11. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution as in 10. Sprayed lightly on several full-grown larvae and 
 confined them under glass. 
 
 Result . — None died. 
 
 * Manufactured by the Milwaukee Soap Manufacturing Company, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
11 
 
 Experiment 12. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution, 3 ounces soap to 1 gallon water; temperature 90°. Sprayed 
 on plants with the Woodason atomizer. 
 
 Result . — Seems to have been rather more effective than in experi- 
 ment 10. 
 
 Experiment 13. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution as in Experiment 12. Drenched plants thoroughly. 
 
 Result . — Does not seem to have been any more effective, although a 
 much larger amount of the solution was used. The spra^ ing method 
 seems the more satisfactory. 
 
 Experiment 14.— WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution, 4 ounces soap dissolved in 1 gallon water. Sprayed on wet 
 surface of leaves and head. 
 
 Result . — Killed a large number of the larvae, but by no means all of 
 them. 
 
 Experiment 15.— BUCKWHEAT FLOUR. 
 
 Dusted the article usually put up for family use on a number of in- 
 fested plants. 
 
 Result . — The larvae did not seem to suffer any inconvenience. 
 
 Experiment 16.— BUCKWHEAT FLOUR. 
 
 Placed 11 larvae in some of this same flour, and covered with glass. 
 
 Result . — Forty eight hours after, none had died, while some had 
 climbed to top of glass and pupated. 
 
 Experiment 17.— AMMONIA AND WATER. 
 
 Solution of 3 tablespoonfuls of ammonia to 1 gallon of water. Ap- 
 plied with syringe. 
 
 Result . — None were injured by the application. 
 
 Experiment 18.— POWDERED ALUM. 
 
 Applied to dew-wet leaves at 8.10 a. in., abundantly. 
 
 Result . — Cannot see that any are destroyed. 
 
 Experiment 19.— COPPERAS AND WATER. 
 
 Dissolved one-lialf ounce copperas in 1 pint water; drenched several 
 plants. 
 
 Result . — This only seemed to cause the worms to seek less exposed 
 positions. Watched for a number of days, but found none dead. 
 
12 
 
 Experiment 20.— BLACK PEPPER. 
 
 Applied the ground article of commerce copiously to two heads of 
 cabbage. 
 
 Result . — I could not see that it affected those which came in contact 
 with it, and all continued to feed as though no application had been made. 
 
 Experiment 21.— CARBOLIZ ED LIME MIXTURE. 
 
 Mixture of carbolized lime 1 part, quick lime f part, gypsum 20 parts. 
 Dusted mixture on two plants. 
 
 Result. — Twenty-four hours after, tiie worms were crawling about on 
 the leaves, feeding, aud although some of the powder adhered to their 
 bodies, I saw no fatal results. 
 
 Experiment 22.— TAR WATER. 
 
 Sprayed on plants. 
 
 Result . — Xoue apparent. 
 
 Experiment 23.— TOMATO WATER. 
 
 Steeped leaves of tomato vines, and applied strong decoction. 
 
 Result . — As in preceding. 
 
 Experiment 24.— ARKANSAS INSECTICIDE.* 
 
 riaced 21 larvae on leaf of cabbage, and dusted both leaf and worms 
 thickly with the insecticide, at 10.25 a. m., August 25. The leaf and worms 
 were confined under a glass. 
 
 Result . — At 10.25 next day, they seemed to be feeding from some parts 
 of the. leaf not covered with insecticide. August 27, they did not seem 
 to relish the leaf with the insecticide thereon, but found enough not at 
 nil or thinly covered to keep them alive. This is not of practical 
 utility for large plants, but might do on those very young. 
 
 Experiment 25.— ARKANSAS INSECTICIDE. 
 
 Tested this thoroughly on plants, with results like those on leaf un- 
 der cover. In this experiment the larvae were watched closely for a 
 period of four days. 
 
 Experiment 2G.— SOLUBLE PIXOLEUM.t 
 
 Solution of 1 part pinoleum to 40 parts water, sprayed copiously on 
 plants in garden, August 25. 
 
 * Manufactured by Hoag A Beecher, Judsonia, Ark. 
 
 t Manufactured by Hausen & Smith, Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 A sample of this “soluble pinoleum ” was also sent to our agent at Cadet, Mis- 
 souri, Mr. ,J. G. Barlow, who reported in brief, as follows: “Have experimented a 
 little with the soluble pinoleum sent to me by your desire from North Carolina. I 
 fouud that a solution of one part to 10 of water was not too strong for larvie of 
 
13 
 
 Remit. — On 27 tli, not over 25 per cent, of worms were destroyed. 
 Living worms abundant, showing no effects whatever. 
 
 Experiment 27.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution the same as in experiment 2G. Placed larvae on a leaf, 
 thoroughly spraying the same. 
 
 Result — Tlie larvae, with the exception of two small ones, survived, 
 and devoured the leaf. 
 
 Experiment 28.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution, 5 parts insecticide to 100 parts water. Sprayed on plants in 
 garden, September 2. 
 
 Result. — On 4tb, a large number of larvae of various sizes were alivo 
 and active, about 40 per cent, apparently having been destroyed. 
 
 Before further experiments could be made the larvae began to die 
 from effects of disease, and it was impossible to carry on the experiment 
 and get definite results. 
 
 Experiment 29.— KEROSENE EMULSION. 
 
 An emulsion consisting of equal parts of kerosene, molasses, and 
 water, was diluted with three times its volume of water. Syringed 
 plants on September 7. Rain during night. Sprayed with same mix- 
 ture again, September 10. 
 
 Result. — September S, 80 per cent, of all worms exposed were de- 
 stroyed. The result of second application could not be definitely de- 
 termined, as many were dying from disease. 
 
 I do not think younger plants would withstand emulsion of this 
 strength, but it would probably not be required for younger larvae. 
 
 Experiment 30.— CARBOLATE OF LIME. 
 
 Dusted plants thoroughly with carbolate of lime, using the Woodason 
 bellows. 
 
 Result. — Two days after, both large and small were still on the plants, 
 with no dead to be fouud. 
 
 Experiment 31. — HAMMOND’S SLUG SHOT.* * 
 
 Dusted insecticide thickly over the plants with powder bellows, Sep- 
 tember 11. Rain fell on 15th. Dusted again on I4th. 
 
 Result. — September 12, quite a number were found dead. 
 
 Noetuids and Pieris. Thu solution in t hese proportions will kill these larvae in from one 
 to two minutes. Plant-lice it will kill instantly. 1’ried several specimens of the 
 larvae of Sjyhinx quinqiieriuiciilata, and found to my surprise that not even the solution in 
 full strength would kill them. I think the pinoleurn will be useful as an insecticide, 
 bub not if mixed with so much water as the proprietors direct.” — C. V. R. 
 
 * Manufactured by B. Hammond, Fishkill-ou- Hudson, N. Y. 
 
14 
 
 Of the first result I can only say that all larvae died from disease 
 shortly after, and at this date (October 19) the fact is clearly noticeable 
 in the leaves, those appearing previous to about the 15th are badly eaten, 
 while those that were put forth after that date are almost intact. 
 
 On October 1 , the difference between the plants treated with slug shot 
 and those not treated was very apparent in the much more thrifty look 
 of the former, and the larger number of perfect leaves, and this differ- 
 ence is still very perceptible. 
 
 Just what per cent, of leaves was killed by insecticide, it is of course 
 impossible to determine, but the plants have a better look. 
 
 II. — Native Cabbage Woem. {Pieris protodice Boisd.) 
 
 Experiment 1.— HAMMOND’S SLUG SHOT. 
 
 Upwards of 50 larvse, taken from leaves of turnip, were placed in a 
 cage, and leaves, slightly dusted with the insecticide, placed therein. 
 
 Result . — Two days after, many were dead and others were dying. On 
 the third day nearly all were dead. Eventually but 5 pupated. The 
 single meal of dusted leaves proved sufficient, although ample food not 
 dusted was afterwards supplied them. 
 
 III. — Fall Web-Worm. ( Hypliantria textor Harris.) 
 
 Experiment 1. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution of 1 oz. soap to half gallon water; temperature, 90° F. 
 sprayed with atomizer on foliage adjacent to web ; also in web, wetting 
 same quite thoroughly, nearly all of the caterpillars being within. 
 
 Result . — Two days after application, about GO per ernt. were found to 
 have been destroyed. The foliage which had been sprayed did not ap- 
 pear to suffer for about three days, when the caterpillars again returned 
 to it and ate the leaves as though they had not been treated. 
 
 Experiment 2.— POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 
 
 Solution, 1 part sulphide to 500 parts water; applied to web and fo- 
 liage with garden syringe. 
 
 Result . — On following day, a small per cent, appeared to have been 
 destroyed, but a week later the effects of the experiment could not be 
 noticed. Does not seem to render the foliage distasteful. 
 
 Experiment 3. — COPPERAS WATER. 
 
 Dissolved 1 oz. copperas in one pint of water; drenched web, and 
 thoroughly wetted foliage. 
 
 Result . — One day after, many caterpillars were dead and others scat- 
 tered about in the web, seemingly very sick. Five days after, the foliage 
 remains untouched and all are dead. 
 
15 
 
 Experiment 4.— COPPERAS WATER. 
 
 Dissolved 1 oz. in 1 quart of water. Used as in previous experiment. 
 
 Result . — It does not seem to have affected the larvse. 
 
 Experiment 5.— TAR WATER. 
 
 This water had been standing for several days in a cask partly filled 
 with tar. Water applied with syringe, wetting larvse and foliage. 
 
 Result . — On first day after, none appeared to have been injured, and 
 many were feeding. Five days after, the results were as on the first. 
 
 Experiment 6.— AMMONIA WATER. 
 
 Solution of 1 tablespoonful to 1 pint water. Drenched as in experi- 
 ment 5. 
 
 Result . — First day after application, none injured. Five days after, 
 the situation is unchanged. 
 
 Experiment 7.— CARBOLIZED WATER. 
 
 Solution, 1 part carbolic acid to 123 parts water. Drenched web 
 thoroughly. 
 
 Result . — First day after application, none injured. Five days after, 
 situation unchanged. 
 
 Experiment 8.— TOMATO INFUSION. 
 
 Drenched web with strong infusion. 
 
 Result . — First day after application, none injured. Five days later, 
 no change. 
 
 Experiment 9.- CARBOLATE OF LIME. 
 
 Dusted young larvm and the leaves on which they were feeding, 
 thoroughly. 
 
 Result . — First day after application, a few seem to be dead. Second 
 day, not over 10 percent, were injured. 
 
 Experiment 10.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 1 part pinoleum to 32 parts water. Sprayed several col- 
 onies and also adjoining foliage. 
 
 Result . — After four days all seem to be active, except a small per cent, 
 that were drenched more thoroughly than the rest. 
 
 Experiment 11.— POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 
 
 Solution of 1 part sulphide to 500 parts water. Sprayed on young 
 caterpillars less than one-half inch long. 
 
 Result . — None were destroyed. 
 
16 
 
 IV. — Colorado Potato-Beetle. (Doryphora 10 -lineata Say.) 
 
 Experiment 1. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution, 1 ounce to 1 gallon of water. Temperature normal. Sprayed 
 on a number of adults. 
 
 Result. — Tweuty-four Lours after, none were injured. 
 
 Experiment 2. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution and temperature same as in Experiment 1. Sprayed larvae 
 of various sizes about as I would apply Paris green and w^ater. 
 
 Result. — Only a small number of tbe youngest were destroyed. 
 
 Experiment 3.— WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution of 3 ounces to 1 gallon of water, applied to nearly full-grown 
 larvae on potato vines. 
 
 Result. — Nearly all were alive next day. 
 
 Experiment 4.— WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution of 3 ounces to 1 gallon of water. Sprayed on tomato vines 
 being eaten by nearly full-grown larvae and adults. 
 
 Result. — Two Lours after, botL larvae and adults Lad left tlie vines, 
 but I found no dead. TLree days after, adults were again feeding on 
 tbe same vines, but no larvae were observed to return. 
 
 Experiment 5.— AMMONIA AND WATER. 
 
 Solution of 3 tablespoonfuls of ammonia to 1 gallon water. Sprayed 
 on plants infested by larvae of various sizes. 
 
 Result. — One day after, only a very few of tbe youngest larvae Lad 
 been destroyed. 
 
 Experiment C.— AMMONIA AND WATER. 
 
 Solution as in Experiment 5. Placed enough of this mixture in glass 
 to cover bottom ; put in glass nearly full grown larvae and beetles, shook 
 thoroughly, turned off fluid and insects and inverted the glass over 
 them. 
 
 Result. — Not a single larva or adult was injured. 
 
 Experiment 7.— AMMONIA AND WATER. 
 
 Solution, 1 tablespoouful to 1 quart of water; applied as in Experi- 
 ment 0. 
 
 Result. — The same as in previous experiment. 
 
 Experiment 8. — CARBOLATE OF LIME. 
 
 Sprinkled thickly on tomato vines that were being eaten by adults 
 and larvae. 
 
17 
 
 Similarly, the whale-oil soap does not kill the eggs directly, though it 
 may harden the egg-mass so as to prevent the hatching of a large pro- 
 portion of young larv*. 
 
 Resin Soaps. — Mr. Koebele experimenting through August, September, 
 and October, found similarly good results from the kerosene emulsion, 
 but that the crude petroleum, although much cheaper, was more apt to 
 injure the tree. His attention was, however, directed mainly to the 
 preparation of resinous soaps and compounds on account of their greater 
 cheapness. He succeeded in making a number of these mixtures which, 
 when properly diluted, need not cost more than one-half to one cent 
 per gallon and which produced very satisfactory results, killing the 
 insects or either penetrating or hardening the egg masses so as to pre- 
 vent the hatching of the young. One of the most satisfactory methods 
 of making a resin soap is to dissolve one pound caustic soda in 1J gal- 
 lons water to produce the lye ; then dissolve 2 pounds resin and one 
 pound tallow by moderate heat, stirring in gradually during the cook- 
 ing one quart of the lye, and then adding water until you have about 
 22 pints of a brown and thick soap. This will make 44 gallons of wash, 
 costing less than one half cent per gallon. 
 
 There is some slight difference between the experience of Mr. Koebele 
 and Mr. Ooquillett as to the value of soap washes, and the greater suc- 
 cess which the former had with them as compared with the latter was 
 probably due to the fact that his experiments were made during the 
 dry or rainless season. The great point of interest, however, in these 
 experiments is that they confirm in a remarkable manner the experience 
 had in Florida. And I think you will agree with me that they justify 
 the opinions which I have expressed in official writings. Such observa- 
 tions as I have been personally able to make during my brief sojourn 
 among you have greatly served to confirm me in those opinions, and 
 while the resin soaps experimented with by Mr. Koebele are a valuable 
 addition to our insecticides for the scale-insects, I find the experience 
 in Florida repeated here, and all the more satisfactory washes have 
 kerosene as their effective basis. There has been, however, a very 
 great waste in applying it, and it is in this direction that reform is 
 most needed. 
 
 The fact cannot be too strongly urged that in the case of this Icerya, 
 as of most other orange-feeding scale-insects, it is practically impossible, 
 with the most careful and thorough spraying, to reach every one of the 
 myriads on the tree. Some few, protected by leaf-curl, bark-scale, or 
 other shelter, will escape, and with their fecund progeny soon spread 
 over the tree again if left unmolested. Hence, two or three sprayings, 
 not too far apart, are far preferable to a single treatment, however 
 thorough. And this is particularly true of the pest we are considering, 
 which lives on so many other plants, and which in badly infested groves 
 is frequently found crawling over the ground between the trees. 
 
 401— Bull. 15 2 
 
18 
 
 Value of Kerosene Emulsion . — It is now the custom to use the time of 
 a team and, say, two men for fifteen or twenty minutes or more, and 30, 
 40, or 50 gallons of liquid on a single medium-sized tree. In this wav 
 the tree is sprayed until the fluid runs to the ground and is lost in great 
 quantities, some growers using sheet-iron contrivances around the base 
 of the tree in order to save and re-use the otherwise wasted material. 
 Now, however much this drenching may be necessary, or has come into 
 vogue, in the use of soap, and potash and soda washes, it is all wrong, 
 so far as the oil emulsion is concerned, as the oil rising to the surface 
 falls from the leaves and wastes more, proportionately, than the water. 
 
 The essence of successful spraying of the kerosene emulsion consists 
 in forcing it as a mist from the heart of the tree first and then from the 
 periphery, if the tree is large, allowing as little as possible to fall to the 
 ground, and permitting each spray particle to adhere. It is best done 
 in the cool of the day, and, where possible, in calm and cloudy weather. 
 There has been no morning since my sojourn among you that I have seen 
 the sun rise in a clear sky. Cloudiness has prevailed for some hours 
 after dawn, and in this regard you are favored, as this would be the 
 time of day, of all others, to spray. Proper spraying should be done 
 with one-fifth of the time and material now expended, or even one-tenth 
 of that which I have seen wasted in some cases, so that three sprayings 
 at proper intervals of from four to six weeks in spring and summer will 
 be cheaper and far more satisfactory than one as ordinarily conducted. 
 In this particular neither Mr. Coquillett’s nor Mr.Koebele’s experiments 
 were entirely satisfactory, as I was too far from the field to permit of 
 the detailed direction necessary. 
 
 I cannot emphasize the fact too strongly that it is practically impos- 
 sible to eradicate, by any system, every individual insect and egg upon 
 a tree in one spraying. It is almost futile to attempt to do so. 
 
 Improved Wash recommended . — Let us now see whether the kerosene 
 emulsion, pure and simple, can be improved upon by the addition of 
 any other material. It is plain to be seen from the circulars and docu- 
 ments, both official and unofficial, that have been published in the 
 State and distributed among you, that, in many cases, the proper use 
 of kerosene has been entirely misunderstood. Having already seen 
 that it destroys the eggs of Icerya only when used in the ratio of one 
 part of kerosene to about seven or eight of the diluent, it follows that 
 any lesser amount will give less satisfactory results. Moreover, it is 
 extremely important to prepare the emulsion properly. This has usu- 
 ally been done by the use of milk or of soap, because they are cheap 
 and satisfactory. Raw eggs and sugar, and other mucilaginous sub- 
 stances may be used. Experience has shown that the best pro- 
 portions are two parts of the oil to one of the emulsifying agent, 
 whether milk or soap, i. e. f for instance, two gallons of the oil to one of 
 milk or one of the soap-water made by dissolving half a pound of soap 
 in one gallon of water. So long as these proportions are maintained 
 
19 
 
 a large quantity can be emulsified as rapidly as a smaller quantity, and 
 violent agitation through a spray-nozzle at a temperature of 100°, and 
 as frequently described in my reports, gives the quickest results. 
 
 Take, for instance, the mixture recommended by your county board 
 of horticultural commissioners. You will find that with the soap and 
 wood-potash there are twenty-five parts of the diluent to one of the kero- 
 sene recommended, and there is every reason to believe that the kerosene- 
 in this wash might just as well be thrown away, and that it adds com- 
 paratively little, if any, to the efficiency of the wash, at least for the 
 fluted scale. If, on the contrary, we could add to the ordinary emul- 
 sion any materials that would give greater adhesiveness, such an addi- 
 tion will prove an advantage. Such we get, to some extent, in the 
 soap emulsion, for which reason it has a slight advantage over the milk 
 emulsion. And after examining the trees treated with resin washes, I 
 am strongly inclined to recommend that these resin washes be used as 
 the diluent to the soap emulsion made after the usual formula. Some- 
 thing similar was tried some years ago by one of my agents in Florida, 
 Mr. Joseph Yoyle, who used fir balsam in place of resin, in connection 
 with the oil emulsion, and obtained most satisfactory results. A cer- 
 tain amount of dextrine, or, yet better, flour, if mixed with the wash, 
 would prove valuable for the same purpose. 
 
 Again, if permanency can be given to the effect of a wash so that 
 the few insects escaping the first application, or which would hatch out 
 thereafter, would succumb, such addition would be invaluable $ and 
 though the arsenites are, as a rule, effective chiefly against mandibu- 
 late insects, or those which masticate their food (in other words, 
 although the action of these poisons is mainly through the stomach), 
 yet I happen to know from experience that they have also a direct 
 effect by contact. Therefore I recommend, with considerable confi- 
 dence, that in this dilute kerosene emulsion there be added a small 
 proportion of arsenious acid, say from 2 to to 3 ounces to every 50 gal- 
 lons of wash. This arsenious acid may be prepared and added in va- 
 rious ways. Probably one of the simplest would be to take half a 
 pound of arsenic to half a pound of sal-soda, boil this in one-half gal- 
 lon of water until the arsenic is dissolved, and mix this with about 100 
 gallons of the diluted emulsion. A quarter of a pound of London pur- 
 ple to 50 gallons of the diluted emulsion, or even a still greater amount, 
 would, perhaps, serve the same purpose and be less likely to injure the 
 tree. 
 
 I am aware of the danger of making recommendations that have not 
 yet had thorough trial, but I have already made a few limited experi- 
 ments (and intend making more) which would seem to justify these, and 
 at all events if care be taken not to use too large a quantity of the ar- 
 senic no harm will result from it, either to the tree or to those who use 
 the fruit. 
 
20 
 
 Kerosene is not so cheap as the resin compounds, nor as some of the 
 soap and lye washes, but it has this great advantage, that it can be 
 used in much less quantity. It permits a great reduction in the amount 
 of material and the cost of labor. At the rate of 20 cents per gallon 
 wholesale, the effective wash will cost 2J cents per gallon, and from 
 one to two gallons are sufficient, if properly sprayed, on a medium- 
 sized tree. 
 
 SPRAYING APPARATUS. 
 
 Just as there is a great wastage of time and money in drenching a 
 tree with kerosene emulsion, so the spraying nozzle most in vogue with 
 you is also somewhat wasteful. That most commonly used is the San 
 Jose nozzle, in which the water is simply forced through a terminal slit 
 in a narrow and rather copious jet of spray. It is the force and direct- 
 ness of the spray which gives this nozzle its popularity under the mis- 
 taken spraying notions that prevail, and to this I should probably add 
 the fact that, being a patented contrivance, it is well advertised, and 
 on the market, for somehow or other people rarely value a gift as much 
 as what they buy, and too often rate value by price. The Cyclone noz- 
 zle, or Riley atomizer, as it is called in France, which has proved so sat- 
 isfactory in the East as well as to my agents at Los Angeles, has scarcely 
 had such trial among you, so far as I have been able to see, as to prop- 
 erly impress its advantages. That originally made and sent out by the 
 late G. N. Milco, of Stockton, was patterned in size and form after one 
 which I sent him, and which was designed to spray from near the sur- 
 face of the ground. 
 
 What I would use for the orange grove, or for trees, is a bunch of 
 nozzles of larger capacity, the size of the outlet to be regulated by the 
 force of the pump. I have witnessed all forms and sorts of spraying 
 devices, and while there are many that are ingenious and serve a use- 
 ful purpose, I can safely say that there is no form which will produce a 
 spray so easily regulated and altered to suit different conditions, and 
 which is so simple and so easily adjustable to all purposes. Since 
 among you I have endeavored to get a bunch nozzle, such as I would 
 recommend, made at Los Angeles, and the difficulties I have had in get- 
 ting it made properly illustrate, perhaps, some of the reasons why this 
 nozzle has not become more popular on this coast. All the parts must 
 be well fitted ; the inlet must be tangential and the outlet so made as 
 not to overcome the whirling or cyclonic action of the water. The 
 breadth, directness, force, or fineness of the spray are all regulated by 
 the form and size of the outlet, and if a thick cap be used it must be 
 gradually countersunk on both sides until the thickness at the outlet 
 does not exceed one-sixteenth of au inch or less. A bunch of four noz- 
 zles, one arranged so as to have the outlet distal or from the end of the 
 piping, which may be ordinary gas-pipe, and the other three in bunches, 
 so that the outlet is at nearly right angles, each about au inch below 
 
the other, and so placed that they are one- third the circumference of 
 the main pipe apart, will be found, I think, most serviceable in your 
 groves. Such a bunch working from the center of an ordinary-sized 
 tree will envelop it in a perfect ball of mist. 
 
 For tall trees a more forcible stream might be had from the end by 
 substituting an ordinary jet with a wire extension. This is a recent 
 device first brought to my attention by Mr. A. H. Nixon, of Dayton, 
 Ohio, and for sending a fine spray for a great distance it has advan- 
 tages. It is simply an extension screwed over an ordinary nipple, the 
 end of the tube being covered with wire netting, which breaks up the 
 liquid forced through it. The brass nipple should be about one inch 
 in length, the iierforation very true and varying in diameter according 
 to the force of spray desired. The nipple screws on the discharge pipe, 
 and upon a shoulder threaded for the purpose is screwed a chamber or 
 tube about one inch in diameter and three inches long, to the outer end 
 of which is soldered a piece of wire gauze varying in size of mesh to 
 suit the force of pump and the size of aperture in nipple. 
 
 Finally, if a service of blind caps and several sets of cyclone nozzle 
 caps of varying aperture are kept on hand, the spraying may be ad- 
 justed at will to condition of wind, size of tree, &c. 
 
 Your worthy president has very well remarked that what we want is 
 not generalization, but hard facts and experience presented in the 
 simplest and briefest manner. If I have dealt somewhat with princi- 
 ples rather than with details, I shall look for your excuse in the fact 
 that extended experience presents such a multiplicity of details as to 
 warn me from entering into them. 
 
 FUMIGATION. 
 
 Fumigating trees will always have, cceteris paribus, some disadvantage 
 as compared with spraying. The mechanism is more cumbersome ; the 
 time required for treatment and the first cost in making preparation 
 greater, and these facts will always give spraying the advantage with 
 small proprietors and those who are dealing with young trees. Sulphur 
 fumes have been tried, but they burn the leaves and injure the tree. 
 Tobacco smoke and vapor fail to kill the eggs. Ammonia is excellent, 
 but fails to kill all, though I have known the most beneficial results from 
 the ammonia arising from sheep manure used as a fertilizer in apple 
 orchards. Bi-sulphide of carbon has been tried, and with great care in 
 getting the right quantity its vapor will kill the insects without killing 
 the tree 5 but its application requires too much time and is fraught with 
 more or less risk to man. This is equally true of cyanide of potassium 
 and of other substances the vapors from which are known to be very 
 deadly to insect life. It will be difficult, therefore, to find a mode of 
 fumigating that will be harmless to the tree and deadly to the insects, 
 and at the same time as rapidly and easily applied as a spray. 
 
22 
 
 Many of you already know that Mr. Coquillett, in connection with 
 Mr. Alex. Craw and Mr. Wolfskill, of Los Angeles, have for some time 
 been conducting a series of experiments which lead them to believe that 
 they have discovered a gas which possesses the requisite qualities. The 
 trees which I have examined that have been treated with this gas, both 
 there, at San Gabriel, and at Orauge, lead me to the conclusion that 
 they are fully justified in this belief, and several ingenious contrivances 
 have been perfected in Los Angeles County whic h give promise of great 
 utility and feasibility. Whether the trees are left uninjured, it is per- 
 haps premature to say. That they are affected is evident in some cases, 
 and what the ultimate effect will be time alone will decide. Let us all 
 hope that the promise of this gas will be abundantly fulfilled. Let me 
 add, however, that even if it be found that no solitary insect or egg will 
 escape treatment with this or any other gas, fumigation will yet no 
 more fully exterminate or free the orchard than the proper spraying of 
 the kerosene emulsion, but, for the reasons already stated, will have to 
 be repeated. In other words, one application, however perfect in de- 
 stroying insect life, cannot and should not be depended on. The disad- 
 vantage about this gas in my estimation is that it is kept so far a se- 
 cret. We cannot perhaps blame the gentlemen for endeavoring to re- 
 alize something out of what they consider a valuable discovery that 
 will compensate them for the time they have devoted to the purpose ; but 
 I am always suspicious of secret or patent insect remedies. My friend, 
 Mr. Coquillett, perfected this gas after his employment by the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture ceased. But it is a general truth that the moment 
 any person or persons become interested in a patent or in any remedy 
 they desire to control, from that moment their judg ment can no longer 
 be depended on as to the value of other remedies. 
 
 I have been asked why Mr. Coquillett was not continued in the serv- 
 ice of the Department for a longer period, and it is perhaps due to the 
 fruit-growers of California and to him to explain why the experiments 
 which he began were interrupted. It had been my desire to have two 
 agents permanent^ located on the Pacific coast to carry on the work 
 of my Division here, for I have long felt that your fruit interests, to say 
 nothing of the other agronomic interests of the State, demanded such 
 recognition at the hands of our National Government. It so happens 
 that in my desire to aid other investigations that bear upon the promo- 
 tion of agriculture, I took part in urging the creation of a Division of 
 ornithology and mammalogy for the purpose of investigating the habits 
 of birds and mammals so far as they affect agriculture and horticulture. 
 The friends of ornithology were successful in getting that Division cre- 
 ated, but were unable to get an appropriation to carry on the work, ex- 
 cept by taking it out of the appropriation for the Entomological Divis- 
 ion; and during my absence from the country last June, and after all 
 my arrangements had been made for work on the Pacific coast on the 
 basis of the appropriation bill passed by the House of Bepresentatives, 
 
23 
 
 the amount was cut down in the Senate and part of it given for the or- 
 nithological work, thus requiring the discharge of a number of those 
 already engaged, and restricting the work of the De partment in ento- 
 mology. 
 
 BANDAGES AROUND THE TRUNK. 
 
 There is always danger that a tree once sprayed or disinfected will 
 get reinfested from the insects that have not been reached upon ad- 
 jacent plants or upon the ground, and which in time may crawl upon 
 the trunk. Any of the sticky bandages used for the canker-worm will 
 check this ascent, but when the sticky material is placed directly on 
 the trunk it may do more harm than good. It should, therefore, be 
 placed upon strips of tar paper or other stiff paper, tied by a cord around 
 the middle, the upper end flared slightly outward, and the space be- 
 tween it and the trunk filled with soil to prevent the young insects from 
 creeping beneath. Cotton should not be used for this purpose, as birds, 
 for nesting purposes, carry away j^artieles of it which may contain the 
 young insects and may thus help to disseminate them. 
 
 LEGISLATION. 
 
 Xext to the destructive locusts which occasionally ravage our grain- 
 fields no other insect has perhaps been more thoroughly legislated 
 against than this Icerya in California. Indeed, the manner in which 
 the people of this State have taken hold of this insect question and 
 have endeavored by all legislative means to enforce such action on the 
 part of fruit-growers as best subserve the interests of the whole State, 
 is highly commendable. Yet, while much good has undoubtedly re- 
 sulted, the laws have too often proved inoperative, either through the 
 negligence or ignorance of those appointed to execute them, or still 
 more often through the indifference or opposition of individual growers, 
 or unwillingness of the courts to enforce the laws with vigor. And 
 while the greatest co-operation should be urged, and, if possible, en- 
 forced, in battling with these insect posts, yet, so far as this particular 
 species is concerned, no human endeavor can now exterminate it from 
 the couutry. It has come to stay, and nothing has more fully forced 
 itself upon my conviction than that, in the end, with all our laws, each 
 orange-grower must depend upon his own exertions. It is, therefore, 
 fortunate that the pest may be controlled by such individual exertions. 
 While, however, we must admit that it is beyond our power to fully 
 eradicate it from those districts in which it has obtained a foothold, the 
 case is quite different when it comes to restricting its spread, and it is 
 in this direction that wise legislation, and the strict carrying out of the 
 legislative measures you have adopted, or may adopt, will be productive 
 of much good. 
 
 Eecent history has furnished very good evidence of the power of 
 stringent measures adopted by governments, whether to prevent the 
 
24 
 
 introduction of an insect pest or to stamp it out when first introduced 
 and before it has acquired a strong foothold. Several European nations 
 have, in this way, averted, so far, the Grape Phylloxera, and the Ger- 
 man Government, on one occasion at least, effectually stamped out our 
 Col orado Potato-beetle, which became established in a restricted locality. 
 
 The danger which threatens orange-growing districts in this State 
 not yet affected, as well as the orange belt on the Atlantic seaboard, is 
 great, and we cannot too earnestly appeal to the authorities that be for 
 means to employ still greater vigilance to avert it. 
 
 RIVERSIDE. 
 
 What a relief it is to get from a scale-infected region, with the at- 
 tending evils of blighted and withering growth, smuttiness, and unmar- 
 ketable fruit, into a neighborhood yet exempt from these pests, like this 
 enterprising locality in which you meet! What a joy in contemplating 
 by contrast the bright and cleanly aspect of the trees ! And what is 
 there more beautiful in nature than a perfect orange grove at this sea- 
 son, and yet untainted by Coccid or Aphid, or other insect enemy? In 
 all my travels I have nowhere felt nearer the ideal Garden of Eden than 
 in some of your lovely valleys, yet unvisited by these destroying atoms. 
 The profusion and perfection of fruit and flower, the elysian character 
 of the landscape, the genial sun — all appeal to the higher esthetic feel- 
 ing in man, and one is moved to enthusiastic contemplation and admira- 
 tion of the glories of nature and the bounties of Hea ven under such 
 favoring conditions ! 
 
 STATE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 You know better than I do how your laws have acted in the past and 
 are acting now, and how far your State inspector and your different 
 county inspectors have succeeded. 
 
 But, before passing this matter of legislation, I should be derelict in 
 my duty if I did not urge upon you the value of one form of legislation 
 which has not yet been tried. Without abating one iota the work al- 
 ready being done, whether by individuals or boards, it does seem to me 
 that if you had a State Entomologist, i. e ., an officer appointed to devote 
 his entire time to this subject of economic entomology in the State, 
 much additional good might be acco mplished, provided he were properly 
 supported and given the means to carry on his work effectually. You 
 should not commit the same error that has been committed by some of 
 the Eastern States, in which the cultivators of the soil have desired to 
 have such a State entomologist appointed. In three cases which I now 
 have in my mind there has been quite a disposition on the part of the 
 legislature to pass a proper bill, but it has failed in each case because 
 of the conflicting interests which aimed to control the office. Either 
 the State Board of Agriculture, or a State Horticultural Society, or a 
 State Agricultural College, or some State university, or some other 
 
25 
 
 State institution, desired to have the honor and the privileges pertain- 
 ing to the office, and, between them all, failure has resulted. I should 
 like to see California with a competent State Entomologist appointed, 
 under a bill carefully drawn up providing his duties, by the governor, 
 upon recommendation of the professor of agriculture in your State uni- 
 versity, and the president of such other State horticultural and agricul- 
 tural bodies as may exist. In this manner the interests of all these 
 bodies might be considered, and the State could not, iu my judgment, 
 make a more profitable investment than in the creation of such an office. 
 
 IMPORTATION OF PARASITES. 
 
 It has doubtless occurred to many of you that it would be very desir- 
 able to introduce from Australia such parasites as serve to keep this 
 fluted scale in check in its native laud. We have already seen that 
 there is ore minute parasite which has, in all probability, been brought 
 over with it from Australia, and there is no question but that it is very 
 desirable to introduce any such of its enemies and parasites as can be 
 introduced. This State— yes, even Los Angeles County — could well 
 afford to appropriate a couple of thousand dollars for no other purpose 
 than the sending of an expert to Australia to devote some months to 
 the study of these parasites there and to their artificial introduction here. 
 But the agent must be an expert entomologist, and his selection should 
 be left to some competent authority. The result for good, in the end, 
 would be a million-fold, and I have no fear but what you, as orange- 
 growers, will appreciate the force of this statement. I would not hesi- 
 tate, as United States Entomologist, to send some one there with the 
 consent of the Commissioner of Agriculture, were the means for the 
 purpose at my command ; but unfortunately, the mere suggestion that 
 I wanted $1,500 or $2,000 for such a purpose would be more apt to cause 
 laughter and ridicule on the part of the average committee in Congress 
 than serious and earnest consideration, and the action of the last Con- 
 gress has rendered any such work impossible by limiting investigation 
 to the United States. 
 
 REMARKS CONFINED TO THE ORANGE. 
 
 Let me, in closing, lay stress on the fact that I have, in all that has 
 been said relating to remedies, had reference solely to the orange and 
 the scale insects affecting it. 
 
 The Fluted Scale is undoubtedly the most difficult to master, and the 
 means I have recommended against it apply equally to your other 
 orange scales, as experiment has already demonstrated. Your Bed 
 Scale, in some respects even worse than the Icerya, and of which I 
 should like to say something in detail did time permit, succumbs to it. 
 But when it comes to the treatment of deciduous trees, much that I 
 have said will not apply, and each tree needs separate consideration 
 and is affected differently by different washes. 
 
26 
 
 PROSPERITY YS. INSECT PESTS. 
 
 Ill passing from place to place since I have been in the State, and 
 more particularly in visiting the different parts of Los Angeles County, 
 I have been struck with the wonderful activity everywhere manifest in 
 real estate. Land is “booming 7 ’ in all parts of the country, but no- 
 where has it reached such proportions, it seems to me, as right here in 
 this part of California. There does not, at first, seem to be much con- 
 nection between the real estate boom and the scale-insects of the 
 Orange. But I am quite sure that the rapidity with which your orange 
 orchards have been and are being converted into town blocks and 
 town lots has a marked influence on the spread and increase of these 
 scale insects ; for no sooner does the owner of a grove subdivide and 
 sell it than the different new owners allow it to u run to grass,” so to 
 speak, and for miles around all your thriving and growing centers of 
 population may be found neglected orchards upon which the insects 
 are reveling and multiplying and scattering into those which are more 
 carefully cultivated. To this cause is, in my judgment, due very much 
 of the rapid reiufesting of these cultivated orchards, so that your insect 
 troubles are, in a measure, connected with your unp recedented growth 
 and prosperi ty. 
 
 NOT AN UNMIXED EVIL. 
 
 Finally, let me say, before taking my seat, that your scale insects are 
 not an uumixed evil. With your lovely climate, rich and varied soil, 
 and the many other advantages which your beautiful country possesses 
 for the cultivation of the orange and most other fruits, the business 
 would soon come to be overdone and rendered unprofitable, could every 
 one, before planting his trees, feel sure of an abundant and fair crop 
 without having to contend with difficulties. Under these circumstances, 
 it seems to me that even the dreaded scale-insects, by driving the thrift- 
 less to the wail and giving the careful and intelligent man who persists 
 in destroying and defeating them better prices for his product, may, 
 after all, prove a blessing in disguise. One thing is sure, it is pure folly 
 to talk of giving up the battle and abandoning the field to these, your 
 tiny foes. There is no insect that is invulnerable, or that we may not 
 overcome, if we but attack it at the right time, in the right place, and 
 with proper means and ability. You will, ere long, feel yourselves mas- 
 ters of the situation, and if what I have said will aid in ever so little 
 to give you the victory I shall feel abundantly rewarded. I havealready 
 occupied more of your time than I intended to, and though much is left 
 unsaid, even about this single insect, I must close in order to leave time 
 for discussion. In doing so, permit me to congratulate you as a Board 
 for the good work already done, and to prophesy that in future years 
 when the fair and unrivaled fruit of this coast shall have multiplied be- 
 yond the most sanguine vision of any of us, and have found its way in 
 one form or another to consumers in all parts of the world, the people 
 of California will gratefully remember the work you instigated and the 
 battles you fought. Ladies and gentlemeu, I thank you. 
 
NOTES ON ICERYA— ITS PROBABLE ORIGIN THE ISLANDS OF BOUR- 
 BON AND MAURITIUS. 
 
 C. Y. Riley in Pacific Rural Press, June 11, 1837. 
 
 I have just read with a great deal of interest the letter of W. M. Mas- 
 ked to State Inspector Klee, in your issue of the 7th instant. This letter 
 really brings up quite an important question, so far as our White or Fluted 
 Scale is concerned. In an article in my forthcoming report, as United 
 States Entomologist, of which I have sent you advanced page proofs, 
 I have, without question, assumed that Icerya purehasi Masked was a 
 good species and distinct from I. sacchari Signoret, because Masked, 
 in his second article on the former species (Trans. New Zealand Inst, 
 for 1883, page 140), after an examination of specimens of I. saccliari , 
 sent him by Signoret, says that he finds the “ Mauritian species un- 
 doubtedly and markedly distinct,” This letter to Mr. Klee brings up, 
 however, the whole question of the accuracy of his determination. He 
 admits that he has never seen Signoret’s I. sacchari alive. The only 
 differences which he made in 1883 between 1. sacchari* and I. purehasi 
 are as follows : sacchari does not seem to form an ovisac with longi- 
 
 tudinal grooves, nor does the body of the insect, although somewhat 
 hairy, show the great tufts of black hairs and the curious projecting 
 glassy tubes springing from large brown coroneted bases which are 
 marked features of I. purehasi. The number of circular spinneret ori- 
 fices are much smaller in the Mauritian insects.” 
 
 Now Signoret knew only two stages, the full-grown female and the 
 newly hatched larva, while Masked gave careful descriptions of the 
 egg, the young larva, the second stage, and the full-grown female, but 
 had not seen the male larva, cocoon, or adult. It is for this reason that 
 I have given a very full characterization of the species in the article 
 already alluded to. 
 
 Signoret’s description, so far as it goes, applies thoroughly well to I. 
 purehasi in some of its forms. His female had not formed the cottony 
 or fiuted-egg covering, at least he makes no reference to it. His figure, 
 while showing a short truncated mass, does not indicate the flutings 
 because the few lines upon it are evidently intended by the artist for 
 
28 
 
 the long, fine, glassy hairs. Maskell, following Signoret’s description, 
 rightly says that sacchari “does not seem to form an ovisac with longi- 
 tudinal grooves.” But Signoret himself says that saccliari , in the 
 island of Bourbon, “is confounded with Lecanium g aster alpha, under 
 the name of louse-with-the-whitepocket.” Whether Signoret assumed 
 such confounding by the islanders because of erroneous supposition 
 that this sacchari had no ovisac, or whether the islanders designate both 
 the Lecanium and the Icerya under the characteristic vernacular, is not 
 plain from the language, and is immaterial. On the principle of unity 
 of habit in the same genus, I feel morally sure that Signoret’s Icerya 
 must produce her eggs in such an ovisac, and the Bourbonese are doubt- 
 less well aware of the fact, otherwise they would not so indicate it or 
 confound it with Lecanium. We are justified in assuming that the 
 female which my friend Signoret described and figured had only just 
 begun forming its sac, and that its flutings had become effaced and the 
 secretion unnatural in appearance. Haskell’s second reason, viz, that 
 sacchari “does not show the great tufts of black hairs and the project- 
 ing glassy tubes,” will also lose force from the facts that Signoret par- 
 ticularly describes these glassy tubes as “ long filaments, waxy, very 
 fine, delicate, transparent,” and that these tufts of black hairs are ex- 
 tremely variable in quantity, sometimes making the insect look quite 
 dark and bringing out in strong relief the few smooth, orange-red or 
 brick-red elevations, and particularly the series of about twenty-two 
 around the border ; at other times being so scarce that the insect has 
 an almost uniform reddish-brown appearance. 
 
 It would appear, therefore, that, notwithstanding the differences in 
 Signoret’s and Maskell’s characterizations, there is room yet for grave 
 doubt as to the specific difference in the two insects, especially as upon 
 restudying Signoret’s description it accords in every other particular 
 with I. purchasi . 
 
 You will pardon me, I know, for going into these technical details, be- 
 cause it is evident that the solution of these questions has a very im- 
 portant bearing. My own impression now is that future investigation 
 will prove that the two insects are identical. The truth will in time be 
 ascertained by getting all the different stages of sacchari from the Isl- 
 and of Bourbon or from Mauritius, and comparing them more carefully 
 with, purchasi, the different stages of which I have fully detailed in my 
 report. 
 
 Let me say in this connection that there is a great variability mpur- 
 chasi as to the amount of matter secreted on the scale itself, which may 
 very easily mislead, especially in dried specimens. In the orange groves 
 of Southern California the general colorational aspect of the insect is, 
 in all its stages, reddish-brown, the surface exudation being rarely ex- 
 cessive and never obliterating the reddish-brown color. This exudation 
 is, in fact, more noticeable upon the male larva, which, together with 
 his narrower, more elongate form, renders him easily distinguishable 
 
29 
 
 from the female. In the more northern parts of the State, however, I 
 found that the general colorational aspect was quite different, owing to 
 the greater excess of the surface exudation, which frequently covers the 
 body in little globular masses and gives it a whitish and even greenish 
 aspect, and which often rises along the middle of the body into a tufted 
 ridge. This form corresponds more nearly with what Signoret has de- 
 scribed, and it follows that this waxy surface exudation becomes denser 
 and still more noticeable by contraction in the dried or cabinet speci- 
 mens or whenever the insect has shrunken. 
 
 This question of the synonymy of the species bears directly on its 
 original source; for if we have but one species of the genus, or even if 
 there be two, and I. purchasi is found to occur on the sugar cane in the 
 islands of Bourbon and Mauritius, then the presumption will be that it 
 originally came from these islands. In my address at Riverside, I 
 called attention to the fact that this Fluted Scale seems to have become 
 notably injurious almost simultaneously in Australia, South Africa, and 
 California, and on the assumption that it infests the sugar cane on the 
 islands mentioned, it is much more easy to understand its introduction 
 to the other countries. Sugar is exported from those islands into many 
 parts of the world. The sugar, as it leaves those islands, is very coarse, 
 and all the molasses or sirup is not extracted, centrifugals not being 
 in use. For the purpose of draining, the sugar-makers are in the habit 
 of putting a piece of cane in every hogshead, and, in addition, the top 
 is sometimes covered with pieces of cane. In point of fact, I am in 
 formed that an insect, known in the trade as the sugar-louse, is of quite 
 frequent occurrence in such sugar, and Professor Wiley, of the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, upon being shown specimens of Icerya purchasi 
 (and he is quite familiar with the so-called sugar-louse), informed me 
 that he thinks them identical. 
 
 On this hypothesis the initial spreading point is from some of the Pacific 
 islands, and the insect probably made its way first to Cape Town and 
 thence to Australia, New Zealand, and California. This does not pre- 
 clude the possibility of its importation upon other plants, but I think 
 it highly probable that the chief method of distribution of an insect 
 which is so tough as to bear long survival without food was upon sugar- 
 cane in sugar hogsheads, or bags, as it could be much more safely carried 
 in this way than upon living plants. The determination of the original 
 source of the pest is of vital concern in any study of its parasites, as 
 such would be more apt to be found in its native country than in any 
 countries of its introduction. 
 
 I have been quite anxious to settle definitely this question of its origi- 
 nal home, and have lately had some correspondence with parties in Aus- 
 tralia, New Zealand, and Africa. The following extracts from such 
 correspondence will prove of interest to the people of California. Mr. 
 Kirk’s statement will add weight to the hypothesis that I have ventured, 
 while Baron von Mueller’s statement also strengthens it. It may per- 
 
30 
 
 haps be impossible at this late day to definitely settle the question of this 
 original source, especially as there may have been not one but several in- 
 troductions (indeed we have evidence that such was the case) into all 
 three of the countries in which it now occurs ; but we can much easier 
 understand its travels if it started as a sugar-cane insect. I have itali- 
 cized those parts of the following letters which particularly bear on the 
 subject of this communication. 
 
 The sketch of the Dipteron, which Mr. Crawford found attacking 
 Icerya, shows a great likeness in the body to some hymenopterous En- 
 cyrtids ; but the wings indicate its Dipterous character and that it be. 
 longs to the Dolichopodidse near Diapliorus . So far as their larval 
 habits are known, these flies are predaceous and live in the larva state 
 in the ground. Perhaps Mr. Crawford has used the term u parasitic 77 
 synonymically with u predaceous,” but I will not further anticipate what 
 Miss Ormerod may report.* 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE. 
 
 I . 
 
 [The following are the extracts from the correspondence to which ref- 
 erence is made above. — Editors Press.] 
 
 Letter from Roland Trimen, of Cape Town, to Professor Riley. 
 
 As regards tlie evidence as to the Australian habitat originally of this insect, I re- 
 gret that I have nothing to add to what has been already supplied to you. 
 
 * # tp * * * M 
 
 Since the commissioner’s report in 1877, the orange industry of the western dis- 
 tricts has suffered most severely, scarce, very inferior, and exceedingly dear fruit be- 
 ing now only obtainable where it used to be abundant, good, and cheap. Where, 
 however, the kerosene and alkaline solutions have been constantly applied by indi- 
 vidual proprietors here and there, the result (as I am informed by Mr. MacOwan, di- 
 rector of the botanical gardens) has been very encouraging. In the eastern districts 
 the effects of the Icerya’s attacks do not seem to have been nearly so serious, but 
 whether this is due to a less suitable climate and other conditions, or to more vigi- 
 lance and exertion on the part of cultivators, I cannot at present determine. 
 
 * Since this was written I have received two specimens of the insect itself through 
 the courtesy of Miss Ormerod. These specimens are so much m utilated that it is al- 
 most impossible to accurately place them. The enlarged ligure sent by Mr. Craw- 
 ford was very misleading, the venation of the wing being wrong and also the an- 
 tennae. It has no second cross vein on the wings and no sort of resemblance to the 
 actual antennae, while the two basal cells on the wings are lacking. It is quite likely 
 that this fly belongs to a new genus. The specimens were sent to Dr. S. VV. Willis- 
 ton, who reports that he considers them Oscinids, but that further than that he could 
 venture no opinion as he can locate them in no genus with certainty. 
 
 Iu reference to natural enemies of the Icerya, it is of interest to note that a little 
 lady-bird, Rodolia iceryce , of which Miss Ormerod has sent me a figure, has been found 
 to do good work and to destroy the pest in Australia, while news comes from Cali- 
 fornia that Chilocorns cacti is doing suck excellent work that the trees in some local- 
 ities are being entirely freed through its instrumentality and the lady-birds are act- 
 ually being sold to orange-growers at so much per ounce. C. V. R. 
 
31 
 
 The bug spread to Natal withiu the last few years, and last year I received speci- 
 mens of them, found on the common black wattle. Only yesterday I was sorry to> 
 receive a lot found there on the orange. 
 
 No public action in the matter has been taken since the legislative assembly, in 
 1887, threw out the attempted legislation on the subject. [Roland Trimen, South 
 African Museum, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, February 8, 1887. 
 
 F. S. Crauford , Adelaide , to Professor Filey. 
 
 Last year I entirely lost my colony of Icerya, owiug to the attacks of a fly. A rough 
 tracing of an unfinished drawing of the same I also forward. I know nothing about the 
 Diptera and should be obliged if you can determine the insect from the drawing. I 
 may say that I sent Miss E. Ormerod specimens of the fly about two months back, but, 
 of course, have not had time to hear what she makes of it. This is the only instance 
 I know, or have read of, of a true Dipteron being a Coccid parasite. [Frazier S. Craw- 
 ford, surveyor-general’s office, Adelaide, South Australia, February 21, 1887. 
 
 Letter from Baron von Mueller , of Melbourne , to Professor Riley. 
 
 * * * I beg to inform you that the Icerya purchase (or a closely allied species) 
 
 although occurring on Acacia mollissima and some congeners in the colony Victoria, has 
 not attacked here (so far as I can learn or had occasion to observe), destructively at- 
 tacked, the orange orchards. I will, however, make further inquiries as well in this 
 colony as in New South Wales, South Australia, New Zealand, and led you know the 
 results. 
 
 Possibly the Icerya develops more readily in a moister clime than that of Victoria, 
 and thus becomes more mischievous in California than here. 
 
 The introduction of this destructive insect into your States by means of Acacia seems 
 to me very unlikely, because the various species of Acacias are so easily raised from seeds 
 that no one will think to introduce them by living plants. Moreover , it could not have been 
 the Acacia latifolia, which was the host of Icerya, because that species is a native only of 
 the north coast of Australia, and as yet nowhere existing in horticulture. Acacia armata 
 certainly is grown for hedges, but always raised from seed, chiefly obtained from North 
 Australia. It seems, therefore, more likely that when Acacias are grown anywhere, 
 they would afford — particularly in humid climes — a favorable opportunity for the 
 Icerya to spread. A similar circumstance occurred in Ceylon, and another in some 
 parts of Brazil, where an indigenous insect plague became aggravated, when Euca- 
 lyptus, on which that insect preferably seized, became reared.* Whether the Icerya 
 was originally an inhabitant of Victoria or merely immigrated, I will endeavor to 
 ascertain ; but such a subject of inquiry is surrounded with difficulty now after half 
 a century’s existence of the colony, particularly as the Icerya drew no attention hero 
 by any extensively injurious effects on any cultivated plants, though it may have 
 caused on some plants minor or transient injury. [Ferdinand von Mueller, Melbourne, 
 Australia, March 21, 1887. 
 
 Letter from L. M. Kirk, of Wellington, New Zealand, to Professor Riley. 
 
 On returning from a protracted tour of forest inspection in the South, I find your 
 letter of 22d December awaiting reply. My friend Baron von Mueller is mistaken in 
 supposing that I have written recently on the Icerya purchasi. In a report on Fruit 
 Blights printed two years ago, I drew attention to the pest, intending to treat at 
 greater length at an early date; but my duties as forest conservator have prevented 
 the intention from being carried out. 
 
 The insect is a native of the Fiji and other Pacific islands, from whence it has migrated, 
 probably with orange trees, to Australia, New Zealand, and California. Mr. Maskell states, 
 
 Always from seed. 
 
32 
 
 1 believe, that it is a native of Australia, and was introduced from that country on mimosa 
 2)1 ant s ; but this is an error, and Acacias are rarely or never introduced as living plants , 
 owing to their being so readily propagated from seed. 
 
 The Icerya is abundant in the northern and middle parts of the Auckland district, 
 and usually prefers citraceous fruits; it is, however, found in large quantities upon 
 some of the wattles, evincing a decided preference for the silver wattle ( Acacia deal- 
 bata). It is, however, occasionally found on furze, manuka ( Leptospernmm scoparium), 
 peach and apple, but on these fruits only in small quantities, and not, so far as I am 
 aware, doing serious damage ; in fact it is only found upon these plants when grow- 
 ing in the neighborhood of infested Citrads. It is occasionally found on a few native 
 trees, but it is not causing any great injury. 
 
 It is also found in Napier and other parts of Hawke's bay, on the eastern coast of 
 North Island, and in Nelson, and the northwestern corner of the South Islands. It 
 is also said to be found in Canterbury, but I have no direct evidence of its occurrence 
 in that district. 
 
 It is not found either in Taranaki or Wellington, in the North Island, except Nel- 
 son and possibly Canterbury. 
 
 There can be no question that it is a serious foe to citraceous fruits and to wattles. 
 In the vicinity of Auckland, and in many other parts of that district, it is abundant. 
 I have seen trees greatly injured by its ravages, but cannot say that I have seen any 
 killed. At present orange culture has not attained large dimensions here, but there 
 can be no question that Icerya is the worst foe our orange-growers will have to en- 
 counter. 
 
 I have not seen an Acacia killed by this pest, although the under surfaces of branches 
 are frequently covered. In a few established orange grounds the yield of fruit is ma- 
 terially diminished by the ravages of this insect. 
 
 No official documents have been published respecting the Icerya except the Fruit 
 Blights report already mentioned, of which a copy of a Queensland reprint is inclosed 
 herewith. The forest department has purchased Mr. Maskell’s account of Scale In- 
 sects and is about to publish the same with colored plates. A copy shall be forwarded 
 as soon as it leaves the press. [L. M. Kirk, General Crown’s Laud Office, Forest and 
 Agricultural Branch, Wellington, New Zealand, March 25, 1837. 
 
 From an article by E. J. Dunn, in Melbourne Argus, August 1886. 
 
 I desire to call attention to a species of Coccus known as Dorthesia. This destruc- 
 tive pest teas first observed on the island of Bourbon. Thence xt spread to Mauritius, about 
 25 years since. In Mauritius it destroyed the orange and lemon trees, many of the orna- 
 mental shrubs and Acacias, and wrecked most of the beautiful plantations and shrubberies . 
 At Port Louis it still exists in loathsome masses on the handsome Talipot palms. 
 
 About 12 years ago it was noticed for the first time in the Botanical Gardens, Cape 
 Town, and most probably arrived there from Mauritius with plants sent to the Bo- 
 tanical Gardens. During the first summer it spread about three miles into the sub- 
 urbs along the railway. Its fearfully destructive character now became evident, for 
 the orange trees, the Australian wattles, the pittosphorums, and the blackwoods be- 
 came loaded with this disgusting parasite, and the trees slowly but surely succumbed 
 to its attacks. * * * 
 
 All trees of the orange kind, such as lemon, citron, shaddock, &c , proved especially 
 suitable food for the Dorthesia, and once a tree became infested no amount of syring- 
 ing or washing prevented its destruction. The disastrous results of its arrival at the 
 Cape are all too evident. 
 
 Formerly in Cape Town itself, and throughout the suburbs, the orange tree lent a 
 charm to the gardens that no other tree could give, and in the Western Province 
 orange-growing formed a most important source of wealth, many farmers netting sev- 
 eral hundreds a year from their orange groves. Some of these groves, planted by the 
 
33 
 
 Huguenots and their descendants, "were of great age, and, besides being profitable, 
 were objects of great beauty. Those of the Pearl, French Hock and Wagenmaker’s 
 Valley were especially famous. 
 
 To-day this is all changed, and, except for a few dead stumps, these fragrant groves 
 and this valuable asset in the country’s wealth have disappeared. 
 
 Not so the Dorthesia : it is still advancing steadily, and leaving destruction in its 
 wake, and will continue to do so as long as suitable food is within reach. 
 
 404— Bull. 15 3 
 
THE USE OF GASES AGAINST SCALE-INSECTS. 
 
 [Reprinted from Bulletin No. 71, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of 
 
 California.] 
 
 Some time ago the Agricultural Department was requested by Messrs. 
 A. B. and A. S. Chapman, Mr. L. H. Titus, and Mr. J. C. Newton, prom- 
 inent orange-growers of Los Angeles County, to conduct experiments 
 with the view of determining the efficacy of certain gases as insecticides, 
 with special reference to the White Scale, leery a purchasi. The follow- 
 ing is a summary of results, of which a full report will be published 
 hereafter : 
 
 The use of gases for this purpose has been long contemplated, and 
 various appliances have been suggested for the ready application of any 
 efficacious gas. The qase with which gas penetrates to all parts of the 
 tree naturally suggests its use as preferable to washes, which at best 
 leave many parts of the foliage and infested branches untouched, even 
 when sprayed with the greatest care. In order that the gas may be an 
 efficient insecticide it must be so poisonous that even when applied in 
 small quantities it produces fatal results 5 for in the application the 
 air confined in the tent covering the tree dilutes the gas to a great ex- 
 tent. Again, the gas must be capable of being generated quickly in 
 sufficient volume. The record below shows that only one of the gases 
 employed fulfilled these conditions to a satisfactory extent. Prelimi- 
 nary experiments with some others having shown their unfitness for the 
 purpose, either on account of expense or because of injury to the foli- 
 age, or imperfect action on the insects, their study was not pursued 
 further. 
 
 APPLIANCES FOR APPLICATION. 
 
 The tent for covering the tree is made of heavy bed-ticking, thor- 
 oughly oiled with linseed oil. This cloth serves the purpose best, as it 
 is very closely woven, is pliable and easily folded. 
 
 The support of the tent, devised by Mr. Titus, is a very ingeniously 
 contrived scaffolding mounted on wheels, which serve to move it from 
 one tree to another. Its dimensions are 2 G feet high, with a base 20 by 20 
 feet. Its upper part is 20 by 12, and carries upon the top a roller made 
 of galvanized iron (6 inches in diameter and 12 feet long), upon which 
 
 35 
 
36 
 
 the tent is rolled when taken from the tree. Side guy^ropes are at- 
 tached to the bottom of the tent and run through pulleys at the upper 
 corners of the scaffold. They are used to open the tent when it is to 
 be dropped over the tree, and to fold it up when it is removed. The 
 lightness of the apparatus allows of its being easily removed by two 
 men, who operate the whole. If necessary, two or more tents can be 
 handled by the same scaffolding, one tent being left over the tree while 
 the scaffolding is moved to the next. 
 
 In adjusting the tent, the bottom is placed on the ground about 3 
 feet from the tree and covered with earth. This brings the gas to bear 
 upon the base of the tree and the surrounding soil. 
 
 The Generator in which the gases were produced consists of a heavy 
 sheet-iron cylinder, 11 inches in diameter and 13 inches high. The 
 bottom rests on a plank, an d to the top is fitted a movable cover sus- 
 pended in a frame by a bench-screw. Into the cover are fitted two 
 pieces of gas-pipe, one for the exit of the gas toward the tent and the 
 other, connected with a pump, carries the gas which returns from the 
 tent. Two small reservoirs are also inserted in the cover ; in these are 
 contained the solutions which are to flow into the generator for the 
 production of the gas. 
 
 In order to establish circulati on and to force the gas into the tent, a 
 pump is used which also serves to exhaust the gas from the upper part 
 of the tent and to force it again through the generator. It is proposed 
 to replace the pump by a small fan-blower, which is much more expe- 
 ditious than the common pump which was used. 
 
 THE GASES EXPERIMENTED WITH. 
 
 Among the gases used were chlorine, sulphureted hydrogen, am- 
 monia, carbon bisulphide, carbon monoxide, carbonic acid, hydrocyanic 
 acid, and carbolic acid vaporized by heat. 
 
 Chlorine . — Some preliminary experiments were made in small vessels 
 into which this gas had been introduced. Some infested branches were 
 allowed to remain in them for times varying from five to thirty-five 
 minutes without any noticeable effect being produced on the insect. 
 Atmospheres more strongly saturated with the gas proved fatal to tbe 
 insect in a short time. In other treatments extending over eighteen 
 hours, with less saturated atmospheres, only a small percentage of the 
 insects was killed. No decided effects were noticeable on the foliage 
 unless the gas was very concentrated. 
 
 Carbon Bisulphide . — A lime tree, 12 feet in diameter of top, was treated 
 with the vapor of 2J pounds of sulphide of carbon for forty-five min- 
 utes. At the end of this time the insects were lively, and during the 
 treatment had crawled up and collected around a rope surrounding the 
 tree at the point where the gas was being injected from the hose. It 
 proved that the gas thus used injures neither the insects nor the foliage. 
 
37 
 
 It is upon record, however, that in cases where the vapor has not been 
 thoroughly diffused, but was allowed to flow down from an open vessel 
 placed in the top of the tent, serious injury was done to the foliage at 
 points where the undulated vapor flowed down. 
 
 Sulphureted Hydrogen. — Several treatments with this gas were made 
 on a small sc ale, the application lasting from five to thirty-five minutes. 
 The effects produced either with diluted or concentrated gas were simi- 
 lar to those produced by chlorine, except that even the concentrated 
 sulphureted hydrogen did not injuriously affect the foliage. An ex- 
 periment in which a whole tree was treated in the tent for forty-five 
 minutes with quite concentrated sulphureted hydrogen gas, showed 
 clearly that the effect was far from being satisfactory ; the insects for 
 the moment were stupefied, but in the course of an hour and a half the 
 majority of them were again moving about. 
 
 Ammonia. — The vapor from one pound and a half of strong ammonia 
 water was applied to an 11-foot lime tree for 30 minutes. The results 
 were disastrous to the foliage $ the leaves were all scalded, and in a few 
 days all dropped from the tree, and even the newer growth of wood was 
 injured. The insects, however, were not perceptibly harmed. 
 
 Carbon Monoxide. — Very strong hopes have been entertained by many 
 for the successful application of this gas. Its apparent cheapness and 
 easy production, when the necessary plaut is once erected, would rec- 
 ommend it. Unfortunately our experiments show that it is not suffi- 
 ciently effective to warrant its use. The gas was obtained by forcing 
 air through a small furnace filled with red-hot charcoal, care being taken 
 to cool and to measure the gas before applying it. No appreciable ef- 
 fect was noticeable after 40 minutes. In a duplicate experiment, in 
 which the charcoal was more strongly ignited and continuously intro- 
 duced into the barrel for 30 minutes, only slightly better results were 
 obtained. 
 
 Oxalic Acid. — It was thought that the production of carbon monoxide 
 by decomposition of oxalic acid by heat might be substituted for the 
 previous method of generating this gas. One-quarter of a pound of ox- 
 alic acid was ignited, and the gases applied in a manner similar to that 
 of the preceding experiment. Neither the insects nor the foliage were 
 harmed in the least. This experiment has incidentally shown that the 
 vapor of formic and oxalic acids, also produced during the heating of 
 the latter, is likewise ineffective, 
 
 Carbolic Acid . — It had been suggested that carbolic acid vaporized 
 by heat would prove fatal to the insect. A dose of half a pound of 
 liquid acid was volatilized in the furnace, and the vapor blown in the 
 vessel containing the infected branch. At the end of 20 minutes all the 
 old insects were still alive, and some of the young ones, just molted, 
 were moving about. An hour later the foliage appeared as if scalded. 
 
 Hydrocyanic Acid. — It was only with hydrocyanic or prussic acid (gen- 
 erated by the action of sulphuric acid on potassium cyanide) that suffi- 
 
38 
 
 ciently fatal effects were secured to warrant a more thorough determina- 
 tion of the time of exposure and quantities of material which would 
 produce the best results. Numerous experiments were carried on for 
 this purpose, and it was shown that even small amounts were effective. 
 It was also shown that even in these small quantities an injurious effect 
 upon the foliage was produced. In the beginning of the experiments, 
 “ mining cyanide w of potassium was used. It is a very impure material 
 and contains along with the cyanide a considerable amount of carbonate 
 of potassium. For this reason many of the first treatments were prac- 
 tically ineffective. 
 
 Later treatments with pure cyanide were more successful in destroy- 
 ing the insects, but the foliage was proportionally injured. Treatments 
 varying in dose from 4 to 12 ounces of cyanide, and in time from 15 to 
 GO minutes, showed that the effect produced on the foliage by longer 
 treatment was not proportionally greater than that produced by short 
 treatment. Neither was the effect of longer treatments proportionally 
 more fatal to the insects. It was thus clearly shown that the gas mixt- 
 ure should be of considerable strength in order to insure rapid action. 
 
 The effect of the gas was so disastrous to the fol iage that it became 
 necessary to find some means of remedying this trouble. This was 
 sought in applying a second gas, which might preserve the foliage. 
 Sulphureted hydrogen was therefore injected into the tent, together 
 with the cyanide gas, both from the same generator; a portion of the 
 sulphureted hydrogen being introduced before the cyanide was gen- 
 erated. It was found that the insects appeared stupefied when the tent 
 was raised, but large numbers revived in a few hours. The effect of 
 the cyanide seemed therefore to have been decreased by the sulphu- 
 reted hydrogen. The foliage was not preserved, although not so badly 
 affected as by treatments with cyanide alone. 
 
 Carbonic acid gas was next tried. Trees were treated with larger 
 doses of cyanide than heretofore used, and the carbonic acid from 1J 
 pounds of carbonate of soda was at the same time introduced with these 
 doses. The insects were killed and the foliage of a 12-foot tree re- 
 mained unharmed, while that of a 14-foot tree with the same amount of 
 carbonic acid was slightly injured. Thus it was shown that it would 
 require 1 J pounds of bicarbonate of soda to preserve tree tops 12 feet 
 in diameter, and that with this protection the deadly cyanide could be 
 successfully used. 
 
 The regulation of the doses for the different sized trees so as to pro- 
 duce uniform treatments is calculated on the basis of the results of the 
 experiments which determined the amount of each constituent for a 12- 
 foot tree. The following table indicates the amounts for trees of differ- 
 ent dimensions of top, based upon the rates of cubical contents : 
 
3D 
 
 Size of tree.; 
 
 Cyanide of 
 potassium. 
 
 Bicarbon- 
 ate of 
 soda. 
 
 Sulphuric 
 
 acid. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Fluid ozs. 
 
 Founds. 
 
 Fhiid ozs. 
 
 4 
 
 . 7 
 
 .05 
 
 .4 
 
 5 
 
 1.6 
 
 . 11 
 
 .3 
 
 6 
 
 2.5 
 
 . 20 
 
 1.3 
 
 7 
 
 4. 0 
 
 . :9 
 
 2. 1 
 
 8 
 
 6. 0 
 
 .44 
 
 3.1 
 
 9 
 
 8.5 
 
 .63 
 
 4. 5 
 
 10 
 
 11.5 
 
 .><7 
 
 6.2 
 
 1L 
 
 15. 5 
 
 1. 14 
 
 8.2 
 
 12 
 
 20. 0 
 
 1. 50 
 
 11.6 
 
 13 
 
 25.4 
 
 1.90 
 
 13.5 
 
 14 
 
 31.6 
 
 2. 50 
 
 16. 6 
 
 15 
 
 39.2 
 
 2. 92 
 
 20.7 
 
 16 
 
 47.5 
 
 3. 55 
 
 25.2 
 
 17 
 
 57.5 
 
 4. 23 
 
 30. 1 
 
 18 
 
 67.7 
 
 5. 05 
 
 35.8 
 
 19 
 
 70.9 
 
 5. 93 
 
 42.1 
 
 20 
 
 90.5 
 
 6. 93 
 
 49.2 
 
 In order to apply the doses easily they are prepared so that the re- 
 quired amounts of each ingredient can be directly measured. The cyan- 
 ide solution is prepared by dissolving, say, 10 pounds of the solid salt in 
 about 2J gallons of water, warmed nearly to the boiling point, stirring 
 at intervals, cooling, and then diluting to 2J gallons. This solution 
 will contain about one ounce of cyanide of potassium to 2£ fluid ounces 
 of the liquid. 
 
 The bicarbonate of soda is pulverized finely and measured off in a 
 vessel marked, so as to designate pounds and fractions of a pound of 
 the solid material. It is then placed in the generator, and the dose of 
 cyanide mixed with it, and, if necessary, a little water added to make 
 it into a thin paste. After adding the measured dose of sulphuric acid, 
 the pump is worked slowly at first, and moie rapidly after the gas has 
 passed into the tent. The time for each treatment must be determined 
 by future experiments j fifteen minutes seemed to be quite sufficient 
 when the cyanide alone was used, but it may be desirable to extend the 
 treatment to thirty minutes when the foliage is protected by the car- 
 bonic acid gas. 
 
 It is advisable that the treatments should follow cultivation after 
 about four days, so that all weeds and places where the insect may find 
 lodgment would be destroyed. The insect will then be on, or very near, 
 the tree ; the fitting of the tent to the ground is thus also much easier. 
 
 The eggs of the insect remained apparently uninjured wherever pro- 
 tected by the woolly covering. A second treatment, to destroy such as 
 may afterward hatch, will, therefore, be necessary. 
 
 It must not be understood that these experiments definitely settle the 
 mode of operation and the size of the doses to be used. They are merely 
 suggestive of a general plan which can be so perfected in the future that 
 the application of this remedy to other kinds of trees and insects must 
 be attended with good results. It simply remains for the ingenious cul- 
 tivator to devise the necessary appliances for its use, on a small scale, 
 on all sorts of fruit trees, shrubs, and plants. 
 
40 
 
 It must not be forgotten that extreme care in the handling both of 
 this deadly gas and of the cyanide itself is necessary. To inhale the 
 one or to taste or touch a wound with the other may lead to serious con- 
 sequences. 
 
 F. W. MOBSE. 
 
 Berkeley, June 12. 
 
 O 
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 12. 
 
 4 O; 
 
 &Ta 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 
 
 ( SIm vi/ 
 
 ' um ***<*m m 
 
 ON THE 
 
 WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 SEASON OF 1885, 
 
 PREPARED BY THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 WASHINGTON’: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1880 . 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 12. 
 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES 
 
 OX THE 
 
 w r ^Ti C 
 
 l} OS' Tt y 
 
 Il ^or s 
 
 WORK OF THE DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 SEASON OF 1885, 
 
 PREPARED BY THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WITH ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1886 . 
 
 17334— No. 12 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 
 Washington, D. C., June 7, 1886. 
 
 Hir : I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 12 of 
 this Division, which contains certain notes on the work of the Division 
 made during the year 1885, and which were excluded for lack of space 
 from my report of that year. I have also added a paper on Cicada 
 septendecim , sent at my request by the author, and containing many 
 interesting original observations, if not always agreeing with those of 
 others. 
 
 .Respectfully, 
 
 C. Y. EILEY, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 
 ft ,/ 2 - 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Report on the production and manufacture of Buhach * 7 
 
 Additions to the third report on the causes of the destruction of the evergreen 
 
 and other forest trees in Northern New England 17 
 
 The Periodical Cicada in Southeastern Indiana 24 
 
 Notes of the year 32 
 
PRODUCTION AND MANUFACTURE OF BUHACH. 
 
 By D. W. Coquillett. 
 
 Dear Sir : In accordance with j our written request for me to pre- 
 pare a report upon the growth, manufacture, &c., of the insect powder 
 known as “Buhach”, as practiced by the Buhach Producing and Manu- 
 facturing Company, of Stockton, Cal., I beg leave to submit the follow- 
 ing : For much of the information contained herein I am indebted to 
 Mr. G. N. Milco, one of the proprietors of the above firm, and also to 
 the pages of the Pacific Rural Press. I obtained much information con- 
 cerning this new industry while staying at the company’s plantation last 
 summer when investigating the locust plague for the Department. 
 
 The Buhach Producing and Manufacturing Company’s plantation is 
 situated about one mile east of Atwater Station, in Merced County, and 
 contains 800 acres, 300 of which are planted to Pyrethrum ciner aricefolium, 
 from the dried flowers of which the above company manufacture the 
 insect powder to which they have given the proprietary name of Bu- 
 hach.* The soil of this plantation is a sandy loam, so sandy in fact 
 that when the growing upon it of the Pyrethrum plants was first at- 
 tempted many of the plants were buried beneath the loose, drifting 
 sand which was blown about by the winds. To overcome this evil, 
 lines of Lombardy and Carolina poplar trees were planted along the 
 banks of the irrigating ditches to serve as wind breaks. 
 
 The great Merced Irrigating Canal passes through the middle of 
 the Buhach plantation, and the latter is supplied with water from it by 
 a system of irrigating ditches which, if extended in any one direction, 
 would reach to a distance of about thirty miles. 
 
 The seeds of the Pyrethrum are sown in the spring or fall of the year, 
 and are buried in the soil to the depth of about half an inch by lightly 
 disturbing the soil with a rake. The seed-beds, which are not unlike 
 those used for starting cabbage and tomato plants, are occasionally 
 sprinkled with water. During the rainy winter season the plants are 
 transplanted to the fields, where they are set out in rows four feet 
 apart, and two feet apart in the rows. During the dr 3 r summer season 
 the plants are irrigated about once every month. 
 
 * The word Buhach is derived from the Sclavonic word Buha, which signifies a flea; 
 hut there is no such word as Buhach in the Sclavonic language. 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 In preparing the ground for irrigation a deep furrow is made between 
 each two rows of the plants by means of a plow drawn by one horse; 
 this xdow is so constructed as to throw the dirt to each side of the fur- 
 row. After one of the fields has been thus furrowed out, a cross-furrow 
 is made at the ends of these furrows on the highest ground, and the 
 water is turned into this cross-furrow from one of the irrigating ditches. 
 From this furrow the water is in turn let into one of the other furrows, 
 one or two at a time, according to the amount of water supplied by the 
 cross-furrow. 
 
 Dams are placed in the irrigating furrows at a distance of about one 
 rod apart, and as soon as the furrow is filled with water to the first dam 
 the latter is removed, and the water flows on to the second dam, and 
 at the proper time this one is also removed; and this process is repeated 
 until all the furrows have been supplied with water. 
 
 The next day or so a one-horse cultivator is run once or twice through 
 each of these furrows, for the purpose of filling them up, and also to 
 loosen up the soil to prevent its drying out too rapidly. If the field is 
 weedy the men follow with hoes, and cut out the weeds. 
 
 In this manner the plants are treated until the time for gathering the 
 flowers arrives, with the exception that the irrigating is dispensed with 
 during the rainy winter season. 
 
 A few of the plants will produce flowers the first year after having- 
 been transplanted to the fields, but they produce the most profusely 
 about the third year. The majority of the plants now growing upon 
 the Buhach plantation are six years old, and still bear well. A certain 
 proportion of the plants die every year, and their places are supplied 
 with young plants during the winter season. 
 
 The flowers are gathered during the months of May or June. The 
 operator seizes all of the flower-stems growing upon one plant in one of 
 his hands, and with the other cuts them off 3 or 4 inches above the 
 ground by means of a sharp, hooked knife resembling an old-fashioned 
 hand-sickle. They are then conveyed to a wooden stand to which is 
 affixed an iron comb, the teeth of which are wide enough apart to per- 
 mit the flower stems to pass between them, but are sufficiently close to- 
 gether to catch the flower heads. The operator takes a handful of the 
 flower-stems, catching them below all of the flowers, and passes the 
 stems between the teeth of the iron comb, the latter being between his 
 hand and the lowest flower ; then giving his hand a jerk the flowers are 
 pulled off of the stems and fall into a wooden box, while the stems are 
 thrown to one side out of the way, to be burned as soon as dry enough. 
 
 The flowers are spread out to dry, and at night are covered up to pre- 
 vent the dew from falling upon them, which would naturally injure 
 their insecticidal qualities. As soon as they have been thoroughly dried 
 they are put into sacks and sent in car-load lots to the mill at Stockton. 
 
 Arriving at the mill the flowers are fed to a set of burr mill-stones, 
 just as wheat is handled in making- flour by the old process. The grist 
 
is carried by an elevator to a separator which, by proper sieves, sepa- 
 rates the coarser particles of the grist, allowing only the finest, dust- 
 like powder to pass through. This powder is carried by au elevator to 
 au adjoining building, where it is put up in tin cans for the market 
 while the coarser particles thrown off* by the separator are returned to 
 the millstones again. 
 
 The flowers become considerably heated while being reduced to a 
 powder, but the latter, in passing through a large series of elevators, 
 loses its heat to a great degree before it is put into the cans for the 
 market. 
 
 This powder is put up in tin cans of five different sizes, holding re- 
 spectively 2. ounces, 5 ounces, 10 ounces, 1 pound and 6 pounds. The 
 2 ounce and 5-ounce cans are packed into boxes containing a dozen 
 cans, and also into cans of 12 dozen cans each ; the 10-ounce and 1- 
 pound cans are packed into boxes containing a dozen cans each, and 
 the 6 pound can into boxes holding 6 cans. 
 
 Each can of powder bears the company’s trade-mark, which is a guar- 
 antee of the purity of the powder contained therein. The design of 
 this trade-mark consists of an enlarged figure of a flea above, and a 
 figure of a grasshopper below, while between them are the words : 
 “Buhach: Gr. N. Milco’s California Universal Insect Exterminator,” and 
 in the upper corners are the words “Trade mark.” The essential ele- 
 ment of this trade mark is the word Buhach. 
 
 Mr. Milco informs me that two years ago a certain firm doing busi- 
 ness in this State undertook to put a fictitious article upon the market 
 under the name of Buhach ; the Buhach Producing and Manufacturing 
 Company brought a suit against them, but as the said suit has not been 
 decided up to the present writing it is impossible to say what the out- 
 come will be. 
 
 Mr. Milco made the first experiment to introduce the growth of the 
 Pyrethrum cinerarkefoUum into this State in the year 1870. In 1873 he 
 sold a few pounds of the powder, at the rate of $16 per pound. In 1878 
 he raised about 900 pounds of the powder, which at first he sold at the 
 rate of $4.50 per pound, but finally reduced the price to $1.25 per pound. 
 
 In the year 1879 Mr. J. D. Peters united with Mr. Milco in the culti- 
 vation of the Pyrethrum ciner arm folium and the manufacture of Buhach, 
 under the firm name of the “Buhach Producing and Manufacturing 
 Company,” and for several years they sold the Buhach at the rate of 
 75 cents per pound, wholesale. 
 
 The present price of the Buhach is as follows: 
 
 The 6-pound cans are sold to the largest wholesale dealers at from 
 45 to 50 cents per pound; the wholesale dealers sell them to retail deal- 
 ers at the rate of 56£ cents per pound, when a case of six cans is pur- 
 chased at one time, but when less than a case is taken the price is 60 
 cents per pound. The retail dealers sell these cans to consumers at the 
 rate of 75 cents per pound when the whole can is purchased at one time, 
 
10 
 
 but when only a fractional part of the can is wanted the price is $1 per 
 pound. 
 
 The 1-pound cans are sold to wholesale dealers at the rate of $115.20 
 per gross, less 15 per cent, discount; these are sold to the retail dealers 
 at the rate of $9.60 per dozen, and these dealers sell them to consumers 
 at, the rate of $1.25 per can. 
 
 The 10 ounce cans are sold to wholesale dealers at the rate of $63 
 per gross, less 15 per cent, discount; the wholesale dealers sell them to 
 retail dealers at $5.25 per dozen, and the latter charge the consumers 
 75 cents per can. 
 
 The 2-ounce cans are sold to wholesale dealers at the rate of $18 per 
 gross, less 15 per cent discount.; the retail dealers pay $1.50 per dozen 
 for these cans and sell them to consumers at the rate of 25 cents per can. 
 
 The company also puts up a small sample box of the Buhach, which 
 is mailed to all applicants free of charge. 
 
 The company has two different kinds of instruments for distributing 
 the dry Buhach powder. One of these is called an “ insufflator,” and 
 somewhat resembles a tin oil-can, such as is commonly used for oiling 
 sewing-machines, but the distributing tube is placed low down on one 
 side, while on the upper side is a tube, open at both ends and projecting 
 into the can ; this tube contains a piston which, when pushed down- 
 ward, throws the Buhach out of the distributing tube in a fine shower, 
 while a spring again pushes the piston upward in its proper place as 
 soon as the pressure from above has been removed. This instrument is 
 held in one hand and the piston is operated by the thumb of the same 
 hand. It is intended for distributing the Buhach in places where only 
 a small quantity of it is required. 
 
 It was formerly constructed with an opening in the piston leading 
 into the interior of the insufflator, through which the latter was filled 
 with the Buhach, the opening being afterwards closed with a tight-fit- 
 ting cork ; but an improvement has lately been made by having nearly 
 the whole bottom in the form of a screw-cap, like that on glass fruit- 
 jars, which can be removed by being unscrewed ; by this arrangement 
 the insufflator can be filled much easier and quicker than by the old 
 way. 
 
 The present price of this insufflator is 25 cents each. 
 
 The second instrument, referred to above, is intended for distributing 
 the dry Buhach in large quantities. It consists of a tin can somewhat 
 resembling a common lard-can holding 5 pounds of lard. In the lower 
 part of the can, upon one side, is an opening, iuto which the nozzle of a 
 small hand-bellows is inserted, while on the opposite side, also near the 
 bottom of the can, is a smaller opening, leading info a spoon-shaped 
 nozzle on the outside. This nozzle is furnished with a slide, so arranged 
 as to regulate the quantity of the buhach that is forced through it by 
 the bellows. The top of the can has an opening 4 inches in diameter, 
 
11 
 
 and is closed by a tightly- fitting screw-cap, similar to that of a glass 
 fruit-jar. 
 
 The price of this instrument is $2.50. 
 
 For applying the Buhach and water the company has a small pump, 
 which is attached to a galvanized iron vessel holding about 8 gallons. 
 To this pump is attached 10 feet of rubber hose, to the end of which is 
 affixed a small iron tube 5 feet in length, and so constructed that sev- 
 eral of them can be fastened together, end to end. To the tip of this 
 is attached a cyclone nozzle, which is screwed on to the end of the iron 
 tube. This nozzle was introduced by the Department of Agriculture a 
 few years ago, and is far superior to any other nozzle that I have ever 
 seen. 
 
 The pump consists of a strong brass tube about 2 feet in length, into 
 which is fitted a piston or plunger, which is operated by one hand, while 
 with the other the tube containing the nozzle is moved about at the will 
 of the operator. 
 
 The present price. of this pump, complete, is $15. 
 
 The cost of setting out an acre of Pyrethrum plants varies considerably, 
 but should not exceed $90. If the plants are set out in rows 4 feet apart, 
 and 2 feet apart in the rows, it will require about 5,445 plants to the 
 acre. The plants should not cost more than 1 cent apiece, if grown by 
 the person intending to plant them out, and the Buhach Company offers 
 to send a package of the seeds of Pyrethrum cineraricefolium sufficient 
 to plant an acre for the sum of $5. 
 
 There will be little or no income from the plants the first year that 
 they are transplanted to the fields. After the second year the plants 
 will yield from 300 to 600 pounds of dried flowers to the acre, but when 
 the winter is dry and cold the plants will not yield more than 150 to 200 
 pounds of dried flowers per acre the following season. 
 
 The kind of Pyrethrum now grown upon the Buhach Company’s plan- 
 tation is the cineraricefolium. There are a few plants of the P. roseum 
 growing in their nursery, but this species is not considered by them to 
 be so desirable as the former species, although it is hardier, and easier 
 to start from the seeds. When a flower of the cineraricefolium is crushed 
 it gives forth a very strong odor peculiar to itself, and doubtless exist- 
 ing in the insect-destroying property of these flowers. The flowers of 
 P. roseum give forth no odor when crushed, and the powder made from 
 them is far inferior to that made from the flowers of cineraricefolium , as 
 far as its insecticidal qualities are concerned. 
 
 The flowers of all of the cineraricefolium plants appear at the same 
 season of the year, or within a short time of each other, thus permitting 
 the whole field to be harvested at one time, whereas the roseum is much 
 more irregular in its flowering, continuing to produce flowers during the 
 greater part of the summer season, sometimes producing a second crop 
 of flowers the same season, but it does not blossom as profusely as the 
 cineraricefolium. 
 
12 
 
 The insect-destroying property of Buhach consists of a volatile oil 
 which, in evaporating, exhales a gas that causes death by asphyxia 
 to those insects which breathe it, producing a similar effect upon insects 
 that chloroform and ether have upon human beings. But, what is very 
 singular, while being so destructive to insect life, Buhach has no injuri- 
 ous effect upon human beings. That such is really the case can easily 
 be proved by a visit to the company’s mill at Stockton when in full 
 operation. At such times the air in the room where the flowers are 
 ground into powder is filled with the fine, dust-like particles of the 
 powder; many of the workmen are obliged to remain in this room con- 
 tinuously for several hours at a time, and take no more precautions 
 against breathing the powder than a miller takes against inhaling the 
 fine particles of flour in his mill ; and yet they never suffer from the 
 effects of thus inhaling the fine particles of the Buhach powder. 
 
 Neither is the Buhach poisonous to either man or animals who eat 
 some of it by chance or otherwise. Mr. Milco writes me that a tea- 
 spoonful of the alcoholic extract of Buhach was administered to a cer- 
 tain person afflicted with tape-worm ; the dose was repeated every hour 
 for ten consecutive hours, with the effect of removing the tape-worm 
 without in the least degree injuring the patient. 
 
 Neither is Buhach ijoisonous to insects. I have seen locusts feed 
 upon cabbage leaves that had been so thoroughly sprayed with a solu- 
 tion of Buhach and water that the leaves were thickly covered with 
 Buhach after the water had evaporated ; still the locusts were not at 
 all injured by thus feeding upon it. 
 
 At the stables of the Buhach plantation several tons of the dried 
 stems of the Pyrethrum cinerariwfolium were fed to the horses; the lat- 
 ter appeared to relish it very much, and -I could not discover that they 
 were injured in the least by thus feeding upon these stems. 
 
 It is this perfect immunity from poisonous or other injurious qualities 
 to those using it that has given to Buhach a prominent position among 
 our insecticides, and makes it a perfectly safe remedy to use about the 
 house. 
 
 While in one form or another it is so destructive to insect life, still it 
 appears to have little or no effect upon the eggs; it also is not so fatal 
 in its effects upon the pupae or chrysalids of those insects which pass 
 through a quiet pupa state as it is to the larvae and to the adult insects. 
 It appears to have the greatest effect upon the higher forms of insect 
 life, while the lower or more or less degraded forms are not so easily 
 affected by it. 
 
 Buhach is sometimes applied in a dry state, but for out-door purposes 
 this occasions a great loss, since the finer particles of the powder will 
 float in the air, and be carried away by the wind. A much more satis- 
 factory way of applying it is to mix it in water and spray the insects 
 with the solution. 
 
13 
 
 As the Buhach at first merely paralyzes the insect, it is necessary 
 that this influence upon the latter should continue until death results. 
 To accomplish this some viscid substance should be combined with the 
 solution of Buhach and water, in order to cause the solution to adhere to 
 the insects for a sufficient length of time to deprive the latter of their 
 lives. One of the best known substances of this kind is glucose, a semi- 
 liquid refuse of sugar refineries. This substance combines readily with 
 the Buhach solution, and does not appear to have an injurious effect upon 
 the plants that have been sprayed with it. A low grade of brown sugar 
 would doubtless answer the same purpose, although not in au equal 
 degree, not being so viscid when mixed with water. 
 
 Besides using the Buhach in a dry form, and mixing it with water, it 
 is sometimes also mixed with alcohol, in the proportion of 1 pound of 
 Buhach to a quart of alcohol ; this should stand in a closed vessel for au 
 hour or so, when it may be diluted with water to any extent required. 
 In regard to this solution Prof. E. W. Hilgard, of the University of Cali- 
 fornia, writes as follows to the Pacific Rural Press of May 5, 1883 (p. 
 413): 
 
 “ I find that the effect of the Buhach is materially increased in dura- 
 tion when instead of the tea the diluted tincture is used, as was sug- 
 gested by Professor Biley two years ago. The reason is that the alco- 
 hol extracts with the essential oil also a green resin, which prevents 
 the too rapid evaporation of the volatile oil, and makes it stick to the 
 insect. 
 
 u A quart of alcohol to a pound of powder is the best proportion, but 
 less alcohol may be used. The alcohol may simply be left on the powder 
 for an hour, and the whole then put into 45 or 50 gallons of water, if to 
 be used through a 4 San Jos # e nozzle.’ But it is far better to let the 
 alcohol percolate through the powder, and thus get a clear tincture, of 
 which aliquot parts may at any time be used through any nozzle what- 
 soever, after proper dilution with water. Thus it becomes a great con- 
 venience, since the insecticide solution is ready at any moment without 
 need of boiling or dissolving, and thus the work may be done just when 
 wanted without any preparation. I fiud a solution made as above 
 quite strong enough for any ordinary insect, including the hairy cater- 
 pillar, which at first seems not to mind it much, but after a while tum- 
 bles down and succumbs after vain efforts to crawl away. I have not 
 had au opportunity of trying it upon the Diabrotica or 4 spotted lady- 
 bug,’ but am told that it also succumbs despite its ability to eat almost 
 anything from tobacco to belladonna and henbane. All the aphids 
 yield to it at once, as does the Red Spider when hatched; but it will 
 not kill eggs.” 
 
 In using the Buhach out of doors the best effect will be obtained 
 when the weather is still and rather cool. In very hot weather the in- 
 secticidal properties of the Buhach evaporate too rapidly, thus render 
 ing its time of action so brief as to permit the insect in many cases to 
 
14 
 
 recover. In windy weather the evaporation is also rapid, and the deadly 
 properties of the Buhach are lost, being blown away from the insect, in- 
 stead of being kept where the latter is compelled to breathe it. 
 
 The following experiments with Bnhach were made the past season 
 either by myself or where I was permitted to witness them in person : 
 
 Tomato worms — the larvae of Macrosila Carolina , Linn. — sprayed with 
 a solution composed of one pound of Buhach stirred in ten gallons of 
 water were killed in a few minutes by it. When first sprayed they mani- 
 fested their dislike by jerking their heads and the forepart of the body 
 from side to side, at the same time emitting from their mouths a dark 
 greenish, semi-liquid substance, as almost every locust or grasshopper 
 will do when taken in the hand. The jerking gradually increased in 
 violence, until finally the worms let go their hold of the plants and fell 
 to the ground, where they wriggled around for a short time, and finally 
 expired. I am not aware that a single tomato worm treated with the 
 above solution recovered from its effects. 
 
 The above solution appeared to have no effects upon a Bordered Squash - 
 bug (Largus succinctus). 
 
 At about 4 o’clock in the afternoon a Twelve-spotted Dia'brotica ( Dia - 
 brotica duodecim-punctata Fabr.) was immersed in a solution composed 
 of one and one-half pounds of Buhach stirred into five gallons of water; 
 it was still alive at 9 o’clock, but was dead when examined the next 
 morning. 
 
 A horned beetle ( Notoxus cavicornis LeO.) was immersed iu the same 
 solution and at the same time as the above; it was still alive at 3 o’clock 
 in the afternoon of the next day, but was dead when examined the fol- 
 lowing morning. It became unable to walk about five minutes after it 
 had been immersed, and it remained in* that condition, occasionally 
 moving a leg or foot, until it died. Another specimen was sprinkled 
 with the dry powder, but was not killed thereby; this would seem to in- 
 dicate that Buhach wetted so as to adhere to the insect is far more effect- 
 ive than in a dry state, even though it is diluted to a considerable ex- 
 tent with water. 
 
 A black cricket ( Gryllus sp.?) sprayed with the above solutiou in the 
 evening was dead the next morning. 
 
 An Eleodes quadricollis LeO. that had been rolled in the pure Buhach 
 was still alive eight days later, although it did not appear to be as 
 sprightly as it was before being treated with the powder. 
 
 A single application of Buhach, either in a dry state or when mixed 
 with water or with alcohol, will not kill locusts or grasshoppers that 
 have been dusted or sprayed with it. When treated to the powder or 
 to either of the solutions they show signs of its effects in from ten min- 
 utes to half an hour. At first the hind legs are affected, and the in- 
 sects raise them over their backs and kick around for a short time, and 
 finally lose all control of them, crawliug about by means of their four 
 anterior legs, and dragging their hind legs aftert hem. After a while 
 
15 
 
 the locusts fall clown, roll once upon their sides or backs, jerk their legs 
 occasionally, and gradually become quiet. They remain in this condi- 
 tion for a longer or shorter time, and gradually recover, but sometimes 
 a whole day or a day and a half passes after the application has been 
 made before the locusts have wholly recovered from the effects of it. # 
 
 Although the locusts are not killed by a single application of the 
 Buhach in either of the forms mentioned above, still they do not enjoy 
 the same immunity when treated with an alcoholic extract of Buhach ; 
 a few drops of this extract was dropped upon an adult locust at 1 
 o’clock in the afternoon, and early the next morning the locust thus 
 treated was dead. This extract is much stronger than the solution of 
 Buhach and alcohol described above, and costs about $3 a pint. It 
 failed to have a fatal effect upon the locusts when diluted with water 
 to any considerable degree. 
 
 For the destruction of locusts and other insects that the Buhach will 
 not kill outright, it may still be used with advantage by spreading 
 blankets upon the ground beneath the tree or shrub infested with these 
 insects, and then dusting the latter with the Buhach, or spraying with 
 one of the solutions ; this will have the effect of causing the insects to 
 fall upon the blankets in a perfectly helpless condition, when they can 
 easily be gathered up and be destroyed by burning or otherwise. 
 
 In order to give some idea of what success other persons have met 
 with in using Buhach for the purpose of destroying various kinds of 
 injurious insects, I will give a few extracts from communications made 
 by the parties using this insecticide. 
 
 The following is extracted from a communication which appeared in 
 the Pacific Rural Press of January 6, 1883 (p. 12): 
 
 u The Buhach powder was mixed with cold water in the proportion of 1 
 pound of powder to 50 gallons of water. On the 14th instant I sprayed 10 
 apple trees, the branches of which were literally covered with the Cucum- 
 ber-beetle ( Diabrotica vittata ), and the result was that these pests im- 
 mediately fell to the ground in myriads. The spraying was done with 
 a Merigot pump, and the trees were covered a short time only with a 
 flue mist. Although several gallons were mixed, probably not over one 
 gallon was used. I placed in a small box a number of the beetles that 
 had been touched by the spray, and up to the present time all efforts 
 to resuscitate them have failed. A small number of the insects which 
 were uot touched by the spray were placed in a phial, and are still liv- 
 ing. The Cucumber-beetle plays havoc with pear blossoms and is other- 
 wise destructive, and judging from the very signal success of my late 
 
 ^Locusts appear to be eudowed with more life than the generality of insects. On 
 one occasion I saw a hind leg of a Differential Locust ( Caloptenus differ entialis Thom.) 
 move after it had been separated from the body for several hours. The femur would 
 draw the tibia toward it, then move it back again ; and the last movement of this 
 kind that I saw it make occurred eight hoars after the leg had been separated from the 
 body. 
 
16 
 
 experiment, I feel confident that I will have very little trouble in stop- 
 ping its ravages during the fruit season. — Jos. Hales.” 
 
 The following appeared in the same journnal for October 13, 1883 (p. 
 306): 
 
 u This year, with increased yards and more extensive plans, I had 
 scarcely commenced my work when, to my great annoyance, vermin, 
 and especially those mites which infest the nests of sitting hens, came 
 in forces quite appalling. Old remedies were now again employed, but, 
 as before, found insufficient to match the foe. Half discouraged, I was 
 relating my trials to a neighboring druggist; he advised flea powder, 
 and I purchased of him a bottle of Persiau insect powder and at once 
 tested its merits. I found it a partial, but only a partial, relief to the 
 few nests where used. Thinking, however, that in this, though imper- 
 fect, remedy I had perhaps a hint, a good suggestion, I at once sent to 
 the producers and manufacturers of Buhach at Stockton, Cal., for a 
 small can of their powder, to test still further that kind of 1 death to 
 vermin. 7 A package (one-fourth of a pound) of Buhach powder w as 
 promptly mailed to me, and used as soon as received. To my gratifica- 
 tion, it seemed to be just the thing 1 had long been looking for, yet half 
 despaired of ever finding. The first quarter-pound of this powder 4 did 
 the business, 7 where used in sufficient quantity; but it was not enough 
 to go around. So 1 secured more — two pounds — and I have tested it 
 thoroughly. It is the thing for poultry. It is a success, especially 
 when used freely and frequently. I have tested its merits in nests, upon 
 chicks and hens, on roosts, in cracks and crevices of coops, &c., and 
 with complete success everywhere, I believe. This Buhach powder is 
 the cleanliest, simplest, most easily applied, and safest remedy for ver- 
 min which I have yet found good enough . 77 — Poultry Grower. 
 
 For further experiments with Buhach, I would refer the reader to the 
 back numbers of the American Naturalist, and also to the several Be- 
 ports of Prof. 0. V. Biley, as entomologist to the Department of Agri- 
 culture, contained in the Anuual Beports of that Department. 
 
 D. W. COQUILLETT. 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Biley, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
ADDITIONS TO THE THIRD REPORT ON THE CAUSES OF 
 THE DESTRUCTION OF THE EVERGREEN AND OTHER 
 FOREST TREES IN NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 By A. S. Packard. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 In Dr. Packard’s third report, prepared for the Report of the Ento- 
 mologist, Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1885, was 
 contained certain matter, mainly descriptive, which, though valuable, 
 was considered hardly appropriate for a report which it is desired to 
 make severely plain and practical. This matter was, therefore, pruned 
 from the Annual Report and is published here in the more limited edi- 
 tion of the Bulletin. — (C. V. R.) 
 
 THE BLACK-HEADED SPRUCE BUD WORM. 
 
 (Teras variana , n. sp., Fernald.) 
 
 This caterpillar is so commonly met with on the spruce and hr that we 
 have given it the above English name, though there are other species 
 which have green bodies and black heads. We first met with it on the 
 terminal shoots of the Black Spruce on Peaks Island, in Portland Har- 
 bor, June 22, 1881, and also at Brunswick and Harpswell on the day 
 following, when it was associated with the caterpillars of the Spruce 
 Bud-worm ( Tortrix fumiferana). Unlike that species it does not, so far 
 as we have observed, cause any decided alteration in the appearance of 
 the shoots of the tree, not being social or abundant enough to strip the 
 leaves from a single shoot, as in the case of the Spruce Bud-worm, or 
 the Reddish -yellow Spruce Bud- worm (Steganoptycha ratzeburgiana ) 
 found on the White Spruce last season. 
 
 The egg-laying habits are not yet known, as none of the moths on 
 issuing from the chrysalis mated or proceeded to deposit eggs. 
 
 The caterpillars usually live near the ends of the shoots, feeding on 
 the new leaves, which begin to grow out early in June; cutting off the 
 tender leaves, they make a passage-way between them and the shoot, 
 which they line with white silk. When disturbed they rapidly crawl 
 out of their silken retreat and let themselves down to the ground by a 
 17334 — No. 12 2 17 
 
18 
 
 silken thread. They are very active in their habits and in confinement 
 in tin boxes will squeeze through the narrow space between the box and 
 the cover, so that only an unusually tightly closed box will confine 
 them. Sometimes, at least in two instances, the caterpillars construct a 
 case of the leaves which they had cut off at the end of a fresh bud. 
 
 The caterpillars were very abundant this year in spruce and firs on 
 the shores and islands of Casco Bay, from June 10 until July 20. As 
 full-grown larvae are abundant during the early part of June, it seems 
 that it hibernates among the shoots of the tree during the winter, and 
 that as in the case of the Spruce Bud-worm ( Tortrix fumiferana) it 
 hatches in August, or at least late in the summer, and becomes nearly 
 fully grown before cold weather sets in. 
 
 The caterpillar when fully grown is of the usual shape of a leaf-roller, 
 deep green, with a dark reddish head and cervical shield ; before the 
 last molt the head and pro thoracic or cervical shield are black. 
 
 From the 14th to the 16th of June the caterpillars change to chrys- 
 alides within the slight white cocoou they spin among the bases of the 
 leaves next to the shoot. The moths begin to issue early in August, 
 and continue to appear until the middle of the month. In one case the 
 insect pupated from July 6th to the 10th, the Inoth issuing on the 19th; 
 hence the pupal period lasts about two weeks. Others which pupated 
 July 14 to 16 appeared three weeks later. None of the insects lingered 
 in the pupa state beyond the 14th of August. The moths are subject 
 to great variation, the details of which are given in the description. 
 In their color they are assimilated to the moss-covered bark of the 
 larger branches of the trees they rest on. 
 
 The caterpillars are sometimes preyed upon by ichneumons, two 
 small Ichneumonidse having been bred from pupie in confinement. No 
 Chalcid parasites have yet been observed to prey upon this species. 
 
 Should the worms attack shade or ornamental firs and spruces, they 
 can be subdued by spraying and striking the branches and shoots so as 
 to dislodge the worms. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Larva before the last molt . — Body pale green, nearly of the color of the fresh leaves, 
 with the head and cervical or prothoracic shield black. Length, 10-1 l mm . 
 
 Full-grown larva . — Body pale pea-green, moderately thick, gradually tapering from 
 the middle to the end of the body. Head of the usual shape, somewhat bilobed, not 
 so wide as the body ; dull reddish amber, or greenish-yellow amber-colored in front ; 
 partly brownish-black behind and on the sides, the black forming two patches on 
 the vertex. Prothoracic or cervical shield black on a greenish ground ; varying to 
 greenish-amber edged behind with blackish ; sutures and lateral ridge slightly tinged 
 with yellowish. On the body-segments the piliferous warts green, not distinct ; 
 arranged as usual in a trapezoid. Thoracic legs greenish amber-colored, first pair 
 larger and darker than the others ; abdominal legs pale green, concolorous with the 
 body. Length, 12-14 mm . 
 
 Pupa . — Body rather slender, the double rows of dorsal spines as usual, but the 
 spines are smaller and not so sharp as usual. End of the abdomen broad, square, and 
 much flattened vertically, with a small down-curved spine on each side ; on the 
 square edge of the tip are from four to six slender, small, curved, stiff bristles. There 
 
19 
 
 are two similar bristles on the underside within the edge of the square tip. Length, 
 8-9 ram . 
 
 Moth. — Head white or subochreous ; palpi dull gray, with white scales. Thorax 
 either white and black or reddish ochreous with white scales. Fore wings with the 
 basal third either black, gray or snow white ; usually dark gray ; on the outer edge 
 of the dark portion are two groups of sharply raised scales. Beyond is an irregular 
 white band, the white sometimes obscured by gray scales ; this band is very irregu- 
 lar in width, being narrow on the costa, widening towards the middle of the wing • 
 it is indeuted on the inner side at the second tuft of raised scales ; where the band is 
 widest, viz., on the outer edge behind the middle of the wing, is a deep sinus, very 
 distinct in those specimens where the band is white ; on each side of the mouth of 
 the sinus is a sharp tuft of raised black scales, and within (one near the costa) are 
 the smaller tufts. In those specimens in which the rest of the wing is whitish there 
 is a large triangular dark spot, with the base resting on the costa; usually, however, 
 the outer third of the wing is dusky or clear gray, with dark specks and clouds, and 
 the triangular patch is obscured. Sometimes when the wing is clear gray the veins 
 on the outer third are hardly clouded with a darker shade of gray. Hind wings and 
 abdomen slate gray. Expanse of wings, 12-15 mm . 
 
 This is a very variable moth, but the four or five raised tufts are nearly always 
 present. Some striking varieties are here noted : 
 
 (а) Fore wings gray, with a broad whitish-gray band just before the middle of the 
 wing; the large dark triangular spot not present. 
 
 (б) The outer third of the wing concolorous with the band, thus leaving a large 
 distinct triangular spot. 
 
 (c) Fore wings snow white at base, with a snow-white band near the base, in the 
 outer edge of which the sinus is very distinct; the outer third of the wing is either 
 white or blackish. 
 
 ( d ) The base of the fore wings clear, deep ochreous, and ochreous streaks on the 
 thorax. 
 
 (e) The most aberrant form, and which would readily be referred to a distinct spe- 
 cies if it had not been reared from the same kind of caterpillar. • It has a dark, gray- 
 ish-white head, and two black bauds on the thorax. The fore wings are dark gray, 
 finely lined and mottled with black, but interrupted by a broad, very conspicuous, 
 clear ochreous band extending from the base of the wing to the apex, inclosing the 
 median vein and submedian fold. There is only a single high black tuft on the lower 
 edge of the basal third of the wing. One appeared July 30, and another August 20. 
 Hind wings dark slate gray, with an obscure ochreous slash at the apex. 
 
 The following description was prepared by Professor Fernald from 
 five specimens sent him : 
 
 Head and palpi ashy gray, the latter a little darker on the outside. 
 
 The thorax is dark ashy gray, with a few blackish cross-streaks on the forward part 
 of it, and there is a stont thoracic tuft tipped with reddish brown on the posterior 
 
 part. 
 
 The fore wings are ashy gray, variegated with black and white, with a few yellow- 
 ish scales intermingled. The basal patch is black, more or less broken with whitish, 
 and has three black tufts of scales on the outer edge — one on the fold, another on 
 the cell, and the third between this last and the costa. An oblique band, white 
 on the costa, but suffused below, starts from the basal third of the costa and crosses 
 the wing outside of the basal patch. The inner margin of this band is slightly an- 
 gulated, the most prominent angle being on the fold. The outer side of the band 
 gives off a prominent angle on the cell, which ends at a large tuft of black scales 
 near the end of the cell, and there are several other tufts along the outer margin 
 of this band. The surface of the outer part of the wing is of a somewhat leaden 
 blue color, especially when worn, and mottled with black, white, and yellow scales, 
 
20 
 
 but the black is mostly in coarse streaks containing several small tufts. The costa 
 beyond the middle is blackish, with three small white spots at nearly equal dis- 
 tances apart. The fringes of the fore wings, the upper side of the hind wings and 
 abdomen are darker gray with a silky lustre. The under side of the hind wings 
 is lighter, with darker cross-streaks or reticulations, which are much brighter to- 
 wards the apex. The under side of the fore wings is dark gray, except along the 
 costal border, where the markings of the upper side are dimly reproduced. The 
 legs are brown on the outside, but pale yellowish within and on the end of the 
 joints. This seems to be a very variable species, and at first sight one might think 
 that there were more than one species. 
 
 One variety has the top of the head yellowish, and the oblique band and outer 
 part of the wing dull whitish and slightly touched with yellowish. Another va- 
 riety is quite dark, and has a broad bright ochre yellow band through the middle 
 of the fore wing, from the base to the apex. 
 
 A third variety, in very poor condition and bred on white spruce in Ashland, Me., 
 has the head white and the basal part of the fore wings white with only slight traces 
 of the black tufts and markings. Expanse of wings, 14 mni (Fernald). 
 
 THE FIR TORTRIX. 
 
 [Tortrix packardianci, n. sp., Fernald.) 
 
 This moth was bred from the fir on Peaks Island, Casco Bay, Maine, 
 and sent to Professor Fernald, who regarded it as new and sent us the 
 following description : 
 
 Head whitish; palpi and thorax ashy gray; fore wings with a whitish ground 
 color, and marked with black, which is more or less overlaid with pale bluish or 
 whitish scales. The black basal patch has an obtuse angle pointing out on the mid- 
 dle of the wings. An oblique black band broken in the cell crosses the middle of the 
 wing. A black patch rests on the costa before the apex, marked with one or two 
 white costal spots ; a similarly colored patch within and above the anal angle, and 
 still another on the outer border inclosing the apex, sends in a square projection to- 
 wards the end of the cell. All the black markings are overlaid more or less with 
 white scales, and the white portions of the wings are somewhat stained with gray. 
 The fringes are dark smoky brown. 
 
 The hind wings and abdomen above are ashy gray. Fringes lighter. Under side 
 of the fore wings ashy gray, with the white costal marks reproduced. Under side of 
 the hind wings whitish, irrorate with gray. Expanse of -wings, 16-18 mm . 
 
 Bred from Fir by Dr. A. S. Packard, for whom I name this species in 
 recognition of his extensive and valuable work on North American in- 
 sects. 
 
 THE RED SPRUCE BUD-WORM. 
 
 ( Gelechia obliquistrigella Chambers.) 
 
 [Plate I, Fig. 2.] 
 
 Associated with the preceding bud-worm occurred in abundance, both 
 on the terminal shoots of the spruce and fir, a little reddish cylindri- 
 cal caterpillar, about two- thirds as large as the larva of Ter as variana , 
 and very active in its habits. It occurred as early as the 10th of June, 
 but it disappeared earlier than the caterpillar of Teras variana , and 
 the moths, which were common, flying in spruce at and soon after the 
 middle of July, were not seen after the first week in August. 
 
21 
 
 The caterpillars were beaten from the trees from June 10 to July 17 ; 
 after that it was impossible to find any of them. The moths began to ap- 
 pear July 16-19, and continued to emerge in the breeding boxes until 
 August 1. The duration of the pupa state is about one week 
 
 It is evident that the species is single-brooded and that the caterpil- 
 lar is hatched in August, and becomes nearly full grown in the early 
 autumn, hibernating when nearly full-fed, since the fully grown cater- 
 pillars are abundant by the first week of June. The species has been 
 identified for me by Professor Fernald. It was described from Ken- 
 tucky by Mr. Chambers, but the larva and food-plant have been hitherto 
 unknown. 
 
 When about to pupate it spins a small, thin, delicate cocoon, being a 
 tubular case of silk covered with bits of the scales of the spruce or fir 
 buds. It is placed next to the shoot in the debris made by the larva at 
 the base of the leaves. Length, 6 mm ; diameter, 2 mm . 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Larva. — Body cylindrical, of the usual form, reddish brown iu color, and about 
 6-7 111 m in length. 
 
 Pupa. — Body rather thick, of the usual pale mahogany brown color, the antenme 
 and tips of the wings on the under side reaching to the middle of the fifth abdominal 
 segment. End of the abdomen full and rounded, with about ten unequal, irregularly 
 situated slender bristles, which are slightly curved at the end ; besides these there 
 are several fine bristles along the side of the body near the tip. Length, 5 mm . 
 
 Moth. — Head cream white ; antenme with the basal (second) joint white, beyond 
 ringed with white and black. Palpi white, first and second joint speckled with 
 black, second (longest) joint ochreous at the end ; third (last) joint with two black 
 rings of unequal size, the outer the longer; the tip white. Fore wings moderately 
 wide, oblong ovate. Ground color ochreous whitish gray; costal region blackish, 
 base black. A broad oblique band proceeds from the costal edge to the middle of the 
 submedian space, ending iu two white spots ; there are some whitish scales on the 
 outer edge of the band. Just before the middle of the wing is a broad irregular black 
 band, and beyond it in the submedian space a black spot. A third broad black band 
 crosses the wing, ending on the hind margin and breaking up into three black spots 
 on the hind margin ; the band incloses near them two twinned white dots. Near the 
 outer fourth of the wing is a conspicuous white line, sharply bent outwards just be- 
 hind the middle of the wing ; beyond the apex of the angle of the line are several 
 white scales. At the base of the fringe is an oblique line of black scales. The fringe, 
 like the adjoining part of the wing, is of mixed gray ochreous, with black scales. 
 Hind wings rather broad, pointed, pearly slate gray. Legs, including tarsi, banded 
 with black. Expanse of wings, 13 mm . 
 
 When rubbed the green color of the fore wings becomes paler, and the three oblique 
 black bands are more distinct. 
 
 1 HE EVERGREEN SPAN-WORM. 
 
 ( Tliera contr aetata Packard.) 
 
 A very common caterpillar on various evergreen trees, such as the 
 Spruce, White Pine, Hackmatack, and the bush or common Juniper, is 
 a little green one, striped with white, which is so assimilated in color to 
 the glaucous greeu leaves with their whitish under side as to enable the 
 caterpillar to escape ordinary observation. 
 
22 
 
 During the past summer I have found this caterpillar most frequently 
 on the common Bush Juniper in Maine, but in former years have beaten 
 the chrysalids out of the trees already mentioned. 
 
 The caterpillar is found in July, but becomes fully grown from the 
 1st to the 15th of August. Before transforming, it spins the leaves 
 together with a few coarse silk threads and remains in the tree. Those 
 reared on the Juniper became chrysalids by the 19th or 20th of August, 
 and the moths appeared by the 9th of September, so that the pupa state 
 lasts about three weeks. The moths continue to appear until the mid- 
 dle or last of September. Those found on the Spruce appeared Septem- 
 ber 15, and a pupa found on the White Pine disclosed the moth Sep- 
 tember 13. Probably by the middle of September all the moths have 
 appeared. Whether they hibernate and lay their eggs in spring, or 
 whether their eggs are laid in the autumn on the terminal twigs, and the 
 species is alone represented by the eggs, remains to be ascertained. 
 
 The moth is easily recognized by the sharp fore wings with the narrow, 
 dark, mesial band, which is black and very narrow on the inner edge, 
 and by the pale zigzag line reappearing beneath, also by the black 
 streak near the apex and a smaller apical black dot. It is closely re- 
 lated to the European T. juniper ata, which feeds on the common Juniper. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Larva . — Body smooth, cylindrical; head smooth, slightly bilobed, not quite so wide 
 as the body. Head and body green, the color of the upper side of the juniper leaves 
 on which it feeds. A broad pale glaucous white dorsal band, on each side of which is 
 a yellowish-white line, which extends along the sides of the supra-anal plate, but rot 
 meeting its fellow at the apex. Anal legs broad and large, green, with two tuber- 
 cles which are large and rounded conical. Thoracic legs pink. Length, 16 mm . 
 
 Pupa . — Of the usual family shape ; green, with a white lateral stripe from the head 
 to the tip of the abdomen, and another lower down along the abdomen, as well as two 
 parallel dorsal whitish stripes. Abdominal spine larger and longer than usual, flat- 
 tened vertically, acute, surface corrugated ; two stout terminal bristles excurved at 
 the ends, a much smaller pair at base of these and along the sides of the spines two 
 additional pairs. Length, (5 mm . 
 
 Moth . — Pale ash, base of fore wings with two bent parallel black lines, the outer 
 heavier, and marked with longitudinal stripe on the veiulets. Beyond is a broad pale 
 band slightly bent on the median vein. Still beyond is a median band margined with 
 black, narrowing more than usual on the inner margin of the wing, where the two 
 black margins meet, forming two contiguous black patches; in front the band in- 
 closes obscure ashen ringlets. A black discal dot ; beyond, an obscure pale patch. 
 A white zigzag marginal line, the sharp scallops inclosing dark dots. Hind wings 
 uniformly pale ash color, crossed by two dusky lines. Expanse of wings, *25 nml (one 
 inch). 
 
 THE PINE PHEOCYMA.* 
 
 (Plieocyma lunifera Hiibn.) 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 Larva . — Body long and slender, tapering considerably behind the fourth pair of 
 abdominal legs. Head not so wide as the body, rather deeply bilobed, with a lateral 
 V-shaped white spot. A pair of small prominent tubercles on top of the eighth ab- 
 
 * This descriptive matter is additional to the note published on p. 327 of the An- 
 nual Report for 1885. 
 
23 
 
 dominal segment, and in place of them on the segments is a pair of more widely 
 divergent short black dashes : on the segment next to the last is a transverse ridge. 
 Anal legs long and slender. General color of the body wood or horn brown, of the 
 shade of old twigs, sometimes reddish or greenish. Head marbled with a set of 
 trausverse wavy whitish lines on each side of the median line. Body with a lateral 
 row of black dots ; beneath, much paler, glaucous green. Length, 35 mm . 
 
 The larvae are very variable; in some the body is reddish with longitudinal bands 
 much more distinct than usual ; in some the body is pale pea-green, a little paler than 
 the pine leaves ; there is a firm, quite wide medio-dorsal line, and on the sides a wider 
 white line next to the broader very conspicuous pale red spiracular line, which is 
 similar in color to the reddish sheath of the pine leaf. Head reddish, with the char- 
 acteristic oval white spots on each side. In others (as pitch pine) the body is beau- 
 tifully marbled with gray and whitish. A V-shaped white spot on the side of the 
 head. On the segment next to the last abdominal are two small inconspicuous warts. 
 A faint, broad, grayish-white dorsal band, broadly interrupted at the sutures of the 
 segments by an irregular transverse umber-brown stripe. A faint lateral broad band, 
 containing on the side of each segment a clear, white point. Length, 42 inm . 
 
 Pupa . — Of the usual rather slender Catocala shape, covered with a slight whitish 
 bloom. The abdominal tip rather blunt, the surface corrugated with irregular longi- 
 tudinal furrows above and on the sides; spine small, bearing at the end two very 
 large, long stout bristles curved outwards at the ends, which are blunt; at their base 
 are two pairs of slender bristles. Length, 17 mm . 
 
 Moth . — Body and wings dark ash-gray and reddish brown ; thorax crested, dark 
 reddish brown, with two blackish transverse lines. Patagia with a white stripe be- 
 hind the middle and white scales at the tip; hinder part of the thorax dusted with 
 white. Fore wings black and reddish brown at base, with interrupted and broken 
 black and white lines. Within the middle of the wing is a broad, slightly sinuous 
 whitish-gray band. A large black mark forming a hollow square, the hollow gray- 
 ish, at the end of the discal space. Beyond this spot are two nearly parallel black 
 lines, the inner bent inwards at a right angle upon the costa, and sending an angle 
 into the extra-discal space; the line is bent outwards on the 1st median vein, then 
 curving inwards and ending on the hind margin of the wing. The outer line curves 
 outwards on the costa towards the apex, is bent on the 1st median vein, and behind 
 is nearly x>arallel with the inner line. A fine black scalloped hair-line at the base of 
 the fringe, which is darker on the points of the scallops. Hind wings with a double 
 black curved band beyond the middle, the space withiu the lines filled in with 
 black towards the hinder edge of the wing. An indistinct broad diffuse shade passes 
 across the wing just within the middle. On the under side of both pairs of wings 
 the discal dots are present, and there is a diffuse dark line common to both wings. 
 Expanse of wings, 3b mm . 
 
[THE PERIODICAL CICADA IN SOUTHEASTERN INDIANA. 
 
 By Amos W. Butler, BrooliviUe, Ind. 
 
 In presenting what I have to say concerning the Periodical Cicada, I 
 have tried not to follow in the footsteps of others. I have gathered 
 much information that is new to me, and, coupled with this, the fact that 
 these observations were made in a locality where this insect had not 
 been previousiy studied shall, I trust, assure me your consideration. 
 
 From our older inhabitants I learn the Cicada has heretofore ap- 
 peared in Franklin County in the years 1834, 1851, and 1868. This 
 year I have received reports of its occurrence in the counties of Dear- 
 born, Decatur, Rush, Union, Ripley, Franklin, Fayette, Wayne, and 
 Delaware. The latter, however, is not one of the counties in the south- 
 eastern part of the State. In Delaware County my informant reports 
 it as “not abundant”; in Union County it was very common; and, I 
 should think, was as numerous in Dearborn and Ripley Couuties. In 
 this county and in Fayette it was at no place as common as was ex- 
 pected. We are entirely without the range of the thirteen -year race. 
 
 The regularity of its appearance in certain localities is very interest- 
 ing. Dr. George Sutton, of Aurora, writes me: “In 1851 the first I 
 saw fully developed was on the 24th of May. In 1868 I first saw them 
 on the 28th of May. This year I discovered them on the 29th of May, 
 although there was evidence that a few had made their appearance a 
 day or so before.” Its appearance in Franklin County this .year was 
 very irregular. The first representatives appeared in a few localities 
 on May 28, and in such localities Cicadas were rather common two days 
 later. In other places, less than half a mile from those just mentioned, 
 no Cicadas appeared until June 4, and in other neighborhoods they were 
 even alter in coming forth. 
 
 Many pup* were turned up by the plow in April and May. When 
 these insects emerge from the ground it is with a rush, and a lively 
 scramble ensues for each elevation near the point of their emergence. 
 Trees, bushes, weeds, poles, stumps, fences — in short, everything upon 
 which they can get above the level of their recent homes is ascended. 
 A friend tells me that his hogs thought so much of the Cicadas as an 
 article of food that they would not return to their accustomed feeding 
 24 
 
25 
 
 place. They preferred to remain within the woodland at night, and one 
 morning he found attached to the hair of the animals a number of pupa 
 cases. The Cicadas had clambered upon the backs of the hogs, and 
 there left their outer garments. I have learned of several instances in 
 which hogs discovered the Cicadas before they emerged from the ground, 
 and in some localities they rooted over a considerable amount of ground, 
 to some depth, searching for this new-found food. Farmers gathered 
 the immature iusects upon their appearance and fed them to poultry. 
 
 In most localities where they had been abundant seventeen years 
 before they appeared this year, but in many instances but few insects 
 represented the vast numbers of their previous maturity. In many 
 places where they were abundant at their last preceding appearance no 
 representatives appeared this year. Many were there which did not 
 emerge from the pupal covering, but from the heat of the morning sun, 
 the attacks of birds and of insects, perished. 
 
 May 31 they began making their peculiar noise, and by June 7 the 
 woods resounded with their rattling notes. June 5 they began mating. 
 Five days later most of them appear^ to be mated. Ten days after 
 beginning mating they commenced depositing eggs. In this work I have 
 always seen the female with the head higher than any other part of the 
 body. Owing to this fact the eggs appear on some trees to have been 
 deposited from a certain direction, while on others the opposite appears 
 to be the direction whence they came. Upon the oak and apple, trees 
 whose limbs generally grow quite erect, the ovipositor has been inserted 
 from above, or from towards the end of the limb; while upon beech, elm, 
 and other trees, which have a droopiug habit, the eggs were deposited 
 from the opposite direction, that toward the base of the limb. The fe- 
 male effects an opening into the wood by means of two small saw-like 
 organs. An excavation is made, consisting of two apartments separated 
 by a thin partition of wood. Into these cavities the ovipositor is in- 
 serted ; apparently an egg is deposited in each of these chambers at the 
 same time, and each one is lying at the same angle with the partition 
 wall. The eggs are packed very regularly, and under a glass of low 
 power look very much like grains of rice. The openings of these egg- 
 cavities are from five-sixteenths to one-half of an inch in length, and 
 were found three-eighths, and occasionally a few one-half, of an inch 
 apart. Sometimes but two or three punctures were to be seen on a 
 limb, and again the punctured limb would be upwards of a foot in length. 
 A limb of Black Gum ( Nyssa multiflora , Wang.), showing a line of inci- 
 sions 18 inches long, proved by actual count to have 48 egg chambers 
 upon it, all in a straight line, and doubtless the work of a single insect. 
 The largest limb found punctured was not over one half an inch in dia- 
 meter. Egg-laying was not confined to trees of auy particular species, 
 yet there were some kinds of trees apparently more desirable than 
 others. 
 
26 
 
 Beech ( Fagus ferruginea , Ait.), Maple {Acer saccharinum, Wang.), Oak 
 ( Quercus , several species), Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos, L.), 
 Black Gum (Wyssa multiflora, Wang.), Thorn (Crataegus, several species), 
 Wild Crab-apple ( Pyrus coronaria , L.), Elm (TJlmus fulva , Michx. and 
 U. americana , L.), Osage Orange ( Madura ciurantiaca, Nutt.), Sycamore 
 ( PJatanus occidental is, L.), and among orchard trees, Apple, Quince, and 
 Peach, were trees upon which the females deposited their eggs in great- 
 est numbers, but, from the fact that all of these trees are not present in 
 equal numbers, they could on^ be occupied in proportion to their 
 abundance. Cicadas were also found laying upon the Tulip Tree (Lirio- 
 dendron tulipifera, L.), Black Locust (Robinia pseud acacia, L.), Sweet- 
 brier ( Rosa rubiginosa , L.), Red Bud ( Cercis canadensis , L.), Grape 
 (Vitus cordifolia , Michx.), Poison Ivy (Rhus toxicodendron , L.), Catalpa 
 (Catalpabignonioides, Walt.), and upon the domesticated species of Plum, 
 Pear, Gooseberry, and Curraut. I have found them very rarely oviposit- 
 ing on Hickory ( Garya , several species), Ash ( Fraxinus americana , L.), 
 Linden ( Tilia americana , L.), Walnut (Juglans nigra , L.), and Butternut 
 (J. cinerea , L.). No eggs were found upon the Wild Cherry (Prunus 
 serotina , Ehr.), or upon the cultivated Cherry. 
 
 Twenty-three days after the appearance of the Cicadas a perceptible 
 decrease in numbers was observed. Up to this time the males had 
 greatly outnumbered the females, but the decrease in numbers appears 
 to come from the disappearance of the former, which, being the first to 
 appear, are also the first to leave us. Nine days later but few examples 
 could be found, and these were mostly females. Thirty-nine days after 
 appearing but an occasional Cicada could be found, and their season 
 may be said to be ended. These observations were made in localities 
 where they first appeared, but observations iu other places sustain the 
 chronology I have given. At a point 5 miles east of Brookville, on July 
 15, nine days after they had disappeared from the river valleys, I found 
 Cicadas abundant and very active, indicating that they had not yet 
 reached the wane of their maturity. 
 
 The typical species, Cicada septendecim , L., and the smaller form, cas- 
 sinii , Fisher, were both found here, but the latter was much the more 
 common. Each form frequents a different locality. 
 
 I have never seen a place where the territory of the two kinds could 
 be said to overlap. True it is that an occasional representative of one 
 form may be found within the range of the other, but such cases are 
 rare, and when they do occur are easily distinguished. 
 
 There are three different sounds produced by the Cicada. The note 
 of surprise is one which never fails to startle the intruder; it is a shrill 
 screech of varying length. When several insects utter this noise at the 
 same time it is almost deafening to one who is close at hand. Another 
 sound is the peculiar rattling noise made by the insect when flying. 
 This utterance is very monotonous, without inflection, and prolonged 
 to various lengths according to the distance of flight. The sounds just 
 
mentioned were uttered by both forms of the insect found here, and 
 were so nearly alike that that uttered by either species could not be 
 distinguished from similar sounds of its relative. I was somewhat sur- 
 prised at this. The difference in the size of the insects and therewith 
 in the size of the sound organs and of the controlling muscles should, 
 I thought, indicate a difference in the sound produced. In the third 
 distinct sound, that in which the males display their musical charms to 
 the other sex, I found a difference which, in all the investigations I 
 made, proved constant. The note of the varietal form is uttered with- 
 out much change of tone and, individually, is quite low compared with 
 that of the other form, but collectively the noise, when the observer is 
 near, sounds like the rushing of a strong wind through trees of dense 
 foliage. I have distinguished this sound at a distance of a quarter of 
 a mile from the place of its origin, and at that distance it sounded like 
 the noise made by a swarm of bees passing through the air close at 
 hand. The sound made by the specific form is so peculiar as to at 
 once attract attention. It is uttered in an uncertain quivering way, 
 gradually rising, then falling and passing away as though ended by 
 the exhaustion of the insect. This sound is well represented thus: 
 Fe-e-e-ro-o o. My friend, M. J. F. McKee, whose valued assistance I 
 have had in preparing my notes on the Cicada, watched the action of this 
 insect in giving utterance to this sound. He says: “The male Cicada 
 (0. septendecim ) assumes a position on the upper side of a limb :>r on 
 the body of a tree, always with the head upward, then it elevates the 
 posterior enu of its body, at the same time appearing to inflate the 
 abdomen. With the beginning of the sound the elevated portion of the 
 body descends, the abdomen appears to contract until, when the parts 
 reach their natural position, the notes cease. The insect then remains 
 quiet for a period about equal to the length of the musical effort, when 
 the performance is repeated. A noise may be produced from a freshly- 
 killed male by taking hold of each end of the body with one’s fingers, 
 and alternately expanding and contracting the abdomen, similar to the 
 manner in which an accordion is played. The sounds thus produced 
 are not similar to those produced by the insect itself, but in many par- 
 ticulars there is a decided resemblance, and this, I think, demonstrates 
 the manner in which the sounds are produced.” Evidently this is done 
 by inflating the hollow abdomen with air, and then forcing the air 
 agaiust the corrugated surface of the insect’s drum-like membranes, 
 when, by the vibration of these membranes as permitted by the power- 
 ful muscles attached thereto, the noise is produced. I have not been 
 enabled to make as satisfactory an examination of variety cassinii when 
 uttering its sounds. They are evidently produced in a similar manuer, 
 but the motions occurring are different, a trembling of the posterior 
 parts being all that 1 have discovered. 
 
 Toward the latter part of their lives the Cicadas appear to be affected 
 by a peculiar fungus growth. This is most common to the males, but 
 
28 
 
 females are also affected by it. Dr. E. G. Grahn, a friend whose as- 
 sistance I value highly, has, at my request, examined the Cicada with a 
 microscope. The result of his examination 1 give in his own words : 
 
 u An examination of many of the Cicada3 reveals the fact that they 
 have lost several of the posterior segments of the abdomen, and that 
 this part of the insect is filled with a mealy-looking substance of a some- 
 what yellowish color. I subjected this substance to microscopical ex- 
 amiuation and found it to consist of numberless spherical bodies having 
 the general appearance of spores, and it probably is the Massospora 
 cicadina (Peck.), but as I had no description of this fungus I could not 
 be certain of this. 
 
 “In Bulletin No. 8 of the United States Department of Agriculture, 
 Division ot Entomology, Prof. Charles Riley mentions this fungus, and 
 quotes Mr. R. H. Warder, of Cleves, Ohio, who states that 4 It seemed 
 to be a drying up of the contents and membranes of the abdomen,’ and 
 that he found it in the males who may have lost the posterior segments 
 of the abdomen during copulation, and alludes to it as a 4 dry rot,’ 
 which ‘might be the result of the brokeu membranes.’ 
 
 44 He further states that he ‘never found a perfect male thus affected,’ 
 but finally concludes that ‘this is not positive proof.’ Whether or not 
 Mr. Warder examined this substance microscopically is not stated, but 
 true it is that in the Cicadse of this year the microscope and the various 
 straining agents reveal countless spherical organized bodies which 
 could not be formed simply by decomposition or transformed of the 
 ‘contents and membranes of the abdomen,’ and must therefore be re- 
 garded as a growth or multiplication of similar organized bodies hav- 
 ing the properties and functions of seeds or spores, which have, in some 
 manner, gained access to the bodies of the Cicadse. It is true, also, 
 that this fungus is found not only in male Cicadas who have lost the 
 posterior segments of the abdomen, but in perfect males as well, as also 
 in females who are yet in possession of many eggs, and in these speci- 
 mens the eggs and fungus completely fill up the abdomen. In view of 
 these facts — which are well attested — it seems somewhat strange to find 
 Professor Riley quoting without comment the statements of Mr. War- 
 der. The spherical bodies referred to have a diameter of about ^-g^th 
 of an inch, and have the appearance of being covered on their exterior 
 with small granules, spherical in outline, and about ^-(fToth of an inch 
 in diameter. In their fresh state they were subjected to the actiou 
 of the iodine solution recommended in Huxley and Martin’s 4 Practical 
 Biology.’ A dark border revealed itself, indicating that the cell wall 
 had taken the stain. Acetic acid rendered them more transparent. 
 Aniline green stained both the cell wall and its contents of a nearly 
 uniform color. Being in doubt whether or not the spherical bodies 
 were single spores, I subjected some rather dry ones to pressure, and the 
 cells thus ruptured emitted large numbers of small spherical bodies, 
 having a diameter of from xo 5 ~roth to g-^oth inch, each large cell hav- 
 
29 
 
 in g the appearance of a raptured sporangium of the ordinary Penicillium 
 glauca or Mucor mucedo ; hence I concluded that the cells were really 
 sporangia, filled with spores. So far I have discovered no traces of my- 
 celium, upon which these sporangia grow, and am thus led to conclude 
 that they multiply by fission — probably external gemmation — and that 
 after a sporangium is thus produced its contents are again divided by a pro- 
 cess of fission into numerous spores. As this process was not really seen 
 to take place, the foregoingremarks respecting it maybe taken as being 
 theoretical; yet, while making my observations, and particularly upou 
 the slide trerated with aniline green, I noticed a number of transparent 
 nucleated bodies, of various sizes, approaching that of the large spher- 
 ical cells, some of them exhibiting a slight, others a considerable, bulg- 
 ing out of the cell wall together with the contents of the cell. In some 
 of these, this bulging.out had proceeded to a length equal to one-half 
 the diameter of the cell itself, and left one to infer that a new cell was 
 to be produced, and that, too, by a process of fission. Hence, my con- 
 clusions as before mentioned. This, together with quite a number of the 
 fully formed spherical bodies, was seen in material taken from a com- 
 plete, perfect male. It is only proper to state that in this case the con- 
 tents of the abdomen did not completely fill this cavity, and the ma- 
 terial was in rather a semi-liquid state and exhibited also immense num- 
 bers of minute spherical and rather long rod-shaped moving bodies 
 which were doubtless bacteria. These latter were also found in other 
 specimens in which the posterior segments were missing and the con- 
 tents of the abdomen, although of the mealy character, were yet some- 
 what moist, thus affording conditions for the growth and multiplication 
 of bacteria. Being curious to know what could be discovered in the 
 abdomen of a perfect and active male Cicada, I subjected some of the 
 material to examination with a one-quarter inch objective and a 2-inch 
 ocular and later with a 1-inch ocular. In the field of the microscope were 
 seen numerous flat bands, scattered about over and around each other 
 irregularly. In great numbers were seen also very fine hair-like fila- 
 ments which could be traced distinctly and were found to belong to the 
 flat bands. These latter were made up of a large number of hair-like 
 filaments arranged alongside of each other, which filaments emanated 
 from each other as fibers from a large thread ; each fiber preserving its 
 identity, and not being given off as a branch whose identity is lost in 
 its union with the main trunk. What these hair-like filaments really 
 were, I was unable to make out.” 
 
 I am satisfied that the greater number of Cicadas which escape a 
 forcible death die from the effects of the fungus previously mentioned. 
 
 As much time as possible was devoted to studying the enemies of the 
 Cicada, Kot only those species which kill them, but also those species 
 which feed upon the dead insects were noted. Among birds the Eng- 
 lish sparrow, Passer domesticus , Leach, is perhaps its greatest enemy. 
 Within one week from the date of the appearance of the Cicada in 
 
30 
 
 Brookville not one could be found, and I doubt if a single specimen was 
 permitted to deposit its eggs, owing to the persistent warfare waged by 
 this garrulous sparrow. Of native birds the Robin, Merula migrator ia, 
 Sw. & Rich.; Blackbird, Quiscalus purpureus ceneus , Ridg.; Oat-bird, 
 Galeoscoptes carolinensis , Cab.; Red-headed Woodpecker, Melanerpes 
 erythroceplialus , Sw.; G-olden-winged Woodpecker, Golaptes auratus , S w. ; 
 Towhee Bunting, Pipilo erythrophthalmus , Vieill. ; and Orchard Oriole, 
 Icterus spur ius, Bp., were their greatest enemies. Food of every other 
 sort appeared to be neglected in order that they might feast for a lim- 
 ited period upon the easily captured Cicada. Of other birds examiued 
 the following contained Cicada remains: Brown Thrasher, Harporhyn- 
 chus rufus , Cab. ; Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula , Coues ; Scarlet Tana- 
 ger, Pyranga rubra , Vieill.; Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Polioptila ceerulea , 
 Scl.; Worm-eating W arbler, Helminthot her us vermivor us, S. & G.; Purple 
 Martin, Progne subis, Baird; Wood Pewee, C onto pus virens, Cab.; Wood 
 Thrush, Hylocichla mustelina, Baird; Yellow-throated Vireo, Lanivireo 
 Havifrons, Baird; Cardinal Grosbeak, Cardinal) s virginianus, Bp.; Tufted 
 Titmouse, Lophophanes bicolor , Bp.; Carolina Chickadee, Pams carolin- 
 ensis, And.; Chipping Sparrow, Spizella domestica, Coues; Downy Wood- 
 pecker, Picus villosus, L. ; Great-crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus crinitus, 
 Cab.; Indigo bird, Passerina cyanea, Gray; Cow bird, Molothrus ater, 
 Gray; White-bellied Nuthatch, Sitta carolinensis, Gmel. ; Yellow-billed 
 Cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus, Bp.; Black-billed Cuckoo, C. erythrophthal- 
 mus, Baird; Gold Finch, Astragalinus tristis, Cab.; Crow, Corvus frugiv- 
 orus Bartr., and Cedar bird, Ampelis cedrorum, Baird. But two species 
 of all the birds examined showed no evidence of Cicada eating. These 
 were the Blue Warbler, Dendroeca ceerulea, Baird, and the Warbling 
 Vireo, Vireosylva gilva , Cass. Most birds only eat the softer parts, but 
 some species — the Robin, Brown Thrasher, Towhee Bunting, and a few 
 others — eat also the wings and legs, and even occasionally the head. I 
 found Fox Squirrels, Sciurus niger ludovicianus, Allen, eating them, 
 the young showing greater fondness for this food than did their parents. 
 The Ground Squirrel, u Chipmunk,” Tamias striatus, Baird, was very 
 fond of them. I have seen this mammal climb to the highest limbs of 
 an apple tree seeking Cicadas. When Cicadas fell into our streams 
 many of them became the prey of various species of fish. Our fisher- 
 men complained of their inability to get fish to take the hook while 
 they were feeding upon this new food. The remains of these insects 
 were found in Black Bass, Micropterus sahnoides , Henshall; Blue Cat 
 Fish, Ichthaelurus punctatus, Jordan; and White Sucker, Catostomus 
 teres , LeS. Rev. D. R. Moore, a valued fellow- worker, found two spe- 
 cies of snails, Mesodon exoleta, Binn., and M. elevcita, Say, feeding upon 
 dead Cicadas. This fact was a great surprise to me. But few instances 
 were recorded of Digger Wasps killing these insects. Stizus grandis , 
 Say, was the only species observed. Aside from the enemies mentioned 
 above, there were many others to which I could not direct my attention. 
 
31 
 
 In general it may be said beetles, spiders, and other insect enemies prey 
 upon them incessantly, while parasitic flies, scavenger beetles, and ants 
 destroy great numbers of their dead bodies. 
 
 Young trees upon the lands of nurserymen attract the Cicada in great 
 numbers. I do not know that any specific remedy was tried ; if so, no 
 doubt it failed, as those interested secured laborers who collected all 
 the insects they could and killed them. Here and in our orchards is 
 where the greatest damage was done. 
 
 Many peculiar ideas are associated with anything that is mysterious. 
 To the uneducated mind the regular appearance of the Cicada, with 
 which it is incapable of associating any thought of growth or of devel- 
 opment through other forms, is a great mystery. Such a person also 
 never thinks of an insect save as a destroyer of that which is necessary 
 for his welfare. It was not infrequent to hear agriculturists of fossil- 
 ized minds discussing the amount of damage the Cicadas would proba- 
 bly do to growiug crops. The expressions of another class of persons 
 showed another train of thought. u Why,” say they, “ these are the 
 same kind of locusts which troubled Pharaoh in Egypt. The Lord has 
 marked them. Don’t you hear them say Plia-a-a r-o-oli V 7 
 
 From the best information I can gather, I think with each septendeci- 
 mal visit these insects are becoming less numerous. The sites of towns, 
 the immense tracts of cultivated lands, together with artificial ponds 
 and other changes which man is causing, are each year lessening the 
 amount of ground suitable for their adult life. Besides what man is 
 doing to make the country unsuited for their habitation, the insects are 
 preyed upon by many enemies which man has brought within the region 
 of their habitation. Natural enemies, by the removal of certain bar- 
 riers, are enabled to increase. Others, by reason of changes of environ- 
 ment, are found in greater numbers within certain restricted areas 5 
 others, again, by changes of habits, are made more aggressive. All in 
 all, he who can carefully look back over the past half or three quarters 
 of a century, and intelligently study the great changes which have 
 taken place in both fauna and flora, must conclude that, with but a few 
 more returns, this periodical insect will be represented by few or per- 
 haps no descendants of its now vast numbers. 
 
NOTES OF THE YEAR. 
 
 The Colorado Potato Beetle in Georgia.— In the spring of the 
 present year we received the Colorado Potato Beetle (Doryphora 10- 
 lineata) for the first time from the State of Georgia. Under date of May 
 18 we received from Mr. Woodward Barnwell, of Savannah, a letter ac- 
 companied by specimens of the larvte of this insect. There could be 
 no question as to their identity. Both Mr. Barnwell and Dr. A. Oemler, 
 the president of the Chatham County Agricultural Society and author 
 of “Truck Farming at the South,’ 7 wrote that they had never before 
 heard of this insect within the limits of the State. 
 
 The evidence shows that the Borypliora did not reach Savannah by 
 gradual spread, as we have heard of it from no nearer point of late 
 years than eastern Tennessee,* and the chances are that it has been 
 directly imported from the North. Such an importation is a very easy 
 matter, as many of the truck farmers in the vicinity of Savannah buy 
 seed potatoes at the North from time to time. Mr. Barnwell himself 
 got last winter 110 barrels seed potatoes from Aroostook County, 
 Maine. Under these circumstances the beetle has probably often been 
 taken to Savannah before, and the very fact that it has never heretofore 
 developed there in sufficient numbers to be noticed affords the best in- 
 dication that it is not much to be feared in so warm a climate. Still we 
 advised Mr. Barnwell to be on the safe side, and to destroy it as thor- 
 oughly as possible by the use of Paris green. 
 
 The Sugar cane Beetle injuring Corn (Plate I, fig. 1). — Six 
 .years ago Ligyrus rugiceps Lee., injured the sugar-cane crop quite se- 
 verely in certain portions of Saint Mary’s Parish, Louisiana. A note 
 upon this habit was given in the Annual Report of the Department for 
 1879 (pp. 246-247), and the report for 1880 contained quite an extended 
 article on pages 236-240, the result of observations made by Mr. How- 
 ard in the spring of 1881 upon the infested plantations. The same ar- 
 ticle was embodied in Special Report No. 35 of the Department, pub- 
 lished April 28, 1881. 
 
 The beetle seems to have done little damage to sugar-cane outside of 
 Saint Mary’s Parish along the Bayou Teche, and since the great floods 
 in the spring of 1882, which were especially disastrous in that particu- 
 lar region, we have heard no further complaint of sugar-cane pests. 
 
 * Specimens of the beetle and larva were received May 31, 1885, from Mrs. Mary 
 Frist, of Chattanooga, Tenn., who wrote that they were destroying the crop of Irish 
 potatoes in her garden. 
 
 32 
 
33 
 
 The present season, however, we were somewhat surprised to receive 
 the same insect — Ligyrus rugiceps — from Mr. H. M. Houston, of Monroe^ 
 Union County, North Caroliua, accompanied by a letter written June 
 2, 1885, in which he stated that the insect was new to himself and his-, 
 neighbors, and that it worked just under the surface of the ground, cut- 
 ting into young corn with five or six leaves, working iu as far as the 
 heart and killiug the center blades without injuring the outside ones; 
 orwithout cutting the plant down. Fig. 1, Plate I, was drawn from 
 specimens working in sugar-cane, but indicates precisely the method, 
 of work in young coru. 
 
 Mr. Houston gave no particulars as to the amount of damage being: 
 done, and although he was written to for further information we did not 
 hear from him again, and the inference is that, the beetles disappeared 
 without doing much damage. It was so well shown in Louisiana that 
 this species is capable of exceptional increase and corresponding injury 
 under favorable circumstances that it is not at all improbable that we' 
 have here the beginning of a serious damage to corn iu North Carolina- 
 
 The life-history of this beetle is not known. The most careful search 
 in the Louisiana sugar fields in 1881 failed to show a trace of the larvae- 
 or pupae, and it was judged probable that they bred in the surrounding 
 swamps. Until something definite is learned concerning the life-history- 
 and larval habits, we can only recommend as a remedy the use of fires; 
 and trap-lanterns iu the field, as the evidence of 1881 shows that th^ 
 beetle is strongly attracted to light. 
 
 The Corn-hoot Web-worm an old Pest in Indiana. — Professor* 
 Forbes’ recent discovery of Grambus zeellus in Illinois, and his interest- 
 ing article upon the species in the Fourteenth Eeport of the State Eim- 
 tomologist of Illinois (1884), in which he treats it as an entirely uewr 
 pest (and such it is for all that has been published concerning it), ren- 
 ders the following letter from Mr. B. F. Ferris, of Sunman, Ind., re- 
 ceived through our Indiana agent, Mr. Webster, of considerable interest n 
 
 “In the Indiana Farmer , of this date, I notice a communication from 
 yourself in regard to a ‘ new corn pest,’ and asking for information in 
 regard to them. They are not a new pest to me by any means. My 
 first experience with them was about thirty years ago. I had broken 
 up a field of 17 acres of sod, and planted it on the 1st of May in as fine 
 condition as I ever had a sod. Almost every hill came up, and I would 
 not have paid a very high premium to have been insured 50 bushels of 
 corn to the acre. But the corn was not more than well up before I no- 
 ticed that the cut-worms, as I thought, were cutting it off. Upon ex- 
 amination, however, I discovered that they were not our common cut- 
 worms, but a small dark-colored worm that enveloped itself in a slight 
 web, just as you have described them, and for want of a name I called 
 them ‘ web-worms,’ and they are known by that name in this neighbor- 
 hood at this time. As a result, they entirely destroyed my field of 
 corn, with the exception of about an acre or so at each end of the field, 
 17334-No. 12 3 
 
34 
 
 "where the ground was a little broken by small hollows. They were very 
 numerous in this vicinity that season, and occasionally there have been 
 a few of them since, but not doing much damage until the present sea- 
 son. In one field of mine, which had been pastural two years before 
 breaking, they have almost entirely taken up 4 or 5 acres, so that I have 
 planted a part of it with white beans, and contemplate sowing the bal- 
 ance with buckwheat. 
 
 “I think they are produced by a small, whitish miller, with dirty, 
 brownish stripes upou it, as I have seen a great many of them about 
 the fields. They made their appearance about the time the worms com- 
 menced their depredations. I also saw a great many about ou the first 
 "visitation of the ‘ web-worms , 7 and supposed at the time that they were 
 the authors of the mischief . 77 * * * [B. F. Ferris, Sunman. Ind ., 
 
 ■July 4, 1885. 
 
 ^VIONEPHORA BICINCTA DAMAGING BERMUDA GRASS. [Plate I, fig. 
 ^3.] — This rather striking looking bug, belonging to the family Cercopidse, 
 and easily recognizable from its marked coloration, is widely distributed 
 and by no means rare over the more southern portion of the country, but 
 has never been reported as injuring cultivated plants. This season, how- 
 ever, a large number of specimens were received from Hon. A. P. But- 
 ler, Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of South Carolina, dated 
 Columbia, October 20, in which he stated that they appeared in 1884 
 on the farm of Mr. Speigner, on the Congaree Eiver, near Columbia, 
 and destroyed a small patch of Bermuda grass. This year it again ap 
 peared in large numbers on the same farm, and completely ruined a 
 10-acre field of the same grass. Major Butler examined the field in 
 person, and states that it looked as if a fire had passed over it, while 
 thousands of the bugs w'ere found. This exceptional increase of the 
 insect is of considerable interest. The best remedy will be found in 
 burning over the field in the fall. 
 
 A new Enemy to the Persimmon. — Mr. C. W. Johnson, of Saint 
 Augustine, Fla., wrote us, June 23, concerning the work of an insect 
 which punctured twigs of Persimmon and layed its eggs, from which 
 ^ithe larvrn hatched and bored into the heart wood. The specimens were 
 ^recognized as Oberea bimaculata , a beetle which customarily lays its 
 aeggs in Raspberry or Blackberry, but which we have also observed to 
 oviposit in Cottonwood. It has never before been recorded as injuring 
 Persimmon. Oberea schaumii, a closely related species, we have also 
 observed on Cottonwood, and Mr. Schwarz has found it ovipositing in 
 Sassafras. 
 
 The Black Scale of California ( Lecanium olece Bernard). — This 
 ^destructive scale was treated of in the Annual Report of the Depart- 
 ment for 1880, pp. 336-337, but little beyond structural details was given 
 We have received the past season a few notes concerning it from Mr. 
 
35 
 
 Alfred W. Hinde, of Anaheim, Los Angeles County, California, which 
 we think of sufficient interest to publish : 
 
 u This is the most common species of scale insect found in southern 
 California, being especially partial to the orange and olive, on which it 
 thrives and increases very rapidly. It appears to do very little harm 
 to the tree itself, even when allowed to multiply undisturbed to its full 
 capacity. But, owing to the sweet secretion which the scale is con- 
 stantly exuding, and which drops on the leaves and branches, it is 
 always accompanied by a species of black fungus, which thrives on the 
 sweet secretion combined with moisture. It is this fungus which does 
 the real harm, for it grows on the fruit as well as on the leaves and 
 branches. In the case of olives it renders the fruit unfit for making a 
 fine quality of oil ; and with oranges it renders the fruit so unsightly 
 that it does not bring near the price that clean fruit does, unless 
 each orange is thoroughly rubbed with a moist cloth, which is a very 
 tedious process. When the scale is killed the fungus disappears, hence 
 the fight against the scale. It is one of the easiest species to kill; a 
 good kerosene emulsion, if thoroughly applied, is sure death to them, 
 provided it is given at the right time, viz., just after the young have 
 left the shelter of the parent scale. To make a thorough job of it 
 the trees should have two sprayings, at intervals of several weeks, 
 as all the young do not hatch out at the same time. A year ago 
 last September we gave our old seedling orange trees a good spray- 
 ing with a kerosene emulsion, but owing to our lack of experience in 
 mixing the oil and soap, it was not a thorough emulsion, and hence 
 only killed about 50 per cent, of the scale. The season of 1884 was 
 extremely wet, and I find that the black scale increases much more 
 rapidly in a wet than in a dry season. This wetness, combined with the 
 ineffectual spraying, caused the fungus to greatly increase, and the or- 
 anges were extremely dirty, more so than in any previous season that I 
 can remember. The present season (1885) has been the exact reverse 
 of last season, being so dry that we have had less than one inch of rain- 
 fall since the first of January last to the present date (November 1). 
 Besides being dry the summer has been very hot; at two periods a few 
 weeks apart in August and September the mercury rose to 107° in the 
 shade. At the first hot spell the heat continued for nearly a week. A 
 few days after this hot week we noticed that all the old scale appeared 
 to be dead on the orange trees. I could hardly believe that the hot 
 weather could do this, so I made further examinations, and then I would 
 have another doubting fit and start out and examine them again, but 
 always with the same result, viz., I would not find more than two or three 
 live oil-scale on the trees. The young ones I did not think to look for, 
 as they were probably not yet hatched, except in a few instances. Then 
 we had the last very hot day, September 23, when a thermometer placed 
 in the sun, four feet from the ground, registered 148°, with a hot, burning 
 
36 
 
 wind all day. This capped the climax for the scale and I have no doubt 
 saved this part of the State many thousands of dollars in the improved 
 condition of the fruit without the expense of spraying. I have just now 
 (November 1) made a thorough examination of our orange and olive 
 trees, and find the following results: On large olive trees, no old scale 
 alive, and 50 per cent, of the young dead; on old seedliug orange trees, 
 old scale all dead, and only 10 per cent, of the young alive; on young 
 and medium-sized budded orange trees (4 to 7 feet high) I have been un- 
 able to find a single live scale, young or old. Under many of the old, 
 dried up scale insects 1 find what appear to be masses of dried eggs, 
 but as my lens is not of sufficient power for me to be certain, I will 
 mail you a sample so you can be sure if this is the case. I should be 
 glad to hear from you on this point. The fruit of both olives and or- 
 anges is the cleanest I have ever seen here, being entirely free from old, 
 black fungus. We have not sprayed the trees this year, as it was not 
 necessary.” 
 
 An examination of the specimens sent showed that all the eggs were 
 empty, and that about one-half of the scales had been parasitized by 
 the common California parasite of the Black Scale, Tomocera califor- 
 nica Howard, as was evidenced by the circular holes of exit, too large 
 for any other species. 
 
 The Black Scale of California found in South Carolina. — 
 This insect ( Lecanium olece Bernard) is found in California infesting a 
 great variety of trees and is one of the most serious enemies to Orange, 
 Lemon, and other fruit trees in that State. In Europe it is confined to 
 the Olive, and is but occasionally found on other plants. The species 
 has not been definitely recorded in this country from any other locality 
 than California, though Professor Comstock, in his Report as Entomol- 
 ogist to this Department for 1880 (p. 336), mentions a scale received 
 from Fort George, Fla., on Live Oak, Holly, Oleander, and Orange as 
 apparently the same. 
 
 Under date of May 29, 1885, Dr. J. H. Mellichamp, of Bluffton, S. C., 
 sent a bark louse from White-flowering Oleander, which he had noticed 
 for the past two or three years, which proved identical with California 
 specimens of this insect. It is impossible to say at present what the 
 probabilities are of the spread of this insect in the Southeastern States. 
 If the insect mentioned by Professor Comstock five years ago was in- 
 deed Lecanium olece , it would then seem as though the chances were 
 against its becoming a serious pest in the East. 
 
 Bibio albipennis as an injurious Insect. — The general opinion 
 among entomologists has always been that the White-winged Bibio 
 could not be called an injurious insect, as it normally feeds in the larva 
 state on damp, dead leaves on the ground or upon galls attached to such 
 leaves; in other words, upon decaying vegetation. Our correspondence 
 this year with Mr. C. F. Walters, of Northumberland, Pa., however, 
 
37 
 
 shows that where introduced with manure or compost they may injure 
 certain crops. We quote a portion of his letter: 
 
 * * * “ I am a trucker, and I find these maggots are becoming more 
 numerous every year. The first that I ever saw was four years ago, 
 when they got into my cold frames and destroyed some of my plants. 
 Since then they have been on a rapid increase; at the same time I 
 never was very much alarmed on account of them until last fall, when 
 1 plowed my ground (which I always do in the fall, preparatory for 
 spring) I found them to be very numerous. They inhabit the earth not 
 singly, but in masses. * * # I tried to count a batch of them and 
 
 found that the number would not end in hundreds, but lead to thou- 
 sands. When I find them in my cold frames the only remedy I have is 
 to lift all the ground, together with the plants, and cast them out. The 
 area which they occupy is from 10 to 24 inches. They are found very 
 close to the surface, just so that they have a very slight protection. 
 When I plowed my ground in the fall I found them under old cabbage 
 leaves and under anything that would shield them from the light. 
 # * * The only soil that I have as yet found them in is such as has 
 
 been heavily manured for several years in succession. In fact it seems 
 to me that they breed in the manure; at least I have found them in old 
 manure that I had purchased from parties who had kept it over a year, 
 and consequently it was very fine and seemed to suit them. Cold and 
 freezing seem to have no effect upon them. Just as soon as there is the 
 least thaw, if there are any plants suitable to their taste, they will at- 
 tack them.” * * * [C. F. Walters, Northumberland, Pa., March 23, 
 1885. 
 
 We advised as a remedy the plentiful sprinkling of the infested earth 
 with a kerosene emulsion, well diluted where plants are liable to be 
 damaged, but strong where used on earth iu the spring before plants 
 have been set out. 
 
 An Enemy to Silk worms. — The common Spined Soldier-bug (Po- 
 disus spinosus Dali.) is a well-known predaceous insect, and is often men- 
 tioned iu treatises on injurious insects as one of the beneficial enemies 
 of the destructive species. It has turned up the present season, how- 
 ever, in the role of a noxious insect itself. Mr. E. J. McAuley, of Oak- 
 dale, 111., who fed his silk worms on leaves of the Osage Orange, found 
 that certain specimens of the bug, brought in by accident upon the 
 leaves, played havoc among his worms, sucking their juices and de 
 stroying them. This naturally suggests that the leaves of both Osage 
 and Mulberry should be carefully examined’ for predaceous insects be 
 fore giving them to the worms. 
 
 Great Damage to Beans by Blister Beetles.— Nuttall’s Blister 
 Beetle ( Cantharis nuttalli , Say), one of the largest and most beautiful 
 species of its family, has often been reported as damaging field crops. 
 In the Annual Report of the Department for 1879 it was recorded as 
 doing damage to beaus at Fargo, Dak., and the present season it has 
 
38 
 
 appeared in great numbers and inflicted severe injury on the great 
 seed farm of Northrop, Braslan & Co., of Minneapolis, Minn., at La 
 Moure, Dak. This firm has nine hundred acres in beans alone at 
 La Moure, and the loss which they sustained was quite serious. We 
 advised the use of the old remedy of driving the beetles into wind- 
 rows of straw which are then burned. 
 
 Anthomyia angustifrons a eignivorous Insect.— Late in the 
 summer we received from Mr. John Gf. Jack, of Chateaugay Basin, Prov- 
 ince of Quebec, Canada, specimens of a fly which be described as feeding 
 in the larva state upon planted beans. Somewhat to our surprise the 
 flies proved to belong to Anthomyia angustifrons, Meig., a species which 
 we had described both in our Ninth Report on the Insects of Missouri 
 and in the First Report of the Cuited States Entomological Commission, 
 as preying upon the egg pods of the Rocky Mountain Locust. This dis- 
 crepancy in habit is so marked that we wrote to Mr. Jack for full par- 
 ticulars and quote from his reply : 
 
 “In answer to your inquiries about the bean-feeding habit of An- 
 thomyia calopteni , I gladly give what notes I possess. I first noticed 
 the larvm on June 25. We had planted a bushel of Golden Wax beans 
 and a few of some other varieties on or about June 15. They had not 
 come through the soil by the 25th, and on scratching away a little of 
 the earth above the rows, I was surprised to find that, although the 
 beans were well sprouted and some of them were near the surface, yet 
 they had an unhealthy appearance, and on examining the cotyledons and 
 stems, I found them infested with maggots. They were in numbers of 
 from one or two to twenty-five or more in a plant, and the interior of 
 the bean and stalk was so eaten away in many instances that only a 
 very thin wall remained. I collected a large number of the larvae and 
 kept them until they had produced the flies. The larvae were collected 
 on June 25, and on the 28th a good number had entered the ground to 
 pupate, and on July 2 all of my specimens had pupated and I could 
 not find a maggot in the field. On July 9 and 10 most of- the imagines 
 appeared. One-half of the field in which these larvae were so abun- 
 dant had been sown in buckwheat the year before, and the other half 
 had a black currant plantation from which the old bushes had been re- 
 moved. I t was in that part of the field where the currant bushes had 
 been that the Anthomyia larvae were most destructive. Certainly more 
 than nine-tenths (90 per cent.) of the beans were completely destroyed 
 and never grew sufficiently to reach the ground. On the other half of 
 the field, where the buckwheat had been grown, very few of the beaus 
 were affected. They were all covered with a plow, with about three 
 inches of soil. The soil is a sandy loam, and the rows ran north and 
 south through both pieces of land, so that the difference caused by the 
 attack of Anthomyia was very marked. In auother field, on July 17, I 
 found occasional beans that had not come through the ground, and in 
 them I found several maggots which I think were of the same species r 
 
39 
 
 but I did not keep them. I think that I have noticed similar larvae m 
 young growing beans during the past year or two, but they were rare 
 and I gave no attention to them. Occasionally the infested beans grew~ 
 through the surface and the first leaves expanded, but they soon turned 
 yellow and withered and died.” 
 
 The Tile-horned Prionus in Prairie Land. — In our Second Mis* 
 souri Report we gave several instances of the finding of the larvse of 
 Prionus imbricornis in prairie laud some distance from large trees, show- 
 ing that in all probability the} 7 fed on the roots of herbaceous and even 
 annual plants. The past summer another instance of the same thing 
 has come to our notice, and Mr. Samuel W. Glenn, of Huron, Dak. y 
 states in , a letter dated June 3, accompanying a specimen of this larva y 
 that they were found “ in large numbers by Mr. J. B. Coomer, a farmer 
 residing six and a half miles southwest of Huron, in ground which was 
 broken in June, 1883, and not since plowed till to-day. Their average 
 distance from the surface was about seven inches. There are no trees- 
 within a radius of twenty miles.” 
 
 The Glover-seed Midgke in Wisconsin. — IJp to the present season? 
 the Clover-seed Midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola Liutner) has been found 
 onl} T in New York, Vermont, District of Columbia, Virginia, and one 
 locality in Pennsylvania (Lewisburg, Union County). During the past 
 year, however, we have received specimens of infested heads of red 
 clover from eastern Wisconsin, where it seems to have just been no- 
 ticed for the first time. The chances are against the theory of recent in- 
 troduction, however, and that the probabilities are that it has been pres- 
 ent in the State for some years, becoming abundant enough to attract 
 attention only this season. Mr. Claus Oesan, of New Holstein, Calu- 
 met County, wrote under date of June 26, 1885, that hardly a single 
 blossom was to be seen in any of the Red Clover fields in his vicinity r 
 while Alsike and White Clover blossomed as usual. He noticed this 
 same paucity of bloom in the second crop of the previous year, but the 
 first crop of 1884 was full of fine blossoms. 
 
 This insect was treated in the reports of the Entomologist, United 
 States Department of Agriculture, for 1878 and 1879, and the remedy 
 recommended in the latter report is to cut the first crop of the season 
 three weeks earlier than usual, giving the larvm of the midge no time 
 to mature. This remedy necessitates that the farmer should be familiar 
 with the insect in all stages, and should make careful examinations at 
 short intervals until the proper time for cutting arrives. All volunteer 
 clover should also be mowed, and all of the farmers of a neighborhood 
 should cut at about the same time, as otherwise the remedy will be 
 only partly successful. 
 
 Dr. Lintner, in his First Report as State Entomologist of New York (p? 
 54), says : 
 
 In the mauy instances in which onr economic entomologists have recommended 
 plowing under the infested crop, I would venture to supplement this direction : foL 
 
40 
 
 ft®w with a liberal application of fresh gas-lime, if it can be conveniently obtained 
 *of perhaps a hundred bushels to the acre. I believe that this would prove the best 
 ^possible method of arresting severe attacks of the two great clover pests, the clover- 
 seed midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola ) and the clover- root borer (Hylastes Irifolii ), when- 
 ever they occur within easy reach of the gas-works of our cities, &c. 
 
 This recommendation followed Dr. Lintner’s previous statement* to 
 ^the effect that the best remedy he was prepared to offer was '“ turning 
 deeply under the infested fields while the larvae are most abundant ” or 
 
 adopting our suggestion made in the report of the Entomologist, U. S. 
 Dept. Agr. for 1878, p. 251) “cessation from clover culture for a period 
 of time.” These radical plans for extermination need not, however, be 
 adopted unless the total destruction of the seed crop lias been brought 
 about, or unless the work of the midge is combined with that of the 
 ifcoot-borer ( Hylesinus irifolii ), and both hay and seed crops are de- 
 stroyed. Where damage by the midge alone is concerned it will be 
 well to give the remedy first mentioned — early cutting — a fair trial. 
 
 Colaspis flavida injuring the LeConte Pear. — The LeGonte 
 pear is a very popular fruit in parts of the South, and a great deal of 
 capital is invested in its culture, particularly in parts of Georgia, from 
 which State enormous quantities are shipped every year to northern 
 markets. Although, strictly speaking, it is a secoud-class fruit, its ex- 
 treme prolificacy and hardiness render it valuable. It lias been claimed 
 that it is blight-proof and that insects will not injure it, but both of 
 these assertions are unwarranted, as young trees, up to four or five 
 years of age, frequently blight, and as the present season has developed 
 an insect enemy of some importance. 
 
 This insect is the well known Colaspis flavida , commonly known as 
 the “Grape-vine Colaspis.” Specimens were forwarded to us, July 23, 
 1885, by Mr. L. 0. Bryan, of Savannah, together with a newspaper ac- 
 count of the method of work and the damage done in Liberty County, 
 Georgia. The injury complained of was simply the work of the adult 
 "beetle, and consisted in riddling the young growth and the tender young- 
 leaves as they unfolded in May with small holes, as close together “ as 
 the holes in a pepper box.” We treated this species in our Third Mis- 
 csouri Report, showing that in the larva state it feeds on the roots of 
 strawberries, and, after issuing as an adult beetle, it feeds at first on 
 strawberry leaves and afterwards flies to the vineyard, where it riddles 
 the leaves of grape. It is also found feeding on clover leaves in July 
 and August near Washington, and may be found throughout the woods 
 on the wild grapevines. The species seems to be single-brooded in Mis- 
 souri, and is probably so also in Georgia. "No other larval food-plant 
 than strawberry has been found, though doubtless such exist. 
 
 No satisfactory remedy has been proposed against the insect in the 
 larva or pupa state, but where the adults occur on pear trees in any 
 
 "The [nsectsof the Clover Plant, Fortieth Ann. Rept. N. Y. State Agr. Soc. for 1880, 
 Author’s Edition, pp. 11-15. 
 
41 
 
 number the trees should be sprayed, if the fruit is very young, with 
 the Paris-green or London-purple solution. If they occur in injurious 
 numbers later in the year they can be jarred down upon sheets satu- 
 rated with kerosene. 
 
 Great Damage by the Cottonwood Borer.— In our last annual 
 report we devoted a few pages to the Cottonwood Leaf Beetle (Plagio- 
 dera scripta ), which was surprisingly abundant during last season, and 
 incidentally mentioned the Cottonwood Borer ( Saperda calcarata), with 
 the statement that its injuries had not of late been at all comparable 
 with those of the former insect. During the season of 1885, however, 
 not a single complaint of the Leaf Beetle has been received, while the 
 work of the Borer in parts of Dakota has been very noticeable. Dr. J. 
 Y. Lauderdale, post surgeon at Fort Sully, sent us specimens of the 
 larvm on July 25, with the statement that they were committing “fear- 
 ful ravages” among the cottonwoods at the post. “Trees of ten and 
 twelve years’ growth are dying from the top limbs to the ground.” 
 
 This borer is a very difficult insect to fight, piercing the trunk of the 
 tree, as it often does, midway up amongst the branches. There is really 
 no remedy save cutting out the pupm in April or May, or the larvae ear- 
 lier. The beetles make their appearance in June. Where a tree is so 
 badly damaged that it has become unsightly, it should be cut down and 
 burned before the beetles issue. 
 
 Leptocoris trivittata injuring Apples (Plate I, fig. 5.). — This 
 bug is quite a common species and has been found in a great variety of 
 situations. It is characteristically a plant-feeder, but has never been 
 known to occur in such numbers as to do much damage to any culti- 
 vated crop. It has been found in large flowers like magnolia, covered 
 with pollen, and occurs in summer on the stems and leaves of annual 
 plants, which it probably punctures. In August of the present year, 
 however, specimens were sent to us by Mr. A. L. Siler, of Kanch, Kane 
 County, Utah,. as injuring fruit at Kanab, the county seat of the same 
 county. Mr. Siler’s attention was called to them by the postmaster, 
 Mr. B. L. Young, who stated that these insects were destroying their 
 fruit crop, eating the fruit as fast as it ripened. On one tree which Mr. 
 Siler examined, and which bore apples of a medium size, they were 
 present in enormous numbers, and every apple that he could see was 
 covered with the bugs. They were stated to have bred on the Box Elder 
 shade trees (Negundo acer aides). 
 
 We wrote Mr. Siler, advising him to have the trees sprayed with a 
 dilute kerosene emulsion by means of a force-pump with a spray-nozzle. 
 The breeding of the bugs on Box Elder, and their desertion of this tree 
 for the ripening fruit, makes the case precisely similar to that of the 
 Bed Bug or Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus suturellus , to which it is moreover 
 quite closely related) in Florida, as where cotton and oranges are grown 
 near together the bugs desert the cotton, on which they breed, for the 
 more attractive fruit. There the bugs are attracted to piles of cotton- 
 
42 
 
 seed or decaying oranges, on which they cluster in the cool of the morn- 
 ing, and are then readily killed in bulk by drenching them with hot 
 water or pure kerosene. 
 
 This offers a suggestion as to the probable efficacy of a similar rem- 
 edy for the Leptocoris, although as yet no experiments have been tried 
 and no extended observations made as to its habits. 
 
 Proconia undata in injurious Numbers. (Plate I, tig. 4.) — Aug- 
 ust 14, 1885, Dr. A. Oemler, of Wilmington Island, Georgia, wrote us of 
 an insect which was becoming very abundant and injurious to anumber of 
 different plants in his vicinity. August 29, in reply to a request, he sent 
 a number of specimens of Proconia undata , and among them one speci- 
 men of Analcises mollifies, included probably on account of its super- 
 ficial resemblance to the former species. He wrote that he observed 
 them to be more common than usual in 1884, particularly on the young 
 growth of a Black Hamburg grape-vine, and that this year they were 
 plentiful, doing considerable damage to Okra by sucking the sap from 
 its stems, and occurring also upon “mile maize.” Writing again, Sep- 
 tember 6, he stated that one patch of Okra was nearly killed out, and 
 that there were “ eight or ten specimens at a time to each plant.” 
 
 Occurrences of the Army W t orm during the Season. — 1885 
 has been a decidedly off’ year for Leucania unifiuncta. In no case was 
 the normal second brood injurious to any extent, so far as we can learn. 
 The third brood appeared, however, in injurious numbers at Deer Park, 
 Garrett County, Maryland, damaging the oat crop to a considerable extent 
 on the farm of the ex-United States Senator, H. G. Davis, during the 
 first week in August. Either the same brood retarded, or a fourth gen- 
 eration appeared about September 18 in Sussex County, Delaware. 
 One of our correspondents, Dr.R.G. Ellegood, of Concord, writing under 
 date of September 21, says : 
 
 “They made their appearance three days ago in a piece of low corn- 
 field in this county. In one of my professional rides yesterday I 
 came in contact with them. Though but three days in operation they 
 have utterly destroyed 8 or 10 acres of corn. The ground is covered 
 with them and with their excrementitious droppings.” 
 
 On September 2, Mr. John B. Smith, visiting Goshen, Orange County, 
 New York, for the purpose of studying the Onion Cut- worm ( Agrotis 
 messoria), found thatthe Army Worm was quite abundant in the oatfields 
 near that place, so much so as to attract general notice. Returning to 
 the same locality on October 5, he found no traces of larvae, eggs, or im- 
 agines, and only a few pupa shells in the oat fields, but the larvae could 
 probably have been found in the neighboring grass lands. 
 
 One of our correspondents, Mr. M. S. Crane, of Caldwell, N. J., wrote 
 us October 13, that while sugaring for moths August 26 he counted over 
 forty Army Worm moths on his first seven baits. He has captured the 
 moths every year, but this season they were unusually abundant. No 
 damage from the worms, however, was reported from his vicinity. 
 
43 
 
 California Remedies for the Woolly Aphis. — Mr. W. G. Klee 
 writes in Bulletin No. 55 of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the 
 University of California about the widespread disease of the apple tree 
 produced by the Woolly Aphis ( Schizoneura lanigera) and its repression. 
 He describes the insect and the astonishing rapiditj' of its increase in 
 the dry climate of California. After trying the various remedies sug 
 gested for its extermination upon the twigs, such as rubbiug kerosene 
 on the infested spots, or washing them with lye (three-quarter pounds 
 to the gallon), or with a solution of whale-oil soap, or sulpho-carbonate 
 of potassium, he found them only of use in arresting the disease. If, 
 however, the roots are once thoroughly infested, all the remedies usu- 
 ally recommended proved insufficient or impracticable. Gas lime was 
 found very efficacious, as well as inexpensive. It has to be used with 
 care, and the dose must be regulated according to the character of the 
 soil and subsoil and the age of the trees. In a porous and deep soil there 
 is less danger than in a clayey one, where the water charged with the 
 antidote permeates the soil very slowly, and has time to corrode the 
 bark. It is always safe to use only a small dose first — from one shovel- 
 ful on a small tree to four on a very large one, spread over the surface, 
 according to the spread of the roots ; the rain will wash it into the soil. 
 Eresh ashes should be piled close about the trunk to prevent the aphis 
 from descending to the roots. He found that lady-bugs would consume 
 most of the Aphids adhering to the twigs, and to protect these benefi- 
 cial insects it is wise to have conifers growing in the vicinity of the or- 
 chards to provide hibernating quarters for them. Two to three spray- 
 ings of the trees are also recommended ; the first application with hot 
 water of 140° F., the second with tobacco water and whale-oil soap in 
 the following proportions: Iu a decoction of tobacco (1 gallon water to 
 one-half pound tobacco) put half a pound of whale-oil soap. This mix- 
 ture ought to be applied at about 130° F., and should be followed in 
 about a week by another application. 
 
 Seedlings of the Golden Russet and Rawle’s Janet are exempt, pos- 
 sessing tough and wiry roots. 
 
 The Hessian Fly in California. — A number of notices have oc- 
 curred in the California newspapers during the seasou, relative to the 
 appearance of the Hessian Fly on the Pacific Coast. Anxious to learn 
 the truth of these reports, we wrote for confirmation to Mr. Matthew 
 Cooke, of Sacramento, who answered under date of May 29 that he had 
 traveled extensively through the infested section of the State and had 
 seen unmistakable proofs of the presence of the fly. He defines the 
 region as follows : 
 
 u Take a map of California; find Vallejo, in Solano County (opposite 
 Mare Island Navy-yard), and draw a line to Benicia (8 miles). From 
 Benicia continue the line to Suisun, and then in a north or northwest 
 direction draw a line that will fall north of Napa City, in Napa County ; 
 thence back to Vallejo. This will be a line of nearly 60 miles, and the 
 
44 
 
 grain lands in this section are infested by the Hessian Fly. A section 
 of country in Sonoma County, located between Petaluma and Santa 
 Bosa, is also infested. I have not examined other sections reported. 
 About six years ago it appeared in a held of grain (wheat) near Vallejo, 
 and has spread since that time. Mr. Brownlee, of Creston, about 10 
 miles from where it first started, lost 380 acres of wheat in 1883.” 
 
 Specimens which Mr. Cooke sent with his letter proved the correct- 
 ness of his determination. If the insect has really, as he states, been a 
 denizen of California for six years, it seems strange that the fact should 
 never before have been authoritatively placed on record. We have 
 been on the lookout for such a fact ever since the publication of Dr. 
 Packard’s first map of the distribution of the species,* and when Mr. 
 Cooke in his work on injurious insects, in 1883t, stated that he had no 
 knowledge of its existence in California, we accepted his evidence as 
 practically conclusive. 
 
 We shall now watch its further spread in the State with interest, 
 more particularly to see whether the energetic Californians will fight 
 this pest any more successfully thau the Eastern farmers have done. 
 
 It is worthy of note also that the False Chinch Bug ( N~ysius destructor ) 
 has done great damage in vineyards in California during the summer, 
 and that it was also reported as injuring rye and wheat. 
 
 “Wheel Bugs ” destroying Hive Bees. — In October we received 
 from Mr. C. M. Gibbens, of Winchester, Va., a live specimen of the 
 Wheel Bug ( Prionotus cristatus ), with the information that it was found 
 in abundance upon his grounds and preyed upon his honey bees, lurk- 
 ing about their hives. Although the Wheel Bug is, so far as we know, 
 exclusively a predaceous insect, this particular habit has not, we think, 
 before been observed. 
 
 Agonoderus pallipes injurious to Corn (Plate I, fig. 2). — This 
 common ground beetle was, until quite recently, supposed to be strictly 
 carnivorous. In 1882, Professor Forbes, in the Twelfth Eeport of the 
 State Entomologist of Illinois, page 27, recorded that he found this 
 species (referring to it as A. comma) under the clods aud in the ground 
 about the roots of corn in a field, which was injured by the Corn-root 
 Worm ( Diabrotica longicornis ), and on examination of the stomach con- 
 tents they were found to have partaken both of animal and vegetable 
 food. In the same report (p. 43) he states that he found them in a field 
 of corn infested by the Chinch Bug, and examination showed that they 
 had fed in part on Chinch Bugs and other insects, but also on vegeta- 
 tion, which appeared to have been roots of corn. On page 111 ( loc . cit.) 
 he states that a dissection of the stomachs of fifteen specimens of this 
 
 * Report upon the Rocky Mountain locust aud other iusects, &c. Ninth Ann. Rept. 
 U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Washington, 1877. 
 
 t “ Injurious insects of the orchard, vineyard,” &c. By Matthew Cooke, Sacramento, 
 1883. 
 
45 
 
 species showed the presence of 50 per cent, of vegetable material, all 
 fragments of the higher plants except 2 per cent, of common fungi. 
 
 During the last summer specimens of this beetle were received from 
 Illinois (H. H. Harris, Lynnville, Morgan County) and Iowa (J. M. 
 Evans, Salem, Henry County, through Dr. J. M. Shaffer, of Keokuk), 
 with the information that it was damaging young corn by gnawing into 
 the seed grain and by eating the sprouting roots. The exact amount 
 of damage done was not stated, but it was said to be quite extensive. 
 Specimens were sent to the Department showing the beetle actually en* 
 gaged in eating a large cavity into the seed, as shown in the figure, so 
 that there can be no doubt as to the accuracy of the observation. 
 
 If this damage should become extensive, a satisfactory remedy will 
 be found in soaking all seed-corn for a short time before planting in 
 some arsenical solution, such as Paris green or London purple, in water. 
 Such a course will not injure the germiuative quality of the seed , and 
 will probably result in the death of all beetles which attempt to gnaw 
 the seed. 
 
46 
 
 EXPLANATION TO PLATE. 
 
 Fig. 1. — Ligyrus rugiceps — natural size (after Comstock). 
 Fig. 2. — Agonoderus pallipes — enlarged (original). 
 
 Fig. 3. — Gelechia obliquistrigella — enlarged (original). 
 Fig. 4. — Proconia undata — enlarged (original). 
 
 Fig. 5. — Leptocoris trivittata— enlarged (original). 
 
 Fig. 6. — Monephora bicincta — enlarged (original). 
 
 o 
 
Bulletin 12, Division of Entomology, Department of Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 13. 
 
 EXPe *<Ue1 LT(j KA:- 
 
 s Tat Si 
 
 REPO RTS% 
 
 Vmv ^srry 0p r 
 
 ' 0P Kllnm 
 
 OF 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE PRACTICAL WORK OF THE DIVISION, 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1887 . 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 13. 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 OF 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 
 
 THE PRACTICAL WORK OF THE DIVISION, 
 
 MADE 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OE THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1887. 
 
 17528— No. 13 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 
 Washington , D. <7., March 15, 1887. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 13 of 
 this Division. This Bulletin comprises such of the reports of the agents 
 of the Division for the season of 1886 as were necessarily excluded from 
 the Annual Report for lack of space. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 C. Y. RILE!, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 

 CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Report on Locusts in Texas in the Spring of 1886 9 
 
 Fourth Report on Insects injuring Forest and Shade Trees 20 
 
 Report on Nebraska Insects 33' 
 
 Tests with Insecticides on Garden Insects 38 
 
 Report on Ohio Insects 48 
 
 A record of some Experiments relating to the Effect of the Puncture of some 
 
 Hemipterous Insects upon Shrubs, Fruits, and Grains, 1886 54 
 
 Notes from Missouri for the Season of 1886 59 
 
 Apicultural Experiments 66 
 
 5 
 

 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This bulletin contains all of the reports from the Agents of the Divis- 
 ion for the season of 1886 with the exception of those from Mr. Coquil- 
 lett and Mr. Koebele on remedies for the Cottony Cushion-scale of 
 California {leery a purchasi Masked), that of Mr. Webster on insects 
 affecting grains, which will be published in the Annual Report of the 
 Department, and that of Mr. Ashmead on insects injurious to garden 
 crops in Florida, which is reserved for the next bulletin. 
 
 Mr. Bruner’s report on locusts in Texas during the spring of 1886 is 
 interesting in its local bearing and from the similarity of this outbreak 
 of non-migratory or partially migratory species in the far Southwest to 
 that in the extreme Northeast described in our Annual Report for 
 1883. 
 
 Miss MurtfeldPs notes from Missouri, Mr. A1 wood’s report on some 
 injurious insects from Ohio, and Mr. Bruner’s report on Nebraska in- 
 sects are simply short accounts of the prominent injurious insects of 
 this particular season in their respective localities. Dr. Packard’s 
 fourth report on insects injurious to forest and shade trees contains an 
 account of a new and important enemy of spruce cones, and consider- 
 able matter which is new and of interest both from the entomological 
 and from the forestry standpoints. 
 
 Mr. Webster’s experiments upon the effect of the puncture of certain 
 plant- bugs were undertaken with a view of settling the disputed ques- 
 tion as to whether these punctures are poisonous. The experiments in 
 the main prove such a poisonous effect, and 1 may here state, without 
 going into a general discussion of the subject, that while in Columbus, 
 Ohio, in May, 1886, I found the immature forms of Poecilocapsus 4-i rit- 
 tatus blighting the young shoots of both Gooseberry and Currant, and 
 that in this case the poisonous nature of the puncture was unmistak- 
 able. The punctured shoots were without exception blasted and dis- 
 torted. 
 
 Mr. Alwood’s tests with insecticides upon garden insects were under- 
 taken as a continuation of those recorded in Bulletin No. 11 of the di- 
 vision, and will be of interest both on account of the new locality and 
 on account of several new substances experimented with. 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 The apicultural notes from Mr. McLain form a portion only of his 
 report for the season of 1886, and were excluded from the annual re- 
 port for want of space. The portion on bees vs. fruit is in the main an 
 account of a repetition of the experiments detailed in the Annual Report 
 for 1885. The results are corroboratory, but not absolutely conclusive 
 of the inability of bees to injure fruit, in that the conditions were not 
 varied sufficiently and that the fruits were substantially the same kinds 
 as used last year. 
 
 C. Y. R. 
 
EEPOET OX LOCUSTS IX TEXAS DUEIXG THE SPEIXG OF 
 
 1886 .* 
 
 By Lawrence Bruner, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Sir: Herewith is submitted a brief report of a trip to Washington County, Texas, 
 and surrounding regions, made under your instructions for the purpose of investigat- 
 ing the locust plague of that section and reporting upon the same. 
 
 You will see from my notes and the specimens which accompany the report that the 
 chief species causing the damage is, as you supposed, not Melanoplus spretus but M. 
 differential™ or a closely allied form ; and that it can be much more easily handled 
 than can the migratory locust of the Northwest. 
 
 Immediately upon the receipt of your letter (April 16) containing the instructions, 
 I arranged to leave by the first train (April 17). Arriving in Houston on the 20th 
 and makifig all necessary preliminary arrangements, Dr. Flewellen and myself pro- 
 ceeded the next morning to the seat of trouble, which was reached late in the after- 
 noon of that day. 
 
 Upon examination myriads of the young locusts were found on the plantation of 
 the doctor’s brother, Maj. J. P. Flewellen. These were chiefly confined to the edges 
 of the fields and along the ravines where they had congregated upon the weeds. 
 
 After spending a few days in experimenting with poisons and other agencies for 
 killing them, I returned to Houston for mail containing any possible further instruc- 
 tions. From here I went to Galveston, where I wrote a short communication for the 
 News, giving remedies and urging co-operation in the efforts in destroying the plague. 
 A copy of this article accompanies the report. 
 
 * Our attention was called to the locust visitation in Washington County, Texas, 
 in March of the present year by a letter received from Dr. R. T. Flewellen, of Hous- 
 ton, which reads as follows : 
 
 Washington County, Texas, 
 
 March 22, 1886. 
 
 Dear Sir : This and many other localities of Texas had the crop of corn and cot- 
 ton destroyed by grasshoppers, and I herein send you a small paper box of eggs taken 
 from the ground to-day for your examination. This locality, 4 miles south of the old 
 town of Washington on the Brazos River, lost not less than 20,000 bushels of corn 
 and about 2,000 bales of cotton by the ravages of the pest, and judging from the vast 
 quantities of eggs seen to hatch, the destruction of last will be repeated this year 
 unless timely aid comes to the relief of the unfortunate planter. Hence this appeal 
 to you. It is hoped that you will send some expert of your department to this imme- 
 diate locality to learn the habits, species, and correct classification of the insect, and 
 inaugurate some means for their destruction, for if not arrested this locality is 
 doomed. 
 
 ******* 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 R. T. FLEWELLEN. 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Riley, 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 We accordingly had Mr. Bruner visit the region in question with instructions to 
 learn what he could concerning the extent of injury, the species concerned aud their 
 habits, and to experiment with such remedies as would aid the planters in saving the 
 crops. 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 After leaving Galveston I visited various localities surrounding the immediate re- 
 gion infested to ascertain the exact area over which the locusts had hatched in inju- 
 rious numbers, thereby anticipating your orders of April 29, which reached me at 
 Austin on the 5th of May. From Austin I returned to the plantation of Mr. Flew- 
 ellen in order to ascertain how the warfare was progressing in that neighborhood, 
 and what the prospects were for the production of a crop this year. Upon inv arrival 
 I found a decided reduction in the number of hoppers, and a correspondingly brighter 
 and more hopeful feeling among the planters of the stricken area. I also learned of 
 another locust that appeared to be increasing very rapidly among the forests of post 
 oak lying between the towns of Washington and Brenham. This very likely will prove 
 to be an undescribed species, belonging somewhere between the genera Melanoplus 
 and Acridium. 
 
 After spending several days in this locality, I returned to my home at West Point, 
 where I arrived on the 14th of the month. 
 
 V ery respectfully, 
 
 LAWRENCE BRUNER. 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Riley, 
 
 U. S. Entomologist, Washington, D. C. 
 
 I visited the region indicated in Dr. Flewellen 7 s letter of March 22, 
 arriving there on the evening of April 21, to find that the young had 
 already hatched and were then nearly or quite three weeks old.* Upon 
 examination but few of these were found scattered over the cultivated 
 fields, while the majority of them were still confined to the weed patches 
 at the outer edges in ravines, along “turn rows 77 and in fence corners. 
 That evening, after a short consultation with the neighboring planters, 
 it was decided that immediate warfare begin, as no time should be lost 
 if advantage was to be taken of the position which the enemy occupied. 
 Accordingly, early the following morning, a team was dispatched to town 
 for poisons and other munitions of war. While some present favored 
 poisoning, others opposed this mode of warfare as dangerous and im- 
 practicable; but, as they could suggest no substitute, it was finally 
 agreed that poisoning should be tried. This was agreed upon chiefly 
 because all were supplied with the apparatus necessary for its applica- 
 tion, and were accustomed to its use in fighting the Cotton Worm ( Aletia 
 xylina). I also proposed the use of coal tar and kerosene pans, and 
 ordered the material for the construction of a trial machine. The fol- 
 lowing morning we started out over the plantation of Major Flewellen 
 on a tour of inspection, only to find the majority of the eggs already 
 hatched and the young locusts in their second and third stages. After 
 digging for several hours and finding but a couple of unhatched eggs 
 and no egg parasites, it was decided to devote the future to the destruc- 
 tion of the larvae before they began spreading over the crops, notwith- 
 standing the fact that you wished me especially to devote much of my 
 time in digging for egg parasites. 
 
 By careful inquiry from old citizens I learned that ever since the war- 
 times grasshoppers have occasionally appeared in unusual numbers at 
 isolated localities throughout portions of Central Texas, and especially 
 in the immediate neighborhood at present overrun. When this was 
 
11 
 
 the case, crops invariably suffered to a lesser or greater extent front 
 their depredations. These visitations were so limited in extent and 
 inconspicuous in their nature that but little attention was paid them 
 at the time. There were other insect enemies that were attracting no- 
 tice and required the attention of the planters, whose chief crop had 
 been cotton. The Cotton Worm (Aletia xylina) had so increased in 
 numbers as almost to render the growing of cotton an impossibility ; 
 but, owing to the perseverance of those interested, that insect has at 
 last been reduced to such an extent as to be under control. Until 
 within the past three years these grasshopper or locust depredations 
 escaped popular notice (save during the visitation in the Fall of 1876 
 of the migratory species). Since this time, however, their increasing 
 numbers and frequent damage to crops have been too great to be over- 
 looked even by the most unobserving. They have appeared at widely 
 separated localities, and although not committing general injury are 
 known to have eaten away several of the outside rows of cotton and 
 corn in fields bordering waste lands and ravines grown up with weeds 
 and other rank vegetation. Not until last year, however, did the plague 
 reach such a magnitude as to cause alarm ; and this only after the 
 total destruction of crops upon plantations situated in different locali- 
 ties and in adjoining counties. 
 
 Referring to notes taken while in the field, I find the following re- 
 marks : “ There appear to be several species of the locusts which are 
 causing the trouble here, and all seem to have had similar egg-laying 
 habits. In looking about I find the larvse of Melanoplus differentialis 
 or M. robustus , M. angustipennis , M. atlanis , and Acridium frontalis. The 
 last three species are in about equal numbers, while those of the first 
 are by far the most numerous, and this is the only one which is charged 
 with last year’s depredations. I am not quite positive whether the large 
 species is M. differentialis or M. robustus , as these two species are very 
 nearly related, and I have never seen authentic larvae of the latter. 
 To-day (April 23) I found an old specimen of a male robustus , and was 
 assured that it was one of the genuine offenders, while yesterday the 
 femora of differentialis were pointed out to me as having belonged to 
 1 the very kind’.” 
 
 During my sojourn in the infested region I observed M. atlanis , fully 
 fledged, quite frequently, while walking about the fields, while others, 
 with those of M. angustipennis , were still in the pupal stage. These 
 latter, with those of Acridium frontalis , were exceedingly common, and 
 together nearly or quite equaled in number those of the larger species. 
 These three, while not always mingled with the former, were generally 
 to be found with them ; especially was this the case upon rather damp 
 ground at the edges of ravines and grass patches, and also in fields of 
 small grain. 
 
 While the Rocky Mountain or Migratory Locust prefers rather solid 
 soil upon somewhat elevated open fields and closely grazed pastures for 
 
12 
 
 depositing its eggs, all of these species now infesting Central Texas ap- 
 pear to find more suitable conditions among rank herbage for the dep- 
 osition of their eggs and subsequent development of the young larvae. 
 The large species especially finds the protected roots of grasses and 
 corn best adapted to the sheltering of its eggs, and almost invariably 
 selects the varieties which grow in clumps for this purpose. In digging 
 I have found as many as 8 or 10 egg-pods inserted among the root-stalks 
 of a single clump of grass. Possibly the sheltered nature of these eggs 
 protects them from the numerous parasites which attack those of the 
 Migratory and other species which deposit in the unprotected ground. 
 It is asserted by different persons in this region that the present species 
 lays an average of 150 eggs to the pod, which, judging from the frag- 
 ments of egg shells found by digging, is nearly correct; at any rate the 
 estimate is not too high. Egg-depositing with this species commences 
 rather later than with some of the other representatives of the genus, 
 but just at what date I did not learn. There is but a single pod formed 
 by an insect, the entire complement of eggs being deposited at once. 
 
 The larvae commence hatching during the latter part of March and 
 continue to appear up to the middle of April, according to the forward- 
 ness or backwardness of the season. Wet warm weather favors the 
 hatching, while dry weather rather retards the process. The young 
 molt five times, at intervals of from 12 to 20 days, according to the con- 
 dition of the weather. Dry weather with hot days retards, while damp 
 or wet weather favors this process among insects by keeping the exu- 
 vise pliable during molting, as well as in furnishing the necessary moist- 
 ure required ingrowth. The- winged or mature insects appear about 
 the middle of July or a little earlier and begin to couple soon afterward, 
 thus completing the cycle. 
 
 Their mode of attack does not differ greatly from that of M. spretus , 
 save in that the latter begin upon the crops immediately after hatching, 
 while these species do not. They wait until they are from three to four 
 weeks old before venturing far from the places of hatching. Like that 
 species they have the habit of huddling together upon plants and among 
 grasses and debris during cool nights and on cloudy days. This appears 
 to be a trait common to all insects when present in large numbers, and 
 must be the result of some special instinct. When about half-grown the 
 larvae become pretty well scattered over the fields and do not hop back 
 to the weed patches on the outskirts in the evening, as they do while 
 younger and when first beginning their attacks upon the crops. The 
 molting is the same as with other locusts, and need^ not here be rede- 
 scribed. The grown hoppers do not migrate by flight, but do sometimes 
 move in concert in certain directions by jumping. This can hardly be 
 termed migration, since the change of location is merely performed for 
 the purpose of obtaining food, while the act of migrating is towards ob- 
 taining more decided results. When feeding they can be driven like 
 other locusts, and this trait in their nature has been taken advantage 
 
13 
 
 of at different times and by many of the planters as a means of partial 
 protection to the crops. 
 
 It is sometimes quite a difficult matter to account for the rapid in- 
 crease of certain insects during a series of seasons that for years before 
 have scarcely appeared in numbers sufficient to be noticed. However 
 true this assertion may be, I think the rapid increase in the present in- 
 stance can be readily accounted for, and has its direct causes partly in 
 the negligence of the planters over the area now suffering and partly 
 through other and indirect but favoring circumstances. It has already 
 been ascertained that all of the species which are combining in the 
 present injury are partial to rank vegetation, and find the most favor- 
 able conditions for their egg-laying and subsequent development in the 
 waste land at the borders of cultivated fields, in ravines which run 
 through cultivated ground, and in neglected grounds which were at one 
 time under the plow. Everywhere in this locust area do we find great 
 neglect in this respect. There are not only large fields lying idle which 
 were once cultivated in cotton, but also wide borders adjacent to ra- 
 vines and gullies which have been permitted to grow up in bunch 
 grasses and weeds. Each of these featuresis of too common recurrence, 
 thus giving this and other insects of like nature ample harbor and room 
 for multiplication year after year. This is the prime cause, but from 
 inquiry it cannot be disputed that there are several other agencies 
 which have aided in bringing about the present state of affairs. These 
 are, primarily, the comparative scarcity of insectivorous birds, and sec- 
 ondarily the comparatively dry summers for the past three years. 
 While the bird question cannot easily be remedied at once, or the sea- 
 sons changed so as not to favor the increasing hoppers, there can be a 
 great deal accomplished by clearing up these waste places and putting 
 them once more under the plow. The dry seasons have aided the in- 
 crease of the locusts by diminishing their natural enemies. These are 
 chiefly soft-bodied insects, very delicate in structure, that are dependent 
 to a much greater extent than the locust is on moisture for their de- 
 velopment and subsequent career. It stands to reason, therefore, that 
 dry seasons, while not materially affecting the more hardy nature of 
 the locusts, are very injurious, if not altogether fatal, to insects whose 
 organs are so delicate as are most of these parasitic forms. 
 
 Up to the present season but little or nothing has been done by the 
 planters to protect their crops from the ravages of these locusts or 
 towards diminishing their numbers. True, some of them tried to save 
 their crops by driving the locusts off after they were fully matured and 
 could fly. While this remedy will sometimes save a portion of a crop, 
 it is only transient in its result, and must be repeated each day several 
 times. It is also a remedy that works better with the migratory spe- 
 cies than with the non-migratory forms that seldom fly more than a 
 few yards at a time. To save crops from locust ravages the main ob- 
 ject to be kept in view is, or rather should be, the destruction of the 
 
14 
 
 pest, and not merely a transient removal of it. If the insects are merely 
 kept agitated while in the fields this does not prevent them from pro- 
 ceeding to the outskirts and depositing their eggs in the waste places 
 heretofore mentioned, and thereby rendering the production of crops the 
 ensuing year equally uncertain, and even, with favoring conditions, ten- 
 fold more so. 
 
 When I first visited the region infested, I learned of some efforts at 
 poisoning the larva) with arsenic and Paris green. These had been 
 tried merely as experiments, and thus far had proved but partially suc- 
 cessful. The poisons in every instance had been applied in too large 
 quantities for the mixtures used, and resulted in the killing* of the vege- 
 tation over which they had been distributed. Where this was the 
 case, the hoppers escaped with little injury. These mineral poisons only 
 take effect when taken internally with the food, and when the vegeta- 
 tion has been killed the young locusts will not eat it, but hop away to seek 
 that which is fresh. Finding this to be the case, a series of experiments 
 was instituted in order to ascertain just what proportions of the poisons 
 were necessary in order to obtain the best results and not to kill the 
 vegetation. By inquiry it was learned that of the arsenic the follow- 
 ing solution had been used : to one barrrel (47.9 gallons) of water in 
 which two quarts of molasses had been stirred, 12 ounces of the poison 
 were added. The latter had first been boiled in a little water, with a 
 pound or more of carbonate of soda, for about an hour in order to dissolve 
 it. We therefore decided that the future experiments should be made 
 with less poison to the barrel of water, and accordingly a half pound 
 was substituted. This mixture also proved too strong for the vegeta- 
 tion. After continued experiments it was finally decided that from 4 
 to 5 ounces of the poison to the barrel of water gave by far the best 
 results, and did not injure the vegetation unless put on too thickly or 
 in too coarse a spray. Bright sunshine during sprajdng appeared to 
 render the poison more injurious to the vegetation. A second spraying 
 over the same grounds also had the same effect as the stronger mixtures. 
 Light rains did not materially diminish the efficacy of the poisoning. 
 The results of arsenious poisoning are not immediate upon the hoppers, 
 but first show after about twenty-four hours, and prove fatal in about 
 thirty-six to forty hours. When the first examination was made after 
 the application [twenty-four hours afterwards) it was found that most 
 of the larvae bad left the weeds and were found creeping and jumping 
 about in a rather sluggish manner upon the ground underneath. No 
 dead ones were to be found at this time. In examining the same local- 
 ity a day later, a great many dead were found, also many others that 
 were very sluggish, while but few really active ones were to be found. 
 On the morning of the third day I counted upon 1 square foot of sur- 
 face between fifty and sixty dead, and a few others were present that 
 must certainly have followed before the expiration of another twenty- 
 four hours. 
 
15 
 
 This poison is best applied with a rather powerful force-pump, using 
 a very fine spray, otherwise the vegetation will blister and much of 
 the fluid be wasted by falling upon the ground. The finer the spray 
 the more evenly the poison can be distributed, and hence a correspond- 
 ingly better result will ensue. Where comparatively large areas are to 
 be poisoned the best plan is to have two or more barrels, or, what is 
 better still, a tank holding a hundred or more gallons of the poisoned 
 water, mounted upon a wagon and drawn through the field with a team 
 of horses or oxen. Always poison by going against the wind instead of 
 with it, otherwise there is danger of poisoning both the team and the 
 persons operating the pump. It should also be remembered that a 
 muzzled beast is less liable to eat the poisoned vegetation than one 
 without a muzzle. Again, poisoning should be done only upon such 
 grounds as are never grazed, or over which stock is not permitted to 
 run. Poisoning can only be done with safety in regions where fields 
 are fenced, and upon such vegetation as will not afterwards be used as 
 food for animals or man. While rains may wash off most of the poison 
 from weeds, they never can do this from grasses and grains where the 
 blades are fastened to the stem in such a manner as to catch all the 
 rain which falls upon them and carry it to the body of the plant. 
 
 Paris green is used diluted with wheat flour or wood ashes, and ap- 
 plied by dusting it upon the vegetation by means of a fine meal-sieve. 
 The proportions giving the best results as stated to me were 12 ounces 
 of the green to about 20 pounds of flour. Some add one pound of very 
 finely-powdered resin, which they claim acts as a sort of glue, causing 
 the material to adhere to the vegetation. Great caution is also neces- 
 sary in using this poison, both in its application and afterward in 
 keeping stock away from the vegetation to which it has been applied. 
 The best time for applying this remedy is in the morning while the dew 
 is still on the vegetation and before the wind arises. While a few of 
 the planters in the vicinity of Washington and Navasota seemed to 
 think this remedy superior to the arsenic, I did not find it so upon 
 Mr. Flewellen’s plantation, where it was tested several times. Where- 
 ever used, it is true, the hoppers disappeared, but an examination re- 
 vealed but few dead ones upon the ground. My opinion is that they 
 only moved to other localities where the poison was not put. This I am 
 pretty certain of, for frequently large numbers of the larvae were ob- 
 served adjacent to such localities one day where there had been none 
 the day before. Vegetation also suffered from the effect of the poison. 
 
 In using poisons I would recommend the spray rather than the dry 
 application. The sirup or molasses adds to the efficacy of this latter 
 by enticing the hoppers to eat, since they are exceedingly fond of 
 sweets. Poisoning is undoubtedly a good remedy against locusts and 
 other injurious insects in countries where every field is fenced and 
 where no stock is permitted to roam about. Where there are no fences, 
 however, and stock roams at will over fields and along roadsides, its use 
 
16 
 
 is out of the question. There are also numerous instances in fenced dis- 
 tricts where its use is impracticable and out of the question ; as, for ex- 
 ample, in pastures and grain-fields as well as in the garden. In these 
 latter instances, therefore, it is necessary that other remedies be adopted. 
 I therefore suggested the use of the coal-tar and kerosene pans and the 
 various other machines and contrivances which have been used with 
 success in other locust districts in times past. As a sample and illus- 
 tration of their use I had one of these constructed, and had the satis* 
 faction of seeing it adopted by almost every planter in the immediate 
 neighborhood, as well as by others throughout the region afflicted. 
 While this latter remedy or contrivance did not meet the approval of 
 some of the larger planters, it was very popular with the colored pop- 
 ulation, who are exceedingly superstitious concerning the use of poisons 
 of all kinds. It was also quickly adopted by persons of limited means, 
 or where the locusts were confined to small patches and could be readily 
 destroyed in a few days with a small machine dragged over the ground 
 by hand. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing remedies one gentleman told me of a 
 plan he had adopted for destroying the hoppers upon his place. It 
 was about as follows : Having noticed that a certain piece of neglected 
 ground had been largely used by the locusts last fall for depositing 
 their eggs, he decided to plow it up this spring and, if possible, prevent 
 them from hatching. When plowing began it was found that most of 
 the eggs were thrust among the roots of large grass clumps. He there- 
 fore mustered all hands together and set them to gathering these clumps 
 of grass and hauling them into piles which were afterwards set on fire 
 and burned, thus destroying the locust eggs which they contained. 
 Ko less than nine wagon loads of the grass clumps were thus gathered 
 and burned, and this evidently did much good. Others who have recog- 
 nized the insectivorous nature of fowls, and especially of the guinea- 
 hen and turkey, have begun rearing these in large numbers. I also 
 suggest to the planters in general that they protect the quails and quit 
 shooting them for several years, since they, too, are of great aid as 
 insect destroyers. 
 
 At this time locusts are present in damaging numbers in the follow- 
 ing counties as nearly as I could ascertain by inquiry and travel : Wash- 
 ington, Burleson, Lee, Fayette, Austin, Grimes and Waller, and of 
 these only Washington, Austin, Grimes and Waller have reported the 
 loss of crops during last year from their ravages. This section lies just 
 between the two u cross timbers” of east Central Texas and borders the 
 prairie country. Judging from the timbered nature of this portion of 
 the State, the climate as a rule must be rather more humid than it has 
 been during the past few years, and consequently cannot always be 
 overrun by locusts, if, as we understand it, aridity is favorable to the 
 rapid increase of these insects. With the present warfare against them, 
 if continued during the spring and summer into the fall, there certainly 
 
17 
 
 cannot be much danger of future depredations from locusts. Still I 
 would suggest to the inhabitants of this and adjoining regions to keep 
 on the alert, and wherever and whenever threatened to waste no time 
 but to try and control them at once. 
 
 Although the loss of crops has been limited to comparatively small 
 areas throughout these counties, nevertheless the damages sustained 
 will aggregate more than might be imagined. As an example, we need 
 only quote a few lines from Dr. Flewellen’s letter where he writes : 
 “This locality, 4 miles south of the old town of Washington on the 
 Brazos Biver, lost not less than 20,000 bushels of corn and 2,000 bales 
 of cotton by the ravages of the pest.” When we add to this the losses 
 sustained at other localities throughout these counties, and also those 
 on other crops, we have before us quite formidable figures. 
 
 In closing my report, it might be thought proper for me to give my 
 opinion as to the possible results of this summer’s brood of hoppers. 
 This can be done in very few words. Possibly in addition to a few out- 
 side rows, a few fields of cotton and corn will be taken in places where 
 the weed patches were destroyed prematurely, thereby scattering the 
 larvae over the fields while the crops were still very small and tender. 
 This I know to have occurred in several instances where it was thought 
 that by destroying the weeds the little hoppers would also perish. 
 Aside from this there need be but few complete failures on account of 
 locust depredations. 
 
 THE POST OAK LOCUST OF WASHINGTON COUNTY, TEXAS. 
 
 In addition to the several species of locust that have been mentioned 
 in the preceding pages, last summer for the first time another species 
 of locust was noticed in vast numbers among the post oak timber lying 
 between the towns of Washington and Brenham, in Washington county. 
 These were so numerous in one locality that they completely defoliated 
 the trees of the forest, even to the very topmost twigs. The region occu- 
 pied by this insect, although not over a mile and a half in width by 7 or 
 8 miles in length, is sufficiently large for the propagation of swarms ca- 
 pable of devastating a much larger area during the present spring and 
 summer, and by another year to spread over several of the adjoining 
 counties. 
 
 Although there is at present no apparent injury to the trees thus de- 
 foliated last year, and now in progress again this year, there can be no 
 question as to the final result if these attacks are continued for several 
 years longer. The trees will eventually die. While up to the present 
 time this locust has shown a decided arboreal habit, it may, and un- 
 doubtedly will be, obliged to seek food in the adjoining fields when com- 
 pelled to do so through lack of its present diet, which is rapidly disap- 
 pearing before the hungry myriads of young locusts. 
 
 Notwithstanding the great numbers of the foregoing described species 
 which together have combined in injuring the cotton and corn crops 
 17528— No. 13 2 
 
18 
 
 throughout this and adjoining counties, it is my opinion that the present 
 species is more to be feared in the future than they, on account of its 
 arboreal nature and the difficulty of getting at it in order to destroy it. 
 To kill these locusts either while feeding among the foliage or “ roost- 
 ing” upon the topmost boughs of the tall trees would be next to impos- 
 sible. On the other hand, the other species are easily to be gotten at 
 and destroyed, as just shown. 
 
 The habits of this locust, as nearly as I was able to learn through 
 inquiry from others, and by personal observation, are briefly as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 The egg-pods ar© deposited in the ground about the bases of trees or 
 indifferently scattered about the surface among the decaying leaves, 
 &c., like those of all other ground-laying species. The young commence 
 hatching about the middle of March and continue to appear until into 
 April. After molting the first time and becoming a little hardened 
 they immediately climb up the trunks of the trees and bushes of all 
 kinds and commence feeding upon the new and tender foliage. They 
 molt at least five or six times, if we may take the variation in size and 
 difference in the development of the rudiments of wings as a criterion. 
 The imago or mature stage is reached by the last of May or during the 
 first part of June. 
 
 The species is very active and shy in all its stages of growth after 
 leaving the egg. The larva and pupa run up the trunks and along the 
 limbs of trees with considerable speed, and in this respect differ con- 
 siderably from all other species of locusts with which I am acquainted. 
 I am informed that the mature insects are also equally wild and fly like 
 birds. They feed both by day and night; and I am told by those who 
 have passed through the woods after night when all else was quiet, 
 that the noise produced by the grinding of their jaws was not unlike 
 the greedy feeding of swine. 
 
 Aside from its arboreal nature there is but a single instance men- 
 tioned of its preference to growing crops. This was a small field of 
 either cotton or corn, or perhaps both. If the nature of the crop was 
 told me at the time I have forgotten. At any rate the crop of one or 
 the other of these two staples grew in a small clearing in the very midst 
 of the most thickly visited area. The mature insects alone were the 
 offenders in this instance. During the day-time they would leave the 
 trees in swarms and alight upon the growing crop and feed until even 
 ing, when they would return to the trees. If, during the day, they were 
 disturbed, they immediately took wing and left for the tops of the sur- 
 rounding trees to return shortly afterward. 
 
 The exact classification of this locust has not yet been fully ascer- 
 tained, since no mature specimens were to be obtained, or, to my knowl- 
 edge, are contained in any of our American collections. The larvae and 
 pupae collected, however, would indicate a relationship to both the gen- 
 era Melanoplus and Acridium. It appears to be congeneric with an 
 
19 
 
 undescribed short- winged form, thus far only taken in Missouri, which 
 lives among and feeds upon the oaks only of that region. The present 
 species is also evidently undescribed, unless the mature insect should 
 differ widely from the preparatory stages herewith presented. It is 
 popularly known in that region as the u Red-legged hopper” of the post 
 oaks. 
 
 The larvae and pupae are of rather bright color, giving them a gaudy 
 appearance. The grdund color of the body is dark wood brown deep- 
 ening into black along the sides of the pronotum and the apex of the 
 posterior femora. The head for the most part is of a bright lemon yel- 
 low, while the pronotum is of the same, varied by streaks and blotches 
 of the brown. The antennae and posterior femora are red internally, 
 dimly banded with yellow and brown on the external face, through 
 which the red color of the inner side can be plainly seen. The feet and 
 tarsi are also dark. The pupae average almost an inch in length and 
 are rather robust in form, with short, broad heads and powerful jaws 
 
FOURTH REPORT ON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO FOREST AND 
 
 SHADE TREES. 
 
 By Dr. A, S. Packard, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Providence, November 1, 1886. 
 
 Sir : I herewith submit my report on insects injurious to forest trees, based on ob- 
 servations made during the past season in Rhode Island, Maine, and New Hampshire. 
 This report contains observations on the Spruce Bud-worm, a new enemy to that tree, 
 with notes on other forest insects. Other notes on incomplete larval histories do not 
 necessarily appear until they have been completed. 
 
 Respectfully yours, 
 
 A. S. PACKARD. 
 
 Prof. C. V. Riley, 
 
 TJ. S. Entomologist. 
 
 THE SPRUCE AND HACKMATACK WORMS IN 1886. 
 
 During the past season, as in 1885, no traces of the caterpillar or moth 
 of Tortrix fumiferana , formerly so destructive to Firs and Spruces, were 
 discovered. The moths must be now as rare as before 1878. Great 
 progress has also been made by the younger growth of these conifer- 
 ous trees in repairing the desolation caused by the attacks of this worm. 
 
 The Larch Saw-fly was, on the other hand, found to be still not un- 
 common. It was observed July 1 at Brunswick, Me., locally, the worm 
 having freshly hatched upon a few trees, but it did not do any more 
 harm than the previous year. 
 
 During the early part of September, however, it was observed in 
 abundance along the Cherry Mountain road from Fabyan’s to Jefferson, 
 N. H., a few miles north of the White Mountain house. The Larches 
 had been ravaged rather severely and many of the worms were still 
 lingering on the branches, feeding upon the leaves $ while many young 
 trees had been stripped, wholly or in part, of their leaves. Some dead 
 Larches were also to be seen. 
 
 We call attention below to a Phycid caterpillar which was observed 
 in Maine preying upon the young cones of the Spruce, no lepidopterous 
 insect with similar habits having before been observed. 
 
 We have also given more attention than forme rly to the insects infest- 
 ing the Willow and Alder, as these trees are the prolific source of many 
 species which spread from them to other forest as well as to ornamental 
 20 
 
21 
 
 and shade trees. While the Willow has until recently been useful as a 
 shade tree, when standing by the horse-trough or by the well, an occasional 
 Weeping Willow being seen in towns, a new value is attached to the tree 
 for the salicylic acid extracted from it, and in the Southern States there 
 have already been established extensive plantations of willows, the 
 twigs and branches being cut and gathered for the extraction and man- 
 ufacture of this valuable remedy. 
 
 The number of species of insects affecting the Willow in Europe is 
 said by Kaltenbach* to amount to three hundred and ninety-six ; of 
 these ninety-four are beetles and two hundred and fifteen moths and 
 butterflies ; while the European Alder supports one hundred and nine- 
 teen species of insects of different groups. 
 
 THE SPRUCE CONE-WORM. 
 
 ( Pinipestis reniculella Grote.) 
 
 This is the first occurrence, so far as we know, of a caterpillar prey 
 ing upon the terminal fresh young cones of the Spruce. We have pre- 
 viously! called attention to the Spruce Bud-louse ( Adelges abieticoJens) 
 which deforms the terminal shoots of the Spruce, producing large swell- 
 ings which would be readily mistaken for the cones of the same tree. 
 Another species of Bud-louse ( Adelges abietis Linn.), which appears to be 
 the same as the European insect of that name, we observed several 
 years since (August, 1881) in considerable numbers on the Norway 
 Spruces on the grounds of the Peabody Academy of Sciences at Salem. 
 
 The species of caterpillar in question was observed, August 24, in 
 considerable numbers on a young Spruce 10 to 20 feet in height at Mere- 
 point on Casco Bay, Maine. The cones on the terminal shoot as well 
 as the lateral upper branches, which when healthy and unaffected were 
 purplish-green and about 1^ inches long, were for the most part mined by 
 a rather large Phycid caterpillar. The worm was of the usual shape 
 and color, especially resembling a Phycid caterpillar not uncommon in 
 certain seasons on the twigs of the Pitch Pine, on which it produces 
 large unsightly masses of castings within which the worms hide. 
 
 The Spruce Cone-worm is usually confined to the 
 young cones, into which it bores and mines in different 
 directions, eating galleries passing partly around the in- 
 terior, separating the scales from the axis of the cones 
 (Fig. 1). After mining one cone the caterpillar passes 
 into an adjoining one, spinning a rude silken passage 
 connecting the two cones. Sometimes a bunch of three 
 or four cones are tied together with silken strands; 
 while the castings or excrement thrown out of the holes 
 form a large, conspicuous light mass, sometimes half as fig. i.— single 
 
 ° 7 L ” 7 pierced cone (orig- 
 
 large as one’s fist, out of which the tips of the cones are Dal >- 
 
 *Die Pflauzunfeiude aus der Klasse der Iusekten, 1874. 
 
 t Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 523, aud Bulletin 7, U. S. Eat. Comm., p.234. 
 
22 
 
 seen to project (Fig. 2). Besides these unsightly masses of castings, 
 the presence of the caterpillars causes an exudation of pitch, which 
 
 clings in large drops or tears to the 
 outside of the adjacent more or less 
 healthy cones. Where much affected 
 the young cones turn brown and sere. 
 
 The same worms had also attacked 
 the terminal branches and twigs of 
 the same tree, eating off the leaves 
 and leaving a mass of excrement on 
 one side of the twig, within which 
 they had spun a silken gallery in 
 which the worm lived. 
 
 On removing the bunches of dis- 
 eased cones to Providence, one cater- 
 pillar transformed in a warm cham- 
 ber into a moth, which appeared the 
 end of October; its metamorphosis 
 was probably accelerated by the un- 
 usually warm autumnal weather. All 
 the others had by the 1st of Novem- 
 ber spun within the mass of castings 
 a loose, thin, but firm, oval cocoon, 
 about half an inch long and a quar- 
 ter inch wide, but the larvae had not 
 yet begun to change to chrysalids. 
 Whether in a state of nature they 
 winter over in the larval state within their cocoons, or, as is more 
 likely, change to pupae in the autumn, appearing as moths by the end 
 of spring, remains to be seen. 
 
 The chrysalis is of the usual Phycid appearance, rather slender, but 
 with the abdominal tip blunt, with no well-marked cremaster or spine, 
 though ending in the usual six curved stiff bristles, by means of which 
 it hooks onto the walls of its cocoon, thus maintaining itself in its nat- 
 ural position. 
 
 I only found one tree next to the house thus affected 
 by this worm. It is probable that in a dense spruce 
 growth the trees would be less exposed to the attacks of 
 what may prove a serious enemy of shade spruces. The 
 obvious remedy is, to burn the affected cones and mass 
 of castings late in summer. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva. (Fig. 3.)— Of the usual Phycid form; the 
 head aud pro thoracic shield deep amber-brown ; the body reddish 
 carneous or amber-brown, with a livid hue; a faint, dark, dorsal, 
 aud a broader, subdorsal line; piliferous warts distinct; each 
 segment divided into a longer anterior and shorter, narrower, pos- Fig. 3.— Spruce 
 
 terior section, bearing two dorsal piliferous warts, besides a lateral {^gecT original) n " 
 one. Length 16 mm . 
 
23 
 
 Pupa. — Of the usual Phycid appearance; rather slender, the abdominal tip blunt, 
 with six long slender up-curved bristles. Length 9 mm . 
 
 Moth. (Fig. 4.) — 1 male. Fore- wings long and narrow, stone-gray, with no reddish 
 or brownish tints. Head, palpi, and body dark gray with white scales intermixed. 
 Fore-wings dark and light gray ; a broad basal 
 light pitch ; before the middle of the wing a white 
 .zigzag line composed of a costal and median scal- 
 lop. A square whitish distal patch, and half way 
 between it and the outer margin is a narrow white 
 zigzag line inclosed on each side by a dark border, 
 the line being deeply angulated three times. Edge 
 of the wing next to the base of the fringe deep 
 black, interrupted by narrow pale gray spots- 
 Fringe dusky, with fine white scales. Legs 
 banded with black and gray. Hind wings pale gray. Expanse of wings 22 mm ; 
 length of body 10 mm . (Identified by Prof. C. H. Fernald.) 
 
 THE GrREEN- STRIPED PHYCID WORM. 
 
 (. Meroptera pravella Gr.) 
 
 This a common insect on the Willow, occurring at Brunswick, Me., 
 August 20, and through the month. It spins a web on the under side 
 of the leaf, and pupates from the 15th to 20th of September, the moth 
 in confinement appearing (in the breeding cage at Providence) the end 
 of May (the25th-31st). The caterpillar, which is longitudinally striped 
 with light and dark green with black slashes on each side of the head, 
 varies somewhat; in some there are only four slashes on the head, with 
 no other markings. The moth differs from Phycis rubrifasciella on the 
 Hickory in having no cross-band of raised scales, while the insect is 
 much darker, and the palpi are twice as broad. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva. — Body of tbe usual form, tapering from near the bead to tbe 
 end. Head of tbe usual size, not quite so broad as tbe protboracic segment ; green, 
 slashed vertically and mottled with large and small brown or jet-black spots. Pro- 
 tboracic segment a little swollen ; tbe shield not striped like tbe rest of tbe body. 
 Body with narrow alternating light and dark green stripes ; brown along tbe back, 
 and inclosing a large round green spot on each segment ; tbe brown portion with 
 three interrupted green lines, one median and two lateral. Piliferous dots minute, 
 not conspicuous. Length, 15 mm . 
 
 Pupa. — Of tbe usual Phycid shape ; mahogany-brown ; end of the terminal abdom- 
 inal spine smooth, shining, convex, and ending in a stout curved lateral spine on 
 each side. Length 10 mm . 
 
 Moth . — Body and fore wings dark gray, with brick-red scales and bauds. Palpi very 
 broad, especially tbe second joint ; dark gray ; vertex of bead light gray, with dark 
 scales; antennae blackish. Protboracic scales and shoulder tippets (patagia) dull 
 brick-red ; middle (disk) of thorax gray. Fore wings dark, dusky gray, with scattered 
 pale gray scales ; base of wings dull brick-red ; a broad, diffuse band of the same color 
 crosses the basal fourth of the wing ; on the outer fourth of the wings is a similar 
 broad, diffuse, dull brick-red band, sending a diffuse longitudinal stripe towards the 
 basal baud ; an incomplete transverse pale gray line, curved outward in the middle 
 of the wing, borders the inside of the outer reddish baud. Costal edge dusky, the 
 reddish bands not reaching it. Fringe of the same dull slate-color as the hind wings. 
 Expanse of wings, 20 mm . (Identified by Prof. C. H. Fernald.) 
 
24 
 
 THE ALDER FLEA-BEETLE. 
 
 (Haltica alni Harris.) 
 
 In the correspondence of the late Dr. Harris the following mention is 
 made of this beetle : u In traveling from Centre Harbor, N. H., to Con- 
 way, on the 2d of August, 1854, and from Conway to Upper Bartlett, 
 and subsequently to Jackson, we saw the Alders ( Alnus serrulata) every- 
 where ravaged by insects which had destroyed their leaves in the man- 
 ner of canker worms. Upon examination the spoilers were found not 
 to be all dispersed and several were seen upon the leaves still continu- 
 ing their work ; at the same time were found in Conway numerous 
 beetles, which proved to be a species of Haltica, eating the leaves off 
 the same Alders. The larvrn which had ravaged the shrubs were doubt- 
 less those of the Haltica before named.” 
 
 We have reared the beetles from the grubs during the past season. 
 At Merepoint, near Brunswick, Me., during the middle of August, 
 1886, we noticed clumps of Alders standing in dry soil partly defoliated 
 or with skeletonized, brown or blackish leaves, on which, as well as 
 the still remaining green leaves, were black grubs, sometimes seven or 
 eight on a leaf. All the alders in the region were not molested, the 
 grubs occurring locally. August 15 we found a single beetle, on 
 placing a number of leaves with the grubs in a tin box. We found a 
 white pupa lying loosely on the bottom of the box August 20 ; soon 
 more pupse appeared, and the beetles began to appear in considerable 
 numbers the last week of August. It is evident that in nature the 
 larva falls to the ground to transform, the pupse entering the earth. 
 
 Afterwards, September 10, we found whole clumps of Alders at the 
 base of Iron Mountain, Jackson, N". H., stripped by the grubs, neariy all 
 the riddled, brown, dead leaves having fallen off and thickly covering 
 the ground under the bushes. Such a wholesale devastation of Alders 
 we never witnessed. By this time the beetles had become very abun- 
 dant, and were apparently feeding on the few leaves still attached to 
 the tree. The Alder is the source of some of our destructive forest and 
 fruit insects, and should this grub ever spread to other food trees it 
 will be very annoying, though it can be subdued by proper spraying. 
 There seems to be a periodicity in the appearance of this beetle in 
 unusual numbers, Harris having seen the same grubs in great abun- 
 dance in 1854 in the same region. We have never observed it so com- 
 mon and destructive before in Maine. It is most probable that the 
 beetles hibernate under the leaves and, soon after the leaves expand 
 in May, lay their eggs in masses on them, the grubs scarcely stirring 
 from the leaf on which they are born, until ready to pupate^ The 
 grubs are probably distasteful to birds, otherwise they would fall an 
 easy prey to them and be kept within due limits. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva . — Body somewhat flattened ; head scarcely two-thirds as 
 wide as the body in the middle ; black, becoming brown in front near the jaws. 
 Body livid brown above ; the tubercles black ; paler beneath ; with three pairs of 
 
25 
 
 black jointed thoracic legs; no abdominal legs, but an anal prop-leg. The abdom- 
 inal segments each with a traverse, oval-rounded, ventral, rough space forming a se- 
 ries of creeping tubercles ; and in front on each segment is a transverse, oval, crescentic 
 chitinous area bearing two piliferous tubercles ; the back of each segment divided 
 into two ridges, each bearing a row of six sharp tubercles, bearing short hairs ; a 
 single ventral row on each side of the ventral plate. Length, 7-10 mm . 
 
 Pupa. — Body rather thick, white. Antennae passing around the bent knees (femero- 
 tibial joints) of the first and second pair of legs, the end scarcely going beyond the 
 middle of the body. Elytra with five or six rather deep longitudinal creases. The 
 salient points of the body armed with piliferous warts. Abdominal tip square at the 
 end, with a stout black spine projecting from each side. Length, 6 mm . 
 
 Beetle.— Uniformly deep prussian blue, with greenish reflections on the head. An- 
 tennal flagellum with fine whitish pubescence ; tibiae clothed with tawny hairs. 
 Length, 5-6 mm . 
 
 THE ALDER LEAF-ROLLER. 
 
 (Gelechia oronella Walsingham.) 
 
 While the leaves of the Alder are variously folded and rolled, per- 
 haps the most striking leaf- roller is the above species, which occurred 
 in Maine late in the summer, in August and the early part of Septem- 
 ber. 
 
 The little worm is amber colored, the body rather thick and cylindri- 
 cal, but with no distinctive markings. One was observed which had 
 sewed a portion of the edge of the leaf for half an inch in extent with 
 four or five large white silk stitches. The moth, which appeared in the 
 breeding cage May 4 of the following year, is described below. 
 
 In another example, probably of this species, the end of the leaf was 
 rolled up one and a half turns, and sewed with three broad strong silk 
 stitches. On unrolling it the end of the leaf was found to be more or 
 less eaten, the roll being gradually drawn in and made more perfect as 
 the caterpillar consumes the tip of the leaf. It pupated September 18. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva. — Body rather thick, cyliudrical ; body aud head delicate 
 amber-colored ; end of the body with quite long hairs, longer than the body is wide. 
 Length 6 mm . 
 
 Pupa.— Rather thick; mahogany-brown; length, 7 mm . 
 
 Moth. — Palpi with the second joint moderately broad, scarcely more than twice as 
 wide as the third joint, which is moderately broad and two-thirds as long as the sec- 
 ond joint. Head and palpi whitish-gray ; second joint black externally ; third joint 
 white, with two black rings. Fore wings of the usual shape ; white-gray ; at the base 
 a black streak parallel to the costa; on the basal fourth of the wing is a pair of con- 
 verging black spots; beyoud is a similar but thicker pair of black spots, and still be- 
 yond another pair, one of the spots being situated on the costa ; four black costal spots 
 towards the apex of the wing. Hind wings pale glistening gray. Expanse of wings, 
 18 mm . I am indebted to Professor Fernald for the identification of this species. 
 
 THE PINK-STRIPED WILLOW SPAN-WORM. 
 
 ( Deilinia variolaria Guen.) 
 
 The caterpillar of this pretty moth is one of the commonest inch worms 
 to be found on the Willow. 
 
 The genus to which this caterpillar belongs was founded by Huebner 
 for a moth referred by Guenee to Cabera. The species of Deilinia are 
 
26 
 
 distinguished from those of Corycia by the pectinated antennae, the two 
 common lines, and the generally ocherous tint, though the females of 
 D. variolaria are with difficulty separated from those of Corycia. From 
 Acidalia the species differ in having pectinated antennae, in the want of 
 a decided band on the hind wing, and in the larger palpi. The species is 
 figured on Pl. 10, fig. 26, of Packard’s Monograph of Geometrid Moths. 
 
 The caterpillar occurred August 10 on the Willow at Brunswick, Me. 
 It pupated August 14, and the moth emerged from May 20 till June 6. 
 The moths are seen flying among willows in June and July. We have 
 also found the larvae July 24, and from that date till the first week in 
 September. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva . — Body smooth, cylindrical. Head as wide as the hody^ 
 flattened from above, especially in front; antennae pinkish. Green with a pinkish 
 tinge ; on the side of the head a lateral distinct deep pink line, sutures and upper side 
 of the segments pinkish. There are eight dorsal median spots along the abdominal 
 segments, a central dark-brown dot, flanked on each side by a pale lilac patch. First 
 pair of abdominal feet deep lilac ; anal legs with a vertical anterior lilac^line. Su- 
 pra-anal plate large, triangular, with two minute tubercles. Length, 22 mTn . 
 
 Pupa . — Thorax moderately stout, at first greenish, finally becoming like the abdo- 
 men, mahogany-brown ; terminal spine (cremaster) rather stout and blunt, ending sud- 
 denly in two large curved bristles with three minute slender much curved ones on each 
 side; the basal pair situated about half-way between the base and the middle of the 
 spine. Length, 10 mm . 
 
 Moth . — Front of head deep reddish-ocherous ; white on the front edge; palpi deep 
 ocherous ; antennae white. Fore wings with the costal edge rather full. Both wings 
 strigated more or less thickly with brown; sometimes the wings are pure white. In 
 the male, the strigae (or short lines) are arranged in two parallel lines on both wings. 
 Beneath, pure white ; sometimes a complete black discal dot on each wing. Fore and 
 middle legs ocherous. Expanse of wings 26 mm . This species differs from D. erythe- 
 maria (Guen.), also common in the Atlantic States, by its white wings, which are often 
 without lines, and by the deep reddish ocherous front of the head. 
 
 THE HERALD. 
 
 ( Scoliopteryx libatrix Linu.) 
 
 This fine moth, common to the New and Old World, is in England 
 called “the Herald.” Here as well as in Euiope it feeds as a general 
 rule upon the Willow, but we are told by Mr. H. L. Clark that he has 
 bred it from the Wild Cherry in Rhode Island. 
 
 Its habits so far as they have noticed are nearly the same as observed 
 in Europe. Mr. Lintner, the State Entomologist of New York, says that 
 the caterpillar feeds on and pupates among some of the leaves drawn 
 together by silken threads to which the pupa is attached by an anal 
 spine. The fall brood remains in the pupa state from fifteen to twenty 
 days. He bred a moth which emerged August 3, hence he thinks that 
 there are probably two annual broods of this species, since he has taken 
 it in the early part of May. In Illinois Mr. Coquillett bred a larva which 
 spun its cocoon August 23, while the moth appeared September 7. 
 
27 
 
 Professor Riley’s notes show that he found the larvae at Kirkwood, 
 Mo., in May, 1872; that they began to spin their cocoons May 29; and 
 that the moths began to emerge June 1 1 . On June 17 eggs were found. 
 
 We have found the larva on the Willow at Brunswick, Me., August 
 26, when it was nearly fully grown. It is easily recognized, since it is one 
 of the few Noctuid caterpillars to be found on the Willow, and may be 
 recognized by its pale green hue and the yellow lateral line as well as 
 the yellowish sutures between the body segments. A chrysalis beaten 
 out of a Willow tree during the last week in August disclosed the moth 
 about the 12th of September. Another chrysalis was found at Jackson ? 
 N. EL, during the second week in September, the moth appearing Sep- 
 tember 14. The larva had sewed together four or five willow leaves at 
 the end of a terminal shoot, and the cavity thus formed was lined with 
 a thin but dense whitish cocoon in which the pupa was situated with 
 the head upwards, and firmly held in place by the hooks on the abdom- 
 inal spine. The moth hibernates, appearing in May as soon as the 
 leaves ate unfolded, and we see no grounds for supposing that there 
 is more than a single brood of caterpillars or of moths. The chrysalis 
 is quite unlike that of most Noctuidse which transform in the earth, and 
 has a simple blunt spine. The cremaster or spine of the present species 
 is much like that of those Geometrids which spin a cocoon. 
 
 We thus have an interesting departure from the usual structure and 
 habits of a numerous family of moths, the end of the pupa being spe- 
 cially adapted for a residence in a cocoon to prevent its being shaken 
 out of its exposed pupal abode. Like all tree-feeding Noctuidae, the 
 caterpillar is well protected from observation by its style of coloration; 
 in the present case the pale green assimilating it to the leaves among 
 which it feeds. 
 
 THE BROWN CRYPTOLECHIA. 
 
 ( Gryptolechia quercicella Clemens.) 
 
 The leaves of the Oak and, as we have found the past season, the 
 Aspen, are often bound together by a rather large flattened Tineid cat- 
 erpillar, larger in size than most larvae of the family to which it belongs. 
 It is of about the size of the caterpillar of another less common species 
 of the same genus ( C . schlagenella) whose habits we have already de- 
 scribed in Bulletin No. 3 of the Division of Entomology (U. S. Depart- 
 ment Agriculture, p. 25.) 
 
 The larva of the present species (originally described by Clemens as 
 Psilocorsis quercicella) was said by that author* to bind the leaves of 
 oaks together in August and September (in Pennsylvania) and to pick 
 out the parenchyma between the network of veins ; to weave a slight 
 cocoon between two leaves, appearing as a moth in March and April. 
 Our observations confirm the accuracy of Clemens’s observations. In 
 
 *Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phil., June, 18H0. See also Clemens’s Tineina of North 
 America, edited by H. T. Stainton, p. 149. 
 
28 
 
 1884 we reared it from the Oak in Providence, the moths in confine- 
 ment appearing May 3 to 13 of the following spring. 
 
 During the season of 1886 we found the larvae both on the Oak and 
 on the Aspen at Brunswick, Me., daring the last week in August (the 
 25th to 31st). It disfigures these trees by binding the leaves together, 
 where it occupies a gallery in the mass of excrement filling the space. 
 It weaves a slight, but quite consistent, oval, flat cocoon between the 
 somewhat crumpled leaves ; the moths appeared in the breeding cages 
 from May 15 to 20 ; at first sight the moth resembles a Tortrix, the 
 wings being wide and broad at the end, and the markings plain ; it is 
 very different in appearance from the moth of the other species we have 
 mentioned, which is white, with longer, narrower wings. The abdomi- 
 nal spine of the chrysalis is also very peculiar in shape. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva . — Body flattened. Head wide, slightly narrower than the 
 prothoracic segment ; dark brown; prothoracic shield dark brown, slightly paler than 
 the head. Body behind pale livid greenish flesh-colored ; no dorsal setiferous warts, 
 but on each side of each segment are two dark warts of unequal size giving rise to 
 long hairs ; below them are two smaller, paler, less conspicuous warts. Supra-anal 
 plate large, broad, rounded, blackish, with five setiferous warts around the edges of 
 the plate. All the legs concolorous with the body. Length, 12 mm . 
 
 Pupa . — Of the shape of the Tortricidae, being unusually stout and of a mahogany 
 brown color. Abdominal segments peculiar in having a single, finely crenulated 
 ridge passing dorsally and laterally around the front edge of the segment ; there are no 
 teeth or spines, but a rough surface on the ridge with confluent granulations The 
 tip is peculiar, the last segment being conical, with a stout spine (cremaster), which 
 is rounded, a little flattened, and ending in two forks, from the sides and ends of which 
 arise in all 6-8 long bristles, which stick into the silken lining of the rather slight 
 cocoon in which it transforms. Length, 7 mm . 
 
 Moth . — Recognized by its large size, broad square wings, and long slender palpb 
 curving backwards high over the head. Head, thorax, and fore wings tawny gray, 
 with a line of fine dark scales on the base of the antennae and on the upper and un- 
 der side of the last joint of the palpi. Fore wings uniform tawny gray, mottled with 
 fine blackish scales ; no distinct markings except a dark diffuse discal dot. Fringe gray. 
 Hind wings and abdomen as well as the legs shining pale tawny gray, much lighter 
 than the fore wings ; beneath of the same color, except that the fore wings are some- 
 what dusky except on the outer edge and outer half of the costal margin. Expanse 
 of wings 20 mm . 
 
 THE BEECH SPAN-WORM. 
 
 (. Hyperetis nyssaria Smith and Abbot.) 
 
 Although the Alder is one of the food trees of this not uncommon 
 inch-worm, it is known to live on the Beech. The specimen reared from 
 the Alder by us is described below. 
 
 I have reared this moth from a large span-worm found on the Alder 
 September 6, at Brunswick Me., which exactly resembled a small twig 
 of the same shrub. It pupated September 20, in a broad flattened oval 
 cocoon spun between the leaves, and the moth appeared at Providence 
 in the breeding cage May 15 of the following year. 
 
29 
 
 Mr. W. Saunders has reared the moth from a caterpillar found on the 
 Beech, and it will probably occur on other trees. 
 
 Larva . — Head rather small, much narrower than the body, somewhat flattened in 
 front. First thoracic considerably narrower than the second thoracic segment ; sec- 
 ond and third thoracic segments with lateral slight swellings ; the black spiracles are 
 situated on dusky swellings ; on the fifth abdominal segment is a dusky dorsal hump, 
 edged in front with white, consisting of two rounded conical tubercles. Supra-anal 
 plate rounded with two stiff terminal setae ; anal legs rather broad, with a setiferous 
 fleshy conical tubercle on the upper edge. General color of head and body lilac-brown ; 
 head slightly more reddish, and on the back of each segment is a pair of whitish spots, 
 especially distinct on the second thoracic, but wanting on the first segment. Supra- 
 anal plate and anal legs sea-green, mottled with dusky spots. Length 28 mm . 
 
 Pupa . — Body rather thick ; mahogany-brown, ends of wings and legs reaching to 
 the posterior edge of the third abdominal segment. Terminal spine of the abdomen 
 (cremaster) large, flattened beneath, broad, triangular ; the upper and undersurface 
 with fine irregular wavy longitudinal ridges. Four lateral curved bristles and a ter- 
 minal pair about twice as thick and long as the others. On the under side at the base 
 of the spine are two orbicular areas like flattened tubercles. Length 12 mm . 
 
 Moth .— Fore wings pale whitish, with fine cross specks as usual ; the basal cross 
 line is heavy on the costa and bent sharply outwards on the subcostal, with a smaller 
 angle on the median vein and a larger angle on the submedian vein. The great but 
 obtuse angle made by the outer line extends quite near the outer edge of the wing. 
 Half way between the apex and the outer line two brown costal patches ; two un- 
 equal black patches near the internal angle. Beneath, the lines and cross specks are 
 reddish-brown. Expanse of wings 33 mm . The specimen does not agree with either 
 of the four figures in my Monograph of Geometrid Moths, differing especially in the 
 shape and direction of the outer line. 
 
 THE CLEFT-HEADED SPAN-WORM. 
 
 (Ampliydasis cognataria Guen.) 
 
 This common inch or measuring worm is the largest species we have 
 met with feeding on the Willow, and may be readily recognized by its 
 deeply cleft head and reddish-brown or green body like a reddish or 
 green willow twig, which it closely mimics. We have noticed it as 
 frequently in Jackson, N. H., as in Maine. It becomes fully fed by the 
 first week in September, my specimens transforming September 8, the 
 chrysalis entering the earth. The moth appears in June in Maine, late 
 in May in Southern New England and New York. I have raised this 
 moth in Maine from the Larch (pupating September 15), also from the 
 Missouri Currant, an ornamental shrub; also from the Apple, Elm, 
 Cherry, and the Aspen in Rhode Island, though the Willow is probably 
 its native food plant, as it occurs in greatest abundance on that tree. 
 Mr. Lintner states that the larva feeds on the Maple; that the caterpillar 
 entered the ground for pupation August 11, the moth emerging the 
 latter part of May. (Ent. Contr. Ill, 166.) My specimens emerged in 
 Providence, May 13. The larva found on the Aspen is greenish and 
 like a fresh aspen twig, with whitish granulations, which are black on 
 the tubercles. 
 
30 
 
 Descriptive. — Young larva. — Head large, deeply notched, each tubercle distinctly 
 conical ; body cylindrical, slender, with no tubercles ; a little smaller in the middle 
 than at each end. Head and body uniformly of a dull, brick-red. Length 13 to 
 
 |4mm i 
 
 Larva before the last molt. — With the characters of the adult larva ; salmon red. 
 Length 35 mm . 
 
 Mature larva. — Twig-like, head very deeply notched, each side above conical ; the 
 face flat in front, the surface granulated. Prothoracic segment raised in front into a 
 large granulated piliferous tubercle. On the fifth abdominal segment a pair of large 
 lateral rough tubercles, a little paler than the body; on the 8th segment a pair of 
 converging pale granulated tubercles. Anal legs very large and broad, with a pair 
 of long dorsal sharp fleshy tubercles ; supra-anal plate very large, conical and acute, 
 with four setae near the apex. Body of even width throughout, reddish-brown, like 
 a reddish willow twig, or sometimes greenish. The surface finely granulated with 
 light and black, and w T itli flat rough warts, paler in color than the rest of the body; 
 our on the front edge of each segment, and two dorsal ones behind. It varies in 
 color from reddish-brown to green, thus mimicing willow twigs of different colors. 
 Length 55 min . 
 
 Pupa. —Large, full, stout; dark brown. Cremaster large, stout, a projection on 
 each side in the middle, beyond rounded, sharp, the point ending in a slender fork. 
 Length 24 mm . 
 
 Moth. — A large stout-bodied moth, with heavily pectinated antennae and rather 
 small wings. Fore wings narrow, with the outer edge longer than usual; pepper and 
 salt or ash sprinkled with black brown; an indistinct, diffuse, inner, curved line, 
 with a second one nearer and diverging a little on the costa, being nearer together 
 at the base. A third diffuse line encloses the discal spot. An outer distinct black 
 hair-line always present. Hind wings with three dark lines. Abdomen with two 
 rows of obscure black spots. Expanse of wings 60 mm . 
 
 ICHTHYURA STRIGOSA Grote. 
 
 The caterpillar of this interesting species was found July 30, at Bruns- 
 wick, Me., feeding on the Aspen ( Populus tremuloides). It moulted 
 August 10, and about the 20th began to spin a silken cocoon between 
 two leaves. The moth (a male) appeared in the breeding cage at Prov- 
 idence, May 20. Like I. americana , it sits with the wings folded sharply 
 over the back, with the fore legs held straight out in front, with the 
 tufted tail curved up. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva before the last molt. — Head broader than the body, flattened 
 in front, dull black, with long white hairs. Body flattened, with yellow and reddish 
 longitudinal stripes; three dorsal faint red stripes on a yellowish ground, and three 
 deep lake-red lateral stripes, the lowermost the broadest and deepest in hue. Two 
 bright yellow lateral stripes. Five pairs of flesh-colored abdominal legs, the legs pale 
 amber, colored like the under side of the body. Length 9 mm . 
 
 Larva after the last molt. — Markings much as in the previous stage. Length 17 to 
 18 mm . 
 
 The rude cocoon is formed by tying a few leaves together, gathering them by a web 
 at the edges, thus forming a roomy chamber, partly lined with silk, within which the 
 chrysalis rests. 
 
 Pupa. — Smaller and not so full and rounded at the end as in I. inclusa ; cremaster 
 as in that species, ending in two stout, very short, recurved spines. Length 12 mm . 
 
 Moth. — One male. Smaller and duller brown than I. indentata Pack. Palpi whit- 
 ish below, dark-brown above, as in I. indentata (which closely resembles Fitch's /. 
 vau) ; front of head slightly broader and squarer ; median thoracic brown band as in 
 
31 
 
 I. indentata. Fore wings with the costal edge straighter and the apes less turned up 
 than in I. indentata, the apex being slightly more rounded than in that species or in 
 I. inclvsa. Basal line distinct, making a sharp angle on the median vein, and more 
 incurved in the submedian space than in I. indentata ; second line much more sud- 
 denly incurved than I. indentata, the same line being straight in I. inclusa ; the short 
 third line as in I. indentata, but more sinuous. Fourth and outer line much as in I. 
 indentata, but the species differs from all the others known by the large conspicuous 
 irregular whitish ochreous patch which fills iu the costal curve of this line and ex- 
 tends half way from the costal end of the line to the apex of the wing ; no deep brick- 
 red discoloration on each side of costal half of fourth line, so distinct in I indentata, 
 but a long discal blackish stripe extends along the first median venule to the sub- 
 marginal row of brown dots which are not so distinct as in I. indentata or I. inclusa ; 
 though the marginal row of dark brown lunules is as distinct as in I. inclusa. Fringe 
 as in I. inclusa, but that on the hind wings much darker. Hind wings darker than in 
 I. indentata. Wings beneath much as in I. indentata, but there is no reddish tint to- 
 wards the apex, and the white oblique costal streak is much less distinct. There are 
 traces of a common brown diffuse line. Abdomen a little shorter, the fan or tuft of 
 scales perhaps shorter and expanding wider. Expanse of wings 25 mm . ; length of 
 body 12 mm . 
 
 THE LIVE OAK THECLA. 
 
 (Thecla favonius Smith and Abbot.) 
 
 The green, slug-like caterpillars of this beautiful butterfly were ob- 
 served on the Live Oak at Enterprise, Fla., April 7 and 8, also a few 
 days afterwards at Crescent City, and again on the Scrub Live Oaks on 
 Anastasia Island, Saint Augustine. They pupated April 13, 14; the 
 chrysalis in general appearance closely resembling that of Theda cala- 
 nus , found about Providence. They breed easily in confinement* my 
 specimens having been placed in a small pocket tin box. After my re- 
 turn to Providence the butterflies emerged from April 30 to May 2. It 
 is the most common species in the Southern States, and is said by Smith 
 and Abbot to feed on Quercus rubra and other Oaks. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva. — Closely resembling in general appearance that of Thecla 
 calanus. Body straw-yellowish green, with fine yellowish papillae and dense short 
 hairs. Head pale horn-color, small and narrow. Length 17 mm . 
 
 Pupa. — Of the same size and shape as that of Thecla calanus, the hirsutes the 
 same, though not quite so coarse. In color rather pale horn, not so much mottled 
 with black. It differs from T. calanus in the distinct lateral row of black dots. Length 
 10 mm . 
 
 Imago . — Wings of the usual form and color in the genus. Fore wings of male with 
 a blackish sex-mark below the costa ; a tawny patch in the first and a larger more 
 distinct one in the second median cell. Hind wiugs with a large deep orange patch 
 near the inner angle, with a minute one on each side; orange spots on the inner 
 angle. li The points of the W formed by the inner line on the under side of the hind 
 wings touching the outer line” (French). Expanse of wings, 23 mm . 
 
 THE LIVE OAK LEAF-ROLLER. 
 
 Tortrix quercifoliana Fitch. 
 
 While at Saint Augustine, Fla., early in April I noticed a pale green 
 leaf-roller on the Live Oaks on Anastasia Island. April 14 it spun a 
 
32 
 
 slight cocoon, within which the worm changed to a pupa, April 16 or 
 17 ; the moth appeared April 30, after my return to Providence. 
 
 Descriptive. — Larva . — Pale green ; head green ; otherwise of the usual appearance. 
 
 Pujpa . — Body pale and slender, the cast skin thin and unusually so for a Tortrix. 
 Cremaster or terminal abdominal spine peculiar in being long and narrow, as wide at 
 the tip as at the Base ; the surface above and beneath with tine longitudinal ridges ; 
 a pair of short dorsal setae near the end ; edge of the extreme tip curvilinear, with four 
 curved setae of nearly equal length. Each abdominal segment with two rows of fine 
 teeth. Length, 10 mm . 
 
 Moth . — Pale tawny yellow, with yellowish brown darker scales and dots and darker 
 brown lines. Head pale, tawny brown on the vertex with a small spot in the middle 
 of the front. Palpi dark, externally pale above and at tip of second joint. Fore 
 wings pale whitish tawny yellow, densely speckled with darker scales ; on the inner 
 third of the wing an oblique, dark brown, narrow line beginning on the inner third 
 of the costa and ending in the middle of the hind margin. An outer parallel line, 
 which is forked on the costa and ends on the internal angle; from near the middle 
 the line sends off a spur to the apex, but before reaching the apex a spur is sent to 
 Hie costa, also a 3-forked line to the outer edge of the wing. Hind wings, abdomen, 
 and legs almost white. Expanse of wings, 20 mm . (Identified by Prof. Fernald.) 
 
 / 
 
REPORT OK NEBRASKA INSECTS. 
 
 By Lawrence Bruner, (Special Agent. 
 
 This has been an unusually favorable year in Nebraska and adjoining 
 States for the ravages of certain injurious insects. The spring was a 
 little backward, rather drier than usual, and warm, suitable for the 
 development of all kinds of our most destructive species. The summer 
 was a hot and uncommonly dry one, killing off the parasites, while con- 
 tinuing favorable to most of the species causing injury to crops. 
 
 Among the species noticed to be injurious the following were chief: 
 The Red-legged Locust (Melanoplus femur -rubrum), the Differential Lo- 
 cust (ill. differ entialis), Chinch Bug ( Micropus leucopterus ), the Striped 
 Cottonwood Beetle ( Plagiodera scripta ), the Ash Saw-fly, the Colorado 
 Potato Beetle ( Doryphora 10 -lineata), the Gray Blister Beetle ( Lytta 
 cinereus ), the Corn Worm ( Heliothis armigera ), and the larvae of the Asli 
 Saw-fly, and early in the season the Box-elder Plant Louse. 
 
 Notwithstanding the ravages of all these insects in connection with 
 a very dry summer, our crops have fallen but little below the average 
 year, and at the present time everything appears in first rate condi- 
 tion. 
 
 As would naturally be supposed, from data received last year, locusts 
 are again on the iucrease at various points both southward and north- 
 ward. During the months of April and May I visited, under your in- 
 structions, central Texas, where several species of these insects had be- 
 come so numerous as to endanger the crops in that particular locality. 
 Upon these I reported at the time. We have since learned that crop 
 prospects iu that portion of the State were good, and that the locusts 
 were diminishing in numbers. On the other hand, in Montana and 
 northwestern Dakota, advices stated that the Rocky Mountain Locust 
 (Melanoplus sprctus ) with several other species, were even more numer- 
 ous than they were in these places last year. This being a new and 
 sparsely settled country it has been very difficnlt to obtain reliable data 
 as to their numbers, movements, and injuries, if any. 
 
 Judgiugfrom occasional newspaper reports during the season it is 
 quite evident to my mind that scattering swarms of locusts have reached 
 eastward at least as far as the James River, along the line of the North" 
 eru Pacific Railway, and southward of* this point probably 75 or 100 
 miles. These swarms have certainly left their eggs scattered over the 
 country passed through while migrating, and will evidently be heard 
 17523— No. 13 3 33 
 
from next spring, providing the winter is favorable to their preserva- 
 tion. We do not, however, look for any extraordinary increase in these 
 insects over an extended scope of country next year. 
 
 In southwestern Nebraska and portions of northern Kansas the 
 Chinch Bug (M. leucopterus) became very numerous during June and 
 early July, and did a considerable amount of injury to crops — especially 
 to small grain. This undue increase was mainly due to the excessive 
 drought in that particular region. A reference to the accompanying 
 telegraphic crop reports will be sufficient proof of the magnitude of the 
 injury done and the area overrun. Soon after harvest heavy rains in 
 this region diminished the numbers of the insect. 
 
 The Striped Cottonwood Beetle ( Plagiodera scripta) has also been 
 quite numerous in several portions of the West during the year, and 
 did much injury to both Cottonwoods and Willows upon high land. 
 Especially was this true with respect to the young trees upon tree claims 
 in newly settled areas. There has been considerable vexation at the 
 United States land offices on account of the injuries of this insect and 
 of a species of Saw-fly, the larvae of which attack the foliage of our va- 
 rious species of Ash trees, causing them to die. When the time comes 
 for “ proving up ” there are too few trees growing upon the tract of 
 laud, and the result is its probable loss to the enterer. 
 
 The Colorado Potato Beetle ( Doryphora 10 -lineata) and Cabbage But- 
 terfly ( Pieris rapac ) have both been rather more abundant than usual 
 during the year and have done much injury to their respective food- 
 plants. 
 
 In addition to these, the Ash-gray Blister Beetle ( Lytta cinerea) has 
 been observed in several localities in northern Nebraska to entirely de- 
 foliate young hedges of Iloney Locust. Until the present summer I 
 have not observed this insect attacking the Honey Locust since the sum- 
 mer of 187G or 1877. At that time a nursery of small trees of this kind 
 were entirely stripped of leaves by them, as were also several larger 
 ones standing alone. 
 
 The Corn Worm ( Heliothis armiyera) was very numerous and caused 
 considerable injury by eating the ends of the ears of corn. It has also 
 been found quite abundant in tomato patches, where it bored into the 
 fruit, causing the tomatoes to rot. 
 
 We append a series of short extracts from western newspapers bear- 
 ing on some of these topics. 
 
 “ GRASSHOPPERS.” 
 
 A cloud of grasshoppers stopped for a meal at Sanborn [Dakota] recently and 
 chewed up a held of wheat in ten minutes . — Omaha Daily Bee, July 23, 1866. 
 
 Grasshoppers are reported in numerous quantities in Winneshiek County, Iowa, 
 Howard County, Indiana, and in Athens County, Ohio . — Omaha Daily Bee , May 31, 
 1886. 
 
 Grasshoppers are reported at Fargo and Huron, Dak. Lawrence Bruner, who is 
 authority on the subject, informs us that there is no doubt they are increasing yearly, 
 
35 
 
 and unless something is done to check them they will eventually he as numerous 
 as ever. One consolation, however, is that they will never be able to do the same 
 amount of damage in one locality as formerly, on account of the wider expanse of 
 settled and cultivated land over which they will have to travel. Nebraska is forever 
 more free from any serions ravages. — West Point Progress , Thursday, July 22, 1866. 
 
 CHINCH BUGS. 
 
 Chicago, May 30. — The following crop summary will be printed in this week’s issue 
 of the Farmer’s Review : “ As the season advances reports of the presence of insects in 
 winter wheat fields grow more numerous, but beyond certain afflicted districts in 
 Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio the reports are of an isolated character and do not 
 appear to seriously threaten the general outlook for an average crop yield. Southern 
 Illinois continues to send in the most bugs. Alexander, Bond, Edwards, Jefferson, 
 and Monroe Counties, all in Southern Illinois, report great injury in many of the fields, 
 Grenola, Franklin, and Panorama Counties, in Kansas ; Felton and Highland Counties, 
 in Ohio, and Howard County, in Indiana, report considerable injury from chinch bugs. 
 Looking over the entire winter wheat belt, the promise is still good for an average 
 yield, but the early promise that the season was to bring forth a “ bumper” crop will 
 now be abandoned. The acreage would not warrant such an outcome, unless the 
 conditions were everywhere extremely favorable. — Omaha Daily Bee , May 31, 1886. 
 
 Chester, Nebr., July 2. — [Special to The Bee'] — The chinch bugs have been making 
 great havoc with the spring wheat. Some fields are entirely destroyed, others greatly 
 damaged, and scarcely any left untouched. When the bugs get through with the 
 wheat they attack adjoining cornfields and are damaging them to some extent. 
 
 Belvidere, Nebr., July 2. — [Special to The Bee] — Prospects for all kinds of crops 
 are good with the exception of wheat, which the chinch bugs are taking to some ex- 
 tent. 
 
 Hebron, Nebr., July 2. — [Special* to The Bee.] — Crops have needed rain badly for 
 some time until last Saturday, when a copius downpour came to their relief. Wheat 
 is suffering from the depredations of chinch bugs, many fields having been taken en- 
 tirely and not considered worth harvesting. Corn is growing finely, and although 
 small for the season of the year bids fair to make a good crop. — Omaha Daily Bee, July 
 3, 1886. 
 
 Hastings, Adams County, Nebraska, July 9. — Rye and barley harvest is showing 
 about two-thirds of a crop. The yield of oats and wheat, on account of drought last 
 month and the present ravages of chinch bugs, will not exceed two-fifths of an average 
 yield. Corn is doing fairly well but needs rain. 
 
 Crete, Sabine County, Nebraska, July 9. —The condition of wheat is bad. Chinch 
 bugs and rust are the cause, and there will be only a half a crop. Oats will only be 
 half a crop, on account of late planting. Barley will be a larger crop than last year. 
 Rye is a heavy crop There has been no rain for ten days. Farmers are jubilant. 
 
 Wahoo, [Saunders County,] Nebr., July 9.— Nearly all the corn is laid by. It is 
 needing rain badly. A few more days of dry weather will work great injury, but a 
 rain in a few days will help it wonderfully. Oats and spring wheat will be slightly 
 injured by drought, and chinch bugs are doing some damage to wheat. 
 
 Exeter, Filmore County, Nebraska, July 9, — Wheat will be a poor yield this 
 year. Chinch bugs are reported from several places as very destructive. Corn was 
 never better. It is two weeks since the last rain and more is needed, but no damage 
 as yet. Farmers feeling o. k. 
 
 Faibmont, Fillmore County, Nebraska, July 9. — Farmers need rain very much. 
 Wheat, small acreage, is badly eaten by chinch bugs and injured by drought and heat. 
 Corn and other small grains are suffering from drougth and heat. If dry spell con- 
 tinues one week more, farmers will raise only a small crop. 
 
 Dannebrog, Howard County, Nebraska, July 9. — The hottest day so far this 
 summer was yesterday, the temperature reaching 104° in the shade. No rain has fallen 
 
for five weeks and growing crops are suffering. Some fields of oats and spring wheat 
 will be an almost total failure. Rye, winter wheat, and barley are ready for harvest, 
 and the yield will be fair ; chinch hugs are commencing to he very had in some parts 
 of the county. The prospect of a good corn crop heretofore has been good, hut now 
 it is discouraging on account of the drought. — Omaha Daily Bee, Saturday, July 10, 
 1836. 
 
 Hebron, Thayer County, Nebraska, July 10. — Corn is in need of rain. The dry 
 weather has continued for a period of two weeks or more. Small grain in general is 
 suffering for want of rain. A rain any time within a week will help the corn in its 
 growth and destroy the chinch hug, now playing havoe in many fields. Most of the 
 small grain failed to fill out by reason of the dry weather, and its production won't 
 reach that of last year's by one-half. Our farmer friends are somewhat discouraged 
 over the present outlook for prospects of a good corn crop. 
 
 York, York County, Nebraska, July 10. — Chinch hugs are working on wheat and 
 other small grain. Com looks fair, but some of it is turning to a yellowish shade. 
 Squash and melon vines are wilting and hugs working on them. No rain for nearly 
 three weeks. If we have rain in a few days there will not he a great shortage on au 
 average crop. Farmers feel blue, knowing that the crop will not he an average one. 
 
 York, York County, Nebraska, July 10. — The condition of the corn crop in York 
 County is good, notwithstanding the dry weather of the past two weeks. Oats will he 
 an immense crop. Spring wheat is an entire failure. The crop was very short and 
 what remained is being rapidly destroyed by the chinch hugs. The dry weather has 
 had a damaging effect on wheat and corn. Winter wheat and other crops are good. 
 The York County crop will average about 60 per cent. 
 
 Edgar, Clay County, July 10. — Small grain has suffered badly from the drought in 
 this part of Nebraska. There has been no rain in this section for two weeks, duriug 
 which time the weather has been intensely hot and dry. Barley and rye are har- 
 vested, but there is not more than two-thirds of a.crop. There was yielded about two- 
 thirds of a crop. Spring wheat and oats are very short, and are being destroyed by 
 chinch bugs rapidly. Unless rain comes soon, but little grain will be harvested on 
 account of chinch bugs. Farmers are very much discouraged, though they still enter 
 tain hopes of a medium corn crop. 
 
 Fairchild, Clay County, Nebraska, July 10. — Wheat will make about one-half 
 a crop, barley about three-fourths, and oats a good average yield. Dry weather in 
 the early part of the season injured small grain most. We had good rains-in the lat- 
 ter part of May. Since that time it has been dry, no rain at all since June 28. Corn 
 is looking well in spite of dry weather. If we get rain in a few days there will be a 
 good prospect of nearly a full crop. Lately chinch bugs have made their appearance 
 in large numbers and are doing considerable damage. Farmers, as a rule, are feeling 
 in good spirits over the crop prospects. — Omaha Daily Bee, July 12, 1886. 
 
 Fort Dodge, Iowa, July 16. — [Special telegram to The Bee'] — A much needed rain 
 fell in this locality yesterday. * * * The crops are slightly damaged by the drought. 
 Chinch bugs have made their appearance in portions of the county and are getting 
 their work in on grain and corn. 
 
 Hebron, July 16. — [Special to The Bee] — Your correspondent has made a thorough 
 investigation of crops in Thayer County and Southern Fillmore, arriving at this place 
 to-day. The chinch bugs have entirely destroyed many fields of spring wheat and 
 oats. Some fields have been burned on the ground, with the hope of killing the bugs 
 to keep them out of adjoining fields of small grain and corn. At the best, small grain 
 will not make over one-third of a crop throughout this section. Corn has looked well 
 until within the past ten days, but the hot, dry weather of the last two weeks has 
 put a different hue on the aspect and on farmers’ countenances. The earliest plant- 
 ings and most forward corn suffers the most, but on all sides can be seen, sprinkled 
 through the fields, stalks of corn that are white as snow. With copious rains within 
 a few days a fair crop of corn may be had, but a delay of wet weather for ten days 
 
37 
 
 will insure anywhere from one-third of a crop to nothing. Pasture and hay lands are 
 also showing the effects of the drought . — Omaha Daily Bee , July 17, 1886. 
 
 Grand Island, Hall County, August 5. — The wheat crop throughout Hall County 
 is turning out much better than was expected. In some precincts the farmers report 
 the yield better than it has been for years, while in other localities it was damaged 
 by drought and chinch bugs, but the average yield will be about 12 bushels per acre. 
 The recent rains have done much tow ard bringing out tho corn crop, which is in a 
 splendid condition, and in some places it will make 60 to 80 bushels to the acre, and 
 without any more rain it will average about 40 to 50 bushels to the acre. Farmers 
 are feeling good generally, and think the entire crop, on an average, is better than it 
 has been for years . — Omaha Daily Bee, August 6, 1886. 
 
TESTS WITH INSECTICIDES UPON GARDEN INSECTS. 
 
 By William B. Alwood, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, October 30 , 1886 . 
 
 Sir : I inclose herewith a summary of my tests with different insecticides. These 
 are not written in the style of a report, hut to acquaint you with the results I have 
 obtained. My work is just begun, and I do not feel as though anything creditable 
 in the way of a report could be furnished so far. I trust this will be satisfactory 
 and furnish you with what information you desire concerning the progress of the 
 work thus far. If yon desire it I can furnish a copy of the original notes from 
 which this summary is made up; however, many of my serial tests were noted in bulk 
 instead of keeping an individual record of each test. This was done because of same- 
 ness and lack of importance in the individual record. This matter would have 
 reached you a week sooner had I not been ill for several days. I will forward some 
 notes about machinery in a few days. 
 
 Very respectfullv, 
 
 WM. B. ALWOOD 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Riley, 
 
 U. S. Entomologist. 
 
 KEROSENE EMULSION. 
 
 Formula. — Kerosene, 67 per cent. ; water, 33 per cent. ; whale-oil 
 soap sufficient to form a stable emulsion. 
 
 This preparation was used on several insects with somewhat varying 
 results, the chief features of which are condensed in this note. 
 
 On Cabbage Worms. 
 
 The first series was begun before Plusia brassicce was numerous, hence 
 only Fieris rapw is spoken of. The emulsion was used in different di- 
 lutions, ranging from equal parts of water and emulsion to 16 parts of 
 water and 1 of emulsion. It was in all cases applied as a spray, and 
 when the worms were numerous and eating vigorously. Several hun- 
 dred plants were used in the field tests. Weaker solutions than 1 of 
 emulsion to 3 of water were of no avail unless applied very heavily, and 
 then they caused considerable injury to leaves. In the proportion of 1 
 to 3 it was quite effective where the worms could be reached, i. e., were 
 not under the leaves, and destroyed about 75 per cent, of them. It did 
 not injure the leaves in this strength if properly sprayed. Where so- 
 lution of 1 to 5 was put on excessively it killed and also injured plants. 
 Stronger solutions than 1 to 3 were not more efficacious and injured 
 plants seriously. The weaker solutions would sicken the worms and 
 38 
 
39 
 
 affect them unpleasantly for a short time, but they would uniformly 
 recover, and either proceed again to eat or crawl away to another 
 plant. In no case were worms injured unless spray was delivered di- 
 rectly upon them. Eating of the plants after they had been sprayed 
 did not affect them. These experiments occupied several days and 
 were duplicated. 
 
 Tests in small Jars. — This was a duplicate test on Plusia brassicce and 
 Pieris rapce. The liquid was applied with a feather and in sufficient 
 quantity to moisten the entire body of the worm. In dilutions up to 1 
 to 5 it killed both; weaker solutions occasionally killed one or more 
 rapce but not brassicce. 
 
 In breeding Cages . — In this test the above was duplicated on larger 
 scale. Liquid was applied as spray and until all worms were thoroughly 
 drenched. They were placed on parts of a small cabbage-head, so that 
 each box very nearly represented an out door experiment and enabled 
 me to be much more certain of results obtained. 
 
 Up to 5 dilutions 80 j>er cent, of rapce were destroyed and 10 per cent, 
 of brassicce , there not being much difference in the strength of liquid 
 as to efficacy. Weaker solutions did little or no injury to either. P. bras- 
 sicce was not treated with emulsion at all in the field, but from effect 
 on rapce am sure that the conditions were essentially those of outside 
 experiments. The amount of drenching with this liquid which bras- 
 sicce could stand was certainly remarkable. In previous test jars were 
 covered. Liquid in each case was taken from same jar of emulsion. 
 I had no trouble in making a good emulsion that was stable in what- 
 ever dilutions I chose to use it. 
 
 On Cabbage Plant-louse. 
 
 Wherever used on this insect, even in weakest solutions (1 to 1G), 
 the emulsion destroyed all that were touched by it. 
 
 On White Grubs. 
 
 A solution of 1 part emulsion to 4 parts water was used quite ex- 
 tensively on the larvae of the May beetle, Lachnosterna fusca . The re- 
 sults were far from satisfactory. Where used on the lawn the grubs 
 descended 2 or 3 inches and were unharmed. Some few appeared a little 
 sick, and occasionally a black spot was observed on some of them, but 
 none were destroyed. After conducting this test for twenty days it was 
 abandoned. Several boxes were arranged with loose soil and grubs 
 placed in these for experiment. Here where they were only lightly 
 covered with loose soil the emulsion destroyed nearly every one in 
 twenty-four hours. The liquid was sprinkled on in these tests suffi- 
 ciently to moisten the surface thoroughly. 
 
 Lime and salt were also tried over the lawn and in boxes. On the 
 lawn where they washed through, the grubs immediately descended out 
 of reach, Slope were actually killed on the lawn that I could observe. 
 
40 
 
 In boxes lime was nearly as efficacious as emulsion, and so also was 
 salt 5 liowever, to do good execution, salt must be applied in quantity 
 sufficient to injure tlie soil. I think there is no doubt but these insects 
 can be easily destroyed if they can be reached, but how to reach them 
 under the soil is the question. Their large, soft bodies are very sus- 
 ceptible to injury. 
 
 PYRETHRUM. 
 
 This powder was purchased from a local wholesale dealer, and to all 
 appearances was of high grade. It was used in various tests to experi- 
 ment on its use, and as a check on other substances it was used in all 
 tests of whatever nature. 
 
 On Cabbage Worms. 
 
 My earlier experiments lead me to believe that brassicce was much 
 harder to destroy than rapce , and this I still believe to be the case to 
 some extent, but not to such an extent as at first supposed. Quite a 
 large series of tests were made in the field and also in jars and cages to 
 test the above supposition, the result in the main being very satis- 
 factory. Pure and up to 3 dilutions it killed rapce with a precision 
 and certainty that was remarkable, the powder after the 3 dilutions 
 acting nearly as well as if stronger. The time required was varia- 
 ble, but usually the worms were well used up in two hours. Above 3 
 dilutions its action was uncertain and not to be depended upon, although 
 5 dilutions will kill a fair percentage if thoroughly applied. With bras- 
 sicce the results were quite similar up to 3 dilutions. A large quantity 
 of powder was used of this strength on these worms after rapce had 
 nearly disappeared. It was very effective, killing fully 90 per cent, 
 of all worms, although the time required is somewhat longer than with 
 rapce- Above 3 dilutions it is not efficacious on brassicce , killiug 
 scarcely any, and from the whole experience of my experiments I am 
 satisfied that 3 dilutions are all that can safely be made for out door 
 work. 
 
 In Jars . — A large number of tests were made in jars, with very minute 
 quantities of powder on both worms. Jars were covered. These were 
 very successful, causing death in from forty minutes to two hours. The 
 only exception to this was a full-grown larva of brassicce. In this test 
 dilutions up to twenty times the weight of powder were quite efficacious 
 on rapce , but a few of the last did not destroy brassicce with certainty. 
 
 This series was also repeated in breeding cages with, in the main, 
 corroboratory results. After 5 dilutions its action on brassicce was 
 quite uncertain, depending somewhat upon the amount used $ 15 dilu- 
 tions would not kill them at all under any method of treatment. Rapce 
 was killed up to 20 dilutions if thoroughly applied, although in such 
 cases they were more severely treated than would be possible with 
 powder bellows in field work. Experiments with minute portions of 
 
4i 
 
 pure powder would indicate that it is not the amount of powder that 
 proves fatal but that it is the fact of a few grains of powder coming in 
 contact with the body of the worm. All of my dilutions above 5 times 
 the weight of powder show that its efficiency is thus very much im- 
 paired, and I am satisfied that while almost infinitesimal doses are suf- 
 ficient to produce death when powder is pure, they will not suffice in 
 the presence of adulterations. Iam quite convinced that 5 dilutions 
 is the limit of safe adulteration, and think that I should hesitate to 
 recommend over 3. The age of the worm when treated is of consider- 
 able importance in this connection, as young worms are destroyed with 
 much greater certainty than older ones. Pure powder exposed on the 
 leaves of cabbage plants for periods of thirty minutes, fifteen hours, 
 and twenty hours, killed with as much certainty as fresh powder. Old 
 powder, which had stood one year in a candy jar without cover, killed as 
 well as fresh powder. This last was used, diluted 3 times, in field work 
 and did good execution. 
 
 One pound of powder diluted with 3 pounds of flour and carefully 
 used in a Woodason double-cone bellows was sufficient to dust one 
 acre thoroughly. Four was the only adulteration used. 
 
 EXTRACTS OF PYRETHRUM. 
 
 Water extract — 1 ounce pyrethrum $ 1 pint water. 
 
 Alcholic extract — 1 ounce pyrethrum 5 1 pint alcohol. 
 
 These were thoroughly tested and the tests repeated several times, 
 with very unsatisfactory results. 
 
 The water extract was made by stirring together the ingredients. 
 Only the liquor was used which was kept in a tightly closed jar. 
 
 This extract destroyed rapae at an average rate of 50 per cent, up to 
 4 dilutions, and at 5 dilutions failed entirely. In full strength it was 
 not nearly so efficacious as dry powder, even on rapce , and it did not 
 affect brassicce at all. 
 
 The alcoholic extract was made by repercolation with about 80 per 
 cent, alcohol. This I anticipated would bear a large number of dilu- 
 tions, and it was used in an extensive series of tests in the cages and 
 jars. Up to 5 dilutions it killed fairly well and a few were destroyed 
 above this, but not enough worth mentioning, only a small or weak 
 worm dying. This test was repeated several times and a new extract 
 was made, but with little better results. The new extract killed about 
 50 per cent, very slowly at 10 dilutions. Both extracts spoken of 
 above were applied as spray, except that in jars a feather was used and 
 the worms thoroughly wetted. 
 
 On Aphis brassicce. 
 
 Pyrethrum in several forms was used on this insect with unsatisfac- 
 tory results, the action being, when applied pure or in strong mixtures? 
 
42 
 
 to dislodge but not destroy them. Pure powder applied with a bellows 
 quickly dislodged them, but did not kill over 10 per cent. Those not 
 killed soon recovered and crawled back upon the plant. 
 
 On Potato Beetle. 
 
 Used in the field pure it destroyed about 50 per cent, of the larvae, 
 jmncipally younger ones. Adults were not injured though heavily 
 treated, but when confined in breeding cage and thoroughly dusted 
 they were all killed. I am quite sure pyrethrum is not a satisfactory 
 remedy for Potato Beetle where London purple or Paris green can be 
 used with safety. 
 
 On Tomato Worms. 
 
 Several species of Sphingids were quite numerous on the tomato 
 vines, principally quinque-maculata. On these the powder was used 
 pure and also diluted three times. I did not observe an instance where 
 thoroughly applied that it did not produce death in from two to three 
 days. 
 
 On Squash Bugs. 
 
 Diabrotica vittata and also 1 2-punctata were treated with the powder 
 both pure and diluted three times. It destroyed them very effectually, 
 although I am not certain that they could be so successfully treated in 
 the spring when the plants are small and the beetles very active. This 
 treatment was late in the season when they were feeding on pollen in 
 the bloom of squashes. 
 
 On Fall Web worm. 
 
 Not enough of these could be found for thorough tests, but pure 
 powder used on one colony made them immediately break from the 
 web, fall to the ground, and scatter in all directions, but two days’ ob- 
 servation failed to show any dead ones. 
 
 Several times woolly caterpillars were treated both with powder and 
 solution without in any instance producing death. 
 
 The powder used throughout was the roseum , and from one package. 
 
 Buhach ( Pyrethrum cineraricefolium). 
 
 I was ordered to obtain this powder direct from dealers, and finally 
 sent to Stockton, Cal., for it. It did not arrive in time for full com- 
 parisons with P. roseum , but I tested it quite thoroughly on P. brassicce. 
 
 Used in minute particles it kills in one to three hours, was decidedly 
 slower in action than P. roseum , but the weather was cooler. Exposed 
 on leaves of plants it killed up to three days’ exposure though very slow 
 at last trial. Weather cool as before mentioned. 
 
 Diluted with flour it kills in small jars up to 30 dilutions, but iu 
 cages was not effective after 10 dilutions, and I think most of these 
 
43 
 
 would have recovered had they been where they could have crawled 
 away to fresh leaves. The season was so late when received that I was 
 unable to give it a test out of doors with anything like satisfaction. 
 
 Alcoholic extract.— One ounce powder, 4 fluid ounces alcohol (reper- 
 colated). 
 
 This killed slowly at 10 dilutions ; above that was not effective. 
 
 BENZINE. 
 
 This was used on several insects. Early in the season when the rapce 
 worm was plenty a large number of infested plants were sprayed with 
 very unsatisfactory results. Where it was used lightly not 1 per cent, 
 of worms was killed, used heavily a few more were killed, but the plants 
 were also slightly injured. Tests in the field were repeated several 
 times with no better results. A number of tests were made in breed- 
 ing cages and there they resisted it equally as well. Of one lot, after 
 being thoroughly sprayed four times in quick succession, only 16 per 
 cent. died. It usually sickened the worms, but they soon recovered. 
 Of the lot above mentioned two had pupated in twenty hours. Only by 
 the most thorough drenching was I able to kill cabbage worms at all 
 with this remedy. The injury to leaves was not nearly so great as at 
 first would be supposed, and in fact only extremely heavy applications 
 did any lasting injury. 
 
 On Potato Beetle. 
 
 Thorough spraying did not injure these at all. 
 jured. 
 
 On Tomato Worms. 
 
 Leaves were not in- 
 
 The most thorough treatment was unavailing. Leaves slightly in- 
 jured. 
 
 On k S quash Bugs. 
 
 Were not injured. Leaves slightly burned. 
 
 On Cabbage Lice. 
 
 These were destroyed where the spraying was thoroughly done. 
 
 ALUM WATER. 
 
 This was first used in solution of 1 ounce to 1 quart of water, but as 
 this had no effect whatever on cabbage worms or lice a strong solution 
 was made by boiling water with a quantity of alum in it. Part of the 
 alum crystallized out on cooling, but left the solution as s f rong as could 
 be made. This was used very thoroughly with no result whatever. In 
 pvery respect it was a complete failure. 
 
44 
 
 ICE WATER. 
 
 This was used in spray and poured upon the plants in quantity, also 
 worms were submerged in the water for periods of time up to ten seconds. 
 Every trial showed this to be utterly valueless as a remedy. Occasion- 
 ally a small worm would be injured but in no case that I observed were 
 any killed outright. Temperature of water during trials varied from 
 35° to 38° Fall., air from 90° to 95° Fah. A hot day was purposely 
 selected for the work. 
 
 TANSY WATER. 
 
 Strong decoctions of this were made both by soaking and boiling the 
 leaves. In both cases it was apparently as strong as could be made. 
 Used in the field, no result whatever. On worms confined in closed 
 jars they died in about six hours. In cages no effect whatever, though 
 tested repeatedly and very heavily applied. 
 
 TOMATO WATER. 
 
 A strong decoction of this was made by boiling and used as above 
 with quite similar results. In many instances the substance has de- 
 stroyed the worms in jars (small wide-mouth bottles) and not under 
 exposed conditions. The larvae were not drowned but only moistened. 
 This is important as showing that the manner of using a substance is 
 quite important. 
 
 DREER’S INSECT TERROR. 
 
 This powder was used both in the field and in cages. In no instance 
 of the field trials were any of the larvae injured, though it was thoroughly 
 applied, lightly with bellows and heavily by hand. Used in cages it 
 had no effect whatever except that in one instance 20 per cent, of rapce 
 were killed where it was applied to food so heavily as to completely coat 
 it over. P. brassicce was not affected by its use though confined from 
 four to five days where food plant was completely coated with powder. 
 I feel perfectly safe in saying, after abundant tests, that this substance 
 is perfectly worthless. 
 
 HAMMOND’S SLUG- SHOT. 
 
 This was used only on Cabbage Worms ( rapce and brassicce). In field 
 tests several hundred plants were used and tests made very thoroughly. 
 At first the powder was dusted on lightly and was almost an entire 
 failure, but with repeated and heavier dustings better results were ob- 
 tained $ however none of the results were sufficiently successful to com- 
 mend its use. Where used heavily not over 20 jier cent, of rapce were 
 killed, and brassicce were not injured. In none of the field tests was I 
 able to find dead brassicce . Worms of both species were frequently 
 
45 
 
 noticed forty-eight hours after application feeding as usual though 
 themselves and the leaves were coated with powder. In breeding cages 
 better results were obtained. Light applications did but little good as 
 outside, but heavy applications, where plants were completely covered 
 with powder, were quite effective, both species being destroyed to the 
 extent of SO per cent, to 90 per cent. (No substance was more carefully 
 or thoroughly used than this in the above experiments.) In solutions 
 the effect was about the same. It was used up to 8 ounces to 1 pint of 
 water, making almost a thick mixture. In this manner about 25 per 
 cent, of rapce were killed in the field; not tried in cages. 
 
 All of my work points to the conclusion that brassicce is more diffi- 
 cult to deal with than rapce; especially is this true where the poisou is 
 a powder to be eaten. They are easily disturbed and will move away 
 to the under side of the leaves until disturbing cause has disappeared. 
 
 This powder cannot be successfully applied with a bellows, because 
 of its characteristic of accumulating in little balls or masses which can- 
 not pass the bellows, and, also, it must be applied heavily to accomplish 
 any results whatever. Heavy applications by hand will probably prove 
 the only means of doing any good with it. 
 
 TOBACCO SOAPS. 
 
 Of these several were used, Wolf’s Vermin Soap and different brands 
 from the Rose Manufacturing Company, of New York, known as sulfo- 
 tobacco soaps. Also two brands made by the above company were 
 sent me by the Division, viz, a soda and a potash tobacco soap. These 
 two packages seem not to be the same grade of goods the company at 
 present manufacture, as evidenced by the difference in strength shown 
 by my tests. The samples sent by the Rose Company were a plain 
 and scented soda soap and a scented potash soap. The sample of Wolt’s 
 soap was received from the Milwaukee Soap Company, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 It is a stiff soda soap strongly scented with tobacco and very offensive 
 to handle. The potash soaps above mentioned were much softer than 
 the soda soaps. They all dissolved readily at 100° Fall., and the Rose 
 soaps remained in solution, but the Wolf’s soap solidifies the whole so- 
 lution even when very weak, forming a jelly-like mass. This is a very 
 objectionable point if this soap is desired to be used as spray, as it 
 necessitates heating every time before using. 
 
 On Cabbage Worms. 
 
 The two samples received from the Division were thoroughly tested 
 on both species previously mentioned in this report. The solutions 
 were made of different strengths up to 4 ounces to l pint of water, at 
 which strength the soda soap destroyed slowly but thoroughly all larvra 
 of both species, and the potasli soap was sure death to all larvra which 
 came in contact with it. These solutions improved with age as did all 
 the soap solutions. 
 
46 
 
 Of the samples received direct from the Eose Company the plain and 
 scented soda soap were of the same strength, the only difference being 
 that the scented soap is much more pleasant to handle. This and the 
 potash soap were of about equal strength and destroyed readily all 
 larvm where thoroughly applied in solution of 1 ounce to 1 pint of water. 
 
 These soap solutions were used in a large number of tests which were 
 duplicated several times, and in the strength stated gave good satis- 
 faction, and are, I think, among the best liquid, non-poisonous appli- 
 cations I have ever used. 
 
 Wolf’s soap, in solution of 2 ounces to 1 pint of water, did fairly good 
 execution, but was not safe at that strength. Iu most of the tests it 
 was used 4 ounces to 1 pint of water, at which strength it was sufficient 
 to destroy all worms. After standing for two or three weeks the jelly 
 formed by this soap when first dissolved breaks up into liquid, and its 
 destructive power seems to be enhanced. 
 
 On Cabbage Plant-lice. 
 
 The Wolf’s soap and the two samples received from the Division were 
 used on the lice in several strengths, and one-half ounce to 1 pint was 
 perfectly efficient, destroying all lice immediately. The samples re- 
 ceived from the Eose Company direct were not used on lice, but their 
 efficiency on rapce and brassicce would indicate that they would bear 
 still greater dilution. 
 
 The circular of the Eose Company is, I think, quite misleading where 
 they state that the essential principle of their soaps is a gum taken 
 from tobacco in an aeriform condition and condensed in a vacuum. The 
 only destructive principle which I am aware is contained in tobacco is 
 a liquid alkaloid (never solid) known as nicotine. It is my opinion 
 that the destructive effect of all these soaps, when used on the bodies 
 of worms or soft insects, is entirely due to the caustic principle of the 
 alkalies used. Potash, being the strongest alkali, will, I think, give best 
 results where used in equal quantity with other alkalies. I proved to 
 my entire satisfaction that none of these soaps are poisonous when 
 eaten on the food plant. Of course, insects will not eat them readily. 
 (A sample of carbolic-acid soap was used in various strengths without 
 any results whatever.) 
 
 SEVERAL REMEDIES IMPORTED FROM LONDON. 
 
 These were used only on Cabbage worms. The results were entirely 
 unsatisfactory. 
 
 The whole series of tests were conducted in breeding cages. The 
 quantities used were double what directions advised, and the tests were 
 repeated several times: Moore’s compound, in solutions of one-half 
 ounce to 1 ounce in 1 pint of water : Only two worms killed after several 
 trials. Fir-tree oil solutions of 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls in 1 pint of water: 
 
47 
 
 .During repeated tests two worms were killed. Grishurst, in solutions of 
 1 to 2 ounces in 1 pint of water: This sickened many worms, but only 
 three were destroyed. Bridgeford’s Antiseptic, used pure, sickened the 
 worms and destroyed several. 
 
 These remedies w x ere entirely worthless. They are of foreign manu- 
 facture, and are not specially recommended for cabbage worms, but are 
 advertised as insecticides of great merit $ hence my notion of testing 
 them on cabbage worms. 
 
EEPOET ON OHIO INSECTS. 
 
 By William B. Alwood, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, October 21, 1886. 
 
 Dear Sir: I forward to-day a fow pages of notes on insects observed during the 
 few months I have been at work. 
 
 Yours, very truly, 
 
 WM. B. ALWOOD. 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Riley, 
 
 U. S. Entomologist. 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY LEAP-BEETLE. 
 
 (Paria aterrima.) 
 
 This insect began about the middle of August to feed upon the foliage 
 of the strawberry beds in the University garden. It was first noticed 
 upon the old beds, but soon spread to the new ones, and has done con- 
 siderable damage, in some places completely riddling the leaves with, 
 its minute round holes. At the present date (October 12) it is yet 
 busily at work. 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY ROOT-BORER. 
 
 ( Grapliops pubescens.) 
 
 Since the 1st of September the larva of this beetle has been doing 
 considerable damage to the strawberry beds, attacking both old and 
 new beds, and in some spots destroying as many as 10 per cent, of the 
 plants. The grubs are found in numbers varying from two to eight per 
 plant either in or near the roots. They work all the way from the crown 
 to the lower part of the roots, eating in slight channels, which are left 
 full of chips and castings. The grubs never, so far as I have noticed, 
 bury themselves deeply in the fleshy part of the root, but prefer to work 
 along the sides. Frequently a dead plant may be taken up whose roots 
 show their work plainly, yet none of the larvae are present in it. Ex- 
 amination of the soil around the plant will, however, reveal the little 
 fellows. I have observed a great number in position feeding. Up to 
 
 date (October 20) no pupae have been found. 
 
 48 
 
49 
 
 THE STRAWBERRY CROWN-BORER. 
 
 ( Tyloderma fragarice.) 
 
 This insect has done slight damage to one old bed. I have not in a 
 single instance observed them in young beds. 
 
 THE PLANTAIN CURCULIO. 
 
 (Macrops sp.) 
 
 This insect was received from Medina County, the first specimens ar- 
 riving July 21. With them came several specimens of plantain which 
 were so thoroughly tunneled by the little grub that they had died. 
 There were from two to six grubs in a single plant, and they completely 
 exhausted the fleshy portion of the root. From this lot, received July 
 21, several adult beetles issued August 7. These were left in the cage 
 several days, and I thiuk must have deposited eggs on fresh plantain 
 growing in the cage, as several days later, when examining this cage 
 preparatory to cleaning it up, I found several young larvae in the fresh 
 plantain I had put in the cage on receiving first supply. These were 
 observed closely. They pupated August 25 and issued September 3 to 
 4. Another lot of specimens was received August 6, placed in a differ- 
 ent cage, began pupating 16th and issued 25th to 29th of August. From 
 the account of the gentleman sending them they were quite destructive 
 over a limited area. 
 
 A NEW OAT FLY. 
 
 (0 semis? sp.) 
 
 This insect was discovered while visiting the northern part of Union 
 County, some 50 miles from Columbus, to investigate another insect 
 which had appeared in the wheat. (This insect proved to be Meromyza 
 americana , and was confined to a very limited area, though it took 
 the plants clean so far as it went.) The date of this visit was June 
 15, and the farmers had first noticed the attack upon the oats about 
 June 9. The oat plants were 6 to 8 inches high and where attacked 
 appeared as though a fire had swept over them just low enough to scorch 
 the upper blades. Eggs and larvie were both present at this time as 
 described in my letters. The injury was confined to spots of several 
 rods in dimension, but several fields in the neighborhood were affected. 
 At my last visit, June 25, I estimated the damage to be about 40 per 
 cent, in spots affected. A quantity of the plants were brought home 
 and placed in breeding cage. On June 20 the first imagos, two in 
 number, issued. From this cage they issued afterwards almost daily 
 until July 7. 
 
 On my second visit I also brought home material in which larvae and 
 pupae were quite abundant, but found no eggs. Flies issued from this 
 batch in great numbers up to July 12. 
 
 17528 — No. 13 4 
 
50 
 
 THE CABBAGE PLANT-LOtJSE. 
 
 (Aphis brassicce L.) 
 
 This insect was quite troublesome this season from about the 1st of 
 August to 1st of September. After the latter date they could only be 
 found in scattering colonies. During the worst period of attack they 
 were so plentiful as to nearly ruin many plants. 
 
 I mention them more for the purpose of speaking of the insects which 
 preyed upon them than anything else. 
 
 Of these the larvae of the Syrphus flies (two species were reared) were 
 the most persistent and literally swept the lice ofl* by thousands. It 
 was very interesting to watch these blind maggots in their work of de- 
 struction. There were also present the larvae of Lady-birds and Lace- 
 winged flies. These, however, did not do anything like the execution 
 of the first-named insects. I noticed where lice were very numerous 
 that a large per cent, became winged, while on other portions of the field 
 it seemed that a much larger per cent, were apterous. 
 
 CABBAGE WORMS. 
 
 ( Plusia brassicce and Pieris rapce.) 
 
 August 3 a few larvae of brassicce were noticed in a patch of a 
 couple of acres of Cabbage where rapce were already quite abundant and 
 doing considerable injury. They were so few that it was hardly thought 
 possible they could do much harm the present year. On this date the 
 rapce as above stated were already numerous and doing much harm. 
 A series of experiments was at once begun looking towards their de- 
 struction. However, many of this brood pupated, and from the 10th to 
 the 15th of August I never saw the rapce butterfly so abundant as they 
 were over the cabbage beds in the University garden. These deposited 
 their eggs in great abundance, and after several days disappeared. 
 Among the first brood of worms (rapce) I had noticed a few larvm af- 
 fected by Apanteles glomeratus , and also several pupae which had been 
 stuug by Pteromalus puparum. These did not appear to be abundant, 
 but probably many were not noticed. As this second brood of rapce 
 developed it was hardly possible to find a larvae not affected by one of 
 these parasites. A. glomeratus was most abundant, as it stings the 
 young larvae, but should one be so fortunate as to escape this insect, P. 
 puparum was sure to find it. I noticed that the last named always 
 stings the larva just before it makes the last molt or immediately after 
 the pupa is formed. So well did these parasites do their work, that 
 after the large brood of butterflies previously mentioned not an adult 
 was seen except that now and then a straggling individual would sail 
 over the field. In all of my experiments in boxes, during which I con- 
 
51 
 
 fined a great many worms for days at a time, not a healthy pupa of 
 rapce was formed. 
 
 Neither of these parasites nor any other affected the Plusia in the 
 least. 
 
 About August 20 the Plusias began to appear in greater numbers, 
 not formidable as yet, but so numerous that I began to collect them in 
 separate cages for experiment. From this time on until the 1st of 
 October this insect multiplied at an astonishing rate. About the mid- 
 dle of September a late bed of cabbage, of x>orhaps a little more than 
 one acre, which had almost escaped rapce, was found to be literally alive 
 with these larvae, from ten to forty or fifty beiug found on a single 
 Xfiant. They destroyed it very rapidly, until the gardener put a man 
 under my direction to kill them, which was done very successfully. 
 The moth was not observed to move about at all during daytime, but 
 was frequently found hidden among the leaves of the xfiant. When 
 disturbed it flew rapidly in a zigzag manner and soon alighted. 
 
 It deposits its eggs irregularly over the lower side of the leaf, vary- 
 ing from a few in number to twelve or twenty. This habit makes it a 
 worse enemy, in my estimation, than rapce, as they dex>osit their eggs 
 singly, and never in my observations do they happen to get so many 
 on one x>lant as brassicce does. The latter, from my observations, is 
 much the more prolific, and is also more hardy. 
 
 THE CORN APHIS. 
 
 (Aphis maidis.) 
 
 The only injury I have ever known to be done by this insect occurred 
 this year, about 6 miles northeast of this city. A gentleman xfianted 
 his corn earty in May. The weather was quite favorable, and it came 
 up pronqfily and looked well for a few days, and then began to turn 
 yellow and wither awa} 7 . On examining he found what he rightly 
 called a u small louse” in great abundance, and associated with it a 
 great many small ants. He could not conclude that the louse was the 
 cause of injury, so laid it to the ants. The injury became so great in a 
 few days that he concluded to x>lant the field all over again, which he 
 did with a two-liorse check-row i>lanter. This planting was taken the 
 same as the first, and the field again planted over. This last planting 
 was not much injured, and with the remnants of first two xdantings 
 made quite a crop. On the 11th of July, being in the neighborhood, 
 my attention was called to the field. I still found the Aphis present 
 in considerable numbers, but the corn was doing fairly well. A large 
 number of iusects were examined, yet none but apterous forms were 
 observed. The first field is black-loam bottom-land, extending partly up 
 on uxfiand, lying beside a creek of considerable size ; it is well drained, 
 and the soil is loose and friable. 
 
52 
 
 THE CLOVER-SEED MIDGEi 
 (Cecidomyia leguminicola.) 
 
 Quite serious complaiuts came to me concerning this insect, princi- 
 pally from counties lying north of the central portion of the State. It 
 was not noticed at all in this vicinity, and so far as I know has never 
 been found here or in the southern part of the State. Last year it was 
 quite destructive in the same region reported from this year. 
 
 Definite facts as to extent of injury were not to be obtained, yet good 
 farmers reported it as destroying a large part of the crop in their sec- 
 tions. 
 
 THE MAY BEETLE. 
 
 (Lachnosterna fusca.) 
 
 The larva of this beetle has destroyed a large portion of the sward 
 on the university campus during the present summer. The attack 
 began some three years ago and has become worse each year, until this 
 season a large part of the lawn was left bare and brown, not even the 
 first growth of bluegrass coming to maturity. From the spots where 
 attack is most severe the sod can be rolled up in bundles. Clover is 
 not injured and is consequently spreading spontaneously over the lawn. 
 Examinations frequently showed as many as a dozen grubs to the square 
 foot. There were three broods plainly to be noted ; the two-year and 
 one year were the most numerous, there being comparatively few grubs 
 from eggs laid the past spring. 
 
 A large number of examinations showed no case of disease. Grubs 
 began descending to winter quarters about September 20, but October 
 20 there are yet quite a number to be found. They were reported at 
 work in lawns and strawberry gardens from many localities around the 
 city, but were nowhere so numerous as here. 
 
 PTEROMALUS PUPARUM AND APANTELES GLOMERATUS. 
 
 A few observations on these two parasites may be of interest. Many 
 specimens of each were bred. P. pup arum issued on an average in fif- 
 teen days from date of ovipositing. From one pupa of the Cabbage 
 Worm I bred fifty-two flies and from another one hundred and eleven. 
 These last issued in just sixteen days from the time the females ovi- 
 posited. This I considered a remarkable number to issue from one 
 pupa, but of the fact there is not the possibility of a doubt. I observed 
 three of the females ovipositing in one larva on the afternoon of August 
 24. These I watched for some time, intending to take the larva when 
 they had done with it, but as they were still at work late in the after- 
 noon I marked the spot and visited it the next morning to find a pupa 
 formed. From this issued the flies, as noted above. In two instances 
 
53 
 
 where I disturbed females the flies hatched ten and twelve in number, 
 respectively, and were all females. 
 
 I was not able to take the females of A. glomeratus in the act of ovi 
 positing, as they seem very sly. Several times I thought I caught them 
 in the act, but was not sure. After pupating they were eight to ten 
 days before issuing. They issued from twenty to possibly fifty in num- 
 ber, although I was never positive of breeding more than thirty-eight 
 from one specimen. 
 
 This parasite did much more good than P. puparum^ as it seemed to 
 get the first chance. 
 
 APANTELES CONGREGATUS. 
 
 This insect was very destructive to the Sphingid larvae on tomatoes. 
 There were no less than four species of these worms, of which Macro- 
 sila quinque-maculata was most abundant. All were attacked, scarcely 
 any escaping. I took one hundred and eighty cocoons from the body 
 of one worm. 
 
A KECORD OF SOME EXPERIMENTS RELATING TO THE 
 
 EFFECT OF THE PUNCTURE OF SOME HEMIPTEROUS IN- 
 SECTS UPON SHRUBS, FRUITS, AND GRAINS, 1886. 
 
 By F. M. Webster, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 La Fayette, Ind., October 15, 1886. 
 
 Sir: I herewith give results of my experiments with Hemiptera, principally Lijgus 
 pratensis L. 
 
 F. M. WEBSTER. 
 
 Prof. C. V. Riley, 
 
 U. S. Entomologist. 
 
 The object of the following experiments was to determine the effect 
 of the punctures, or the Avithdrawing of sap from shrubs, the juices 
 from berries, and the milk from ripening grain; and if possible to settle 
 the point as to whether or not these Hemiptera, in thus partaking of 
 their food, eject a poisonous saliva into the wounds which they neces- 
 sarily produce, and thereby cause the death of the punctured object. 
 
 All insects Avere confined upon these shrubs, fruits, and grains by 
 means of a sack of Sw r iss muslin, drawn over the object and tied, the 
 stem being protected from undue pressure by cotton placed in the 
 mouth of the sack. 
 
 Experiment 1. 
 
 Peecilocapsus quadrivittatus. 
 
 May 22, a number of adults were confined upon two or three inches 
 of terminal portions of a young pear shoot. 
 
 Result. — Within one week the shoot withered, and afterwards the 
 leaves and buds died, and turned black as far down as the muslin sack 
 extended, but beloAV that point no effect was noticeable. Later, after 
 the insects had also perished, new leaves were put forth within the sack. 
 
 Experiment 2. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 20, placed adults on shoots of Concord grape. 
 
 Result. — May 28, no effect could be noticed. 
 
 54 
 
Experiment 3. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 25, confined adults on young shoots of Gooseberry. 
 
 Result . — May 30, no effect perceptible. 
 
 Experiment 4. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 f 
 
 Tried same experiment as No. 3, leaving adults on shoots for twenty 
 days. 
 
 Results . — Same as in the preceding. Insects all dead. 
 
 Experiment 5. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 25, placed twelve adults on young shoots of Pear. 
 
 Result .— July 10, both the insects and that portion of the shoot 
 upon which they were confined were dead. The plant withered and 
 turned black, as in Experiment No. 2, but iu this case died. 
 
 Experiment 6. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 21, placed a number of larvae on a Charles Downing strawberry 
 which was just turning to the white color which precedes the final red 
 or ripe color. 
 
 Result . — May 28, berry fully ripe and uninjured. Not u buttoned.” 
 Several larvae dead, and one advanced to xiupa. 
 
 Experiment 7. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 25, placed ten pupae on nearly full-grown Orescent strawberries. 
 
 Results . — May 31, berries no larger than when insects were placed on 
 them, but are withered and prematurely ripe. No indication of u but- 
 toning.” Some of pupae dead; others now grown to adults, alive and 
 active. 
 
 Experiment 8. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 26, placed larvae on a half-grown Sharpless strawberry. 
 
 Result . — June 7, berry not more than half as large as when insects 
 were placed upon it; withered and black. Five of the larvae now pupae 
 and still alive. 
 
56 
 
 Experiment 9. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 29, placed twelve larvae and pupae on three Crescent berries, 
 varying from less than one-fourth to about one-third grown. 
 
 Result. — June 6, all three berries withered up, black, and dead. In 
 one case only was there any indication that, had the berry continued to 
 grow rapidly, a buttoned berry might have been formed. A few in- 
 sects alive and either in pupal or adult stage. 
 
 Experiment 10. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 31, placed twelve larvae on cluster of three Crescents, respect- 
 ively one-fourth, one-third, and one-half grown. 
 
 Result. — June 7, cluster killed. 
 
 Experiment 11. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 31, placed four larvae on a one-third grown Crescent. 
 
 Result.— June 6, killed also. 
 
 Experiment 12. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 May 31, placed fourteen larvae on a one-third grown Crescent. 
 
 Result. — June 4, killed. 
 
 Experiment 13. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 1, placed ten larvae and pupae on a one-third grown Downing. 
 Result . — June 5, withered and drying up. 
 
 Experiment 14. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 1, placed nine pupae on a rather more than half-grown Kentucky. 
 Result . — June 11, this berry made some growth after insects were 
 confined upon it, and exhibits a tendency to “ button,” which, however, 
 might or might not be due to the attack of the bugs. At this date the 
 insects were all dead, although several had reached the adult stage. 
 
 Experiment 15. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 1, placed seventeen pupae on a nearly full-grown Kentucky. 
 Result . — June 5, dried up. 
 
57 
 
 Experiment 16. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 1, placed six pupae on a less than half-grown Kentucky. 
 
 Result. — June 7, killed. 
 
 Experiment 17. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 1, placed six pupae on Kentucky of about the same size as the 
 preceding. 
 
 Result. — June 7, seriously withered. 
 
 Experiment 18. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 5, placed five pupae on a one-fourth grown Jersey Queen. 
 
 Result. — June 21, berry seriously injured by being dwarfed, and it 
 appeared to wither instead of ripen, although the plant was frequently 
 watered. Ko indication of u buttoning.” Insects dead, but they had 
 lived to reach the adult stage. 
 
 Experiment 19. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 5, placed four pupae on Jersey Queen as near as possible like 
 the one used in Experiment 18. 
 
 Result. — June 21, berry attained nearly full growth, not deformed, 
 except by a few slight depressions in surface which could not be said 
 to indicate buttoning. Does not look as fresh and healthy as those 
 not under experiment. Bugs dead, but as adults. 
 
 Experiment 20. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 5, placed three pupae on Jersey Queen of same size as the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 Result. — June 11, berry smooth, ripened in normal condition, and 
 seems uninjured. The insect escaped from this after being confined 
 upon it for about one week. 
 
 Experiment 21. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 5, four larvae had, for several days previous, been clustered 
 upon a Jersey Queen about the size of those used in the three preced* 
 ing experiments. These bugs are now confined upon the berry. 
 
58 
 
 Result. — J une 21, being ripened in perfect condition, so far as form 
 and freshness are concerned. Was a very little smaller than No. 20. 
 Insects all dead, except one, which was in last larval stage. 
 
 Note. — During June, 1885, three larvae, to all appearances of the 
 same species as the preceding, took up their abode on a full-grown 
 Crescent and remained there, voluntarily, until the latter was fully 
 ripe, the young bugs being observed to feed upon the juices. No in- 
 jury to the berry was in any way apparent. 
 
 Experiment 22. 
 
 Calocoris rapidus Say. 
 
 June 8, confined four adults on as many heads of Fall Wheat, placing 
 two insects together upon each two heads of grain, and covering as with 
 the berries. 
 
 Result. — June 24, kernels as plump as those ripening freely in the 
 fields. The insects died some time between the 16th and 24th. 
 
 Experiment 23. 
 
 . EuscMstus fissilis Uhl. 
 
 June 8, placed same number of adults upon same number of heads of 
 wheat aud in same manner as in Experiment 22. 
 
 Result. — June 24, a few kernels badly shrunken, but these do not 
 amount to over 6 per cent. Bugs now dead, but were alive up to the 
 20th. 
 
 Experiment 24. 
 
 Lygus pratensis L. 
 
 June 8, placed four adults as in the preceding experiment. 
 
 Result . — June 24, kernels do not differ from those grown elsewhere in 
 the field. One set of insects died on or about the 12th, the others 
 between 16th and 20th. 
 
 Experiment 25. 
 
 Siphonophora avence Fab. 
 
 June 8, placed a number of adult females on heads of wheat as in the 
 preceding. > 
 
 Result— June 24, kernels shriveled, discolored, and nearly worthless. 
 
NOTES FROM MISSOURI FOR THE SEASON OF 1886. 
 
 By Mary E. Murtfeldt, Special Agent . 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Kirkwood, Mo., December 1, 1886. 
 
 Sir: I submit herewith the more important of my notes on the injurious insects of 
 this locality, for 1886. 
 
 MARY E. MURTFELDT. 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Riley, 
 
 JJ. S. Entomologist. 
 
 Climatically the past season was characterized by excess of moisture 
 during May and June, followed by unusual drought and heat through- 
 out July and August. That these extremes had a certain effect on the 
 development of insect life is not to be questioned, and, in a general 
 way, may be attributed to them the unusual numbers of all sorts of leaf- 
 feeding and sap-sucking species early in the season, and a correspond- 
 ing dearth of Lepidoptera and some families of Coleoptera later in the 
 year. So great was the scarcity of nocturnal Lepidoptera in August 
 and early September that one might sit evening after evening in a 
 brightly-lighted room with open windows and not a single moth would 
 appear. 
 
 Tentliredinid larvae were especially conspicuous during May and J une. 
 These included not only such familiar pests as the Rose, the Raspberry, 
 and the Cherry slugs, the Birch and Willow False caterpillars, but sev- 
 eral species on Ash, Oak, Elder, White-fringe, &c., which I have not 
 yet reared to the perfect state. A peculiar and interesting species, de- 
 termined by Professor Riley from the larvrn as Lyda cerasi , appeared 
 in large numbers, in July, on Wild Cherry. This is a gregarious web- 
 worm, and its colonies covered quite large branches with their brown, 
 viscid webs, in which were mingled the castings and exuviae, forming, 
 altogether unsightly and disgusting masses, which greatly disfigure 
 the trees. 
 
 Another species of somewhat unique habit bores the new shoots of 
 Roses, and for the past two years has proved quite injurious, especially 
 to Hybrids and Teas. Its effects may be seen, late in June and early 
 in July, in the blackened stems and withered leaves of the second 
 growth, and the consequent destruction or prevention of the midsum- 
 mer blooming. The larva is one-third of an inch in length, when full 
 grown, by about one-twelfth inch in diameter, nearly equal throughout, 
 except that it tapers abruptly toward the head. Color cream white, 
 
 59 
 
60 
 
 immaculate. Surface finely wrinkled transversely, but without pilifer- 
 ous warts or pubescence. Head small, round, amber-yellow with dark- 
 brown, triangular or V-shaped spot on each side. Anal plate orbicular, 
 slate-gray. Thoracic legs same color as general surface $ prolegs im- 
 perfectly developed. It bores from tiie tips of the shoots downward 
 for an inch and a half or two inches, devouring everything but the 
 cuticle and packing the frass at the upper end. When full grown it 
 makes its exit through a round hole which it cuts at the lower end of 
 its burrow, and, entering the earth, incloses itself in a tough, silken 
 cocoon, in which it remains dormant until the following spring. The 
 single fly which I have thus far succeeded in rearing issued in May, and 
 is of the same size and very similar in appearance to the common Eose 
 Slug Hy ( Selandria roscc). Professor Eiley says of it that a it appears 
 to belong to the genus Ardis of the SelandriidcvA 
 
 Climbing Cutworms were a prominent feature of the entomological 
 developments of the spring. These attacked the Oaks, Elms, and other 
 shade trees, as well as Apple, Pear, and Cherry trees and a variety of 
 vines and shrubs. Among the species detected in their work of de- 
 struction were Agrotis saucia , A. scandens , A. alternata and Homoliadena 
 badistriga. The grass under shade and fruit trees would often in the 
 morning be thickly strewn with leaves and buds that had been severed 
 during the night. This was especially noticeable under the various 
 Oaks and Sweet Cherries. On a large, isolated specimen of the latter, 
 up which a Trumpet vine had climbed, I took early in May a great 
 number of the larvie of Agrotis alternata. These mottled gray worms 
 were found during the day extended longitudinally on the trunk, closely 
 appressed to the stems of the Trumpet vine, where, protected by their 
 imitative coloring, it would be impossible for an unpracticed eye to de- 
 tect them and where even birds failed to find them. When ready to 
 transform they descended to the earth and inclosed themselves in an 
 ample, tough, dingy-white cocoon, under any slight protection that 
 might be convenient. I also took this species from crevices of oak- 
 bark and occasionally found one feeding in a rose. 
 
 Canker Worm ( Anisopteryx vernata , Peck). — Not for several years has 
 this pest appeared in such numbers in the orchards of this locality 
 as during the past spring. Nor did the apple trees seem to recover 
 from the excessive defoliation during the remainder of the season. The 
 worms were especially numerous on trees around which the soil had 
 not been stirred for a year or more. 
 
 I noted this year a habit of this insect that has not, to my knowl- 
 edge, been previously recorded, viz, that the worms, with great regu- 
 larity, desert the leaves during the middle of the day and hide in the 
 forks of the branches and on the trunk in crevices and under loose 
 scales of the bark. As I did not at once discover this propensity in 
 these larvm, it puzzled me for some time to account for their scarceness 
 
61 
 
 about noon, whereas in the mornings and evenings the foliage would 
 be crowded with them. Happening one day, while standing under an 
 apple tree, to detach a loose scale of the bark I was surprised to find 
 more than a dozen of the worms on the under side stretched out side 
 by side in a close cluster. An examination of the bark revealed the 
 fact that almost every scale harbored a larger or smaller company of 
 the worms. Nor was there any evidence of their having sought these 
 retreats merely for the purpose of molting, as they were of all sizes and 
 ages, and besides an examination a few hours later disclosed them rap- 
 idly looping themselves up into the tree, as though in haste to begin 
 their nightly banquet. Observation for several 'successive days estab- 
 lished the fact of their habitual desertion of the foliage during the hot- 
 test hours of the day and of their return to it as evening approached. 
 As the infested trees had not been smoothed for some time, and the 
 trunks were rather “ shaggy,’ 7 advantage was taken of this discovery to 
 have them cleaned about noonday and thousands of the sluggish worms 
 were thus scraped off with the scales of bark and burned. 
 
 The Codling Moth was more than usually destructive to the apple 
 crop throughout the West, destroying in many localities fully 75 per 
 cent, of the fruit, and in not one orchard in a hundred were any meas- 
 ures taken to destroy the pest or prevent its spread. 
 
 The Broad-necked Root-borer ( Prionus laticollis , Drury) proved con- 
 siderably destructive to young nursery stock in some parts of the State. 
 In some sections of young apple trees sent me it was found to have 
 worked up into the trunk for a distance of 4 or 5 inches. 
 
 Leaf-hoppers of various kinds were noticeably abundant during mid- 
 summer. Of these, two species of Fulgorids, Flata conica , Say, and 
 Poeciloptera pruinosa , Say, attracted much attention on shrubs and 
 herbaceous plants, some of which were seriously injured by them. 
 
 The former species I observed chiefly on Osage Orange and Lilac. 
 The larvae are scarcely distinguishable from those of P. pruinosa , being 
 of the same bug-like form and greenish-white color and thickly cov- 
 ered and surrounded by the white-tufted, sweetish secretion peculiar to 
 the group. The pupae of the two species differ widely, that of pruinosa 
 retaining the pale color and flattened form of the larvaand continuing 
 to cover itself with the fibrous exudation. The pupae of F. conica , on the 
 contrary, assume an angular, humped, somewhat beech-nut-like form, a 
 grayish-brown color, and a more horny texture, while the white secretion 
 is limited to two feathery tufts at the tail. The perfect insect of this 
 species is a deep yellow-green, and with its broad moth like wings and 
 crimson eyes it is a beautiful object. It is always gregarious, but es- 
 pecially so in its perfect state, and I have often seen shoots of the 
 Osage Orauge crowded with this insect ranged in close ranks for a dis- 
 tance of 18 inches or 2 feet and presenting a most unique and not unat- 
 tractive appearance. Th q pruinosa species is somewhat smaller and is 
 
62 
 
 also pretty in its powdery suit of pearl-gray and white. It attacks 
 almost all kinds of vegetation ; but was found last summer to be espe- 
 cially destructive to the foliage and stalks of the Dahlia in oue garden 
 in Kirkwood, injuring the plants beyond recovery. As it inhabits the 
 under side of the leaves, for the most part, and its punctures cause 
 these to curl somewhat, it is difficult to reach it with insecticides, but 
 applications of air-slacked lime and spraying with an infusion of Pyre- 
 thrum will kill or dislodge it. 
 
 Halticus pallieornis is becoming every year more of a pest in this lo- 
 cality on Clover and many kinds of garden plants. Its punctures cause 
 the leaves to turn yellow and present an appearance similar to those 
 infested by Red Spider. 
 
 The Flea-like Kegro-bug (Corimelcena pulicaria) also this year attacked 
 Composite and Hollyhocks with great virulence. 
 
 Acoloithus falsarius — a congener of the well known Procris ameri- 
 cana — appeared on all varieties of the Grape in July in such numbers 
 as to merit some attention from the economic entomologist. The larvae 
 are not found in companies feeding in regular ranks, as is the habit 
 of P. americana , although several are often seen on the same leaf. 
 This species feeds exclusively on the upper surface, gnawing off* the 
 parenchyma in irregular patches. The handsome little larva, when full 
 grown, is about three eighths of an inch in length by rather more than 
 one-eighth inch in diameter. The form is depressed, almost rectan- 
 gular. The surface is velvety and prettily checkered in dull orange or 
 fulvous, yellow, and two or three shades of purple. Medio-.dorsal lino 
 fine, interrupted, dark purple, on each side of which is a broad stripe 
 of orange outlined in pale yellow, the dark color being most intense in 
 the center of each square, where, under the lens, is situated a little 
 tuft of silky hairs. The lateral stripe is similar, but contains a larger 
 proportion of purple. A purple band extends transversely across the 
 fourth and ninth segments. The depth of this coloring is quite variable, 
 some larvse being very much paler and less distinctly variegated than 
 others. The under surface and legs are translucent, velvety, white, 
 with a tinge of green. Head very small, brown and retracted under 
 the projecting edge of first segment. It incloses itself when ready to 
 change in a fold of a leaf or between two leaves in a flat flesh -tinted 
 silken cocoon covered externally with lime-like granulations. The moth 
 escapes in about two weeks and is dull black with orauge collar like P. 
 americana , but it is considerably smaller than the latter. A slight dust- 
 ing with Pyrethrum powder caused the larvse to drop from the leaves, 
 and this will probably prove one of the best remedies where this insect 
 has become unduly abundant. 
 
 The Saddle-back Caterpillar ( Empretia stimulea) is known to feed on a 
 variety of trees and other plants, but I have seen no record of its oc- 
 currence on Soft Maple. 
 
Late in August of the present year I found quite a colony, probably 
 ten or twelve, on a single leaf of the above-mentioned tree. They had 
 but recently hatched, but tiny as they were — not more than an eighth 
 of an inch in leugth — they had all the tubercles and other character- 
 istics of the mature larva, except that the saddle-cloth-like spot was 
 deep yellow instead of green and the central dorsal spot pinkish-gray. 
 They had perforated the leaf with small irregular holes. Not thinking 
 that they would readily loosen their hold on the leaf, I carried it care- 
 lessly in my hand, and when I reached the house was much disappointed 
 to find that but two larvae remained on it. As these thrived and per- 
 fected their development to the point of inclosing themselves in cocoons, 
 i-t is evident that Maple maybe included in the list of their food-plants. 
 
 The Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerabilis). This insect has 
 not been troublesome in this part of Missouri since 1884 ; but in and 
 around Eockford, 111., I learned that it had been so abundant on the 
 Soft Maples for three successive seasons as to kill many young trees 
 outiight and greatly injure the older ones. I was told that the side- 
 walks shaded by these trees became so defiled and slippery from the 
 exudations of the scale insect that it was difficult and unpleasant to 
 walk on them. The citizens had consequently conceived a prejudice 
 against the Soft Maple, and many were being cut down or dug up and 
 replaced by other trees. 
 
 A new Leaf-bug on Maple ( Lygus monaclius Uhler, n. sp.). # — This bdg 
 came under my notice for the first time late in the spring of 1882 in- 
 festing the growing points of young Soft Maples ( Acer (Uisyearpum). 
 Most of the insects were at that time mature, but two or three pupae 
 were found, enough to indicate that the leaves of the maple had been 
 their breeding place. A lew specimens were taken, but, as the insect 
 was not present in sufficient numbers to give it importance as an injuri- 
 ous species, not much attention was paid to it. During several succeed- 
 ing springs 1 occasionally came across a mature specimen — which, from 
 its exceeding agility, both in running and flying, generally evaded capt- 
 
 * Mr. Uhler has given us the following description of this new Lygaeid : 
 
 Lygus monachus n. sp. — Long-oval, pale green or testaceous, coarsely punctate 
 above, sericeous pubescent. Face convex, highly polished, bald; base of vertex with 
 a longitudinal impressed line, towards which a similar line runs obliquely each side 
 from the inner corner of the eyes; antenme sparsely and minutely pubescent, basal 
 joint thickest, a little longer than the head, tapering at base, second joint thrice as 
 long as the basal, infuscated and a little enlarged towards the tip, third and fourth 
 setaceous, together not as long as the second. Pronotum highly polished, convex, 
 coarsely punctate in transverse wavy lines, each side with a dark brown vitta, or 
 long spot; lateral margin smooth, callous at base, the humeral angles subacute, cal- 
 losities prominent, convex, almost confluent on the middle ; lateral flap of pronotum 
 irregularly punctate. Pectoral pieces pale, impunctate. Legs pale green, feebly 
 pubescent; apex of posterior femur usually with one or two fuscous bands, tip of 
 tarsi and the nails black. Scutcllum moderately convex, excavated at base, trans- 
 versely obsolete-punctate, more or less infuscated. Corium coarsely, transversely 
 rostrate-punctate, the cl avers more or less infuscated, sometimes 'frith all but the 
 
64 
 
 tire— but it was not until the present season that the maples were in- 
 fested to such an extent as to injure and disfigure them. 
 
 Just as the leaves were beginning to put forth, close observation re- 
 vealed the fact that they were all more or less stippled with transparent 
 spots, some mere dots, others a tenth of an inch or more in diameter. 
 As the leaves expanded the delicate cuticle of the upper surface would 
 give way and they presented the appearance of being perforated with 
 holes and much torn and tattered along the margin, marring their 
 beauty for the entire season. If, about the 1st of May, the leaves were 
 carefully examined, there would be found on the under surface of each 
 from two or three to a dozen or more very delicate bugs of a very pale 
 translucent green color, the embryo wing-pads being almost white. 
 They were further characterized by very long and slender legs, beak 
 and antennae, body flat and broad oval in outline ; head small, eyes rel- 
 atively large, oblong and bright red-brown in color. The larvae varied 
 in size from one-twentietli to one-eighth inch in length, and so far as I 
 could discover there were but two larval molts. Scattered about over 
 the leaves were small, round, translucent green eggs rather larger than 
 a Portulaca seed. The pupal form was precisely like the larval, except 
 in point of size and relative development of the wing-pads. When the 
 under side of a leaf was turned up for examination the bags, large and 
 small, would dart, on their hair like legs, to the reversed surface, mov- 
 ing with the greatest rapidity and sometimes dropping to the ground 
 in their evident desire to escape observation. The final transformation 
 occurred about the middle of May, after which the companies dispersed. 
 The species is a pretty one, although, from the glassy texture of the en- 
 tire hemelytra and the general delicacy of coloring, it always has a 
 somewhat immature appearance. 
 
 This bug happily lacks the disagreeable odor so common to the species 
 of this suborder and which pertains even to most of its closest allies. 
 
 Absence from Kirkwood after the middle of May somewhat inter- 
 rupted my observations on this insect. On my return, early in June, 
 
 margins covered with dark brown ; corium usually with a transverse, dark-brown 
 arc next the posterior border; cuueus long and wide, the incised base fuscous, and the 
 inner margin brown ; membrane pale testaceous, with two or more dark clouded spots , 
 the inner submargiu of the principal areole, a spot at its tip aud the base next the 
 cuneus all more or less fuscous. Venter pale greenish. 
 
 Length of body, female, 5 ,nm ; to tip of wing covers, 7 mm ; width of prouotum, 2 mm . 
 
 Male, length of body, 4 mm ; to tip of wing covers, 5| mm ; width of pronotum, lf mm . 
 
 This has proved to be a very common insect in various localities. 
 
 Mr. Cassiuo collected numerous specimens around Peabody, Mass. Mr. Bolter sent 
 to me a pair from Illinois and Missouri ; and I have taken it from Alders, Maples, and 
 many other kinds of small trees and shrubs on Cape Ann, Mass., also near the base of 
 the White Mountains, and in New Hampshire, and near Quebec, Canada. 
 
 Mr. Forbes has also forwarded to me specimens from near Normal, 111. 
 
 It resembles Lyrjus invitus Say, and presents several of the color varieties common to 
 that species; but it is a much larger insect, of a longer figure, and has a more flattened 
 upper surface. — P. R. Uhler. 
 
65 
 
 only a few of the mature bugs remained among the curled and torn 
 leaves on which they had developed. Occasionally throughout the sum - 
 mer a specimen would be met with, as often on the foliage of any other 
 tree as on maple, but there was no second brood. This species, unlike 
 Capsus oblineatus , is never to my knowledge found on flowers. It prob- 
 ably secretes itself early in the season and becomes dormant until the 
 following spring. 
 
 The only remedial applications experimented with were Pyrethrum 
 powder and air-slacked lime, both of which were measurably effective, 
 judging by the small scale on which they were tried. 
 
 17528— No. 13 —5 
 
APICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 By Nelson W. McLain, Special Agent. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 The following article is extracted from Mr. McLain’s annual report for 1886, tho 
 major part of which is published in the Annual Report of the Department for that 
 year. 
 
 C. Y. R. 
 
 PREPARING BEES FOR WINTER. 
 
 Bees instinctively begin to make preparations for winter somewhat 
 earlier in the season than is commonly supposed. In preparing for 
 winter, as in all other matters relating to bee-keeping, the apiarist should 
 see to it that the method of management is as nearly as possible in 
 agreement with the instinct and habits of the bee. When bees build 
 their combs after their own design, as in box hives, spaces are left be- 
 tween wide enough to admit of elongating the cells in order that a large 
 share of the winter stores may be placed in the top of the hive, easily 
 accessible in the severest weather. I find it good practice to widen the 
 spaces between the comb-frames near the close of the honey-gathering 
 season, in order that the bees may, by elongating the cells, place a large 
 share of the winter store above the cluster. 
 
 As soon as the storing of surplus honey is done the condition of every 
 colony should be examined, the amount and character of the winter 
 food ascertained, the number of comb-frames, and the size of the apart- 
 ment should be determined by and adapted to the wants of each colony. 
 After the supply of winter stores has been equalized among all the colo- 
 nies, if the supply is insufficient, feeding should be done before the 
 advent of cold nights. 
 
 Bees expected to perform the function of hibernation should not be 
 too old nor yet too young. Both queen and worker bees should be in 
 full physical vigor. The bees constituting the colony, when placed in 
 winter quarters, should be such as are hatched after the midsummer 
 working season is past, and before the bees cease flying freely in the 
 fall. 
 
 Towards the close of the working season the workers instinctively 
 cease stimulating the queen for oviproduction ; gradually" the bees cease 
 flying, and the cluster is formed for winter. After the cluster is formed 
 the colony should remain undisturbed. If the bees are to be packed on 
 the summer stand the work should be done with care, and without dis- 
 66 
 
67 
 
 turbing the bees, and before the temperature at night reaches the freez- 
 ing point. If the bees are to be placed in a damp or in cellar or winter 
 repository, great care should be taken not to disturb the cluster when 
 the hives are removed from the summer stand. I have found woolen 
 quilts or woolen blankets the best covering for winter. Wool, better 
 than any other material which 1 have tried, prevents the radiation of 
 heat, and permits the escape of moisture, thus securing warmth and dry- 
 ness. Hives should be placed 18 inches above the bottom of the cellar 
 or winter repository, and in tiering them up one above another it i s 
 better that they rest on a rack prepared for the hive rather than one 
 upon another. 
 
 My report for 1885 covers the period from June 1 to November 25, 
 when the severity of the weather forbade further out-of-door experi- 
 ments. As nearly all the colonies in the apiary had been subjected to 
 very frequent, almost daily, disturbance and annoyance incidental to 
 the experimental purposes for which they had been used, they were, 
 almost without exception, in very poor condition for passing into winter 
 quarters. November 25 I packed twenty colonies for out-door winter- 
 ing. Notwithstanding the lateness of the season, and the altogether 
 unsatisfactory condition of the bees when packed, eighteen of the colo- 
 nies wintered fairly well. These twenty colonies were provided with 
 dry sawdust packing 8 inches thick on the sides, and covered with a 
 quilt and dry forest leaves to the depth of 8 inches on top of the frames. 
 A rim 2 inches wide is placed under the body box of the hive, making 
 a 2-inch space under the bottom bar of the comb-frames. A covered 
 tunnel leads from the hive entrance through the packing. This pack- 
 ing is left on the hive until warm weather is assured, thus guarding 
 against danger from chilling of the brood when building up the colo- 
 nies rapidly in early spring. The hive should incline from b ack to front 
 permitting the moisture to flow out at the entrance. 
 
 I placed ten colonies in the cellar from which the hive covers were 
 removed and the frames covered with woolen and cotton quilts. These 
 were used for observation and experiment during the winter. Eight of 
 the ten came through the winter alive, but being subjected to a wider 
 range of temperature, and being very frequently annoyed and disturbed, 
 their vitality was very low, and the old bees, of which most of these 
 colonies were composed fell easy victims to spring dwindling. 
 
 HIBERNATION. 
 
 For the purpose of determining the degree of temperature in a dry 
 cellar necessary to secure the minimum of functional activity within the 
 hive during the period of hibernation, I framed comb-frames across each 
 other at right angles, and into these frames I fitted and fastened combs 
 filled with choice sealed honey. These were suspended in hives having 
 glass sides^and top, exposing the cluster to view from all sides and from 
 the top. Removable wooden doors covered the glass. 
 
68 
 
 My observations covered a period of ninety days from December 1, 
 1885, and included a range of temperature from zero to 65° F. The 
 hives were placed in a dark apartment, and an oil stove with a radiator 
 was used for heating. Different degrees of temperature were maintained 
 for several consecutive hours, and, as occasion required, for consecutive 
 days, and careful observations were taken. 
 
 At a range of temperature from 48° to 52° F., according to the humid- 
 ity of the atmosphere in the cellar, bees, according to a rule of nature, 
 enter into the hibernating state. After repeated trials over a wide 
 range of temperature, at 41° F. I found the shape of the cluster most 
 permanent. While that degree of temperature was maintained, little 
 change in the shape or location of the clusters could be seen, and func- 
 tional activity on the part of individual bees, and of the whole colony 
 as well, seemed to have reached the minimum degree of manifestation, 
 even respiration seemed to be suspended. The change in the form of 
 the cluster was determined by outline drawings on paper. The colonies 
 presented substantially the same outline for days together when a uni- 
 form temperature of 4L° was maintained. I placed some colonies in a 
 darkened building late in the fall of the year, and when the temperature 
 was 40° F. natural heat on a dry day above ground, the same phenom- 
 ena were observed. 
 
 The temperature of the cellar was lowered by admitting the air through 
 an outer room, so that no perceptible currents entered the apartment 
 where the bees were kept. The degree of unrest and activity increased 
 in proportion as the temperature neared the aero point. Thirty-seven 
 degrees F. in a very dry cellar is a danger point, the danger increasing 
 in proportion as the temperature is lowered or the humidity of the at- 
 mosphere is increased. 
 
 The degree of activity shown by bees when the temperature in the 
 repository or cellar is 44° F. is not much greater than at 41°, all other 
 conditions being the same. 
 
 At intervals of about one week the bees arouse to activity, the form 
 of the cluster changes, and after three or four hours of cheerful and 
 contented humming, having in the mean time appeased their hunger, the 
 cluster is reformed into a compact body, the humming ceases, respira- 
 tion becomes slow, profound silence reigns in the hive until change of 
 temperature or the demands of hunger rouse the bees from the coma 
 in which they have been bound. The more perfect the conditions for 
 hibernation the longer the periods of inactivity. 
 
 As the activity of bees is not much greater when the temperature 
 in the cellar or repository is steadily maintained at 44 degrees than it 
 is at 41 degrees, and as 41 degrees is too near the danger point, I find 
 it safer to keep the temperature in dry winter repositories, whether 
 above or below ground, at 44° F., and I find it better that the variation 
 from the standard degree of 41° F. should be in proportion of 2 degrees 
 above rather than 1 degree below. If the repository be damp a degree 
 
69 
 
 of temperature liigher iu proportion to the dampness should be main- 
 tained. The hive should incline from back to front, and the entrance 
 should be lelt wide opeu. 
 
 It has been the practice of many to raise the temperature in winter 
 repositories in order to stimulate breeding toward the close of the hi- 
 bernating period. I have tried this, and in my experience I find it better 
 to maintain as nearly as possible an even temperature until the bees 
 may be safely placed on the summer stands. What is gained in early 
 breeding is more than lost in the waste of vitality on the part of the 
 older bees. In the case of bees wintered on the summer stands or in a 
 clamp, the packing of dry forest leaves, chaff, or sawdust placed above 
 the quilt should be closely packed about the edges, and should be from 
 7 to 12 inches in thickness. Indeed it would be difficult to get the 
 packing above the cluster too deep, provided the ventilation above the 
 packing is sufficient to carry off moisture. 
 
 SPRING DWINDLING. 
 
 For preventing spring dwindling, and building up colonies to maxi- 
 mum strength and efficiency at the beginning of the working season — 
 for success in honey-producing largely depends on having strong colo- 
 nies ready for work at the very time when efficient work may be done — 
 I prepared a bee-food containing the elements essential in brood-rear- 
 ing. This food is prepared after the following formula: 
 
 To 10 pounds of sugar I add half a pint of dairy salt, 2 tablespoonfuls 
 bicarbonate of soda, 2 tablespoonfuls rye flour, 2 tablespoonfuls finely 
 powdered bone ash, and 1 tablespoonful cream tartar. Mix thoroughly, 
 then add 2 quarts hot water, and stir until thoroughly dissolved, and 
 let the mixture boil, but only 2 or 3 minutes. I feed this food in the 
 hive as honey or sirup is usually fed, thereby keeping all the bees at 
 home to aid in keeping up the temperature in the hive, thus reserving 
 their vitality for performing the functions of brood-rearing, instead of 
 speedily wearing out their remaining strength in roaming the fields in 
 search of the elements essential to larval growth. 
 
 The bone ash is prepared by burning dry bones to a white ash, which 
 I pulverize and sift through a sieve made from fine wire strainer cloth. 
 As this food is not intended for use until after the bees have had a good 
 flight in the spring, almost any grade of sugar or dark low-grade honey 
 may be supplied for brood-rearing. 
 
 The rapidity with which a colony consisting of a mere handful of bees 
 may be built up to full strength and working efficiency by using this 
 preparation is surprising. Only as much as is needed for immediate 
 consumption should be frequently supplied, and it should be fed only 
 to prevent spring dwindling, or when it is desirable to quickly increase 
 the numerical strength of the colony in anticipation of a honey harvest? 
 or to recruit the vigor and strength of the colony by rearing young bees 
 after the working season, and prior to going into winter quarters. 
 
70 
 
 BEES YS. FRUIT. 
 
 I have, according to your instructions, repeated my experiments of 
 last year for testing the capacity of bees, under exceptional circum- 
 stances, to injure fruit ; adding such other tests and observations as 
 the very severe and protracted drought permitted. The house used last 
 season, 10 feet by 16 feet in size, having sides partly covered with wire 
 cloth and large screen doors in each end, was used again this year. 
 Two colonies of Italian bees, two of hybrids, one, of Caucasians, and 
 two of Syrians were confined in this house. 
 
 These colonies were without food in their hives and at intervals of 
 three or four days were fed a little sirup for the purpose of keeping up 
 their vigor and to prevent dying from starvation. A wood-stove was 
 placed in the house and a high temperature was maintained for a num- 
 ber of hours each day. 
 
 The conditions incident to an unusually severe and protracted drought 
 were present within and without. The bees were repeatedly brought to 
 the stages of hunger, thirst, and starvation, the test continuing for 40 
 days. 
 
 Through the favor of Mr. T. T. Lyon, president of the Michigan State 
 Horticultural Society, I obtained thirteen varieties of choice grapes 
 from A. G. Gulley, of South Haven. Every inducement and oppor- 
 tunity was afforded the bees to appease their hunger and thirst by 
 attacking the fruit which was placed before them. Some of the bunches 
 of grapes were dipped in sirup and hung in the hives between the 
 the combs, some placed before the hives on plates, and grapes were 
 suspended in clusters from the posts and rafters. The bees lapped and 
 sucked all the sirup from the skins, leaving the berries smooth. 
 
 They daily visited the grapes in great numbers and took advantage of 
 every crack in the epidermis or opening at the stem, appropriating to 
 their use every drop of juice exuding therefrom, but they made no at- 
 tempt to grasp the cuticle with their mandibles or claws. I removed the 
 epidermis carefully from dozens of grapes of various kinds and placed 
 them on plates before the hives. The bees lapped up all the juice on the 
 outside of the film surrounding the segments of the grape, leaving this 
 delicate film dry and shining, but through and beyond this film they 
 were not able to penetrate. I punctured the skins of grapes of all 
 kinds by passing needles of various sizes through the grape and placed 
 these before the bees. The needles used were in size from a fine cam- 
 bric needle to a packing needle. The amount of juice appropriated 
 was in proportion to the size of the opening in the skins and the num- 
 ber of segments of the grape broken. The same was true in the case 
 of grapes burst from over-ripeness. Bees are not only unable to pene- 
 trate the epidermis of the grape, but they also appear to be unable, 
 even when impelled by the direst necessity, to penetrate the film sur- 
 
71 
 
 rounding the berry even after the epidermis is removed. Grapes so 
 prepared without exception laid before the hives until dried up. If 
 but one segment of a grape be broken by violence or by over-ripeness, 
 the bees are unable to reach the juice beyond the film separating the 
 broken from the unbroken segments until further violence or decay 
 permits an entrance for the tongue. Clusters of sound grapes which I 
 hung between the comb frames in hives occupied by strong colonies 
 w r ere unbroken and sound after fifteen days 7 exposure in the hives. 
 The skins were polished smooth, but none were broken. I also stopped 
 up the entrance to several hives — containing good-sized colonies — in 
 the apiary and in the wire-covered house, by pushing sound grapes into 
 the opening, so close together that the bees could not pass through. 
 By this means the bees were confined to the hives for days in succes- 
 sion, not being able to break down and remove the grapes, and 
 although the skins of the grapes next the inside of the hive were pol- 
 ished smooth none were broken or injured. 
 
 The past season furnished an excellent opportunity to observe the 
 capacity of bees, under so exceptional circumstances, to injure fruit, for 
 the drought was very exceptional both induration and severity, and I 
 was called to several places by fruit-growers to witness the proof that 
 bees were u tearing open the skins of the grapes 77 and otherwise behav- 
 ing in a manner altogether unworthy of an insect enjoying a wide rep- 
 utation for virtue and orderly living. In each instance I succeeded in 
 convincing the fruit-grower that the bees were simply performing the 
 office of gleaners; that violence from other sources, or over-ripeness 
 and decay had preceded the bees, and that he would be acting the part 
 of wisdom in following the example of the bees in gathering the grapes 
 before further violence, or the action of the elements, rendered them 
 worthless. 
 
 After grapes have been subjected to such violence, or have so far 
 burst open and decayed as to make it possible for bees to injure them, 
 and the circumstances are so exceptional as to lead the bees to seek 
 such food, unless they are speedly gathered they would soon become 
 worthless if unmolested. During the past season I made many visits 
 to vineyards, one located near the apiary I visited every day, and my 
 observations and experience with bees in confinement and those having 
 free access to the vineyards furnishes abundant proof to convince me 
 that bees do not and cannot under any circumstances injure sound fruit* 
 If from any cause the pulp is exposed, such as the attack of birds or 
 wasps — the most common source of injury — or from the ovipositing of 
 insects, or bursting of the berry from over-ripeness, and if no other re- 
 sources are available, the bees appropriate and carry away the juice, 
 and the extent of the injury depends upon the degree to which the pulp 
 is exposed, the sweetness of the juice, and the number and necessities 
 of the bees. 
 
72 
 
 BEE FORAGE. 
 
 If excellence in the bee is the chief factor in successful honey produc- 
 ing, next in logical order is abundant, persistent, and cheap bee-pastur- 
 age. Abundant pasturage is the amount necessary to satisfy the re- 
 quirements of the number of colonies kept within a given area. Persist- 
 ent pasturage is that which contemplates a variety of perennial honey 
 bearing flora of hardy constitution and rugged habits whose terms of 
 blooming follow each other in succession continuously from early spring 
 to late fall, thus lengthening out the season in which bees may gather 
 surplus honey. Cheap bee-pasturage may be such as is furnished from 
 natural sources produced in forests or by self-propagating plants grow- 
 ing in waste places or upon lands of little value and requiring little or 
 no labor. Or cheap bee-pasturage may be secured by cultivating fruits 
 and field crops, the blossoms of which are valuable for honey bearing. 
 
 As the forests of the country disappear and the waste lands are being 
 reclaimed-, as the necessity for other honey-producing resources is felt, as 
 the industry assumes more importance and as the influence of competi- 
 tion is more sharply felt, great interest is shown in the subject of bee- 
 pasturage. The number of days in each year in which bees can gather 
 and store surplus honey will not average, except in exceptionally fa- 
 vored localities, above thirty or thirty-five days; the remaining time and 
 energies of the bees being employed in gathering sufficient for the sus- 
 tenance of the colony, and enforced idleness or non-productiveness. En- 
 forced idleness, and the consequent waste of time, stores, and energies 
 sometimes result from a failure of the flowers to secrete nectar, even 
 though honey-bearing flowers are blooming in abundance, but usually 
 the reason why the time is so short in which bees are able to store sur- 
 plus honey is the lack of abundant pasturage. 1 have not had the time 
 or the means to devote to bee-forage that the importance of the subject 
 demands, but I have made a beginning in this department of experi- 
 mental work which I hope to continue. Among all the trees and shrubs 
 which are cultivated generally throughout the United States by fruit- 
 growers, the raspberry is commonly conceded to possess more value to 
 bee-keepers than any other. A quarter of a mile from this station a 
 market gardener has 4 acres of raspberries. These bushes continued 
 to bloom for ten days, and during that time, with the exception of two or 
 three rainy days, a continuous procession of bees could be observed go- 
 ing and returning to and from the apiary, and a fine showing of honey 
 was made in the hives and the honey was of superior quality. 
 
 On account of the superior quality of its nectar, the ease with which 
 the plant is propagated, its adaptation to all kinds of soil and its value 
 as a forage plant for grazing, white clover has, until of late years, stood 
 without a rival in the estimation of honey-producers. About twenty 
 years ago Alsike or Swedish clover was introduced into this country, 
 
73 
 
 and since then has been thoroughly tested both as a honey plant and 
 also for hay and pasture for all kinds of stock. 
 
 Mr. J. M. Hicks, of Battle Ground, Ind., says : u Alsike Clover has 
 no superior as a honey-producing plant, yielding the best and richest 
 honey known, and as a hay crop it is not surpassed, often producing 3 
 tons of good hay per acre. The stems and stalks are much finer than 
 those of common red clover, and cattle, horses, and sheep feast on it, 
 eating it clean without waste. As a pasture of all kinds of stock it has 
 no equal. It will grow on all kinds of land, clay, or sandy, and does not 
 freeze out as easily as red clover. It is quite similar to red clover in 
 appearance. The first crop each season is the seed crop. The seed is 
 about one-third the size of red clover and 4 pounds is sufficient to sow 
 an acre. The bloom is a beautiful pale pink color. I have no hesitancy 
 in saying that Alsike Clover will produce 500 pounds of the richest and 
 best honey per acre in a good season. I would recommend every bee- 
 keeper to sow at least a few acres of Alsike Clover.” Mr. W. Z. Hutch- 
 inson, of Rogers ville, Mich., says that it will pay to raise Alsike Clover 
 for honey alone upon land worth $50 per acje. 
 
 Mr. C. M. Goodspeed, of Thorn Hill, N. Y., says : “ I have grown Alsike 
 on my farm and watched its habits closely. It is very hardy, of extra 
 quality as hay and a heavy seeder, reaching in rare cases 10 bushels 
 per acre. In this locality the second growth seldom yields much honey, 
 but the first growth just swarms with bees for about three weeks, of 1 
 from the time the rich blossoms open until the seed is ripe. In my lo- 
 cality it begins to yield honey shortly after white clover and continues 
 well into the bass-wood season. It yields twice as much honey as white 
 or red clover.” Mr. D. A. Jones, of Beeton, Ontario, says : u I think 
 too much can scarcely be said of Alsike as a hay and honey crop, and 
 many of our farmers are waking up to the fact that it is to their inter- 
 est to cultivate it largely in preference to almost any other crop. Bed 
 Clover will soon be a thing of the past, as Alsike seed is now in great 
 demand, not only for seeding purposes but also for use in dyeing. I am 
 informed that large quantities are being shipped to Europe for that 
 use.” Mr. A. I. Root, of Medina, Ohio, and Mr. L. C. Root, of Mohawk, 
 R. Y., both speak of Alsike as the most valuable variety of clover for 
 hay and pasturage and recommend its cultivation as being of the first 
 importance to bee-keepers. Statements testifying to the unequaled 
 value of Alsike Clover, both for hay and grazing purposes, and as a 
 most valuable honey-bearing plant, might be indefinitely multiplied. I 
 cannot too strongly urge the bee-keepers of the United States to pro- 
 vide abundance of this forage for their bees, both by sowing the seed 
 on their own premises and also by inducing their neighbors to cultivate 
 this variety of clover as the best for all purposes. 
 
 Sweet Clover ( Mellilotus alba) abounds in this locality. This is a 
 hardy plant, of wondrous persistence, continuing in bloom from about 
 July 1 until killed by frost. It is adapted to almost any kind of soil. 
 
74 
 
 In this part of Illinois it grows in rich soil by the wayside, or in de- 
 serted stone quarries with equal luxuriance. As the plant will grow 
 without any cultivation in by-ways and waste places, wherever the seed 
 can obtain a foothold, and is a perennial, it is rightly reckoned among 
 the number of excellent and cheap bee-forage plants. Sweet Clover will 
 endure drought well. During the long drought of last season bees in this 
 neighborhood would have been entirely without resources for many 
 weeks together had it not been for Sweet Clover. The quality of the 
 honey is excellent, and under ordinary conditions the yield is altogether 
 satisfactory. Much apprehension has been felt among farmers lest it 
 become a noxious weed. Observing how readily the seed is carried 
 in the mud on wagon wheels and horses’ feet in the spring, when the 
 roads are bad and the entire space in the highways is used for travel, 
 belief has obtained that the fields would soon be invaded. Careful 
 and continuous observation of the facts for five years past has convinced 
 me that fears of trouble from this source are groundless. In but one 
 instance have I seen Sweet Clover invade a plowed field, and that was 
 for a distance of 3 rods on both sides of an old road leading into the 
 field and the seed had been carried in on wagon wheels. This plant 
 being a biennial is easily exterminated when desirable. I would recom- 
 mend bee-keepers to provide abundance of this forage by scattering the 
 seed in waste places and by the roadside. Sweet Clover is much more 
 sightly and useful, and less objectionable, in every way, than the weeds 
 which ordinarily cover the roadsides. 
 
 Pleurisy-Koot (Asclepias tuber osa) is a honey-bearing plant indigenous 
 to nearly all parts of the United States, but its growth has not been 
 encouraged for the reason that its value to the honey-producer has not 
 been generally known. The plant is a perennial ; the top dies and rots, 
 a new growth springing up each year. It is commonly regarded as a 
 harmless prairie weed. The deep red blossoms hang in clusters. The 
 plant is very hardy and of a rugged growth, growing luxuriantly in all 
 kinds of soil. The honey is of the finest quality both as to color and 
 flavor. Mr. James Heddon, of Dowagiac, Mich., speaking of Pleurisy, 
 says : “ If there is auy plant, to the growing of which good land may be 
 exclusively devoted for the sole purpose of honey production, I think it 
 is this 5 I would rather have one acre of it than three of Sweet Clover* 
 It blooms through July and the first half of August, and bees never 
 desert Pleurisy tor bass-wood or anything else. The blossoms always 
 look bright and fresh, and yield honey continuously in wet and dry 
 weather. Bees work on it in the rain, and during the excessive drought 
 of the past season it did not cease to secrete nectar m abundance.” I 
 have had some observation and experience with the plant, and, having 
 secured seed, I expect to test it in different kinds of soil next season. 
 
 For two years past I have cultivated a plot of Motherwort (Leonurm 
 cardiaca ), and I prize it highly as a honey plant. Bees work on it con- 
 tinually all day, and every day, unless it is raining quite hard. The. 
 
75 
 
 summer of 1885 it continued in bloom six weeks. Last summer it 
 bloomed but was soon ruined by drought. At the annual meeting of 
 the North American Bee-Keepers’ Association held in Detroit in De- 
 cember, 1885, a committee, of which I was a member, was appointed by 
 the association to investigate the merits of a new plant being cultivated 
 by Mr. Chapman, of Versailles, N. Y., who was present and repre- 
 sented that the plant was of unusual value to honey-producers. Being 
 instructed by you so to do, I met with other members of that committee 
 at Versailles on the 28th of July. I herewith inclose a copy of the re- 
 port which I prepared in behalf of that committee, together with a letter 
 of Mr. A. E. Manum, president of the Vermont Bee-Keepers’ Associa- 
 tion, which I presented to the North American Bee-Keepers’ Associa- 
 tion at its annual meeting held in Indianapolis, Ind., October 12, 13, 14, 
 1886. 
 
 My experience with the plants furnished for observation at this sta- 
 tion was nearly identical with that of Mr. Manum. Fifty-two plants 
 arrived here by express, fifty-one of which came to maturity. Plants 
 were furnished to Prof. A. J. Cook, Lansing, Mich.; T. F. Bingham, 
 Abronia, Mich.; W. F. Clarke, Guelph, Ontario, and Mr. Van Dom, 
 Omaha, Nebr., each of whom highly recommend it as possessing un- 
 usual value as a bee-forage plant. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Acer dasycarpum, 63 
 Acidalia, 26 
 
 Acoloithus falsarius, 62 
 Acridium frontalis, 11 
 Adelges abieticolens, 21 
 abietis, 21 
 
 Agrotis alternata, 60 
 scandens, 60 
 saucia, 60 
 
 Alder Flea-beetle, 24 
 
 Insects infesting, 20 
 Leaf-roller, 25 
 Aletia xylina, 11 
 
 Alum water, as an insecticide, 33 
 Alwood, ¥m. B., Report by, 38 
 Amphydasis cognataria Guen., 29 
 Food-plant, 29 
 Larva before last molt, 30 
 Life-history, 29 
 Mature larva, 30 
 Moth, 30 
 Pupa, 30 
 YouDg larva, 30 
 Anisopteryx vernata, 60 
 Apanteles congregatus, 53 
 glomeratus, 50, 52 
 Aphis maidis, 51 
 Apicultural experiments, 66 
 Bee-forage, 72 
 Bees vs. Fruit, 70 
 Hibernation, 67 
 Preparing bees for winter, 66 
 Spring dwindling, 69 
 Ardis, 60 
 Ash Saw-fly, 33 
 Beech Span-worm, 28 
 Benzine, 43 
 
 Effect of, upon Cabbage-lice, 43 
 Potato-beetle, 43 
 Squash-bug, 43 
 Tomato-worm, 43 
 Box-elder Plant-louse, 33 
 Bridgeford’s Antiseptic, 47 
 Broad-necked Root-borer, 61 
 Brown Cryptolechia, 27 
 Bruner, L., Report by, 9, 33 
 Buhach, 42 
 
 Alcoholic extracts, 43 
 Effect of, upon P. brassicae, 42 
 Cabbage Butterfly, 34 
 Cabbage Plant-louse, 50 
 Worms, 50 
 Cabera, 25 
 Calocoris rapidus, 58 
 Canker-worms, 60 
 Capsus oblineatus, 65 
 Cecidomyia leguminicola, 52 
 
 Chinch Bug, 33, 35 
 Cleft-headed Span-worm, 29 
 Climbing Cut-worm, 60 
 Clover-seed Midge, 52 
 Codling Moth, 61 
 Colorado Potato Beetle, 33 
 Corimelaena pulicaria, 62 
 Corn Aphis, 51 
 Corn-worm, 32 
 Corycia, 22 
 Cotton Worm, 10, 11 
 Cottony Cushion-scale, 7 
 Cottony Maple Scale, 63 
 Cryptolechia quercicella, 27 
 Habits, 28 
 Larva, 26 
 Moth, 28 
 Pupa, 28 
 
 Deilinia variolaria, 25 
 Larva, 26 
 Moth, 26 
 Pupa, 26 
 
 Doryphora 10-lineata, 33 
 Dreer’s Insect Terror, 44 
 Empretia stimulea, 62 
 Euschistus fissilis, 58 
 Fir-tree oil, 46 
 Flata conica, 61 
 Flea-like Negro-bug, 62 
 Gelechia oronella, 25 
 Larva, 25 
 Moth, 25 
 Pupa, 25 
 Gishurst, 47 
 Grasshoppers, 34 
 Gray Blister Beetle, 33 
 Graphops pubescens, 48 
 Habits, 48 
 
 Green-striped Phycid worm, 23 
 Haltica alni, 24 
 Beetle, 25 
 Larva, 24 
 * Pupa, 25 
 Halticus pallicornis, 62 
 Hammond’s Slug Shot, 44 
 Heliothis armigera, 33 
 Herald, The, 26 
 Homohadena badistriga, 60 
 Hyperetis nyssaria, 28 
 Larva, 29 
 Moth, 29 
 Pupa, 29 
 
 Icerya purchasi, 7 
 Ice-water as a remedy, 44 
 Ichthyuria strigosa, 30 
 
 americana, 30 
 
 Larva before the last molt, 30 
 
78 
 
 Ichthyuria — Continued. 
 
 Larva, after the last molt, 30 
 Moth, 30 
 Pupa, 30 
 
 Insecticides, Tests with, upon garden insects, 38 
 Insects injurious to forest and shade trees, 7. 
 Kerosene emulsion, 38 
 
 Effect of, upon Cabbage Plant-louse, 39 
 Cabbage Worms, 39 
 White Grub, 39 
 
 Formula for, 38 
 
 Lace-winged flies, Larvae of, preying upon A. bras- 
 sicae, 50 
 
 Lachnosterna fusca, 52 
 
 Lady-birds, Larvae of, preying upon A. brassi- 
 cae, 50 
 
 Larch Saw-fly, 20 
 Leaf-bug on Maple, A new, 63 
 Leaf-hopper, 61 
 Live-Oak Leaf-roller, 31 
 Live-Oak Thecla, 31 
 •Locusts in Texas, 7, 9 
 
 Melanoplus atlanis, 11 
 
 angustipennis, 11 
 robustus, 11 
 
 Presence of, in different counties, 16 
 Lygus monachus Uhler, n. sp., 63 
 Lygus pratensis, 54, 55 
 Lytta cinerea, 33 
 Macrops sp., 49 
 
 Macrosila quinque-maculata, 53 
 May Beetle, 52 
 Melanoplus atlanis. 11 
 
 angustipennis, 11 
 differentialis, 11, 33 
 femur-rubrum, 33 
 spretus, 33 
 Melanoplus sp., 11 
 Eggs, 12 
 
 Experiments with Paris green upon, 14 
 Larvae, 12 
 Mode of attack, 12 
 Remedies, 13 
 Meromyza americana, 49 
 Meroptera pravella, 23 
 Larva, 23 
 Moth, 23 
 Pupa, 23 
 
 Micropus leucopterus, 33 
 Moore’s Compound, 46 
 Murtfeldt, Miss M. E., Report by, 59 
 Kotes from Missouri, 7, 59 
 Norway Spruce, 21 
 Oat-fly, A new, 49 
 Ohio Insects, Report upon, 48 
 Osage Orange, Flata conica Say, found on, 61 
 Oscinis ? sp., 49 
 Paria aterrima, 48 
 Phycid caterpillar, 20, 21 
 Phycis rubrifasciella, 23 
 Pieris rapaB, 34, 50 
 Pinipestis renicullela, 21 
 Larva, 22 
 Moth, 22 
 Pupa, 22 
 
 Pink-striped Willow Span-worm, 25 
 Pitch Pine, 21 
 Plagiodera scripta, 33 
 Plusia brassicae, 50 
 Habits of, 51 
 Plantain Curculio, 49 
 Plant-bugs, Effect of puncture, 7 
 Poecilocapsus quadrivittatus, 7, 54 
 Pceciloptera pruinosa Say, 61 
 Post-oak Locust, 17 
 Classification, 18 
 Description, 19 
 Habits, 18 
 
 Prionus laticollis, 61 
 Procris americana, 62 
 
 Pteromalus puparum, infesting P. rapae, 50, 52 
 Pulvinai ia innumerabilis, 63 
 Pyrethrum cinerariaefolium, 42 
 Alcoholic extract, 43 
 Effect of, upon Pieris brassicce, 42 
 Pyrethrum, extracts of, 41 
 
 Effect of, upon Aphis brassicae, 41 
 Fall Web- worm, 42 
 Potato-Beetle, 42 
 Squash Bugs, 42 
 Tomato Worm, 42 
 Red-legged Locust, 36 
 Remedies imported from London, 46 
 Riley, C. V., quoted, 60 
 Rocky Mountain Locust, 11 
 Saddle-back Caterpillar, 62 
 Scoliopteryx libatrix, 26 
 Habits, 26 
 Selandria rosae, 60 
 Siphonophora avenae, 58 
 Sphingid larvae on Tomato, 53 
 Spruce and Hackmatack Worms, 20 
 Bud-louse, 21 
 Caterpillar, 20 
 cones, new enemy of, 7 
 Cone-worm, habits of, 21 
 Strawberry Crown-borer, 49 
 Leaf -beetle, 48 
 Root-borer, 48 
 
 Striped Cotton- wood Beetle, 34 
 Sulfo-tobacco Soap, 45 
 
 Syrphus flies, Larvae of, preying upon A. brassi- 
 cae, 50 
 
 Tansy water, 44 
 Tenthredinid larvae, 59 
 Thecla calamus, 31 
 flavonius, 31 
 Tobacco Soaps, 45 
 
 effect of, upon Cabbage Plant-lice, 46 
 worms, 45 
 
 Tomato water, 44 
 Tortrix fumiferana, 20 
 Tortrix quercifoliana, 31 
 Larva, 32 
 Moth, 32 
 Pupa, 32 
 
 Tyloderma fragariae, 49 
 Webster, F. M., report by, 54 
 Willow, Insects infesting, 20 
 Wolfs Vermin Soap, 45 
 
 o 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 14. 
 
 c °trr/ 
 
 OF 
 
 to Ay .. " 7 ’ 4 a c ^ 
 ' %/) 
 
 '-■' 0f ar Kn . 
 
 REPORTS^' a, , m -'° 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 
 
 THE PRACTICAL WORK OF THE DIVISION, 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1887 . 
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 14. 
 
 REPORTS 
 
 OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTS 
 
 IN 
 
 THE PRACTICAL WORK OF THE DIVISION, 
 
 MADE 
 
 UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1887 . 
 
 22340— No. 14 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington , D. May 30, 1887. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 14 of 
 the Division of Entomology, containing certain reports of agents and 
 other matter additional to that contained in Bulletin 13, and excluded 
 from my annual report from lack of space. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Golman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture . 
 
 0. Y. RILEY, 
 
 Entomologist . 
 
 3 
 
 $77 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 I 
 
 
CONTENT^ 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introdnction 7 
 
 Report on Insects injurious to Garden Crops in Florida 9 
 
 Report on Buffalo Gnats 29 
 
 Native Plums. How to fruit them. They are claimed to be practically curcu- 
 
 lio-proof 39 
 
 The Serrell automatic Silk-reel 52 
 
 5 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This Bulletin contains matter referring to the season of 1886, addi- 
 tional to that already published. 
 
 Mr. Ashmead’s report on insects affecting garden crops in Florida is 
 necessarily very incomplete, as it represents only four months’ field ob- 
 servations, and as the subject is one of no inconsiderable magnitude. 
 
 Mr. Ashmead’s work was stopped September 1st on account of the re- 
 duction in the appropriations. 
 
 Mr. Webster’s report on Buffalo Gnats is in the main the results of 
 work in March and April, 1886. It contains many interesting details 
 in addition to the more important observations which are quoted in 
 our own article on the subject in the annual report. It is also due to 
 Mr. Webster to say that the investigations since made, and especially * 
 those by himself the present year, have added materially to our exact 
 knowledge on the subject. 
 
 In reference to Mr. Wier’s article on the curculio-proof nature of the 
 native plums and his explanation thereof we wish to be understood as 
 in no way indorsing either the statements or conclusions of the paper. 
 
 Mr. Wier is an old friend and correspondent and has written much of 
 late upon this question. He claimed to have abundant personal evi-, 
 dence of the wild plums being proof against Conotrachelus nenuphar 
 by virtue of the eggs failing to hatch therein. This was an important 
 matter, bearing directly on economic entomology, and, as we have often 
 been asked for our opinion as to the immunity of these wild plums, we 
 engaged Mr. Wier to prepare a statement of his evidence. His two 
 main claims are (1) that these wild plum trees are unfruitful, except 
 where the flowers receive the pollen from other varieties ; (2) that the 
 female Curculio prefers their fruit for purposes of oviposition, but that 
 the egg fails to hatch therein or the larva perishes after hatching. The 
 first point belongs to economic botany, or rather pomology, and while 
 we consider that it is disproved alike by historical and botanical evi- 
 dence and general experience we leave it with the horticulturist to deal 
 with more fully. With regard to the second point we confess that the 
 reading of Mr. Wier’s essay has brought no sense of his theory being 
 well sustained or of its general truthfulness. Yet, for the reasons 
 stated, we have decided to publish the paper very much as received, 
 omitting only such portions as dealt with well known and trite entomo- 
 logical facts, as also a dissertation on grafting, and entering our dis- 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 sent in the form of foot-note where the statements are unjustified from 
 the entomological side. 
 
 The description of the principles and mechanism of the Serrell auto- 
 matic silk-reel has been prepared by Mr. Philip Walker, assistant in 
 charge of the reeling experiments and machinery at the Department. 
 It will be found useful in explaining the advantages which that deli- 
 cate and remarkable invention has over the ordinary reel as a labor- 
 saver, though no amount of description will impress the fact on the 
 mind so forcibly as a few moments’ observation of the reel at work. 
 
 C. Y. R. 
 
 
REPORT ON INSECTS INJURIOUS TO GARDEN CROPS IN ELORIDA. 
 
 By Wm. H. Ashmead, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Jacksonville, Fla., 
 
 September 2, 1886. 
 
 Dear Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith, in pursuance to your instructions, 
 my report on 11 insects injurious to garden crops ” in Florida, comprehending field-work 
 and studies on these pests from May 15 to August 31, 1886. 
 
 My time was too limited to do fulljustice to the subject ; moreover, it will take several 
 years of the most laborious, painstaking industry to thoroughly work up the life his- 
 tories of the destructive insect pests affecting our garden crops in this State. 
 
 Yours, very respectfully, 
 
 WM. H. ASHMEAD. 
 
 Prof. C. Y. Riley, 
 
 U. S. Entomologist , Washington, D. C. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The insects depredating “ garden crops” in Florida are legion, and 
 the time at my disposal, May 15 to August 31, was too limited to begin 
 to do the subject justice. 
 
 Daily rains, too, from latter part of June and all during July greatly 
 interfered with my field-work. During the months of March and 
 April early vegetables are raised in great quantities for northern ship- 
 ment and consumption, and it is then that the greatest activity exists 
 among certain destructive pests depredating these crops. That is the 
 timeinvestigation should begin. However, considerable work has been 
 accomplished^ and in the following pages will be found descriptions of 
 some of the more injurious insect pests injuring these crops ; moreover, 
 to make the report of practical value to our vegetable growers, I have 
 given the best remedies known, extracted principally from the writings 
 of Professors Riley, Fitch, Lintner, Packard, Forbes, Thomas, &c. 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE CABBAGE. 
 
 Probably there is no garden crop in Florida that is so preyed upon 
 and so seriously threatened from the attacks of insect pests as the cab- 
 bage and its numerous varieties. 
 
 To well-known imported European insect pests, now thoroughly estab- 
 lished here and depredating this crop, may be added many indigenous 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 species that attack and destroy it in different ways, and the injury and 
 loss is very great. 
 
 Necessarily I have given considerable time and study to unraveling 
 the life histories of some of the more important ones, giving them that 
 prominence in my report that their importance to the grower seem to 
 warrant. 
 
 THE CABBAGE PLUSIA. 
 
 ( Plusia brassicce Biley.) 
 
 This is one of the most serious and destructive of cabbage insects. 
 Prof. 0. Y. Biley first described it in his Second Missouri Beport, 1870, 
 page 110. 
 
 Distribution. — While, undoubtedly, originally indigenous to the South- 
 ern States, it is now very generally distributed over most of the Eastern 
 and Western States. In IT. S. Agricultural Beport for 1883, Professor 
 Biley states that he has received it from Mississippi, Georgia, Florida, 
 the Carolinas, Alabama, Texas, New Jersey, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, 
 Virginia, and Maryland. 
 
 Food Plants . — The food plants of the larvae, as given in same report, 
 are Cabbage, Kale, Turnip, Tomato, Mignonette (Reseda), Dandelion 
 ( Taraxacum ), Dock ( Rumex ), Crepis, Clienopodium, Clover, Senecio scan- 
 dens, Lettuce, and Celery. Professor Biley also says: 11 We have 
 also found it in Florida feeding upon the Japan Quince (Cydonia japon- 
 ica ), and it has been found in Washington upon same plant.” 
 
 Life History. — The life history of this insect is treated in the Annual 
 Beport of the Department for 1883, pp. 119-122, and it is figured at 
 Plate I, figs. 2 and 2 a, and Plate XI, figs. 2, a, b, c. The different stages 
 are described in Professor Biley’s Second Missouri Entomological Be- 
 port, pp. 111-112. 
 
 Number of Broods . — Professor Lintner, State Entomologist of New 
 York, in treating of this species in his second report, page 92, says : 
 “In its more northern extension there are two annual broods, for, from 
 larvae taken in August, after about two weeks of pupation, Dr. Thomas 
 has had the moths emerge on the 1st of September, which deposited 
 their eggs for a second brood in October. In the Southern States there 
 are probably four broods, for Mr. Grote took examples of the moths in 
 Alabama during the last of February.” 
 
 Here in Florida there are certainly not less than six broods, for I have 
 taken the moths every month but the winter months, November, De- 
 cember, and January. 
 
 Its Injuries. — Not a cabbage patch visited by me this spring and sum- 
 mer but was more or less damaged by the attacks of this terrible cab- 
 bage pest, and the injury it does and the loss sustained by the trucker 
 is immense. 
 
 The very young begin by eating the fleshy portion of the leaves; as 
 
11 
 
 they grow in size and strength they gnaw irregular holes through the 
 leaves, until they are completely riddled or honey-combed and the cab- 
 bage rendered thereby unmarketable. 
 
 Natural Enemies and Parasites. — Comparatively few natural enemies 
 have been observed preying upon this insect, although carabid beetles 
 and others are supposed to destroy it at the North. 
 
 A European chalcid fly, Copidosoma truncatellum Dalman, has been 
 reported as parasitic on this species at Washington, by Mr. L. O. How- 
 ard; twenty-five hundred and twenty-eight specimens of this parasite 
 were actually counted as coming from a single parasitized worm. 
 
 Professor Riley has also bred an ichneumon fly, Apanteles congregatus 
 Say, from larvrn. 
 
 Here, in a single instance, I bred from a chrysalis an ichneumon fly 
 ( Limneria , sp.) a common parasite of the Cabbage Plutella, and it will be 
 found treated further on under the parasites of that insect. 
 
 From the egg, however, I bred a pretty little chalcid fly (Trichogram- 
 mapretiosa Riley). It was first described by Professor Riley in Canadian 
 Entomologist Vol. XI, page 161, from specimens bred from the eggs of 
 the Cotton Worm ( Alelia argillacea Hiibn.). 
 
 Besides the above parasites, three larvae were brought under my ob- 
 servation, attacked by the parasitic fungus ( Botrytis Pileyi Farlow). 
 
 Remedies. — Pyrethrum. — Professor Lintner recommends pyrethrum : 
 “A tablespoonful of good fresh powder, diffused through 2 gallons of 
 water and sprinkled over the plants, would destroy the larvae.” 
 
 Hot Water . — Every worm visible upon the cabbages maybe killed by 
 the use of water at the temperature of 130° Fahrenheit, or 55° centi- 
 grade. The water may be boiling hot when put in the watering-can, 
 but it will not be too hot when it reaches the cabbage leaves. The thick 
 fleshy nature of the leaves enables them to withstand considerable heat 
 with very little injury. The sacrifice of a few heads of cabbage will 
 soon teach an experimenter how far he can go with the hot water. It 
 may be sprinkled over the plants from a fine rose watering-can or poured 
 on with the sprinkler removed. If it is very hot it will color some of 
 the leaves, but even where the cabbage is considerably sorched it will 
 recover and renew growth from the heat. (Prof. C. Y. Riley). 
 
 Kerosene Emulsion. — The kerosene emulsion, as formulated by Mr. H. 
 Gr. Hubbard for scale insects, will also be found valuable for cabbage 
 worms. 
 
 Lime and Carbolic Powder. — This is also good. Take 20 parts super- 
 phosphate of lime, 3 parts fresh air-slaked lime, and 1 part carbolic 
 powder; mix, and scatter a small quantity upon each cabbage head three 
 or four times at short intervals about three days apart. The carbolic 
 powder is made by taking sawdust and thoroughly impregnating it 
 with carbolic acid. 
 
12 
 
 THE CABBAGE PLUTELLA. 
 
 ( Plutella crucifer arum Zeller.) 
 
 Second only in importance to the Cabbage Plusia is another cabbage 
 worm, the “ Cabbage Plutella,” the larva of a small moth, and which 
 may easily be confoun.ded with the very young larva of the Cabbage 
 Plusia. 
 
 This insect was treated at some length in Professor Riley’s Annual 
 Report as Entomologist to the Department for 1883, and it will therefore 
 be unnecessary to go into detail here? I maj state, however, that while 
 at the North there are probably but two annual generations, there are 
 at least four here in Florida. Tbe larvse are quite plentiful on cabbage 
 from the last of February to July, and again in the fall. The damage 
 done is very similar to that of the 'Plusia and is almost as great, al- 
 though it seldom attacks other than the outer leaves. 
 
 I have bred a parasite, additional to those mentioned by Professor 
 Riley, which agrees with the description of Cresson’s Limneria obscura. 
 
 THE CABBAGE APHIS. 
 
 (Aphis brassicce Linn.) 
 
 The Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassicce ) first described by Linnaeus, in 
 his “Systema Naturae,” is quite widely spread throughout this country 
 and Europe. It was undoubtedly imported into this country at a very 
 early day, for Dr, Fitch shows, by reference to the Transactions of the 
 New York State Agricultural Society for 1791, that it was already 
 known as a cabbage pest at that early date, and at this day it has 
 spread to most parts of the world where the cabbage is cultivated. 
 
 Food Plants — It is found on the Turnip, Raddish, Field-cress (Isatis 
 tinctoria ), Shepherd’s-purse (Capsella bursa-pastor is), Charloch (Brassica 
 arvensis ), Cabbage, and other cruciferous plants. 
 
 Here I found it on Cabbage, Turnip, and Raddish. 
 
 Its Life History. — The Young. — These are oval, about .01 inch in 
 length, and of a greenish -yellow color, without the mealy coating of the 
 older ones. 
 
 Buckton, the British authority on the Aphididae, thus describes the 
 different forms : 
 
 Apterous Vivijjarous Female. — Body long, oval ; plentifully covered with a wliitisli 
 mealy coat, hoth on the upper and under sides. When this is removed by a drop of 
 spirits of wine the body below is grayish-green, with ©light black spots ranged down 
 each side of the back, which increase in size as they approach the tail. Antennae 
 green with black tips, shorter than the body. Eyes and legs black. Cornicles very 
 short and black. Tail also small and black. 
 
 Winged Oviparous Female. — Head, neck, and thoracic lobes black. Antennae and 
 nectaries dark brown. Eyes black. Rest of the body yellowish-green. Abdomen 
 with a row of fine punctures on each lateral edge, with several obscure transverse 
 dorsal marks. Legs dusky brown, pilose. Tail dark green or brown ; hairy. Cor- 
 
13 
 
 nicies short and brown, as also is the tip of the rostrum. This last organ reaches to 
 the second coxte. Wings rather short, with stout coarse veins and stigma. 
 
 Its Injuries. — -The injuries this species does are more apparent in early 
 spring and late fall than at any other time, for it is then that they are 
 most plentiful, and less subject to the attacks of their numerous natural 
 enemies. 
 
 They are found in colonies, on the upper and lower surface of the 
 leaf; often hidden in the wrinkles and folds of the leaf, deep down at 
 its base and on the leaf stalk. 
 
 Buckton says : u Both the upper and under sides of the foliage of which 
 last plant ( Brassica oleracea) it often crowds in such numbers that the 
 leaves become hidden by the living mass. Indeed sometimes, weight 
 for weight, there is more animal than vegetable substance present. The 
 leaves then become putrid, offensive in odor, and quite disgusting to the 
 eye.” 
 
 It is seldom that plants are so badly infested in Florida as described 
 by this author, although some years ago I did see old cabbage-stalks 
 that had been left go to seed in an old cabbage patch so affected. 
 
 Every stalk was literally covered, promiscuously piled one upon 
 another, with living, pumping, slimy aphids, rendered such by the exud- 
 ing sap of the plants. I was unable to touch a portion of the stalk with- 
 out my fiugers being covered with the slimy, viscid mass. 
 
 Natural Enemies and Parasites. — Fortunately, in Florida, the species 
 has very many natural enemies and parasites which keep it from increas- 
 ing very rapidly. 
 
 In Europe, too, it has several parasites. Buckton mentions a Coruna , 
 a Ceraphron , and a Trionyx (T. rapce Curtis) as having been bred from it 
 in Europe; also “several species of Syrphidse and Ichueumonidie act 
 effectually as checks upon the increase of A. brassicce. The larvm of 
 the former dipterous flies, living in the midst of such plenty, soon gorge 
 themselves and become of great size.” 
 
 Trionyx rapce Curtis has also beeu bred from it in this country. It was 
 received at the Department February 27, 1880, from Norfolk, Ya., and 
 redescribed by Mr. Cresson in the Annual Report, U. S. Department Ag- 
 riculture for 1879, page 260, as a new species, Trionyx piceus. Professor 
 Riley bred it at Saint Louis, Mo., as early as 1871, and I have bred it here 
 in great quantities in May, June, and July. 
 
 It is one of the principal checks in keeping this pest within bounds, 
 and but few of the Aphids escape its sting. 
 
 But there are other parasites; and below I give descriptions of sev- 
 eral others bred here which are apparently new and as yet undescribed. 
 
 The rearing of a parasitic Cynips from this species is quite interest- 
 ing, inasmuch as the habits of but few of our species are known. Up 
 to the present time Allotria avence , A. tritici Fitch, and A. lachni Ashm. 
 are the only Cynipids bred from Aphids in North America. 
 
14 
 
 The Cabbage Aphis Allotria — AJlotria brassicce n. sp. — Female. — Length .05 inch . 
 Black, highly polished, face and vertex of head testaceous] cheeks hroad, convex, 
 antennae 13-jointed, long, pale yellowish-brown or yellowish towards base, becoming 
 brownish or infuscated at tip ; thorax smooth, parapsides distant ; scutellum small, 
 round, convex, with a deep transverse groove at base; wings clear, pubescent and 
 fringed with short cilia ; veins yellowish, the radial area closed ; abdomen globose, 
 with the second segment but slightly longer than the third, highly polished black, 
 but more or less testaceous at base and at vent, and a clump of whitish hairs at base ; 
 legs honey-yellow ; in dry specimens tawny-yellow. 
 
 Male. — The male is of the same size or slightly smaller than the female, and is easily 
 recognized by the 14-jointed antenuse; the third, fourth, and fifth joints almost equal 
 jn length, and all are excised outwardly; the testaceous spot on vertex of head is not 
 so apparent ; the pleura are more or less testaceous and the abdomen is ovate. 
 
 Described from several specimens bred from June 6th to July 15th. 
 
 The Cabbage Aphis Pachyneuron — Pacliyneuron aphidivora n. sp. — Female.— 
 Length .04 to .05 inch. Head metallic green suffused with purple and purplish 
 black on vertex ; sliagreened, the sculpture coarser beneath eyes ; mandibles large; 
 tridentate ; eyes purplish-brown ; antennae brown, pubescent, scape and pedicel 
 darker ; thorax purplish-black with bronzy and cupreous reflection, finely reticulately 
 sculptured; scapulae, golden green; scutellum prominent, convex, rounded; meta- 
 thorax finely wrinkled ; abdomen flat, oval, blue-black, metallic at base and with 
 bronze tingings towards apex, darker beneath ; wings hyaline, iridescent, pubescent 
 excepting at base ; veins pale yellow, the thickened marginal vein brownish, the 
 stigmal slightly longer than marginal ; along outer edge are seven long hairs ; legs 
 pale yellowish, coxae black, anterior and middle femora d usky near base and along 
 upper and lower surface, at least two-thirds their length. 
 
 Described from several specimens bred June 6th. 
 
 TnE Cabbage Aphis Excyrtid— Encyrtus aphidiphagus n. sp.— Female.— Length 
 .06 inch. Blue-black. Head shagreeued, face and mouth parts blue, the facial impres- 
 sion is very deep, eyes brown ; ocelli region greenish ; antennae brown ; thorax shag- 
 reened in wavy curved rugosities, hind margin metallic green ; abdomen bronzed, blue- 
 black; wings hyaline, marginal vein short ; legs honey- yellow, all femora brown ex- 
 cept at tips, a large brown blotch near base of tibhe, terminal tarsal joints dusky. 
 
 Near Encyrtus sublcstus Howard but the color of the legs will at once distinguish it. 
 Described from several sjiecimens. 
 
 The Cabbage Aphis Syrphus Fly — AUograpta obliqua Say. — The 
 larva or maggot of this fly has been taken feeding on the u Cabbage 
 Aphis,” and below I give description of its various preparatory stages: 
 
 The Egg. — Pearly white, long oval ; .03 inch in length, deposited on the leaves 
 among the Aphids. 
 
 The Maggot. — It is difficult to distinguish this from many other Syrphid larvae. 
 The full grown larva measures .25 inch in length, cylindrical, tapering anteriorly to 
 point ; it is perfectly smooth, a translucent green, and the viscera are plainly discerni- 
 ble, variously shaded, dark green, yellowish or brownish ; the jaws are black ; the air 
 vessels, which are visible on either side through the body walls, become contiguous on 
 last segment, where they are connected externally with two small warty spiracles. 
 
 The Puparium. — The puparium into which the maggot transforms resembles a cone, 
 with the side attached to the leaf, flattened and held in place by a viscid substance 
 secreted by the larva ; its anterior end broad and well rounded, gradually nar- 
 rowing posteriorly ; at the end are still to be seen the two warty tubercles. Color 
 yellow-brown, with occasionally darker shadings. 
 
15 
 
 From the puparium of this fly I have bred the following parasite : 
 
 The Syrphus Fly Pachyneuron — Pachyneuron allograptae n. sp. — Female. — 
 Length .08 inch. Black, rather coarsly punctate, with a slight metallic luster. Head 
 large, face and cheeks full ; eyes brown ; antennae brown, scape rufous ; legs tawny 
 yellow, a large brown blotch on fore -and middle femora, while the hind femora are 
 almost entirely brown ; abdomen flattened, oval, shiny black ; wings hyaline, veins 
 pale brown; the bristles on eubmarginal vein are not long and are difficult to count. 
 
 Male. — L ength. 0l5 inch, otherwise similar to female. 
 
 Described from f-everal specimens. The large size of this species and color of legs 
 will distinguish it from others in our fauna. 
 
 Besides the above parasites there is a small Coccinellid that preys on 
 the Cabbage Aphis, viz, Scymnus cervicalis. 
 
 OTHER INSECTS FOUND ON CABBAGE IN FLORIDA. 
 
 A Centipede (Julus muJtistriatus) Say, a Cricket ( Tridactylus minutus 
 Scudder), the Southern Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris protodice Boisd.), the 
 Large Cabbage Butterfly ( Pieris monuste L.), the Cabbage Mamestra 
 (Mamestra clienopodii Albin.), the Zebra Cabbage Worm (Ceramica picta 
 Harris), the Cabbage Pionea ( Pionea rimosalis Guen.), the Cauliflower 
 Botis ( Botis repetitalis Grote), the Harlequin Cabbage Bug (Murgantia 
 Mstrionica Hahn.), and others. 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING CORN. 
 
 The lateness of the season at which I began my investigations pre- 
 cluded me from studying insects depredating this crop in its earlier 
 growth; consequently nothing can be reported of the cut- worms and 
 borers that do so much injury to this crop in early spring. 
 
 THE CORN WORM. 
 
 ( HeliotJiis armigera Hiibn.) 
 
 This well-known insect has been very plentiful and injurious in 
 Florida during the past season. Not a field of corn was free from its 
 attacks, and but few perfect ears could be found that were not bored 
 into by this pest. 
 
 From ears taken from a field near Jacksonville I obtained from eight 
 to a dozen worms in each ear, and out of the whole patch hardly an ear 
 could be found that had less than two or three worms in it. 
 
 The insect is treated in full in the Fourth Report of the IJ. S. Ento- 
 mological Commission, and a repetition of its life-history, habits, and 
 remedies are unnecessary here. 
 
 Its Injuries. — Enormous injuries are committed by this worm, whole 
 fields of corn being almost entirely destroyed by it. The eggs are laid 
 on the leaves, and the young larvae, which hatch therefrom, begin by 
 eating the leaves, but they soon leave these and bore into the tender 
 ears, gnawing and eating them in all directions, so that frequently 
 hardly a perfect ear can be found. At times it is also found at the 
 
16 
 
 base of the tassel, feeding on the accumulated saccarhine juice, found 
 there, just before the tassel emerges from its sheath. 
 
 The worms will not only gnaw irregular burrows and feed on corn 
 while in the milk, but the mature larvae are known at times to continue 
 feeding on mature hard corn. 
 
 I have taken on corn two hemiptera or bugs which probably prey on 
 the worm, although not detected in the act — the Wheel Bug ( Prionidus 
 cristatus L.) and Euschistus servus Say. From the egg I bred Triclio- 
 gramma pretiosa Biley, already noticed; but no other parasite has been 
 bred from it by me. 
 
 THE CORN MINING- FLY. 
 
 (. Diastata sp?) 
 
 A mining fly larva is quite frequently met with, making long irregular 
 mines on corn leaves, and while I have not been able to rear the perfect 
 fly, yet I am satisfied it is the same species mentioned by Prof. Com- 
 stock, in U. S. Agricultural Beport for 1880, page 245, as Diastata sp. 
 
 Several specimens of a parasite, agreeing tolerably well with Mr. 
 Howard’s Entedon diastatce , reared from it at the North, were also bred 
 from it here. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS CORN INSECTS. 
 
 A Hemipteron ( Oebalus pugnax Fabr.) was found in considerable num- 
 bers feeding on corn pollen, along with a Capsid and several flies. A 
 fly ( Ortalis sp.) is common on the stalk, but was not observed to do any 
 injury. A common beetle ( Allorhina nitida Linn.) was taken, with head 
 immersed in the ear, feeding on corn while in the milk. 
 
 OTHER INSECTS INJURING- CORN IN FLORIDA. 
 
 The following insects also injure corn here: The Corn-stalk Borer 
 (. Diatrasa saccharalis Fabr.); the Corn Bill-bug ( Sphenophorus robustus 
 Horn.), and the Angoumois moth ( Gelechia cerealella) and several Cut 
 Worms. From the tassels I have taken the larvae of Nola sorghiella 
 Biley, and in the crib the Corn Weevil ( Galandra granaria). 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE TOMATO. 
 
 The cultivation of the Tomato for Northern markets is a rapidly grow- 
 ing industry in Florida, particularly in the southern portions of our 
 State ; and thousands of boxes are now forwarded by our growers to 
 Northern commission men every season. 
 
 It behooves us, therefore, to keep a watchful eye on the insect depre- 
 dators of this fruit, for we may naturally expect, with the extension of 
 any horticultural industry, a corresponding increase of insect pests. 
 
 Fortunately, no serious damage done this plant by insects has been 
 reported this season, and, while I have been unable to visit West and 
 
17 
 
 South Florida, the sections in which the Tomato is more extensively cul- 
 tivated, yet studies on insects infesting it in gardens near Jacksonville 
 will, I feel assured, prove of interest. 
 
 THE TOMATO WORM. 
 
 (Sphinx Carolina Linn.) 
 
 This is a well-known insect, common in all tomato patches, although 
 the moth into which it transforms is seldom seen, and remains totally un- 
 known to the great majority of our farmers. When you tell them that 
 the worm will change into a large moth, nine times out of ten they ex- 
 press surprise and think it a most wonderful piece of information. 
 
 Distribution . — It is quite generally distributed throughout the United 
 States, Mexico, the West Indies, and is not uncommon in South 
 America. 
 
 Food Plants. — It feeds on Tomato, Potato, Jimpson weed (Datura stra- 
 monium), Egg-Plant, Tobacco, and other plants. I took specimens the 
 past season feeding on Poke-berry (Bivina Icevis). 
 
 Its Life History. — The Egg. — The egg is spherical, perfectly smooth, and green or 
 yellowish-green in color ; diameter about .05 inch. 
 
 The Larva. — When full grown it measures over three inches in length. The head 
 and body are dark green, interspersed with greenish-white dots ; it is transversely 
 wrinkled ; oblique white or greenish-white lateral bands extend from dorsum to spi- 
 racles, edged above with bluish and short transverse black lines. The spiracles, ex- 
 cepting the first and last, are blackish, with a yellow dot above and below, all edged 
 with blue, the first and last orange yellow. The shield and terminal prolegs edged 
 below with yellow ; the caudal horn is reddish-brown towards tip, and the feet are 
 white, edged with black. 
 
 The Pupa. — Length one inch and a half. Dark reddish-brown, with coarse punc- 
 tures on abdominal segments, and a detached cylindrical thick tongue-case, not 
 quite reaching to tip of abdomen. 
 
 The moth is a mottled gray species, with orange spots along the body, 
 and lias too often been figured and described to need description here. 
 
 Ds Injuries.— When plentiful the injury done is considerable, and great 
 care should be taken to remove and destroy them. They eat the leaves 
 and tenderer and terminal shoots, frequently stripping the plant bare, 
 whereby the plant is unable to breathe or mature fruit. 
 
 Natural Enemies and Parasites. — I have observed a species of Wasp 
 carrying off the young worms to provision its nest. It is also probable 
 that the Microgaster and Blacas that attack its nearest ally (Sphinx 
 5-maculata) will be found parasitizing this worm. 
 
 A Tachiua fly, a species of Mascicera , has been bred from it in the 
 North by Prof. Riley (Fourth Missouri Entomological Report, page 129). 
 In June I bred from its eggs Tricliogramma pretiosa Riley, a general egg 
 parasite already noticed, and a species of Teleas. Of the former three 
 to six specimens issued from each egg; from the latter two to four. 
 
 22340 — No. 14 2 
 
18 
 
 I submit a description of the Teleas, which is apparently new: 
 
 The Sphinx Egg Teleas — Teleas sphingis n. sp. — Length, .04 inch. Black, smooth, 
 and polished. Head large, much broader than thorax; antennae 12 jointed, dark 
 brown, sparsely pubescent, the scape barely reaching to the head ; pedicel much 
 stouter and larger than first funicle joint, which is small ; other joints slightly in- 
 crease in size to club, which enlarges and widens considerably, and comprises five 
 joints; the antennae in male are more flagellate. The thorax is ovate, smooth, con- 
 vex, and sparsely covered with microscopical pubescence. 
 
 Under a very high power the head and thorax show a microscopical reticulated 
 scratched surface. 
 
 No parapsidal grooves; the scutellum is separated by a deep groove at base and has 
 some wrinkled ridges; metathorax rugose. The abdomen is very flat ovate, and 
 somewhat carinate laterally; on first segment there are three deep transverse, punc- 
 tate grooves, and the second segment occupies most of the upper surface ; surround- 
 ing the tip are a few hairs. 
 
 Legs clavate ; femora and coxae black or very dark brown ; tibiae brown, with tips ; 
 tarsi and trochanters yellowish or tawny ; wings hyaline, hairy, and with a distinct, 
 rather long, stigmal vein. 
 
 Described from numerous specimens bred in July. 
 
 Remedy. — For destroying this worm no better method need be wanted 
 than hand-picking. 
 
 The worms are large and conspicuous, easily seen, and no difficulty 
 will attend their destruction. The best time for searching for them is 
 in the early morning and evening ; during the middle of the day the 
 majority oi them will be found hidden under trash and in the ground 
 at the foot of the vine. 
 
 THE TOMATO-STALK BORER. 
 
 ( Qortyna nitela Gueu.) 
 
 This insect is comparatively rare in Florida, although I have noticed 
 it several times the present season. It has been so often treated in the 
 reports and in popular articles as to need no extended notice here. 
 
 THE TOMATO APHIS. 
 
 (Megoura solani Thomas.) 
 
 In some cases brought under my observation this year, this Aphid 
 did considerable damage to tomato vines, particularly in the early 
 spring. 
 
 Distribution. — It is pretty generally distributed throughout the 
 United States, although it has not been reported, that I am aware of, 
 west of the Kocky Mountains. 
 
 Its Natural History. — Prof. Cyrus Thomas described the species in the 
 Eighth Illinois Keport as follows : 
 
 Winged Female. — Antennae 7-jointed, a little longer than the body; first and second 
 joints short; third and seventh longest, nearly equal ; fourth a little shorter than the 
 third; the fifth not quite as long as the fourth; sixth about half or less than half 
 the length of the fifth; tubercles prominent. Honey tubes extending beyond the 
 abdomen, excessively enlarged in the middle, and expanding at the tip in trumpet 
 
19 
 
 shape. Tail of moderate length, about one-third as long as the honey tubes, conical. 
 Wings as usual in Siphon opliora ; fourth vein strongly and regularly curved ; second 
 fork about equally distant from apex and third vein; stigma elongate, slender and 
 pointed, size large. 
 
 General color greenish ; tail greenish-yellow at the base, darker at the tip; body 
 greenish or pale greenish-yellow ; antennae dusky. Another winged specimen, proba- 
 bly a male, varies considerably from the above description ; the second fork of the third 
 vein is very short aud near the apex, and in some cases absent in one wing and present 
 in the other. Honey tubes with the enlargement less than the precedin g, and carried 
 nearer to the apex; antennae also differ slightly in the respective length of the 
 joints. Head and abdomen olive green; thorax and eyes black; antennae dusky, 
 legs pale, dark at the knees and tarsi. 
 
 Pupa. — Elongate oblong inform; very pale with a dark green stripe along the 
 middle of the back, with apparent whitish powder speckled sparsely over the body. 
 Head whitish; base of antennae greenish-white, rest pale fuscous, dark at the tip of 
 the joints and at the tip of the antennae ; eyes brown ; femora greenish- white ; tibiae 
 fuscous; tarsi darker. Honey tubes long, slender, pale at base and dusky at the tip. 
 Tail short, conical, greenish. 
 
 The summer broods of this species are viviparous, but there must be 
 a fall sexual brood, containing oviparous females which deposit eggs, 
 from which hatch the early spring broods. 
 
 Its Injuries. — This species was first detected in the garden of Col. L. 
 W. S pratt. 
 
 The Colonel drew my attention to some sickly tomato vines and 
 showed me others that had died and asked me what was the matter 
 with them. An examination revealed the Aphids along the stem stalk 
 and on some of the leaves, and I feel convinced that these little creatures 
 were the cause of the trouble. Their puncture has a blistering and 
 blighting effect on the vine, and the leaves curl and wither. 
 
 Natural Enemies and Parasites. — I detected the larvae of a Lace-wing 
 (Remerobius) and certain Scymni feeding upon them; also bred from 
 them two internal parasites as follows : 
 
 Tomato Aphis Allotria — Allotria megource n. sp. — Female. — Length .03 inch. 
 Black, shining. Face testaceous ; autennae long, 13-jointed, subfiliform, dark honey- 
 yellow, infuscated from two-tliirds its length to tip; thorax smooth, shining ; scutel- 
 lum oval, convex; abdomen globose, slightly testaceous in certain lights; legs dark 
 honey-yellow ; wings hyaline, ciliated, veins yellowish. 
 
 Described from one specimen bred May 26th. 
 
 The Tomato Aphis Encyrtid— Encyrtus ? megource n. sp. — Male and Female. — 
 Length from .02 to .03 inch. Blue-black. Head finely punctate; eyes large with 
 coarse facets; mouth piceous; antennae 11-jointed, covered with short pubsecenco 
 in female, in male with two whorls of hairs on each joint; the flagellum gradually 
 widens towards tip in female, narrower in male; scutellum slightly metallic in 
 female, brighter in male, with some long hairs ; abdomen blackish or brownish, short, 
 stout, with long hairs at sides; wings hyaline ; veins yellowish ; marginal vein very 
 short ; legs yellowish, coxae, femora except at tip, and a broad annulus on upper half 
 of tibiae darker. 
 
 Described from three specimens. 
 
 Remedies. — Those recommended for u Cabbage Aphis ” will be just as 
 effectual for this species. 
 
20 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE EGG PLANT. 
 
 The egg plant is comparatively but little cultivated in Florida, and 
 no serious injury is done it by insect pests. 
 
 The u Tomato Worms,” Sphinx Carolina and Sphinx 5-maculata are 
 both found on it eating the leaves; also a Tortricid and a Tineid. 
 
 A Membracid ( Acutalis calva Say) is fouud on the stalk, a Blister 
 Beetle ( Lpicauta cinerea Forst.) in blossoms, and occasionally eating the 
 leaves; at times a small black jumping bug ( Halticus bractatus Say) is 
 very plentiful on both stalk and leaves, as well as Stictocephala in - 
 ermis Fabr., and on the under surface of the leaves an Aphis. 
 
 THE EGG PLANT APHIS. 
 
 (Siphonophora cucurbitce Middleton.) 
 
 Distribution. — This species was first detected on Squash vines at 
 Carbondale, Illinois, May, 1878, by Miss Nettie Middleton, and described 
 in Eighth Beport Illinois Insects, page G7, and I know of no other ref- 
 erence to it. The specimens found here on Egg Plants agree perfectly 
 with her description, and it is probably extensively distributed over the 
 Eastern United States on various plants belonging to the Cucurbi- 
 taceae. 
 
 I quote her original description : 
 
 Winged Specimens. — Large and green. Antennae very long, reaching to or beyond 
 the tip of the tail ; third joint a little longer than the fourth ; fourth about the same 
 length or very slightly longer than fifth ; sixth not more than one-fourth or one-third 
 the length of the fifth ; seventh longest ; wings transparent; veins slender ; the first 
 fork makes a very acute angle with the third vein ; second fork rather nearer the 
 third vein than the apex ; fourth vein curves sharply and approaches somewhat 
 closely in its middle to the first fork ; stigma elongate and narrow ; honey tubes 
 long, slender, and cylindrical, extending beyond the tip of the abdomen, but not to 
 the tip of the tail, about one-fifth the length of the body ; tail long, subconical, more 
 than half the length of the honey tubes (in the wingless specimens). The form of the 
 body in both the winged and wingless specimens is elongate and fusiform, the latter 
 being slightly broader than the former. Length of body .10 inch, to tip of wing .18 
 inch, and some appear to even exceed this size ; body green ; head paler, more or less 
 yellowish ; thorax pale brownish or fawn colored or tinged with this color; abdomen 
 green, with a darker green median line ; first aud second joints of the antennae pale, 
 third dark, seventh light, shades of light and dark more or less alternating; honey 
 tubes green at base, changing to fuscous at the tip; tail greenish; eyes brown; 
 stigma pale. 
 
 Wingless Specimen. — Green, with few markings: Body slightly broader than winged 
 specimens, and elongate ovate; the abdomen tapering posteriorly to the elongated 
 tail, which is elongate conical, its length more than half and almost equal to that of 
 the honey tubes. The honey tubes are long, somewhat robust and cylindrical; they 
 extend beyond the tip of the abdomen, although the posterior tapering segments are 
 much drawn out, but not to the tip of the tail. In most of the specimens examined 
 under a strong magnifying power they appear slightly and minutely wrinkled trans- 
 versely, or what may perhaps better describe the appearance pustulate or scaly. The 
 
21 
 
 length of body is usually rather greater than of the winged specimens. In both the 
 antennae and front of the head are hairy, and many of the hairs appear to be capi- 
 tate. 
 
 Its Injuries. — It is only in early spring that the plant sutlers much 
 from this Aphid, and then almost any wash would destroy it; later the 
 rains and natural enemies almost totally destroy it. 
 
 Parasites. — Enemies that are usually found destroying plant-lice — 
 CoccinellidiB and Hemerobiidse — were also observed associated with this 
 species ; but besides these I bred from it a parasitic Oynipid as follows : 
 
 The Egg Plant Aphis Eucoila, Eucoila siplionopliorce n. sp. — Male. — Length, .05 
 inch ; dark, piceo-black ; polished ; iu shape somewhat linear ; antennae longer than 
 body: 15-jointed; filiform, red; third joint longest, excised; following joints long, 
 moniliform ; scutellum cupuliform ; abdomen slightly compressed, with hairy girdle 
 at base ; legs red ; posterior coxae rather large, somewhat pale ; wings hyaline, pub- 
 escent, and ciliate. 
 
 Described from one specimen, bred May 30. 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE PEA. 
 
 There are several insects destroying the Pea in Florida, but it was 
 too late in the season when I began my work to study them in the 
 field, the Pea crop being about over. 
 
 Crickets, grasshoppers, beetles, and caterpillars cut and eat the 
 leaves and pods ; but by far the most destructive is a root-mining An- 
 thomyid fly, which preys upon the roots. 
 
 Its existence is entirely unsuspected by the grower, and I hope an- 
 other season will enable me to thoroughly work it up. 
 
 The maggots bore into and burrow the roots near the crown, and in 
 a short time flourishing and luxuriant vines are killed. 
 
 Our people attribute the cause to the hot weather, and would be sur- 
 prised could they see the larvae at work. 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE BEAN. 
 
 The same general remarks made in regard to insects of the Pea will 
 apply to the Bean also, and I have only been able to work up the life 
 history of one “Cut-worm,” taken while in the act, in June. 
 
 THE BEAN CUT-WORM. 
 
 ( Telesilla cinereola Guende.) 
 
 The moth of this species has long been known to collectors, but the cat- 
 erpillar, I believe, up to the present time, remains unidentified and un- 
 described. 
 
 Distribution. — Found generally spread over the United States east 
 of the Pocky Mountains and in Canada and the West Indies. Pro- 
 fessor Snow reports it common in Kansas ; in Florida it is rare. 
 
22 
 
 Its Life History. — The Egg. — Unknown. 
 
 The Larva. — This in shape and size-very much resembles the Cabbage Worm ( Plusia 
 brassicce,) and, like it, when disturbed draws itself up and has the appearance of ageo- 
 metrid larva. When full grown it measures one and one-tenth of an inch in length. 
 Pale green, with a wavy, yellow stigma line and a supra-stigma creamy white line 
 and two pale dorsal lines, 8 transverse black warty dots on segments with two more 
 on dorsum back of these, from all of which issue pale hairs ; on either side of the 
 dorsal black warty tubercles is an irregular yellowish line, and an indistinct yel- 
 lowish oblique line extending from the outer line obliquely between the first pair of 
 tubercles and last pair to the dorsal lines. The six true legs are pale, glassy, and 
 there are prolegs on ninth, tenth, and anal segments. Head green, with sutural edges 
 dark and a few hairs at sides. 
 
 The Pupa.— Length, .42 inch ; greatest width, .15 ; wing cases, .21 inch ; pale yel- 
 low brown, the fifth segment rather strongly constricted anteriorly and widest ; the 
 edges of all the segments anteriorly dark brown. 
 
 The Moth. — Wing expanse from one inch and ten-hundredths to one inch and fifteen- 
 hundredths. The fore wings are grayish brown, with a few short, indistinct, wavy, 
 lighter grayish lines interspersed ; transversely across the fore wing near the outer 
 margin is a light gray or slightly yellowish band. 
 
 The hind wings are uniformly gray, fringed with short cilia ; beneath, silvery gray 
 with numerous brownish gray scales at anterior margin and on fore wing. 
 
 Its Injuries. — The worm feeds on the leaves and the bean pods, some- 
 times stripping the vine bare. 
 
 OTHER BEAN INSECTS. 
 
 A Katydid ( Phylloptera oblongifolia Dels.), a Butterfly larva ( Euda - 
 mus proteus Linn.), and a Tineid are also found damaging this crop. 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE SQUASH. 
 
 In Florida there are many insects found feeding on this plant; the 
 Cucumber Flea-beetle (Crepidodera cucumeris Harris), thel2-spotted Dia- 
 brotica ( Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv.), a jumping bug (Halticus bractatus 
 Say), the False Chinch ( Triphleps insidiosus Say), a Mining Fly ( Oscinis ), 
 and an Aphis (Aphis cucurbitce Buck ton) are common on the leaves and 
 stems, but have not been observed to do much injury. The life histories 
 of and observations concerning the more injurious are given below. 
 
 THE SQUASH BUG. 
 
 (Anasa tristis DeGeer). 
 
 When this bug exists in quantities probably there is no more inju- 
 rious insect known to squash and pumpkin vines. The mature bug 
 hibernates in the winter under debris, old vines, dry grass, boards, &c., 
 and from early spring to late fall there is a continual succession of 
 broods. 
 
 I have taken some specimens in mid-winter, on warm days, in old 
 fields and on fences. 
 
 Distribution. — It is found generally throughout the United States and 
 
23 
 
 in Canada; Anasa ulileri Stah, found in Mexico, will probably prove to 
 be nothing but a climatic or varietal form of this well-known insect: 
 
 Its Life History — The Egg. — Length, .04 inch; oval, flattened on three sides, so 
 that when viewed from either end it has a triangular appearance ; in color it is dark 
 golden bronze. To the unassisted eye it is smooth and shining, but when viewed 
 under a liigh-power lens the surface is reticulated. 
 
 The Larva . — When first hatched the young bug is broadly oval, with long antennae, 
 the joints of which are flat, hairy ; the head, thorax, and wing-scales blackish, while 
 abdomen is a bright ocher yellow. Length, .08 inch. 
 
 Its Injuries and Food Hants. — It confines its attacks almost exclusively 
 to the Squash and Pumpkin, although it is not improbable that other 
 cucurbitaceous vines also suffer from it. 
 
 The bug punctures the leaves and the stem of the vine, causing them 
 to wrinkle and wither; also the fruit. 
 
 The eggs are laid in patches, twenty or thirty together, on the upper 
 or lower surface of the leaves, fastened to the leaf with a sticky or gluey 
 substance, at night or just before dark, for during the day these disgust- 
 ing bugs seek shelter in the ground or under trash at the base of the 
 vine stalk. 
 
 It is curious to watch them come forth from their hiding places as the 
 sun sinks and darkness begins to fall. Brood after brood march up the 
 vine, led by an older one, like the different corps of an army march to 
 the parade ground at roll call. They come from everywhere — in the 
 ground, under grass, trash, and boards. Indeed, it is astonishing to see 
 how soon vine -s will be crowded with these bugs, where but a few hours 
 before not one could be found. 
 
 Natural Enemies and Parasites. — Birds and fowls, on account of their 
 peculiar odor, will not feed on them, and beetles, wasps, and spiders, 
 which attack caterpillars and other insects, shun it as a foul thing. 
 Fortunately, however, there are parasites that prey on the egg, and thus 
 greatly diminish it, although no author that I am aware of mentions 
 this fact. It was therefore a surprise and a gratification for me when I 
 bred three distinct parasites from the eggs the past summer — a Eupel- 
 mid, an Encyrtid, and a Telenomid. 
 
 The Squash-bug Egg Telenomus — Telenomus anasa; n. sp. — Male and Female. — 
 Black, very coarsely irregularly reticulately punctate, with white pubescence; 
 antennae in female clavate, 12-jointed, brown; in male flagellate, 14-jointed, pale 
 brown; legs, pale brown or yellowish brown ; coxae, black ; abdomen in female, ovate, 
 sub-convex above, highly convex beneath, and with a light carina at sides; in male 
 somewhat fusiform. Wings, hyaline, with a slight fuscous tinge, pubescent, the mar- 
 ginal vein very short, post marginal long, while the stigmal is about two-thirds as 
 long as post marginal ; all yellowish. 
 
 Described from numerous specimens bred in June and July. 
 
 About thirty per cent, of the eggs collected were parasitized by this 
 insect. 
 
 The Squash-bug Egg Encyrtid — Encyrlus anasa ? n. sp. — Female. — Length, .05 
 inch; robust; head and thorax blue-black; abdomen and tip of scutellum cupreous; 
 the very large pleura and cheeks are decidedly blue ; antennse and legs pale brown ; the 
 
24 
 
 scape at base and tarsi yellowish. The femora have a large bluish-black blotch in the 
 middle. 
 
 Described from two specimens. 
 
 The Reduvius Egg Eupelmid — Eupelmus reduvii Howard. — Seven 
 specimens of what I have identified as this species were bred from Anasa 
 eggs in July. 
 
 For a description of the species see Canadian Entomologist, Yol. XII, 
 page 207. 
 
 THE SQUASH BORER. 
 
 (Eudioptis nitidalis Cramer.) 
 
 The worm so commonly found with us boring into squashes, at the 
 Xorth goes under the name of u Pickle Worm.” There it is found eat- 
 ing the leaves and boring into the fleshy portions of the Cucumber. 
 
 Distribution. — It is found in the West Indies, throughout the United 
 States, and in Canada. 
 
 Food Plants. — As a borer it is found in Squash, Cucumbers, and Mel- 
 ons, but it will also feed on the leaves of all of these vines. The moth 
 is very common and it must have other food plants; Guenee mentions 
 a species of Potato as its food plant. 
 
 Its Injuries — The worms bore cylindrical holes into the Squash, and 
 feed on the fleshy pulp, causing it to rot and decay. 
 
 Parasites. — From one of the pupae I bred a Chalcid fly, Chalcis ovata f 
 Siy, but no other parasites are known to infest it. 
 
 Remedy. — Professor Riley, Second Missouri Entomological Report, p. 
 70, suggests “overhauling the vines early in the summer, and destroying 
 the first worms that appear, either by feeding the infested fruit to hogs or 
 cattle, or by killing the worms on the spot.” 
 
 THE SQUASH YINE BORER. 
 
 ( Melittia ceto Westw.). 
 
 This well known insect, unlike Eudioptis nitidalis , does not bore into 
 the Squash or fruit, but into the stem of the vine, often killing it. 
 
 I have taken two or three borers at a time from a single stem, and in 
 confinement they proved to be cannibalistic — feeding upon one an- 
 other — as was exemplified with some 1 attempted to rear this summer. 
 
 Xo borers were observed in the vine until July. 
 
 Distribution. — Found generally throughout the United States. 
 
 Food Plants. — Its attacks are almost strictly confined to the Squash, 
 although it has been reported to bore at times into Pumpkin vines. 
 
 Its Life History. — The egg. — The egg is oval and of a dull red. 
 
 The Larva . — Full grown larvae measure from one inch to one inch and a fourth. 
 Somewhat depressed, fleshy, soft, tapering at each extremity ; segments ten in num- 
 ber, very distinct, the incisions being deep ; the eleventh or last segment minute, and 
 hardly distinct from the tenth. Head retractile, small, brown, paler on the front, and 
 with the usual V-like mark on it. First segment or collar with two oblique brown 
 marks on the top, converging behind. A dark line, occasioned by the dorsal vessel 
 
25 
 
 seen through the transparent skin, along the top of the back, from the fourth to the 
 tenth rings inclusive. True legs six, articulate, brown ; prolegs wanting or replaced 
 by double rows of hooks in pairs beneath the sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth rings, 
 and two single rows under the last ring. Spiracles brown. A few very short hairs 
 on each ring, arising singly from little hard points or pit-like, warty substances. 
 
 The Papa. —This is inclosed in a cocoon made of the squash stalk, tied together 
 with a few silken threads. 
 
 The Moth. — The wings expand one inch and one quarter. Opaque lustrous, olive- 
 brown ; hind wings transparent, with the margin and fringes brown ; antennae 
 greenish black, palpi pale yellow, with a little black tuft near the tip ; thorax olive ; 
 abdomen deep orange, with a transverse basal black band, and a longitudinal row of 
 five or six black spots ; tibiae and tarsi of the hind legs thickly fringed on the in- 
 side with black, and on the outside with long orange-colored hairs ; spurs covered 
 with white hairs. (Harris. ) 
 
 Its Injuries. — The female moth lays an egg on the vine near the 
 roots; the worm which hatches therefrom bores into and feeds on the 
 soft succulent interior of the stem, particularly at its origin near the 
 ground, and at the base of the leaves ; frequently when small the 
 worm bores even into the larger leaf- veins. It may easily be detected 
 at work by the withering of the leaves and stem. 
 
 Parasites. — 1 know of no parasites bred from this borer ; although I 
 have a large, beautiful, golden green Pteromalid, captured on the 
 vines, that may possibly prove to be its parasite ; others were seen on 
 the vine or its vicinity. 
 
 Remedies. — The following suggestions and remedies will be found use- 
 ful in destroying the pest: 
 
 Cutting out the larvce. — This method has been long in use by garden- 
 ers, and with a little practice one soon becomes quite expert in detecting 
 and removing the larvae. 
 
 Bisulphide of Carbon in the Ground. — Prof. C. Y. Eiley first suggested 
 the use of this insecticide in destroying grape phylloxera and Prof. A. 
 J. Cook has since used it successfully in destroying this borer. He 
 says: “ A small hole is made in the earth near the main root of the 
 plant by the use of a walking-stick or other rod, and about a teaspoouful 
 of the liquid poured in, when the hole is quickly filled with earth and 
 pressed down by the foot.” In every instance the insects were killed 
 without injury to the plant. 
 
 Gas-lime. — Fresh gas-lime, liberally distributed, after the removal of 
 the crop, will kill the larvae within the cocoons. It is well also to fol- 
 low Professor Lintner, who says: “An infested crop should not be 
 followed by another upon the same ground.” 
 
 Treatment with Saltpeter. — “Four tablespoonfuls dissolved in a pail 
 of water, and about a quart applied to each hill where an attack was 
 noticed and the leaves were wilting, at the time when the vines were 
 just beginning to run nicely, effectually arrested the attack aud a fine 
 crop followed.” ( Country Gentleman.) 
 
26 
 
 INSECTS AFFECTING THE MELON. 
 
 There are two insect pests which seriously damage this crop in Florida — 
 a borer and an Aphis — both damaging the crop annually to the extent 
 of thousands of dollars. 
 
 THE MELON BORER. 
 
 (. Eudioptis hyalinata Linn.) 
 
 In July the melon crop (Cantaloupes and Musk-melons) is almost 
 totally destroyed by the injuries committed by this worm. By the end 
 of the month hardly a melon can be found that has not been bored into 
 by this destructive pest. 
 
 Distribution. — It is a common and extensively distributed species over 
 North America, the West Indies, and South America. Guenee also 
 records having received it from French Guiana. 
 
 Its total annihilation is devoutly wished for by growers and lovers of 
 good melons, and a preventive from its attacks greatly desired. 
 
 Food Plants. — In several instances I have taken the larvte in Squash, 
 but it is almost exclusively confined to the Melon. From two to six 
 worms have been taken from a single nutmeg melon. Guenee states it 
 is found in Pumpkins, Watermelons, and other cucurbitaceous plauts. 
 Now, I have never yet found a borer in Watermelons, aud the statement 
 that this worm is found in this fruit must be taken cum grano salis. 
 
 The Larva. — Length eight-tenths of an inch. Color translucent green or pale green- 
 ish-yellow, with the head and cervical shield yellowish ; the jaws and surroundings 
 of mouth parts black ; from both sides of head issue some hue hairs ; the stigmata are 
 yellowish ; the warty tubercles on the different segments are arrauged as in the larva 
 of Eudioptus nitidaUs, its nearest ally, only they are neither so prominent nor black, 
 but green, and the hairs issuing therefrom are very fine and almost invisible to the 
 naked eye ; the legs are the same in both species. 
 
 The Pupa. — This is long and slender, seven-twelfths of an inch in length, yellow- 
 brown, darker, and tapering to a point at tail; the wing cases are long and rather 
 narrow, and the antennal case is very long, projecting beyond the base of the 8th 
 ventral segment. All the segments are well separated, microscopally rugose and 
 wrinkled. The pupa is generally inclosed in a loosely-woven web or cocoon made by 
 drawing a leaf together. But this is not always the case. In two instances I found 
 the pupa loose in the soft pulp of the melou, in the juiciest portion, and it was quite 
 lively, twisting its abdomen from side to side and wiggling about like a thing of 
 life. 
 
 The Moth. — Wing expanse from one inch and one-sixth to a little over. The wings 
 are translucent, pearly white, iridescent, and with a glossy brown-black border; the 
 abdomen is also pearly white, excepting the last two segments above, which are black- 
 ish, and ends in a tuft of hairs or expanded brush, of a buff color, tipped with white 
 and black ; the head aud the thorax above are brown-black, glossy ; the legs are white 
 excepting the fore-thighs and tibiae, which are discolored above with buft’-colored 
 scales ; middle tibiae armed with two spin'es, one longer than the other ; posterior 
 tibiae similarly armed, but with an additional pair in the middle, beneath. 
 
27 
 
 Its Injuries. — The larvae begin by eating the leaves, and the diet of 
 the first brood of worms must consist almost exclusively of phyllopha- 
 gous food. It is only as the melons begin to mature that the worms 
 bore into them ; for comparatively few green melons were found affected. 
 
 Of the large melons examined, from four to six worms were taken 
 from each, and in ever} 7 case where this happened the melon had reached 
 its full growth and was undergoing the process of ripening. 
 
 This worm does not always bore directly into the interior of the fruit, 
 sometimes confining itself to the outer rind or boring irregular galleries 
 just beneath it; when it attacks the inner or fleshy portion s it is most 
 destructive, excavating long galleries filled with its soft excrements, in 
 Avhich the worm wallows and crawls backward and forward, and the 
 fruit then soon sours and decays. 
 
 Parasites. — Two parasites were reported on the worm in the Agricul- 
 tural Eeport for 1879. An Ichneumouid fly ( Pimplaconquisitor Say), and 
 a Tachiua fly are represented in Plate III, Fig. fi, of said report. No 
 parasites were bred from it by me, the majority of the pupae in my breed- 
 ing boxes having been destroyed by a small red ant. 
 
 Remedy. — See Squash Borer. 
 
 THE MELON PLANT-LOUSE 
 ( Aphis citrulli Ashmead.)* 
 
 My first acquaintance with this plant-louse was made while on an 
 entomological tour to extreme South Florida in April, 1880, on Meta- 
 combie Key, where it had completely devastated the melon patch of 
 a Mr. Sands. 
 
 Mr. S., who was a native of the Bahamas, termed the disease 
 41 Curled Leaf,” and was not aware it was caused by an insect, until I 
 convinced him of that fact by showing him the insects through my 
 pocket lens. 
 
 Distribution. — At times the species is very injurious to melon vines in 
 Florida, Georgia, and places in the West. Prof. S. A. Forbes treats of 
 this same insect under the name of “ the Melon Plant-louse,” (Aphis cu- 
 cumcris n. sp.), in the Twelfth Eeport of the State Entomologist of 
 Illinois, page 83. It was first briefly described by the writer in the 
 Florida Dispatch, New Series, Vol. 1, page 241, July 7, 1882, more than 
 a year previous to the description by Professor Forbes, t 
 
 Food Plants. — Its attacks are confined generally to the watermelon 
 vines, although occasionall} 7 found on Squash and other Cucurbitacese. 
 
 In the West its habits seem to be similar. Dr. Cyrus Thomas, in 
 
 * Synonym, Aphis cwcumeris Forbes, 111. Insect Rep., XII, p. 83. 
 
 t Mr. Ashmead disregards the well-known rules of zoological nomenclature in insist- 
 ing upon the priority of his A. citrulli , as a name attached to a description published 
 'simply in the Florida Dispatch cannot hold. This species should be known as A. 
 cucumeri8 Forbes. — C. V. R. 
 
28 
 
 the Farmers’ Beview for September 2, 1880, says : u There has been 
 great complaint among our gardeners this season in reference to a 
 plant-louse that is doing much injury to the nutmeg and muskmelon 
 vines, and also to the cucumber vines. In some instances they have 
 •almost entirely destroyed the entire fields of vines.” 
 
 Its Natural History. — Very Young. — Length, .02 inch; greenish yellow; eyes, 
 brown ; tips of honey tubes brown ; legs pale. 
 
 Wingless Female— Length, .04 inch; yellow; eyes dark brown; honey tubes 
 slightly conical, black; cauda distinct, dark green ; legs pale ; extreme tips of tibiae 
 and tarsi black. 
 
 Winged Females. — Length, .05 inch, ovate; head and thorax shining black, some- 
 times with the prothoraeic segment green or yellowish; the autenme are dark and do 
 not reach the honey tubes ; abdomen dark-greenish yellow, spotted along sides ; 
 honey tubes black, thickest at base, gradually tapering to tip ; cauda distinct, green- 
 ish yellow or dark green ; wings hyaline, with stigma and veins pale yellowish ; legs 
 pale, with tarsi and extreme tips of tibiae and femora black. 
 
 Its Injuries. — The viviparous female breeds very rapidly and is soon 
 surrounded by young in various stages of growth. In a brief time these 
 reach maturity, wander off to new leaves and shoots, and begin colonies 
 of their own. When these lice become too numerous they exhaust the 
 vitality of the vine, distort the leaves and cause them to curl up and 
 wither. The growing terminal shoots are also crowded with them, and 
 then the vine can make no headway $ it is fruitless and dies. 
 
 It is one of the most destructive plant-lice. To illustrate its destruc- 
 tiveness I cannot do better than quote from an article I wrote in Florida 
 Dispatch, July 27, 1882, after investigating its injuries in Georgia: 
 
 Some figures here in regard to the damage done by the “Watermelon Aphis” will 
 not be amiss, and will show our planters the necessity for prompt and united efforts 
 in its destruction. 
 
 In Georgia the estimated yield of the watermelon crop this year (1882) for ship- 
 ment was 900 car-loads, or 900,000 melons. Many at the beginning of the season 
 bring $40 and $50 per hundred. However, to keep within a fair valuation and rather 
 below the true amount, we will say they bring $25 per hundred, which equals, in 
 round numbers, for the crop $225,000. Now, what has been the yield? The ship- 
 ments are nearly over, and they have not yet reached 600 car-loads., a falling off of 
 33^ per cent., or a total loss of $75,000, due mainly to the ravages of an insect! 
 
 The above statistics of loss are founded upon data of the estimate yield for but 
 three counties, principally Thomas, Brooks, and Lowndes, in Georgia. In Florida 
 the crop has from the same cause met with a loss still greater, and we are considera- 
 bly below the estimate when we say the total loss to the planters of the two States 
 is not less than $150,000. 
 
 Natural Enemies and Parasites. — These have not beeu specially 
 studied, but the enemies and parasites will be found to be similar to 
 those of the “Cabbage Aphis” — flies belonging to the family Syrphi- 
 dm, the Lace-wings (Clirysopidce), Chalcid flies (Chalcididw,) and Lady- 
 birds (Coccinellidw.) 
 
 Remedies. — An important help in their destruction, and to which the 
 planters’ especial attention is requested, and which is equally applicable 
 to other crops, is the following, which, if universally carried out, would 
 
29 
 
 materially assist in the destruction of all noxious and destructive insect 
 pests : 
 
 Never plant watermelons two successive years in the same field. 
 Plant always in an entirely new field and as far off as possible from 
 ground in which they were grown the previous year. 
 
 My reason for recommending this is obvious on account of the pecul- 
 iarity in the development and propagation of the Aphididse. The 
 spring and summer broods in the majority of the species are vivipa- 
 rous, while the fall brood of females are oviparous. The last, therefore, 
 lay the eggs, which lie dormant in the ground all winter and hatch with 
 the first warm breath of spring ; now, then, if this field is plowed up 
 and other crops planted, the young aphids have nothing to feed on 
 and so perish. 
 
 My observation on this species, too, has been, that it is only trouble- 
 some in fields planted in melons two or three years in succession 5 new 
 melon fields are not affected by it, or to such a small extent as to be uu- 
 notieeable. 
 
 Spraying with a dilute emulsion of kerosene will doubtless prove an 
 effectual remedy as with other plant-lice. The emulsion should be 
 sprayed from the ground up so as to reach the under sides of the leaves, 
 Professor Riley has figured and described devices for this method of 
 spraying in his report as entomologist to the Department for 1883, pp. 
 136-138, and Plates IV and V. 
 
 REPORT ON BUFFALO-GNATS. 
 
 By F. M. Webster, Special Agent. 
 
 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Lafayette, Ind., April 20, 1886. 
 
 Sir : I herewith transmit a report of my investigations of the habits of the Southern 
 Buffalo-gnat. 
 
 In accordance with your instructions I left my home in La Fayette, Indiana, on 
 February 18, reaching Vicksburg, Mississippi, on the 20th. Learning here that these 
 gnats appeared every season in greater or less numbers in the vicinity of Somerset 
 Landing, Tensas Parish, Louisiana, in company with Mr. T. C. Bedford, of Vicksburg, 
 one of the leasers of Somerset Plantation, I left for that locality on the 22d, reach- 
 ing our destination on the same day. 
 
 On the 23d, the weather being very pleasant, the day was spent in riding about 
 among the teams at work on the plantation, in the hopes of observing some of the 
 earliest appearing gnats. 
 
 During the afternoon swarms of a species of Anthomyia were observed in the air, and 
 I Was informed that these were the insects that killed cattle and mules. The follow- 
 ing day was both cold and rainy, and, in fact, during the two weeks following there 
 were but two days of sunshine. 
 
 During this inclement weather the lakes and bayous about Somerset were carefully 
 examined, no trace of the true gnat being found. In the meantime larvae of An- 
 thomyia were found in considerable abundance about decayed logs and among de- 
 cayed leaves in the woods, and, as the planters to whom I applied for information al- 
 
30 
 
 most unanimously agreed that these adult Anthomyia were the depredators, it really 
 seemed that the term Buffalo-gnat here might, like the Tent-worm and the Weevil in 
 other localities, include a variety of insects. 
 
 Wishing to make the best possible use of time, I utilized the bad weather also by 
 visiting our correspondent, Mr. Robert E. Craig, at Luna Landing, Chicot County, 
 Arkansas, spending a few days there, and at Greenville, Miss., returning to Somer- 
 set March 8. 
 
 The 9th and 10th being pleasant, the Anthomyia again appeared, but, although 
 very demonstrative, none were observed to alight upon the teams at work. This fact 
 led to the impression that my information had been incorrect, and that I was on the 
 wrong track. This proved true, for during my entire stay I never saw one of these 
 Anthomyia alight on stock. 
 
 Oh the 11th word came that mules were being harassed by gnats on a plantation 
 six miles to the northwest, and, on the following day, I rode out to that locality and 
 found the true gnat in considerable numbers. 
 
 Four days were now spent in a fruitless search for the adolescent stages in the 
 bayous and ditches adjacent to the locality where the adults had now appeared, and 
 as many more were lost on account of bad weather. 
 
 During this time, and up to noon of the 20th, no adult gnats had appeared on the 
 Somerset plantation. A strong northwest wind had, however, set in during the morn- 
 ing, and by evening the gnats were quite abundant. The next day (Sunday) the 
 wind blew still stronger from the same quarter, and Monday morning, the 22d, found 
 them abundant enough to cause some considerable uneasiness among the teams at 
 work. 
 
 Fully satisfied now that these gnats did not breed in the vicinity of Somerset, I 
 started out on horseback, and after riding for about eight miles toward the northwest 
 reached a small stream known as Mill Bayou. Following this down stream, through 
 the woods, the current soon became quite rapid, the banks being more or less grown 
 up with brush and bushes, to below the water's edge. The gnats, too, whose num- 
 bers had been continually increasing, now became numerous enough to worry my 
 horse considerably. 
 
 Finding that little could be accomplished in the way of inspecting the stream with- 
 out a boat, and it being too late in the day to procure one, I returned to Somerset. 
 
 On the next day, the 23d, procuring a dugout, a thorough examination was made, 
 not only of Mill Bayou, but of two others, tributaries to it, one of which had no per. 
 ceptible current, the result being that where there was no current no larvae of gnats 
 could be found. As the current became sluggish a few were observed, the number in- 
 creasing in proportion to its rapidity, reaching the maximum in numbers in the 
 swiftest current of Mill Bayou ; always provided, howeve r, there was sufficient mate- 
 rial to which to attach themselves. Thus, the larvae would occur abundantly on one 
 side of the stream, where a beud caused it to run very swiftly, while on the opposite 
 side, in comparatively still water, few could be found. 
 
 Upon inquiry and personal investigation, this bayou was found to be receiving 
 water from the Mississippi River through Lake Palmyra and Bayou Vidal, and also 
 that its water rose and fell with that of the river itself, until the height of the latter 
 fell below 25 feet on the gauge at Vicksburg. 
 
 It now seemed quite important to learn to what extent, if any, the other inland 
 bayous were influenced in this manuer, and, as the country is of difficult access, I 
 thought best to visit our correspondent, Judge A. A. Gunby. of Monroe, Louisiana, 
 whose circuit I knew comprised the entire infested territory of the northwestern por- 
 tion of the State, and whom, I learned, was then at home on a short vacation. 
 
 Leaving Somerset on the 25th, and returning again on the 31st, I was, by this 
 journey, enabled not only to obtain much valuable information from Judge Gunby, 
 but also to examine the Washita River, and also, but very superficially, on account 
 of recent heavy rains, the country between it and the Mississippi River. 
 
31 
 
 Finishing my labors at Somerset on the 7th of April, I bade a final adieu to the 
 country and turned homeward. 
 
 To Maj. T. C. Bedford, of Vicksburg, and Mr. J. B. O’Kelley, of .Somerset Landing, 
 I am under very many obligations. From first to last — and I made the latter gentle- 
 man’s home my headquarters for over a month — both left nothing undone that could 
 aid me in my work, or make my stay pleasant. 
 
 To Judge F. H. Faner, of Bayou Sara, Judge E. D. Faner, and other gentlemen of 
 Vicksburg, to General Furgerson, of the Mississippi Loan Board, Judge Gunby, and 
 Messrs. Robert E. Craig and John M. Lee, I am under obligations for both personal 
 courtesies and aid in my investigations. 
 
 And lastly, I have had your own kindly advice and counsel, the more valuable from 
 your personal knowledge of the country and of the insect. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 F. M. WEBSTER. 
 
 Dr. C. V. Riley, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 There is no authentic record of the occurrence of the Southern Buffalo- 
 gnat in Louisiana prior to the year 1850, when there seems to have 
 been some complaint of tlieir harassing domestic animals, but no fa- 
 tality is known to have resulted. A vague rumor exists to the effect 
 that they had previously appeared in 1846 ; but this lacks confirmation. 
 The earliest record I have Been able to obtain of stock being killed by 
 gnats was related to me by Mr. Jacob Alexander, present mayor of 
 Greenville, Miss., who states that he observed cattle being killed by 
 gnats at Clarendon, Ark., in the spring of 1859. 
 
 A colored man, formertyan overseer, states that mules were killed by 
 gnats near Refuge, Miss., in 1861 and 1862. General Furgerson, who 
 came to Greenville, Miss., in 1862, with a battery of Confederate artillery, 
 states that gnats were exceedingly troublesome to horses and mules 
 during the spring of that year. They were also observed in Concordia 
 Parish, Louisiana, during the spring of 1862. 
 
 In 1863 and 1864 the gnats were very abundant about Shreveport, 
 La., and also Chicot County, Arkansas. No trouble is reported during 
 1865, but in 1866 the alluvial country between the Arkansas and Red 
 Rivers lying east of the Washita was literally overrun with the pests* 
 Mr. T. S. Coons, an intelligent planter living at the time near New Car- 
 thage, Tensas Parish, Louisiana, preserved a written memorandum made 
 at the time the gnats first appeared. 
 
 From this record we learn that up to the afternoon of April 11 no 
 gnats had been observed, but towards evening they came in hordes, 
 settling upon and biting the mules and horses and throwing them into 
 the greatest agony. Of 6 mules and 2 horses belonging to Mr. Coons, 
 all of which were as well as usual on the morning of the 11th, the morn- 
 ing of the 12th found only one mule alive. In the meantime, a neigh- 
 boring planter had lost 30 mules, and Mr. Douglas, on Somerset plan- 
 tation, a few miles below, had lost 75 mules. 
 
 The mortality throughout the jiarishesof Madison, Tensas, and Con- 
 
32 
 
 cordia, within a few days, amounted to upwards of 4,000 mules and 
 horses, principally the former. 
 
 Although frequently causing more or less trouble and loss, the gnats 
 did not again appear, generally, and in such countless myriads until 
 1882, although they caused serious injury in Tensas Parish in 1873 and 
 1874, and doubtless in other localities also. 
 
 But in 1882 they were more destructive to stock than ever before. 
 The deer were driven from the woods, and frequently took refuge from 
 their tormenters in the smokes, built by planters for the protection ot 
 their cattle $ when in their agony they would allow people to rub the 
 gnats from their bodies, and would even lay down in the glowing em- 
 bers, or hot ashes, in their frantic endeavors to seek relief. 
 
 In 1884 the gnats again appeared in great numbers, and were fully as 
 destructive as in 1882. Throughout Franklin Parish, Louisiana, within a 
 week from their first appearance, they had caused the death of 3,200 
 head of stock. And for the first time in the history of the pest, they 
 attacked horses and mules on the streets, and in the stables, in the city 
 of Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 No general outbreak took place in 1885, yet they appeared in Tensas 
 and Franklin Parishes in sufficient numbers to kill quite a number of 
 mules. 
 
 During the present season, although the gnats appeared pretty gen- 
 erally throughout the country between the mouth of the Arkansas and 
 that of the Bed Kiver, and westward to the Washita, and along the 
 Yazoo River in Mississippi, no fatality to stock had been reported up 
 to April 10, and there had been little or no suspension of work on 
 plantations on account of gnats. 
 
 Generally speaking, the Southern Buffalo-gnat may be said to infest 
 the low, flat, wooded country adjacent to the Mississippi River and its 
 tributaries, from the mouth of the Red River in Louisiana as far north 
 at least as Southern Missouri. 
 
 I have found nothing to indicate that these gnats originate in large 
 streams, or even in small ones in hilly localities, although the latter 
 may have both a swift current and a rocky bed. The fact of adult 
 gnats occurring in such localities, even in destructive numbers, is not of 
 itself sufficient proof of their having originated there, as they maybe 
 carried long distances, and in immense numbers, by a strong wind. 
 Furthermore, I have found no indication of their origin in other than 
 perennial streams, although many intermittent bayous and small lakes 
 were closely examined with this point in view. 
 
 From the foregoing, we are forced to the conclusion that these gnats 
 follow the tendency of others of the genus, and breed exclusively in 
 the running water of small streams. But besides this, there is another 
 equally essential element, viz, something to which the insect can at- 
 tach itself during the adolescent stages. As no rocks are found in these 
 bayous and small streams, we find the larvae utilizing wholly or partly 
 
33 
 
 submerged stumps, brush, bushes, or any other material of like nature, 
 clustering upon or making their way upward and downward with a 
 looping gait, or attached by a minute thread-like spider web, they sway 
 with the ripples at or near the surface of the water, often half a dozen 
 being attached by a single thread. While these larvae make their way 
 up and down these submerged objects with perfect freedom, they do 
 not venture above the water, and when about to pupate select a situa- 
 tion well down toward the bottom of the stream. In deep water they 
 were found 8 to 10 feet below the surface, and also much higher up. 
 But in shallow water they may be found in. the pupal stage, clustered, 
 one above the other, just above the bottom of the stream, their instinct 
 having evidently taught them to provide for a sudden fall in the water. 
 Notwithstanding this, with the water falling at the rate of 1 foot per 
 day, I found many pupce had been left high and dry. 
 
 These pupae are at first of a light brown color, afterwards changing 
 to a pinkish cast, and, just previous to the emerging of the adult, to 
 black. During the first of these coloral epochs they are attached to 
 these vegetable substances by the thoracic filaments, by threads about 
 the body and at the anal extremity, somewhat after the manner of some 
 Lepidopterous chrysalids; but during the last two the pupae hang by 
 the short anal attachment alone, and in this way swing about freely in 
 the current, the adult issuing from beneath the water after the manner 
 of others of the genus. 
 
 The time and exact place of oviposition as well as the exact length of 
 time required for the insect to pass through either the larval or the 
 pupal stage I was unable to determine. But when I left Mill Bayou, 
 on March 24, the larvae were nearly all of a uniform size and probably 
 nearly full grown, a few only being one-fourth to one-half as large. On 
 returning, on April 1, nearly all larvae had passed the pupa stage, and 
 the adults had emerged; all of those larvae now remaining being as 
 large as the majority were on March 24. This, besides indicating that 
 the breeding season was nearly ended, also leaves some grounds for the 
 inference that several broods may be thrown off, during early spring, 
 in rapid succession ; some strength being added to this theory by the 
 fact that, as I now learned from those residing near this bayou, the 
 cattle had been driven from the woods in the vicinity of the stream 
 about the 20th of February. These are points which the necessarily 
 limited period during which I had the adolescent stages under consider- 
 ation, and the sudden, and to me rather unexpected, termination of the 
 breeding season, prevented my settling. 
 
 The adult gnats are usually observed in the vicinity of places where 
 they breed, during the first warm days of spring, and they remain from 
 ten days to three or four weeks, seeming to prefer a moderately cool tem- 
 perature; and hence, during warm weather, are more numerous in the 
 early morning and towards evening, frequently being as troublesome 
 during bright moonlight nights as during the day time. They are said 
 22340— No. 14 3 
 
34 
 
 to spend the night among grass and like herbage. They are exceedingly 
 active, and no sooner have they gained a foothold on an animal than 
 they are busy at their bloody work, selecting the breast, flanks, ears, 
 nose, or wherever the skin is the most easily punctured. 
 
 Very inconspicuous in their flight, making little noise, seldom arising 
 more than a few ffiet from the ground, they often bite mules working in 
 the fields, sufficiently to cause death before their presence in considera- 
 ble numbers has been discovered. This will, perhaps, account for the 
 prevailing notion that the bite of these gnats flrst appearing is the 
 most poisonous, for inclement weather and adverse winds may cause 
 them to appear, for the first, at any time during the .breeding season, 
 in localities where they do not actually originate, and, as will be shown 
 farther on, the same wind that holds them back from one locality may 
 convey them to another. It would appear as rather more probable, 
 however, that the poison introduced into the animals’ system by the 
 bites of the first gnats, unless sufficient to prove fatal, may to some ex- 
 tent serve as an antidote for that introduced by those appearing later ; 
 and should this poison remain in the system with considerable stability, 
 the fact would also account for acclimated stock being less susceptible to 
 poison from the bites of these gnats than those unacclimated. Except 
 in the case of great numbers, death does not necessarily follow the bite 
 of these gnats, and even then it is not suddenly fatal. Mules that at 
 night do not appear to be seriously injured will often be found dead 
 next morning. 
 
 Stock, and mules especially, that have been fatally bitten by gnats 
 are affected in much the same manner as with colic, and, in fact, many 
 think the bites bring on that disease. But Dr. Warren King, of 
 Vicksburg, who has made a large number of post mortem examina- 
 tions, states that he has never been able to obtain any facts which would 
 justify such a conclusion. 
 
 Dr. King opines that the effects of these bites from gnats are on 
 animals much the same as that of the rattlesnake on the human sys- 
 tem ; and this seems to be the generally accepted opinion among the 
 more intelligent planters. 
 
 In regard to artificial methods of counteracting the poison of gnats, 
 there is of course no end, apropos to which, one planter remarks that if 
 the gnats failed to kill the mule the remedies used certainly would. 
 Be this as it may, I could learn of no measures that had been generally 
 tested and proved effective, and no opportunity was offered me to make 
 any experiments in that direction. 
 
 Dr. King recommends rubbing the affected animal thoroughly with 
 water of ammonia, and administering internally a mixture of 40 to 50 
 grains of carbonate of ammonia to one pint of whisky, repeating the 
 dose every three or four hours until relieved. The doctor claims to 
 have never lost an animal under this treatment, although they were 
 sometimes apparently beyond recovery. This measure I do not think 
 
35 
 
 is generally known, but it certainly contains sufficient merit to warrant 
 a thorough and careful trial. Various external applications, such as 
 decoctions of Alder leaves, tobacco, pennyroyal and other herbs, have 
 been tried with a view of preventing gnats from biting mules while at 
 work, but all of these have proven ineffective. A mixture known as 
 Gnat Oil is now the chief protection, but this is apt to remove the hair 
 and is considered injurious to the mules. Fish-oil, and also a mixture 
 of Kerosene and Axle-grease, are both useful, but none of these can be 
 used to advantage on stock running at large. 
 
 Smokes made about the fields serve as a partial protection, both to 
 teams at work and stock in pasture. Smoldering fires of cotton seed 
 are also made in tin cans and like objects, and these are hung about the 
 teams at work. 
 
 While these protective agencies are of considerable service when there 
 are comparatively few gnats, they are of little value in seasons of great 
 abundance, for then stock can only be protected by placing them in 
 dark stables, the gnats having a great aversion to entering dark places. 
 I am told that to look for relief from simply killing the gnats would be 
 worse than hopeless, for, though millions were destroyed, they would 
 not be missed. 
 
 Judging from the results of some experiments made with insecticides 
 by myself upon larvae of the gnats, it will be nearly if not quite im- 
 possible to reduce their numbers by killing them in the streams. 
 
 These experiments were made by confining the larvae in glass tubes 
 and submitting them to a current of the decoctions or solutions indi- 
 cated below. 
 
 Larvae remained in a decoction of China berries for half an hour with, 
 out apparent effect, and the same larvae immediately withstood a brine 
 of salt water, composed of a heaping handful of salt to seven quarts of 
 water, for twenty minutes, and still remained alive. Lime-water and 
 sulphur and water had no effect. Strong tar- water killed them, but 
 diluted it proved harmless. Kerosene emulsion, diluted to contain 5 
 per cent, kerosene, was effective, but it would be impossible to get a 
 strength of even 1 per cent, in the stream. About an ounce of Bisul- 
 phide of Carbon was placed in seven quarts of water, but half an hour in 
 this failed to affect the larvae. About three ounces was placed in same 
 amount of water, and this proved fatal within ten minutes. 
 
 From this it will be seen that while the larvmare susceptible to ordi- 
 nary insecticides, it will be next to impossible to place a sufficient 
 amount in a stream to affect them. At the time, too, when remedial 
 measures are the most needed these streams are swollen, and are often 
 from ten to twenty yards wide and half as deep. Besides, both men and 
 beasts are dependent upon these streams for their water-supply, and 
 cutting this off by introducing poisons would cause almost as much trou- 
 ble as the gnats. 
 
 Notwithstanding all attempts to combat this pest have so far been 
 
36 
 
 discouraging, there is yet some hope of relief, and that, too, from quar- 
 ters little expected, by myself at least, when these investigations began. 
 
 But, in order to fully understand the matter, it will be necessary to 
 bring together, not only chronological data relating to the insect in 
 question, but to the height of water in the large streams during the past 
 thirty-five or forty years. Also, we must understand something of the 
 nature of the country which these gnats inhabit, as well as the elements 
 necessary to their production. And not only must these facts be 
 weighed independently, but very carefully with relation to each other, 
 for it is more than probable that it is through a combination of circum- 
 stances that the pest holds its sway. 
 
 A very noticeable feature connected with the occurrence of the Buf- 
 falo gnat is, that below the Arkansas Biver there is no record of any 
 fatality to stock, attributable to gnats, previous to the outbreak of the 
 war, even in seasons of high water. But since that time the two have 
 occurred in connection with such regularity that the fact has been 
 noted by even the most unobserving ; that is, in season of low water 
 during the first three or four months of the year, there have been few 
 gnats, but with high water during these months they were abundant, 
 reaching the maximum during an overflow. 
 
 The banks of the rivers of this alluvial district are peculiar, in that 
 the country slopes from instead of toward the streams. Hence water, 
 escaping through the banks first runs inland, and then more or less 
 parallel with the parent stream, until it can empty its waters into a 
 larger tributary. Of this characteristic of the Mississippi, Bed, and 
 Yazoo Bivers, whether considered individually or collectively, I do 
 not think it would be too much to say that it is one of the primary 
 causes of the production of the gnats in such destructive numbers. 
 
 My own observations were almost wholly confined to the country 
 lying between the Arkansas and Bed Bivers on the one hand and be- 
 tween the Mississippi and Washita on the other. This section is of 
 difficult access, and I have relied for my information principally upon 
 civil engineers and other people familiar with topography of the coun- 
 try, as my own time was largely occupied in studying the gnats them- 
 selves in Tensas Parish. 
 
 With the exception of a low, wide ridge of country lying between 
 Boeuf Biver and Bayou Mason, and extending from Franklin Parish to 
 Southern Arkansas, and known as the Bayou Mason Hills, this whole 
 region is very flat ; and the streams, with only rain and sewage water 
 to carry off, would naturally have a sluggish current. A glance over 
 the map of this section will show that it is traversed by Bayous Bar- 
 tholomew and Mason, and Bivers Bceuf and Tensas, the last two 
 really not materially differing from bayous. 
 
 Three of these will be observed to originate in extreme Southeastern 
 Arkansas, and running south-southwest, finally unite together, and form 
 Black Biver, which is a tributary of the Washita. 
 
37 
 
 Besides these main bayous there are innumerable smaller ones which 
 often intersect them aud each other, so that if one of the main streams 
 becomes suddenly swollen, the water escapes from it into all of the 
 others, and if continued, affects the whole internal water system. 
 
 These bayous all differ from the rivers, in that the descent from the 
 * top of the bank to the water is much more gradual, and this slope is 
 apt to be more or less overgrown with brush and bushes to below low- 
 water mark. Hence, it will be seen that whatever contributes to the 
 volume of water in these bayous not only adds rapidity to the current, 
 but brings it more and more in contact with the second element, viz, 
 material to which the larvae can attach themselves, and we have the 
 same state of affairs as in Mill Bayou. 
 
 In Louisiana there is but one locality where water from the Missis- 
 sippi gets through the bank into these inland bayous, and that is by 
 way of Bayou Yidal aud Mill Bayou, although in very high water it 
 runs into Roundaway Bayou a couple of miles above B a you Yidal at Dia 
 mond Bend. The next opening is at Master’s Bend, a short distance 
 north of the Arkansas line, and the water coming in through it enters 
 both Bayou Mason aud Teusas River. The next break is just above 
 Luna Landing, and is known as Whisky Short; another, Panther For- 
 est, is just below Gaines’s Landing. Of the effect of these last two 
 openings extracts from a letter received from Mr. Robert E. Craig, who 
 resides on Point Chicot, in the immediate vicinity, will fully explain : 
 
 “If you will examine your map you will find Lake Mason lies at right 
 angle across head of f Tensas Basin.’ The recent rise in the river was 
 high enough to run into Lake Mason, the southern bank of which is 
 high. There are two or three bayous through this bank which let the. 
 water into all bayous east of Bartholomew, but not enough water to 
 overflow the lower banks of any one of them. Lake Chicot also filled 
 at the same rise in the river, aud is gradually being emptied through 
 the Mason and Boeuf.” Mr. Craig also adds : “ When you were here, bay- 
 ous were all receiving Mississippi River water through Lake Mason and 
 Lake Chicot.” It was during “the recent rise” to which Mr. Craig re- 
 fers that I was his guest at Point Chicot. And on March 2d, the day 
 after my arrival, the water measured 27.8 feet on the gauge at Memphis, 
 and 38.2 feet at Yicksburg, as the signal officer at the latter city in- 
 formed me. 
 
 It will be proper to state here that up to the breaking out of the war, 
 owing to the perfect levee system, water was prevented from escaping 
 into these bayous. Duriug the war, these levees were destroyed by the 
 caving of the river and through other causes, and the places where wa- 
 ter now escapes from the Mississippi River and runs inland are breaks 
 that have never been rebuilt. 
 
 As the season of high water usually occurs during late winter and 
 early spring, the effect of this influx of water is not only to fill these in- 
 land bayous, but to keep them full during the breeding season of the 
 gnats. Hence the effects, if any occur, should be noticeable in the 
 
38 
 
 number of gnats and the amount of damage done by them in the 
 vicinity of the streams thus influenced. 
 
 They appear in the vicinity of Mill Bayou every year in greater or 
 less numbers, and I have twice observed them being carried from them 
 to Somerset plantation by a heavy northwest wind, and as often ob- 
 served them gradually disappear under winds blowing equally strong 
 from the north, northeast, and south. 
 
 Strong winds, blowing from a northwesterly quarter, bring gnats sud- 
 denly and in great numbers to the neighborhood of Lake Saint Joseph, 
 six to eight miles below Somerset. J udge Gunby states that they appear 
 at Monroe with an east wind ; Mr. Craig observes them at Point Chicot 
 with a west or southwest wind, and at the time they appeared in the 
 city of Vicksburg they came with a westerly wind. 
 
 Probably the worst afflicted parish in Louisiana is that of Franklin, 
 which is situated between and at the junction of Bceuf River and Bayou 
 Mason. Judge Gunby and others well acquainted with the country 
 through which these two streams flow state that gnats appear with 
 more regularity and in greater numbers in that vicinity than elsewhere. 
 Mr. Craig states that they occur to some extent every year along these 
 streams in Arkansas, being observed the most numerous the present 
 season near Bayou Mason. This is in accordance with all reliable in- 
 formation which I have been able to obtain, and, aside from the country 
 about Mill Bayou, coincides with my own observations. 
 
 In connection with this evidence we can also observe that these 
 gnats are yearly being produced in numbers close up to the danger 
 line, only an overflow being required to furnish the conditions suitable 
 for carrying them far beyond. Soon after these investigations began I 
 learned that the Buffalo Gnat did not occur below the mouth of the 
 Red River. Wishing definite information on this point, I addressed a 
 letter to Judge F. H. Farrer, of Bayou Sara, La., whose reply is given 
 herewith, and I will only say that the facts embodied therein have since 
 been corroborated by planters whom I have met from that region : 
 
 Bayou Sara, La., March 9, 1886. 
 
 Dear Sir : Yours of the 4th instant was received day before yesterday, Sunday. 
 Court being in session, a great many farmers were in town, and I had plenty of old, 
 experienced men to apply to for information in regard to the Bulfalo-gnat. 
 
 Many had been familiar with the mischief it did farther north, but all agreed that, 
 except to young turkeys and other poultry, it worked little or no harm in this region, 
 either in low or high lands. A few indeed asserted that the one here was a different 
 insect, known by the name of “ turkey gnat,” but the large majority maintained that 
 it was. the same humpbacked individual so destructive in North and Northwest Lou- 
 isiana. I presume that it never appears in such numbers here as there. 
 
 My own experience, as far as it goes, agrees with that of the majority with whom I 
 spoke on the subject, viz, that the genuine Buffalo-gnat is to he seen here every 
 spring for a few weeks, hut is by no means the dangerous pest to cattle, horses, &c., 
 that it is in Northern Louisiana. 
 
 Respectfullv, yours, &c., 
 
 F. M. Webster, Esq., Vicksburg, Miss. 
 
 F. H. FARRAR. 
 
39 
 
 In summing up the matter we find that so long as this influx of river 
 water was prevented no damage occurred by reason of gnats, even in 
 the district now the worst infested, and we also find that in other parts 
 of the same State, where this influx is still prevented, no trouble is ex- 
 perienced. 
 
 Hence it seems but reasonable that, if this protection was restored, 
 the trouble would, within a few years at most, subside to its former state. 
 This time would be materially hastened by the removal of underbrush, 
 <&e., which would come in contact with the current in portions of these 
 inland streams where it runs the most swiftly. This last remedial 
 measure might also be applied to bayous affected by high water of the 
 Red, Yazoo, and other smaller rivers. 
 
 From the fact that the gnat breeds during the season when the water 
 is cool, and ceases as it gets warmer, it seems not impossible that the 
 infusion of the icy current of those rivers flowing from the north into 
 those breeding places might serve to prolong the breeding season. The 
 truth of this point can only be obtained by future study. 
 
 It is also possible that a more extended study of the Buffalo-gnat and 
 the entire country it infests might, to some extent, modify the conclu- 
 sions arrived at in this report ; but with the evidence now before me 
 they appear correct. 
 
 THE NATIVE PLUMS- HOW TO FRUIT THEM— THEY ARE PRACTI- 
 CALLY CURCULIO PROOF. 
 
 By D. B. Wier, Lacon, 111. 
 
 During the past forty years, in the vast region of North America ly- 
 ing west, north, and south of Lake Michigan, and the west line of the 
 State of Indiana, it has been impossible to succeed in fruiting the fine, 
 large, delicious Garden Plums {Primus domestica) of Western Europe, for 
 the reasons that the trees were not hardy in this fierce Western climate. 
 The fruit was destroyed by the Plum Gurculio ( Conotrachelus nenuphar), 
 and of late years, if not so destroyed, “ rotted,” particularly south, be- 
 fore maturity. 
 
 Long and persistent trials of this species of plum iu the West, by the 
 most careful and expert cultivators, have proven that it is folly to longer 
 attempt to cultivate the old and well known varieties of these plums, 
 for in the northern part of this region neither the trees nor their roots 
 will withstand the severity of the winters, and south, if we protect the 
 fruit from Plum Gurculio, it seldom escapes total annihilation by u rot” 
 before arriving at maturity, and, as a rule, for many years all intelligent 
 cultivators have given up its cultivation, and have been anxiously seek- 
 ing for a substitute, and have repeatedly selected for this purpose the 
 finer varieties of our two most common species of 
 
40 
 
 NATIVE PLUMS. 
 
 The Chickasaw Plum ( Prunus cliickisa) found indigenous from North- 
 ern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico, and the wild yellow or red plum 
 ( Prunus americana) found indigenous over nearly the whole continent. 
 These are two quite distinct races (for they cannot be regarded as dis- 
 tinct species) of the subgenus Prunus of the Almond family ( Amygdalea ), 
 order Rosacem. And a typical tree of either so-called species is very 
 distinct in fruit, foliage, and general appearance from a typical tree of 
 the other. But so far as we are concerned in this study of them they are 
 practically the same, except that the fruitof the P. americana , or North- 
 ern type, has much the thicker, tougher, and more acerb skin, and that 
 some of the Chickasaw, or Southern type, do not provehardy far North, 
 i. e.,some of the named varieties, while others do, and the same would 
 undoubtedly prove true of P. americana. But as this last is found gro w- 
 ing wild, and with good varieties, at least as far north as the northern 
 limit of Dakota, these native plums are a fruit in some of their varieties 
 perfectly adapted to every part of the United States and '.territories and 
 pre-eminently the fruit of the great Northwest. 
 
 Yet, as a rule, those who have taken these wild plums from their na- 
 tive thickets and planted and carefully cultivated them, in hope of find- 
 ing at least a poor substitute for the Garden Plum, have met with a com- 
 plete, decisive failure. They got no fruit. We, the older settlers of 
 the W T est (Illinois), knew the wild plums as the most plentiful and use- 
 ful of the wild fruits when the country was first settled and when our 
 u tame ” plums failed (for it is a fact that in this part of Illinois as early 
 as 1845 we fruited many varieties of the Garden Plum, Nectarines, 
 Peaches, and Apricots in abundance, with no injury from the Plum Cur- 
 culio, or u rot”). We began to hunt out and plant the finer varietiesof 
 the u wild ” ones, some of which were most beautiful, large and fine, and 
 of very good quality. But after years of patient waiting we found that 
 these gave no fruit in their new homes, except very rarely. We found 
 that the young fruit developed to the size of a little pea, or a little larger, 
 and indeed often to more than half its full size, and then all fell off. 
 
 This fallen fruit, if examined, showed very generally the ovipositing 
 marks of the Plum Curculio, made when laying her eggs. 
 
 It is not necessary here to give the complete natural history of this 
 insect, because all the more important facts and their practical bear- 
 ings have been recorded by competent writers, and especially by Walsh 
 in his first report as State entomologist of Illinois, and by Eiley in his 
 third report on the insects of Missouri ; but it will be sufficient to say that 
 it is a small insect of the Curculio (Curculionidcv) or snout-beetle family 
 that deposits its eggs under the skin of the young fruit of all the smooth- 
 skinned species of the Almond family, or nearly all of them, and some 
 other fruits as well. The eggs are deposited in little holes eaten through 
 
41 
 
 and under the skin of the fruit by the mother beetles, and so soon as 
 deposited she cuts around and under the egg, leaving a crescent or new- 
 moon shaped mark on the fruit, with a round dot (hole where the egg 
 was laid) between the two horns of the crescent. In the Garden Plums, 
 Nectarines, Peaches, Apricots, late Cherries, &c., these eggs soon hatch 
 and bring forth white, footless grubs, which burrow through the pulp 
 of the fruit and live and grow fat on its substance, and at the time 
 when the fruit should mature, instead of a fine, delicious fruit, one finds, 
 though perhaps quite fair without, a mass of rottenness within, with a 
 nasty grub wallowing around in its own excrement, and the rotten pulp 
 of the fruit, thereby completely destroying it for any purpose whatever 
 as a fruit. 
 
 That the numbers of this pest have grown less each year for the past 
 ten years, and more especially during the last three years, is the evi- 
 dence of all careful observers. This grand result has evidently been 
 brought about by the continuously-increasing numbers of its natural 
 enemies, in the form of other insects, &c., and if this rate of decrease 
 and increase keeps on, we may in the near future be so relieved of this 
 pest as to be able to have fair crops of the stone fruits without using 
 preventive measures. 
 
 So much about the Plum Ourculio is necessary for the general reader 
 in understanding this paper, and it is well to continually bear in mind 
 that, until a very recent date, the native plums were considered as one 
 of the fruits totally destroyed by the Plum Ourculio by all , unless it 
 was u Ourculio proof” or protected from the parent beetle. But this be- 
 lief was not and is not true, for we shall find as we proceed that all, or 
 nearly all, of the native plums are practically curculio proof. And 
 what is of very much more value, we will find that instead of breeding 
 and multiplying the Plum Ourculio, they scarcely breed them at all, 
 and that if these plums are planted in sufficient quantity they will 
 greatly reduce its numbers and protect other fruit from its ravages. 
 
 Then, of course, when we found nearly every fallen fruit marked with 
 the peculiar marks made by the Ourculio when laying her eggs, we all 
 of us, professors of entomology, professors of horticulture, fruit-growers, 
 and u clod-hoppers” at once jumped to the conclusion that the u Little 
 Turk” (so called from her ovipositing mark being crescent-shaped) was 
 the cause of the loss of our plums. We all believed this to be true ; we 
 looked for no other explanation ; we had no data on which to base a 
 search for any other explanation, so we sheathed our weapons and re- 
 treated from the field vanquished. 
 
 in the mean time what few matured plum thickets were left, the few 
 that had escaped the farmer’s grubbing hoe, continued to give annually 
 bountiful crops of fruit, the Curculio to the contrary notwithstanding, 
 and, whether stung or not by that insect, matured and ripened their 
 fruit. 
 
 It is true that the treer in these wild plum patches were not as vig- 
 
42 
 
 orous and healthy as they were when we gray-headed chaps were boys, 
 for their surroundings had been changed, greatly changed. Their old 
 companion plants were nearly all gone; new plants, usurpers, had takeu 
 their places and their environment was changed. 
 
 These new plants were mauy of them very injurious and detrimental 
 to the vigor of the trees, and with the advent of man had come his herds; 
 they tramped the ground down hard over their roots ; they laid bare 
 the surface of the soil to the direct rays of the sun by eating the herb- 
 age. Things injurious to the foliage and fruit of the trees, in the shape 
 of new insects and new diseases, were introduced, but with all of this 
 a few wild plum thickets survived and matured plums. Why these did 
 mature fruit under these adverse circumstances, and why the selections 
 we made of a few fine plums from perhaps some of the most fruitful of 
 these same thickets could not be made to mature a plum with all the 
 care and petting we could give them, when planted in our garden or or- 
 chard, to explain this, to give the reasons why, and to show how easily 
 all can have this valuable and delicious fruit in abundance, is the mo- 
 tive of preparing this paper for publication. 
 
 And now I will begin my task. I was born here (Marshall County, 
 Illinois) in 1834, and can therefore well remember the country as it was, 
 and the wild plums as they were before the Plum Curculio made its 
 first destructive showing here in 1845. Then we had these plums 
 everywhere ; u the woods were full of them.” The valleys of the smaller 
 streams were almost one continuous and uubroken plum thicket from 
 source to mouth. The edges of the prairies were skirted with them. 
 They were the most plentiful and useful of all our wild fruits. 
 
 As a boy I was passionately fond of fruit of all kinds, and the lo 
 cation of all good wild fruits that I could find was stored up in my 
 memory for future use. 
 
 Many of the wild plums, as I remember them, growiugin our woods 
 were ver} 7 poor in quality — many good, a few very good, and a still 
 smaller proportion of them very good and very handsome. 
 
 About the year 184 i I found growing in the edge of a plum thicket a 
 beautiful young tree, with a few large bright golden plums on it, kissed 
 by the sun until their cheeks blushed crimson, and, when ripe, of deli- 
 cious, honeyed perfumed flavor, large, oblong, and most beautiful. The 
 next fall it was fairly loaded with its glorious fruit. I determined to 
 secure this prize and have it all my own. I took it up very carefully, 
 transplanted it into the garden, and tended it with the greatest care; 
 it grew finely in its new home, but never matured a fruit ; it bloomed 
 and set fruit freely, but it soon all fell off, but they were not stung by 
 the Plum Curculio ! It was before the advent in great numbers of 
 that now numerous pest. 
 
 I next tried the European or Garden riuin ; they bloomed, fruited, 
 but every plum was destroyed by the Plum Curculio before maturing. 
 
43 
 
 At last a dry autumn, followed by a severe winter, cleaned these out, 
 roots and all. 
 
 I next heard of a variety of the Native Plums called the Miner $ heard 
 a great mass of testimony as to its being thoroughly hardy, entirely 
 “ curculio proof, ” and yearly productive of good, large, salable fruit. 
 I procured 500 trees of this variety and planted them in an orchard, the 
 spring of 1862, and, with the exception noted farther on, these trees have 
 not to this day matured one peck of fruit. This variety is about half 
 way between or a hybrid between the extreme types of the two species 
 first mentioned. I next learned of the celebrated plum of the Southern or 
 Chickasaw type, known as the “ Wild Goose” plum, in 18G7. I procured 
 a few scions of it, and top-grafted them in the center of the Miner or- 
 chard. Five of these grafts grew, and the next spriug the grafts bloomed 
 freely and set a large amount of fruit, nearly every one of which ma- 
 tured fully. The great, bright red oblong fruit hung on ropes on these 
 grafts, and I was so excited over them that I nearly went plum crazy. 
 They ripened the first half of July and they were snapped up in our 
 little town at 25 cents per quart. In my dreams I saw golden visions ; 
 a fortune from plums stared me in the face. Thinking all was right with 
 this plum, so soon as I could obtain trees I planted 800 of them in 
 orchard. They grew and flourished grandly, bloomed, and they set 
 fruit profusely, but it all fell off when quite small. Both these Miner 
 and Wild Goose orchards were planted in a solid mass, no other trees 
 of the almond family being among or near them, except as hereafter 
 noted. 
 
 I have said the grafts set in Miner bore profusely, so did the trees in 
 which they were grafted, i. e., of Miner Plums, as did the trees next ad- 
 joining, and matured their fruit perfectly. These plum orchards were 
 both a continuation of a large orchard of hardy cherries. The rows of 
 both varieties of these plums next to the cherries have every year matured 
 more or less plums, some seasons quite a crop. With these exceptions, no 
 other trees in these orchards have ever brought one plum to maturity. 
 These two orchards were some distance away and so were not observed 
 very closely. In carrying on a general Nursery I gathered here many va- 
 rieties of Native Plums, aud propagated them quite extensively for sale. 
 Trees of the leading varieties on their own roots were planted isolated 
 from other plums, so as to obtain suckers. The varieties so planted 
 were Wild Goose, Miner, Forest Garden, DeSoto, Weaver (though not 
 to be true to name), Langdou, Newman, and many others, none of 
 which have as yet matured a plum except the Newman. About the 
 same time, or sixteen to eighteen years ago, I planted the varieties 
 named above, together with several others, thickly in rows, the rows 
 four feet apart, with the seve'ral varieties intermingled or “all mixed up,” 
 but at some points in the rows all of one variety with no other quite 
 near, and these trees have not failed of bearing and maturing a full crop 
 each year during the last twelve years. Again soon after this I planted 
 
44 
 
 in nursery rows for budding 2, ODD one-year-old seedlings of the Ameri- 
 cana type, from seed grown in Wisconsin. These were planted in two 
 blocks and were budded over once with the varieties last named, and 
 some others. The rows were four feet apart and the seedlings one foot 
 (or less) apart in the rows. But a small percentage of the buds grew, 
 the best of the resulting budded trees were sold, but more or less trees 
 of all the varieties so budded were left among the seedlings and all grew 
 up together and are yet, to-day, to be seen in the same condition. 
 
 Of the trees planted not near other trees of the Almond family, 
 numbering some hundreds, not one of them ever matured a fruit during 
 the sixteen years they have been old enough to produce, until last 
 season, when a few of the varieties ripened a very high crop of fruit, 
 the Miner being second only to the Newman in point of productiveness. 
 
 The Newman as an exception to the other varieties has given a fair 
 crop each season during the sixteen years, except one, when it failed 
 entirely. Ten years ago I was ready to retire beaten, and give up the 
 whole plum and plum-tree business in disgust, in fact the whole Al- 
 mond famity, for the Plum Curculio seemed determined to destroy all the 
 cherries also. I had followed every hint and theory that I had ever 
 heard of. 1 carefully examined the flowers of all the varieties, and found 
 them, so far as I could see, perfect in all their parts. The first grafts of 
 the Wild Goose in the Miner trees continued to bear each year, as did 
 the trees in which they were grafted. The isolated trees, scattered 
 •over the plantation, were vigorous, healthy, and each year bloomed pro- 
 fusely and set fruit freely, but it all fell oft* when quite small, except a 
 very small proportion of that on the Wild Goose; some of the fruit of 
 this variety would attain half, two- thirds, or even full size, ripen pre- 
 maturely and then fall off. But in all such instances there were other 
 trees of the Almond family planted not far away, and I can safely say 
 that during the twenty years or more that I have had this variety old 
 enough to bear, the hundreds of trees of it in my orchards have pot 
 matured one fruit if completely isolated from other trees of the Almond 
 family. 
 
 One day, when examining the fruit of this variety for Curculio young, 
 I was surprised not to find a live grub in them at all, and at that time 
 could not find a fruit in which the larva} had ever fed. And I was 
 still more surprised upon cutting through the shell to find that the seed 
 had not developed and was imperfect. This fact led me to believe that 
 the flowers of this variety were not perfect, that the pollen was not 
 good. 
 
 Some years ago I received from its disseminator, O. M.Lord, of Min- 
 nesota City, Minn., scions (grafts) of a fine new hardy plum found in 
 his neighborhood, named the u Rolling Stone.” Five of these I grafted 
 into a tree of Wild Goose of bearing age by splice grafting on the ter- 
 minal twigs of the main branches. All five of these grafts grew ; one 
 of them gave three clusters of bloom the same spring it was grafted, 
 
45 
 
 and matured three plums. I was very greatly surprised this same sea- 
 son, in July, to find near this graft, and in the same tree, about twenty- 
 five perfectly matured Wild Goose plums, all very close to the Eolling 
 Stone graft and none any distance from it, and the Wild Goose did not 
 ripen prematurely or fall off before fully developed. The three plums 
 matured by the graft ripening about a month later. 
 
 Three of the Eolling Stone grafts grew finely the first summer after 
 grafting, and the next spring bloomed profusely. The tree in which 
 they were grafted grew at the south end of a row of the same variety 
 (Wild Goose) about 30 rods long. This second season after tbe grafts 
 were inserted the tree in which they were growing matured a full crop 
 of fruit ; the one next north 4 feet from it was full of fruit on its south 
 side 5 the fruit was scattering. The next tree 10 feet north of the grafts 
 matured three plums; not one other tree in the row out of perhaps a 
 hundred matured a plum that season. 
 
 The extreme cold of the following winter destroyed the Wild Goose 
 below the grafts, and the following spring they did not bloom. Twenty 
 feet east of this row of Wild Goose stood a row of cross-bred seedlings. 
 The following summer (of 1885) this row of seedlings bloomed and 
 fruited enormously, and the row of Wild Goose fruited very heavily on 
 the east side of the trees, with scarcely a plum on the west side of the 
 row. 
 
 And to close the record of these two rows, I will add that during the 
 spring of 1886 I made a record of the time of blooming of all the 
 plum trees on the place, and of the force and direction of the wind 
 during the time of blooming, and find, by referring to that record, 
 that a gentle east wind prevailed for three days during the time when 
 the row of native plums were in the height of bloom, and the row of 
 Wild Goose matured an enormous crop of very fine fruit, but with very 
 much more fruit on the east than on the west side (the row of seedlings 
 furnishing the pollen which was wafted to them by the east wind.) 
 
 The first year that the Eolling Stone grafts bloomed gave me the long- 
 hidden secret of the failure in productiveness of the native plums, 
 which has proved itself to be that a great majority, or nearly all 
 of them, are not fertile with their own pollen; or, in other words, 
 from some not as yet fully explained cause or causes the pollen of, say, 
 the Wild Goose or Miner will not pollenize the ovaries of their own 
 flowers. Why it will not does not become material ; the fact remains, 
 nevertheless. 
 
 After a pretty thorough investigation my conclusion as to the reason 
 is, that the pollen matures and is flown away and wasted before the 
 stigmas are mature enough to receive it ; or, it may be true that the 
 pollen of some varieties is impotent to their own stigmas, or possibly 
 even poisonous to them. That this latter condition of facts may exist 
 has been fully and satisfactorily proven by the most carefully conducted 
 experiments by the great Darwin, and the results given in detail in his 
 
46 
 
 
 11 Plants and Animals under Domestication,” and tbe same theory has 
 to some extent been handled in works by other eminent scientists. I 
 found that the Rolling Stone variety would pollenize the Wild Goose and 
 render it fruitful. I found that other varieties would do the same when 
 twenty feet away, if the wind blew from the right direction when they 
 were in bloom. I found that in every instance where 1 had trees of the 
 Miner and Wild Goose near each other, both varieties were very pro- 
 ductive, and also that when the Newman and Wild Goose were near 
 together neither was fully productive, and that where Miner and New- 
 man were contiguous both were enormously and regularly productive. 
 
 I also found that where I had Newman growing isolated from other 
 varieties, that it was yearly productive of moderate crops of good fruit, 
 but scarcely a seed from such trees would grow $ but where the Newman 
 and Miner were planted near together the Newman was not only enor- 
 mously productive, but the fruit was larger, later, darker colored, and 
 thicker skinned, and the seed all good, and the resulting seedlings 
 strong and vigorous, the Miner being also very productive in this case. 
 
 Further, I found that where I had nearly all the named varieties of 
 both types of these plums growing together in the two blocks of seed- 
 lings, that all of them (including the seedlings) were, with the excep- 
 tion of the Wild Goose, very productive each year since old enough to 
 bear. Trees of the Wild Goose were growing in both blocks of these 
 seedlings, but none of them have ever fruited so heavily as those grow- 
 ing near Miner, showing, I think, that the Miner is its best consort. The 
 trees in these two blocks of seedlings are about one foot apart in the 
 row, and the rows four feet apart. Growing in this way much in the 
 same manner as the natural plum thickets of the earlier days of this, 
 country, they have all of them matured a full crop of plums each year 
 for the past seven years, and the trees liave remained more vigorous 
 and healthy than isolated trees of the same varieties. The number of 
 varieties in these two blocks may be safely estimated at 5,000, running 
 through all grades of the northern wild plum, from the poorest to the 
 very best. During the whole period in which these plums have been 
 fruiting, nothing whatever has been done to protect the fruit from or 
 to destroy the Plum Curculio, and this insect has been present in large 
 numbers during the whole time. No hogs or other stock have been 
 allowed to run among the trees, and, until the last three seasons, all the 
 u wormy ” fruit has rotted on the ground, undisturbed. 
 
 The history of these plum trees tells my readers exactly how to fruit 
 the native plums everywhere in abundance. Heretofore when writing 
 on this subject I have qualified the above by saying how they will 
 fruit here abundantly. But during the past two years I have cor- 
 responded with the owners of or visited a great number of plum or- 
 chards throughout nearly the whole country and find the same results 
 everywhere, namely, wherever these plums have been planted with 
 several varities near together (or near trees of several other species of 
 
47 
 
 the almond family) they have been constantly productive, but when 
 planted with the varieties isolated they have proven barren, except in 
 the South. 
 
 While the Wild Goose will pollenize its own stigmas south of the Ohio 
 Eiver, and will not north, may seem a little strange. But this fact is 
 easily explained. Here, or North, fruit trees burst suddenly into bloom, 
 and in three or four days the sexual organs of the flowers have matured, 
 performed their functions, and lost their sexual force. South, the peach 
 is often in continuous bloom for four months, the plum for two mouths, 
 and therefore there is a continuous supply of ripe pollen and ripe (stig- 
 matic) stigmas to receive it. Here the Wild Goose plum, for iustauce, 
 opens its flowers one day, ripens and sheds most of its pollen the fore- 
 noon of the next day (the pollen of the plum, which is the male element 
 of their sexuality, consists of very minute roundish, egg-like cells, very 
 light and produced in great abundance, and may be carried by the wind 
 for miles under favorable circumstances and their x>otency remain un- 
 impaired), and not until the afternoon of this day do the stigmas take 
 on the sexual heat and become ready to receive it. These and the other 
 fully established facts, that to many varieties and species of plants their 
 own pollen is neither acceptable nor fertile to their own flowers — stig- 
 mas — and to the more common fact that in many plants a flower is 
 not fertile with pollen of that flower, but fully fertile with pollen from 
 another 5 why we have failed to get fruit from many varieties of Na- 
 tive Plums when not growing near other Plum trees (or other trees of 
 the Almond family), and why these same varieties are very productive 
 when planted near others ; the reason for this seems to be that nat- 
 ure abhors u in and in breeding,” or, in other words, she has carefully 
 guarded nearly all forms of life from unnatural unions or a too close 
 consanguinity of offspring. 
 
 But in our Almond family the different species seem freely to fertil- 
 ize each other sexually in many instances, and the resulting hybrids 
 are, so far as observed, fully fertile with all. For, as before intimated, I 
 have absolute and incontestable proof that the flowers of the Wild Goose 
 and Miner plums are fertilized to a limited extent by the pollen of our 
 cherries, which belong to a different genus of the same order. Also, 
 the proof is absolute that the pollen of the peach freely fertilizes the 
 flowers of the Chickasaw plums, at least some of them. The new early 
 peaches, such as Hale’s Early, Amsden’s June, Alexander, &c., are 
 such hybrids nearest the peach in their generalities ; and the Black- 
 man, Golden Beauty, and other so-called plums are such hybrids more 
 nearly resembling the plums. 
 
 The plums of Europe freely fertilize our native plums, and vice versa. 
 So far there is no proof that the sub genus, Padus , to which our wild 
 cherries belong, is sexually fertile with other members of the sub order, 
 but it is very j)robable that it is not. 
 
 We have now, if we have read understanding^, learned how we may 
 
48 
 
 FRUIT THE NATIVE PLUMS 
 
 everywhere in abundauce. How ? Simply by planting several va- 
 rieties near together or commingled, or by grafting or budding barren 
 trees with one or more different varieties as above explained. Plant- 
 ing the different varieties near together is most practical, and easily 
 done by selecting such two (or more) varieties as will pollenize each 
 other, and planting them alternately in rows 4 to 6 feet apart, the rows 
 running in the direction of the prevailing winds at the blooming time 
 of the plum. If we do not know what varieties will pollenize each other, 
 we will be safe if we plant several varieties in close proximity, so as to 
 have the so-called species alternate in the rows. The rows may be 15 
 to 30 feet apart. 
 
 We now take up the 
 
 plum curculio ( Conotraclielus nenuphar) 
 
 understandingly. But why need I add one more word about it, for the 
 proof is absolute here, and I have the same complete proof from nearly 
 every State and Territory, that it has no effect on the fruiting of the 
 great majority of our native plums whatever. If their flowers are 
 pollenized they give regular crops of valuable fruit as any fruit in any 
 climate, with no material damage to the fruit, except rarely to a few 
 varieties, by this pest. In fact, I will here put it on record : I believe 
 that after carefully investigating the subject throughout three seasons, 
 that what effect this curculio has on these fruits tends to benefit the 
 tree and fruit rather than injure, for, where these plums are fully pollen- 
 ized their tendency is to overbear — to set more fruit than they can or 
 should bring to maturity. The most material injury to this fruit by the 
 curculio is that the cuts through the skin of the young fruit, made by 
 her when laying her eggs, sometimes forms a nidus (breeding place) for 
 “ fruit-rot.” The varieties will be affected by this very differently in 
 different locations and climates, but this rot does not, as is the case 
 with some other fruits, so far as is known prevent our securing full 
 crops of some varieties everywhere. (Curiously the evidence is that P. 
 ehiclcasa is more subject to rot South than P. americana , and vice versa. 
 But my observations here prove that this “fruit rot” in the native 
 plums more often finds a nidus or origin in the minute punctures of leaf 
 lice ( Aphididce ) and plant bug3 ( Hemiptera ). The most injurious of the 
 bugs to the fruit of our native plums, and perhaps the most injurious in- 
 sect of Korth America, is the now notorious tarnished plant bug (Capsus 
 oblineatus, Say.). This pernicious bug is abundant nearly everywhere, 
 is an omnivorous feeder, and not only depletes trees and plants of their 
 iuices, but the puncture of its beak is very poisonous to them, causing 
 many young fruits to drop soon after being punctured, on others leav- 
 ing wounds for the entrance of the spores of the sporadic diseases or 
 “rots.” Therefore it will not do to give the plum curculio credit as the 
 
49 
 
 destroyer of all fruit that falls before maturity ; and, further, it is a fact 
 that the injury to the young fruit by this curculio when laying her eggs 
 does not cause such fruit to fall while small, but the contrary is true. 
 Therefore, when we find ail our young plums on the ground early in 
 June, notice if every one of them shows the ovipositing mark of the 
 Little Turk. She or her work was not the cause of their fall. But cut 
 them open and you will invariably find the seed embryo dead, or the 
 lice or bugs before mentioned had caused their death. 
 
 Then it remains to give a short summary of the facts gathered, show- 
 ing the true status of the Plum Curculio in regard to fruit growing 
 generally and the Native Plums especially. 
 
 The first and most important is that all evidence shows that this in- 
 sect seeks the Native Plums in preference to all other fruits in which to 
 deposit her eggs. This is a queer, a strange fact in biology, which nat- 
 uralists will be inclined to dispute, namely, that an insect should seek 
 and use, seemingly by preference, a fruit in which to lay her eggs 
 wherein but very few of them will hatch and in which but few of such 
 larvae as do hatch can be nourished on its substance to maturity. 
 
 The reason why the Plum Curculio does seek the Native Plums to 
 oviposit in seems to be because of their very early and very fragrant 
 bloom. This beetle, unlike some others, is a ravenous feeder while in 
 the imago or beetle state, and flies toward the nearest inviting food. 
 With what result, now becomes the important question. I have shown 
 that the depositing of the eggs of the Curculio in the young fruit does 
 not cause it to fall before reaching maturity ; that it does not materially 
 injure the fruit, for I have marketed a. Miner plum on which were eight- 
 een of the ovipositing marks of this beetle, and yet it was a passable 
 plum for use (eating or canning). But the facts are best given in figures 
 and percentages. 
 
 During the past two seasons I have gone over the great mass of native 
 plums in bearing here twice during each season, or four times syste- 
 matically, and very carefully, with practically the same results each 
 time, and I will here give my results in figures. 
 
 I found that for every egg that hatched and the larvae had fed notice- 
 ably, that there were from 1,500 to 1,900 ovipositing marks of the Our- 
 culio, and that only one living curculio maggot was found in 3,100 to 
 3,500 plums examined and in which her eggs had been laid. These 
 percentages are from /the June observations of these two years and 
 coincide with previous observations. In the two observations made 
 during the latter part of July and first of August the percentages were 
 not materially changed or different. Another study was made to find 
 out how many larvae that had hatched had fed to well advanced matu- 
 rity as larvae. To get at this I selected the fruit of the Wild Goose and 
 Newman, in which I had found more living larvae than in any other 
 variety here (as yet I have not found any living larvae of considerable 
 size in the Miner, but strangely I found more living, well fed, healthy 
 22340— No. 14 4 
 
50 
 
 looking larvae in P. americana in the woods, to the number of plums 
 stung than I have in any other plum, a not very careful survey of this 
 tree showed that about one in twenty-five of the eggs laid in the fruit 
 has produced well-grown, healthy looking larvae). I selected first 100 
 plums of the Wild Goose variety, in which eggs had seemingly been 
 laid. (I am well aware that in many species of insect life the females 
 will continue to form proper nidi for the reception of her eggs long 
 after her supply of eggs has become completely exhausted; in fact, 
 as a rule the a griin messenger” finds her busily at work, with feeble 
 effort, trying to lay eggs and reproduce her kind, and it is quite proba- 
 ble that our u Little Turk” possesses this instinct, which continues to 
 its fatal termination. Therefore my percentages are not so correct as 
 if I had been able in each instance to locate an egg, in situ within the 
 ovipositing mark.) At least the ovipositing mark was apparent on 
 each fruit. These were placed in a vessel, and taken out one at a 
 time and cut under the ovipositing mark to ascertain if the larvae 
 had fed. If it had not fed noticeably, it was thrown aside and another 
 taken up, and so on until I had obtained a hundred plums in which 
 the egg had hatched and the larvae had fed. Two trials of Wild Goose 
 plums, in this way, gave respectively 22 and 23 living, sickly look- 
 ing, attenuated larvae. Two trials of the same number of Newman gave 
 respectively 24 and 26 of the same kind of grubs. Whether auy one 
 of these sickly looking larvae would have matured into beetles I do 
 not know, but I have the best of reasons for believing that none of 
 them would. And here are my reasons, and they are of the greatest 
 value, if I have made no mistakes. The autumns of 1884 and 1885 I 
 gathered the fallen fruit from all the trees for seed, and of course in this 
 way I got all the fruit with living larvae in them, and when selecting 
 what good fruit there was for market, all wormy and imperfect fruit 
 was thrown on the surface of the ground in the shade of trees, day by 
 day as gathered, and on and convenient thereto were placed several 
 contrivances, such as the young beetles are known to seek as soon as 
 they emerge from the ground for shelter. These shelters were care- 
 fully examined until cold weather without finding a single beetle. 
 
 The next spring this seed was gathered up early and planted. A good 
 portion of the ground it had occupied was at once covered with strong 
 canvas, with its edges so covered and fastened down that it was im- 
 probable that the beetles could escape from under it.* Now, if this 80 
 bushels of plums selected from the 264 bushels marketed on one season, 
 and of course including practically all the wormy plums, bred no Curcu- 
 lios, and it takes 3,200 eggs to produce one well-matured larva, and if we 
 give it all the Native Plums it may require in which to lay all of its eggs, 
 
 * This experiment was very poorly conducted and proves nothing. If the plums re- 
 ferred to were wormy, it is safe to say that at least a portion of the larvm w r ere in 
 healthy condition and went through their transformations under ground. We have 
 
51 
 
 this is the pertinent question: Does it not seem conclusively to show 
 that when this great western region, the timbered portion of it, was, we 
 may say, one vast Plum thicket, that there were then plums enough to 
 hold the Plum Ourculio entirely in check? And, further, does it not 
 also show conclusively that if we now plant a sufficient number of these 
 plum trees to produce fruit for the beetles to feed on and lay all of 
 their eggs in, and such eggs do not hatch, as we have seen, that they, 
 the plums, will again reduce its numbers below the point of practical 
 injury, and in this way protect all our other fruit from its depreda- 
 tions? Again, do not our facts show, that if it is true that the Plum 
 Curculio is attracted by these plums early in the season, and being 
 there on the plums she will therefore lay her eggs in them exclusively, 
 and that by planting these plums unstintedly among and around our 
 Peaches, Apples, Cherries, and other fruits liable to injury by her, that 
 we will protect these fruits from damage by this beetle? 
 
 We have but one question of importance to answer, which is, Are the 
 Native Plums a fruit worthy of extended cultivation? I can answer 
 this question emphatically, Yes , they are. They are one of the most cer- 
 tain of the fruits in the regularity of their crop, and the yield is usually 
 abundant, the fruit wholesome, attractive, and easily gathered, and can 
 be shipped any reasonable distance to market. When thoroughly ripe 
 it is delicious, eaten in a natural state — that is, some varieties of it j 
 others are among the finest of fruits for preparing in the various ways 
 known to the culinary art — stewing, canning, drying, preserving in 
 sugar, sweet pickling (spicing), &c. And many of the varieties of the 
 Northern type will keep perfectly throughout the winter if simply placed 
 in an open earthen jar and covered with water. They all make most 
 
 liad some experience with the larvae of this insect, but should scarcely venture to dis- 
 criminate between sickly and healthy individuals as Mr. Wier has done. The pre- 
 cautions taken to observe and count the beetles emerging from the ground were en- 
 tirely insufficient for the purpose, as the tendency to secrete under traps is mani- 
 fested chiefly in cool weather in spring. 
 
 Moreover, Mr. Wier’s statements that the planting and cultivating of the Wild Plum 
 will protect our peaches, apricots, cultivated plums, &c,, and effect a decrease in the 
 numbers of the Curculio, are mere assumptions and contrary to experience. The fact 
 that these cultivated fruits were badly infested by the Curculio as soon as they were 
 introduced is a sufficient proof that the Curculio shows a decided preference for 
 these plants. While we would not discredit the correctness of Mr. Wier’s observa- 
 tion that a large proportion of Curculio eggs laid in Wild Plums fail to hatch (be- 
 cause they often thus fail in cultivated varieties and in cherries, pears, and apples), 
 yet we do not believe this fact has much influence on the general decrease of the Cur- 
 culio. The Wild Plums were the original food-plant of the insect and it has “ ex- 
 isted as a species ” on this plant from time immemorial. The cultivation of peaches, 
 apricots, cherries, &c., simply furnished the means for it to increase, and only the com- 
 plete abandonment of their cultivation would re-establish the original relative scar- 
 city of the Curculio. The state of affairs would be quite different if Mr. Wier could 
 show us how to compel the insect to oviposit in the fruit of the Wild Plum, or could 
 even prove by satisfactory scientific evidence the truth of his assertion that it has a 
 preference for said wild fruit. — C. V. R. 
 
52 
 
 beautiful and delicious jellies. Such are the principal uses of the fruit. 
 The trees will thrive on any soil that will support common trees, but do 
 best on a deep, rich, moist soil ; they thrive finely in the bottoms of deep, 
 steep, narrow ravines and along drains, on lands too rough for cultivation, 
 if reasonably rich. The trees are natural to crowded situations, crowded 
 by each other, and by other trees ; their roots do best rambling through 
 moist soil, shaded from the sun, and the trees do very much the best in 
 a location sheltered from the strong winds of spring (which blow away 
 the pollen). The trees are easily propagated ; they throw up young 
 trees (suckers) freely from their roots ; therefore when planting these 
 plums on the thicket plan in waste places it is best to have them on 
 their own roots. Or, if we do not wish them to produce suckers, they 
 may be budded on the Chickasaw variety known as Mariana, which 
 variety grows freely from cuttings, is quite hardy, and seldom, if ever, 
 throws up suckers from its roots. In the South these plums do finely 
 when budded or grafted on peach (which do not sucker), but care must 
 be taken to prevent injury from the Peach Borer (j. HJ geria exitiosa Say). 
 North they do nicely if u root-grafted” on peach. Generally, as the reader 
 will have learned from this paper, the Native Plums have no very nox- 
 ious insect enemies or diseases here or over the country at large, an 1 it 
 is safe to say that they in some of their varieties or tribes can be grown 
 profitably in every part of the country. There is a vast amount to be 
 learned about them as yet, and some very important facts to determine. 
 The most valuable one is this : I have some proof that certain varieties 
 of these plums will breed the Plum Curculio freely; if so, such varieties 
 should be searched out and destroyed, and we should be sure not to 
 plant these varieties for fruit, be that ever so fine. 
 
 THE SERRELL AUTOMATIC SILK REEL. 
 
 By Philip Walker. 
 
 In previous reports the new Serrell automatic silk reel has been fre- 
 quently mentioned, but owing to the incomplete condition of the pat- 
 ents upon it, it has been considered unwise to publish even such a gen- 
 eral description as that which follows. Now, however, that these ma- 
 chines are in operation in Washington, it is possible to gratify the 
 laudable curiosity of persons interested in this machinery, of which so 
 much has been said but so little known in this country. 
 
 An understanding of the mechanical principles of ordinary non auto- 
 matic reels and of the Serrell serigraph are so necessary to a thorough 
 comprehension of the automatic reel that, although they have already 
 been described by Professor Riley in Bulletin No. 9 of the Division.* 
 it is deemed wise to insert an account of them here. The quotations 
 
 * The Mulberry Silk-Worm, by C. V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D., Washington, 1886. 
 
53 
 
 which follow are from that pamphlet. A farther word on some of the 
 properties of the cocoon filament and the general process of reeling is 
 also given in order to make the descriptions which follow more intelli- 
 gible. 
 
 Thesilk-worm occupies, in general, about thirty days in passing through 
 the period comprised between its birth and the fabrication of its cocoon. 
 Most of this time is employed in eating, but about five days being con- 
 sumed in passing through the molts. The food consumed during the 
 last ten days is almost entirely employed in the formation of a fluid 
 which fills the silk ducts and which goes ultimately to the fabrication of 
 the silken thread of the cocoon. 
 
 In the body of the larvae there are two of these ducts, each of which 
 is connected with an orifice called a spinneret, which is situated in the 
 lower lip of the insect. The larva in the formation of its cocoon throws 
 out from these orifices two fine filaments covered with a natural glue. 
 This glue serves to stick the two filaments together and to form them 
 into what appears to the naked eye to be one compact thread. An ex- 
 amination of this thread under the microscope, however, shows its 
 double nature and its flattened section, whose width is three to four 
 times its thickness. 
 
 The first step taken by the worm, after it has found a con venient 
 place to make its cocoon, is to throw out a system of threads designed 
 to form a founda ion to the more compact pod. The tissue of this sys- 
 tem is loose and is not apparently woven after any fixed plan. Once 
 this foundation completed, the larva begins the constru ctiou of the 
 stronger wall of its resting place, which is constructed of a firm felting 
 laid on in figure-eight loops and in many distinct layers. Of these 
 layers it is easy to recognize at least a dozen and to tear them apart 
 but it is probable that in reality these might each be subdivided into 
 many more but for the lack of instruments of sufficient delicacy. 
 
 Taking the yellow Milanese races as a type, we find that it requires 
 about 250 fresh cocoons to make a pound and that each contains about 
 one thousand yards of thread. These cocoons, with the inclosed chrys- 
 alides, contain, however, 6G per centum of water, which in the course of 
 three or four mouths 7 drying will effectually evaporate. Of the total 
 weight of these cocoons, again, but about 15 per centum is formed of 
 silk, the balance being composed of chrysalides and the skins cast by 
 the larvae in their transformation. Thus, were we to recover all of the 
 silk contained in a lot of cocoons, it would not exceed 15 per centum of 
 the total weight when fresh, or 33 per centum of the weight when dry. 
 It is not, however, possible to accomplish such a result, both on account 
 of the loss caused in getting hold of the end of the thread and from the 
 fact that it is impossible to finish the reelingof a cocoon to its veryeud. 
 Manufacturers rarely obtain more than one pound of silk for each three 
 and one-half pounds of dry cocoons employed, and it is not uncommon 
 
54 
 
 for them to consume at least four pounds of raw material in the forma- 
 tion of each pound of their product. 
 
 Before reeling the cocoons must be cleaned by the removal of the 
 outer system of threads which, under the name of floss, is one of the 
 waste products of the industry. 
 
 In the filature the “cocoons are first plunged into boiling water, 
 whereby their gluten is softened in such a manner as to render the un- 
 winding of the filaments an easy matter. This done, they are brushed 
 with a small broom, to the straws of which their fibers become attached. 
 The bundle of filaments is then taken and they are unwound until each 
 cocoon hangs by but one clean thread. These three operations are 
 called ‘cooking,’ ‘brushing,’, and ‘purging.’ The first two can be ac- 
 complished mechanically, and are currently so performed in Italy and 
 largely in France. But purging is a process to which the accuracy of 
 the human eye and the delicacy of the human touch have so far been 
 found necessary.” The thread unwound in these processes is also a 
 waste product, called “frisons,” and has about one-fifth the value of 
 reeled silk. In good working about four times as much silk as frisons 
 is produced. 
 
 “The elements of the mechanism of all modern silk reels are essentially 
 the same. They are shown in Fig. 1, and consist, in general, of a basin, 
 A, in which is a perforated steam-pipe, P, by means 6f which the water 
 in the basin may be heated. A few inches above the surface of the 
 water is placed a perforated agate, B. The cocoons having undergone 
 the three operations mentioned, the ends of the filaments of four or more 
 of them are twisted together into a thread, which is passed through the 
 hole in the agate. From this it runs through the “croisure” M, which 
 will be hereafter explained, and over the guide E to the reel at F. Be- 
 tween E and F the thread passes a guide, G, moving to and fro (in a 
 line perpendicular to the plane ot the paper), which distributes it in a 
 
55 
 
 broad band over the surface of the reel. This facilitates the drying of 
 the silk, without which the gluten would bind together the threads of 
 the skein as it does those of the cocoons, and thus ruin its commercial 
 value. The shaft of the reel carries at one end a friction-wheel, H , 
 which rests on the large friction-wheel I, that constantly revolves on the 
 shaft N, and thus motion is imparted to the reel. In order to stop the 
 reel it is oaly necessary to raise the wheel H from its bearings by means 
 of the lever L. This movement presses the wheel against the brake- 
 shoe K, and its motion is at once arrested. 
 
 u As has been said above, the thread is passed between the agate and 
 the reel through the croisure. The making of the croisure consists in 
 twisting the thread around itself or another thread so as to consolidate 
 its constituent filaments and wring the water from it and thus aid in its 
 drying. The mode of the formation of this croisure forms the principal 
 distinguishing mark between the French and Italian systems of reeling. 
 The former is called the 1 Chambon system. 7 Each reeler manages two 
 threads. These are passed through separate agates, and after being 
 brought together and twisted twenty or thirty times around each other 
 are again separated and passed through guiding eyes to the reel. The 
 other system, called ‘tavellette, 7 * consists in passing the thread up 
 over a small pulley, (7, down over another, D, and then twisting it around 
 itself, as shown at If, in Fig. 1, and thence to the reel. 
 
 u The cocoon filament is somewhat finer in the floss or beginning, thick- 
 ens at the point of forming the more compact pod, and then very gradu- 
 ally diminishes in diameter until it becomes so fine as to be incapable 
 of standing the strain of reeling,” the mean sections at these points be- 
 ing about proportional to the figures 30, 40, and 25. “ Therefore a thread 
 
 which is made up of five new filaments becomes so small when the co- 
 coons from which it is drawn are half unwound as to require an addi- 
 tion. This addition might also be made necessary by the rupture of 
 one of the constituent filaments. It is here that the skill of the oper- 
 ator is called into play. When her experience tells her that the thread 
 needs nourishing from either of these causes, she takes the end of the 
 filament of one of the cocoons which lie prepared in her basin, and, giv- 
 ing it a slight snap or whip-lash movement with the index-finger, causes 
 it to wind around or adhere to the running thread, of which it from this 
 moment becomes a constituent part. This lancing, as it is called, of the 
 end of the filament, although in hand reeling performed in the manner 
 described, is also accomplished mechanically, several devices having 
 been invented for this purpose. They consist, in general, of a mechan- 
 ism (occupying the place of the agate B ), which causes a small hook 
 to revolve in a horizontal plane about the running thread, and to twist 
 around it any end of the filament that may be placed in the path of the 
 hook. The reeler, seeing that a new filament is needed, holds the end of 
 one in the way of the attaching device, and it is automatically caught.” 
 
 The trade name of the small pulley mentioned. 
 
56 
 
 The thread of “raw” or reeled silk is excessively strong, ductile, and 
 elastic. As has been seen, it is- composed of several double filaments, 
 drawn from as many cocoons. In common with other elastic threads, 
 a given length of one of silk will resist a tendency to stretch to an ex- 
 tent proportionate to its mean section. This is the un derlying princi- 
 ple of the serigraph. The mode of determining the irregularities exist- 
 ing in a thread of raw silk by means of this machine is as follows : The 
 end of the thread is brought from the reel or bobbin on which it is wound 
 
 around a drum, 8, (Plate I), thence over a pulley, R, and back around 
 another drum, T, mounted on the same axis as S. From the drum T it 
 is wound on a reel. The drum T is larger than 8, so that the former 
 winds on the thread somewhat faster than it is paid off by the latter, 
 and thus stretches it. In this manner we apply a constant force to the 
 pulley _R, tending to draw it from its normal position. This pulley is 
 attached to the base of a pendulum, U , which, under the action of the 
 force mentioned, is drawn from the perpendicular. The weight of this 
 pendulum overcoming the force thus applied to an extent inversely pro- 
 portional to the mean section of the length of thread submitted to the 
 test, the position of equilibrium taken by the pendulum depends upon 
 and is an indication of that mean section. The portion thus tested is 
 that between the two drums S and T , and as, through the constant 
 action of the machine, successive lengths of thread occupy the position 
 indicated, the pendulum oscillates through a course which depends upon 
 the irregularities of the thread. These irregularities are graphically 
 recorded by a pencil, attached to the pendulum, upon a band of paper, 
 which moves constantly under its point. 
 
 The serigraph, it will be seen, is an apparatus for continuously meas- 
 uring the relative size of any thread passed over its drums and record- 
 ing the irregularities in its size on a band of paper. 
 
 From this machine to the automatic reeler was but a slight transition, 
 easily accomplished. It has been in working out the details of the de- 
 sired mechanism that the greatest difficulty has been met with. The 
 result is attained in general by causing the pendulum TJ to close an 
 
olxvwoxay r ri5imiH £! -mhx ao siodiDNiaj 
 
 Bulletin 14, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agr. Plate I. 
 
57 
 
 electric circuit whenever the thread becomes so weak as to permit of a 
 certain amount of stretching under the tension applied to it. The 
 electric current due to this circuit-closing is then employed in releasing 
 the detent of a suitable feeding device, by which a new cocoon filament 
 is added to the main thread and its size augmented. 
 
 In the operation of the automatic silk-reel the thread is made as in an 
 ordinary hand-reel, and passed through the centre of a filament-attaching 
 device, B , thence through the croisure M. Thence, as in the serigraph, it 
 is passed around a small drum, 8, around a pulley, jK, situated at the end 
 of a pendulum, U, which is called in the reeler the control-lever, thence 
 around the larger drum T, and in the ordinary way over the guiding 
 pulley Ej to the reel. On the end of the control lever U is a circuit- 
 closing contact piece, a , which acts when the pulley R, overcoming the 
 resistance of the thread, recedes from the drums 8 and T. The tension 
 thus resisted by the thread maybe regulated by the movable weight X, 
 or an equivalent device. 
 
 We will now suppose the thread to be running at the desired size, and 
 that the tension due to the stretch imparted to it by the dilference in 
 the circumferential speed of the two drums is sufficient to keep open the 
 circuit- closing device of the control lever. It continues in this condi- 
 tion until, through the diminution in the size of the constituent filaments, 
 or the rupture of one of them, the thread falls below the standard, and 
 the addition of a new cocoon becomes necessary. Then the pendulum 
 falls back, and the contact at a is closed. 
 
 Just above the water of the basin, with its edge dipping beneath the 
 surface, is a cocoon -holding device, 0. This apparatus, usually called 
 the magazine, rests on a support which is mounted on a shaft around 
 whose axis the magazine may be rotated. The magazine consists of a 
 number of compartments, c, situated around the circumference of a lower 
 disk and a number of small pins, d, mounted on a parallel disk a short 
 distance above the lower one. In each compartment is placed a cocoon 
 previously prepared for reeling, while its filament is conducted upwards 
 and wound around one of the pins d. A magazine thus filled is set 
 upon its support in readiness to furnish cocoons to the running thread 
 as desired. Its position is such that the hook of the filament-attaching 
 device passes just below the disk holding the pins d, and in such a way 
 that a thread passing from its cocoon to the pin, which for the moment 
 is opposite the attaching device, will fall in the path of the hook and be 
 caught by it in its revolution. 
 
 The shaft on which the magazine turns is connected with a suitable 
 feed movement, W, which consists in general of a cam to which a rotary 
 motion may be given by a proper connection with the shafting of the 
 filature, of a lever to which the cam imparts a to-and-fro motion, and 
 of a magnet to whose armature is attached a detent which, when no 
 current is passing, preveuts the rotation of the cam. 
 
 Now, as we have seen above, no current passes through the electric 
 
58 
 
 circuit while the thread is at its standard size ; for under such condi- 
 tions the lever is so held by the thread that the contact at a is kept 
 open. As soon, however, as the thread diminishes in size the lever 
 recedes, the contact at a is closed, and the current passing through the 
 magnet of the feed movement W causes the attraction of its armature 
 and the release of the detent holding the cam in place. Upon this occur- 
 ring the magazine is advanced one step and brings a new cocoon fila- 
 ment into the path of the hook on the filament attaching device, which 
 catching it up twists it around the running thread and, with the help 
 of its natural gum, attaches it firmly thereto, at the same time cutting 
 off the loose end. The rotation of the cam is so timed that its detent 
 will not arrive at the stop on the armature until the new filament has 
 reached the controlling drums and had its effect upon the position of 
 the control lever. In the reeling of fine sizes the addition of one fila- 
 ment will generally be found sufficient to bring the thread to its normal 
 size, though it is less apt to be so with larger sizes. In any case, how- 
 ever, if, when the rotation of the cam is completed, the electric circuit 
 still remains closed the action of the feed movement is repeated and con- 
 tinued until the thread is again brought to the normal size. 
 
 Owing to the irregularities in a thread of raw silk it is impossible to 
 obtain any measure of its size by means of a caliper or even, with any 
 degree of ease, by a microscopical examination. Merchants are there- 
 fore obliged to content themselves by approximating its size in the fol- 
 lowing manner : They measure off upon a suitable real a skein of a 
 given length (476 meters) and obtain its weight in the terms of an arbi- 
 trary unit called the denier. If such a sample skein, for instance, is 
 found to weigh ten deniers it is called a u ten-denier silk.” Now it is 
 found that the exterior thread of a cocoon of the yellow Milanese races 
 has a value of about two and a half deniers, so that it takes four such 
 new cocoons to make a thread of ten deniers. When these cocoons are 
 half unwound the size of the thread formed from them would be but about 
 eight deniers. Now, in order to augment the thread and bring it to the 
 normal size we are obliged to add another cocoon which, with its new 
 thread, would increase the combined thread to ten and one-half deniers, 
 and it will be seen that from cocoons of this race it is impossible to 
 augment the thread by smaller increments than that mentioned. For 
 this reason no attempt is made to produce an absolutely regular thread 
 of silk, but reelers are content if the variation from the desired mean 
 does not exceed two deniers in each direction. In hand-reeling, where 
 the regularity of the thread depends eutirely upon the ability of the 
 reeler to estimate its present size and to add a new filament at the 
 proper time, only the most expert operatives are able to make silk with- 
 in the limits named. In the automatic reel, however, all this is taken 
 out of the hands of the operative and the indication of the need of a new 
 thread is made by the delicate serigraphic measuring device of the con- 
 trol movement. Its delicacy is such that when working under good 
 
59 
 
 conditions it will sometimes ran off an almost theoretically perfect 
 thread. A great advantage exists in this fact, as the beauty of a piece 
 of woven goods depends very largely on the regularity of the raw silk 
 entering into its composition. 
 
 In addition to the devices mentioned above, the automatic reel con- 
 tains an electrical stop movement by which the motion of the reel is 
 arrested upon the rupture of the running thread. It consists of a small 
 faller on the end of which is mounted the guide-pulley at E. When the 
 thread is running the pulley is drawn in the direction of the refel and an 
 electrical contact, ft, placed on the faller, is kept open. Upon the rupture 
 of a thread, however, this contact is closed and a suitable mechanical de- 
 vice at V is set in operation. by an electro-magnet. The releasing of the 
 lever of this apparatus enables the spring on the bell crank L to act on 
 the shaft of the reel and draw its friction drum away from its bearing 
 on the large drum /, and thus stop its motion so quickly that the end of 
 the broken thread will rarely be drawn into the skein. When this ap- 
 paratus works promptly and well there results a very considerable 
 saving of time in the knotting of the thread, and less waste is produced 
 thereby. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Aletia argillacea, 11. 
 
 Allograpta obliqua, 14. 
 
 Allorbina nitida, 16. 
 
 Allotria avense, 13. 
 
 brassicae, 14. 
 lachni, 13. 
 megourae, 19. 
 tritici, 13. 
 
 Anasa tristis, 22. 
 
 Ubleri, 23. 
 
 Angouroois motb, 16. 
 
 Anthomyia mistaken for Buffalo Gnats, 29. 
 Apanteles congregatus, 11. 
 
 Apbis brassicae, 12. 
 citrulli, 27. 
 cucumeris, 27. 
 cucurbitae, 27. 
 
 Asbmead, Wm. H., Report on insects injurious to 
 garden crops in Florida, 9. 
 
 Automatic silk reel, Serrel’s, 52. 
 
 Bean, insects affecting, in Florida, 21. 
 
 Bean Cut Worm, 21. 
 
 Distribution, 21. 
 
 Earlier states, 22. 
 
 Injuries, 22. 
 
 Bisulphide of carbon for squash borer, 25. 
 
 Botis repetitalis, 15. 
 
 Botrytis Rileyi, 11. 
 
 Buffalo Gnats, 29. 
 
 Amount of injury in various years, 31. 
 
 Breaks in 'the levees the cause of their abun- 
 dance, 36. 
 
 Distribution, 32. 
 
 Finding of the larvaB, 30. 
 
 Habits of imago, 34. 
 
 History of the injury, 31. 
 
 Nature of their bit6, 34. 
 
 Nature of their breeding places, 32. 
 
 Not injurious before the war, 31, 36. 
 
 Not injurious below the mouth of Red River, 
 38. 
 
 Pupa and pupation, 33. 
 
 Report on, by F. M. Webster, 29. 
 
 Restoration of the levees probably the true 
 remedy, 39. 
 
 Swarms of Anthomyia mistaken for, 29. 
 Topography of the infested country, 36. 
 Various direct remedies, 34. 
 
 Vitality of the larva, 35. 
 
 Cabbage Aphis, 12. 
 
 Buckton’s description, 12. 
 
 Enemies and parasites, 13. 
 
 Food-plants, 12. 
 
 Injuries, 13. 
 
 Introduced from Europe, 12. 
 
 Life-history, 12. 
 
 Cabbage Aphis Allotria, 14. 
 
 Encyrtid, 14. 
 
 Pachyneuron, 14. 
 
 Syrphus Fly, 14. 
 
 Cabbage, insects injurious to, in Florida, 9. 
 Mamestra, 15. 
 
 Pionea, 15. 
 
 Plusia, 10. 
 
 Distribution, 10. 
 
 Enemies and parasites, 11. 
 Food-plants, 10. 
 
 Injuries, 10. 
 
 Life-history, 1 0. 
 
 Remedies, 11. 
 
 Plutella, 11, 12. 
 
 Calandra granaria, 16. 
 
 Carbolic powder for Cabbage Plusia, 11. 
 Cauliflower Botis, 15. 
 
 Ceramica picta, 15. 
 
 Ceraphron sp., 13. 
 
 Cbalcis ovata, 24. 
 
 Conotrachelus nenuphar, 39, 48. 
 
 Copidosoma truncatellum, 11. 
 
 Corn, insects injurious to, in Florida, 15. 
 
 Bill-bug, 16. 
 
 Mining Fly, 16. 
 
 Worm, 15. 
 
 Enemies, 16. 
 
 Injuries, 15. 
 
 -stalk Borer, 16. 
 
 AVeevil, 16. 
 
 Coruna sp., 13. 
 
 Cotton Worm, 11. 
 
 Crepidodera cucumeris, 22. 
 
 Cucumber Flea-beetle, 22. 
 
 Curculio-proof nature of the native plum trees, 39. 
 Cynipids parasitic on Aphids, 13. 
 
 Diabrotica 12-punctata, 22. 
 
 Diastata sp., 16. 
 
 Diatraea saccharalis, 16. 
 
 Egg Plant Aphis, 20. 
 
 Distribution, 20. 
 
 Injuries, 21. 
 
 Middleton’s description, 20. 
 
 Parasites, 21. 
 
 Egg Plant, insects affecting, in Florida, 20. 
 Encyrtus anasa}, 23. 
 
 aphidiphagus, 14 
 ? megourae, 19. 
 sublestus, 14. 
 
 Entedon diastatae, 16. 
 
 Eucoila sipbonophorae, 21. 
 
 Eudioptis hyaliuata, 26. 
 
 nitidalis, 24. 
 
 Eudamus proteus, 22. 
 
 Eupelmus reduvii, 24. 
 
 Euschistus servus, 16. 
 
 False Chinch, 22. 
 
 Florida, insects injurious to garden crops in, 9. 
 Gas-lime for Squash-vine Borer, 25. 
 
 Gelechia cerealella, 16. 
 
 Gortyna nitela, 18. 
 
 Insects affecting the Bean, 21. 
 
 Cabbage, 9. 
 
 Corn, 15. 
 
 Egg-plant, 20. 
 
 Melon, 26. 
 
 Squash, 22. 
 
 Tea, 21. 
 
 Tomato, 16. 
 
 Halticus bractatus, 22. 
 
 Harlequin Cabbage Bug, 15. 
 
 Heliothis armigera, 15. 
 
 Hemerobius sp., 19. 
 
 Hot water for Cabbage Plusia, 11. 
 
 Introduction, 7. 
 
 Julus multistriatus, 15. 
 
 Kerosene for Squash-vine Borer, 25. 
 
 emulsion for Cabbage Plusia, 11. 
 
 Large Cabbage Butterfly, 15. 
 
 Letter of transmittal, 6. 
 
 Lime for Cabbage Plusia, 11. 
 
 Limneria obscura, 11,12. 
 
 Mamestra chenopodii, 15. 
 
 Mascicera sp., 17. 
 
 Megoura solani, 18. 
 
 ( 61 ) 
 
62 
 
 Melittia ceto, 24. 
 
 Melon Borer, 26. 
 
 Descriptive, 26. 
 
 Distribution, 26. 
 
 Injuries, 27. 
 
 Parasites, 27. 
 
 Melon Plant-louse. 27. 
 
 Distribution, 27. 
 
 Enemies and parasites, 28. 
 
 Food-plants, 27. 
 
 Injuries, 28. 
 
 Natural history, 28. 
 
 Remedies, 28, 
 
 Synonymy, 27. 
 
 Murgantia histrionica, 15. 
 
 Nola sorgbiella, 16. 
 
 (Ebalus pugnax, 16. 
 
 Ortalis sp., 16. 
 
 Oscinis sp., 22. 
 
 Pacbyneuron allograpt®, 15. 
 
 apbidivora, 14. 
 
 Pea, insects injurious to, in Florida, 21. 
 Phylloptera oblongifolia, 22. 
 
 Pieris monuste, 15. 
 
 protodice, 15. 
 
 Pimpla conquisitor, 27. 
 
 Pionea rimosalis, 15. 
 
 Plum Curculio, 44, 48. 
 
 It prefers the native Plum for oviposition, 49. 
 Larvm not developing in the native Plum, 44, 49. 
 Plum trees, foreign and native, 39. 
 
 Curculio larvm not developing in the native 
 species, 44, 49. 
 
 Failure of European varieties in North 
 America, 39. 
 
 Fertilization of native species by other varie- 
 ties and species, 45. 
 
 Native species and their failure to fruit, 40. 
 Wild Goose Plum in the South, 47. 
 
 Plusia brassic®, 10. 
 
 Plutella cruciferarum, 12. 
 
 Prionidus cristatus, 16. 
 
 Pyrethrum for Cabbage Plusia, 11. 
 
 Reduvius Egg Eupelmid, 24. 
 
 Riley, C. V., criticism of Mr. Wier’s report, 7, 50. 
 introduction to the Bulletin, 4. 
 
 Letter of transmittal, 3. 
 
 Saltpeter for squash borer, 25. 
 
 Scymnus cervicalis, 15. 
 
 Serrel’s automatic silk reel, 8, 52, 56. 
 serigraph, 52, 56. 
 
 Silk reel, elements of mechanism, 54. 
 
 Serrel’s automatic, 8, 52, 56. 
 
 Silkworm cocoon, how it is spun by the worm, 53. 
 
 preparation for reeling, 54. 
 Siphonophora cucurbit®, 20. 
 
 Southern Cabbage Butterfly, 15. 
 
 Sphenophorus robustus, 16. 
 
 Sphinx Carolina, 17. 
 
 Egg Teleas, 18. 
 
 5-maculata, 17. 
 
 Squash, insects injurious to, in Florida, 22. 
 
 Borer, 24. 
 
 Distribution, 24. 
 
 Food-plants, 24. 
 
 Injuries, 24. 
 
 Parasites, 24. 
 
 Remedy, 24. 
 
 Bug, 22. 
 
 Distribution, 22. 
 
 Egg Encyrtid, 23. 
 
 Telenomus, 23. 
 
 Enemies and parasites, 23. 
 Food-plants, 23. 
 
 Injuries, 23. 
 
 Life-history, 23. 
 
 Vine Borer, 24. 
 
 Distribution, 24. 
 
 Food-plants, 24. 
 
 Life-history, 24. 
 
 Parasites, 25. 
 
 Remedies, 25. 
 
 Syrphus Fly Pachyneuron, 15. 
 
 Teleas sphingis, 18. 
 
 Telenomus anas®, 23. 
 
 Telesilla cinereola, 21. 
 
 Tomato, insects injurious to, in Florida, 16. 
 Aphis, 18. 
 
 Allotria, 19. 
 
 Distribution, 18. 
 
 Encyrtid, 19. 
 
 Enemies and parasites, 19. 
 Injuries, 19. 
 
 Life-history, 18. 
 
 Remedies, 19. 
 
 Thomas’ description, 18. 
 
 Stalk Borer, 18. 
 
 Worm, 17. 
 
 Distribution, 17. 
 
 Enemies and parasites, 17. 
 Food-plants, 17. 
 
 Injuries, 17. 
 
 Life-history, 17. 
 
 Remedy, 18. 
 
 Trichogramma pretiosa, 11, 15, 17. 
 
 Tridactylus minutus, 15. 
 
 Trionyx piceus, 13. 
 rap®, 13. 
 
 Triphleps insidiosus, 22. 
 
 Twelve-spotted Diabrotica, 22. 
 
 Walker, Pli., description of the Serrel automatic 
 silk reel, 52. 
 
 Webster, F. M., Report on Buffalo Gnats, 29. 
 Wheel bug, 16. 
 
 Wier, D. B., Report on the Curculio-proof nature 
 of the native Plums, 39. 
 
 Zebra Cabbage Worm, 15. 
 
 o 
 

 
jj U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 15. 
 
 A: 
 
 
 
 ■m 
 
 l!A * r ^'LME NT 
 
 may.;, 1 !ON - 
 
 <■ 1 im . 
 
 THE 
 
 >OA * - OF ILLlmi^ 
 
 ICERYA OR FLUTED SCALE, 
 
 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS TIIE 
 
 COTTONY CUSHION-SCALE. 
 
 [REPRINT OF SOME RECENT ARTICLES BY THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND 
 OF A REPORT FROM THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
 STATION, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.] 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1887 . 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 15. 
 
 THE 
 
 ICERYA OR FLUTED SCALE. 
 
 OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE 
 
 COTTONY CUSHION-SCALE. 
 
 [REPRINT OF SOME RECENT ARTICLES BY THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND 
 OF A REPORT FROM THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT 
 STATION, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.] 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1887. 
 
 404 — Bull. 15 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Letter of Submittal 5 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 The Scale-insects of the Orauge in California, and particularly the Icerya or 
 
 Fluted Scale. &c 9 
 
 Notes on Icerya — Its probable Origin the Islands of Bourbon and Mauritius. .. 27 
 
 The Use of Gases against Scale-insects 35 
 
 3 
 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology. 
 
 Washington, D. <?., June 27, 1887. 
 
 Sir: I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 15, from 
 this Division, prepared under your instructions. 
 
 Respectfully, C. V. RILEY, 
 
 Entomologist . 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture . 
 
 5 
 

INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This Bulletin consists, 1st, of a reprint of an address delivered at 
 Biverside, Cal., on the treatment of Scale-insects, and more particu- 
 larly of the Icerya of the Orange, known variously as the “Australian 
 Bug,” “ Cottony Cushion-scale,” “White Scale,” “Fluted Scale,” &c. ; 
 2nd, a subsequent communication as to its possible origin and synonymy; 
 3rd, a recent important bulletin from the State University of California 
 on the use of gases against Scale-insects. These papers need no further 
 introduction and are all supplementary to an extended article upon the 
 Icerya, which will appear in my annual report. 
 
 The importance of this insect and of all the different scale-insects af- 
 fecting the Orange in California is such as to justify the republication 
 of these papers, as there is a constant demand for copies of them. The 
 report by Professor Morse on the use of gases is a valuable contribu- 
 tion to the advancement of our knowledge and means of protecting 
 trees from these scale-insects. It may be looked upon as a direct 
 outgrowth of the experiments made for the Department by Mr. D. 
 W. Coquillett, as he had just begun to experiment with gases when his 
 commission ended for want of funds. He subsequently continued these 
 experiments in a private capacity with more or less success, and that 
 which Professor Morse found most satisfactory is, I believe, essentially 
 the same as that previously adopted by Messrs. Coquillett, Craw, and 
 Wolfskill and referred to in my Biverside address. What is said in 
 that address under the head of “ Fumigation ” will, nevertheless, 
 hold true, no matter how satisfactory the use of these gases may 
 become, and Professor Morse’s experiments rather confirm the difficul- 
 ties which I have indicated in the way of producing a gas which will 
 destroy the Icerya and its eggs , as also the danger attending the use of 
 any poisonous gas and the greater expense attending the use of gases, 
 as compared with washes, especially for those who have few trees 
 to treat. Some excellent improvements have been made in the cyclone 
 nozzle, whether for facilitating the change of direction or amount of 
 spray, or whether for ease of cleansing, and I would especially call at- 
 tention to those of John Croften and L. D. Green, of Walnut Grove, 
 Cal., and of Vermorel, of France. 
 
 As Vermorel’s arrangement for cleansing is as yet unknown in this 
 country, we may briefly describe it as follows : 
 
 The nozzle is pierced below by a circular orifice of from five to six 
 millimeters in diameter, which can be closed by a fly- valve. The reg- 
 
 7 
 
8 ' 
 
 ulating fliers of tlie valve project on the outside of the apparatus: In 
 the middle of the valve a needle is welded which occupies the axis of 
 the cylinder, and which, when the valve is raised, may be lodged in the 
 aperture with which the stopper of the cylinder is provided. In this 
 way, when the valve is raised up and the lower orifice unmasked, the 
 upper orifice is closed by the needle. When, on the contrary, the valve 
 closes the lower orifice, the aperture of the stopper is uncovered and 
 allows the liquid to pass out. 
 
 c. y. r. 
 
THE SCALE-INSECTS OF THE ORANGE IN CALIFORNIA, AND PAR. 
 TICULARLY THE ICERYA OR FLTJTED SCALE, ALIAS WHITE 
 SCALE, ALIAS COTTONY CUSHION-SCALE, ETC. 
 
 [Address by Prof. C. V. Riley before the California State Board of Horticulture, at 
 its semi-annual session at Riverside, Cal., April 12, 1887, as reported in the Pa- 
 cific Rural Press, April 23, 1887. ] 
 
 Afternoon session. 
 
 The convention met in the afternoon at the Pavilion. It being cus- 
 tomary to appoint from the fruit-growers at large two honorary vice- 
 presidents at each meeting, L. M. Ilolt, of the Riverside Daily Press, 
 and S. C. Evans, of Riverside, were elected to fill those positions. Mr. 
 B. M. LeLong, of Los Angeles, was invited to act as assistant secretary. 
 
 The organization having been fully effected, Mr. Cooper, the presi- 
 dent, gave a brief statement of the work of the board since its organ - 
 ization. He referred to its previous sessions, and stated that it was the 
 expressed wish of prominent fruit-growers of Los Angeles that its next 
 session be held either in San Diego, Santa Barbara, or Riverside. He 
 had accordingly, in the hope that the well-known interests of the people 
 of this section in horticulture would lead to a better attendance than 
 was sometimes obtained, arranged for the meeting here. The previous 
 session had brought out valuable information, which was being printed, 
 and would be distributed. It was necessary that the mass of new- 
 comers to this portion of the State should be furnished facts which might 
 save them from making expensive blunders. The insect pests are not 
 being overcome as could be wished. He referred to the presence of 
 Professor Riley, one of the most prominent entomologists in the coun- 
 try, and stated that he would give us some valuable information at a 
 subsequent session. He urged co-operation among fruit-growers, and 
 hoped an effort would be made to modify the effect of the interstate 
 commerce bill. 
 
 The president then introduced Mr. H. J. Rudisill, a prominent hor- 
 ticulturist of Riverside, who gave an eloquent and very appropriate 
 address of welcome. 
 
 At the conclusion of this address the secretary read a well-written 
 and valuable essay prepared by Mrs. H. H. Berger, of San Francisco, 
 on Japanese fruits. 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 At the conclusion of the essay, Mr. Wilcox, of Santa Clara, suggested 
 that the convention consider the points in Mrs. Berger’s paper, and re- 
 ferred to the high character of our fruits exhibited at New Orleans, 
 making special mention of the persimmons there exhibited. They could 
 be grown successfully over the larger portion of the State, and were 
 really a very fine fruit. 
 
 Mr. Klee spoke of the fact that most of the Japanese persimmons 
 were grafted on inferior stock, but that we have a better stock upon 
 which to graft in the European persimmon, and that with it we may 
 expect an improvement in the fruit. He had an idea that while the 
 persimmon would grow well in all sections, it would do better in the 
 more humid portions of the State. He suggested that it would be well 
 to experiment with the Japanese oranges in Riverside. Didn’t think 
 they would grow of large size, but had excellent points in their favor. 
 
 Mr. Klee said the loquat could be grafted on the quince, but did well 
 on its own root. Said the Chinese had better varieties than those 
 with which we are familiar. This fruit could be dried like the fig. 
 
 Mr. Starr, of Lugonia, said the persimmon did excellently in the 
 sandy soil of his neighborhood, bearing freely and regularly. 
 
 Mr. Holmes thought experience in Riverside had demonstrated the 
 correctness of Mr. Klee’s theory that a more humid climate was prefer- 
 able for this fruit, although it fruited satisfactorily here. 
 
 Tuesday's session. 
 
 The convention assembled at 9.30 a. m. The first business on the 
 programme was the address of Professor Riley on Scale-insects. He was 
 introduced by President Cooper in a very off-hand but happy and ap- 
 propriate manner, alluding at some length to the efficient manner in 
 which the professor had conducted the labors of his office, in studying 
 the habits of some of the most destructive insects which have afflicted 
 the farmer and horticulturist, and in devising ways and means to get 
 rid of them. 
 
 The professor, on taking the floor, very modestly disclaimed the eu- 
 logy which the president had pronounced, and proceeded at once with 
 his address, which was full of valuable information, and which, though 
 quite lengthy, was listened to with the most marked attention through- 
 out. 
 
 Professor Riley said : 
 
 Mr. President, Ladies, and Gentlemen : When I left Washing- 
 ton it was with the intention of resisting all invitations to speak, as I 
 have been suffering for some time from the effects of overwork and de- 
 sired quietly to pursue some investigations in relation to insects in- 
 juriously affecting fruit culture here and at the same time get rest 
 from exacting office duties. But it was impossible to refuse the urgent 
 appeal of your president, Ellwood Cooper, to address this meeting. I 
 have, however, no formal address to offer you. 
 
11 
 
 The subject anuouuced, namely, “ Entomology iu its Relation to Hor- 
 ticulture/’ is one chosen by some enterprising member of your Board, 
 and is altogether too comprehensive to be dealt with without more time 
 and more thought than I have had at command. I shall endeavor to 
 confine my remarks to scale-insects, and particularly to what you know 
 as the White Scale. This is the insect which undoubtedly most con- 
 cerns you just now, aud I have au elaborate article upon it now going 
 through the press at Washington. This, however, would require two 
 or three hours to read; and I will pass over the purely historical and 
 entomological details and touch only upon such points as will probably 
 interest you. 
 
 NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 There is no doubt whatever about this insect being the leer y a pur - 
 chasiy of Maskell, and its scientific name is, therefore, fixed.* In refer- 
 ence to its popular name, there are several in use, and as between 
 “Australian Bug,” “ White Scale,” and u Cottony Cushion-scale ” there is 
 very little choice, and it is, as a rule, useless to endeavor to change pop- 
 ular names that have once come into vogue. So far as they can be 
 changed, however, and with a view of inducing unanimity in the adop- 
 tion of a single name, it were better to reject all these names and call 
 it the Fluted Scale. There are many Australian bugs and many white 
 scales, some of which, belonging to the genus Pulvinaria , equally well 
 deserve that cognomen. Cottony Cushion-scale is both too long to be 
 acceptable and would likewise apply to the species of this last genus ? 
 whereas no scale-insect injurious to fruit or other trees, at present 
 existing in this country, secretes its white, waxy matter in such a per- 
 fectly fluted mass as this. The generic term, Icerya, if once popular- 
 ized like Geranium, Phylloxera, &c., has the advantage of brevity and 
 still greater accuracy. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 Historical evidence all points to Australasia as the original home of 
 this insect, and its introduction from Australia to New Zealand, Cape 
 Town, South Africa, and California. Nothing was known or published 
 upon the species prior to the seventh decade of this century, and it seems 
 to have first attracted attention almost simultaneously iu Australasia, 
 Africa, and America. The evidence as to whether it is indigenous to 
 Australia or New Zealand, or to both, is not yet satisfactory. The first 
 personal knowledge which' I had of it was from specimens sent to me in 
 1872 by Mr. R. H. Stretch, then living in San Francisco, and all the 
 evidence points to its introduction into California by the late George 
 Gordon, of Menlo Park, about the year 18G8, and probably from Aus- 
 tralia, on Acacia latifolia. 
 
 *Tkis statement is, of course, based on the assumption that Haskell's purchasi is a 
 good species. It may yet prove to be synonym of sacchari Signoret. 
 
12 
 
 More light is, however, yet needed on this point, as in a recent letter 
 received from Baron von Muller, of Victoria, he claims that it could not 
 have been imported on Acacia into this State, as all the Acacias in the 
 State have been grown from seed. This is a matter upon which I should 
 like to have definite information from members of this body, if such 
 information is extant. 
 
 It is at present widely distributed in the State, and a very full ac- 
 count of its distribution kindly furnished to me by Mr. Matthew Cooke 
 shows that there are some ten infested districts, namely, six in the coun- 
 ties of Marin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Sacramento, Sonoma, and Napa, 
 and four in the counties of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles. I find that 
 it has also obtained a foothold in a few isolated places around San Diego, 
 from which it may yet be stamped out. 
 
 FOOD PLANTS. 
 
 A very long list of plants might be enumerated upon which this in- 
 sect is either found accidentally or upon which it can live more or less 
 successfully. But the list of plants, especially of trees important to us 
 for their products, which are seriously affected by it is comparatively 
 limited, and will include the Acacias, Lime, Lemon, Orange, Quince, 
 Pomegranate, and Walnut. Some few other trees might be added, and 
 it is particularly partial to the Rose and the Nettle $ but it is doubtful 
 whether the species could permanently thrive and multiply to an inju- 
 rious extent on many other trees than those mentioned. 
 
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INSECTS. 
 
 The genus Icerya was founded by Signoret, a French entomologist, in 
 1875, being based upon the single species , Icerya sacchari (Guerin), which 
 lives on sugar-cane in the island of Bourbon. This species and the one 
 we are now dealing with are the only two species of the genus, and the 
 diagnosis as given by Signoret, and subsequently elaborated by Maskell, 
 of New Zealand, is incomplete and does not include the characteristics 
 of the male. 
 
 In the report already alluded to I have given a very full character- 
 ization of the species in all conditions and stages, but the only facts 
 that I need draw attention to on this occasion are, first, that the female 
 undergoes three molts and the male two ; i. e ., each has one more 
 stage than has hitherto been recognized by entomologists and ob- 
 servers $ secondly, that it differs from all other members of its family 
 (Coccidm) in its extended powers of locomotion in most of its stages 5 
 in its extreme hardiness or power of surviving for a given period with- 
 out food, and in its polyphagous habit, or the ease with which it accom- 
 modates itself to so great a variety of plants. These are the three char- 
 acteristics which most concern you as fruit-growers, and which make it 
 one of the most difficult species to contend with. 
 
13 
 
 MODE OF SPREAD AND DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 All young scale-insects are quite active when they first hatch, and 
 most of them at this time are extremely small, and when very thick 
 upon a tree, instinctively, or at least very easily, drop from the terminal 
 twigs and branches. Their specific gravity at this time is so light that 
 they are easily wafted with the wind in their descent. This general 
 truth applies with equal force to the Icerya, which is readily carried 
 from tree to tree and from orchard to orchard by the agency of wind, 
 by running water, or by birds or other insects. Another local means 
 of transport not to be ignored, is upon the clothing of persons engaged 
 in cultivating, upon packages, and upon all implements used, whether 
 in cultivating or harvesting the crop. This particular spectes also has 
 quite a habit of crawling over the ground, and its local spread is very 
 materially enhanced thereby. 
 
 It is carried long distances, however, chiefly by high winds, birds, 
 and commerce, and its introduction from one continent to another has 
 undoubtedly been effected by the latter method upon young trees or 
 cuttings. 
 
 NATURAL ENEMIES. 
 
 No bird is known yet to attack this iusect in California, and but one 
 is mentioned even in Australia, and that upon very slight evidence Of 
 predaceous insects, a species of Lace- wing (genus Chrysopa) has been 
 observed to feed upon it, as also the Ambiguous Lady-bird ( Hippodamia, 
 ambigua). The larva of a little moth, which I have described as Blas- 
 tobasis iceryceella , is also known to feed upon the eggs. Among the 
 Heteroptera, or true bugs, quite a number have been found upon the 
 trees infested with the insect, but none have yet been noticed to feed 
 upon it. The most important of its insect enemies are a species of ear- 
 wig not yet identified, and a number of mites not yet carefully studied. 
 
 Of true parasites, none have hitherto been reported, whether in Aus- 
 tralia, Africa, or America, but I am glad to announce that two speci- 
 mens of a minute Chalcid-fly have been bred by me from specimens 
 around Los Angeles, and will be described by my assistant, Mr. L. O. 
 Howard, who makes a specialty of the family, under the name of Isodro- 
 mus iceryce. The genus is new to our fauna, and the probability is that 
 this little friend was introduced from Australia with its host.* 
 
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 
 
 Most of the members of this society are doubtless aware that for 
 some four years I was conducting a series of very careful experiments 
 with a view of controlling the scale-insects and other insect pests that 
 injuriously affect the orange trees in Florida. This work was carried 
 
 *Mr. D. W. Coquillett informs me that he lias since reared a Proctrotrupid, proba- 
 bly of the genus Cosmocoma, from the male pupa. 
 
14 * 
 
 on through the instrumentality of Mr. H.Gr. Hubbard, and the Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture has published a special report prepared by him 
 upon this subject. All that is said in that report in reference to the 
 value of preventive measures agaiust the scale-insects of that part of 
 our country will apply with equal force here in California. 
 
 The value of cleanliness; of thorough cultivation ; of pruning judi- 
 ciously so as to get rid of all dead wood, opeu the top of the trees to the 
 light and to the sun, and facilitate the spraying of the trees need scarcely 
 be emphasized. There may be some difference of opinion as to the 
 value of pruning, while different kinds of pruning, or no pruning, will 
 have their advocates here as they have had elsewhere. The orange 
 makes, naturally, a very dense head, and in the moist climate of Flor- 
 ida, where they have a much larger average of shade, cloudiness, and 
 moisture than you have here, judicious pruning has all the advantages 
 stated, and whether needed or not in California for the purpose of more 
 fully ripening and maturing the fruit, I am quite satisfied from what I 
 have seen that it is just as much needed to facilitate proper spraying of 
 the trees and to prevent overproduction. 
 
 Some years ago, and prior to the discoveries resulting from the in- 
 vestigation in Florida just referred to, the inadequacy of most washes 
 caused many of the orange-growers of that State to cut back their trees 
 most rigorously, leaving little more than the main trunk, in the hope of 
 thus being able to kill out or exterminate the scale-insects that troubled 
 them there. I find that many of your orange-gro wers are going through 
 the same sad experience and resorting to the same sad means. It is a 
 pity to find men thus re-enacting a farce which has been proved in an- 
 other part of the country to be quite unnecessary. Such wholesale lop- 
 ping of limbs requires much labor, and even with the greatest care, 
 which is seldom bestowed upon it, the tree receives an immediate and 
 material injury, and is destined to suffer still more in years to come. 
 Moreover, this radical means often proves futile so far as the results 
 aimed at are concerned, and unless the greatest precaution is taken to 
 properly cover and heal the stumps and to absolutely kill all the inserts 
 upon the remaining trunk, as well as those upon the severed branches 
 and the ground, the new growth will soon be as effectually infested as 
 was the old. Many of your own growers have thus lopped or are now 
 cutting back their trees in a verv blind way and without the precautions 
 here indicated, on the popular but erroneous supposition that without 
 such p recautions they will get rid of the troublesome scales. 
 
 The value of shelters in theform of surrounding trees and wind-breaks 
 is, I am sure, just as appreciable here, if not so much to protect from 
 frost and winds, fully as much to protect from infection from scale-in- 
 sects. A row or tall hedge of coniferous trees, such as your cypress, 
 upon which the scale-insects will not thrive — or, better still, a belt of 
 the same — will often serve as an effectual screen to prevent the young 
 insects from being carried from an infested to an uninfested grove. 
 
15 
 
 Preventing its Introduction. — But, before passing this subject of pre- 
 ventive measures, I must not omit the importance of any effort looking 
 to preventing the introduction of this insect from one section of the 
 country or from one neighborhood to another. No insects so easily 
 bear transit as these scale-insects, and it is eminently true of this par- 
 ticular leery a. 
 
 All the worst species from which they suffer in Florida have been in- 
 troduced from abroad. Their Long Scale (Mytilaspis gloverii) was in- 
 troduced about the year 1835, their Chaff* Scale (Parlatoria pergandii) 
 from Bermuda some twenty years later, and their Red Scale (Aspidio- 
 tus ficus) from Havana in 1879. 
 
 We have already seen how this Icerya was introduced into your 
 State from Australia, and the next worst species which you have to deal 
 with, namely, your Red Scale ( Aspidiotus aurantii ), was likewise intro- 
 duced, so far as the evidence goes, from the same couutry. 
 
 To enumerate merely the different species of insects destructive of 
 your fruit interests that have been introduced from other parts of the 
 country or from other parts of the world would consume too much time, 
 and I cannot attempt to do so. But I would lay stress upon this con- 
 viction, which has forced itself upon me after a pretty extended experi- 
 ence in all parts of the country, namely, that however much you should 
 encourage all co operative efforts to prevent such transferring and 
 spread of injurious pests, they cannot be fully exterminated when once 
 they obtain a foothold, and in the end each individual fruit-grower 
 must depend on his own efforts. 
 
 REMEDIES. 
 
 It follows without saying that what we should seek in any direct 
 remedy is, first, perfect killing power, or, to be more exact, perfect in- 
 secticide quality associated with harmlessness to the tree; second, 
 reasonable cheapness. 
 
 Different Washes. — I will not detain you with any general remarks on 
 the subject of insecticides, because it has received full attention in my 
 official reports. Dry insecticides have been found, in the main, unavail- 
 able here, and we must depend upon washes or materials in solution 
 that may be sprayed upon the tree. Here, again, I would remind you 
 of the careful and extended experiments made by Mr. Hubbard in the 
 orange groves of Florida with a view of solving the important question 
 as to what is, on the whole, the most satisfactory liquid application, 
 cheapness and efficiency considered. Carbolic acid, creosote, sulphur- 
 ated lime, silicate of soda, sulphuric acid, sulphuret of iron, bisulphide 
 of carbon, and many other materials have been thoroughly tried, as well 
 as whale-oil soap, potash and soda lye and their various combinations ; 
 but in the end nothing proved equal to emulsified kerosene. Whale-oil 
 soap is an excellent wash for destroying some insects upon some plants, 
 but it fails to kill the eggs of our scale-insects, so that, however good it 
 
16 
 
 may be for scrubbing the trunks anil brauches of a tree, I cannot con- 
 scientiously urge it as, on the whole, satisfactory, particularly as it is 
 known to stain the fruit, and because of the many different grades, 
 varying in their effect and in their value, which are upon the market. 
 Potash and soda lye injure the tree more than kerosene does and do not 
 destroy the insects as well, admirable though they are as washes in 
 weaker solution for some other purposes. The action of sulphurated 
 lime (flowers of sulphur boiled in milk of lime) is very similar to th^t 
 of caustic potash. 
 
 Notwithstanding the kerosene emulsions, in proper proportions, have 
 proved so satisfactory against the scale-insects of the Orange in Flor- 
 ida, they have, as a rule, failed to win the good opinion of the orange- 
 growers in California. I have always believed the want of success in 
 this State with the kerosene emulsions was due to imperfect preparation 
 of them, or to imperfect application. I was inclined to give some cre- 
 dence to the theory advanced by my old-time friend, Prof. E. W. Hil- 
 gard, who is so keenly alive to everything that interests you, and whose 
 services have been so invaluable to the agriculture and horticulture of 
 the State, namely, that the dryness of the atmosphere in California 
 induced a more rapid evaporation of the kerosene, which may partly 
 account for the difference in experience between the Atlantic and Pa- 
 cific. For these reasons I had long desired to make a series of ex- 
 periments in California, and finally, last year, did have such a series 
 carried on by Messrs. D. W. Coquiilett and Albert Koebele. It were 
 difficult to find in the whole State two gentlemen combining in the 
 one instance more care and reliable entomological capability, and in 
 the other more industry, earnestness, and enthusiasm, and this I say 
 without desire to flatter, but as evidence that their experiments, so far 
 as they went, were trustworthy — in fact, I may say, the most careful 
 and thorough that have hitherto been made. These experiments ex- 
 tended over a period of three months in the spring and three months in 
 the autumn, and the detailed reports which these gentlemen have made 
 will be published in connection with my forthcoming annual report. 
 They show that the kerosene emulsions must still be placed at the head of 
 the list of washes, not only for ordinary scale-insects, but for thislcerya 
 or Fluted Scale. Among the different substauces thoroughly experi- 
 mented with were caustic potash, caustic soda, hard and soft soaps, to- 
 bacco, sheep dip, tobacco soap, whale-oil soap, vinegar, Paris green, 
 resin soaps and compounds, and so on. It is impossible to give even a 
 digest of the very many experiments, and the varying results obtained 
 with the different washes. It suffices to say that the kerosene emulsion 
 diluted with from eight to ten parts of water was found to kill all the 
 eggs as well as the old females, and that, even when used still stronger, 
 it left the tree uninjured. Mr. Coquiilett reports with reference to the 
 much-praised caustic soda, that it has no effect on the eggs of this scale 
 even when applied so stroug as to burn the bark and kill all the leaves. 
 
17 
 
 Result. — Twenty-four hours after application the insects had appar- 
 ently deserted the vines, but I found none dead. 
 
 Experiment 9.— CARBOLATE OF LIME. 
 
 Sprinkled larvae and adults with carbolate of lime, and placed under 
 glass. 
 
 Result. — None died. 
 
 V.— Striped Cucumber Beetle. ( Diabrotica vittata Say.) 
 
 Experiment 1.— WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution, 3 ounces to 1 gallon water, applied at normal temperature, 
 to adults. 
 
 Result. — After G hours none appeared injured. 
 
 Experiment 2.— CARBOLATE OF LIME. 
 
 Dusted on male blossoms of squash in which six adults were feeding 
 on the pollen. 
 
 Result. — Two days after, they were dead in the blossom. 
 
 YI. — Margined Blister Beetle. ( Epicauta cinerea Forst.) 
 
 Experiment 1.— TAR WATER. 
 
 Applied to a row of mangel wurzels, seven rods in length, which 
 was being seriously defoliated by this insect. 
 
 Result. — Five hours after, only an occasional plant was being eaten. 
 
 Experiment 2. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Applied solution of 3 ounces of soap to 1 gallon of water to a row of 
 mangel wurzels beside that used in Experiment 1. 
 
 Result. — Five hours after, only three beetles were found on the leaves, 
 but none were found dead or injured. 
 
 Experiment 3.— COPPERAS WATER. 
 
 Solution, 1 ounce to 1 pint water sprayed on row next to Experi- 
 ment 2. 
 
 Result. — Five hours after, the number of beetles feeding on leaves 
 does not seem to have diminished. 
 
 Note. — Three days after, the beetles had returned to all three rows 
 in about equal numbers. 
 
 VII. — Ants. 
 
 Experiment 1.— CARBOLIC ACID. 
 
 Large numbers of ants had excavated burrows between the crevices 
 of a brick walk in my yard, and kept the entire walk in an unsightly 
 condition by reason of the numberless little circular heaps of excavated 
 92G8— Bull. 11 2 
 
18 
 
 earth. To these burrows I applied about a tablespoonful of a solution 
 of 1 part carbolic acid to 64 parts water. 
 
 Result . — No ants appeared in the burrows, and no attempt was made 
 to re-establish these burrows again. 
 
 About two weeks later, a few burrows were excavated in the crevices, 
 and these were treated in the same manner. The results were as fav- 
 orable as before, and up to date (October 20), no ants have attempted to 
 work in crevices of the walk. 
 
 Experiment 2.— CARBOLIC ACID. 
 
 Solution of 1 part acid to 128 parts water was applied to burrows, 
 about two-thirds of a tablespoonful to each burrow. 
 
 j Result . — In some cases, 24 hours after application, the ants had re- 
 turned to work in the old burrows, but in most cases the burrows 
 showed no signs of life. 
 
 Experiment 3.— CARBOLIC ACID. 
 
 Solution of 1 part acid to 96 parts water, applied as in Experiments 
 2 and 3. 
 
 Result . — Only in a single instance was any attempt shown to dig out 
 the old burrows, and about this were a large number of dead ants that 
 had been removed in re-excavations. 
 
 A few attempts to excavate burrows in the vicinity of the old ones 
 were observed a few days after first application, but these burrows were 
 drenched as before, and no attempt was afterwards made to excavate 
 between the crevices in that vicinity. 
 
 Experiment 4.— COPPERAS WATER. 
 
 Solution of 1 ounce to 1 pint water was poured into the burrows. 
 
 Result . — Next day the ants were busily eu gaged in clearing out the 
 old burrows. 
 
 Experiment 5.— AMMONIA WATER. 
 
 Solution of three tablespoonfuls to one gallon water was used, as in 
 previous experiments. 
 
 Result . — Same as in Experiment 4. 
 
 Experiment 6.— TAR WATER. 
 
 Drenched as in previous experiments. 
 
 Result . — The ants did not attempt to clear out the old burrows, but 
 excavated others close behind them. 
 
 VIII.— Lettuce Aphis. ( Siphonophora lactucce Linn. 1) 
 Experiment 1.— SALT WATER. 
 
 Dissolved salt in water to its full capacity. Sprayed solution on 
 lettuce plants infested, the aphids being on upright stalks and hence 
 easily reached. 
 
19 
 
 Result. — About 50 per cent, were killed. A second application on 
 the following day was fatal to nearly all of the remainder, and to the 
 plant also. 
 
 Experiment 2. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution of 3 ounces soap to 1 gallon of water. Sprayed on aphids 
 on plants. 
 
 Result. — Thoroughly effective. 
 
 IX. — Wooly Aphids. [Species various.) 
 
 Experiment 1. — WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 (Species on Tree-Ferns in green-house.) 
 
 Solution of 4 ounces soap to 1 gallon of water. (Temperature normal.) 
 Sprayed on foliage previously wetted ; drenched with water soon after 
 application of solution. 
 
 Result \ — This made no impression on the insects. 
 
 A second application after 24 hours had elapsed from first. 
 
 Result. — Only a small per cent, were destroyed. 
 
 A third application, the foliage not being sprinkled with water after 
 application of solution, proved fatal to the aphids and killed the entire 
 foliage of the plant. 
 
 Experiment 2.— TAR WATER. 
 
 Wooly Aphis of Apple. (Sehizoneura lanigera Hausm.) 
 
 Tar water sprayed on infested branches, August 31. 
 
 Result. — September 2, does not seem to have had the least effect. 
 
 Experiment 3.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Species as in Experiment 2. Solution of 5 parts pinoleum to 100 
 parts water. Sprayed on branches with atomizer. 
 
 Result.-^On following day, many active lice were observed. Three 
 days after, they were abundant, and five days after, were as abundant 
 as at first. 
 
 Experiment 4.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Species as in Experiments 2 and 3. Solution of 15 parts pinoleum to 
 82 parts water. Sprayed on branches, September 15. 
 
 Result. — Three days after application, none were to be found, and up 
 to October 20, none have appeared on these branches. 
 
 Experiment 5. -KEROSENE EMULSION. 
 
 ( Glyphina eragrostidis Middleton.) 
 
 An emulsion, composed of equal parts kerosene, molasses, and water, 
 was diluted with three times its volume of water. This was sprayed 
 on aphids, September 12. 
 
20 
 
 Result. — September 13, found hardly a trace of aphids. September 
 16, a very few have appeared. September 25, they have spread over the 
 grass, and are as abundant as ever. 
 
 Experiment 6.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 5 parts pinoleum to 100 parts water, sprayed on same 
 species, September 3. 
 
 Result. — September 4, none appear affected and none are destroyed. 
 
 X.— Apple Aphis. ( Aphis mail Fabr.) 
 
 Experiment 1. -SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 15 parts pinoleum to 85 parts water. Sprayed on twigs 
 and leaves. 
 
 Result. — The aphids were completely destroyed. 
 
 XI. — Apple Leaf Skeletonizes. (Pempelia hammondi Riley.) 
 
 Experiment 1.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 15 parts of pinoleum to 85 parts of water. Sprayed over 
 leaves, September 15. 
 
 Result. — Probably 75 per cent, of the larvae were destroyed, but full- 
 grown larvae were observed on leaves, October 1st. 
 
 Experiment 2.— HAMMOND’S SLUG SHOT. 
 
 Dusted leaves seriously affected by larvae, September 15, when no dew 
 was on them. 
 
 Result. — September 16, 50 per cent, are dead. Dusted again, on 
 17 th, on dew-wet leaves. October 1, not one living larva could be found 
 on the leaves that had been dusted, while numbers were on leaves not 
 treated. September 26, nine days after, a larva established itself on 
 one of the dusted leaves, ate a very small spot on the leaf, and died. 
 
 XII. — Yellow-necked Caterpillar. ( Datana ministra Dru.) 
 
 Experiment 1.— POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 
 
 Solution of 1 part potassium to 500 parts water. Sprayed on larvae 
 feeding on walnut. 
 
 Result. — The larvae were uninjured. 
 
 Experiment 2.— POTASSIUM SULPHIDE. 
 
 Solution as in 1. Applied to larvae clustered on trunk of tree, prepara- 
 tory to molting. 
 
 Result. — The larvae molted, and ascended the tree. I could not see 
 that the application had the slightest effect. 
 
21 
 
 Experiment 3.— WOLF’S SOAP. 
 
 Solution, 4 ounces to 1 gallon of water. Sprayed on larvae feeding on 
 walnuts. 
 
 Result . — The larvae only changed their location for a branch higher up. 
 
 Experiment 4.— COPPERAS WATER. 
 
 Solution of 1 ounce to 1 pint of water. Sprayed two colonies of nearly 
 full-grown worms. 
 
 Result . — This seemed to destroy a very few larvae, and the remainder 
 changed their location on the tree. 
 
 Experiment 5.— COPPERAS WATER. 
 
 Solution as in Experiment 4. Sprayed cluster on trunk of tree. 
 
 Result . — They molted, and ascended the trunk and began feeding., 
 
 Experiment 6.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 1 part pinoleum to 32 parts water. Sprayed one cluster 
 on leaves and another on trunk. 
 
 Result . — There appears to be some reduction in the numbers of those 
 feeding, and those on trunk were destroyed . 
 
 Experiment 7.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 5 parts of pinoleum to 100 parts water. Sprayed half 
 grown larvae on branch high up in tree, so that I could only give them 
 a slight whetting. 
 
 Result . — None were injured, and, two days after, they were feeding as 
 though nothing had happened. 
 
 Experiment 8.— SOLUBLE PINOLEUM. 
 
 Solution of 15 parts to 85 parts water. Sprayed copiously on cluster 
 on trunk of walnut tree. 
 
 Result . — About 50 per cent, were killed, some dying after the second 
 day. The cluster became detached from the tree and fell to the ground, 
 but a few larvae detached themselves from it, and again ascended the 
 tree, and molted. 
 
 Experiment 9.— AMMONIA WATER. 
 
 Solution of 1 tablespoonful to 1 piut of water. Sprayed cluster on 
 trunk of tree. 
 
 Result . — They molted and ascended the tree. 
 
 Experiment 10.— KEROSENE EMULSION. 
 
 An emulsion, of equal parts kerosene, molasses, and water, was di- 
 luted with three times its volume of water. Sprayed on cluster on 
 trunk of tree. 
 
22 
 
 Result . — Not over 20 per cent, molted, and many of these died before 
 ascending the tree. 
 
 Experiment 11.— KEROSENE EMULSION. 
 
 Emulsion the same as in 10. Sprayed on caterpillars on leaves and 
 twigs in walnut tree. 
 
 Result . — All disappeared within forty-eight hours after application. 
 
 Experiment 12.— HAMMOND’S SLUG SHOT. 
 
 Dusted leaves on which nearly full-grown larvce were feeding. 
 
 Result . — The worms changed their position soon after to a distant 
 branch, but their route was clearly indicated by occasional dead larvse 
 hanging to the branch along which they had crawled, and soon after all 
 disappeared. 
 
REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS AT AMES, IOWA. 
 
 By Prof. Herbert Osborn. 
 
 Sir: I send you with this a summary of my tests of various reme- 
 dies for cabbage insects, &c. My work has been almost entirely con- 
 fined to cabbage pests, as some of the insects mentioned in your in- 
 structions had already passed the active stages, while some mentioned 
 have not appeared in this locality. There are no gardens worthy the 
 name in the vicinity, so that some of the most common vegetables, with 
 the insects infesting them, have not been within my reach. Even 
 cabbages were rather scarce this year. One patch of about eighty plants, 
 on the college farm, was quite well stocked with insects — Pieris rapce, 
 Plusia brassicce , Plutella cruci/erarum , Aphis brassicce , Haltica striolata, 
 &c. Another patch on the college farm, containing a greater number of 
 plants, contained scarcely one with a solid head, and they were so poor 
 that the insects seemed to consider them beneath notice. Scarcely a cab- 
 bage worm could be found there during the entire fall. 
 
 A small patch of about eighty plants, on a farm owned by Professor 
 Mount, was quite free from worms till the 1st of October, after which 
 they were more plentiful, and served for experiments with several sub- 
 stances. The small number of plants necessitated experimenting on a 
 few for any one substance, and going over the same plants with other 
 remedies after the lapse of a few days, sufficient to note results. 
 
 The appearance of the epidemic disease among the cabbage worms, 
 mentioned in connection with the cold-water experiments, made it 
 necessary to be very careful in judging of results. It commenced 
 about the middle of September, and continued till all the worms disap- 
 peared, great numbers dying from it, though all the plants in a patch 
 would not be found to contain diseased worms at the same time (at one 
 time a great many dead or diseased worms could be found at one end of 
 the patch and none at the other). The characteristic appearance of the 
 worms dying of this disease makes it easy to distinguish them for a time 
 after death, but later they turn dark and shrivel, and do not differ much 
 from worms that have been killed by parasites or predaceous insects or 
 by application of remedies. Parasites have been quite abundant, both 
 in Aphides and worms. Coccinella larvae and adults, Syrphus larvae, 
 and Ichneumons were on hand, and I noticed one cabbage worm im- 
 
24 
 
 paled on the beak of a soldier-bug, and others which appeared to have 
 had their life extracted by the same foe. Altogether the worms and 
 Aphides have had a hard time. Only a small proportion of Pieris rapce 
 could have pupated in a healthy condition. 
 
 Concerning the cold-water remedy, to which you desired me to give 
 particular attention, my tests, while not crucial, for the reasons stated, 
 satisfy me that it has no direct effect on the worms. I applied the water 
 ice-cold (at one time with temperature of air above 80° F.), so as to 
 thoroughly soak many of the worms which I could see, and in one in- 
 stance I placed lumps of ice on a couple of cabbages so as to come in con 
 tact with worms, and so that the water running from these lumps would 
 give them a cold bath for some time, but could not discover any worms 
 dead from its effect. However, the worms on the plants treated with 
 the ice water died off very rapidly with the micrococcus disease, and I 
 think it possible that the treatment made them fall an easier prey to 
 this epidemic. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 HERBERT OSBORN. 
 
 Prof. 0. Y. Riley, 
 
 U. S. Entomologist. 
 
 TESTS OF REMEDIES. 
 
 Kerosene and Molasses Emulsion. — Made by shaking together violently 
 equal parts of kerosene, molasses, and water. Emulsion thus formed 
 would remain for some minutes, but gradually separate. This emulsion? 
 applied September 10, 1885, killed cabbage worms of all kinds, Aphides, 
 and other insects, provided it came in contact with them,* but owing to 
 their secreting themselves so fully within the leaves, many escaped. 
 Even when applied so thoroughly as to kill the leaves of the plant, 
 numbers of the worms would escape, and were seen afterwards as 
 healthy as ever upon the plants treated with the emulsion. Not more 
 than half the insects were killed by this treatment. 
 
 Cost of this application, one-fifth of a cent per cabbage, not counting 
 time of making or applying. 
 
 C old-ic at er Application. — September 19, applied cold water from a well* 
 direct to cabbage worms, at about 11 a. in.; day warm (77° F., at noon). 
 Examinations later in the day showed no result. On the 21st, on plants 
 thus treated were a number of dead larvae, also many alive and healthy. 
 Those dead had the appearance of worms dying from the micrococcus 
 disease introduced from Illinois two years ago, and microscopic exam- 
 ination of the body contents showed them to be swarming with micro- 
 cocci apparently the same as those in the disease of two years ago. 
 Later many of these dead larvae were found on plants not treated, so it 
 * Temperature of water in well here is about 40° F. 
 
25 
 
 is uncertain whether the applications of water produced any effect. On 
 September 21, at about 11.30 a. m. (temperature at noon, 81° F.), applied 
 ice water to cabbage worms. Worms were decidedly disturbed when 
 it came in contact with them, but I could get no positive evidence of 
 any of them dying from its effects. On the plants thus treated the 
 worms soon after began dying, as in the case of the first application of 
 water $ but as they also died on plants not treated, it is unsafe to con- 
 clude that this application induced the disease. On these plants 
 worms died off till scarcely a living worm could be found. October 6, 
 on farm of C. F. Mount, applied cold water to cabbage worms (day 
 cool ; at noon, 51° F.) — water cold enough to make the worms curl up 
 and drop when it came in contact with them. Examined October 7, 
 and could find none killed or dying from effect of this application. 
 
 Carbolic Acid in Water . — September 21, applied carbolic acid in water, 
 very dilute (1 dram carbolic acid to 1 gallon water). An hour or two 
 later no effect could be noted, nor on subsequent days. September 26, 
 applied carbolic acid and water to plant-lice on squash and on cabbage, 
 and to worms on cabbage and parsnips. Up to October 1 no effect was 
 to be noted from this application. On October 6, on farm of 0. F. 
 Mount, applied carbolic acid and water (one-lialf ounce to gallon of 
 w’ater), sprinkling eighteen iff ants. On October 7, on plants thus treated 
 a number of dead worms were found, but a considerable number had 
 escaped. Professor Mount applied carbolic acid, about one-half ounce 
 to one gallon of water, for the first brood of worms, and his cabbages 
 were not injured till late in fall. He does not know that any were 
 killed, but thinks it prevented injury. 
 
 Bran . — October 6, applied bran to cabbage plants on which worms 
 were quite plenty. October 7, found the worms as numerous and 
 apparently as healthy as before. Perhaps they avoid places where bran 
 is thick. 
 
 Balt Solution . — September 21, this solution was applied to cabbages, 
 on which were numerous worms aud Aphides. Worms neither killed 
 nor driven away. Aphides unaffected, except where they were washed 
 off. The plants were watched until the 25th, and no result noted. The 
 solution was also applied to Aphides on weeds, with no effect. Was also 
 applied as a warm solution to Aphides on weeds, and some branches 
 thickly covered with the insects were dipped iuto the solution, without 
 effect on the Aphides that held to the plant. Some were washed off or 
 crushed, but the colonies a few hours later and on following days were 
 as thickly populated and as healthy as ever. 
 
 Saltpeter Solution . — September 21, applied saltpeter in solution to cab- 
 bages on which worms and Aphides were abundant. Neither seemed 
 affected by the application. Up to September 25 there were no signs 
 of injury. October 6, applied solution of saltpeter to eighteen cabbages 
 on which worms were tolerably plenty. October 7, no effect to be seen ; 
 worms plenty and healthy. 
 
26 
 
 Alum . — September 26, dusted pulverized alum on cabbages where 
 worms and Aphides were abundant. Up to October 1 no effect was 
 noted on either. September 26, it was applied in solution to them, but 
 no signs of injury to either worms or Aphides were observed. October 
 6, applied to cabbages on which worms were plenty. October 7, worms 
 as healthy and numerous as ever. 
 
 Kerosene in Ashes . — On October 4, applied this mixture to cabbage 
 plants on which worms and Aphides were plenty, and watched for 
 some time to see the effect. Could not find any worms killed by the ap- 
 plication, though many were seen with the oily particles in contact with 
 them on the leaves or adhering to their hairs. On subsequent days no 
 decrease in numbers could be noted as a result of this application. 
 Aphides w ere killed in some instances, but their position under leaves 
 made it very difficult to dust them. The worms (P. rapce) seem to be 
 protected by their hairy covering, which prevents the particles from 
 coming in direct contact with the skin, and renders the spreading of the 
 oil less effective. The worms with smooth skin might be killed more 
 readily, but they were not plenty enough on the plants treated to enable 
 me to arrive at any positive conclusion. 
 
 Kerosene in Gypsum . — Applied on October 4, the gypsum containing 
 as much kerosene as possible while allowing it to be dusted on the plants. 
 The results were the same as followed the use of ashes, but I found it 
 more difficult to mix and apply. There was a constant tendency to form 
 lumps too large to be dusted on the plants, and unless quite fine the par- 
 ticles will simply roll off the leaves. 
 
 Kerosene in Sawdust . — Sawdust thoroughly saturated with kerosene 
 was applied, October 17, to a number of plants on which cabbage worms 
 were but moderately plenty. They were watched for nearly two hours, 
 without any marked result. Unfortunately, I was prevented from 
 making any further observations for several days, and in the meantime 
 some severe frosts, the ravages of disease, and the maturing of the worms, 
 left scarcely a living worm to be found even on plants not treated. 
 
 Tomato -vine Inf usion. — Applied, October 7, to 18 cabbage plants infest- 
 ed with cabbage worms. The plants were thoroughly drenched with the 
 infusion, and many of the worms were well soaked in it without appar- 
 ent inconvenience to them. On the following day the plants thus treat- 
 ed were as badly infested as before and the worms were all vigorously 
 feeding. 
 
REPORT OF EXPERIMENTS AT TRENTON, NEW 
 
 JERSEY. 
 
 By Thomas Bennett. 
 
 Trenton, N. J., June 15, 1885. 
 
 Sir: Under your direction I have tested the insecticide value, to a 
 limited extent, of five of the six vegetable substances you gave me to 
 experiment with. These were as follows: Jamestown weed ( Batura 
 stramonium ); tomato leaves (Lycopersieum esculentum ) ; Elder ( Sambu - 
 cus) ; Ailanthus; mandrake root (Podophyllum peltatum) j and Tansy 
 ( Tanacetum ). 
 
 At this date I have not been able to procure tomato leaves in suffi- 
 cient quantity to experiment with; the others I have. The first insect 
 that I found requiring attention was the green Aphis, or plant louse 
 (Myzus persicce), of the Peach, which was collected in great numbers ou 
 six young xieacli trees in my garden. They were only on the ends of the 
 branches of the present summer’s growth. I marked one tree, and pre- 
 pared a decoction and also an infusion of tansy in the following manner: 
 
 Tansy . — June 5: weighed a handful of tansy, weight £ pound ; put it in 
 three quarts of water; set ou to boil; let it simmer an hour, then set 
 away to cool. At the same time, made an infusion of 4 pound tansy by 
 pouring on three quarts of boiling water, and set away to cool. This ex- 
 tract I found much the stronger of the two. 
 
 The leaves of the peach trees were so curled that I could not apply 
 the liquid by other means than by dipping ; besides, I wished to save my 
 liquid. I dipped one side of the tree in the decoction, the other side in 
 the infusion or extract. I found the liquid in both cases would wet the 
 leaf but not the insects. They seemed covered with an oily substance 
 wffiicli prevented the preparation in both cases from adhering to them ; 
 and it would roll off as water rolls from an oiled flag or piece of polished 
 marble. Then I thought, as lye has an affinity for oils and grease, I 
 would try lime-water and also urine, in the proportion of first one-quarter, 
 then one-half; but although each proportion and each sort did some 
 good, they were not satisfactory. However, the insects did not increase 
 any, and 1 dipped them every day, for four days, and at this writing 
 (June 15) there are few to be seen. 
 
 27 
 
28 
 
 Elder Leaves . — June 7: made an infusion of elder leaves and tops, 
 weight J pound ; poured on two quarts of boiling water; set on back of 
 range to draw ; time, two hours. I had expected a good result from elder, 
 as it has long been used by gardeners and farmers, combined with bur- 
 dock and walnut leaves, &c., as an application against insects ; but in 
 this case it did not seem to work well. I marked another tree, and ap- 
 plied it by dipping the ends of the branches. The water rolled off as 
 usual, and would not stick. I mixed a little alkaline lime-water, but it 
 seemed not to injure them in the least. I noticed that the infusion was 
 nauseous but not bitter. I cannot see how it acts as an insecticide unless 
 by the smell. Some insects have a great dislike to pungent and strong 
 smells. After the fourth dip, which was on the fourth day, I despaired 
 of its doing any good in this case, and so tried my next remedy, which 
 was mandrake root. 
 
 Mandrake Boot . — June 8 : made a decoction of mandrake root, 1 pound; 
 put in two quarts of water; let it come to a boil, and then simmer or 
 stew slowly for one hour. When cool it tasted very bitter and was 
 rather dark colored, and I had good hopes of it, in which I was not dis- 
 appointed. I applied it to another young peach tree, and also to a 
 young, six-year old cherry tree, infested with black Aphides {Myzus 
 cerasi). Three dips almost cleaned them entirely from the peach tree, 
 and also from the cherry tree, so that the Ladybug and her larvae made 
 short work of the few sickly ones that remained. I cannot account for 
 it, but this wash seemed to take abetter hold of the insects, so that the 
 Peach Aphis would turn brown after the second dip; and in my subse- 
 quent experience I found that whenever the insects turned brown it was 
 a sure indication that their time was short. They would not increase 
 afterwards, and the Ladybug larvae soon destroy them. I also tried 
 this remedy on rose bush Aphis, with about the same result. 
 
 Ailanthus . — June 9: made an infusion of 8 ounces of the leaves of 
 Ailanthus in two quarts of water; let it draw two hours. The liquor was 
 very dark, and the infusion similar to elder in its effects ; the water rolled 
 off and would not adhere to the iusects. An infusion of the bark was 
 clear, only slightly brown. I added some lime-water, for the purpose 
 mentioned in my first experiment, and also applied a little fine dust 
 through a small dredging box. This made the infusion adhere very 
 closely, and the Aphides succumbed after the third dip. It will be re- 
 membered in all these cases that I made only one dip each day, and 
 waited till next day to see its effects; then dipped again. Ko one need 
 be surprised that these different bitter and obnoxious plants had no 
 better effect on these insects when I say that I afterwards tried two of 
 the strongest vegetable bitters we know — namely, quassia and coloquin- 
 tida, or the colocynth gourd — with no better effect. 
 
 I may here remark that I bottled and labeled all those bitters for 
 other experiments. 
 
 N. B. — I have since found that the ailanthus bark contains the bitter 
 principle very largely, but takes a long time to draw. 
 
29 
 
 Stramonium. — June 10: made an infusion of 6 ounces of the leaves 
 and young tops of Stramonium in 3 pints of water. Let it draw two 
 hours. When cool I applied it as I did the others, by dipping the ends 
 of the branches. The liquid was not bitter, but I depended on the effects 
 of the poisonous narcotic principle, which, like its near relative, tobacco, 
 it very largely contains. In this I was not disappointed, for, although 
 it would not adhere very closely, the Aphides seemed to diminish and die 
 after the third application ; and if auy scattering ones remained they 
 were soon eaten up or destroyed by their enemies. I should note that a 
 few rose bushes, infested with Eose Aphis ( Siphonopliora rosce ), were 
 treated in a similar manner to the peach and cherry leaves, but the lice 
 seemed somewhat harder to kill. 
 
 Alder Baric. — June 11 : I thought I would try an infusion of alder bark, 
 because it contained the tanning principle, which is an astringent, and as 
 all astringents, whether vegetable or mineral, are more or less insecticidal 
 in their nature, I thought that perhaps it might be of some value. I 
 found it had some effect as an insecticide, but as the infusion is very 
 dark, almost as black as ink, and discolors the leaves a good deal, I 
 left it off and do not recommend it. 
 
 Quassia. — June 11: made an infusion or extract of quassia chips 
 or bark, ground fine. These are made more nicely prepared than for- 
 merly. Gardeners know well the power of this bitter, in greenhouses 
 and graperies, in keeping down Green Fly, as they call it ( Siplionophora 
 viticola ), also Thrips ( Erytlironeura ), and Fed Spider (Tetr any elms). I 
 poured two quarts of boiling water on four ounces of quassia. This 
 made a strong infusion of a beautiful brown color, similar to the tea we 
 use from the shops. I thought surely this would kill at the first dip, but 
 it did not, though very bitter. It took three dips of this strong liquid 
 to kill these Aphides on the Peach, the Cherry, and the Eose, and then 
 there were some stragglers around, of which I could not be sure whether 
 they escaped from the effects of the dipping, or came in from other parts 
 of the tree or rose bush. 
 
 Coloquintida , or Colocyntli Gourd. — June 11: this bitter principle I have 
 formerly used to a limited extent, in greenhouses, and have a high opin- 
 ion of its merits; but quassia being so much cheaper and generally 
 effective, I have mostly used it. However, I procured an ounce of colo- 
 cynth, ground it up, and put on nearly a pint of boiling water, and drew 
 it as tea. It is very powerful as a bitter, but it took three dips to erad- 
 icate the Aphides from the rose bush, peach, and cherry trees. 
 
 Further Experiments. — Monday, June 15: went out a short distance in 
 the country, about one mile east of Trenton, to the lands occupied by Mr. 
 James McGrath, who is an extensive cabbage-grower, and got liberty to 
 make some tests with a view to preventing the cut-worm from injuring 
 the young cabbages. I had previously learned that he was going to 
 plant on this day. Was allotted a piece to experiment on, that contained 
 
30 
 
 60 plants to each row. I poured on the stems and lower ends of the 
 leaves of 
 
 Row No. 1: Mandrake infusion ; 
 
 Row No. 2: Elder infusion; 
 
 Row No. 3: Stramonium infusion; 
 
 Row No. 4: Ailanthus infusion; 
 
 and, Tansy being plentiful on the place, I made a strong infusion of it, 
 and wetted over 1,000 plants which were to be planted on another part 
 of the lot. I also made a solution of 
 
 Alum, 2 ounces to 1 pint of water; 
 
 Niter, 2 ounces to 1 pint of water; 
 
 Saleratus, 4 ounces to 1 pint of water; 
 
 Lime water, 4 ounces to one quart of water; 
 and applied these strong liquids to rows 5, 6, 7, and 8, which together 
 made 9 tests or experiments. 
 
 I did not examine these for results till June 29. The Tansy seemed 
 to show the best results, and I could only find 4 plants eaten off by cut- 
 worms. 
 
 The saleratus had been strong, and killed several plants, and I could 
 not pronounce any of the other experiments entirely successful. 
 
 Mr. McGrath had lost many plants in this lot of about four acres by 
 cut-worms during the last two weeks. 
 
 June 17 : tried the effect of infusion of Ailanthus, Tansy, Elder, and 
 mandrake, sprayed on with a brush by drawing the hand lightly over 
 the brush till all the leaves were wetted. These did not give very sat- 
 isfactory results, though partially effective. Next day, I thought I would 
 assist them with some cheap powders. I procured some gas lime, and 
 sifted it; and also made a powder of gas tar and lime, then sifted. This 
 last was composed of J ounce of tar to 1 pound of lime. I also made a 
 preparation of quicklime, well sifted. After spraying the vines, and 
 making a number for each experiment, I proceeded thus — 
 
 No. 1. Elder leaves, followed by a dusting of gas-house lime. 
 
 No. 2. Stramonium, followed by a dusting of tar lime. 
 
 No. 3. Mandrake, followed by a pure lime dust. 
 
 No. 4. Tansy water, followed by pure lime dust. 
 
 No. 5. Ailanthus leaves tea, followed by gas-liouse lime. 
 
 No. 6. Ailanthus leaves tea, followed by tar lime. 
 
 No. 7. Ailanthus, followed by pure lime. 
 
 No. 8. Lime water alone, as a thin whitewash. 
 
 No. 9. Niter water alone, 2 ounces to 1 pint of water. 
 
 No. 10. Alum water alone, 2 ounces to 1 pint of water. 
 
 No. 11. Saleratus, 4 ounces to 1 pint of water. 
 
 No. 12. Gas lime and pure lime, mixed in equal quantities. 
 
 No. 13. Tar lime alone. 
 
 No. 14. Pure lime alone. 
 
 I had never seen potato vines more thickly covered with bugs than 
 these were when I commenced with them, owing to the fact of the 
 
31 
 
 owner having removed to the other side of the city, and not having time 
 to attend to them. On Saturday, June 20, there were no bugs there. 
 I did not see them again till June 28, then I saw only 5 bugs on the lot. 
 I have given them another sprinkling of tar lime since then, and there 
 is not a bug to be found. I am sure they never got a particle of Paris 
 green.* As many persons have an objection to putting Paris green on 
 potatoes, I can recommend a dead shot made of one pint of gas tar to 
 1 peck of lime as an effectual remedy against potato bugs. 
 
 July 15, 1885. — As you directed, I have continued through this month 
 to make experiments with the six vegetable substances you advised, 
 namely, Ailantlius, Tansy, stramonium, Elder, mandrake, and tomato. 
 
 Before I proceed further, I wish to say that during the fore part of 
 this month I succeeded in cleaning a few hop vines in my yard and 
 those of some of my neighbors from two species of a destructive cater- 
 pillar, and also a species of Coreus or Stink Bug, which was doing much 
 harm by sucking and killing the leaves of the vines. I herewith send 
 specimens of the bug and the caterpillar.f I made a powder of gas tar 
 and lime, which soon cleared the vines of ever 3 T insect, and now there are 
 none to be found on them. I find this powder is good also for every 
 species of Plant-louse. 
 
 July 6. — Collected these leaves and plants, and made strong infu- 
 sions. First tried them on the Cabbage Cut-worms, by burying a worm 
 one lialf inch deep and within 1 or 2 inches of each cabbage plant, wet- 
 ting them thoroughly with each liquid, and labeling each one. At the 
 same time I tried Hansen & Smith’s Piuoleum, diluted with 25 parts of 
 water. Next morning, when I went to examine my plants, I found the 
 worms had all moved away but one ; this one had been wetted with 
 tansy, was curled up in the usual way, and apparently in good health. 
 It was evident, however, they did not like their situation, for only one 
 ventured to cut his plant, and that was the one wetted with elder; he 
 was also gone. 
 
 I next tried the effect of these infusions on the Jumping Flea-beetle 
 ( Halticci ), on Early Dutch cabbages. Most of them proved very good, but 
 w ere most effectual w hen followed by a dusting of lime powder or plaster. 
 
 The liquid adheres better after the garden syringe than the w atering 
 pot. Infusions of ailantlius leaves and also of stramonium I have used 
 in former years for this and green fly and cabbage lice with good effect, but 
 they were mostly followed by a dusting of lime in fine pow der. I w ould 
 remark just here that tobacco dust, lime powder, plaster, ashes, or soot 
 well mixed with five or six times its bulk of charcoal dust, or in fact any 
 other dust, will effectually keep off the Jumping-bug, if the ground around 
 the plants be kept stirred; and here is where many fail in applying these 
 powders ; they do no( seem to be aware that it is necessary to stir the 
 
 *1 should note that the saleratus was too strong, and killed part of the leaves of 
 the potatoes as well as the bugs. 
 
 t These insects were Agrotis malefida, Arctia virginioa , and Coreus tristis. — C. V. E. 
 
32 
 
 ground often around tlie plants. If a field of turnips or a bed of cab 
 bages, when just coming over the ground, be only lightly stirred, by 
 drawing a garden rake over the plants, along close to the rows, there will 
 be very little if any powder required, but this must be done often to keep 
 down this bug; and in this the secret of saving the crop lies, of which 
 few seem to be aware. These bugs seem to breed in and come from the 
 ground around the plants, but, it seems, cannot generate if the ground be 
 kept frequently stirred. This I have proved to my entire satisfaction ; 
 and when the ground cannot be stirred, all of the above powders will 
 often fail. 
 
 I next tried the effect of these infusions on cabbage lice (Aphis bras- 
 sicce) on about 200 plants. Here, again, I found it was essential to fol- 
 low with the lime powder, for although these washes killed some and 
 stunned most of the others, yet it had not the powerful effect of the lime 
 powder. This, as far as I have gone, has proved effectual, and I think if 
 put on in time will keep down this pest altogether. 
 
 During this month i have also been trying to find out something to 
 prevent the Cut-worm from injuring cabbages after being planted. I 
 have tried soft soap and tobacco water separately and combined, as a 
 dip, also Hansen & Smith’s Pinoleum in 12 times its volume of water- 
 They were all too strong and killed many of the plants at first. Noth- 
 ing daunted, I tried again, at least the soap and tobacco. Infused two 
 ounces of tobacco stems in one quart of water, as a dip for the stems 
 and lower ends of the leaves. Also made a suds of one teaspoon ful of 
 soft soap to one pint of water. With each of these I wetted 25 cabbage 
 plants, and placed a Cut- worm in the ground near the stem of each. 
 This was done a week since, and I have had none of these cut yet, and 
 they continue to be cut in a field of 14 acres near by. The owner has 
 only saved this lot of cabbages by keeping boys constantly searching for 
 and killing the grubs around the plants and occasionally transplanting. 
 I also tried a plan of former days, by putting a little freshly slacked 
 sifted lime around 115 plants, with this exception, that in order to make 
 the test good I buried 12 Cut-worms, about one-half inch deep, and from 
 one to two inches from the stems of each of a dozen plants. I have seen 
 them every day for more than a week, and I have not found one plant cut 
 yet. I have also tried the effect of these infusions on the Slug ( Selandria ), a 
 small soft-bodied caterpillar I found on pear and cherry trees. Syringed 
 the branches, and wetted them well. The stramonium water was the 
 most powerful ; seemed to kill at once, but next day I found many yet on 
 the leaves. I then gave them a dusting of lime powder, and that eoui- 
 jdetely banished them. 
 
 I formerly used a powder of ailantlms and also of stramonium 
 leaves to eradicate this pest from fruit trees, but of late years I find 
 lime powder, well sifted and dusted on, involves less labor, and is a most 
 effectual remedy against this pest. 
 
 I find cabbage-growers in general make a great mistake by plant- 
 
33 
 
 ing too deep. They put nearly all the stem into the ground; this gives 
 easy access to the Cut- worm to destroy the heart of the cabbage; they 
 would do much better not to plant so deep, especially the late-grown 
 kinds, as the hard stem is less liable to be cut than the heart of the 
 cabbage. 
 
 July 31, 1885. — In your favor of the 17th instant you requested me to 
 continue my experiments as heretofore with infusions of Tansy, Ailan- 
 tlius, stramonium, Mandrake root, Elder, and tomato leaves, in order 
 to give a definite answer as to which may be of value as an insecticide 
 and which are worthless. I beg leave to say 1 have gone to work very 
 willingly to try to answer this important question, and made tests on 
 various insects. 
 
 As most of the above plants are now easily procured, I made infusions 
 in large quantities, but of about the same strength as heretofore. I find 
 it is better to let these leaves dry two or three days before the infusions 
 are made. These liquids seem also to gain strength by age. At a week 
 or ten days old they are much stronger than when first made. One 
 pound weight of the partially dried leaves to one gallon of water makes 
 a good wash. I first tried the relative value of these infusions on some 
 brown and yellow hairy caterpillars, the larvse of a Bombycid moth 
 ( Arctia virginica), l.J to 2 inches long, which had been very plenty in 
 this locality, on the Sunflower. I marked a certain number of plants for 
 each test, and sprayed and wetted both sides of each leaf thoroughly. 
 They all continued to eat the leaves after this as before; but with those 
 sprayed with ailanthus, stramonium, and mandrake not nearly so raven- 
 ously — they seemed rather dainty in their biting. 
 
 Next day I wetted again as before, with about the same result; but 
 when I wetted the worms thoroughly with stramonium they fell off and 
 crawled away, and seemed not to ascend the plant any more. 
 
 Then, in order to satisfy myself as to the merits of the different liquids, 
 I collected a number of these caterpillars and placed them in six groups, 
 on a short piece of board. I wetted them all over equally. They were 
 all able to crawl out of their bath ; but, when I pushed them back and 
 wetted their heads, they did not get out again from either mandrake, 
 ailanthus, or stramonium. The others crawled out of several wettings ; 
 but these remained on the board, and were dead next day. 
 
 About the middle of the month I sowed a patch of white turnips in 
 drills, for the purpose of testing these liquids on the Turnip Fly ( Haltica ). 
 They were up in about four days. 1 commenced wetting them; not all, 
 but part of each of six rows. I found it was necessary to wet them every 
 day for a week, and afterwards two or three times, before they got 
 ahead, in order to keep down this pest ; and where I did not wet them 
 they were all eaten off* in about seven or eight days, and I could not 
 say positively which of these liquids was the best. 
 
 I tried these infusions also on the Grape-vine Thrips, on an outdoor 
 arbor, and both sides of the leaves had to be wetted. In this case the 
 9268— Bull. 11 3 
 
34 
 
 stramonium and tansy seemed the best, but the leaves had to be well 
 drenched twice, and in some cases three times, before the insects forsook 
 them or were all killed. 
 
 T have also tried the effects of these washes on the Cabbage Louse 
 {Aphis brassicce). These seem easier killed now than about the begin- 
 ning of this month. Each liquid seems to have a better hold of them 
 than at first, and two applications killed them all on every head to 
 which these washes were applied. I sprayed 12 heads, two to each 
 liquid used. 
 
 I also tried the power of these infusions on some cucumber vines, to 
 see what effect they would have on the Striped Cucumber Beetle {Gale 
 ruca ), and find that unless these washes are very plentifully applied they 
 will have but little effect on this bug. 
 
 On the 24th of this month I procured six Cabbage Cut- worms, and put 
 one near the stem of each of six cabbage plants, and placed it about 
 one inch under ground. I then placed a common tomato can over each 
 plant and sunk it in the earth about one-half its depth. I had previ- 
 ously cut off both ends smoothly with a pair of scissors ; then about 
 one half pint of liquid was poured into the can around each plant, and 
 this wetted the ground, I should say, about three inches. The follow- 
 ing night the plant wetted with elder was cut off by its worm, and the 
 fourth night, the 28th instant, another, marked “Ailanthus,” was cut; 
 but since then no more have been cut. 
 
 My object in this experiment was to find out, if possible, the real 
 value of each of these infusions as a preventive to the Cut- worm ; for if 
 some will not cut at all, after being starved, as it were, in prison, I think 
 that wash may be depended on. 
 
 These infusions have been taken on their merits alone, and I do say 
 they all have some good properties as insecticides. I do not think much 
 in general of tomato leaves, nor Elder alone ; nor do I think Mandrake 
 will ever become popular, from the fact of the extra labor and difficulty 
 of collecting and preparing it. Tansy, Ailanthus, and stramonium are 
 the best, in my opinion, and of these three stramonium stands the high- 
 est in my estimation. 
 
 I have to thank Professor Biley very much for assistance rendered 
 in determining the species of many insects in these and many other 
 tests performed by me. 
 
 Most respectfully, 
 
 Professor C. V. Biley, 
 
 Entomologist , &c. 
 
 THOMAS BENNETT. 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOIOGlN: 
 
 Bulletin No. 16 . 
 
 ' x • 
 
 
 
 May < ' - ; - 
 
 T 1 1 U 2/ m 
 
 Li,r msrrv ° 
 
 ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS 
 
 De. ALPHEUS 8PRING PACKARD. 
 
 SAMUEL HENSHAW. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
 
 1887 . 
 
. 
 
 
 I 
 
 / 
 
 
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 16 . 
 
 THE 
 
 ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS 
 
 OP 
 
 Dr. ALPHEUS SPRING PACKARD. 
 
 SAMUEL HENS FI AW. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1887 . 
 

 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 If. S, Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington , D. C ., July 5, 1887. 
 
 Sir: I have tlie honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 16 of 
 this Division, being a list of the entomological writings of Dr. A. S. 
 Packard, with systematic and general index, prepared by Mr. Samuel 
 Henshaw. Dr. Packard has been so long and favorably known as a 
 writer upon insects both in their structural, biologic, and economic rela- 
 tions, and has been for so many years connected with Government ento- 
 mological work, that this Bulletin will be welcomed by all interested in 
 the subject and of great aid in the divisional work. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 G. Y. RILEY, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 3 
 
 U,0. J- 
 
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF ALPHEUS 
 SPRING PACKARD. 
 
 By Samuel Henshaw. 
 
 Alplieus Spring Packard was born in Brunswick, Me., February 19, 
 1839. His father was Alplieus Spring Packard, D. D., for over sixty 
 years a professor in Bowdoin College. His mother was Frances E. 
 Appleton, daughter of Rev. Jesse Appleton, president of Bowdoin 
 College. After graduating from Bowdoin College in 1861, he spent 
 three years at the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology as a 
 student of Prof. L. Agassiz. For a part of one year (1863-’64) he was 
 the private assistant of Professor Agassiz. 
 
 Two summers (those of 1860 and 1864) were passed upon the coast of 
 Labrador, where collections of marine invertebrates, insects, and quat- 
 ernary fossils were accumulated for future investigations. In 1861-’62 
 he was assistant to the Maine Geological Survey. In 1864 he took the 
 degree of Doctor of Medicine at the Maine Medical School. In Sep- 
 tember of the same year Dr. Packard was commissioned assistant 
 surgeon First Maine Veteran Volunteer Infantry, and served in the 
 Sixth Corps until mustered out with the regiment in July, 1865. In 
 1865-’66 he was acting custodian and librarian of the Boston Society 
 of Natural History. Dr. Packard spent eleven years (1867-78) in 
 Salem. Appointed in 1867 one of the curators of the Peabody Acad- 
 emy, he was for about two years (1877-78) the director of its museum. 
 At Salem he established a summer school of biology, and in March, 
 1868, the first number of the American Naturalist was issued. Dr. 
 Packard was one of the originators of this magazine, and for twenty 
 years its editor-in-chief. 
 
 In 1867 he married Elizabeth Derby, daughter of Samuel B. Walcott 
 of Salem, and has had four children, of whom a son and two daughters 
 are living. As lecturer or instructor Dr. Packard has been connected 
 with the Anderson School of Natural History, Bowdoin College, and 
 the Maine and Massachusetts State Agricultural Colleges ; as assistant 
 he has been attached to the Kentucky Geological Survey, to Hayden’s 
 United States Geological Survey of the Territories, and to the United 
 States Fish Commission. When in search of material for his studies 
 
6 
 
 Dr. Packard has visited many parts of the United States and Mexico, 
 and has dredged upon the coast of Labrador, in the Gulf of Maine, in 
 Massachusetts and Buzzards Bays, off Beaufort, N. C., and upon the 
 coast of Florida. 
 
 Iu 1871-’73 he served as State entomologist of Massachusetts, and 
 from 1877-’82 was a member of the United States Entomological Com- 
 mission. In 1878 he accepted the professorship of Zoology and Geology 
 in Brown University, and still retains the position. 
 
 Dr. Packard was elected a member of the National Academy in 1872 
 and honorary member of the Entomological Society of London in 1884, 
 and at home and abroad a number of societies have elected him to mem- 
 bership. 
 
 The entomological writings of Dr. A. S. Packard, recorded in Part I of 
 the present list, form but a portion of his contributions to science. His 
 memoirs iu other branches in range cover the field of zoology, with 
 occasional papers in allied sciences, aud bear testimony alike to his 
 versatility and the energy of his mind. 
 
 As a rule only the original place of publication is recorded, though a 
 few reprints aud reviews are included, as of possible value in case the 
 original is inaccessible. 
 
 Dr. Packard’s contributions to the natural history of Limulus are 
 included in the present bibliography, because much of the discussion 
 concerning the anatomy, genealogy, &c., of this animal bears directly 
 upon the ArcicJmida and other Artliropoda. 
 
 Part II contains a systematic list of the new names proposed by Dr. 
 Packard, and I have endeavored to note the collection containing the 
 type, but in many cases have been unable to do so. 
 
 A number of the types noted as present in the collection of the 
 Museum of Comparative Zoology are, however, in a very poor state of 
 preservation, so that a word of explanation should be added. 
 
 The bulk of Dr. Packard’s types were accumulated during his connec- 
 tion with, and formed part of the collection of, the Peabody Academy 
 of Science at Salem. 
 
 From the year 1880 the Academy was without the services of an 
 entomological assistant, so that the collections, u in spite of what care 
 could be given them, were rapidly going to ruin,” when, fortunately, in 
 1885, their valuable collections of insects were deposited without condi- 
 tions in the museum at Cambridge, where their preservation is assured. 
 
 Dr. Packard has aided me throughout the preparation of the list, 
 and I am indebted to Messrs. Edwards, Fernald, Hulst, Biley, and Smith 
 for assistance in determining the value and position of many of the 
 Lepidoptera. Mr. Howard has rendered a similar service with some of 
 the parasitic Hymenoptera. 
 
Part I. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 1 . 
 
 1861. Packard, Alpheus S. Entomological report on the Army-worm and Grain 
 Aphis. <6£/». Ann. Kept. Me. Bd. Agric., 1861, pp. 130-145. 
 
 2 . 
 
 1861. Packard, Alpheus S. Report on the Insects collected on the Penobscot and 
 Alleguash Rivers during August and September, 1861. <6£/i Ann. Kept. Me. 
 
 Bd. Agric., 1861, pp. 373-376. 
 
 3 . 
 
 1862. Packard, Alpheus S. How to observe and collect Iusects. <2 d Ann. Kept. 
 
 Nat. Hist, and Geol. Me., 1862, pp. 143-219, figs. Separate: Augusta, 1863, 
 pp. 79, figs. 
 
 4 . 
 
 1863. Packard, Alpheus S. On synthetic types in Insects. <^Bost. Journ. Nat. 
 
 Hist., 1863, v. 7, pp. 590-603, figs. 
 
 5 . 
 
 1864. Packard, Alpheus S. [Note on Stylops childreni.~\ <^Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 
 1864, v. 3, pp. 44-45. 
 
 6 . 
 
 1864. Packard, Alpheus S. Synopsis of the Bomhycidw of the United States 
 <P/-oc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1864, v. 3, pp. 97-130; 331-396. 
 
 7 . 
 
 1864. Packard, Alpheus S. Note on the family Zygcenidce. <^Proc. Essex Inst., 
 1864, v. 4, pp. 7-47, pi. 1-2. 
 
 8 . 
 
 1864. Packard, Alpheus S. The Humble-bees of New England and their para- 
 sites; with notices of a new species of Antliophorabia and a new genus of 
 Proctotrupidce. <^Proc. Essex Inst., 1864, v. 4, pp. 107-140, pi. 3. 
 
8 
 
 9 . 
 
 1864. Packard, Alpheus S. Report on the collection of Insects for 1863. < Kept. 
 
 Mus. Comp. Zool., 1864, pp. 36-44. 
 
 10 . 
 
 1865. Packard, Alpheus S. Notes on two Ichneumons parasitic on Sarnia Colum - 
 bia. <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 1865, v. 9, pp. 345-346. 
 
 11 . 
 
 1866. Packard, Alpheus S. Observations on the development and position of the 
 Hymenoptera with notes on the morphology of Insects. <^Proc. Bost. Soc. 
 Nat. Hist., 1866, v. 10, pp. 279-295, figs; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1866, ser. 
 3, y. 18, pp. 82-99, figs. 
 
 12 . 
 
 1866. Packard, Alpheus S. Revision of the fossorial Hymenoptera of North Amer- 
 ica. <C.Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, pp, 39-115; 1867, v. 6, pp. 353-444. 
 
 13 . 
 
 1866. Packard, Alpheus S. On certain entomological speculations— a review. 
 <Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1866, v. 6, pp. 209-218. 
 
 14 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects and their allies. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 
 73-84, figs. 
 
 15 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. Wasps as marriage priests of plants. <^Amer. Nat. 
 1867, v. 1, pp. 105-106, fig. 
 
 16 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The Insects of early spring. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, 
 
 pp. 110-111. 
 
 17 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 162-164, figs. 
 
 The Insects of May. 
 
 18 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 224, figs. 
 
 The Insects of Jane. 
 
 19 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 220- 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 pp. 271-272. 
 
 The Red-legged Grasshopper. 
 
 20 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 279, figs. 
 
 The Insects of July. 
 
 21 . 
 
 < Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 277- 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The Dragon-fly. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 304-313, 
 pi. 9, figs ; Science Gossip. 1867, pp. 225-227. 
 
9 
 
 22 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 327-330, figs. 
 
 The Insects of August. 
 
 23 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The home of the Bees. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 364- 
 378; 1868, v. 1, pp. 596-606, pi. 10, figs. 
 
 24 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The eggs of the Dragon-fly. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, p 
 
 391. 
 
 25 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects in September. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 391- 
 
 392. 
 
 26 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The Clothes-moth. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 423-427, 
 figs. 
 
 27 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Lubbock: Development of Chloeon. 
 < Amer . Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 428-431. 
 
 28 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The horned Corydalus. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 436- 
 437, figs. 
 
 29 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. The Tiger-beetle. <^Amer. Nat., 1867, v. 1, pp. 552-554, 
 figs. 
 
 30 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. View of the lepidopterous fauna of Labrador. <^Proc. 
 Bo3t. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1867, v. 11, pp. 32-63. 
 
 31 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. [Increasing distribution of the Canker-worm. ] <^Proc t 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1867, v. 11, p. 88. 
 
 32 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. Materials for a monograph of the Phalcenidce of North 
 America. <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1867, v. 11, pp. 102-103. 
 
 33 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 v. 5, p. 94, fig. 
 
 [On the larva of Scenopinus ?] <^Proc. Essex Inst. , 1867, 
 
 34 . 
 
 1867. Packard, Alpheus S. [Larva of salt-water Chironomus .] <^Proc. Essex Inst., 
 1867, v. 5, p. 187. 
 
10 
 
 35. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. The Insect fauna of the summit of Mount Washington 
 as compared with that of Labrador. <^Amer. Nat., 1868, v. 1, pp. 674-676. 
 
 36. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. On the development of a Dragon-fly, Diplax. <^Amer, 
 Nat. , 1868, v. 1, pp. 676-680, figs. 
 
 
 37. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 52. 
 
 Are Bees inj urious to fruit ? <^Amer. Nat., 1868, v. 2, p„ 
 
 
 38. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpiieus S. Apiphobia. <^Amer. Nat., 1868, v. 2, pp. 108-109. 
 
 39. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. Entomological calendar [for April.] <^Amer. Nat.,. 
 1868, v. 2, pp. 110-111, figs. 
 
 
 40. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 
 Fossil Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1868, v. 2, p. 163, fig. 
 
 
 41. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. Entomological calendar [for May.] <^Amer. Nat., 1868; 
 v. 2, pp. 163-165, figs. 
 
 42. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. The parasites of the Honey-bee. <^Amer. Nat., 1868, 
 v. 2, pp. 195-205, pi. 4-5. 
 
 43. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. Entomological calendar [for June.] <^Amer. Nat., 1868, 
 v. 2, pp. 219-221, figs. 
 
 
 44. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 277-278, figs. 
 
 Insects living in the sea. < Amer. Nat., 1868, v. 2, pp. 
 
 
 45. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. Salt-water Insects. <^Amer. iVat.,1868, v. 2, pp. 329- 
 330. 
 
 46. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. Entomological calendar [for August.] < Amer. Nat., 
 1868, v. 2, pp. 331-334, figs. 
 
 47. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 433, figs. 
 
 [Note on Fire-flies.] <^Amer. Nat., 1868, v.2, pp. 432- 
 
 
 48. 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 559, figs. 
 
 [Note on the Moose-tick. ] < Amer. Nat., 1868, v. 2, p. 
 
11 
 
 49 . 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. The embryology of Libellula ( Diplax ), with notes on 
 the morphology of Insects, and the classification of the Neuroptera. <^Proc. 
 Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1868, v. 16, pp. 153-154. 
 
 50 . 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. The Insect fauna of the summit of Mount Washington 
 as compared with that of Labrador. <^Proc. Amer. Assoc. Sci., 1868, v. 16, pp. 
 154-158. 
 
 51 , 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. On the development of a Dragon-fly (Diplax.) <^Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, v. 11, pp. 365-372, figs. 
 
 52 . 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. [Note on salt-water Insects.] <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
 Hist., 1868, v. 11, pp. 387-388. 
 
 53 . 
 
 1868. Packard, Alpheus S. On the structure of the ovipositor and homologous 
 
 parts in the male insect. < Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, v. 11, pp. 393 
 399, figs. 
 
 54 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Meek, Worthen, and Scudder : Articulate 
 
 fossils from the coal. <^Amer. Nat., 1869, v. 3, pp. 45-46, fig. 
 
 55 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Claparede: Studien an Acariden. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1869, v. 3, pp. 490-493, pi. 8. 
 
 56 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. A chapter on Flies. <^Amer Nat., 1869, v. 2, pp. 586- 
 596 ; 638-644, pi. 12-13, figs. 
 
 57 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. Case-worms. <^Amer. Nat., 1869, v. 2, pp. 160-161, figs. 
 
 58 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. A chapter on Mites. <^Amer. Nat., 1869, v. 3, pp. 364- 
 373 ; 448, pi. 6, figs. 
 
 59 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. The Salt Lake Ephydra. <^Amer. Nat., 1869, v. 3, p. 391. 
 
 60 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. On Insects inhabiting salt water. <Proc. i Essex Inst., 
 1869, v. 6, pp. 41-51, figs. 
 
 61 . 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. The characters of the lepidopterous family Noctuidce. 
 <^Proc. Port. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1869, v. 1, pp. 153-156. 
 
12 
 
 62. 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. Report of the Curator of Articulata, [Peab. Acad. 
 Sci.] Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1869, pp. 52-56. 
 
 63. 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. List of hymenopterous and lepidopterous Insects col- 
 lected by the Smithsonian expedition to South America, under Prof. James 
 Orton. <1 st Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1869, pp. 56-69. 
 
 G4. 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. Guide to the study of Insects, and a treatise on those 
 injurious and beneficial to crops. <^Salem, 1869, pp. 8 + 702, pi. 1-11, figs. 
 
 a. 2d edition, Salem, 1870. 
 
 b. 3d edition, Salem, 1872. 
 
 c. 4th edition, Salem, 1874. 
 
 d. 5th edition, New York, 1876. 
 
 e. 6th edition, New York, 1878. 
 
 /. 7th edition, New York, 1880. 
 
 g. 8th edition, New York, 1884, pp. 8 + 715, pi. 1-15, figs. 
 
 65. 
 
 1869. Packard, Alpheus S. Record of American Entomology for the year 1868. 
 << Salem, 1869, pp. 6 + 52. 
 
 66 . 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1870, y. 3, p. 616. 
 
 [Note on Epeira riparia and E. cancer.'] <^Amer. Nat., 
 
 67. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 83-99, pi. 1, figs. 
 
 Certain parasitic Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1870, v. 4, pp. 
 
 68 . 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 225-229, pi. 2. 
 
 A few words about Moths. <^Amer. Nat., 1870, v. 4, pp. 
 
 69. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. Embryology of Limulus polyphemus. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1870, y. 4, pp. 498-502, figs. Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., 1871, ser. 2, v. 11, pp. 
 263-267. 
 
 70. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 p. 576. 
 
 [ Pieris rupee in New Jersey.] <^Amer. Nat., 1870, v. 4 
 
 71. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. The borers of certain shade-trees. <^Amer. Nat., 1870, 
 v. 4, pp. 588-594, figs. 
 
 72. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Riley : Second Missouri Report. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1870, y. 4, pp. 610-615, figs. 
 
13 
 
 73. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. The caudal styles of Insects sense organs, i. e., ab- 
 dominal antennte. <^Amer. Nat., 1870, v. 4, pp. 620-621. 
 
 74. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. A remarkable Myriapod : [ Pauropus Lubbockii .] <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1870, v. 4, p. 621. 
 
 75. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. Abdominal sense organs in a Fly. <^Amer. Nat., 1870, 
 v. 4, pp. 690-691. 
 
 76. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. [The Currant Saw-fly.] <^Bull. Essex Inst., 1870, v. 2, 
 pp. 93-95, figs. 
 
 77. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. List of Coleoptera collected by A. S. Packard, jun., at 
 Caribou Island, Labrador, Straits of Belle Isle. <^Can. Ent., 1870, v. 2, p. 119. 
 
 78. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. New or little known injurious Insects. <[17 th Ann. Kept. 
 Sec. Mass. Bd. Agric., 1870, pp. 235-263, pi. 1, figs. Separate : 1870, pp. 31, pi. 
 1, figs. See Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 4, pp. 684-687, pi. 6, figs.) 
 
 79. 
 
 1870. Packard, Alpheus S. Record of American Entomology for the year 1869. 
 
 <Salem, 1870, pp. 5 + 62. 
 
 80. 
 
 1871. Packard. Alpheus S. On the Insects inhabiting salt water, No. 2. <^Amer. 
 
 Journ. Sci., 1871, ser 3, v. 1, pp. 100-110, figs. • Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 
 1871, ser. 4, v. 7, pp. 230-240. 
 
 81. 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Morphology and ancestry of the King Crab. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1871, v. 4, pp. 754-756. 
 
 82. 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. The ancestry of Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 4, 
 p. 756. 
 
 83. 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of ] Ganin : The early stages of Ichneumon 
 parasites. <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 42-52, figs. 
 
 84. 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Bristle-tails and Spriug-tails. <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, 
 pp. 91-107, pi. 1, figs. 
 
 85. 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Adair : Annals of Bee culture for 1870. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 113-115. 
 
14 
 
 86 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Eaton: Monograph on the j Epliemeridce. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 417-419. 
 
 87 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Scudder and Burgess: Asymmetry in the 
 appendages of hexapod Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 420-421. 
 
 88 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. The embryology of Chrysopa and its bearings on the 
 classification of the Neuroptera. <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 564-568. 
 
 89 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Murray: Geographical distribution of 
 Beetles. <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 644-646. 
 
 90 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] McLachlan: Position of the Caddis-flies. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 707-713. 
 
 91 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. On the Crustaceans and Insects [of the Mammoth Cave. ] 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 744-761, figs. (See No. 115). 
 
 92 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Fossil Insects, &c., from Sunderland, Mass.] <^Bull. 
 Essex Inst., 1871, v. 3, pp. 1-2. 
 
 93 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Abdominal appendages in Chrysopila and palpal sacs 
 in Perla.'] <^Bull. Essex Inst., 1871, v. 3, p. 2. 
 
 94 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Embry ological studies on Diplax, Perithemis, and the 
 thysanurous genus Isotoma. <^Mem. Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, v. 1, No. 2, pp. 
 24, pi. 1-3, figs. 
 
 95 . 
 
 187L Packard, Alpheus S. On the embryology of Limulus polyphemus. <^Proc. 
 Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1871, v. 19, pp. 247-255, figs. 
 
 96 . 
 
 18i 1. Packard, Alpheus S. Catalogue of the Phalcenidce of California. <^Proc. 
 Bust. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1871, v. 13, pp. 381-405. 
 
 97 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. New or rare American Neuroptera, Thysanura, and 
 Myriapoda. <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1871, v. 13, pp. 405-411, figs. 
 
 98 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Embryology of Isotoma , a genus of Poduridw. <^Proc. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1871, v. 14, pp. 13-15, figs. 
 
15 
 
 99 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. [Development of Limulus and remarks upon the an- 
 cestry of Insects.] <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1871, v. 14, pp. 60-61. 
 
 100 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. First annual report on the injurious and beneficial 
 Insects of Massachusetts. <^L 8th Ann. Bept. Sec. Mass. Bd. Agric., 1871, 
 pp. 351-379, pi. 1, figs. Separate : Boston : 1871, pp. 31, pi. 1, figs. (See 
 Amer. Nat., 1871, v. 5, pp. 423-427, figs.) 
 
 101 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Report on the Articulata [Peab. Acad. Sci.]. <2 d and 
 3d Ann. Bepts. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1871, pp. 62-63. 
 
 102 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. List of Insects collected at Pebas, Equador, and pre- 
 sented by Prof. James Orton. <2 d and 3d Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad . 
 Sci., 1871, pp. 85-87. 
 
 103 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Record of American Entomology for the year 1870. 
 
 <^Salem, 1871, pp. 27. 
 
 104 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Riley: Third Missouri Report. <^Amer. 
 
 Nat., 1872, v. 6, pp. 292-295, figs. 
 
 105 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Stretch : Illustrations of Zygcenidce and 
 Bombycidce. <^Amer. Nat., 1872, v. 6, pp. 762-764. 
 
 106 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. Parthenogenesis in Bees. <^Ann. Bee Cult., 1872. 
 
 107 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. Injurious Insects in Essex County. <^Bull. Essex Inst., 
 1872, v. 4, pp. 5-9, figs. 
 
 108 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. How many times does the larva of Arctia caja change 
 its skin ? <^Ent. Mo. Mag., 1872, v. 8, p. 206. 
 
 109 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. On the development of Limulus polgphemus. <^Mem. 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, v. 2, pp. 155-202, pi. 3-5, figs. 
 
 110 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. Embryological studies on hexapodous Insects. <^Mem. 
 Peab. Acad. Sci., 1872, v. 1, No. 3, p. 18, pi. 1-3. 
 
16 
 
 m. 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. Second annual report on the injurious and beneficial 
 Insects of Massachusetts. <19 tli Ann. Kept. Sec. Mass. Bd. Agric ., 1872, pp. 
 331-347, figs. Separate: Boston: 1872, pp. 19, figs. (See Amer. Nat., 1873, v. 
 7, p. 241-244, figs.) 
 
 112 . 
 
 1872. Pack ird, Alpheus S. New American Moths: Zygoenidae and Bombycidce. <4f h 
 Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1872, p. 84-91. Separate : pp. 8. 
 
 113 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. List of the Coleoptera collected in Labrador. <4 tk 
 Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1V72, pp. 92-94. 
 
 114 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. Record of American Entomology for the year 1871. <4 ih 
 Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1872, pp. 99-147. 
 
 115 . 
 
 1872. Packard, Alpheus S. The Mammoth Cave aud its inhabitants. < Salem, 
 1872, pp. 62, figs. 
 
 (Dr. Packard contributes Chapter II, on the Crustacea and Insecta. Sam© 
 as No. 91, with short additional note.) 
 
 116 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 175-177. 
 
 When is sex determined ? 
 
 117 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1873, v. 7, pp. 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. On the distribution of Californian Moths. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1873, v. 7, pp. 453-458. 
 
 118 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Riley: Fifth Missouri Report. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1873, v. 7, pp. 471-477, figs. 
 
 119 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 7, pp. 486-487. 
 
 Embryology of the Lepidoptera. <^Amer. Nat., 1873, v. 
 
 120 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Farther observations on the embryology of Limulus , 
 with notes on its affinities. <^Amer. Nat., 1873, v. 7, pp. 675-678. 
 
 121 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 pp. 740-741, figs. 
 
 Discovery of a Tardigrade. 
 
 122 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1873, v. 7, 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Catalogue of the Pyralidce of California, with descrip- 
 tions of new Californian P ter oplior idee. <^Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.N. F.,1873, v. 
 10, pp. 257-267. 
 
17 
 
 123 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Notes on some Pyralidce from New England, with re- 
 marks on the Labrador species of the family. <^Ann. Lyc. Nat . Hist. N. Y ., 
 1873, v. 10, pp. 267-271. 
 
 124 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Catalogue of the Phalcenidce of California, No. 2. <Proc. 
 Post. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1873, v. 16, pp. 13-40, pi. 1. 
 
 125 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Occurrence of new and rare Myriapods in Massachu- 
 setts. <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1873, v. 16, p. 111. 
 
 126 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Report of the Curator of Articulates [Peab. Acad. Sci.] 
 <5/7t Ann. Rept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1873, pp. 15-17. 
 
 127 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus 8. Synopsis of the Thysanura of Essex County, Mass., 
 with descriptions of a few extralimital forms. <5 th Ann. Rept. Peab. Acad. 
 Sci., 1873, pp. 23-51. 
 
 128 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Descriptions of new American Phalcenidce. <^5tli Ann. 
 Rept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci , 1873, pp. 52-81. 
 
 129 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Notes on North American Moths of the families Pha- 
 lcenidce and Pyralidce in the British Museum. <5 th Ann. Rept. Trustees Peab. 
 Acad. Sci., 1873, pp. 82-92. 
 
 130 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. On the cave fauna of Indiana. <5 th Ann. Rept. 
 Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1873, pp. 93-97. 
 
 131 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Record of American Entomology for the year 1872. <5 th 
 Ann. Rept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1873, pp. 99-135. 
 
 132 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Third annual report on the injurious and beneficial 
 effects of Insects. <20 th Ann. Rept. Sec. Mass. Bd. Ayric., 1873, p. 237-265, 
 figs. (Reprinted with corrections in Amer. Nat., 1873, v. 7, p. 524-548, figs.) 
 
 133 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Insecta [of Vineyard Sound.] <^Rept. TJ. S. Comm. Fish 
 and Fisheries, 1873, Pt. 1, pp. 539-544. 
 
 851 — Bull. 16 2 
 
18 
 
 134 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Descriptions of new species of Mallophaga collected 
 by C. H. Merriam while in the government geological survey of the Rocky 
 Mountains, Prof. F. V. Hayden, United States geologist. <^Bept. JJ. S. Geol. 
 Surv. for 1872, 1873, pp. 731-734, tigs. 
 
 135 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Description of new Insects. <^Eept. U. S. Geol. Surv. 
 for 1872, 1873, pp. 739-741, figs. 
 
 136 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects inhabiting Great Salt Lake and other saline or 
 alkaline lakes in the West. <^Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1872, 1873, pp. 
 743-746. 
 
 137 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Directions for collecting and preserving Insects, pre- 
 pared for the use of the Smithsonian Institution. <^Smith. Misc. Coll., 1873, 
 v. 11, pp. 3-f-55, figs. Separate: Washington, 1873, pp. 34-55, figs. 
 
 138 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. On the ancestry of Insects. <^Salem, 1873. 
 
 (Printed in advance from Our Common Insects.) 
 
 139 . 
 
 1873. Packard, Alpheus S. Onr Common Insects. A popular account of the Insects 
 
 of our fields, forests, gardens, and houses. <^Salem, 1873, pp. 16+225, pi., figs. 
 
 140 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. [Morphology of Insects; reply to criticism of C. V. 
 
 Riley.] <Amer. Nat., 1874, v. 8, pp. 187-188]. 
 
 141 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Occurrence of Telea polyphemus in California. A cor- 
 rection. <^Amer. Nat., 1874, v. 8, pp. 243-244. 
 
 142 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Nature’s means of limiting the numbers of Insects. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1874, v. 8, pp. 270-282, figs. 
 
 143 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. The discovery of the origin of the sting of the Bee. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1874, v. 8, p. 431. 
 
 144 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. The mouth-parts of the Dragon-fly. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1874, v. 8, p. 432. 
 
 145 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Occurrence of Japyx in the United States. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1874, v. 8, pp. 501-502, fig. 
 
19 
 
 146 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. The “hateful” Grasshopper in New England. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1874, y. 8, p. 502. 
 
 147 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. [Grasshoppers as food.] <^Amer. Nat., 1874, v. 8, p. 511. 
 
 148 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. On the distribution and primitive number of spiracles 
 in Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1874, v. 8, pp. 531-534. 
 
 149 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Larvae of Anopthalmus and Adelops. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1874, v. 8. pp. 562-563. 
 
 150 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. The metamorphosis of Flies. I— III. <^Amer.Nat., 
 1874, v. 8, pp. 603-612; 661-667; 713-721. {Translated from A. Weismann.) 
 
 151 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Further observations on the embryology of Limulus, with 
 notes on its affinities. <^Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1874, v. 22, pp. 30-32. 
 
 152 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. On the transformations of the common House-fly, with 
 notes on allied forms. <^Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, v. 16, pp. 136-150, 
 pi. 3, figs. 
 
 153 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Report of the Curator oiAriiculata [Peab. Acad. Sci.] 
 <^dth Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci . , 1874, pp. 13-14. 
 
 154 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Descriptions of new North American Phalcenidce. <^6th 
 Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1874, pp. 39-53. 
 
 155 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Record of American Eutomology for the year 1873. <6f/i 
 Ann. Bept. Trustees Peab. Acad. Sci., 1874, pp. 61-114. 
 
 156 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. [Parasites of White Mountain Butterflies.] <^Final 
 Bept. Geol. N. H., 1874, v. 1, p. 347, figs. 
 
 157 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. On the geographical distribution of the Moths of Colo- 
 rado. <^Bept. U. S. Geol. Sure, for 1873, 1874, pp. 543-560, figs. 
 
 158 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. Report on the Myriopods collected by Lieut. W. L. 
 Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. <^Bept. TJ. S. Geol. Surv.for 1873, 1874, p. 607. 
 
20 
 
 159 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. [Proposed monograph of] the Geometrid Moths. <^Amer. 
 Nat. , 1875, v. 9, pp. 64, 179-180, figs. 
 
 160 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. The Invertebrate cave fauna of Kentucky and adjoin- 
 ing states. Araneina. <^Amer. Nat., 1875, v. 9, pp. 274-278. 
 
 161 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 p. 375. 
 
 [Cigars destroyed by Insects. ] <^Amer. Nat, 1875, v. 9, 
 
 162 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. On the development of the nervous system in IAm- 
 ulus. <^Amer. Nat. , 1875, v. 9, pp. 422-424. 
 
 163 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. On an uudescribed organ in Limulus , supposed to he 
 renal in its nature. <^Amer. Nat., 1875, v. 9. pp. 511-514 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
 Hist., 1875, ser. 4, v. 15, pp. 255-258. 
 
 164 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. CaJoptenusspretus[=C. atlanis~\ in Massachusetts. <^Amer 
 Nat., 1875, v. 9, p. 573. 
 
 165 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. Life histories of the Crustacea and Insects. <^Amer. 
 Nat, 1875, v. 9, pp. 583-622, figs. 
 
 166 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. Cave-inhabiting Spiders. <^Amer. Nat., 1875, v. 9, pp. 
 663-664. 
 
 167 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. On gynandromorphism in the Lepidoptera. < Mem. 
 
 Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1875, v. 2, pp. 409-412, pi. 14, in part. 
 
 168 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. The cave Beetles of Kentucky. <^Amer. Nat., 1876, v. 
 
 10, pp. 282-287, pi. 2, figs. 
 
 169 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 figs. 
 
 The House-fly. 
 
 170 . 
 
 < Amer. Nat., 1876, v. 10, pp. 476-480, 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Riley : Eighth Missouri Report. <^Amer. 
 Nat, 1876, v. 10, pp. 485-4 8c. 
 
21 
 
 171 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. A century’s progress in American Zoology. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1876, v. 10, pp. 591-598. Gervais Journ. de Zool:, 1876, v. 5, pp. 413-423. 
 
 172 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Cook: Manual of the Apiary. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1876, v. 10, pp. 621-622. 
 
 173 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Mayer: Ontogeny and phylogeny of In- 
 sects. <^Amer. Nat., 1876, v. 10, pp. 688-691. 
 
 174 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 pp. 754-755. 
 
 [The ravages of Locusts.] <^Amer. Nat., 1876, v. 10, 
 
 175 . 
 
 1876-1878. Packard, Alpheus S. Johnson’s New Universal Cyclopaedia. <^New 
 York, 1876-1878. 
 
 Dr. Packard contributes : 
 
 1. Hymenoptera, 1876, v. 2, pp. 1075-1076. 
 
 2. Lepidoptera pp. 1733-1734. 
 
 3. Locust, 1877 v. 3, p. 87. 
 
 4. Louse p. 129. 
 
 5. Neuroptera pp. 782-783. 
 
 6. Silk-worm, 1878 .. .v. 4, pp. 1662-1664. 
 
 176 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. A monograph of the Geometrid Moths or Phalamidce of 
 the United States. <^Iiept. TJ.S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1876, pp. 4-f607, pi. 
 1-13, figs. 
 
 177 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. Life histories of animals, including man, or outlines 
 
 of comparative embryology. <^New York, 1876, pp. 243, pi., figs. 
 
 178 . 
 
 1877. Packard. Alpheus S. The migrations of the destructive Locust of the West. 
 
 <Amer. Nat., 1877, v. 11, pp. 22-29. 
 
 179 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. Explorations of the Polaris expedition to the North 
 Pole. <14^r. Nat., 1877, v. 11, pp. 51-53. Separate, 1877, pp. 2. (See Ent. 
 Mo. Mag., 1877, v. 13, pp. 228-229.) 
 
 180 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. Partiality of white Butterflies for white flowers. 
 <Amer. Nat., 1877, v. 11, p. 243. 
 
 181 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. Experiments on the sense organs of Insects. <^Amer. 
 Nat. ,1877, v. 11, pp. 418-423. 
 
22 
 
 182 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alphe us S. [Review of ] Murray : Aptera. <^Amer. Nat., 1877, v. 
 11, pp. 482-4 J 3. 
 
 183 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. United States Entomological Commission:* 
 
 Circular No. 1. [Riley, Packard, Thomas.] <[ Washington : 1877, pp. 4. 
 
 184 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. United States Entomological Commission : 
 
 Circular No. 3. < Washington : 1877. 
 
 185 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. United States Entomological Commission : 
 
 Bulletin No. 1. [Riley, Packard, Thomas.] < Washington : 1877, pp. 12. 
 
 186 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. United States Entomological Commission : 
 
 Bulletin No. 2. [Riley, Packard, Thomas.] < Washington: 1877, pp. 14, figs. 
 
 187 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. On a new cave fauna in Utah. <^Bull. U. S. Geol. >’ 
 and Geogr. Surv.,’ 1877, v. 3, pp. 157-169, figs. 
 
 188 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. The Hessian-fly, Joint-worm, and Wheat-midge. 
 Ent., 1877, y. 9, p. 100. 
 
 189 . 
 
 <Ca. 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1877, v. 2, pp. 17-19. 
 
 Experiments upon the vitality of Insects. < Psyche , 
 
 190 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 v. 2, p. 23. 
 
 Appendages homologous with legs. 
 
 191 . 
 
 <Psyche, 1877, 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. Report on the Rocky Mountain Locust and other Insects 
 now injuring or likely to injure field and garden crops in the western states 
 and territories. <^Bept. U. S. Geol. Surv. for 1875, 1877, pp. 589-810, pis. 
 62-70, maps 1-5, figs. 
 
 192 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. List of Coleoptera collected in 187& in Colorado and 
 Utah by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D. <^Bep1. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. for 1875, 1877, 
 pp. 811-815. 
 
 193 . 
 
 1877. Packard, Alpheus S. Half-Hours with Insects. <Boston : 1877, pp. 8+384, 
 pi., figs. 
 
 *The publications of the Commission were prepared unitedly by Messrs. Riley, 
 Packard, and Thomas, but to the individual members were assigned special work 
 and chapters in the subdivision of the work. 
 
23 
 
 194 . 
 
 1878. Packard, Alpheus S. The mode of extrication of Silk-worm Moths from their 
 cocoons. <^Amer. Nat., 1878, v. 12, pp. 379-383, figs; Nature , 1878, v. 18, 
 pp. 226-227, figs; Ent. Nach., 1878, v. 5, pp. 284-285. 
 
 195 . 
 
 1878. Packard, Alpheus S. Some characteristics of the central zoo-geographical 
 province of the United States. <^Amer. Nat., 1878, v. 12, pp. 512-517. 
 
 196 . 
 
 1878. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects affecting the Cranberry, with remarks on other 
 injurious Insects. <^Bept. TJ. S. Geol. Surv. for 1876, 1878, pp. 521-531, figs. 
 
 197 . 
 
 1878. Packard, Alpheus S. First annual report of the U. S. Entomological Com- 
 mission. < Washington , J878, pp. 14+477+295, pi. 1-5, figs. 
 
 Dr. Packard contributes : 
 
 Chapter 2. Chronological history, pp. 53-113. 
 
 Chapter 5. Permanent breeding grounds of the Rocky Mountain Locust, 
 pp. 131-136. 
 
 Chapter 9. Anatomy and embryology, pp. 257-279. 
 
 Chapter 17. Uses to which Locusts may be put, pp. 437-443. 
 
 Chapter 19. Locust ravages in other countries, pp. 460-477. 
 
 Appendix IX. Narrative of the first journey made in the summer of 1877, 
 pp. 134-138. 
 
 Appendix X. Narrative of a second journey made in the summer of 
 1877, pp. 139-144. 
 
 With the co-operation of Mr. Cyrus Thomas, Dr. Packard contributes : 
 
 Chapter 6. Geographical distribution, pp. 136-142. 
 
 Chapter 7. Migrations, pp. 143-211. 
 
 198 . 
 
 1878. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects of the West : An account of the Rocky Mountain 
 Locust, the Colorado Potato-beetle, the Canker-worm, Currant Saw-fly, and 
 other Insects which devastate the crops of the country. -^London, 1878. 
 (A reprint, with slight changes, paging, &c., of No. 191.) 
 
 199 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 
 p. 62. 
 
 [The smallest Insects known. ] <^Amer. Nat., 1879, v. 13, 
 
 200 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1879, v. 13, p. 203. 
 
 [Fossil Insects at Green River, Wyoming.] <^Amer. Nat., 
 
 201 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 v. 13, p. 394. 
 
 [Parthenogenesis of the Honey-bee.] <^Amer. Nat., 1879, 
 
 202 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. A poisonous Centipede. <^Amer. Nat., 1879, v. 13, p. 
 527. 
 
24 
 
 203 . 
 
 1879. Packard, A.lphetjs S. 
 p. 535. 
 
 [Cotton-worm investigation.] <^Amer. Nat., 1879, v. 13 f 
 
 204 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. The Rocky Mountain Locust in New Mexico. 
 Nat., 1879, v. 13, p. 586. 
 
 205 . 
 
 <^Amer. 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Graber : Die Insekten. <^Amer. Nat., 1879, 
 v. 13, pp. 774-775. 
 
 206 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus S. Zoology for students and general readers. <^New 
 York : 1879, pp. 8-J-7 19, figs. 
 a. 2d edition, New York, 1880. 
 
 &. 3d edition, New York, 1881. 
 
 c. 4th edition, New York, 1883. 
 
 d. 5th edition, New York, 1886. 
 
 207 . 
 
 1879. Packard, Alpheus, S. Zoology of the Invertebrate animals. <^New York : 
 1879, pp. 12+143, figs. (By A. Macalister. Specially revised for America by 
 A. S. Packard.) 
 
 208 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Moths entrapped by an Asclepiad plant, Phvsianthus, 
 and killed by Honey-bees. <^Amer. Nat., 1880, v. 14, pp. 48-50; Nature, 
 1880, v. 21, p. 308; Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc ., 1880, ser 1, v. 3, pp. 241-242; 
 Journ. Sci., 1880, ser. 3, v. 2, p. 213; Bot. Gaz., 1880, v. 5, pp. 17-20. 
 
 209 . 
 
 1380. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1880, v. 14, p, 53. 
 
 The Cotton-worm Moth in Rhode Island. 
 
 210 . 
 
 < 'Amer. Nat., 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Structure of the eye of Limulus. <^Amer. Nat., 1880, 
 v. 14, pp. 212-213; Ann. and Mag:, Nat. Hist., 1880, ser. 5, v. 5, pp. 434-435; 
 Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1880, ser. 1, v.3, pp. 947-948. 
 
 211 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. On the internal structure of the brain of Limulus 
 polyphemus. <^Amer. Nat., 1880, v.14, pp. 445-448; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 
 1880, ser. 5, v. 6, pp. 29-33 
 
 212 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Case of protective mimicry in a Moth. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1880, v. 14, p. 600. 
 
 213 . 
 
 1880. Packard. Alpheus S. The eyes and brain of Cermatia forceps. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1880, v. 14, pp. 602-603. Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1880, ser. 1, v. 3, pp. 783-784. 
 
25 
 
 214 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Wood-Mason: Morphology of Insects. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1880, v. 14, pp. 665-667. 
 
 215 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. [The investigations of the U. S. Entomological Com- 
 mission for 1880.] <^Amer. Nat., 1880, v. 14, pp. 753-755. 
 
 216 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Eggs of Tree-crickets wanted. <^Amer. Nat., 1880, v. 
 14, p. 804. 
 
 217 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Cetonia inda. <^Amer. Nat., 1880, v. 14, p. 806. 
 
 218 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. The anatomy, histology, and embryology of Limulus 
 polyphemus. <^Annis Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1880, pp. 45, pis. 1-7 ; Journ. 
 Roy. Micros. Soc., 1881, ser. 2, v. 1, pp. 600-601. 
 
 219 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. The Hessian fly, its ravages, habits, enemies, and 
 means of preventing its increase. <^Bull. U. S. Ent. Comm., No. 4, 1880, pp. 
 43, pis. 1-2, map, fig. (See Amer. Nat., 1880, v, 14, pp. 586-587 ; Amer. Ent., 
 1880, v. 3, pp. 118-121, 140-141, figs.) 
 
 220. 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. On the internal structure of the brain of Limulus poly- 
 phemus. <^Zool. Anz., 1880, v. 3, pp. 306-310. 
 
 221 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Second report of the U. S. Entomological Commission. 
 
 < Washington , 1880, pp. 18-{-322-f-80, pis. 1-17, maps, figs. 
 
 Dr. Packard contributes : 
 
 Chapter 6. The southern limits of the distribution of the Rocky Mount- 
 ain Locust, pp. 156-160. 
 
 Chapter 7. Summer of Locust flights from 1877 to 1879, pp. 160-163. 
 Chapter 8. The Western Cricket, pp. 163-178. 
 
 Chapter 9. The air-sacs of Locusts, with reference to their powers of 
 flight, pp. 178-183. 
 
 Chapter 11. The brain of the Locust, pp. 223-242. 
 
 Appendix VII. Notes of a journey made to Utah and Idaho in the sum- 
 mer of 1878, pp. 69-71. 
 
 Appendix VIII. Yersin’s researches on the functions of the nervous sys- 
 tem of the Articulate animals, pp. 73-74. 
 
 With the co-operation of Professor Riley, Dr. Packard contributes : 
 Chapter 1. Additions to the chronology of Locust ravages, pp. 1-14. 
 
 222 . 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. Fauna of the Luray and the Newmarket Caves, Vir- 
 
 ginia. <^Amer. Nat., 1881, v. 15, pp. 231-232. 
 
26 
 
 223. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. The brain of the Locust. <^Amer.,Nat. 1881,. v. 15, pp. 
 285-302, pi. 1-3; Journ. de Microg., 1881, v. 5, pp. 448-453; v. 6, pp. 71-75. 
 
 224. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. The brain of the embryo and young Locust. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1881, v. 15, pp. 372-379, pi. 4-5. 
 
 225. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. Locusts in Mexico in 1880. <^Amer. Nat. 1881, v. 15, 
 p. 578. 
 
 226. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. Scolopendrella and its position in nature. <^Amer.Nat., 
 1881, v. 15, pp. 693-704, figs. 
 
 227. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. The fauna of Nickajack Cave. <^Amer. Nat., 1881, v., 
 15, pp. 877-882, pi. 7. (Prepared by Prof. E. D. Cope and Dr. Packard.) 
 
 228. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Scudder: Butterflies. 
 15, pp. 885-887. 
 
 229. 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1881, v. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects injurious to forest and shade trees. <^Bull. 
 U. S. Ent. Comm., No. 7, 1881, pp. 275, figs. 
 
 230. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. Bibliography of economic Entomology. <^Ca. Ent., 1881, 
 v, 13, p. 39. (Plan of proposed work.) 
 
 231. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. Descriptions of some new Ichneumon parasites of 
 North American Butterflies. <^Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1881, v. 21, pp. 18-38. 
 
 232. 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus S. The Grasshopper question. <^Rocky Mt. Hush., 1881. 
 
 233. 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Thomas : Fifth Illinois Report. <^Amer. 
 
 Nat., 1882, v. 16, pp. 39-40. 
 
 234. 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. Is Limulus an Arachnid ? <^Amer. Nat., 1882, v. 16, pp. 
 287-292; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1382, ser. 5, v. 9, pp. 369-374; Journ. Boy. 
 Micros. Soc. , 1882, ser. 2, v. 2, p. 337. 
 
 235. 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. A correction [to No. 234]. <^Amer. Nat., 1882, v. 16, 
 p. 436. 
 
27 
 
 236 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1882, y. 16, p. 589. 
 
 The coloring of zoo-geographical maps. <^Amer. Nat., 
 
 237 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. Bot-fly maggots in a Turtle’s neck. <^Amer. Nat., 1882, 
 vol. 16, p. 598, figs. 
 
 238 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. Larvae of a Fly in a Hot Spring in Colorado. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1882, v. 16, pp. 599-600. 
 
 239 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. Nomenclature of external parts of Arthropoda. <^Amer. 
 Nat. , 1882, v. 16, pp. 676-677. 
 
 240 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Lubbock : Ants, bees, and wasps. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1882, y. 16, pp. 804-807. 
 
 241 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. Probable difference in two broods of Drasteria erech- 
 thea. <^Papilio, 1882, v. 2, pp. 147-148. 
 
 242 . 
 
 1882. Packard, Alpheus S. Notes on lepidopterous larvae. <^Papilio, 1882, v. 2, 
 pp. 180-183. 
 
 243 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. The systematic position of the Archipolypoda, a group 
 of fossil Myriopods. <^Amer. Nat., 1»83, v. 17, pp. 326-329, figs; Journ. Roy. 
 Micros. Soc., 1883, ser. 2, v. 3, pp. 365-365. 
 
 244 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Riley : Rept. U. S. Ent. for 1881-1882. 
 <Amer. Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 399-400, figs. 
 
 245 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. A pew species of Polydesmus with eyes. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1883, v. 17, pp. 428-429, tigs. ; Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1883, ser. 2, v. 3, p. 367. 
 
 246 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Discovery of Eurypauropus in Europe. <T Amer. Nat., 
 1883, v. 17, p. 555. 
 
 247 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Repugnatorial pores in the Lysiopetalidcc. Amer. Nat., 
 1883, v.17, p. 555. 
 
28 
 
 248 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Recent works on the mouth-parts of 
 Flies. <^Amer. Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 631-633. 
 
 249 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. The coxal gland of Arachnids and Crustacea. <Amer. 
 Nat. , 1883, v. 17, pp. 795-797. 
 
 250 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. On the classification of the Linnsean orders of Orthop- 
 ier a and Neuroptera. <^Amer. Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 820-829 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. 
 Hist., 1883, ser. 5, v. 12, pp. 145-154; Journ. Boy. Micros. Soc., 1884, ser. 2, v. 
 4, p. 220. 
 
 251 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Note on a Peripaius from the Isthmus of Panama. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 881-882, figs. 
 
 252 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. The structure and embryology of Peripatus. <^Anier. 
 Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 882-884. 
 
 253 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. On the genealogy of the Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1883, 
 v. 17, pp. 932-945, figs. ; Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1884, ser. 2, v. 4,pp. 217-218; 
 Journ. de Microg., 1884, v. 7, pp. 566-571, 622-628, figs; Bull. Soc.Ent. Ital. f 
 1884, v. 16, pp. 135-136. 
 
 254 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Weismann : Studies in the theory of 
 descent. <^Amer. Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 1042-1046. 
 
 255 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Molting in the shell in Limulus. <^Amer. Nat., 1883, 
 v. 17, pp. 1075-1076; Journ. Boy. Micros. Soc., 1883, ser. 2, v. 3,pp. 836-837. 
 
 256 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. The number of 'segments in the head of winged In- 
 sects. <^Amer. Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 1134-1138, figs.; Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 
 1884, ser. 2, v. 4, pp. 43-44. 
 
 257 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Occurrence of a Stratiomys larva in sea- water. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1883, v. 17, pp. 1287-1288. 
 
 258 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Note on forest-tree Insects. <^Bull. Div. Eni. TJ. S. 
 Dept. Agric., No. 3, 1883, pp. 24-30. 
 
 259 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Scorpions. < Independent , 1883. 
 
29 
 
 260 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Decay of the spruce in the Adirondacks and northern 
 New England. <^Nation, 1883, v. 37, p. 525. 
 
 261 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. A revision of the Lysiopetalidce, a family of Chilognath 
 Myriopoda, with a notice of the genus Cambala. <^Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 
 1883, v. 21, pp. 177-197 ; Journ. Boy. Micros. Soc., 1883, ser. 2, v. 3, p. 832. 
 
 262 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. On the morphology of the Myriopoda. <^Proc. Amer. 
 Philos. Soc., 1883, v. 21, pp. 197-209, figs.; Journ. Roy. Micros. Soc., 1883, ser. 2, 
 v. 3, pp. 832-833. 
 
 263 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Report on the causes of destruction of evergreen 
 . forests in northern New England aud New York. <^Rept. Dept. Agric. for 
 1883, [part of Riley's report as Entomologist], 1883, pp. 138-151, pi. 9, figs. 
 
 264 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Axpheus S. Third report of the U. 3. Entomological Commission. 
 < Washington , 1883, pp. l4-{-347-{-92, pi. 1-64, maps, figs. 
 
 Dr. Packard contributes : 
 
 Chapter 8. The Hessian fly, pp. 198-248. 
 
 Chapter 9. Descriptions of the larvse of injurious forest Insects, pp. 251- 
 262. 
 
 Chapter 10. The embryological development of the Locust, pp. 263-285. 
 Chapter 11. The systematic position of the Orthoptera in relation to the 
 other orders of Insects, pp. 286-345. 
 
 Chapter 12. Note on the geographical distribution of the Rocky Mountain 
 Locust, illustrated with colored zoo-geographical map of 
 North America, pp. 346-347. 
 
 265 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. The Standard Natural History. <^Boston, 1883-1885. 
 Dr. Packard contributes : 
 
 1. Introduction, 1885, v. 1, pp. i-lxxii. 
 
 2. Hexapoda, 1883, v. 2, pp. 131-134. 
 
 3. Thysanura, pp. 135-138. 
 
 4. Dermatoptera, p. 139. 
 
 5. Pseudoneuroptera , 1883-’84, v. 2, pp. 140-154. 
 
 6. Neuroptera, 1884, v. 2, pp. 155-166. 
 
 266 . 
 
 1883. Packard, Alpheus S. Zoology. Briefer Course. <^New York, 1883, pp. 5+334. 
 
 а. 2d edition, New York, 1885. 
 
 б. 3d edition, New York, 1886. 
 
 267 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. SografFs embryology of the Chilopod Myriopods« 
 
 <^Amer. Nat, 1884, v. 18, pp. 201-202. 
 
30 
 
 
 268 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 202-204, figs. 
 
 New cave Arachnids. <^Amer. Nat, 1884, v. 18, pp* 
 
 
 269 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Meinerfc : Caput Scolopendrce. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 270-272. 
 
 270 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Egg-laying habits of the egg parasite of the Canker- 
 worm. <^Amer. Nat , 1884, v. 18, pp. 292-293. 
 
 
 271 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 v. 18, p. 293. 
 
 Paired sexual outlets in Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1884,, 
 
 
 272 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 296, figs. 
 
 The Larch-worm. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 29 W 
 
 
 273 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 296. 
 
 The Hemlock Gelechia. <^Amer. Nat., 1884. v. 18, p. 
 
 
 274 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 pp. 424-426, figs. 
 
 The Spruce-bud Tortrix. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, 
 
 
 275 . 
 
 1864. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 633. 
 
 Notes on Moths. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 632- 
 
 
 276 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. The transformations of Nola. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 
 
 18, pp. 726-727. 
 
 277 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Habits of an aquatic Pyralid caterpillar. <^Amer. Nat. r 
 1884, v. 18, pp. 824-826, pi. 24. 
 
 278 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Note on salt-water Insects, No. 3. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, 
 v. 18, pp. 826-828, figs. 
 
 279 . 
 
 1684. Packard, Alpheus S. Aspects of the body in Vertebrates and Arthropods. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 855-861, figs. ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1884, 
 ser. 5, v. 14, pp. 243-249, figs.; Journ. Hoy. Micros. Soc., 1884, ser. 2, v. 4, p. 
 
 866 . 
 
 280 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Life-histories of some Geometrid Moths. <^Amer. Nat. t 
 1884, v. 18, pp. 933-936. 
 
31 
 
 281 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Anatomy and function of the Bee’s tongue. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1884, v. 18, p. 937. 
 
 282 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Life-liistory of Lochmoeus tessella. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, 
 v. 18, pp. 1044-1045. 
 
 283 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Transformations of Caripeta angastiorata. <^A?ner. Nat., 
 1884, y. 18, pp. 1045-1046. 
 
 284 . 
 
 1884, Packard, Alpheus S. Mode of oviposition of the common Longicorn Pine 
 borer ( Monohammus confmor). <CAmer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 1149-1151. 
 
 285 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Egg-laying habits of the Maple-tree borer. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 1151-1152. 
 
 286 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. Palmen’s paired outlets of the sexual organs of In- 
 sects. <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 1152-1153. 
 
 287 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. The nature of the so-called “ liver” in the Arachnids. 
 Corner. Nat., 1884, v.18, pp. 1153-1154. 
 
 288 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. The systematic position of the Embidie. <^Amer. Nat., 
 1884, v. 18, pp. 1154-1155. 
 
 289 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. The larval stages of Mamestra picta. <^Amer. Nat , 
 1884, v. 18, pp. 1266-1267. 
 
 290 . 
 
 1884. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1884, v. 18, p. 1267. 
 
 The Bees, Wasps, &c., of Labrador. <^Amer. Nat., 
 
 291 . 
 
 1881. Packard, Alpheus 8. Origin of Bee’s cells. 
 1268-1269. 
 
 292 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1884, v. 18, pp. 
 
 1834. Packard, Alpheus S. The life of the Great Salt Lake. I-IV. < Independent , 
 1884. 
 
 293 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Dahl: Structure and function of the 
 legs of Insects. <^Amer. Nat., 1885, v, 19, pp. 178-180. 
 
32 
 
 294 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. The number of abdominal segments in lepidopterous 
 larvae. <^Amer. Nat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 307-308 ; Journ. Boy. Micros. Soc., 1885, 
 ser. 2, v. 5, p. 636. 
 
 295 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Riley : Rept. U. S. Ent. for 1884. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1885, v. 19, p. 607, pi. 18. 
 
 296 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Smith: Systematic position of some N. A. 
 Lepidoptera. <^Amer. Nat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 608-609. 
 
 297 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Unusual number of legs in the caterpillar of Lagoa. 
 <^Amer. ATatf. , 1885, v. 19, pp. 714-715, figs.; Journ. Boy. Micros. Soc., 1885, ser. 
 2, v. 5, pp. 990-991. 
 
 298 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Use of the pupae of Moths in distinguishing species. 
 <AmerNat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 715-716. 
 
 299 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. On the embryology of Limulus polyphemus. III. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 722-727, pi. 24 ; Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1885, v. 22, pp. 268- 
 272, pi. ; Journ. Boy. Micros. Soc., 1885, ser. 2, v. 5, pp. 806-807. 
 
 300 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 893. 
 
 Edible Mexican Insects. 
 
 301 . 
 
 < Amer. Nat., 1885, v. 19, p. 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Dr. Brauer’s views on the classification of Insects. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 999-1001. 
 
 302 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Flights of Locusts in Eastern Mexico in 1885. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 1105-1106. 
 
 303 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Hickson • Eye and optic tract of Insects. 
 <Amer. Nat., 1885, v. 19, pp. 1220-1221. 
 
 304 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Spiders. <^Bandom Notes on Nat. Hist., 1885, v. 2, p. 
 
 11 . 
 
 305 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Second report on the causes of the destruction of the 
 evergreen and other forest trees in northern New England and New York. 
 <^Bept. Dept. Agric. for 1884, [ part of Bileifs Beport as Entomologist,] 1885, 
 pp. 374-383, figs. Separate : 1885, pp. 12, figs. 
 
33 
 
 306 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Brongniart: Studies of carboniferous In- 
 sects. <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 68-69. 
 
 307 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Plateau: Experiments on vision of Insects. 
 <Amer. Nat., 1886, v.20, pp. 69-70. 
 
 308 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Cholodkoosky : Morphology of Lepidoptera. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20. pp. 169-170. 
 
 309 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. Flights of Locusts at San Luis Potosi, Mexico, 1885. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 28, p. 170. 
 
 310 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of ] Scudder : Systematische Ubersicht fossilen 
 Insekten. <CAmer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 369-370. 
 
 311 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. On the cinurous Thysanura and Symphyla of Mexico. 
 <Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 382-383. 
 
 312 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. On the nature and origin of the so called “ spiral 
 thread” of tracheae. <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 438-442, figs. ; Journ. Roy. 
 Micros. Soo., 1886, ser. 2, v. 6, pp. 789-790. 
 
 313 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Korotneff: Development of the Mole 
 cricket. <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 460-462, pi. 18-19. 
 
 314 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. [Review of] Grassi: Development of the Honey-bee. 
 <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 462-464. 
 
 315 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. The origin of the spiral thread in tracheae. A cor- 
 rection. <^Amer. Nat., 1886, v. 20, p. 558. 
 
 316 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1886, v. 20, p. 651. 
 
 Larval form of Polydesmus canadensis. 
 
 317 . 
 
 <^Amer. Nat. 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. A new arrangement of the orders of Insects. 
 Nat., 1886, v. 20, p. 808. 
 
 318 . 
 
 <^dmer. 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. The fluid ejected by notodontian caterpillars. <^Amer. 
 Nat., 1886, v. 20, pp. 811-812. 
 
 851— Ball. 16 3 
 
34 
 
 319 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. An eversible “ gland” in the larva of Orgyia. <fAmer. 
 Nat., 1886, v. 20, p. 814. 
 
 320 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. The organ of smell in Arthropods. <fAmer. Nat,., 1886, 
 v. 20, pp. 889-894 ; 973-975. (Translated abstract from K. Kraepeliu.) 
 
 321 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. Third report on the causes of destruction of the ever- 
 green and other forest trees in northern New England. <^Rept. Dept. Agric. 
 for 1885, [ part of Riley's report as Entomologist, ] 1886, pp. 319-333, figs. 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. Additions to the third report on the causes of the de- 
 struction of the evergreen and other forest trees in northern New England. 
 <^Bull. Div. Ent. U. S., Dept. Agric., No. 12, 1886, pp. 17-23. 
 
 323 . 
 
 1886. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 figs. 
 
 First Lessons in Zoology. <New York : 1886, pp. 6+290, 
 
 324 . 
 
 1887. Packard, Alpheus S. Cave fauna of North America, with remarks on the 
 anatomy and origin of blind forms. <^Amer. Nat., 1887, v. 21, pp. 82-83. 
 
 325 . 
 
 1887. Packard, Alpheus S. Critical remarks on the literature of the organs of smell 
 in Arthropods. <^Amer. Nat., 1887, v. 21, pp. 182-185. (Translated abstract 
 from K. Kraepeliu.) 
 
 326 . 
 
 1887. Packard, Alpheus S. Hauser on the organs of smell in Insects. <( Amer . Nat., 
 1887, v. 21, pp. 279-286, pi. 13-15. 
 
 327 . 
 
 1887. Packard, Alpheus S. Fourth report on Insects injurious to forest and shade 
 trees. <^Bull. Div. Ent. U. S. Dept. Agric., No. 13, 1887, pp. 21-32, figs. 
 
 328 . 
 
 1887. Packard, Alpheus S. Notes on certain Psychidce, with descriptions of two new 
 Bombycidce. <^Ent. Amer., 1887, v. 3, pp. 51-52. 
 
 329 . 
 
 1885. Packard, Alpheus S. Notice of an egg-parasite upon the American Tent cat- 
 erpillar, Clisiocampa americana Harris. <^Pract. Ent., 1865, v. 1, pp. 14-15. 
 
 330 . 
 
 1866. Packard, Alpheus S. Outlines of the study of Insects. <^Pract. Ent., 1866, 
 v. 1, pp. 74-76; 94-95; 106-107, figs. 
 
 331 . 
 
 1871. Packard, Alpheus S. Value of Honey-bees in fruit culture. <^JVest. Pomolo~ 
 gist, 1871, v. 2, pp. 133-134. 
 
35 
 
 
 332 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 1874, v. 39, p. 11. 
 
 The structure of Insects. <^Cult. and Count. Centl., 
 
 
 333 . 
 
 1874. Packard, Alpiieus S. Flight, senses and growth of Insects. <^Cult. and 
 
 Count. Centl., 1874, v. 39, p. 22. 
 
 334 . 
 
 1875. Packard, Alpheus S. The Colorado Potato-beetle and Army-worm. The Cur- 
 
 rant-worm. F. Farmer, 1875, v. 54, No. 35, p. 1. 
 
 
 335 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 p. 526. 
 
 The House-fly. <^Cult. and Count. Gentl., 1876, v. 41, 
 
 
 336 . 
 
 1876. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 
 The Canker-worm. Sci. Farmer, 1876. 
 
 337 . 
 
 1878. Packard, Alpheus S. 
 
 Insects injurious to the Maple. <^Sci. Farmer, 1878. 
 
 
 338 . 
 
 1880. Packard, Alpheus S. Insects injurious to the Cranberry. <^Trans. Wise. 
 Hort. Soc., 1880, v. 10, pp. 313-322, figs. 
 
 339 . 
 
 . Packard, Alpheus S. The House-fly, I— III. <^Youth’s Companion. 
 
Part II. 
 
 SYSTEMATIC INDEX OF THE NEW NAMES PROPOSED. 
 
 The first number following the name refers to the number of the paper 
 in Part 1 5 the second, to the page where the species is first described. 
 The following abbreviations are used in locating the types: 
 
 A. E. S. = Collection of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 A. S. P. = Collection of A. S. Packard, Providence, R. I. 
 
 B. S. N. H.= Collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. 
 
 C. H. F. =Collection of C. H. Fernald, Amherst, Mass. 
 
 H. E.=Collection of Henry Edwards, New York, N. Y. 
 
 J. A. L. = Collection of J. A. Lintner, Albany, N. Y. 
 
 M. C. Z. = Collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 N. M. = Collection of the National Museum, Washington, D. C. 
 
 P. A. S.=Collection of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass. 
 
 S. H. S. = Collection of S. H. Scudder, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 ARACHNID A. 
 
 Sarcoptidce. 
 
 Ckelyletus semivorus, 64-665.* 
 Dermaleiclius pici-pubecentis, 64-667.* 
 
 Gamasidce. 
 
 Argus americana, 135-740. M. C. Z. 
 
 Ixodidce. 
 
 Ixodes albipictus, 58-366; 63-65. M. C. Z. 
 
 bovis, 58-370; 63-68. M. C. Z. 
 
 chordeilis, 63-67. M. C. Z. 
 
 cookei, 63-67. M. C. Z. 
 
 leporis-palustris, 63-67. M. C. Z. 
 
 naponensis, 63-65. 
 
 nigrolineatus, 63-66. M. C. Z. 
 
 perpunctatus, 63-68. M. C. Z. 
 
 unipunctatus, 58-370; 63-66. 
 
 Trombidiidce. 
 
 Trombidium bulbipes, 132-264. 
 
 Hydrachnidce. 
 
 Hydrachna tricolor, 80-108. 
 
 Thalassaracbna, 80-107. 
 
 verrillii, 80-107. 
 
 Oribatidce. 
 
 Nothrus ovivorus, 64-664.* 
 
 JBdellidce. 
 
 B del la marina, 133-544 ; 278-828. M. C. Z. 
 
 * Types not preserv 
 
 Arctiscoidece. 
 
 Macrobiotus americanus, 121-741.* 
 
 JSfemastomatidce. 
 
 Nemastoma inops, 268-203. M. C. Z . 
 
 troglodytes, 187-160. M. C.Z. 
 
 Phalangidoe. 
 
 Phlegmacera, 268-203. 
 
 cavicoleus, 268-203. M. C. Z. 
 
 Scotolemon robustum, 187-164. A. S. P. 
 
 Ghernetidee. 
 
 Chthonius csbcus, 268-203. M. C. Z. 
 
 Obisium cavicola, 268-202. M. C. Z. 
 
 MYRIAPODA. 
 
 Lysiopetalidce. 
 
 Cryptotrichus, 261-189. 
 
 Scoterpes copei (Spirostrephon), 91-748. M. C. Z. 
 Spirostrephon. See Scoterpes. 
 
 Ghordeumidce. 
 
 Craspedosoma ocellatus (Polydesmus), 245-428. 
 Polydesmidce. 
 
 Polydesmus cavicola, 187-162. A. S. P. 
 
 See Craspedosoma. 
 
 Pauropidce. 
 
 Pauropus lubbockii, 74-621 ; 97-409. 
 d. A. S. Packard. 
 
 37 
 
38 
 
 THYSANURA. 
 
 Scolopendrcllidce. 
 
 Scolopendrella americana, 125-111. 
 
 =immaculata, Newp. A. S. P. 
 
 Campodeidce. 
 
 Campodea americana, 84-96 ; 97-409. 
 
 = staphylinus, "Westw. 
 
 cookei, 91-747. 
 
 M. C.Z. 
 
 mexicana, 311-383. 
 
 
 Japyx subterraneus, 145-511. 
 
 M. C. Z- 
 
 Poduridce. 
 
 
 Achorutes boletivorus, 127-30. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 marmoratus, 127-30. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 pratorum, 127-31. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 texensis, 127-30. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Anura gibbosa, 127-27. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 De Geeria decemfasciata, 127-40. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 flavocincta, 64&-pl. 10. 
 
 
 =decemfasciata, Pack. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 griseo-olivata, 127-39. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 perpulchra, 127-38. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 purpurascens, 64&-pl. 10. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Isotoma albella, 127-32. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 belfragei, 127-33. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 besselsii, 179-52. 
 
 
 glauca, 127-33. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 leonina, 127-32. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 nivalis, 127-31. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 plumbeus, 64&-pl. 10. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 purpurascens, 127-34. 
 
 M. C.Z. 
 
 tricolor, 127-34. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 walkeri, 94-19; 98-14. 
 
 
 Lepidocyrtus albus, 127-37. 
 
 
 bipunctatus, 127-37. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 marmoratus, 127-36. 
 
 
 metallicus, 127-36. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Orchesella carneiceps, 127-40. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 flavopicta, 127-41. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Papirius marmoratus, 127-42. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 texensis, 127-42. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Smynthurus roseus, 127-43. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 quadrisignatus, 127-44. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Lepismatidoe. 
 
 
 Lepisma domestica, 127-48. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 mucronata, 127-49. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 quadriseriata, 127-47. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 spinulata, 127-48. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Machilus brevicornis, 127-49. 
 
 
 orbitalis, 127-50. 
 
 
 NEUROPTERA. 
 
 
 Panorpidce. 
 
 
 Boreus californicus, 97-408. 
 
 M.C.Z. | 
 
 PSEUDONEUROPTERA. 
 
 
 Psocidce. 
 
 
 Amphientomum hagenii, 97-405. 
 
 
 ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 
 Locustaridce. 
 
 
 Ceuthophilus ensiger, 227-882. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 sloanii, 130-93. 
 
 M.C.Z. 1 
 
 HEMIPTERA. 
 
 Liotheidce. 
 
 Colpocephalum lari, 67-96. 
 
 Menopon picicola, 134-731. 
 
 Philopteridce. 
 
 Docophorus buteonis, 67-93. 
 
 hamatus, 67-94. 
 syrnii, 134-733. 
 
 Goniocotes burnettii, 67-94. 
 
 Goniodes mephitidis, 134-732. 
 
 merriamanus, 134-731. 
 
 Lipeurus corvi, 67-95. 
 
 elongatus, 67-95. 
 gracilis, 67-95. 
 
 Nirmus buteonivorus, 134-733. P. A. S. 
 
 thoracicus, 67-94. 
 
 Trichodectes caprae, 67-96. 
 
 Coccidce. 
 
 Aspidiotus. See Mytilaspis. 
 
 Coccus. See Mytilaspis. 
 
 Lecanium platycerii, 78-260. 
 
 Mytilaspis citricola (Aspidiotus), 64o-527.* 
 gloveri (Coccus), 64-527.* 
 
 DIPTERA. 
 
 Hippohoscidce. 
 
 Hippobosca. See Olfersia. 
 
 Olfersia bubonis (Hippobosca), 64-47. 
 
 = americana, Leach. M. C. Z. 
 
 Ephydridce. 
 
 Ephydra californica, 80-103. 
 
 gracilis, 80-105. A. S. P., 
 
 halophila, 60-46. 
 
 Chironomidce. 
 
 Chironomus halophilus, 133-539. 
 
 oceanicus, 60-42. 
 
 Cecidomyidce. 
 
 Diplosis pini-rigidae, 196-527. 
 
 LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Pterophoridce. 
 
 Lioptilus sulphureodactylus (Pterophorus), 
 122-266. M. C. Z. 
 
 Platyptilia cervinidacty la (Pterophorus) 
 122-266, = ochrodactyla, S. V. M. C. Z. 
 
 Pterophorus pergracilidactylus, 122-265. 
 
 = monodactyl us, Linn. M. C. Z. 
 See Lioptilus ; Platyptila. 
 
 Tineidce. 
 
 Aspidisca saccatclla (Lyonetia), 64-355. 
 
 = splendorif'erella, Clem. 
 Bucculatrix curvilineatella (Lithocolletis), 
 64-354. =pomifoliella, Clem, 
 
 thuiella, 100-373. 
 
 Coleophora cerasivorella, 78-239. 
 
 Depressaria robiniella, 64-349. 
 
 Gelechia abietisella, 263-150; 273-296. 
 caryaevorella, 321-331. 
 trimaculella, 30-61. 
 
 = continuella, Zeller. 
 Lithocolletis. See Bucculatrix; Lyonetia; Ornix. 
 Lyonetia nidificansella (Lithocolletis), 64-354. 
 
 See Aspidisca. 
 
 Based on Glover’s unpublished figures. 
 
39 
 
 Tineidce — Continued. 
 
 Microptery x pomivorella, 78-238. 
 
 CEcophora frigidella, 30-62. 
 
 Ornix geminatella (Lithocolletis), 64-353. 
 Tortricidce. 
 
 Anchylopera. See Rhopobota. 
 
 Caccecia gossypiana (Lozotaenia), 64-335. 
 
 = rosaceana, Harris, 
 v-signatana (Tortrix), 78-238. 
 
 =argyrospila, Walk. 
 Conchylis chalcana, 30-56, = deutscbiana, Zett. 
 Eudemis vitivorana (Penthina), 64-336. 
 
 = botrana, Schiff. M. C. Z. 
 Grapbolitha. See Steganoptycba. 
 
 Lozotaenia. See Caccecia ; Ptycholoma. 
 Pandemis. See Pboxopteris. 
 
 Pentbina frigida, 30-57. M. C. Z. 
 
 fulvifrontana, 30-59. 
 
 = septentrionana, Curtis. M. C. Z. 
 murina, 30-60. M. C. Z. 
 
 tessellana, 30-58. 
 
 = intermistana, Clem. M. C.Z. 
 See Eudemis. 
 
 Pboxopteris leucophalerata (Pandemis), 30-56. 
 
 =tineana, Hiibn. M. C. Z. 
 Ptycboloma fragariana (Lozotaenia), 64-335. 
 
 =pcrsicana, Fitcb. M. C. Z. 
 Rhopobota vacciniana (Anchylopera), 64-338. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Sciaphila niveosana, 30-55. M. C. Z. 
 
 Steganoptycba nebulosana (Grapholitha), 30-69. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Teras oxycoccana (Tortrix), 64-334. M. C. Z. 
 vacciniivorana (Tortrix), 78-241.* * * § 
 
 C. H. F. 
 
 Tortrix. See Caccecia; Sciaphila; Teras. 
 Pyralidoe. 
 
 Acrobasis. See Pbycis. 
 
 Anerastia roseatella (Nephopteryx), 123-270, 
 
 =haematica, Zeller. M. C. Z. 
 
 Botis borealis (Pyrausta), 30-53. M. C. Z. 
 
 californicalis, 122-260. 
 mustelinalis, 122-262. M. C. Z. 
 
 perrubralis, 122-264. M. C. Z. 
 
 profundalis, 122-261. M. C. Z. 
 
 semirubralis, 122-263. M. C. Z. 
 
 subolivalis, 122-261. M. C. Z. 
 
 syringicola, 78-250. 
 unifascialis, 122-261. 
 
 = subolivalis, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 
 Calaclysta metalliferalis, 122-265.t M. C. Z. 
 
 Crambus argillaceellus, 30-54. M. C. Z. 
 
 carpenterellus, 157-548. M. C. Z. 
 
 unistriatellus, 30-54. M. C. Z. 
 
 Dakruma grossulariae (Pempelia), 64-331. 
 
 =convolutella, Hiibn. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eromena californicalis, 122-264. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eudorea. See Scoparia. 
 
 Eurycreon occidentals (Scopula), 122-260. 
 
 = rantalis, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 
 Myeolois albiplagiatella, 123-269. M. C. Z. | 
 
 Pyralidoe— Continued. 
 
 Nephopteryx edmandsii, 8-120. M. C. Z. 
 
 fenestrella (Pempelia), 122-259. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 latifasciatella, 123-269. 
 
 =ovalis, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 leoninella (Pempelia), 122-259. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 ovalis (Pempelia), 123-269. M.C.Z. 
 See Anerastia. 
 
 Pempelia. See Dakruma; Nephopteryx. 
 Phycis rubrifasciella (Acrobasis), 123-267. 
 
 M. C.Z.% 
 
 Pyrausta. See Botis. 
 
 Scoparia albisinuatella (Eudorea?), 30-53. § 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 frigidella (Eudorea?), 30-53. § 
 
 Scopula glacialis, 30-52. M. C. Z. 
 
 See Eurycreon. 
 
 Geometridce. 
 
 Acidalia albocostaliata, 176-336. M. C. Z. 
 
 californiata, 96-390. 
 
 = sideraria, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 candidaria, 128-72. 
 
 =ordiuata, Walk. B. S. N. H. 
 granitaria, 96-390. M. C. Z. 
 
 longipennata, 128-71. 
 
 =peralbata, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 okakaria, 30-43. 
 
 =inductata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 pacificaria, 96-391. 
 
 =sideraria, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 
 peralbata, 128-70. M. C. Z. 
 
 perirrorata, 128-71. M. C. Z. 
 
 productata, 176-334. M. C. Z. 
 
 punctoflmbriata, 128-70. M. C. Z. 
 
 quadrilineata, 176-345. M. C. Z. 
 
 quinquelinearia, 96-389. M. C. Z. 
 
 rotundopennata, 176-337. M. C. Z. 
 
 rubrolineata, 124-28. 
 
 =magnetaria, Guen. M.C.Z. 
 rubromarginata, 96-391. 
 
 =bepaticaria, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 subalbaria, 124-28. M. C. Z. 
 
 Anagoga californiaria (Ellopia), 96-384. 
 
 =occiduaria, Walk. M.C.Z. 
 Anaplodes, 176-392. 
 
 pistaciaria, 176-392. M. C. Z. 
 
 Anisopteryx autumnata, 176-400. 
 
 =pometaria, Harris. M. C. Z. 
 Annemoria, 176-375. 
 
 unitaria (Euneraoria), 124-30. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 Antepione, 176-483. 
 
 sulpburata (Heteroloch a), 128-79. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Aplodes approximaria, 128-73. J. A.L. 
 
 brunnearia, 176-388. M. C. Z. 
 
 coniferaria, 280-933. M. C. Z. 
 
 latiaria, 128-74. 
 
 =var. of mimosaria, Guen. J . A. L. 
 
 * According to Riley this is a seasonal dimorphic form of oxycoccana ; Feruald considers this = minuta 
 Rob., and that oxycoccana should remain distinct, 
 
 t According to Professor Fernald this is not a Calaclysta. 
 
 | Pinipestis abietivorella, given by Grote (Check List, 1882, p. 55) as one of Packard’s species, was 
 described by Grote (Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Surv., v. 4, p. 701). 
 
 § Probably varieties of S centuriella, Schiff. 
 
40 
 
 'Geometridoe— Continued. 
 
 Aplodes rubrifrontaria (Raclieospila), 128-76. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 rubrolinearia, 128-74. 
 
 =inclusaria, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 rubromarginaria, 176-389. M. C. Z. 
 Aspilates lintneraria, 154-44. 
 
 =liberaria, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 pervaria, 128-62. M. C. Z. 
 
 quadrifasciaria, 128-62. M. C. Z- 
 
 Asthena brunneifasciata, 176-325. M. C. Z 
 triseriata (Corycia), 154-50. 
 
 =albogilvaria, Morr. M. C. Z 
 Azelina behrensata, 96-386. M. C. Z 
 
 =var. of hubnerata, Gnen. M. C. Z. 
 Baptria. See Odezia. 
 
 Boarmia. See Cymatopbora. 
 
 Caberodes cervinaria, 128-81. M. C. Z. 
 
 See Metanema 
 Callizzia, 176-314. 
 
 amorata, 176-315. M. C. Z. 
 
 Caripeta piniaria (Pnrennomos), 78-247. 
 
 =angustiorata, Walk. 
 Carsia alpinata, 128-52, =paludata, Thunb. 
 boreata, 128-52, =paludata, Thunb. 
 
 Caulostoma occiduaria, 154-52. 
 Ceratodalia, 176-322. 
 
 M.C.Z. j 
 
 gueneata, 176-323. 
 
 Chesias. See Eupithecia. 
 Chloraspilates, 176-211. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 bicoloraria, 176-212. 
 Chlorosea, 124-31. 
 
 N. M. 1 
 
 bistriaria, 176-378. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 nevadaria, 124-31. 
 perviridaria, 176-379. 
 
 M.C.Z. 
 
 = fasciolaria, Guen. 
 
 M.C. Z. 
 
 Choerodes bipunctaria, 63-64. 
 
 See Eutrapela. 
 
 Cidaria. Glaucopteryx; Hydriomena; Ochy. 
 
 ria; Petrophora; Thera. 
 
 Cleora nigrovenaria, 176-454. M. C. Z. 
 
 pellucidaria, 128-78. 
 
 = semiclusaria, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 piniaria (Zerene), 78-246. 
 
 = semiclusaria, Walk, 
 umbrosaria, 124-23. M. C. Z. 
 
 Coremia. See Ochyria. 
 
 Corycia. See Asthena; Eudeilinia. 
 Cymatophora californiaria (Boarmia), 96-387. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 plumosaria, 154-51. M. C. Z. 
 poly gram maria, 176-439. M. C. Z. 
 quinquelinearia, 154-51. M. C. Z. 
 Dasyfidonia, 176-233. 
 
 Deilinia paciflcaria, 176-307. M. C. Z. 
 
 Drepanodes juniperaria, 100-371. 
 
 =olyzonaria, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 
 panamaria, 124-39. M. C. Z. 
 
 Ellopia. See Anagoga. 
 
 Endropia apiciaria, 176-502. 
 
 =warneri Harvey. M. C. Z. 
 bilinearia (Priocycla), 78-245. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 pilosaria, 176-501. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eois ferrugata, 176-321. M. C. Z. 
 
 Geometridoe — Continued. 
 
 Eois gemmata, 176-320. M. C. Z. 
 
 occidentata (Hyria), 124-29. M. C. Z. 
 
 Epione mustelinaria, 63-64. 
 
 Epirrita 12-lineata (Larentia), 124-19. 
 
 -= var. of inclinata, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 perlineata (Larentia), 124-20. 
 
 = incilnata, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 
 Euacidalia, 128-69. 
 
 floridata, 176-3 19. M. C. Z. 
 
 sericeata, 128-69. M. C. Z. 
 
 Euaspilates, 154-45. 
 
 spinataria, 154-45. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eucrostis zelleraria, 176-370. 
 
 =phyliinaria, Zell. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eudeilinia, 176-302. 
 
 biseriata (Corycia), 128-68. 
 
 = herminiata, Guen. 
 
 Euephyra, 128-73. 
 
 serrulata, 128-73. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eufidonia, 176-225. 
 
 Eufitchia, 176-247. 
 
 Eumacaria, 128-67. 
 
 brunnearia, 128-67. M. C. Z. 
 
 Eunemoria, 124-30; 128-76, =Annemoria, Pack. 
 See Annemoria; Synchlora. 
 
 Euphanessa, 6-102.* 
 
 Eupistheria. See Thamnonoma. 
 
 Eupithecia albicapitata, 176-48. M. C. Z. 
 
 behrensata, 176-59. M. C. Z. 
 
 cretaceata (Larentia), 154-40. 
 
 M. C.Z. 
 
 geminata, 128-58. 
 
 = abs^ nthiata, Linn. M. C. Z. 
 interruptofasciata, 128-59. M. C. Z. 
 longipalpata, 176-56. M. C. Z. 
 
 luteata, 30-46. M. C. Z. 
 
 nevadata, 96-395. M. C. Z. 
 
 occidentaliata (Chesias), 96-401. 
 
 = subapicata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 palpata, 128-58. 
 
 = luteata, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 ravocostaliata, 176-60. M. C. Z. 
 rotundopunctata, 96-395. M. C. Z. 
 strattonata, 128-60. M. C. Z. 
 
 zygadeniata, 176-51. M. C. Z. 
 
 See Glaucopteryx ; Lobophora. 
 
 Eurhinosea, 124-34, = Petrophora, Hiibn. 
 
 See Petrophora. 
 
 Eutrapela falcata, 124-39. M. C. Z. 
 
 furciferata, 176-559. M. C. Z. 
 
 nubilata (Choerodes), 96-381. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Fidonia. See Loxofidonia. 
 
 Glaucopteryx aurata (Cidaria), 30-51. 
 
 = caesiata, Borkh. M. C. Z. 
 multilineata (Cidaria), 96-403. 
 
 = implicata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 quadripuuctata (Cidaria), 96-402. 
 = magnolia ta, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 Gnop’nos haydenata, 176-445. M. C. Z. 
 
 Goniacidalia, 128-68. 
 
 furciferata, 128-68. M. C. Z. 
 
 Gorytrodes trilinearia, 124-24. M. C. Z. 
 
 Gueneria, 176-307. 
 
 Described as a Bombycid; seeEnt. Amer., 1885, v. 1, p. 167, for Hulst’s reasons for placing here. 
 
41 
 
 Geome.tr doe. — Continued. 
 
 Halia. See Thamnonoma. 
 
 Hemerophila latifasciaria, 124-33. M. C. Z. 
 Hesperumia, 124-37 ; 128-79. 
 
 oclireata, 124^37. M. C. Z. 
 
 sulphuraria, 128-79. 
 
 « =ochreata, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 
 Heterolocha edwardsata, 96-383. M. C. Z. 
 
 See Antepione. 
 
 Heterophlepa liarveiata, 176-193. M. C. Z. 
 
 Hydriomena albifasciata (Hypsipetes), 154-41. 
 
 H.E.* 
 
 californiata (Hypsipetes), 96-396. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 glaucata (Cidaria), 124-20. H. E. 
 nubilofasciata (Hypsipetes) 96-398-. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 quinquefasciata (Hypsipetes) , 96- 
 397. M. C. Z. 
 
 speciosata (Hypsipetes), 124-22. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 viridata (Hypsipetes), 124-21. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Hypsipetes. See Hydriomena. 
 
 Hyria. See Eois. 
 
 ' Larentia. See Epirrita ; Eupitheoia. 
 
 Lithostege rotundata, 154-39. M. C. Z. 
 
 triseriata, 154-39. M. C. Z. 
 
 Lobopbora inequaliata, 176-180. 
 
 montanata, 154-40. M. C. Z. 
 
 vernata (Eupitbecia), 128-57. 
 
 = limitaria, "Walk. M. C. Z. 
 viridata, 128-56. M. C. Z. 
 
 Loxofidonia, 176-223. 
 
 acidaliata(Fidonia), 154-48. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Eozogramma atropunctata, 154-50. M. C. Z. 
 
 ferruginosaria (Tepkrosia), 96-388. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 nigroseriata (Tepbrosia), 124-32. 
 
 = ferruginosaria, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 Lythria rilevaria, 176-221. 
 
 = chamaechrysaria, Grote. M. C. Z. 
 snoviaria, 176-222. M. C. Z. 
 
 Macaria. See Pbasiane ; Semiotbisa. 
 Marmopteryx, 176-259. 
 
 mariMorata (Tepbrina) 96-393. 
 
 M. C.Z. 
 
 tessellata, 157-552. M. C. Z. 
 Melanippe. See Rheumampteryx. 
 
 Melantbia. See Rheumampteryx. 
 
 Metanema carnaria (Caberodes), 128-80. M.C. Z. 
 See Tetracis. 
 
 Metrocampa viridoperlata, 124-38. 
 
 = var. perlaria, Guen. H. E. 
 Nemoria gratata, 176-373. M. C. Z. 
 
 Ochyria californiata (Coremia;, 96-398. 
 
 = munitata, Hiibn. M. C. Z. 
 carneata (Phibalapteryx), 154-43, 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 gueneeata, 176-141. M. C. Z. 
 
 labradorensis (Coremia), 30-46. 
 
 =var. of munitata, Hiibn. M. C. Z. 
 lacteata, 176-143. M. C. Z. 
 
 Geo metridce— Cent inued . 
 
 Ochyria lignicolorata (Coremia), 154-42. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 nigrofasciata (Cidaria), 30-49. 
 
 == abrasaria, H. S. M. C. Z. 
 rubrosuffusata (Cidaria), 96-402. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 strigata (Cidaria), 30-50. 
 
 = munitata, Hiibn. M. C. Z. 
 Odezia californiata (Baptria), 96-404. M. C. Z. 
 Ortbofidonia, 176-235. 
 
 Pachynemia psi, 128-61. 
 
 Panagra. See Pbasine. 
 
 Parapbia piuiata, 78-246. =subatomaria, Guen. 
 Parennomos, 78-248, =Caripeta, Walk. 
 
 See Caripeta. 
 
 Petropbora albolineata (Cidaria), 128-55. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 brunneata (Cidaria), 30-47. 
 
 = truncata, Hiibn. M. C. Z. 
 disjunctaria (Cidaria), 128-53, 
 
 = cunigerata, Walk, 
 flavata (Eurhinosea), 124-35. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 leoninata (Cidaria), 96-401. M. C. Z. 
 montanata (Cidaria), 128-55. 
 
 = prunata, Linn, 
 nubilata (Cidaria), 30-48 ; 96-400. 
 
 =var. of prunata, Linn. M. C. Z. 
 subocbreata (Cidaria), 96-400. 
 
 = mancipata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 triangulata (Cidaria), 128-54. 
 
 =prunata, Linn. 
 Phasiane atrofasciata, 176-264. M. C. Z. 
 
 excurvata, 154-47, 
 
 = con tinuata, Walk. M. C. Z. 
 flavofasciata (Panagra), 96-394. 
 
 =neptata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 
 irrorata, 176-273. M. C. Z. 
 
 meadiata, 154-47. M. C. Z. 
 
 nubiculata, 176-267. M. C. Z. 
 
 sinuata. 154-45. M. C. Z. 
 
 snoviata, 176-268. M. C. Z. 
 
 subminiata (Panagra;, 124-25. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 subminiata (Macaria), 154-49. 
 
 = snoviata, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 trifasciata, 154-46. 
 
 =var. of mellistrigata, Gr. M. C. Z. 
 Phibalapteryx. See Ochyria. 
 
 Philereme albosignata (Scotosia), 128-61. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 californiata (Scotosia), 96-399. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 meadiata (Scotosia), 154-41. M. C. Z. 
 Plagodis keutzingaria, 176-468. 
 
 Priocycla. See Endropia. 
 
 Racheospila. See Aplodes. 
 
 Rheumampteryx bruuneicellata (Melantbia), 
 154-42. M.C. Z. 
 kodiakata (Melanippe), 
 124-23. = lugubrata, Staud. 
 
 H.E. 
 
 Scotosia. See Philereme. 
 
 All the species described by Dr. Packard are probably varieties of sordidata, Fabr. 
 
42 
 
 Geometridce — Continued. 
 
 Selidosema californiaria, 96-394. 
 
 =juturnaria, Guen. M. CL Z, 
 Semiothisa californiata (Macaria), 96-392. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 dislocaria, 176-282. M. C. Z. 
 
 duplicaria (Macaria), 128-65. 
 
 =ocellinata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 minorata (Macaria), 128-66. M. C. Z. 
 multilineata (Macaria), 128-65. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 pallidata (Macaria), 128-64. 
 
 = californiata, Pack. M C. Z. 
 punctolineata (Macaria), 128-64. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 sexmaculata (Macaria), 30-44. 
 
 =granitata, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 S-signata (Macaria), 128-63. M. C. Z. 
 Sicya crocearia, 124-36. 
 
 = macularia, Harris. H. E. 
 Stenaspilates, 176-212. 
 
 meskaria, 176-213. N. M. 
 
 Stenotrachelys permagnaria, 176-450. N. M. 
 Syncklora albolineata, 128-75. 
 
 = glaucaria, Guen. M. C. Z’ 
 excurvaria, 128-76. M. C. Z 
 
 gracilaria (Euneinoria), 128-77. 
 
 =glaucaria, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 rubrifrontaria, 128-75. M. C. Z. 
 
 tricoloraria (Eunemoria), 124-30. 
 
 =liquoraria, Guen. M. C. Z. 
 Tephrina. See Marmopteryx; Thamnonoraa. 
 Tepbrosia californiaria, 96-388. M. C. Z. 
 
 falcataria, 124-32. M. C. Z. 
 
 See Lozograiuma. 
 
 Tetracis aurantiacaria (Metanema), 124-34. 
 
 =cervinaria, Pack. M. C. Z 
 cervinaria (Metanema), 96-386. M. C. Z # 
 grotearia, 176-553. M. C. Z. 
 
 paralleliaria, 124-38. M. C. Z. 
 
 trianguliferata, 96-384. H. E. 
 
 Thamnonoma argillacearia (Tephrina), 154-48. 
 cineraria (Halia), 96-392. 
 
 =marcescaria, Guen. M. C. Z, 
 ferruginaria (Eupistheria), 128-78. 
 
 = brunuearia, Thunb. M. C. Z. 
 flavicaria, 176-256. M. C. Z. 
 
 guenearia, 176-252. M. C. Z. 
 
 quadrilinearia (Halia), 124-26. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 julphuraria (Eupistheria), 128-77. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 tiipunctaria (Halia), 124-26. 
 
 M. C. Z. 
 
 Thera contractata (Cidaria), 128-56. M. C. Z. 
 
 Tornos approximaria, 176-215. M. C. Z. 
 
 Zerene. See Cleoria. 
 
 Noctuidce. 
 
 Agrotis littoralis, 30-36. M. C. Z. 
 
 okakensis, 30-38. M. C. Z- 
 
 ortoni, 63-63. =saucia, Hiibn. M. C. Z" 
 
 umbrata, 30-37. M. C. Z. 
 
 Anarta bicycla, 30-41. 
 
 =melaleuca, Thunb. M. C. Z 
 nigro-lunata, 30-40. 
 
 = melanopa, Thunb. M. C. Z. 
 
 Noctuidce — Continued. 
 
 Heliophila rufostrigata (Leucania), 30-36. 
 
 P. A. S- 
 
 Leucania. See Heliophila. 
 
 Palindia geminata, 63-64. M. C. Z. 
 
 Platycerura, 6-373. 
 
 furcilla, 6-374. B. S. K. H. 
 
 Bombycidoe. 
 
 Actias azteca, 64-298. 
 
 Adoneta leucosigma (Cyclopteryx), 6-346. 
 Antarctia bicolor, 63-63. M. C. Z. 
 
 punctata, 6-123. M. C. Z. 
 
 Apatelodes, 6-353. 
 
 hyalinopuncta, 6-354. 
 
 =angelica, Gr. M. C. Z- 
 Arachnis picta, 6-126. M. C. Z. 
 
 Arctia pallida, 6-118. 
 
 Attacus amazonica, 102-85. M. C. Z. 
 
 Byssophaga grisea (Cisthene), 112-84. 
 
 =nexa, Boisd. M. C. Z. 
 
 Callarctia, .6-114. 
 
 ornata, 6-115. 
 
 Callimorpha vestalis, 6-108. 
 
 — car. o/Lecontei, Boisd. 
 Callochlora, 6-339, =Parasa, Moore. 
 
 See Parasa. 
 
 Callosamia, 6-379, =Attacus, Linn. 
 
 Cecrita. See Coelodasys ; Seirodonta. 
 
 Cisthene. See Byssophaga. 
 
 Clemensia, 6-100. 
 
 albata, 6-101. M. C. Z. 
 
 umbrata, 112-85.* 
 
 Clisiocampa californica, 6-387. 
 
 Coelodasys, 6-363. 
 
 biguttata, 6-365. B. S. N. H. 
 
 cinereofrons, 6-366. 
 
 = var. of biguttata, Pack. 
 
 B. S. X. H. 
 
 edmandsii, 6-364. 
 harrisii, 6-365. 
 mustelina (Cecrita ?), 6-359. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 Crambidia, 6-99. 
 
 pallida, 6-99. B. S. N. H. 
 
 Cyclopteryx, 6-344, = Adoneta, Clem. 
 
 See Adoneta. 
 
 Cyrtosia, 6-342, = Packardia, G. & R. 
 
 See Packardia. 
 
 Dasylophia, 6-362. 
 
 interna, 6-363. B. S. N. H. 
 
 Drepana. See Platypteryx. 
 
 Dryopteris irrorata, 6-377. P. A. S. 
 
 Ecpantheria permaculata (Leucarctia), 112-86. 
 
 =reducta, Gr. M. C. Z. 
 Edapteryx, 6-375, =Prionia, Hiibn. 
 
 See Prionia. 
 
 Euchronia, 6-382, =Hemileuca, "Walk. 
 
 Euclea bifida, 6-338. P. A. S. 
 
 ferrnginea, 6-338. M. C. Z. 
 
 monitor, 6-337. 
 
 =querceti, H. S. B. S. N. E. 
 Euleucophaeus, 112-88. 
 
 tricolor, 112-89. H. E. 
 
 Gastropacha californica, 112-91. M. C. Z. 
 
 ferruginea, 6-386. 
 
 Gloveria, 112-89. 
 
 * Type lost in the mail. — Hy. Edwards. 
 
43 
 
 Bombycidce— Continued. 
 
 Gloveria arizonensis, 112-90. 
 
 Gluphisia trilineata, 6-355. B. S. IST. H. 
 
 Halisidota agassizii, 6-128. 
 
 — maculata, Harris. M. C. Z. 
 argentata, 6-129. M. C. Z. 
 
 edwardsii, 6-129. M. C. Z. 
 
 pustulata, 63-63. M. C. Z. 
 
 Hemileucadiana, 157-557. =juno, Pack. M. C. Z. 
 
 juno, 112-87. M. C.Z. 
 
 Hepialus argentata (Sthenopis), 6-392. 
 
 =argenteomaculatus, Harris. 
 
 B. S. X. H. 
 
 labradoriensis, 6-394. M. C. Z. 
 
 mustelinus, 6-393. B. S. IT. H. 
 
 purpurascens (Stbenopis), 4-598 ; 6-392. 
 = argenteomaculatus, Harris. 
 Heterocampa cinerea (Lochmaeus), 6-372. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 marina (Locbmaeus), 6-373. 
 obliqua, 6-368. P. A. S. 
 
 olivata (Locbmaeus), 6-371. 
 
 = biundata, Walk. P. A. S. 
 tessella (Locbmaeus), 6-370. 
 
 =marthesia, Cram. A. S. P. 
 
 trouvelotii, 6-369. 
 unicolor (Locbmaeus), 6-373. 
 
 P. A. fc. 
 
 Heterogenea shurtleffi, 6-346. B. S. 1ST. H. 
 
 Ianassa virgata (Xylinodes), 6-367. 
 
 = lignicolor, W alk. P. A. S. 
 Icbtbyura indentata, 6-352. B. S. X. H. 
 
 inversa, 6-352. M. C. Z. 
 
 Isa, 6-347. 
 
 Lagoa crispata, 6-335. B. S. X. H. 
 
 Leucarctia, 6-124. 
 
 californica, 6-125. 
 
 = acraea, Drury. M. C. Z. 
 dee Ecpantberia. 
 
 Limacodes biguttata, 6-341. B. S. X. H. 
 
 y-inversa, 6-341. M. C. Z. ! 
 
 Litbacodes, 6-345, —Limacodes, Latr. 
 
 Litbacodia graefii, 328-52. A . S. P. 
 
 Litbosia argillacea, 6-98. 
 
 = bicolor, Grote. B. S. X. H. 
 rubropicta, 328-52. A. S. P. 
 
 Locbmaeus. See Heterocampa. 
 
 Lopbodonta, 6-357. 
 
 ferruginea, 6-357. B. S. X. H. , 
 
 Xadata doubledayi, 6-356. 
 
 Xemeopbila modesta (Platarctia), 6-113. M. C. Z. 
 scudderi (Platarctia), 6-113. 
 
 P. A. S. I 
 
 Oedemasia, 6-359. 
 
 badia, 6-361. 
 
 = nitida, Pack. B.S.X.H. 
 nitida, 6-360. 
 
 Orgyia definita, 6-332. 
 
 —var. o/leucosigma. A. & S. | 
 
 Bombycidce — Continued. 
 
 Packardia albipuncta (Cyrtosia), 6-344. 
 
 elegans (Cyrtosia), 6-342. B. S. X. H. 
 fusca (Cyrtosia), 6-343. 
 geminata (Cyrtosia), 6-343. 
 
 Parasa vernata (Callocblora), 6-339. 
 
 =cbloris, H. S. M. C. Z 
 
 Parorgyia, 6-332. 
 
 basiflava, 6-333. B. S. X. H 
 
 Pheosia rimosa, 6-358. 
 
 Pbobetron nigricans (Thyridopteryx), 6-350. 
 Platarctia, 6-109. 
 
 See Xemeopbila. 
 
 Platceciticus, 64-291 . 
 
 gloveri, 64-291.* M.C.Z. 
 
 Platypteryx siculifer (Drepana), 112-87. 
 
 Prionia bilineata (Edapteryx), 6-376. 
 
 Psycbe carbonaria, 328-51. 
 
 Pyrrbarctia, 6-120. 
 
 californica, 6-121. 
 
 =var. o/isabella, A. & S. M.C.Z. 
 Seirarctia, 6-119. 
 
 clio, 6-120. 
 
 Seirodonta bilineata (Cecrita), 6-359. B. S. X. H. 
 Spilosoma vestalis, 6-125. M. C. Z. 
 
 Stbenopsi3, 6-390, = Hepialus, Eabr. 
 
 See Hepialus. 
 
 Thyridopteryx. See Pbobetron. 
 
 Tortricidia, 6-347. 
 
 testacea, 6-348. B. S. X. H. 
 
 Xylinodes, 6-366, = Ianassa, Walk. 
 
 See Ianassa. 
 
 Zygcenidce. t 
 
 Acoloitbus sanbornii (Harrisina), 7-32. 
 
 = falsarius, Clem. B. S. X. H. 
 
 Anatolmis, 7-45. 
 
 grotei, 7-47. 
 
 t Glaucopis tricolor, 63-62. M. C. Z. 
 
 Harrisina, 7-31. See Acoloithus. 
 
 Lycomorpha miuiata, 112-84. M. C. Z. 
 
 palmeri, 112-84. M. C. Z. 
 
 Pbryganidia, 6-348. % 
 
 californica, 6-349. M. C. Z. 
 
 HYMEXOPTERA. 
 
 Chctlcididce. 
 
 An tbopborabia megacbilis, 8-134. 
 
 Copidosoma turni (Encyrtus), 231-32. S. H. S. 
 Derostenus antiopae (Entedon), 231-36. 
 
 B- S. X. H. 
 
 Encyrtus montinus, 156-347. See Copidosoma. 
 Entedon. See Derostenus. 
 
 Eulopbus. See Tetrasticbus. 
 
 Tetrasticbus sauudersii (Eulopbus), 231-34. 
 
 S. H. S. 
 
 semideae (Eulopbus), 156-347. 
 
 S. H. S. 
 
 theclae (Eulopbus), 231-34. S. H. S. 
 Tricbogramma minutissimum, 231-37. 
 
 * Described from Glover’s figures. See 328-51. 
 
 t According to Smith (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., v.12) none of the genera mentioned except Glaucopis, 
 belong to tbe Zygcenidce. It is more convenient however, to catalogue them here. 
 
 } Originally described as a Psychid. Stretch (111. Zyg. & Bomby., p. 90) places near Procris and 
 Ctenucha “chiefly because unable to assign it a more satisfactory, position.” Later, Packard ac- 
 cepted Stretch’s view. Butler (Papilio, v. 1, p. 131) contends that the larva and pupa show no affinity 
 to Zygcenidce or Psyclddce ; that tbe structure of the imago scarcely differs from Hyrmina of tbe Dio- 
 ptidce. Grote in bis check-list (1882) follows Butler. Mr. J. B. Smith writes me that tbe genus is 
 an abberentone and is “more Lithosid than anything else.” 
 
44 
 
 Proctotrypidce. 
 
 Pteratomus, 8-137. 
 
 putnami, 8-138. 
 
 Braconidce. 
 
 Apanteles atalantas (Microgaster), 231-27. 
 
 = congregatus, Say. S. H. S. 
 
 carduicola (Microgaster), 231-27. 
 
 =frutuosus, Cress. S. H. S. 
 
 lunatus (Microgaster), 231-28. 
 nephoptericis (Microgaster), 8-122. 
 pieridis (Microgaster), 231-26. 
 =pieridivora, Riley, a var. of con 
 gregatus, Say. 
 
 Microgaster carinata, 231-25. 
 
 = var. of gelechiae, Riley. S. H. S. 
 liallii, 179-52. 
 
 See Apanteles. 
 
 Ichneumonidce. 
 
 Campoplex pieridicola, 231-20. S. H. S. 
 
 Cryptus samise, 10-345. M. C. Z. 
 
 smitkii, 10-346. M. C. Z. 
 
 Ichneumon bunterae, 231-22. 
 
 =rufiventris Brull6. S. H. S. 
 
 tkarotis, 231-24. 
 
 =instabilis Cress. 
 
 Opkion tityri, 231-19. 
 
 =bilineatus Say. B. S. N. H. 
 
 Scoliadce. 
 
 Scoiia bisignata, 63-61. 
 
 Pompilidce. 
 
 Pepsis purpuripes, 63-61. 
 quitonensis, 63-61. 
 vinipennis, 63-61. 
 
 Pompilus vinicolor, 63-62. 
 
 Bembecidce. 
 
 Monedula, 10-maculata, 63-60. 
 
 Nyssonidce. 
 
 Gorytes atricornis, 12-428. 
 
 canaliculatus, 12-428. 
 denticulatus, 12-430. 
 epliippiatus, 12-426. 
 flavicornis, 12-429. 
 moneduloides, 12-431. 
 nebulosus, 1 2-424. 
 rufo-luteus, 12-425. 
 rugosus, 12-427. 
 
 Mellinus bimaculatus, 12-419. 
 
 Nysson laterale, 12-440. 
 
 Oxybelus mucronatus, 12-436. 
 
 Trypoxylon rubro-cinctum, 12-416. 
 
 tridentatum, 12-417. 
 
 Crabronidce. 
 
 Anacrabro, 12-67. 
 
 ocellatus, 12-68. 
 
 Blepbaripus harrisii, 12-376. 
 
 minimus, 12-377. 
 
 Cerceris occipitomaculata, 12-62. 
 
 Crabro brunneipes, 12-102. 
 corrugatus, 12-107. 
 cristatus, 12-101. 
 cubiceps, 12-105. 
 denticulatus, 12-97. 
 effosus, 12-104. 
 gracilissimus, 12-78. 
 oblongus, 12-88. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 P. A. S. 
 M. C. Z. 
 P. A. S. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A.E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 P. A. S. 
 B. S. N. H. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 P. A.S. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 B. S. N. H. 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 A. E. S. 
 
 A.E.S. 
 
 Crabronidce — Continued. 
 
 Crabro parvulus, 12-108. 
 
 A.E. S. 
 
 paucimaculatus, 12-90. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 pauper, 12-95. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 producticollis, 12-76. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 quadrangularis, 12-85. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 14-maculatus, 12-87. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 rufifemur, 12-81. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 septentrionalis, 12-110. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 stirpicola, 12-111. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 tenuiglossa, 12-98. 
 
 
 trapezoideus, 12-89. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 villosifrons, 12-84. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 Diodontus americanus, 12-393. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Mimesa basirufa, 12-406. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 cingulata, 12-410. 
 
 r. A. S. 
 
 cressonii, 12-405. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 denticulata, 12-406. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 monC sola, 12-407. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 pauper, 12-409. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 Psen cbalcifrons, 12-401. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 elongatus, 12-400. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 fuscipes, 12-402. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 niger, 12-399. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 Rbopalum pedicellatum, 12-380. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 ruflgaster, 12-382. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 Stigmus americanus, 12-386. 
 
 A.E. S. 
 
 Thyreopus argus, 12-359. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 cingulatus, 12-366. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 coloradensis, 12-356. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 cribrellifer, 12-358. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 discifer, 12-363. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 monticolor, 12-367. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 pegasus, 12-362. 
 
 B. S. N. H. 
 
 signifer, 12-361. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 tumidus, 12-364. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 vernaiis, 12-369. 
 
 A. E. S. 
 
 Vespidce. 
 
 
 Montezumia andeus, 63-60. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Andrenidce. 
 
 
 Augochlora fuscipes, 63-60. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 nigro-aenea, 63-59. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Halictus rimosiceps, 63-60. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Apidce. 
 
 
 Antbidium pictifrons, 63-59. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Antbopbora conica, 63-58. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 pilifrons, 63-58. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Centris braccata, 63-57. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 4-maculata, 63-57. 
 
 P. A. So 
 
 Euglossa bombiformis, 63-57. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 Osmia lignivora, 23-376 ; 64-139. 
 
 P. A. S, 
 
 Trigona mellicolor, 63-56. 
 
 P. A. S. 
 
 GROUP NAMES. 
 
 
 Cinura, 64e-iii. 
 
 
 Elytropbora, 264-294. 
 
 
 Euglossata, 264-294. 
 
 
 Eurbynchota, 264-294. 
 
 
 Heterometabola, 64-iii. 
 
 
 Mecaptera, 317-808. 
 
 
 Pbyloptera, 264-287. 
 
 
 Platyptera, 264-292. 
 
 
 Plectoptera, 317-808. 
 
 
 Synaptera, 264-294 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abdominal antennae 73 
 
 appendages 83 
 
 segments in lepidopterous lar- 
 vae, number of 294 
 
 sense organs 75 
 
 Adelops, larva 149 
 
 Adirondacks, decay of spruce in 260 
 
 Alleguask River, insects collected on 2 
 
 Anabrus. (See Western cricket.) 
 
 Ancestry of Insects 82, 99, 1§8 
 
 Limulus 81 
 
 Anopthalmus, larva 149 
 
 Antennae, abdominal 73 
 
 Aphis, grain 1 
 
 Apiphobia 38 
 
 Appendages, abdominal 93 
 
 homologous, with legs 190 
 
 April Insects 16, 39 
 
 Aquatic py ralid larva 277 
 
 Arachnid, is Limulus an 234, 235 
 
 Aracbnida, coxal glands 249 
 
 liver 287 
 
 new cave 268 
 
 Araneina of Kentucky caves 160 
 
 Archipolypoda, position 243 
 
 Arctia caja, number of larval moults 108 
 
 Army-worm 1,334 
 
 Arthropods, aspect of body 279 
 
 nomenclature of external 
 
 parts 239 
 
 smell 320, 325 
 
 Arrangement of the orders of insects 317 
 
 Articulates (Peab. Acad. Sci.) Reports.. 62, 101, 
 
 126, 153 
 
 Yersin on nervous system of.. 221 
 
 August Insects 22, 46 
 
 Bees, discovery of the origin of sting of 143 
 
 home of 23 
 
 inj urious to fruit, are 37 
 
 Labrador 290 
 
 of New England, Humble 8 
 
 origin of cells of 291 
 
 Parthenogenesis of 106 
 
 of Honey 201 
 
 tongue, anatomy, and function of 281 
 
 Beetles of Kentucky caves 168 
 
 Bibliography of economic entomology 230 
 
 Blind forms, anatomy and origin 324 
 
 Body of Arthropods, aspect 279 
 
 Bombyciuae, new 112, 328 
 
 synopsis United States 6 
 
 Borers of shade trees 71 I 
 
 1 Bot-fly maggots in turtle 237 
 
 Brauer’s classification of insects 301 
 
 Bristle-tails 84 
 
 British Museum, N. Am. Plialaenidae and 
 
 Pyralidie in 129 
 
 Butterflies, ichneumon parasites of 231 
 
 parasites of White Mountain .. 156 
 
 partiality for white flowers of 
 
 white 180 
 
 California Moths, distribution 117 
 
 Pliakenidae 96, 124 
 
 Pterophoridae 122 
 
 Pyralkke 122 
 
 Telea polyphemus in 141 
 
 Caloptenus spretus in Massachusetts 164 
 
 ( See Rocky Mountain Locust.) 
 
 Cambala, notice of genus 261 
 
 Canker-worm 198, 336 
 
 increasing distribution of . . . 31 
 
 egg-laying habit of egg-para- 
 site of 270 
 
 Caribou Island, Coleoptera 77 
 
 Caripeta angustivorata, transformations... 283 
 
 Caso-worms 57 
 
 Cave, Aracbnida 268 
 
 Araneina of Kentucky 160 
 
 Beetles 168 
 
 fauna of Indiana 130 
 
 Luray 222 
 
 Mammoth 91,115 
 
 Newmarket 222 
 
 Nickajack 227 
 
 North America 324 
 
 Utah 187 
 
 spiders 166 
 
 Centipede, poisonous 202 
 
 Century’s progress in American Zoology. . . 171 
 
 Cermatia forceps, brain and eyes 213 
 
 Cetonia inda 217 
 
 Chilopods, Sogratf on embryology of 267 
 
 Chironomus, salt-water 34 
 
 Chrysopa, embryology 88 
 
 Chrysopila, abdominal appendages 93 
 
 Cigars destroyed by Insects 161 
 
 Cinurous Thysanura of Mexico 311 
 
 Classification of Insects, Brauer’s 301 
 
 Neuroptera 49, 88, 250 
 
 Orthoptera 250 
 
 Clisiocampa, egg-parasite of 329 
 
 Clothes moth 26 
 
 Cocoons, method of escape of Silkworm 
 Moths 194 
 
 45 
 
46 
 
 Holeoptera, Caribou Island 77 
 
 Colorado 192 
 
 Labrador 77, 113 
 
 Utah 192 
 
 Collecting Insects, directions for 3, 137 
 
 Colorado Coleoptera 192 
 
 Motbs, distribution 157 
 
 larva of fly in Hot Spring in 238 
 
 Myriapods 158 
 
 Potato-beetle 198, 334 
 
 Common Insects 139 
 
 Corydalus, horned 28 
 
 Cotton Moth in Rhode Island 209 
 
 worm investigation 203 
 
 Coxal glands of Arachnida 249 
 
 Cranberry Insects 196, 338 
 
 Cricket, eggs of Tree 216 
 
 Western 221 
 
 Currant Saw-fly 76, 198 
 
 C urrant worm 334 
 
 Dermatoptera 265 
 
 Diplax, development 36, 49, 51 
 
 embryology 94 
 
 Dragcn-fly . 21 
 
 development 36, 49, 51 
 
 eggs 24 
 
 mouth parts 144 
 
 Drast eria erechthea, difference in two broods. 241 
 
 Early spring Insects 16 
 
 Economic entomology, bibliography 230 
 
 Edible Mexican Insects 300 
 
 Egg-laying habits of egg parasite of Canker- 
 
 worm 270 
 
 Maple-tree borer 285 
 
 Egg-parasite of Clisiocampa 329 
 
 Embidae, systematic position 288 
 
 Entomological calendars, April 16, 39 
 
 August 22,46 
 
 early spring 16 
 
 July 20 
 
 June 18,43 
 
 May 17,41 
 
 September 25 
 
 Commission Bulletins 185, 186 
 
 Circulars 183, 184 
 
 investigationsof 215 
 Reports.. .197, 221, 264 
 
 records 65, 79, 103, 114, 131, 155 
 
 Epeira cancer 66 
 
 riparia 66 
 
 Epbydra, salt-water 59 
 
 Essex County, injurious Insects 107 
 
 Thysanura 127 
 
 Europe, Eurypauropus in 246 
 
 Eurypauropus in Europe 246 
 
 Evergreen forests, destruction of. .263, 305, 321, 322 
 
 Fireflies 47 
 
 Elies, chapter on 56 
 
 metamorphosis of 150 
 
 Flight of Insects 333 
 
 Flowers, partiality of white butterflies for 
 
 white 180 
 
 Fly, abdominal sense organs of 75 
 
 house 169,335,339 
 
 in hot spring in Colorado, larvae of 238 
 
 Fly, transformations of House 152 
 
 Food, Grasshoppers as 147 
 
 Forest trees, Insects injurious to.. 229, 258, 260, 263, 
 264, 305, 321, 322, 327 
 
 larvae injurious to 264 
 
 Fossil Insects 40 
 
 from Green River 200 
 
 Sunderland, Mass 92 
 
 Fossorial Hymenoptera, H. Am. revision. . . 12 
 
 Fruit, are Bees injurious to 37 
 
 Fruit culture, value of Honey-bees in 331 
 
 Gelechia, Hemlock 273 
 
 Geometridae. See Phalaenidae. 
 
 Grain Aphis 1 
 
 Grasshopper, hateful in Massachusetts 164 
 
 Hew England 146 
 
 question 232 
 
 Red-legged 19 
 
 Grasshoppers as food 147 
 
 Green River, fossil Insects from 200 
 
 Growth of Insects 333 
 
 Guide to the study of Insects 64 
 
 Gynandromorphism in Lepidoptera 167 
 
 Half hours with Insects 193 
 
 Hauser on smell of Insects 325 
 
 Head of winged Insects, number of segments 
 
 in 256 
 
 Hemlock Gelechia 273 
 
 Hessian-fly 188, 219, 264 
 
 Hexapoda 265 
 
 Hexapodous Insects, embryology of 110 
 
 Home of the Bees 23 
 
 Honey-bee, Moths killed by 208 
 
 parasites 42 
 
 parthenogenesis of 201 
 
 Honey-bees in fruit culture, value of 331 
 
 Horned Corydalus 28 
 
 Hot spring in Colorado, larva of Fly from. . . 238 
 
 House-fly 169, 335, 339 
 
 transformations of 152 
 
 Humble-bees of Hew England 8 
 
 Hymenoptera 175 
 
 development and position of. 11 
 
 fossorial. 12 
 
 South American (Orton ex- 
 pedition) 63 
 
 Ichneumons, parasitic, on Horth American 
 
 Butterflies 231 
 
 Samia Columbia. 10 
 
 Indiana, cave fauna of 130 
 
 Injurious insects.. 78, 100, 107, 111, 132, 196, 198, 229, 
 258, 260, 263, 264, 305, 321, 322, 
 327, 337, 338 
 
 Essex County 107 
 
 forest and shade trees.. 229, 258, 
 260, 263, 264, 305, 321, 322, 327 
 
 Massachusetts 100, 111, 132 
 
 Insects, Alleguash River 2 
 
 ancestry of 82, 99, 138 
 
 April 16,39 
 
 August 22,46 
 
 Brauer’s classification of 301 
 
 cigars destroyed by 161 
 
 common 139 
 
 Cranberry 196, 338 
 
47 
 
 Insects, description of new 135 
 
 directions for collecting 3, 137 
 
 distribution and number of spira- 
 cles 148 
 
 early spring 16 
 
 edible Mexican 300 
 
 embryology of hexapodous 110 
 
 flight of 333 
 
 forest-tree . . . 229, 258, 260, 263, 264, 305, 321, 
 
 322, 327 
 
 fossil 40,92,200 
 
 genealogy of 253 
 
 growth of 333 
 
 guide to the study of 64 
 
 Half Hours with 193 
 
 Hauser on smell of 325 
 
 injurious... 78, 100, 107, 111, 132, 196, 198, 
 
 229, 258, 260, 263, 264, 305, 321, 
 
 322, 327, 337, 338 
 
 July 20 
 
 ■June 18, 43 
 
 Labrador and Mount Washington, 
 
 compared 35, 50 
 
 life histories of 165, 177, 280, 282 
 
 Mammoth Cave 91,115 
 
 Maple 337 
 
 May 17,41 
 
 morphology of 11,140 
 
 Mount Washington and Labrador 
 
 compared 35,50 
 
 nature’s means of limiting the num- 
 bers of 142 
 
 now arrangement of orders of 317 
 
 number of segments in head of 
 
 winged 256 
 
 outlines of the study of 330 
 
 paired sexual outlets in 271 
 
 Palmen’s paired sexual outlets in . . 286 
 
 parasitic 67 
 
 Pebas, Equador 102 
 
 Penobscot 2 
 
 Polaris Expedition 179 
 
 Salt Lake 137 
 
 salt-water 44, 45, 52, 60, 80, 136, 278 
 
 sense organs of 181 
 
 senses of 333 
 
 September 25 
 
 smallest known 199 
 
 smell in 326 
 
 structure of 332 
 
 synthetic 4 
 
 and their allies 14 
 
 Vineyard Sound 133 
 
 vitality of 189 
 
 of the West 191, 198 
 
 Invertebrates, zoology of 207 
 
 Isotoma, embryology of 94 
 
 Japyx in the United States 145 
 
 Joint worm 188 
 
 July Insects 20 
 
 June Insects 18,43 
 
 Kentucky caves Araneina 160 
 
 Beetles 168 
 
 Labrador Bees 290 
 
 Coleoptera 77 , 113 
 
 Labrador Insects compared with Mount 
 
 Washington 35,50 
 
 Lepidoptera 30 
 
 Pyralidae 123 
 
 Wasps 290 
 
 Lagoa, unusual number of legs in larva of. . 297 
 
 Larch worm 272 
 
 Larvse injurious to forest trees 264 
 
 Legs, appendages homologous with 190 
 
 Lepidoptera 175 
 
 embryology 119 
 
 gynandromorphism 167 
 
 Labrador 30 
 
 notes on larvae 242 
 
 number of segments in larvae of. 294 
 
 South American (Orton Expe- 
 dition) 63 
 
 Life histories of Insects 165, 177, 280, 282 
 
 Limulus, anatomy 218 
 
 ancestry 81 
 
 an Arachnid 234, 235 
 
 brain, internal structure 211, 220 
 
 development 99, 109 
 
 embryology 69, 95, 120, 151, 218, 299 
 
 eye 210 
 
 histology 218 
 
 molting of shell 255 
 
 morphology 81 
 
 nervous system, development .... 162 
 
 renal organs (supposed) 163 
 
 Liver in Arachnida 287 
 
 Lochmaeus tessella, life history 282 
 
 Locust 175 
 
 ravages 197 
 
 Bed-legged 19 
 
 Bocky Mountain, air sacs 221 
 
 anatomy 197 
 
 brain 221, 222 
 
 of embryo and young 223 
 
 breeding grounds (permanent). 197 
 
 chronological history 197, 221 
 
 distribution (southern limits).. 221 
 
 embryology 197, 264 
 
 flights, 1877-79 221 
 
 in East Mexico in 1885. . 302 
 
 Mexico in 1880 225 
 
 San Luis Potosi, Mexi- 
 co, in 1885 309 
 
 geographical distribution 197, 264 
 
 in Mexico 225 
 
 migrations 178, 197 
 
 narratives of journeys in relation 
 
 to 197, 221 
 
 in New Mexico 204 
 
 question 232 
 
 ravages 174 
 
 report on 191, 197, 198 
 
 uses of 197 
 
 Louse 175 
 
 Luray Cave, fauna 222 
 
 Lysiopetalidae, repugnatorial glands 247 
 
 revision 261 
 
 Mallophaga, new 134 
 
 Mamestra picta, larval stages 289 
 
 Mammoth Cave Insects 91, 115 
 
48 
 
 Maple, Insects injurious to 337 
 
 Maple-tree borer, egg-laying habits 285 
 
 Maps, coloring of zoo geographical 236, 264 
 
 Massachusetts, Caloptenus spretus in 164 
 
 injurious Insects 100, 111,132 
 
 Myriapoda 125 
 
 May Insects 17, 41 
 
 Mexican Insects, edible 300 
 
 Mexico, flights of Locusts in 1880 in 225 
 
 1885 in 302 
 
 at San Luis Potosi, 
 
 1885 in 309 
 
 Symphyla 311 
 
 Thysanura (cinurous) 311 
 
 Mimicry in a Moth 212 
 
 Mites, chapter on 58 
 
 Monohammus confusor, oviposition 284 
 
 Moose-tick 48 
 
 Moths, characters of the pupae of 298 
 
 distribution of California 117 
 
 Colorado 157 
 
 entrapped by A sclepiad plant 208 
 
 a few words about 68 
 
 killed by Honey-bees 208 
 
 notes on 275 
 
 protective mimicry in 212 
 
 Mount Washington and Labrador, Insect 
 
 fauna compared 35,50 
 
 Museum Comparative Zoology, report on 
 
 Insects of 9 
 
 Myriapoda, Colorado 158 
 
 Massachusetts 125 
 
 morphology of 262 
 
 new or rare 97 
 
 a remarkable 74 
 
 Sograff’s embryology of Chilo- 
 
 pod 267 
 
 Nature’s means of limiting the number of 
 
 Insects 142 
 
 Nervous system of Articulates, Yersin on. . 221 
 
 Neuroptera 175, 265 
 
 classification 49,88,250 
 
 new or rare 97 
 
 New England, decay of spruce in 260 
 
 destruction of evergreen for- 
 ests in 263, 305, 321, 322 
 
 hateful Grasshopper in 146 
 
 Humble-bees of 8 
 
 Pyralidae of 123 
 
 New Jersey, Pieris rapae in 70 
 
 Newmarket Cave, fauna 222 
 
 New Mexico, Rocky Mountain Locust in. .. 204 
 
 New York, destruction of evergreen forests 
 
 in 263, 305 
 
 Nickajack Cave, fauna 227 
 
 Noctuidae, characters of 61 
 
 North Pole, Insects of Polaris expedition to. 179 
 
 Notodont caterpillars, fluid of 318 
 
 Observe Insects, how to 3 
 
 Orders of Insects, new arrangement of 317 
 
 Orgyia, eversible gland in larva of 319 
 
 Orthoptera, classification of 250 
 
 systematic position of 264 
 
 Orton Expedition to South America, Hymen- 
 optera and Lepidoptera of 63 
 
 Oviposition of Monohammus confusor 284 
 
 Ovipositor, structure of 53 
 
 Paired sexual outlets in Insects 271, 286 
 
 Palmen’s paired sexual outlets in Insects . . . 286 
 
 Palpal sac in Perla 93 
 
 Panama, Peripatus from 251 
 
 Parasite of Canker-worm, egg-laying habits 
 
 of egg 270 
 
 Parasites of Honey-bee 42 
 
 Humble-bees of New England. 8 
 North American Butterflies, 
 
 Ichneumon . . . 231 
 
 Sarnia Columbia, Ichneumon. . . 10 
 
 White Mountain Butterflies. . . 156 
 
 Parasitic Insects 67 
 
 Parthenogenesis in Bees 106 
 
 Honey-bee 201 
 
 Peabody Academy of Science, report on Ar- 
 ticulates 62, 101, 126, 153 
 
 Pebas, Equador, Insects 102 
 
 Penobscot Insects 2 
 
 Peripatus from Panama 251 
 
 structure and embryology of 252 
 
 Perithemis, embryology of 94 
 
 Perla, palpal sac in 93 
 
 Phalaenidte, California 96, 104 
 
 life histories of 280 
 
 North American, in British Mu- 
 seum 129 
 
 monograph .. 176 
 
 new 128, 154 
 
 Pieris rapm in New Jersey 70 
 
 Pine-borer, oviposition of 282 
 
 Plants, Wasps as marriage priests 15 
 
 Poisonous C entipede 202 
 
 Polaris expedition, Insects of 179 
 
 Polydesmus canadensis, larval form of 316 
 
 with eyes 245 
 
 Potato-beetle, Colorado 198, 334 
 
 Pseudoneuroptera 265 
 
 Pay chidse, notes on 3 *8 
 
 Pterophoridae, California . 122 
 
 Pupae of Moths in determining species 298 
 
 Pyralidae, aquatic larva 277 
 
 California 122 
 
 Labrador 123 
 
 New England 123 
 
 North American, in British Mu- 
 seum 129 
 
 Records of American entomology ..65, 79, 103, 114, 
 
 131, 155 
 
 Red-legged Grasshopper 19 
 
 Reports Articulata. . (Peab. Acad. Sci.) ..62, 101, 
 
 126, 153 
 
 Insects. (Mns. Comp. Zool.) 9 
 
 Repugnatorial pores in Lysiopetalidae 247 
 
 Reviews : 
 
 Adair : Annals of Bee culture 85 
 
 Brongniart: Carboniferous Insects 306 
 
 Cbolodkoosky : Morphology of Lepi- 
 doptera 308 
 
 Claparede: tudien Acarinen 55 
 
 Cook : Manual Apiary 172 
 
 Dahl : Structure and function of the 
 legs of Insects 293 
 
49 
 
 Reviews — C onti nued . 
 
 Eaton : Monograph, of Ephemeridae 
 
 Ganin : Early stages of Ichneumons . . . 
 
 Graber : Die Insekten 
 
 Grassi: Developmentof the Honey-bee. 
 Hickson : Eye and optic tract of Insects 
 Kortneff: Developmentof Mole cricket. 
 
 Lubbock : Ants, Bees, and W asps 
 
 Development of Chlceon 
 
 McLachlan : Position of Caddis-flies... 
 Mayer: Ontogeny and phylogeny of In- 
 sects 
 
 Meek, "Worthen, and Scudder : Articu- 
 late fossils from the coal 
 
 Meinert : Caput Scolopendrae 
 
 Murray: Aptera 
 
 Geographical distribution of 
 
 Beetles 
 
 Plateau: Vision of Insects 
 
 Recent works on the mouth parts of Flies 
 
 Riley : Second Missouri Report 
 
 Third Missouri Report 
 
 Fifth Missouri Report 
 
 Eighth Missouri Report 
 
 Report United States Entomolo- 
 gist, 1881 -’82 
 
 1884 
 
 Scudder: Butterflies 
 
 Systematische Ubersicht fos- 
 
 silen Insekten 
 
 and Burgess: Assymetry in 
 
 Hexapoda 
 
 Smith : Position of certain X orth Ameri- 
 can Lepidoptera 
 
 Stretch : Illustrations of Zygaenidae and 
 
 Bombycidae 
 
 Thomas : Fifth Illinois Report 
 
 IValsh : Entomological speculations . . . 
 Weismann: Studies in the theory of 
 
 descent 
 
 W ood-Mason : Morphology of Insects . . 
 
 Rhode Island, Cotton- worm moth in 
 
 Salt LakeEphydra 
 
 fauna 
 
 Insects 
 
 Salt water Chironomns 
 
 Insects 44, 45, 52, 60, 80, 136, 
 
 larva of Stratiomys in 
 
 Sarnia Columbia, Ichneumon parasites of 
 
 San Luis Potosi, Mexico, flights of Locusts 
 
 at 
 
 Saw-fly, Currant - 76, 
 
 Scenopinus, larva 
 
 Scolopendrella, position 
 
 Scorpions 
 
 Segments in head of winged Insects, num- 
 ber of 
 
 lepidopterous larvae, number 
 
 of 
 
 Sense organs, abdominal 
 
 of Insects, experiments on . . . 
 Senses of Insects 
 
 861— Bull. 16 4 
 
 September Insects - 25 
 
 Sex determined, when is 116 
 
 Sexual outlets in Insects, paired 271 
 
 Palmen’s paired . 286 
 
 Shade-trees, borers of 71 
 
 Insects injurious to 229, 326 
 
 Silk-worm 175 
 
 Moths from cocoons, method of 
 
 escape of 194 
 
 Smallest known Insects 199 
 
 Smell in Arthropoda 320, 325 
 
 Insects 326 
 
 Sograff’s embryology of Chilopods 267 
 
 South America, Hymenoptera and Lepidop- 
 tera from 63 
 
 Spiders 304 
 
 cave 166 
 
 Spiracles, distribution and number of 148 
 
 Spiral thread of tracheae 312, 315 
 
 Spring tails 84 
 
 Spruce bud Tortrix 274 
 
 decay of 260 
 
 Sting of Bee, discovery of the origin of 143 
 
 Stratiomys in salt water, larva of 257 
 
 Sty lops childreni 5 
 
 Sunderland, Mass., fossil Insects from 92 
 
 Symphyla of Mexico 311 
 
 Synthetic types of Insects 4 
 
 Tardigrade, discovery of 121 
 
 Telea polyphemus in California 141 
 
 Thysanura 265 
 
 Essex County 127 
 
 Mexico, Cinurous 311 
 
 new or rare 97 
 
 Tiger beetle 29 
 
 Tongue of Bee 281 
 
 Tortrix, spruce bud 274 
 
 Tracheae, spiral thread 312, 315 
 
 Tree cricket, eggs of 216 
 
 Turtle, bot-fly larvae from 237 
 
 Utah, cave fauna 187 
 
 Coleoptera 192 
 
 Vineyard Sound Insects 133 
 
 Vitality of Insects 189 
 
 Washington (Mount) Insects compared 
 
 with Labrador 35, 50 
 
 Wasps, Labrador 290 
 
 as marriage priests of plants 15 
 
 West, Insects of the 191, 198 
 
 Western Cricket 221 
 
 Wheat midge 188 
 
 White Butterflies’ partiality to white flowers 180 
 Mountain Butterflies, parasites of . . 156 
 
 Yersin on function of the nervous system of 
 
 Articulates 221 
 
 Zoology 206 
 
 briefer course 266 
 
 century’s progress in American . . . 171 
 
 first lessons 323 
 
 of invertebrates 207 
 
 Zygaenidae, new 112 
 
 notes 7 
 
 86 
 
 83 
 
 215 
 
 314 
 
 303 
 
 313 
 
 24 
 
 27 
 
 90 
 
 173 
 
 54 
 
 269 
 
 182 
 
 89 
 
 307 
 
 248 
 
 72 
 
 104 
 
 118 
 
 170 
 
 244 
 
 295 
 
 228 
 
 310 
 
 87 
 
 296 
 
 105 
 
 233 
 
 13 
 
 254 
 
 214 j 
 
 209 
 
 59 
 
 292 
 
 137 
 
 34 
 
 ,278 
 
 257 
 
 10 
 
 309 
 
 198 
 
 33 
 
 226 
 
 259 
 
 256 
 
 294 
 
 75 
 
 181 
 
 333 
 
 o 
 
* 
 
 ( 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 ' 
 
 \ 
 
 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS, 
 
 Page. 
 
 Letter of submittal 3 
 
 Introductory 5 
 
 Reasons for publishing at present time, 5 — Acknowledgments of assist- 
 ance, 5. 
 
 Past history 5 
 
 The Chinch Bug a southern rather than a northern insect, 5— Its early ap- 
 pearances, 6 — First scientific description, 6 — The name “ Mormon louse,” 
 
 6 — First recorded appearance in Missouri, Iowa, Indiana, and Wiscon- 
 sin, 6 — Damage in 1864 and 1868, 6 — Estimates of loss in 1871, 6 — The 
 great injury in 1874, 6 — First accurate account of early stages, 7— In- 
 terest in 1881, 7 — Its first injurious appearance in New York, 7 — Damage 
 done in 1887, 7 — Table of losses by States and crops, 8 — Counties report- 
 ing loss, 9. 
 
 Geographical distribution . 9 
 
 In New York and New England, 10— In Canada, 10— In the Southern States, 
 
 10 — The States most injured, 10 — In Cuba, 10 — In California, 11 — In 
 Mexico, 12. 
 
 Food plants . . . 12 
 
 The cultivated grains, 12 — Wild grasses, 12 — Rice, 13 — Probability of a 
 food-plant outside of the Graminese, 13. 
 
 Stages of growth — Descriptive 13 
 
 The egg, 13 — Larval stages, 13 — Pupa, 14 — Imago, 14 — Original descrip- 
 tion quoted, 14 — Le Baron’s description, 15 — Fitch’s varieties, 15 — Riley’s 
 variety melanosus, 15 — A new variety, 15. 
 
 Number of broods and hibernation 15 
 
 Early misconceptions, 15 — First accurate statement, 15 — Number of broods 
 south, 16 — Hibernation, 16— Influence of severe cold, 17 — Odor renders 
 hibernating places easily found, 17 — Osage hedges in the West, 17. 
 
 Habits 18 
 
 Flight, 18 — Oviposit.ioD, 18 — Young larvae, 19 — Rate of growth, 19 — Migra- 
 tions, 19 — Their habits on corn, 20 — Preparation for hibernation, 20 — Er- 
 roneous statement as to oviposition, 21 — Exceptional habits, 21. 
 
 Natural enemies and diseases 21 
 
 No true insect parasites, 21 — A possible hair-worm parasite, 21 — The lady- 
 bird enemies, 22 — The lace-winged fly, 22 — True bugs which prey upon 
 it, 22 — Testimony against the efficacy of lady-birds, 23 — Vertebrate ene- 
 mies, 23 — Birds, 24 — Quail laws, 24— Diseases, 25 — Dr. Shimer’s account 
 of the 1865 epidemic, 26 — Professor Forbes’ investigations, 27 — Professor 
 Riley’s comments, 28. 
 
 Wet weather and the Chinch Bug 28 
 
 Wet weather inimical, 28 — Professor Forbes’ experiments, 29 — Comments, 
 
 29— Wet weather and disease, 29 — Dr. Thomas’s theory, 30 — Professor 
 Riley’s comments, 31 — An anonymous prediction, 31 — Table of tempera- 
 ture and rain-fall in North Carolina, 32 — Records of precipitation for 1885, 
 
 1886, and 1887, in Chinch Bug States, 32. 
 
 1 
 
II 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Paga 
 
 Remedies and preventives 33 
 
 Early recommendations, 33 — Preventives , 33 — Clean cultivation, 33 — Diver- 
 sified farming, 33 — Rotation of crops, 34 — Early sowing and manuring, 
 
 34 — Rolling, 34— Sowing an unattractive crop witli wheat, 35 — Direct 
 ivinter remedies, 35 — Burning, 35 — Fall plowing and harrowing, 35 — Gas 
 lime, 35 — Trapping, 36 — Trampling, '36— Direct summer remedies before mi- 
 gration, 36 — Irrigation, 36 — Burning, 37 — Prevention of migration — direct 
 remedies during and after migration, 38 — Ditching, 38 — Tarred boards or 
 tar alone, 38 — Sowing .strips of plants distasteful to the bugs around the 
 fields to be protected, 39 — Sowing strips of favored food around the fields 
 to be protected, 39 — Hot water and soap-suds, 39 — Kerosene emulsion, 
 
 39 — Professor Forbes’ experiments, 39 — The Hubbard formula, 40 — Major 
 
 Tucker’s experiment, 40 — Professor Atkinson’s experiments, 40 — Pro- 
 fessor Osborn’s experiments, 41 — Mr. Warren’s experiment, 42. 
 
 Bogus Chinch bugs 42 
 
 The False Chinch Bug, 42 — The Insidious Flower-bug, 43 — The Ash-gray 
 Leaf-bug, 43 — The Flea-like Negro-bug, 43 — The Striped Flea-beetle, 43. 
 Bibliographical list 44 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agricultur 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington , D. (7., January 3, 1888. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 17 from 
 this Division, being a paper upon the Chinch Bug prepared by my first 
 assistant, Mr. L. O. Howard, for the forthcoming Annual Report. 
 There are several important, or what the late Dr. LeBaron called u first 
 class,” injurious insects, like the Chinch Bug, which I have so far not 
 cared to treat of in the publications of the Division, because in past 
 years, while State Entomologist of Missouri, I had occasion to publish 
 pretty fully upon them and because there is little opportunity to make 
 further investigations or experiments upon them in the vicinity of 
 Washington. I have, however, endeavored to keep a record of every- 
 thing published in reference to them and of the advance in our knowl- 
 edge of improved means of controlling them. On account of the great 
 interest felt just now in the Ch inch Bug and the prospect of injury from 
 it the coming summer in the Mississippi Valley, and from the fact that 
 the principal work to be done in preventing such injury is winter work, 
 I have decided, with your approval, to issue this paper in advance as a 
 bulletin, in order to supply the constant demand for information upon 
 the insect at the present time. It may be looked upon as an emer- 
 gency bulletin published because of the probable delay in the appear- 
 ance of the more bulky annual report beyond the time when the inform 
 ation will be useful for the coming season. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 C. V. Riley, 
 
 j Entomologist . 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 (Blissus leucopterus , Say.) 
 
 Order Hemiptera ; family Lyg^eidhs. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The present treatment of the Chinch Bug offers li.ttle scope for any- 
 thing new or original. It is an extremely destructive species which has 
 been exhaustively treated by former writers and which, after several 
 years of comparative scarcity, has again become very injurious, so much 
 so as to occasion the loss of millions of dollars during the past sea- 
 son and to call forth the greatest variety of comment from the press of 
 the country, agricultural or otherwise. In this emergency it happens 
 that there are no public documents for distribution and even no books 
 which can be purchased which treat of the life history of and remedies 
 for this pest. The State reports of Eiley and LeBaron are out of print; 
 the small edition of Bulletin 5 of the U. S. Entomological Commission, 
 by Dr. Thomas, was long since exhausted ; and the recent bulletin and 
 circular by Forbes treat almost solely of remedies. 
 
 It becomes necessary, therefore, to bring out once more a complete 
 review of the subject. Previous writings, particularly those of Eiley, 
 are freely used, and in many instances the well-known Missouri reports 
 of my chief are quoted at length. 
 
 Observations by Prof. Herbert Osborn, F. M. Webster, W. B. Alwood, 
 and Miss Mary Murtfeldt, Agents of the Division, are acknowledged as 
 they are used. Indebtedness to Prof. G. F. Atkinson, of Chapel Hill, 
 N. C., for observations made in his vicinity, is here acknowledged. The 
 note books of the Division of Entomology and the extensive records for 
 many years collected by Professor Eiley have been at my disposal. 
 
 PAST HISTORY. 
 
 It has been quite generally accepted that the Chinch Bug is, compar- 
 atively speaking, a Southern rather than a Northern insect, and in so 
 far as the matter of destructive appearances goes, this idea is well up. 
 held by its past history. In our section upon geographical distribu- 
 tion, however, we have shown that the species is by no means confined 
 to the more Southern States, but that it is often found north of the 
 
 5 
 
6 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 boundary line, in Canada. It was first noticed, so far as we can find, 
 in North Carolina, at the close of the Revolutionary war, where, as has 
 been so often stated, it was mistaken for the Hessian fly, which at that 
 time was attracting considerable notice on Long Island and there- 
 abouts. 
 
 Dr. Fitch, in his second report, gives with some little detail an account 
 of its early appearances, from which we may simply state that after 
 this first notice the insect did considerable damage for several years in 
 North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. After a short series of 
 seasons it was again destructive in North Carolina in 1809, so that in 
 Orange County the cultivation of wheat was abandoned for two years. 
 
 In 1839, in the same States, great damage was done to corn and 
 wheat, and in 1840 an increase in number occurred, and the wholesale 
 destruction of the crops was only prevented by an exceedingly wet 
 season. 
 
 The first scientific description of this species was given by Say in 
 1831, in a pamphlet, now very scarce, published at New Harmony, Ind., 
 entitled “Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous Hemiptera,” 
 from a single specimen collected on the eastern shore of Virginia, and 
 it was probably at that time rare in Indiana, where Say resided, at New 
 Harmony. 
 
 It attracted much attention in 1840 in Illinois when it occurred in 
 numbers in Hancock County, where it was supposed to have been in- 
 troduced by the Mormons, and was called in consequence the u Mormon 
 louse.” 
 
 According to Professor Riley, the first recorded appearance of the 
 insect in Missouri was in 1839. It was again noticed in 1844, and has 
 been destructive at intervals ever since. In Iowa its first recorded ap- 
 pearance is in 1847, in Indiana in 1854, and in Wisconsin in 1855. 
 
 Eighteen hundred and sixty-four was a year marked by damage in 
 these Western States. In 1868, a season of great drought, much damage 
 was done by the bugs in Missouri. 
 
 In 1871 great damage was done in Illinois, southern Iowa, in parts 
 of Indiana, in Nebraska, in southern Missouri, and Kansas. It was 
 estimated by Dr. LeBaron in his second Illinois report that the loss 
 to the wheat, oat, and barley crops during this year amounted to 
 $10,500,000 in Illinois alone, and in the other six States mentioned, in- 
 cluding Indiana, the total loss was upwards of $30,000,000. 
 
 In 1874 they occurred again in Missouri and the adjoining States in 
 exceptional abundance. It was during this season that Professor Riley 
 sent out circulars to all parts of Missouri and at the close of which he 
 wrote the extended article which was published in his Seventh Report 
 on the Insects of Missouri. 
 
 He estimated that the total loss to the group of States of which 
 eastern Kansas forms a center was double that of 1871. Very care- 
 ful estimates by counties gave an aggregate loss of $19,000,000 for 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 7 
 
 Missouri alone, including only the three staple crops of Wheat, Corn, 
 and Oats. He mentions several facts which tend to show that this esti- 
 mate is low rather than high. In this report Professor Riley also gave 
 the first accurate and extended descriptions of the adolescent stages, 
 including the egg, and noticed the differences between the number of 
 joints in the tarsi in the young and the adult. 
 
 From 1874 to 1881 there were no serious irruptions of this pest, but 
 in this year it attracted considerable notice and did a great deal of dam- 
 age in some Western States. Much newspaper literature concern- 
 ing the insect was published during this year, much of which was 
 excited by Thomas’s paper upon the u Relation of Meteorological Condi- 
 tions to Insect Development and Particularly to the Chinch Bug.” It 
 was during this year also that the u Chinch Bug convention” was held 
 at Windsor, Kans., and it was decided to exclude Wheat from cultiva- 
 tion as a means of extirpating the pest. 
 
 In 1882 the work of the bug upon timothy grass was discovered in 
 Saint Lawrence County, N. Y., for the first time in its history. It in- 
 creased and spread in 1883, exciting great alarm, and occasioned several 
 articles from the pen of Dr. Lintner, who also issued a circular on reme- 
 dies and anticipating further damage. 
 
 Professor Riley in Science (Yol. II, p. 620) and in his Report for 1884 
 stated that there was little cause for alarm in New York, and indeed no 
 particular damage has since been recorded. In 1885 some damage was 
 done in parts of Kansas and Nebraska, and in 1886 still more. Bulletin 
 No. 13 of the Di vision of Entomology contains reports of considerable 
 damage in the spring of 1886 from Kansas, Indiana, Ohio, and Ne- 
 braska and more especially in southern Illinois.. 
 
 During the past year (1887) the injury was marked in these States 
 and also in some parts of Missouri, but the interesting point in the his- 
 tory of this season has been the occurrence of the insect in immense 
 numbers in portions of Virginia and North and South Carolina for the 
 first time in many years. As a thorough review of the localities and 
 damage this season is desirable, a statement has been drawn up at my 
 request by Mr. J. R. Dodge, the statistician of this Department, which 
 is submitted herewith. 
 
 Mr. Dodge reports as follows : 
 
 In accordance with your request, I take pleasure in comniuuicating the results of 
 inquiries made relative to the geographical distribution of Chinch Bugs during the 
 past season, and to the extent of their destruction of growing crops. 
 
 I find indications of their presence throughout the southern and western States, 
 but no material injuries to crops are reported except in States bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi River and the Lower Missouri. Kansas, part of Nebraska, Missouri, Iowa, 
 Illinois, southern Wisconsin, and eastern Minnesota include practically the field of 
 their serious operations. 
 
 They attacked wheat and rye first, then barley and oats, and afterward corn, grass, 
 millet, sorghum, and broom-corn. As corn, wheat, and oats are the principal tilled 
 crops of this area, they represent the principal part of the damage. 
 
8 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 In many places the fields were cleared, and small grain areas were ploughed up. 
 The pest came in some cases to districts that had never before been ravaged ; in mauy 
 others the scourge was claimed to be more sweeping than ever before. 
 
 The insect was present in injurious numbers in nearly every county in Kansas. 
 Correspondents in Leavenworth, in the extreme east, and Hamilton, on the Colorado 
 border, gave the only negative replies. The worst damage was done iu this State. 
 
 The infliction was general in Missouri, except in a belt in the central part of the 
 State, not very regular nor wholly untouched, trending northeasterly, and connecting 
 with a similar belt in Illinois. 
 
 Further north, no portion of Iowa was exempt, except the northwest corner of the 
 State, in proximity to areas of exemption from central Minnesota westwardly through 
 Dakota, and near to a similar area iu northern Nebraska. In eastern Minnesota and 
 southern Wisconsin, however, the scourge was general and severe. In Illinois com- 
 parative exemption was enjoyed in a central belt running in a northeasterly direction 
 from Christian to Champaign, and from Adams to Bureau, fifteen to twenty counties, 
 in which correspondents responded in the negative as to their destructive presence. 
 Elsewhere the pest was nearly universal. 
 
 The southwestern corner of Indiana was alive with Chinch Bugs ; elsewhere, though 
 present in much of the area, only about a dozen counties estimated any material 
 losses. They were still scarcer in Michigan. Only ten counties in Ohio reported 
 their injurious presence; and a few only in Kentucky indicated material damage. 
 
 These insects are reported as more or less injurious in every season of drought and 
 scarce or absent in all wet areas. In the area of their depredations the crops have 
 an annual value of more than a fourth of the entire agricultural production of the 
 United States, and a value nearly four times as great as that of the cotton crop. 
 It will readily be seen that the losses must be heavy, undoubtedly greater than those 
 of all other insects together, as no such values are involved in other crops subject to 
 insect depredations the past year. 
 
 The following table has been prepared from data, severely scrutinized, revised, and 
 accurately consolidated. It makes a large sum, and yet does not comprise all the 
 damage done to barley and rye, millet, etc., all of which might be approximately 
 stated in round numbers as $60,000,000. The record by States is as follows: 
 
 States. 
 
 Corn. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 , Oats. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Bushels. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 983, 280 
 885, 564 
 1,785,000 
 1C, 929, 600 
 1, 804, 250 
 2. 109, 720 
 22, 020, 240 
 
 16, 840, 340 
 
 $521, 138 
 425, 071 
 803, 250 
 
 6, 941, 136 
 757, 785 
 802, 796 
 
 7, 707, 084 
 
 5, 736, 624 
 
 6, 230, 926 
 
 66, 678 
 215, 370 
 453, 936 
 
 5, 529, 150 
 3, 004, 490 
 9, 074, 750 
 
 6, 977, 620 
 
 1, 664, 640 
 
 2, 282, 100 
 
 $48, 675 
 161, 528 
 326, 834 
 
 3, 870, 405 
 1,922, 874 
 5, 354, 103 
 
 4, 256, 348 
 1, 032, 077 
 1,392, 081 
 
 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Total 
 
 60, 196 
 167, 658 
 
 3, 810, 310 
 
 1, 742, 750 
 
 2, 438, 160 
 
 4, 462, 920 
 795, 860 
 
 6, 406, 560 
 
 $19, 263 
 48, 621 
 1, 028, 784 
 487, 970 
 633, 922 
 1, 071, 101 
 206, 924 
 2, 438, 497 
 
 78, 922, 384 
 
 29, 925,810 
 
 29,268,734 18,364,925 
 
 19, 884, 414 
 
 5, 935, 082 
 
 1 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 J. R. Dodge, 
 
 Statistician. 
 
 Accompanying these statements of Mr. Dodge were a number of 
 State maps indicating the counties reporting to the Department damage 
 from the Chinch Bug. Many other localities had Chinch Bugs in abund- 
 ance and considerable damage was done in States not represented in 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 9 
 
 this list. These localities, however, are authoritative, and their reports 
 furnished the main basis for the table which precedes. We may sum- 
 marize these briefly as follows : 
 
 Illinois, fifty-one counties, as follows: Stephenson, Winnebago, Lake, Carroll, Lee, 
 Kendall, Will, La Salle, Rock, Mercer, Warren, Stark, Iroquois, Vermillion, Edgar, 
 Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Effingham, Fayette, 
 Bond, Madison, Macoupin, Greene, Pike, Jersey, Saint Clair, Clinton, Washington, 
 Marion, Clay, Lawrence, Wabash, Edwards, White, Hamilton, Franklin, Randolph, 
 Jackson, Williamson, Saline, Gallatin, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Massac, and Alexander. 
 
 Indiana , twenty-five counties, as follows: Elkhart, Jasper, White, Huntington, 
 Wells, Blackford, Jay, Warren, Montgomery, Wayne, Shelby, Johnson, Sullivan, 
 Greene, Dearborn, Knox, Martin, Ohio, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Posey, Vanderburgh, 
 Warrick, and Spencer. 
 
 Iowa, sixty-one counties, as follows: Winnebago, Worth, Mitchell, Howard, Win- 
 neshiek, Allamakee, Clayton, Fayette, Chickasaw, Floyd, Cerro Gordo, Hancock, 
 Palo Alto, Pocahontas, Humboldt, Franklin, Dubuque, Buchanan, Grundy, Hamilton, 
 Webster, Calhoun, Sac, Crawford, Carroll, Greene, Story, Marshall, Tama, Benton, 
 Linn, Jackson, Clinton, Scott, Muscatine, Iowa, Jasper, Dallas, Guthrie, Audubon, 
 Shelby, Madison, Mahaska, Keokuk, Des Moines, Henry, Monroe, Lucas, Union, 
 Adams, Montgomery, Mills, Fremont, Page, Taylor, Decatur, Wayne, Appanoose, 
 Davis, Van Buren, Lee. 
 
 Kansas, sixty-three counties, as follows: Cheyenne, Rawlins, Norton, Phillips, 
 Jewell, Washington, Marshall, Nemaha, Brown, Wyandotte, Jefferson, Jackson, 
 Shawnee, Douglas, Pottawatomie, Riley, Wabaunsee, Davis, Clay, Cloud, Mitchell, 
 Rooks, Graham, Sheridan, Thomas, Sherman, Gove, Russell, Lincoln, Ottawa, Ells- 
 worth, Saline, Dickinson, Morris, Osage, Franklin, Miami, Linn, Anderson, Coffey, 
 Chase, Marion, McPherson, Rice, Barton, Rush, Ness, Lane, Scott, Ford, Pawnee, 
 Stafford, Reno, Sedgwick, Allen, Neosho, Cherokee, Labette, Chatauqua, Cowley, 
 Sumner, Barbour, Comanche. 
 
 Kentucky, eight counties, as follows: Carroll, Pendleton, Bracken, Estill, Mercer, 
 Union, Ballard, Marshall. 
 
 Michigan, five counties, as follows: Manitou, Presque Isle, Saginaw, Shiawassee, 
 Saint Joseph. , 
 
 Minnesota, twenty -seven counties, as follows: Hubbard, Wadena, Todd, Crow Wing, 
 Kanabec, Pine, Isanti, Chisago, Sherburne, Stearns, Wright, Carver, Scott, Rice, Wa- 
 basha, Winona, Olmstead, Dodge, Steele, Waseca, Watonwan, Martin, Faribault, 
 Freeborn, Mower, Fillmore, and Houston. 
 
 Missouri, sixty counties, as follows: Atchison, Nodaway, Holt, Worth, Gentry, Har- 
 rison, Mercer, Putnam, Sullivan, Adair, Linn, Clinton, Caldwell, Ray, Chariton, Ran- 
 dolph, Lincoln, Saint Charles, Callaway, Copper, Johnson, Cass, Bates, Henry, Saiut 
 Clair, Hickory, Osage, Maries, Gasconade, Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, Sainte 
 Genevieve, Perry, Iron, Bollinger, Cape Girardeau, Mississippi, New Madrid, Butler, 
 Wayne, Oregon, Shannon, Pulaski, Laclede, Wright, Douglas, Ozark, Christian, Web- 
 ster, Dallas, Hickory, Polk, Cedar, Dade, Barton, Lawrence, Barry, Newton, and Mc- 
 Donald. 
 
 Ohio , ten counties, as follows: Defiance, Wood, Geauga, Allen, Shelby, Darke, Frank- 
 lin, Fairfield, Meigs, and Gallia. 
 
 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 East of the Rocky Mountains the Chinch Bug seems to be indigenous 
 North and South, feeding naturally upon various species of wild grasses 
 and becoming multiplied wherever the cultivation of wheat has reached 
 its original haunts. 
 
10 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 It was first noticed, as stated in the last section, in North Carolina, 
 and Say’s original description was published from a Virginia specimen. 
 
 Fitch records the fact that he had collected specimens in New York, 
 but that it was exceedingly rare. Signoret also records it from New 
 York, and, as we have just shown, it appeared in 1883 in destructive 
 numbers in the northern part of this State. Harris in the first edition 
 of his well-known work states that it does not occur in New England, 
 but in a foot-note to his second edition states that while the sheet was 
 passing through the press he discovered a single specimen in his own 
 garden at Cambridge (June 17, 1852). And in 1883, according to Dr. 
 George Dimmock (Psyche, November, December, 1883, p. 119;, the 
 lowland between Belmont and Cambridge was swarming with them. 
 They have also been collected by Dr. Packard at Salem, Mass., in Maine, 
 and at the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire. Dr. 
 Lintner records the fact that Mr. H. L. Feruald captured one or more 
 specimens in 1879, 1880, and 1882, at Orono, Me. 
 
 In Canada they occurred at Grimsbj 7 , Ontario, in 1866, and were sent 
 from that point in that year to Mr. Walsh. Mr. W. H. Harrington col- 
 lected specimens found abundantly at Sydney, Cape Breton (N. lat. 46° 
 18') in September, 1884 (Can. Ent., November, 1884, p. 218). Dr. Fitch 
 received specimens from western Pennsylvania, and also stated that it 
 was sent him from Mississippi with the information that in some years 
 it damaged the crops of Indian corn. We have found it personally in 
 considerable numbers in the rice fields near Savannah, Ga., and Mr. E. 
 A. Schwarz and others have collected it in Florida. In the latter State 
 Mr. Schwarz found it very abundantly at Biscayne Bay, breeding iu 
 the wingless form only in considerable numbers upon Sand Oats {Uni- 
 ola paniculata). Mr. Webster has noticed it in Mississippi and Louisi- 
 ana. It has also been collected in this same form, upon tbe same 
 plant, on the sea shore at Fortress Monroe, Va., by Messrs. Schwarz 
 and Heidemann. The States, however, in which it does the greatest 
 damage are Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Ohio, Indiana, 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, southern Wisconsin, Iowa, Missouri, 
 Kansas, and Nebraska. Uhler records the species from Texas, Califor- 
 nia, Kansas, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Michigan, and 
 generally throughout the Atlantic region. 
 
 Outside of the United States it is recorded only from Cuba (see 
 Signoret u Essai Monographique du Genre Micropus, Spinola;” Ann. 
 Soc. Ent. Frauce, V, 3d series, 1857, p. 31), aud the Cuban individuals 
 are long-winged, while Mr. Schwarz never found a long-winged indi- 
 vidual iu Florida, in spite of the fact that he has collected in localities 
 the insect fauna of which is in the main Cuban. This observation con- 
 flicts with the general observation of Mr. Uhler that the short-winged 
 form seems to be more common in New England than in the Southern 
 States. 
 
 The only authentic published record of the occurrence of the Chinch Bug 
 west of the Rocky Mountains is the mere mention by Uhler, in his list of 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 11 
 
 the Heiniptera of the region west of the Mississippi River (Bull. Hayden 
 Surv. I, 306), of California as one of the States which it inhabits, but 
 this record has been overlooked by Californians. Its advent upon the 
 Pacific slope has been expected and dreaded. Matthew Cooke in his 
 book, published in 1883, upon injurious insects of the Orchard, Vine- 
 yard, etc., figured and described it, and under the head of u Remedies ” 
 wrote, “ Should the pest appear in this State it can be prevented,” etc. 
 
 In June, 1885, there were several newspaper reports on the occurrence 
 of this insect in great numbers in California. The San Francisco Even- 
 ing Post for June 23, 1885, quoting from the Woodland Democrat, pub- 
 lished the statement: 
 
 Messrs. Frazee and Henderson, who live southwest of Woodland, brought to this 
 office a bottle of this pestiferous insect (chinch bug) on Tuesday. Mr. Henderson 
 says that he recognized them as the same eastern variety that frequently does so 
 much injury to wheat in Missouri. These gentlemen say they discovered the bugs 
 traveling between the lands of Day and Clanton. There are millions of them, but as 
 to the extent of country covered they are unable to say. The bugs are nearly grown 
 and are just beginning to have wings. As soon as the wings develop they fly and 
 scatter everywhere. Mr. Frazee says there is no danger from them this year as the 
 grain is too far advanced. 
 
 So far this item seems very plausible, but it goes on to state u that 
 another gentleman had noticed them injuring grape-vines” which of 
 course introduces a probability of wrong identification. 
 
 There is no question, however, but that the Chinch Bug is to be found at 
 present in California, but there is no assurance of its existence in injuri- 
 ous numbers. Our certainty as to its presence arises from the fact that 
 a single specimen of a short- winged variety of this insect is among a lot 
 collected in the vicinity of San Francisco in 1885 by Mr. Koebele. It 
 is unquestionably a true Chinch Bug. Another specimen of the same 
 variety was collected in 1884 by some students of Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity who summered in California and was given to Mr. Lugger, of 
 this Division, who was at that time connected with the University. 
 Recent communications from California in answer to inquiries on this 
 point show that the insect is not known to the entomologists in that 
 State. The False Chinch Bug ( Nysius angustatus) has been, we learn 
 from Mr. Koebele, very destructive to grapes in that State the past sea- 
 son, and it is more than likely that this is the insect referred to in the 
 newspaper article just quoted. Mr. Koebele writes that the False Chinch 
 was so abundant around Alameda in July that in an old road at least 
 50 specimens could be counted under each plant of Polygonum aviculare. 
 He made, in 1887, a most careful search of the locality in which he found 
 the 1885 specimen, but could not find a single additional individual. 
 He also examined the large collection of Heiniptera in the California 
 Academy of Sciences without success. The following paragraph is from 
 Mr. CoquilletUs answer to our inquiries: 
 
 I have never met with the Chinch Bug in any part of California that I have visited — 
 neither in Merced County, around the city of Sacramento, nor on the southern part of 
 
12 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 the State, where 1 have collected Hemiptera extensively with the sweep-net. Dr. 
 Rivers, curator of the museum at our State University, writes me that three years 
 ago he took three specimens of a bug that looked much like the Chinch Bug, hut was 
 darker and smaller, and he does not believe that they belonged to this species; they 
 were taken in Sonoma County, and were sent off, he knows not where. He has col- 
 lected Hemiptera extensively since then, but the Chinch Bug is not among them. 
 Mr. Wickson, editor of the Pacific Rural Press, writes me that he has “ never seen a 
 specimen nor heard of one as being recognized 'by an observer whom I would con- 
 sider as capable of recognizing the insect.” * 
 
 Since writing the above we have learned from Mr. Uhler that he has 
 seen specimens of the Chinch Bug from California of a long- winged form, 
 which were collected near San Francisco, probably by Mr. Henry Ed- 
 wards. He has also seen specimens from Cuba and from Tamaulipas, 
 Mexico. 
 
 FOOD PLANTS. 
 
 The Chinch Bug will feed upon all grains and grasses so far as known. 
 The most prominent crops which are seriously injured are Wheat, Barley, 
 and Indian Corn. The testimony in regard to Oats is conflicting, but 
 Le Baron’s conclusion to the elfect that u if this grain be sown where 
 Chinch Bugs abound, and especially if it is sown exclusively, it will be 
 damaged to a greater or less extent the first year, but that the bugs will 
 probably not continue to breed in it to any great extent in succeeding 
 years” is unquestionably correct. Broom-corn, Sorghum, Chicken corn, 
 Hungarian grass, Millet, Rye, Rice, Bermuda grass ( Cynodon dactylon ), 
 Fox-tail grass (Setaria glauca ), Timothy (Phloeum pratense), Blue-grass 
 (Poa pratensis), Crab grass ( Panicum sangninale ), Bottle-grass ( Setaria 
 viridis ), and all of our wild grasses, so far as known, are attacked, but 
 beyond these no food plant has ever been authentically recorded. Re- 
 ports of damage done to other crops, such as grape vines and garden 
 crops, are the result of mistaken identity, and an error in the compila- 
 tion of Packard’s Guide to the Study of Insects has doubtless done much 
 to perpetuate the idea that this insect is a more general feeder. This 
 was corrected in the later editions of this work, probably at the sug- 
 gestion in Professor Riley’s criticism in his 7th Rept. Ins. Mo., p. 26. 
 
 Upon the Sand Oats (TJniola paniculata) in Florida Mr. Schwarz no- 
 ticed that the entire development of the insect is undergone upon the 
 highest part of this tall plant and not close to the bottom as in our lat- 
 itude. The probable reason for this, as he has pointed out, is, that 
 the strong winds are continually blowing fiue, sharp sand through the 
 lower parts of the plants, rendering it impossible for the bugs to remain 
 at these places and forcing them to seek their nourishment higher up. 
 
 Concerning Timothy and the Crab-grasses Professor Forbes says: 
 
 It seems to prefer timothy to blue -grass, not really relishing either as a general 
 thing, and takes to the crab-grasses ( Panicum ) not at all, or only as a last resort. 
 (Bull. No. 2, State Ent. 111.) 
 
 This generalization is undoubtedy correct for Illinois and the sur- 
 rounding States, but, as Professor Forbes himself points out in a foot- 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 13 
 
 note, the bugs did great damage to Timothy in northern New York iu 
 1883, and the following extract from a letter recently received from 
 Professor Atkinson, of North Carolina, indicates that in that State at 
 least the Crab-grass becomes an important item of the insect’s diet. 
 
 * * * I have recently discovered that at this season of the year (October 2) the 
 
 chinch hug feeds on the “ crab-grass ” so common in cultivated and waste places, 
 and especially so abundant in many of the corn-fields after cultivation has ceased. 
 The chinclf bug must go to grass after the corn becomes mature and no longer yields 
 the sap. I have found the bugs inside the sheath and clear evidence of their having 
 punctured the culm. No doubt this grass affords them subsistence for quite a period 
 of time and then shelter for the winter. * * * I have found within the past few 
 
 days pupae or wingless individuals on the crab-grass. * * * 
 
 Referring again to Timothy we may state that a meadow of this grass 
 on the farm of J. F. Whiton, near Wakeman, Huron County, Ohio, was 
 injured considerably by the bugs in 1886. Professor Forbes, however 
 (Bull. 2), gives an instance where sowing Timothy with Fall Wheat 
 was probabably the cause of the salvation of the crop. 
 
 On cultivated Rice we found Chinch Bugs very generally scattered 
 throughout the large rice-fields near Savannah, Ga., in August, 1881. 
 Only adult specimens were found at that time and all were fully winged, 
 and were found upon the heads of the grain, to which they had proba- 
 bly flown, as the fields had been flooded for some time previously. No 
 particular damage to the crop was perceptible, unless their punctures 
 contribute to bring about the disease known as u white blast,” as sug- 
 gested by Professor Riley in his Annual Report for 1881-’82, page 137. 
 
 We shall probably be obliged to widen our close restriction of the 
 Chinch Bug food plants, to admit at least one of the Polygonums. A 
 chance statement by Mr. Bruner that he had known this insect to feed 
 upon the so called u Wild Buckwheat ” in Nebraska led to a letter of 
 close inquiry, to which he replied that there can be no mistake and that 
 the plant is either Polygonum dumetorum , or P. convolvulus. 
 
 STAGES OF GROWTH— DESCRIPTIVE. 
 
 The following descriptive matter is from Professor Riley’s Seventh 
 Report on the Insects of Missouri, and is fuller and more careful than 
 that published elsewhere. It will be noticed that there are three larval 
 stages, necessitating two molts before the pupa and three before the 
 adult. It will also be noticed that the larvrn have but two joints to 
 the feet, while the adults have three : 
 
 The Egg. — (Fig. la, 6.) Average length 0.03 inch, elongate oval, the diameter 
 scarcely one-fifth the length. The top squarely docked, and surmounted with four 
 small rounded tubercles near the center. Color when newly laid, pale ami whitish 
 and translucent, acquiring with age an amber color, and finally showing the red parts 
 of the embryo, and especially the eyes toward the tubercled end. The size increases 
 somewhat after deposition, and will sometimes reach near 0.04 iu length. 
 
 Larval Stages. — The newly-hatched larva (Fig. lc) is pale yellow, with simply an 
 orange stain on the middle of the three larger abdominal joints. The form scarcely 
 
14 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 differs front that of the mature hug, being but slightly more elongate ; but the tarsi 
 have but two joints (Fig. 4 d), and the head is relatively broader and more rounded, 
 while the joints of body are sub-equal, the prothoracic joint being but slightly longer 
 than any of the rest. The red color soon pervades the whole body, except the first 
 two abdominal joints, which remain yellowish, and the members, which remain pale. 
 After the first molt (Fig. le) the red is quite bright vermilion, contrasting strongly 
 with the pale band across the middle of the body, the prothoracic joint is relatively 
 longer, and the metathoracic relatively shorter. The head and prothorax are dusky 
 and coriaceous, and two broad marks on mesothorax, two smaller ones on metathorax, 
 two on the fourth and fifth abdominal sutures, and one at tip of abdomen are gen- 
 erally visible, but sometimes obsolete; the third and fourth joints of antennae are 
 dusky, but the legs still pale. After the second molt (Fig. 1/) the head and thorax are 
 quite dusky, and the abdomen duller red, but the pale transverse band is still dis- 
 tinct ; the wing-pads become apparent, the members are more dusky, there is a dark 
 red shade on the fourth and fifth abdominal joints, and, ventrally, a distinct circular 
 dusky spot covering the last three joints. 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 Immature stages of Chinch Bug. — a , b, eggs ; c, newly-hatched larva ; d, its tarsus ; e, larva after 
 lirst ruolt ; /, same after second molt; <j, pupa— the natural sizes indicated at sides ; k, enlarged leg of 
 perfect bug; j, tarsus of same still more enlarged ; i, proboscis or beak, enlarged.— [After Riley.] 
 
 Pupa. — (Fig. 1,0.) In the pupa the coriaceous parts are brown-black, the wing- 
 pads extend almost across the two pale abdominal joints which are now more dingy, 
 while the general color of the abdomen is dingy gray ; the body above is slightly 
 pubescent, the members are colored as in the mature bug; the three-jointed tarsus is 
 foreshadowed, and the dark horny spots at tip of abdomen, both above and below, 
 are larger. 
 
 Imago. — (Fig. 2.) The perfect insect has been well described 
 [Fig. 2.] and j w i]l append the original description : 
 
 Lygaeus leucopterus (Chinch Bug). Blackish ; hemelytra 
 white, with a black spot. 
 
 Inhabits Virginia. 
 
 Body long, blackish, with numerous hairs. Antenme, 
 rather short hairs; second joint yellowish, longer than the 
 third ; ultimate joint rather longer than the second, thickest ; 
 thorax tinged cinereous before, with the basal edge piceous ; 
 hemelytra white, with a blackish oval spot on the lateral mid- 
 dle; rostrum and feet honey yellow ; thighs a little dilated. 
 Length less than three-twentieths of an inch. 
 
 I took a single specimen on the eastern shore of Virginia. 
 The whiteness of the hemelytra, in which is a blackish 
 spot strongly contrasted distinguishes this species readily 
 (feay, Am. Entomology, I, p. 329). 
 
 The above description originally appeared in 1832 in a pam- 
 phlet entitled “Descriptions of new species of Heteropterous 
 
 Chinch Bug: Hairline un- 
 derneath showing natu- 
 ral size. [Alter Riley.] 
 
 Hemiptera of N. A. ! 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 15 
 
 Length If lines, of three-twentieths of an inch. Body black, clothed with a very 
 fine grayish down, not distinctly visible to the naked eye ; basal joint of the antennae 
 honey yellow ; second joint of the same tipped with black ; third and fourth joints, 
 black; beak brown; wings and wing-cases white ; the latter are black at their in- 
 sertion, and have near the middle two short irregular black lines, and a conspicuous 
 black marginal spot; legs dark honey yellow, terminal joint of the feet, and the 
 claws black. (Dr. Wm. LeBaron in the Prairie Farmer for September, 1850, Yol. X, 
 pp. 280, 281, where the name of Rhyparochromns devastator is proposed for it.) 
 
 Dr. Fitch also enumerates the following varieties of this insect : 
 
 a, immarginatus . — Basal margin of the thorax not edged with yellowish. Common. 
 
 b, dimidiatus. — Basal half of the thorax deep velvety black, anterior half grayish. 
 Common. 
 
 c, fulvivenosus. — The stripes on the wing-covers tawny yellow instead of black. 
 
 d, albivenosus. — Wing-covers white, without any black marks except the marginal 
 spot. A male. 
 
 e, apterus. — Wingless and the wing-covers much shorter than the abdomen. (Fig. 3.) 
 
 /, basalis. — Basal joint of the antennm dusky and darker 
 
 than the second. 
 
 g, nigricornis. — Two first joints of the antennae blackish. 
 
 h, femoratus. — Legs pale livid yellow, the thighs tawny red. 
 
 Common. 
 
 i, rufipedis.— Legs dark tawny red or reddish brown. 
 
 To these varieties, all of which occur with us, I would 
 
 add one which may be known as melanosus, in which the 
 normal white of the wings is quite dusky, and contains addi- 
 tional black marks at base and toward tip, and in which all 
 the members and the body except the rufous hiud edge of 
 thorax are jet black. 
 
 Iii addition to these varieties mentioned by Dr. 
 
 Riley, an interesting form has been collected by Mr. 
 
 E. A. Schwarz at Lake Worth, Fla., and by Mr. O. 
 
 Heidemaun at Fortress Monroe, Ya. This variety 
 is at once distinguished from other short-winged varieties by its more 
 slender and pointed wing-pads, and by the color of the antennae, the first 
 three joints of which are honey yellow, while the last joint or club is 
 nearly black. It seems also to be more thickly clothed with silvery 
 pile, but this is probably due to the fact that the specimens studied were 
 mounted dry, while all others which I have seen have evidently been 
 placed in alcohol. This variety, so far as we know, has been collected 
 on the sea-shore only. 
 
 NUMBER OF BROODS AND HIBERNATION. 
 
 For many years there existed a misconception concerning the number 
 of broods of insects in the West. It was always understood that there 
 was more than one brood, and some newspaper writers insisted that 
 there are as many as five or six annual generations. Professor Riley, in 
 the Practical Entomologist, Yol. I (March 26, 1866), was first to publish 
 the definite statement that the Chinch P»ug is two-brooded in northern 
 Illinois, and Dr. Shimer the succeeding year published the same state- 
 
 [Fig. 3.] 
 
 I 
 
 Shout- winged Chinch 
 Bug. f After Riley. 1 
 
16 
 
 THE CHINCH HUG. 
 
 rneiit from his own observations. This number of annual generations 
 holds through the entire northwest and as far south, certainly, as the 
 latitude of Saint Louis. Thomas states that there is some evidence of an 
 occasional third brood in the extreme southern part of Illinois and in 
 Kentucky, but that it is not sufficient to justify him in stating it as a 
 fact, or to satisfy him of its correctness. In North Carolina there seems 
 no question but that the second generation gave birth to still a third, 
 which, as we are informed by Professor Atkinson of Chapel Hill, was 
 found in a half-grown condition on Crab-grass about the 1st of Octo- 
 ber. November 17 most of the specimens found in the same locations 
 were full-grown. This third generation probably hibernates in the adult 
 condition. 
 
 The Chinch Bug passes the winter in the perfect state. As cold 
 weather approaches, most of the full-grown bugs leave the hardened 
 corn stalks or wild grasses upon which they have been attempting to 
 feed, and seek some convenient shelter in which to pass the winter. They 
 collect in fence cracks, in sheds, hay stacks, straw stacks, corn-shucks, 
 under leaves, mulchiug, and rubbish of all kinds upon the ground, under 
 the loose bark of adjacent trees, in stumps and logs, under stones and 
 clods of earth, in fact in any situation which will offer shelter. They 
 seem to prefer dry situations. Bunches of old dead grass and weeds offer 
 them a particularly attractive place for hibernation. Professor Atkin- 
 son writes us that the Crab-grass in North Carolina not only affords the 
 bugs sustenance after the corn stalks harden, but also gives them shel- 
 ter for the winter, as they work their way down between the leaf-sheath 
 and the stalk. Mr. J. O. Alwood writes us from Columbus, Ohio, that, 
 October 26, 1887, he observed them lying torpid within the leaf- sheaths 
 of an uncut field of Pearl Millet. During cold weather they remain tor- 
 pid. On a warm, sunshiny day they will stretch their legs and begin 
 to move about to a slight extent 5 but as the cold becomes severe they 
 press back deeper into their hiding places. They can withstand the 
 severest cold, and in fact, as with so many other hibernating insects, 
 the more sustained the cold weather the more the insects winter 
 successfully. An instance is related by a reliable correspondent of 
 Dr. Thomas’ in which the bugs frozen into ice were thawed and 
 when warm manifested signs of life, crawling about as in the spriug. 
 Dr. Shimer’s observations upon this point are sufficiently interesting to 
 quote: 
 
 After the early autumn frosts they left their feeding-grounds on foot in search of 
 winter quarters ; none could be seen on the wing as at harvest time. For a winter 
 retreat they resorted to any convenient shelter they might chance, to find, as long 
 grass, weeds, hoards, pieces of wood, rails, fallen-tree leaves, etc. 
 
 I 11 January, 1865, I next examined their condition. Those that I found in tho 
 sheaths of the corn-leaves above the snow, and had been thus exposed during the pre- 
 vious severe weather — when for several days the thermometer was 15° to 20° below 
 zero — were invariably found dead without exception, and those beneath the snow 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 17 
 
 were alive. This observation was made in the common farm corn-fields, as they 
 might he found anywhere all over tfie wide country, for in autumn the chinch hugs 
 remained in great numbers in the corn-husks and under the sheaths of the blades as 
 well as in other winter retreats. Upon various occasions, as the winter advanced, I 
 brought in corn-husks filled with ice, inclosing the chinch bugs in the crystallized 
 element; when the ice was thawed they were able to run, apparently unaffected by 
 that degree of cold. It is therefore proved that these insects possess vitality suffi- 
 cient to withstand the effect of a temperature below the freezing-point, and perhaps 
 below zero, as must have been their condition in these ice-bound husks ; but when in 
 the open air, exposed to the sweeping prairie winds, 15° to 20° degrees below zero, 
 for a long time, they succumb to the cold. 
 
 March 7, 1865, the snow having cleared off from the ground, I examined the condi- 
 tion of a host of these chinch bugs that had chosen for their winter covering cord- 
 wood sticks lying on the ground, entirely surrounded by frost and ice ; of these 20 per 
 cent, were living ; those that were more fortunate in their selection of winter quarters 
 fared much better. From a single handful of leaves picked up at one grasp from be- 
 neath an apple tree I obtained 335 living and 312 dead chinch bugs ; and of their lady- 
 bird enemies that had entered the same winter quarters with them, 50 were living 
 and 10 dead. Of these chinch bugs I placed a number in comfortable quarters in the 
 house in a small pasteboard box, not in a stove room, together with some coleopterous 
 insects casually gathered among the chinch bugs ; after one month I found the latter 
 all dead and the former living. 
 
 The entire month of March was rain, snow, thawing, freezing, alternately, seeming 
 to be very uncomfortable for any living creature to remain out of doors with so poor 
 a shelter and on top of the ground. 
 
 April 1-6, I again made repeated examinations of these chinch bugs in their winter 
 quarters, and found about the same proportions of them living as noted on the 7th 
 of March. At this time they wandered away on foot from their winter quarters. 
 
 Mr. G. A. Waters, in the Farmers’ Review for October 19, 1887, gives 
 the following interesting observation bearing on the same point : 
 
 In 1881-82 I observed a bunch of fodder that had fallen into a ditch that the heavy 
 rains had washed near by a shock. The fodder had been overflowed with water, 
 which had stood over the fodder long enough for a sheet of ice to form over it. The 
 water subsiding in a few days and- some thaw occurring, I pulled the stalks out 
 of the mud to get the ears of corn off, and in husking the ears found quite a number 
 of chinch bugs which had been immersed for a week or more. On exposing them to 
 the warm sun they crawled around lively. 
 
 Where they are hibernating in numbers they can often be detected 
 more readily by their strong “ bed-buggy ” odor than by sight, as was 
 pointed out by Dr. Riley. Dr. Lintuer, in October, 1883, found this 
 method of searching for them more convenient and infallible than look- 
 ing for them. 
 
 Mr. Bruner calls our attention to the fact that the Osage and other 
 brushy hedges in the West are great collectors of leaves and trash 
 blown there by winds, and that they form exceptionally good hibernat- 
 ing places for the Chinch Bugs, which take advantage of them in great 
 numbers. So great a nuisance are the hedges from this point of view, 
 that Mr. Bruner seriously advocates their gradual removal and the sub- 
 stitution of a less compact division between fields. 
 
 12734— Bull. 17 2 
 
18 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 HABITS. 
 
 With tbe warm days of spring the hibernating individuals issue from 
 their winter quarters aud copulate. Dr. Shinier has described a love* 
 flight which he noticed at this time. The date was May 16, 1865, and 
 the atmosphere was swarming with Chinch Bugs on the wing. As 
 shown by Walsh and Biley (Am. Ent., I, 173) it is probable that this 
 occurrence was exceptional, and that the insects do not normally mate 
 in this way ; that the swarming flight w 7 as the result of a great abun- 
 dance of the insects. The insect flies in spring and fall, and also some- 
 what in late July and early August, as the first brood becomes winged. 
 In the fall they attain wings as the corn hardens, and their flight is 
 theu the result of a starvation impulse. In July and August the flight 
 of the fledged individuals of the first brood is not very common, except 
 when they occur in exceptionally great numbers. During the past sea- 
 son Professor Osborn observed them coupling at Ames prior to July 
 25, while upon this date he observed them swarming in the air, flying 
 past his window in immense numbers and with the wind (southeast to 
 northwest). They were first noticed shortly after 1 p. m. July 27 
 they were again noticed on the w ing, but not in such great numbers as 
 before. They were flying with the wind, from northwest to southeast. 
 August 3 hosts of them were observed on the wing, while others were 
 coupling on the ground. Others w T ere observed coupling as late as 
 August 16. The majority of the hibernating individuals seem, from 
 the evidence, to copulate in the spring and without flying, but, accord- 
 ing to Professor Biley, many of them make love in the fall preparatory 
 to seeking winter quarters, aud Mr. James O. Alwood, of Columbus, 
 Ohio, writes that he found them copulating in a field of uncut Pearl 
 Millet at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station as late as October 
 27, 1887. 
 
 The eggs of - the Chinch Bug, which we have already described, and 
 which are figured at Fig. 1, a, &, are laid in the spring for the first 
 brood, and usually underground and upon the roots of plants infested. 
 They are, however, often found above ground upon the withered 
 sheaths near the bases of the grain stalks or often upon the blades of 
 the leaves. They are deposited in small clusters. Professor Biley says : 
 
 A wheat plant pulled from an infested field in the spring of the year will gener- 
 ally reveal hundreds of these eggs attached to the roots, aud at a somewhat later 
 period the yonng larvae will be found clustering on the same and looking like so many 
 moving atoms. 
 
 The eggs are not specially small when we consider the small size of 
 the female which lays them. Dr. Shimer says that each female lays 500, 
 and this seems very large until we reflect that they are not all deposited 
 at once, and that after the laying of the first few others are probably 
 developing in the ovaries, for the process of oviposition occupies from 
 ten days to three weeks. It has long been known that the eggs were laid 
 in the ground, although an accurate description was much more recently 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 19 
 
 drawn up. The relative abundance of the eggs upon the stalks and 
 upon the roots may be changed somewhat, as Dr. Thomas has pointed 
 out, by the character of the soil. Where the soil is very damp the 
 majority of the eggs are doubtless laid upon the stalks, whereas if the 
 earth is dry and easily penetrated the great majority of them will 
 be found upon the rootlets and upon the stalks beneath the ground. 
 According to Professor Riley the eggs hatch on the average in two 
 weeks. The young larvae begin to take nourishment as soon as possi- 
 ble after hatching. They insert their beaks sometimes even before they 
 emerge from the earth, but more often crawl up the stalk before be- 
 ginning to pump. They growl with considerable rapidity and swarm 
 over the stalk upon which they were born, walking about with -ease 
 and wandering from one stalk to another if occasion demands. As we 
 have already shown, four molts are undergone before the insect reaches 
 the perfect state, and generally from five to seven weeks elapse from 
 thehatching to the final molt. Dr. Shimer’s repeated observations show 
 that at Mount Carrdl, 111., the imago usually appears in from fifty- 
 seven to sixty days after the laying of the eggs, and about forty-two days 
 from the hatching of the larvae. By the time the majority of the insects 
 of this first generation are full-grown, or even before, the wheat has 
 become too hard to offer them much nourishment, or harvest time has 
 arrived, and they begin to migrate in search of food. Neighboring corn- 
 fields offer a more tempting diet, aud in seasons of great abundance 
 they march in numerous colonies, moving by a common impulse from the 
 wheat to the corn. Strange to say, although the commoner form pos- 
 sesses wings the insect does not generally take flight, but prefers to walk 
 along the ground. Occasionally, however, at this time they take wings 
 and scatter. This, however, is rarer when the insects are plentiful than 
 when they are comparatively scarce. Under no circumstances will 
 these insects take flight to escape danger. Dr. Sliimer says : 
 
 No threatening danger, however imminent, whether of being driven over by grain- 
 reapers, wagons, or of being trodden under foot, will prompt it to use its wings to es- 
 cape. I have tried all imaginable ways to induce them to fly, as by thrashing among 
 them with bundles of rods or grass, by gathering them up and letting them fall from 
 a height, etc., but they invariably refused entirely to use their wings in escaping from 
 danger. 
 
 The migration takes place often, and, according to some authors, 
 usually before the majority of the brood have attained full growth. 
 There are always many immature individuals among a largo host, and 
 often the army is composed almost entirely of such. In fact, at these 
 times there is apt to be a general confusion of so-called larvae, pupae, 
 and adults, owing to the fact that some hibernating females oviposit 
 much in advance of others and to the other fact, previously mentioned, 
 that a single female takes several days or even weeks to lay all of her 
 eggs. Professor Forbes records egg-laying presumably by hibernating 
 individuals from the last week in May (at Decatur) until the last week in 
 June (at Warsaw), thus making certain individuals of the first brood one 
 
20 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 moutli later in development than others, in two localities not far distant 
 (140 miles) and of about the same latitude. There are many accounts 
 in print which are almost incredible tales of the size of these migrating 
 hordes, and yet they are probably only too true. 
 
 Dr. Thomas states that the migration upon foot seldom exceeds 80 
 rods, but the winged individuals fly to much greater distances. In- 
 stance was given in the Farmers’ Beview for August 17, 1887, where a 
 little patch of sweet corn grown in the midst of pine woods in northern 
 Wisconsin, 8 miles from a cultivated crop of any kind, was badly in- 
 fested with the Chinch Bug. This appearance of the bugs probably re- 
 sulted from the flight thereto of mature individuals. 
 
 It naturally results from the wide difference in the method of growth 
 of the crops that the Chinch Bugs after migrating from wheat to corn 
 appear to be much more numerous upon the latter crop than they were 
 upon the former, in spite of the great numbers usually killed in the act 
 of migrating; for a single stalk of corn will be obliged to support the 
 Chinch Bugs from a great many stalks of wheat. Moreover, the bugs 
 swarm upon the lirst few rows and destroy them before invading the 
 entire field generally. The outer rows, of course, under these circum- 
 stances are often black with bugs. The pupae work their way down 
 between the leaves and the stalks and there cast their skins and issue 
 as adult insects. The leaf sheath is often thus completely filled with 
 exuviae. The eggs for the second brood are also often if not usually 
 deposited in this same situation — behind the sheaths of the lower 
 leaves — and on hatching the young bugs remain there feeding and 
 growing, and casting skins, sometimes even until the advent of cold 
 weather and their consequent winter torpor. Others issue from these 
 sheaths, particularly when they are especially abundant, or failing to 
 find satisfactory locations on the outer rows take wings and fly to the 
 center of the field and become generally scattered. They feed upon the 
 Corn or Bye as the case may be, and upon the surrounding grasses or in 
 the fields of Millet or Hungarian grass until the approach of fall, by 
 which time nearly all are once more full-grown. Mr. Webster observed 
 them at Lafayette, Ind., in August, 1887, forcing themselves down into cut 
 stubble of Setaria glauca for the purpose of undergoing the last molt. 
 He counted upwards of twenty in a single stalk. We may mention in 
 this connection, as reported to us by Prof. Osborn and also as published 
 in the Country Gentleman for August 25, 1877, that President Cham- 
 berlain, of the Iowa Agricultural College, dug a single root of Hungarian 
 grass at Ames, Iowa, the first week in August upon which were counted 
 3,025 bugs. Earth was removed with the root to the depth of 3 inches 
 (1 inch surface), in all about 4 cubic inches. 
 
 In the north the majority of them are ready to hibernate by the time 
 the field corn is harvested. Farther south, however, the corn grows 
 too hard for them and considerable time before the weather is cold 
 enough to compel them to seek winter shelter. In North Carolina, as 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 21 
 
 we liave already shown, a third brood has appeared by the time the 
 corn becomes hard, and the bugs seek the Crab-grass and there feed 
 until ready for hibernation, finding in this grass, moreover, good shelter 
 for the winter. 
 
 The general statements here given apply to the average Chinch Bug 
 year iu Illinois, Missouri, and the surrounding States, as the articles 
 from which we have drawn our main facts are the results of observa- 
 tions made iu these States. The life-history and habits of the species 
 undoubtedly differ considerably in the more southern States, where, 
 however, it seldom does much damage. It is very doubtful, however, 
 that the habits differ so greatly as to admit of the correctness of the 
 statement quoted by Fitch from the Southern Planter (XV, 269), that 
 the eggs are laid in the ground in autumn where they remain through 
 the winter and until the warmth of the ground the following year 
 causes them to hatch! This great error (at least for tbe West and 
 North) is unfortunately perpetuated by Dr. Lintuer in his second re- 
 port as State entomologist of New York, p. 153. There seems, in fact, 
 every reason to suppose that this was simply a guess on the part of the 
 editor of the Southern Planter without the slightest observation to 
 substantiate it. At our request, Professor Atkinson examined a num- 
 ber of females found near Chapel Hill, X. C., in November, but found 
 no evidence of mature eggs. He also searched carefully for deposited 
 eggs with, of course, negative results. He states that Mr. Thomas S. 
 Weaver, of Chapel Hill, has observed the bugs for the past ten years 
 and states that they never oviposit in autumn. 
 
 In exceptional seasons and under exceptional conditions the life-his- 
 tory and habits will vary considerably even in the localities referred to; 
 for example, in 1882, according to Professor Forbes’s first Illinois report, 
 there was evidently in some parts of the State but one brood, and the 
 first young bugs were not seen before July 10. The eggs of the first 
 brood were in some localities this season laid upon corn. 
 
 NATURAL ENEMIES AND DISEASES. 
 
 Insect Enemies. — No true internal insect parasites of the Chinch Bug 
 have yet been found. In fact very few of these smaller Heteroptera are 
 parasitized except in the egg state. The minute Proctotrupidse belong- 
 ing to Teleas and Telenomus infest the eggs of allied species and may 
 ultimately be found to attack the eggs of the Chinch Bug. Outside of 
 these genera, however, we can hardly expect any aid from parasitic in- 
 sects. In this connection, although it does not strictly come under this 
 head, we may mention that in 1885 Mr. Webster found a species of Mer- 
 mis ( u hair-snakes”) among the dried inoltiugs and dead bodies of certain 
 Chinch Bugs in a stalk of Setaria , which gives rise to a strong proba- 
 bility that one of these creatures will be found to infest the bug. Many 
 predaceous insects destroy them, although their disgusting odor is prob- 
 ably more or less a protection. 
 
22 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 Mr.Walsli in 18G1 mentioned four Ladybirds, viz, the Spotted Ladybird 
 {Hippodamia maculata, Fig. 4), the Trim Ladybird {Coccinella munda , 
 now called Cycloneda sanguinea, Fig. 5), and two species of Scymnus. In 
 
 [Fig. 4.] 
 
 Spotted Ladybird. 
 
 [Fig. 5.] 
 
 Trim Ladybird. 
 
 1882 Prof. Forbes found five species of Ladybirds (including the first 
 two mentioned by Walsh) extremely abundant on corn (15 or 20 to a 
 hill) which was infested by hosts of Chinch Bugs. The contents of the 
 stomachs of a few specimens of each were examined with the following 
 results : In three specimensof Hippodamia maculata no traces of Chinch 
 Bugs were found, the food consisting of the spores of lichens, the pollen 
 of Bag-weed, and traces of Plant-lice. One-third of the food of Hippo- 
 damia convergens (5 specimens examined) consisted of equal parts of 
 Chinch Bugs and Plant-lice. In 4 specimens of Hippodamia glacialis 8 
 per cent, of the food was found to be Chinch Bugs, 18 per cent. Plant- 
 lice, and the rest vegetation. A single specimen of Coccinella 9 notata 
 had eaten no insect food. Three specimens of Cycloneda sanguinea had 
 eaten some Plant-lice, but no Chinch Bugs. From these observations 
 Professor Forbes concludes that it is possible that the Ladybirds were 
 attracted “ rather by the stores of fungi in the field thau by the Chinch 
 Bugs and Plant-lice.” 
 
 The Weeping Lace-winged Fly (Chrysopa plorabunda, Fitch) described 
 originally by Dr. Shimer as Chr. lllinoiensis , has been found by Dr. 
 Shimer to destroy the Chinch Bug. Professor Biley records the fact that 
 the Insidious Flower Bug ( Triphleps insidiosus , Say., Fig. 6), an insect 
 
 which is often found in company with the Chinch Bug and which has 
 been mistaken for it, in reality feeds upon the pest. This is the insect 
 which was .sent to Dr. Fitch as a Chinch Bug, and which he described 
 as Anthocoris pseudochinche in his second report. Professor Biley also 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 23 
 
 records tlie fact that he hns observed the Many-banded Robber ( Mil gas 
 ductus , Fab., Fig. 7) in the act of preying upon the Chinch Bug, and Dr. 
 Thomas considers this insect the most efficient of the insect enemies of 
 the pest. 
 
 Two of Professor Riley’s correspondents in 1874 stated that ants de- 
 stroyed the eggs of the Chinch Bug, but the observation lacks scientific 
 confirmation. Professor Forbes in 1882 observed a small ant ( Lasius 
 Jlavus) in extraordinary numbers in fields of Broom-corn and Sorghum, 
 and both he and the farmer, whom he does not mention by name, made 
 each an independent observation upon an ant which was carrying off a 
 Chinch Bug in its jaws, but repeated dissections of ants found in such 
 fields failed to show that they had fed on the bugs. 
 
 Professor Forbes in his 1882 report adds to the list of observed insect- 
 enemies a common Ground-beetle — Ag ■modems pallipes (Comma) Fabr. — 
 of which, upon dissection, one-fifth of the total food was found to be 
 Chinch Bugs. This is the insect figured upon Plate 1 of Bulletin 12 of 
 the Division of Entomology and which is there stated to destroy seed 
 corn in the ground, so that its beneficial qualities are offset by its inju- 
 rious tendencies. 
 
 The evidence of Dr. Shimer, Dr. Walsh, and others, is quite sufficient 
 to establish the fact that the Lady birds and the Lace-winged Fly men- 
 tioned will feed upon the Chinch Bug, and Dr. Shimer’s evidence in favor 
 of the latter insect is particularly strong. Flis testimony as to the great 
 abundance of the Lady-birds upon corn infested by Chinch Bugs is of 
 course only presumptive evidence of their good work in destroying this 
 insect. It is unquestionable, however, that the Lady-birds prefer Plant- 
 lice to the Chinch Bugs ; and in at least one instance which has been re- 
 ported to us, when the Lady-birds were present upon corn in considerable 
 numbers, and when this crop was infested by the Chinch Bug, a careful 
 study by the observer (Mr. Lawrence Bruner) showed that the Corn 
 Aphis was also present, and that the Lady-birds were feeding upon these 
 latter, and did not, so far as he could see, touch the Chinch Bugs. Pro- 
 fessor Forbes’ stomach examinations previously mentioned also tend to 
 cast discredit upon the Lady birds as Chinch Bug destroyers. 
 
 Vertebrate Enemies. — Professor Riley published many years ago 
 in the Prairie Farmer the fact that the common Quail, or Bob White 
 ( Colinus virgin! anus), was a most efficient destroyer of the Chinch Bug, 
 and this fact has since been confirmed by other writers. Dr. Riley says : 
 
 In tlie winter time when hard pushed for food they must devour enormous numbers 
 of the little pests which winter in just such situations as are frequented by the quail, 
 and this bird should be protected from the gun of the sportsman in every State where 
 the Chinch Bug is known to run riot. 
 
 We may add the corroborative evidence of Mr. Bruner, who combines 
 the knowledge of an entomologist with that of an ornithologist: 
 
 Protect the birds, and above all the quails, for they destroy countless numbers of 
 hibernating insects of various kinds that are to be picked up about the hedges and 
 such like resorts frequented by these birds throughout the winter. Although be- 
 
24 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 longi ng to the gramnivorotis birds the quail is essentially insectivorous, except in in- 
 clement weather, when insects are not easily obtained. In my profession as taxider- 
 mist I have dissected many different species of birds in the crops of which were con- 
 tained injurious iusects of various kinds — the chinch bug among others. In no other 
 instance do I remember of the presence of this insect in the crop of a bird in so great 
 numbers as in that of the quail. As a rule but few birds, mammals, reptiles, or rapac- 
 ious insects seem to relish any of the odoriferous members of the Hemiptera or true 
 bugs. In winter, however, this repugnance is partially overcome, and now and then 
 even a chinch bug seems a delicate morsel when u meat” is scarce. 
 
 The Prairie Chicken, the Red- winged Black-bird, and other birds have 
 been reported as feeding upon the Chinch Bug, and Professor Forbes 
 mentions the fact that one Cat-bird, three Brown Thrushes, aud one 
 Meadow Lark were found in 1880 to have eaten these insects “ in barely 
 sufficient number to show that the birds have no unconquerable prej- 
 udice against them. A single House-wren, shot in 1882, had also eaten 
 a few Chinch Bugs.” Dr. Thomas states that the common frog, accord- 
 ing to Professor Ross and others, consumes a large number of the bugs : 
 
 Professor Ross goes so far as to express the belief that the destruction of these ani- 
 mals by draining their natural haunts is one reason why the chinch bug is enabled to 
 multiply as it does in some seasons. 
 
 No account of an injurious insect is complete without an enumeration 
 of its natural enemies aud hence this summary has been given. It is 
 plain, however, that the foes of the Chinch Bug are neither so numerous 
 nor so active in its pursuit as are those of most injurious insects. Al- 
 most the solitary exception seems from the evidence to be the common 
 Quail, and on this account the following short table lias been compiled. 
 It illustrates the months in which the shooting of quails is allowed in the 
 States in which the Chinch Bug becomes or may become injurious, and 
 it shows that while these birds are in the main tolerably well protected, 
 certain of the States which suffer most from the Chinch Bug might 
 with profit follow the example of Colorado or Dakota and protect the 
 Quail altogether for a series of years. 
 
 New York. — Shooting of quails allowed from November 1 to Janu- 
 ary 1. 
 
 Maryland. — Shootiug of quails allowed from November 1 to Decem- 
 ber 24. There are, however, in this State, local county laws, some of 
 which allow the shootiug as early as October 1. 
 
 Virginia. — Shooting of quails allowed west of the Blue Ridge October 
 15 to January 1, except in Rockbridge County, where it is allowed from 
 October 15 to January 15; elsewhere October 15 to January 15. 
 
 Texas . — Shooting of quads allowed from October 1 to April 1. 
 
 Georgia. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to April 1. 
 
 Wisconsin . — Shooting of quails allowed from November 1 to Decem- 
 ber 1. Trapping prohibited. 
 
 Michigan . — Shooting of quails allowed from November 1 to January 1. 
 No trapping or snaring allowed for market. 
 
 Pennsylvania. —Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to Jan- 
 uary 1. 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 25 
 
 Tennessee. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 1 to April 1 in 
 Rutherford, Shelby, Tipton, and Fayette Counties; September 1 to Feb- 
 ruary 1, iu Robertson, Davidson, Lincoln, and Maury Counties; Septem- 
 ber 15 to March 1, in Montgomery and Cheatham Counties. 
 
 Missouri. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to February 1. 
 Trapping prohibited except by owner of premises. 
 
 Delaware. — Shooting of quails allowed from November 15 to Jan- 
 uary 1. 
 
 North Carolina. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to April 
 I, except in counties of Clay, Cherokee, Graham, Henderson, Jackson, 
 Macon, Transylvania, Tyrrell, Johnston, Jones, Ware, Onslow, Carter- 
 ret, and Columbus, in which they are not protected. In Currituck 
 County, December 1 to April 1 . 
 
 Iowa. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 1 to January 1. No 
 more than twenty-five quails to be killed in any one day by any one 
 person. 
 
 Dakota. — Quails protected absolutely to 1890. 
 
 Illinois. — Shooting of quails allowed from November 1 to January 1. 
 Snaring and trappiug forbidden. 
 
 Ohio. — Shooting of quails allowed from November 10 to January 1. 
 Snaring and trappiug forbidden. In Fulton County quails protected 
 to November 1, 1890. 
 
 Nebraska. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 1 to January 1. 
 Snaring and trapping forbidden. 
 
 Indiana. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to Decem- 
 ber 20. 
 
 Minnesota . — Shooting of quails allowed from September 1 to Decem- 
 ber 1. Trapping prohibited. 
 
 District of Columbia. — Shooting of quails allowed from November 1 
 to February 1. Trapping prohibited. 
 
 South Carolina. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 1 to March 15. 
 
 Montana. — Shooting of quails allowed from August 15 to November 15. 
 
 Arkansas. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 1 to March 1. 
 
 Colorado. — Quails protected at all times. 
 
 West Virginia. — Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to Jan- 
 uary 1. Snaring prohibited. 
 
 Kentucky . — Shooting of quails allowed from October 15 to February 1. 
 
 Idaho. — Quails protected until September 1, 1887. (Present status 
 of law unknown.) 
 
 New Mexico .— Shooting of quails allowed from September 1 to May 1. 
 
 Kansas. — Shooting of quails allowed from November 1 to January 1. 
 
 This compilation is drawn up in the main from an extended abstract 
 of the State laws, published in the American Field for August 20, 1887, 
 Yol. XXVIII, No. 8. 
 
 Diseases. — The Chinch Bug has long been known to be subject to a 
 so-called bacterial disease, which occasionally kills it off. Dr. Shimer, 
 
26 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 in his long article in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Philadelphia, gives the following account of his observations upon 
 this disease in 1865. (Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 
 of Philadelphia for 1867.) 
 
 July 16. — A farmer four miles from here informed me that a black coleopterous in- 
 sect was destroying the chinch bugs on his farm very rapidly, and, although I found 
 his supposition to be an error, yet I found many dying on the low creek-bottom laud 
 from the effects of some disease, while they are yet in the larvae state — a remarkable 
 and rare phenomenon for insects thus iu such a wholesale manner to be dying without 
 attaining their maturity, and no insect enemy or other efficient cause to be observed 
 capable of producing this important result. * * * 
 
 On the low grounds the young chinch bugs are all dead from the disease above al- 
 luded to, and the same disease is spreading rapidly on the hills and high prairies. 
 
 The weather has been very wet since the first of July, and the barley above al- 
 luded to, which I plowed beneath the ground, did not die, but assumed a yellow, 
 sickly appearance ; in its shady, compressed, unnatural position, the ends of the 
 heads project from beneath the furrows. The chinch bugs also remained alive for a 
 time, but feeding on the sickly grain and shaded from the sunlight — what little we 
 had— were attacked by disease in the same manner and about the same time as those 
 on the low creek-bottom lands, meeting very rapidly the same fate, so that very few 
 of them ever found their way to the neighboring corn. 
 
 July 28. — In the fields where sixty days ago I saw plenty of eggs, and forty-two days 
 ago an abundance of young chinch bugs, the imago are beginning to develop quite 
 plentifully. Great numbers, iu all stages of their development, are dying of the pre- 
 vailing disease. 
 
 August 8. — The majority of the chinch bugs yet alive are in the imago state, but they 
 are being rapidly destroyed by the prevailing epidemic disease, more fatal to them 
 than the plague of Asiatic cholera ever was to man, more fatal than any recorded 
 disease among men or animals since time began. Scarcely one in a thousand of the 
 vast hosts of young bugs observed at the middle of June yet remain alive, but plenty 
 of dead ones may be seen everywhere, lyiug on the ground, covered with the common 
 mold of decomposing animal matter, and nothing else, even when examined by the 
 microscope. Even of those that migrated to corn-fields a few weeks ago, iu such 
 numbers as to cover the lower half of the corn-stalks, very few are to be found re- 
 maining alive ; but the ground around the base of the corn-hills is almost literally 
 covered with their moldering, decomposing dead bodies. This is a matter so common 
 as to be observed and often spoken of by farmers. They are dead everywhere, not 
 lying on the ground alone, but sticking to the blades and stalks of corn in great 
 numbers, in all stages of their development, larva, pupa, and imago. 
 
 August 22. — It is almost impossible to find even a few cabinet specimens of chinch 
 bugs alive, so that I am quite sorry that I did not secure a large supply of specimens 
 while they were so numerous in former years; for it really appears quite probable 
 that even cabinet specimens will be hard to secure, whereby to remember the fallen 
 race of the unnumbered millions of former years. 
 
 September 13. — After a whole day’s searching in the corn-fields, I have just been able 
 to find two larvm and a few imago chiuch bugs, against the great numbers above al- 
 luded to in the corn about this time last year. 
 
 * *■ * * •* * * 
 
 It is generally believed among entomologists that insect euemies are the most effi- 
 cient means in nature for exterminating noxious insects; but in this remarkable fact 
 in the history of insects, the great epidemic of 1865 (there can be no doubt about 
 this being an epidemic disease, because the insects died without attaining their ma- 
 turity), we find a greater enemy, the greatest insect enemy ever recorded, a dreadful 
 “plague,” that in a few days almost utterly annihilated a race of beings living in the 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 27 
 
 northern part of the valley of the Mississippi, outnumbering all the human beings 
 that have ever lived on this planet siuce the morning of creation. 
 
 This disease among the chinch bugs was associated with the loug-continued wet, 
 cloudy, cold weather that prevailed during a greater portion of the period of their 
 development, and doubtless was in a measure produced by deficient light, heat, aud 
 electricity, combined with excessive humidity of the atmosphere, whereby an imper- 
 fect physical (“ bug”) organization was developed. The disease was at its maximum 
 during the moist weather that followed the cold rains of June and the first part of 
 July. The young chinch bug spent a great portion of its time on or near the ground, 
 where its body was colder than the atmosphere; hence, upon philosophical principles, 
 there must have been an excessive precipitation of watery vapor in the bronchial 
 tubes. These are the facts in the case, but in the midst of the great obscurity that 
 envelops epidemic diseases among men, it would be only idle speculation to attempt 
 to define the cause more definitely than the physiological laws already observed seem 
 to indicate. At all events it will require many years of warm, dry summers, and ac- 
 companying winters of plenty of snow for protection, to reinstate the lost innumera- 
 ble armies of this insect. 
 
 During the summer of 1866 the chinch bugs were very scarce in all the early spring, 
 and up to near the harvest I was not able, with the most diligent search, to find one. 
 At harvest I did succeed in finding a few in some localities. 
 
 Professor Forbes took up the study of the Chinch Bug Disease iu Au- 
 gust, 1882 , aud has published several interesting accounts of his results. 
 A short summary was published in his first report as State Entomolo- 
 gist of Illinois, for the year 1882 , of the long account of his studies and 
 experiments, and it is in such shape that we reproduce it here: 
 
 On the other hand, a much more important role is apparently played by certain ob- 
 scure parasites, not previously detected. One of these is a minute bacterium ( Micro- 
 coccus insectorum, Burrill), infesting the alimentary canal, closely allied to the micro- 
 coccus found in the stomach and intestines of silk-worms, and now known to cause 
 some of the destructive diseases of that insect. From the fact that these parasites 
 were extremely abundant in specimens from a field where the bugs were rapidly dying, 
 while in those from adjacent fields there were relatively very few, it was considered 
 probable that they were related to this destruction of the bugs. This conclusion was 
 supported by the factthat they were more abundant in old bugs than in young, while 
 the mortality referred to evidently also chiefly affected the older individuals. It was 
 found easy to cultivate the bacterium artificially in organic infusions, but no oppor- 
 tunity offered to apply it to healthy insects. Until this experiment is made and the 
 effects carefully studied, it must remain possible that the coincidence noted was 
 merely accidental, and of no particular significance. 
 
 Another parasite discovered is similar to that well known as a common enemy of 
 the house fly, and belongs to the same genus ( Entomophthora ). This attacks both old 
 aud young chinch bngs, and finally embeds their bodies in a mass of mold. There is 
 some reason to believe that this was the active agent in an immense destruction of 
 chinch bugs which occurred in Northern Illinois in 1866, as described by Dr. Shimer, 
 of Mount Carroll. Evidence is adduced of the possibility of artificially cultivating 
 this parasite also, and applying it to the destruction of insects. 
 
 Since the publication of this report Professor Forbes has taken up 
 the study of bacterial diseases of certain other insects, but there has 
 been, so far as we are aware, no practical outcome as yet. The subject, 
 however, has a rather hopeful look, although we should be inclined 
 to expect more from the Micrococcus than from the Entomophthora. The 
 evidence mentioned as to the possibility of artificially cultivating the 
 
28 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 latter is chiefly a translation of a paper by Metschnikoff in the Zoolog- 
 iselier Auzeiger for 1880, pp. 41-47 in which it is shown the Russian 
 naturalist successfully induced the growth of the fungus, Isaria de- 
 structor ■, which had destroyed the celebrated A nisoplia Austriaca , a grain 
 pest in Russia, in beer inash. Successful attempts were made to iufest 
 healthy larvae with green spores taken from diseased larvae found in 
 the fields, but no mention is made of success, or even of experiment with 
 the only practical substance — the beer-mash culture. 
 
 Professor Riley has always doubted the possibility of any practical 
 success in this direction, and has pointed out the difficulties in the way. 
 (See American Naturalist, November, 1883, p. 1170.) 
 
 In the introduction to the Fourth Report of the U. S. Entomological 
 Commission (LXXXV) he makes use of the following language : 
 
 In treating of the use of yeast ferment or other fungus germs we have used essen- 
 tially the language of the first edition. Time has only served to confirm us in our 
 opinion of their practical futility in the field. The question of the practical use of 
 these micro-organisms — these disease germs — as insecticides is a very fascinating one, 
 and is much written about just now ; but unfortunately it proves most alluring to 
 those who have had the least practical experience in coping with injurious insects in 
 the field, and is much more apt to assume importance to the closet theorists than to 
 those who, from experience, are conscious of the difficulties involved in its applica- 
 bility. 
 
 It will also be apropos to quote Professor Forbes’ latest utterauce 
 upon this point. He says : 
 
 Finally, the artificial cultication of the germs of the contagious diseases of the chinch 
 bug, with a view to spreading these diseases at will by means of such artificial cult- 
 ure. This is a theoretical remedy only, and much additional study and experiment 
 will be required to put it on a practical basis. 
 
 WET WEATHER AND THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 Tlie great preponderance of evidence favors the idea, now considered 
 well established, that wet weather is inimical to this insect. Dozens, 
 we may almost say hundreds, of instances are on record in which the 
 Chinch Bugs, after successfully hibernating in great numbers, have been 
 rendered harmless by a wet spring, and in which, having laid their eggs 
 and appeared again as the spring brood with greatly increased forces, 
 a spell of rainy weather in early summer has caused them to vanish. 
 Hence, it follows that dry seasons favor the increase of the pest ; and 
 careful observation convinced Riley and others that after a season of 
 moderate abundance (presumably therefore not a wet season) the occur- 
 rence of the bugs in destructive numbers the next season depends al- 
 most entirely upon the wetness or dryness of the ensuing spring. 
 
 The exact method in which wet weather accomplishes the destruction 
 of the insect is a somewhat disputed point. That it is not actual sub- 
 mergence was pointed out by Professor Riley in his second Missouri 
 report, and still further proven by an observation made by Hon. Will- 
 iam McAdams and reported by Professor Forbes in his first report as 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 29 
 
 State entomologist of Illinois, and which is sufficiently interesting to 
 quote : 
 
 In liis vicinity, in Jersey County (Ills.), they (the chinch bugs) were extremely 
 abundant in the grain early in the spring, hut were all apparently swept out of the 
 country by a long and violent storm. Some days afterwards, when the water had 
 subsided, he noticed in pulling over the drift-wood in the river bottoms immense 
 numbers of chinch bugs among the rubbish, most of them still alive and crawling 
 about. 
 
 Professor Forbes also concludes that simple exposure to moisture 
 hardly has the effect attributed to rain from expeiiments which he made 
 as follows : 
 
 A number of hills infested by the bugs were successfully transplanted to boxes and 
 variously treated with water for ten days. Some selected examples were thoroughly 
 drenched every day, both ground and stalks; in other boxes only the ground was 
 watered ; in still others the corn was sprinkled every day, but the ground protected ; 
 and the remainder were left with only sufficient attention to keep the corn alive. 
 During the time for which these experiments were continued, no appreciable effect 
 whatever was produced upou the bugs infesting the stalks. Those where the corn 
 was watered were washed down upou the ground each time, but soon dried off and 
 climbed up the stalk. At the end of this time the bugs under observation all com- 
 menced to disappear indiscriminately, without reference to the mode in which the 
 corn had been treated, and the experiment was thus abruptly closed. Enough was 
 learned, however, to show that a succession of heavy daily showers for more than a 
 week would have no appreciable effect upon these insects in that stage. The weather 
 was warm and pleasant, and the conditions under which the experiments were carried 
 on made it impossible to saturate the air. 
 
 So general a conclusion it seems to us is hardly warrantable from the 
 conditions under which the experiments were made. If “the weather 
 was warm and pleasant, and the condition under which the experiments 
 were carried on made it impossible to saturate the air,” the effect could 
 hardly help but differ from that of a heavy shower in a corn-field, par- 
 ticularly from that of “ a succession of heavy daily showers for more 
 than a week,” when there would be considerable cloudy weather and 
 the atmosphere on the whole would be moist. 
 
 Professor Riley mentioned the fact that the larvae and pupa? are more 
 readily killed by the wet weather than the adult insects, but that the 
 latter are also killed. 
 
 Mr. Walsh (Am. Fmt. 1, 175, 1869) gives the emphasis of italics to the 
 following sentence : 
 
 Iu a hot, dry season cliiuck bugs are always the worst ; in a wet season it is im- 
 possible for them to do auy considerable amount of damage. 
 
 Dr. Shimer ( loc . cit .), in his account of the epidemic, argued that it was 
 doubtless the indirect effect of the wet weather. Dr. Thomas (Bull. 5, 
 U. S. E. 0.) expressed the opinion that the wet weather gave rise to a 
 minute fungus which is the direct cause of the death of the insect. 
 Professor Forbes says: 
 
 The phenomena connected with the action of parasites, which I have above de- 
 scribed, were apparently independent of auy appreciable general cause, as they were 
 most manifest at a time when the weather had been warm, dry, and altogether un- 
 
30 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 exceptionable for from one to two mouths. It is not unlikely, however, that wet 
 weather may have the effect to stimulate the development of this parasite, either di- 
 rectly or indirectly — a hypothesis which will reconcile all the facts now known, as 
 well as the conflicting explanations of them which have been hitherto put forth. 
 
 Assuming the dry weather abundance aud wet weather scarcity of the 
 Chinch Bug to be proven, Dr. Thomas in 1880 published au elaborate 
 article in which by a comparison of the rain-fall for forty years, with the 
 destructive appearances of the insect for the same period, he not only 
 established a definite relation between them, but upon an admittedly 
 somewhat uncertain septennary periodicity of rain-fall advauced the fol- 
 lowing practical conclusions : 
 
 The first and very important practical fact revealed is that we may expect at 
 most but two chinch bag years in every seven, with the strong probability, amount- 
 ing almost to a certaiuty, that there will not be two in succession. As heretofore 
 stated, two successive dry years are necessary in order to develop this species in ex- 
 cessive numbers ; the raiu-fall records seldom show three dry years in succession, hence 
 the chinch bugs are not likely to appear in injurious numbers in two successive years. 
 The years 1854 and 1855 may, perhaps, form an exception to this rule. It is possible 
 that the second brood of the first year may be sufficient to excite alarm, but experi- 
 ence has shown that they do but little injury. We may, perhaps, witlrsafety assume, 
 as a general rule subject to occasional exceptions, that they will not appear more 
 than once in excessive numbers during any of the septennary periods. 
 
 If the facts shown in reference to periodicity in our rain-fall are confirmed by future 
 investigations, and this periodicity shown to be a meteorological law of the area in- 
 dicated, the practical advantage of this knowledge to our farmers is apparent to every 
 one. By this knowledge they will be enabled to predict with a reasonable degree of 
 certainty when to expect these insects, and can rotate their crops so as to suffer the 
 least possible injury. This knowledge will also enable them to dispense with precau- 
 tionary measures except in such years as are likely to be followed by the appearance 
 of the bugs. 
 
 Experience has shown, and farmers are now becoming fully aware of the fact, that 
 spring wheat and corn are the crops .that chiefly aid in sustaining and developing 
 this pest. Why corn should aid in this respect is easily seen, as it is the only exten- 
 sive crop on which the second brood can feed. But why spring wheat should aid 
 more in developing them than winter wheat is not so easily explained, but that such 
 is the fact must be admitted. It may possibly be accounted for on the presumption 
 that the climate of the spring wheat region is more congenial to them than that of 
 the winter wheat area. ’ 
 
 These facts, combined with a knowledge of the time when the dry seasons are to 
 be expected, will enable the farmers to substitute other crops as far as possible in 
 place of spring wheat and corn. Even if the conclusion in reference to periodicity in 
 rain-fall should prove erroneous, the fact that two successive dry years are necessary 
 to develop this species in excessive numbers will suffice to give notice at least one 
 season in advance aud allow the farmers to adapt their crops to the circumstances. 
 When a dry season comes and an examinatiofl shows that the bugs are on the increase, 
 winter wheat, wherever it is possible to do so, should be substituted for spring wheat ; 
 and oats, as far as possible, for corn. 
 
 The uncertainty in reference to temperature will, perhaps, always prevent us from 
 predicting with certainty that a coming year will be marked by the appearance of 
 these insects, but we may say with assurance that a wet year will not be followed by 
 a cliiuch-bug year. Although this is not all we desire to know in this respect, it is, 
 nevertheless, a very important fact and may be used to manifest advantage by our 
 agriculturists. 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 31 
 
 It is proper to remark at this point that we have been speaking only of the rain- 
 fall over the whole area designated and the general appearance of the chinch bug 
 over the same area. 
 
 That these insects have appeared even in injurious numbers in limited localities in 
 intermediate years, or times different from those indicated as possible chinch -bug 
 years, is certainly true. But, if the theory advanced is correct wheu applied to the 
 area designated as a whole, it will probably prove true when applied to more limited 
 localities. That is to say, if the meteorological record of a given locality within this 
 area for a loug series of years is examined, it will probably reveal the fact that there 
 is a similar periodicity in the rainfall, though possibly not septennary. If this is 
 found to be true, then the farmers of that locality will have a guide by which to ro- 
 tate their crops and to take precautionary measures. 
 
 It therefore becomes important for each section to keep a record at least of the rain- 
 fall, for this will be of advantage, not only in counteracting the chinch bugs, but 
 numerous other species, and if a periodicity is ascertained will enable the farmers to 
 adapt their crops as far as possible to the wet or dry seasons. 
 
 Iii the October (1880) number of the American Entomologist (Vol. 
 Ill) Dr. Thomas published practically the same article as that above 
 quoted and stated that the bugs would probably appear over the region 
 indicated in 1881. He advised, in consequence, the sowing of large 
 areas of oats in 1881. Prof. Kfley, in his Annual Eeport for 1881-’82 (p. 
 87), mentioned this prediction and advice, and showed that the predic- 
 tion was fulfilled in part, at least, by the occurrence of the bugs in de- 
 structive numbers in several Western States. With regard to the adop- 
 tion of Dr. Thomas’ advice, however, he pointed out the rather curious 
 fact that Dr. Thomas’ own State (Illinois) was the only one of the large 
 oat-producing States in which the acreage of this crop was not increased, 
 but was somewhat diminished. Dr. Thomas in the letter of transmit- 
 tal to his report for 1881 announced the fulfillment of his prediction 
 and predicted immunity for 1882. Professor ltiley ( loc . cit.) showed that 
 in spite of frequent rains in the spring of 1882, and in spite of the fact 
 that 1881 was a Chinch Bug year, the bugs appeared in great numbers 
 in parts of Illiuois, Kansas, and Missouri in April and May, but that 
 by June the reports were less alarming. The year as a whole was not 
 marked by auy extensive damage. 
 
 Upon Dr. Thomas’ theory the year 1888 should not be a Chinch Bug 
 year, and, while not desiring to encroach upon his prerogative as a 
 seer, we are inclined to hold the same opinion concerning this season at 
 least. 
 
 Curiously enough, an anonymous writer (J. C. H. S., of Sedgwick 
 County, Kans.) in the Prairie Farmer for June 10, 1882, commenting 
 upon and criticising Dr. Thomas’ theory, himself predicts that 1887 
 would be a year of drought and consequently a Cli inch Bug year — a much 
 more daring prediction than Dr. Thomas cared to make, and which has 
 yet been perfectly fulfilled. According to this writer’s somewhat arbi- 
 trary system, 1894 will again bring a severe drought. 
 
 We introduce here, as bearing upon the rain fall influence in the in- 
 terestingKorth Carolina locality, the following table of temperature and 
 
32 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 rain-fall at Chapel Hill, compiled by Professor Atkinson. It will be 
 noticed that while the total rain fall in both 1886 and 1887 was greater 
 than in 1885, that during September, October, and November, 1886, and 
 March and April, 1887, was comparatively slight, and that during June 
 and July, 1887, high temperature occurred with the comparatively 
 heavy rain-fall. 
 
 Table of temperature and rain fall for spring , summer , and autumn , at 
 Chapel Hill , A. (7., for the years 1885, 1886, and 1887. 
 
 [The temperatureis expressed 
 in degrees Fahrenheit. ] 
 
 March. 
 
 April. 
 
 c? 
 
 a 
 
 June. 
 
 July. 
 
 August. 
 
 September. 
 
 October. 
 
 November. 
 
 1885. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Highest temperature 
 
 75 
 
 94 
 
 90 
 
 94 
 
 100 
 
 94 
 
 92 
 
 81 
 
 71 
 
 Lowest temperature 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 40 
 
 63 
 
 61 
 
 57 
 
 46 
 
 35 
 
 27 
 
 Mean temperature 
 
 42.3 
 
 55.3 
 
 66. 5 
 
 74.7 
 
 77.3 
 
 74.8 
 
 68 
 
 56.6 
 
 52.3 
 
 Rain-fall (inches) 
 
 3.5 
 
 2. 71 
 
 4.34 
 
 1.32 
 
 3.95 
 
 1.98 
 
 6. 45 
 
 6. 27 
 
 3. 81 
 
 1886. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Highest temperature 
 
 80 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 93 
 
 98.5 
 
 96 
 
 94 
 
 89 
 
 77 
 
 Lowest temperature 
 
 24 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 
 53 
 
 62 
 
 | 55 
 
 52 
 
 35 
 
 24 
 
 Mean temperature. 
 
 49.3 
 
 59.6 
 
 67.7 
 
 78.8 
 
 76.9 
 
 75.9 
 
 75.9 
 
 58.6 
 
 49. 1 
 
 Rain-tall (inches) 
 
 4.97 
 
 5. 99 
 
 4 
 
 6. 22 
 
 7. 48 
 
 9. 91 
 
 2.86 
 
 1. 47 
 
 2.79 
 
 1887. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Highest temperature 
 
 83 
 
 91 
 
 93 
 
 101.8 
 
 103 
 
 92 
 
 98 
 
 
 
 Lowest, temporal, ii re 
 
 26 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 
 49. 7 
 
 65.7 
 
 52 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 M pa n temperature 
 
 46. 9 
 
 58. 3 
 
 70. 6 
 
 74. 7 
 
 79. 8 
 
 74.4 
 
 69 
 
 
 
 Kain-fall (inches) 
 
 3. 93 
 
 2. 56 
 
 6. 59 
 
 6. 22 
 
 6. 11 
 
 10. 8 
 
 1. 39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 24. 25 
 
 41.43 
 
 37. CO 
 
 The following tables are published for comparative purposes. They 
 are kindly furnished by the Chief Signal Officer, and include the official 
 records of precipitation in Chinch Bug States for 1885, 1886, 1887 : 
 
 Stations. 
 
 Maryland : 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Virginia : 
 
 Cape Henry 
 
 Cliincoteague 
 
 Lynchburgh 
 
 Norfolk 
 
 North Carolina: 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 Hatteras 
 
 Kitty Hawk 
 
 Macon, Fort 
 
 Smithville (now Southport) 
 
 Wilmington 
 
 Indiana : 
 
 Greencastle 
 
 Indianapolis 
 
 Ohio : 
 
 Cincinnati 
 
 Cleveland 
 
 Columbus 
 
 Saiiduskv 
 
 Toledo 
 
 1 Closed December 31, 1880. 
 
 2 Closed J une 18, 1887. 
 
 Precipitation. 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 1887. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 Inches. 
 
 46. 04 
 
 52. 11 
 
 43. 59 
 
 36. 55 
 
 H4. 76 
 
 
 41. 85 
 
 45. 23 
 
 2 19. 74 
 
 46.35 
 
 51.85 
 
 40.62 
 
 43. 25 
 
 54. 33 
 
 47. 72 
 
 58. 35 
 
 64. 60 
 
 51.26 
 
 68. 02 
 
 54. 72 
 
 55. 07 
 
 54. 78 
 
 *53. 98 
 
 
 62. 34 
 
 H7. 50 
 
 
 48. 07 
 
 38. 93 
 
 59. 49 
 
 60. 42 
 
 56. 43 
 
 51. 47 
 
 50. 11 
 
 3 31 65 
 
 
 39. 51 
 
 39. 88 
 
 33. 08 
 
 33. 94 
 
 31.35 
 
 35. 08 
 
 39. 93 
 
 37. 34 
 
 35.36 
 
 42. 25 
 
 42. 39 
 
 30. 25 
 
 j 34. 23 
 
 31.00 
 
 29.85 
 
 33.19 
 
 32. 90 
 
 32.01 
 
 3 Closed November 4, 1886. 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 33 
 
 Precipitation. 
 
 Stations. 
 
 
 1885. 
 
 1886. 
 
 Part 
 
 1887. 
 
 Illinois : 
 
 Inches. 
 
 31.99 
 
 Inches. 
 37. 98 
 
 Inches. 
 26. 75 
 
 Chioa.gr* 
 
 44.37 
 
 26.77 
 
 29.13 
 
 Sprinofifild 
 
 38. 61 
 
 31. 69 
 
 25. 15 
 
 Wisconsin : 
 
 La Crosse 
 
 Milwaukee ..... 
 
 30. 70 
 32. 58 
 
 22. 49 
 31.46 
 
 17. 37 
 30.46 
 
 Minnesota : 
 
 Duluth 
 
 Moorebead 
 
 19. 96 
 22. 68 
 
 33. 37 
 26.76 
 
 28. 56 
 21.97 
 
 Saint Paul 
 
 25. 33 
 
 22. 89 
 
 25.85 
 
 Saint Vincent 
 
 16. 58 
 
 15. 04 
 
 18. 47 
 
 Missouri : 
 
 T.a mar .. .......... 
 
 *47. 05 
 
 33. 48 
 
 35. 72 
 
 Saint Louis 
 
 45. 59 
 
 44.34 
 
 35. 30 
 
 Kansas : 
 
 Concordia ... 
 
 2 17. 11 
 
 28. 24 
 
 25. 26 
 
 Dodge City 
 
 23. 71 
 
 19. 35 
 
 15. 80 
 
 Leavenworth 
 
 43.64 
 
 22. 25 
 
 37. 05 
 
 1 Ten months’ record. 2 Eight months’ record. 
 
 REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVES. 
 
 The remedies and preventives recommended as late as the publication 
 of Professor Biley’s 7th Kept. Ins. Mo., and there considered by him are 
 as follows : Irrigation, burning, trapping, trampling, rolling, manuring, 
 early sowing, mixing seed, or protecting one plant by another, prevent- 
 ing the migration from one field to another by upright boards or by 
 plowed furrows or ditches, abstaining from cultivation of grains upon 
 which the insect feeds. These remedies were also treated in detail by 
 Dr. Thomas in Bulletin 5 of the Commission. Since this, although many 
 changes have been rung in the agricultural newspapers on these reme- 
 dies, very few entirely new ideas have been advanced. We may men- 
 tion more particularly, before taking up a more detailed consideration 
 of this question, the successful adoption of the kerosene emulsion for 
 application at the time of migration or immediately afterwards. 
 
 Preventions. 
 
 Clean Cultivation . — With no insect more than the Chinch Bug is there 
 greater necessity for clean cultivation. We have shown already that 
 the insect hibernates under rubbish of all kinds, and that the grass and 
 weeds growing in the fence corners and the leaves which accumulate there 
 are admirable places for these insects to collect and winter. Where 
 corn-stalks are left in the fields, and where rubbish of any kind is al- 
 lowed to accumulate, there the bugs will surely be found. Therefore, 
 the more thoroughly a field is cleaned up in the fall, the more carefully 
 the fence corners are weeded out, and the more the bare soil is turned 
 under the fewer will be the chances for successful hibernation. 
 
 Diversified Farming . — It follows from what we have said concerning 
 food plants of this insect and the crops most attacked, that, from the 
 12734— Bull. 17 3 
 
34 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 Chinch-bug standpoint alone, to say nothing of its other advantages, 
 the more diversified the system of crops the better chance there will be 
 for preventing it. A farmer who plants only Winter Wheat, Corn, and 
 small vegetable patches, as is the practice in so many parts of the West, 
 will always be liable to lose a large share, if not all, of his expected re- 
 muneration, from the attacks of this insect. “ Diversified farming, with 
 wheat mainly left out,’ 7 is the editorial recommendation of the Prairie 
 Farmer (September 17, 1887), and is certainly an exemplification of con- 
 densed wisdom. The object of the omission of Wheat, particularly Winter 
 Wheat, is, of course, to afford as little food as possible for the first genera- 
 tion. Similarly the plan has been suggested of abstaining from Corn in 
 wheat and other small-grain growing regions, with the purpose of afford- 
 ing as little food as possible for the second brood. The result of this 
 plan will be that after harvest the bugs will make their way to the wild 
 grasses, will disperse more, and vastly fewer will successfully hibernate 
 than if there were the usual superabundant supply of food for the sec- 
 ond generation. 
 
 Rotation of Crops . — From these same facts it also follows with self- 
 evident clearness that crops attractive to these insects should not be 
 sown year after year upon the same ground. This idea is so plain as to 
 require no elaboration. Abstaining from the cultivation of grain upon 
 which the insect feeds where, in spite of the efforts for protection else- 
 where mentioned, the Chinch-bug damage is still great, will, of course, 
 end the difficulty. Wheat, Barley, Bye, Hungarian Grass, and Millet 
 are all important crops, but there are others such as Buckwheat, Clover, 
 Flax, Hemp, all vegetables and fruits which could well be made to take 
 their place for a year or two, or more, if it should become necessary. 
 The one great result of the Chinch-bug convention held in Kansas in 
 1881 was the adoption of a resolution to abstain from the cultivation 
 of Wheat, the length of time not being mentioned. As we have pre- 
 viously shown, large areas of Oats could be successfully grown, but in 
 corn-growing regions most small grains must be left alone, and above 
 all Winter-wheat and Barley. Even without concert of action among 
 the farmers of a certain region, it will benefit the individual to abstain 
 from Wheat and to grow Oats in preference in a year when bugs are 
 expected, but concert of action is far preferable. 
 
 Early Sowing and Manuring . — From the evident fact that a strong, 
 healthy, well-grown plant will better resist the attacks of the insect the 
 deduction follows that Winter Wheat sown early upon well- manured 
 ground and given careful cultivation will be farther advanced in the 
 spring and will suffer less from the attacks of the bug. Heavy manur- 
 ing will also cause a denser growth, which experience shows to be 
 prejudicial to the bugs. 
 
 Rolling . — The female Chinch Bug in the spring seeks preferably fria- 
 ble ground in which to lay her eggs; consequently rolling the laud in 
 the fall after the crop of Winter Wheat is put in will render it less favor- 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 35 
 
 able to such egg laying. The same thing may be done with even better 
 success after sowing Spring Wheat. 
 
 Solving an unattractive Crop with Wheat. — Good results have been ob- 
 tained, as shown by Professor Riley, by sowing 1 or 2 quarts of Flax 
 to the acre in the spring among Fall Wheat. It is put in in early spring 
 with a light harrowing and rolling. Its growth does not materially in- 
 jure the crop. Flax and Barley have also been sown mixed upon the 
 same ground, the seed being separated in cleaning. Similarly, corn- 
 fields which promised a poor stand have been harrowed and sown to 
 Buckwheat. We have already mentioned in our section on food plants 
 the successful experiment detailed by Professor Forbes in sowing Timo- 
 thy in the fall with Winter Wheat or Rye, and the same author states that 
 in southern Illinois the sowing of Clover in spring on Winter Wheat is 
 largely practiced “with unquestionably good effect, provided that the 
 clover grows freely enough to shade the ground by the time the young 
 Chinch Bug gets fairly under way.” In that latitude, however, he states 
 that the clover often makes too slow a start to effect this purpose. Pro- 
 fessor Riley also states that it is recommended to sow 1 bushel of Win- 
 ter Rye with each 12 bushels of Spring Wheat, either for the same reason 
 or from the idea that the bugs will prefer the younger to the older grain. 
 
 Direct Winter Remedies. 
 
 Stress should be laid upon the great necessity for concerted work in 
 winter time. 
 
 Burning. — Professor Riley says : 
 
 I can not lay too much stress on the importance of winter work in burning corn- 
 stalks, old boards, and all kinds of grass, weeds, rubbish, and litter around grain fields, 
 and even the leaves in the adjoining woods, in and under all of which the little pest 
 hibernates. 
 
 In almost every locality the insects will be found to have some par- 
 ticularly favored hibernating place, where they can be attacked and 
 burned out. The locality studied by Professor Atkinson in North Caro- 
 lina and mentioned in a previous paragraph is a particularly good in- 
 stance. There a little careful search in the fall showed the bugs pre- 
 paring to hibernate in great numbers in the Crab-grass, and nothing 
 could be easier in the winter than to burn down every spear of this 
 grass in the vicinity of the grain fields. In the newer parts of the W est, 
 where unbroken prairie land adjoins fields of grain, it is advisable to 
 burn over the former early every spring. Indeed this course is an ab- 
 solute necessity under such conditions. 
 
 Fall Plowing and Harrowing. — After burning, if the soil can be plowed 
 and. harrowed, the chances for successful hibernation of the bugs which 
 escape burning will be reduced to a minimum. In the same way, with- 
 out burning, late fall plowing and harrowing will do much good. 
 
 Gas Lime. — Where gas lime can be easily and cheaply obtained an 
 application of two hundred bushels to the acre will prove valuable as a 
 fertilizer and will destroy such hibernating insects as it may reach. 
 
36 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 Trapping.— We quote again from Professor Eiley : 
 
 Much good winter work may be done also in the way of trapping the bugs. In 
 seeking winter quarters they show a decided partiality for any flat substance, such as 
 old boards, that do not rest too closely upon the ground. If all old boards that can 
 be obtained are laid around the field in the fall in such manner that the larger part 
 of the lower surface will not quite rest on the ground — which of course it will not do 
 if the ground is in the least uneven or covered with grass — the bugs will collect under 
 such traps and during the cold weather of winter may be scraped from them on to 
 dry straw and burned. 
 
 He has also suggested that shocks of corn- stalks should be made 
 at intervals throughout the field before winter sets in so as to attract 
 the bugs, which will congregate in the shocks, where they can be burned 
 at leisure. Almost any inflammable rubbish could be used for this pur- 
 pose. In the neighborhood of sorghum mills bagasse has been used 
 with good effect. The piles should not be too large or too compact. 
 They should be placed during September and should be burned in De- 
 cember. 
 
 Trampling . — The following paragraph is from Professor Eiley : 
 
 Where the custom of allowing cattle to range during the winter in the husked 
 corn-fields, even the few Chinch Bugs which secrete in the stalks are apt to get killed 
 by the feeding and trampling. 
 
 Direct Summer Remedies before Migration . 
 
 As is the case with so many other destructive insects, it is not until 
 they are under full headway and in the act of doing their greatest 
 damage that an appeal is made to the entomologist for relief, and at 
 such times it is usually by far the most difficult thing to give any ad- 
 vice. A wheat field full of Chinch Bugs is as disagreeable a sight to 
 the economic entomologist as it is to the farmer who owns it, for 
 nothing can be done to save it. If the hand of Providence should in- 
 terpose with a long-continued drenching rain relief would be gained, 
 but in almost no other way are the crops to be saved. 
 
 Irrigation , — It was the fact just mentioned which led Professor Eiley, 
 in his 7th Eeport on tbe Insects of Missouri, to strongly recommend 
 irrigation where it can be practiced. He says : 
 
 Irrigation, where it can be applied, and it can be in much of the territory in the 
 vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, where the insect commits sad havoc, and with a 
 little effort in many regions in the heart of the Mississippi Valley, is the only really 
 available, practicable remedy, after the bugs have commenced multiplying in the 
 spring. I wish to lay particular stress on this matter of irrigation, believing, as I do, 
 that it is an effectual antidote against this pest, and that by overflowing a grain 
 field for a couple of days, or by saturating the ground for as many more in the month 
 of May, we may effectually prevent its subsequent injuries. * * * We can Dot, at 
 
 the critical moment, expect much aid from its natural enemies, for these are few 
 and attack it mostly in the winter time. We must, therefore, in our warfare with 
 this pest, depend mainly on preventive measures where irrigation is impossible. 
 
 Later (Amer. Agriculturist, Dec., 1881, also Ann. Eept. as Entomolo- 
 gist Dept. Agr. for 1881-’82, pages 88-89) he expressed himself even 
 more explicitly upon this subject: 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 37 
 
 I have found no occasion to cliange ray opinion as to the value and potency of 
 irrigation as a remedy for Chinch-bug injuries, a remedy, too, that is within the reach 
 of most farmers, for there are few who might not, with the aid of proper windmills, 
 obtain the water requisite for irrigating their fields at the needed time, while many 
 have natural irrigating facilities. I have repeatedly laid stress in my writings on 
 the importance of irrigation in combating several of our worst insect enemies, and 
 aside from its benefits in this direction, every recurrence of a droughty year, such as 
 the present, in large portions of the United States, convinces me of its importance as 
 a meaus of guarding against failure of crops from excessive drought. I am glad to 
 know that many farmers, and especially small fruit-growers in the vicinity of New 
 York, are preparing in one way or another for irrigation whenever it becomes nec- 
 essary, and I was pleased to hear Dr. Hexamer, at the late meeting of the American 
 Poraological Society, urge a general system of irrigation as the most profitable invest- 
 ment the cultivator can make in a climate subject to such periods of drought as 
 ours is known to be. 
 
 Burning . — In addition to winter burning the remedy can be used to 
 good effect in other cases. For instance where the attack of the bugs 
 appears to be confined to a definite portion of the field, that portion 
 should be overlaid with straw and burned, if not too large. Another 
 pertinent suggestion is made by Dr. Thomas in Bulletin 5, TJ. S. E. (7., 
 and this has the indorsement of practical use by certain Illinois farmers. 
 
 If it is found at the time wheat is harvested that the bugs have not taken their de- 
 parture, as is the case in the winter-wheat section, this fact maybe taken advantage 
 of to destroy a very large portion of them. If the wheat is at once thrashed and the 
 straw scattered over the stubble and burned, it will destroy all or most of those that 
 are there. I know of one section of southern Illinois where this has been practiced for 
 a number of years by the German farmers with good results. 
 
 This remedy is very practical and doubtless can be used to good effect 
 under such circumstances. 
 
 The following experiments in burning were made the past season at 
 Ames, Iowa, by Professor Osborn, and the account is taken from his 
 manuscript report: 
 
 On J uly 16 the stubble adjoining a corn field was observed to contain large numbers 
 of bugs traveling toward corn. In the afternoon this migration was going on quite 
 actively, and as the stubble was now quite dry it was fired with a view of destroying bugs 
 remaining in it. Where tolerably thick, and when there was a fair breeze, it burned 
 readily, but it was necessary to take some pains in carrying the flame along past thiu 
 spots to keep it from dying out. A considerable portion of the field, however, was 
 successfully burned over, and the dead bodies of many bugs not completely consumed, 
 which could easily be found on examining the burnt area, testified to the destruction 
 of hosts of the pests. The bugs thus killed were mostly young larvae, the majority of 
 the adults and larger larvae and the pupae having already moved out. The number 
 destroyed, however, must, 1 think, have well repaid the little trouble necessary to 
 burn the stubble. 
 
 Early in August the bug3 had so multipled in a field of Hungarian grass that no 
 further growth seemed probable, and most of the field was mown and the hay secured. 
 A narrow strip, however, was left next the corn, the plan being to burn this as soon 
 as bugs began passiug to the corn. When the bugs started, however (August 13), 
 the grass was not dry enough to burn except in spots. In such places as would burn, 
 however, hosts of bugs were consumed. This strip was at once mown, and after dry- 
 ing a few hours another attempt made to burn it, as also on the following day; but 
 portions were still too green to burn rapidly, and, unfortunately for the experiment, 
 
38 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 the two or three days following were not hot and dry enough to render it fit to burn 
 readily. A few days later, however, on a dry day with a fair breeze, most of the strip 
 remaining unburnt was burned over, and examination showed that great numbers of 
 young bugs remaining were destroyed. Bugs, if under ground or secreted in roots of 
 stubble, will not be killed; hence to destroy greatest numbers, as well as to secure 
 mod rapid burning, the fire should be started in the hottest part of a dry day, when 
 bugs in greatest number will be moving. 
 
 Prevention of Migration — direct Remedies during and after Migration 
 
 As has been so often pointed out, a great deal can be done in the 
 way of destroying the insects at the time when they migrate from 
 the wheat fields, towards the close of the first generation, to corn and 
 other neighboring crops. 
 
 Ditching . — As long ago as Le Baron’s first paper and as Bitch’s second 
 report the method of digging a ditch or plowing a furrow around the 
 infested field was in vogue. If a plowed furrow be made the perpen- 
 dicular side should be towards the field to be protected and the earth 
 should be kept friable by dragging a log or brush occasionally through 
 it, or, better still, a triangular weighted trough. The migrating bugs 
 will fail to climb the side of the furrow and will fall back into it, where 
 they can be covered with straw and burned. With care and activity 
 the neighboring fields can be thus protected. 
 
 A modification of this plan appears in an unplaced newspaper cut- 
 ting in our possession. It is as follows : 
 
 When they first appear, as they usually do, on the side of the corn field, and be- 
 fore they have entered it, cut five or six rows of the corn and clear the ground ; then 
 plow a strip of land 8 or 10 feet wide, leaving a deep furrow in the center of the same. 
 Then take the corn stalks which were taken from the land, and place them across the 
 dead furrow, and the trap is complete. When the bugs approach the field, they will 
 pass in under the corn placed across the dead furrow, and, preferring the shade and 
 moisture, remain there until the stalks become perfectly dry, when they can be put 
 through a process of cremation that will prove effectual in destroying them. Should 
 they first appear in the middle of a field of corn (as it not unfrequently happens they do), 
 they can be surrounded on the foregoing plan aud destroyed in the same way. This 
 I>lau we consider the most practical of any that has come under our observation, and 
 is corroborated to some extent by the experience of J. W. Martin, an observing farmer, 
 whose experiments are given in the Osage Mission (Kans.) Journal. 
 
 Tarred Boards or Tar alone . — The plan has been adopted and is recom- 
 mended in the reports of Professor Kiley and others of using common 
 fence boards — 6 inches wide or less— setting them upon edge and mak- 
 ing a barrier of them around the infested fields, care being taken to cover 
 the /ower edge so that the bugs will not crawl under them. The upper 
 edge is spread with fresh tar, which is occasionally renewed. Vast num- 
 bers are taken out from holes dug at intervals on the hitherside of the 
 barrier, in which the marching armies collect. Commenting upon this 
 remedy Professor Biley says: “with a little care to keep the tar moist 
 by renewal the boards may be dispensed with and the tar poured out 
 of a kettle on to the ground; about a gallon is required to the rod, and - 
 it should be renewed every other day, oftener when rains prevail, until 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 39 
 
 the hugs are destroyed.” According to Dr. Le Baron this method was 
 extensively used in the central part of Illinois and especially in the 
 vicinity of the Bloomington gas works in 1872. He saw the operation 
 performed near Bloomington, where the tar was poured from an old 
 tea kettle on the ground along the exposed sides of a corn-field. This 
 remedy, however, will seldom be used on account of its expense, except 
 in such situations as that mentioned, where the tar can be readily and 
 cheaply procured. 
 
 Sowing Strips of Plants distasteful to the Bugs around the Fields to he 
 protected . — This remedy has been urged by certain authors, and the crops 
 to be used as barriers are preferably Flax, Hemp, Clover, and Buckwheat. 
 The effect of this will be to deter and destroy the migrating individuals 
 and cause the death of the young ones by starvation. It is, however, 
 not a thorough remedy, and is not to be compared with the more direct 
 remedies which caused the almost complete destruction of the insect. 
 
 Sowing Strips of favored Food around the Fields to he protected . — A strip 
 of Timothy, Hungarian grass, or Millet may be sown around the corn- 
 field to good advantage with the object of entrapping the migrating 
 bugs by plowing it under and burning the ground over when it has be- 
 come filled with the migrating armies in transit. The bugs of the first 
 generation, which are full grown, will lay their eggs by preference in 
 this protective strip, and these will be destroyed by the plowing and 
 burning. 
 
 Hot Water and Soap-suds . — The application of strong soap suds to the 
 insects when gathered upon the outer rows of corn was recommended by 
 a writer in the Southern Planter many years ago, and was also given 
 by Dr. Fitch. Statement is made that a half gill or a gill poured upon 
 each stalk will kill them all, and that the labor is not half so great as a 
 siugle hoeing of the crop. Hot water has been recommended for a 
 similar purpose by subsequent writers. 
 
 Kerosene Emulsion . — Anew and, undercertain circumstances, very effi- 
 cacious remedy for the Chinch Bug was introduced when Professor 
 Biley, in 1882, first suggested to Professor Forbes the advisability of ex- 
 perimenting with this substance upon this insect. Professor Forbes’s 
 first experiments were reported to this Division and the results were 
 published in Bulletin JSTo. 2 (February, 1883), pages 23 to 25. The fol- 
 lowing solutions were used in these experiments: 
 
 Solutions with which dilutions were made : (1) Soap-suds, 1 pound soap to 10 gal- 
 lons water ; (2) soap-suds, 1 pound soap to 20 gallous water ; (3) potash, 1 pound to 
 50 gallons water. 
 
 EMULSIONS AS DILUTED. 
 
 Per cent, of kerosene. 
 
 A. 2 parts kerosene, 1 part milk, 45 parts water (about) 4 
 
 B. 1 part kerosene, 1 part milk, 18 parts water 5 
 
 C. 1 part kerosene, 1 part milk, 18 parts solution 1 5 
 
 D. 1 part kerosene, 1 part milk, 38 parts solution 2 21 
 
 E. 1 part kerosene, 1 part milk, 38 parts water 21 
 
 F. 1 part kerosene, 1 part milk, 38 parts solution 3 21 
 
 G. 1 part kerosene, 1 part milk, 30 parts solution 2 3 
 
40 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 All of these were efficacious. Fortunately at the time when such ap- 
 plication is to be made, viz, just after wheat harvest, help is abundant 
 and the work can be done at a reasonable expense. Experiments made 
 by Professor Forbes show that a simple mechanical mixture of one part 
 of kerosene to three of water will kill the bugs and will not injure half- 
 grown corn if it is kept constantly agitated. But the original soap 
 emulsion, recommended so often in the reports of this Department and 
 made according to the formula originally proposed by Mr. Hubbard, 
 will be much safer and will do thorough work. It will do no harm to 
 repeat this formula : 
 
 Kerosene 2 gallons = 67 per cent. 
 
 Common soap, or whale-oil soap i pound > qo „„„ 
 
 Water I gallon M per cent> 
 
 Heat the solution of soap and add it boiling hot to the kerosene. 
 Churn the mixture by means of a force-pump and spray-nozzle for five 
 or ten minutes. The emulsion, if perfect, forms a cream which thickens 
 on cooling, and should adhere without oiliuess to the surface of glass. 
 Dilute before using one part of the emulsion with nine parts of cold 
 water. The above formula gives 3 gallons of emulsion and makes, 
 when diluted, 30 gallons of wash. 
 
 We realize the objections to recommending anything complicated in 
 the way of a mixture and of apparatus for apply iug it, and in conse- 
 quence we may state, as showing that an ingenious individual who is 
 in earnest need not be hindered by lack of a proper apparatus for apply- 
 ing this mixture, the experience of Maj. R. S. Tucker, of Raleigh, N. C., 
 as published in the News and Observer, and in a special bulletin of the 
 State Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, June 29, 1887. His letter 
 stated in brief that having tried a number of remedies he learned of the 
 kerosene emulsion at a time when the pest was most abundant upon 
 the outer rows of corn. Not having any force pump or spray-nozzle with 
 which to churn the emulsion, he whipped the mixture in a large recep- 
 tacle with a bunch of twigs for ten or fifteen minutes and then applied 
 it to his outer rows of corn with a common water-sprinkler. The results 
 were admirable, and certainly he deserved success for his trial. 
 
 Another practical test was made by Professor Atkinson, and reported 
 upon in the bulletin just mentioned, as follows : 
 
 Mr. William F. Stroud, of Chapel Hill, had a field of wheat which was infested 
 with the chinch bugs. When the wheat was harvested they immediately betook them- 
 selves to the corn which was adjacent. Some of the corn stalks for 1 foot or 18 inches 
 above ground were literally black with the mass of insects, and sometimes wheu they 
 could not be seen outside they were found in great numbers between the sheath of the 
 blade and the stalk. 
 
 [Here follows the kerosene-soap emulsion formula just given.] 
 
 I found these proportions made the liquid a little weak, and I diluted in the pro- 
 portion of six parts of cold water to one of the emulsion. The application of this to 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 41 
 
 the corn, June 25, was a perfect success in killing the bugs, and the corn was examined 
 later and was found to have sustained not the slightest injury.* 
 
 In my experiment I used a spraying apparatus, manufactured by A. H. Nixon, Day- 
 ton, Ohio, which consists of a square tank, which has a capacity of 8 gallons, with 
 with a force-pump hose and spray-nozzle attached. This machine (called the Lit- 
 tle Gem) was placed upon a rough sled made for the purpose, which was drawn be- 
 tween the rows by a mule. 
 
 As the spraying apparatus produced too wide a stream to apply the liquid rapidly 
 and effectively to the stalks of corn, I removed tho spraying portion of the nozzle and 
 used the part which produces a very narrow but strong stream (one-sixteenth of an 
 inch in diameter). The liquid would run down the stalks and between the sheath 
 of the blade and stalk, killing instantly the hundreds of insects with which it came 
 in contact. The two rows were sprayed as far as the stream would reach on each 
 side, and then the mule moved on to stop for another application. In this way the 
 corn was gone over very rapidly. Where a force-pump can be obtained it is better 
 to apply it with this, but the nozzle should be very small, so as to throw a very nar- 
 row stream or spray directly against the stalk. If a force-pump can not be obtained, 
 a common watering pot, with a narrow nozzle, could be used very effectively. Sev- 
 eral of these could be used, the operators going quite rapidly from one stalk or hill 
 to another. 
 
 There is no reason why all should not get rid of the chinch bug on corn, for a fail- 
 ure to kill the bugs would arise from some fault in the application, and the applica- 
 tion can be made cheaper than a dressing of the corn could be made with the hoe. 
 
 This application was made late in June, and Mr. Stroud reported 
 several times later in the season that nothing more had been seen of 
 the bugs, and Professor Atkinson, visiting the field October 17, found 
 no Chinch Bugs in the corn-stalks where the emulsion was used, nor in 
 the neighboring Crab-grass. Some were found, however, about 40 rods 
 away in some late corn, but they were few in number. 
 
 Professor Osborn’s experiments with kerosene emulsions, made dur- 
 ing the summer at our request at Ames, Iowa, are reported by him as 
 follows : 
 
 A number of trials were made with kerosene emulsion first with a view to testing 
 its value under various conditions, and afterward for the sake of checking the dam- 
 age threatened to corn. 
 
 The first trial was made July 15, the emulsion used being the common one, consist- 
 ing of kerosene, soap, and water diluted to about 5 per cent, kerosene. Tho bugs 
 were killed very quickly by this application, and great numbers of them could be 
 reached, but many in particularly secreted places, in folds of leaves and under lumps 
 of earth, escaped. Thrown on to the leaves and running down between leaf and 
 stalk, it dislodged and killed immense numbers. Thrown against stalks where they 
 were congregated it would quickly dislodge the mass, and while it was impossible to 
 see whether all driven off in this way were sufficiently wet to kill them, it was cer- 
 tain that most of them were. This application was at the rate of about 1 gallon of 
 emulsion or 12 gallons of the diluted mixture to 5 rows of corn for 32 rods, or what 
 would equal 5 gallons of emulsion, 60 gallons of diluted mixture to tho acre, ora cost 
 for material of less than 60 cents per acre. In trials of the emulsion diluted to range 
 from 2 per cent, to 7 per cent, of kerosene, less than 4 or 5 per cent, was found to be 
 unsatisfactory, and at the lowest figure bugs even when thoroughly drenched and 
 kept for a time in the fluid were able to recover. A mixturo (about 2 per cent., pos- 
 
 * Professor Atkinson has since written that subsequent tests convinced him that one 
 part of the emulsion to nine of water made the mixture quite strong enough. — L. 
 
 O. H. 
 
42 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 sibly a little less) which killed plant lice almost instantly, affected chinch hugs hut 
 slightly, if at all, and they afterward recovered and lived in confinement for many 
 days. 
 
 On August 15 applied kerosene emulsion to hugs accumulating on corn, using an 
 emulsion diluted to contain about 6 per cent, kerosene and spraying with cyclone 
 nozzle. Great numbers of hugs could he found dead within a few minutes after ap- 
 plication, and on the following day hosts of dead could he found on the ground 
 around the hills treated. In places, however, the stalks had become well covered by 
 live hugs that had moved in to fill the place of the slain. 
 
 Subsequently the farm department applied it on a larger scale, using 5 to 6 per cent, 
 emulsion, and spraying from barrels in a wagon, one man working the force-pump 
 and another manipulating the hose and cyclone nozzle, walking rapidly among the 
 hills of corn and directing the spray upon the masses of bugs. This resulted in the 
 destruction of great numbers. In this application the cyclone nozzle was found by 
 all means most satisfactory. 
 
 I suggested its trial to some of my correspondents, and one letter received in reply 
 is of sufficient interest to be noted : 
 
 Cambridge, Iowa, July 20, 1887. 
 
 Dear Sir : Your most satisfactory letter received some time since. The conclusion 
 is a success; it was instant death to the chinch bugs. But it takes so much when 
 you want to go over five or six acres that one can not staud the expense. It could be 
 stood to go over it once or twice if I could have got the bugs all on the corn, but they 
 would a part stay on the corn while the rest would lie under sods and anything else 
 that would protect them from the sun. When your letter reached us they had left 
 the Wheat (which they fully destroyed), and had gone into the corn, which they killed 
 for ten or twelve rows in some places, and some places not so far. Then they 
 scattered over more territory for a time, but now they have left the corn (almost), 
 having flown away, I think. I am under obligations to you for your kiudness. 
 
 Very respectfully, 
 
 J. E. Warren. 
 
 Professor Osborn, 
 
 Ames, Iowa. 
 
 The use of kerosene can hardly be expected to prove of value except when the bugs 
 are massing on corn. At this time, application to an acre or two of the field next 
 to stubble may do much to save the rest of the field. By arranging nozzles with 
 special reference to most efficient work in corn rows, and while corn is small enough 
 to drive a team in the field astride of one row, I think spraying can be done quite 
 thoroughly at a cost of 30 to 40 cents per acre for material. 
 
 A cyclone nozzle, with pressure sufficient to do good work, discharges about 1 pint 
 of liquid per minute. Adjusting three nozzles to play upon one row of corn, one each 
 side, and one from above, and allowing teams to walk slowly 2 miles per hour, and it 
 will take 30 gallons of liquid per acre, which, using 5 to 6 per cent, emulsion, costs 
 about 30 cents, exclusive of labor, which for team and man an hour and a quarter 
 would be about 40 cents more. First cost of force pump must, of course, be consid- 
 ered; the cost of labor on the farm, however, where the farmer uses his own team 
 and does the managing of apparatus himself, might be counted less. By using only 
 two nozzles or by driving faster the expense will be lessened. 
 
 BOGUS CHINCH BUGS. 
 
 Professor Riley figures and describes in bis Seventh Report on the 
 Insects of Missouri four species of Heteroptera which are frequently mis- 
 taken for the Chinch Bug and are often the cause of unnecessary alarm. 
 We here reproduce the figures of these species. The first is the False 
 Chinch Bug ( Nysins augustatus Uhl., Fig. 8), which was frequently sent 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 43 
 
 [Fig. 8.J 
 
 False Chinch Bug:— b, pupa; c, 
 mature bug. [After Riley.] 
 
 to Professor Riley. It is found all over the country and occasionally dam- 
 ages certain crops quite seriously — grapevines, strawberries, potatoes, 
 young apple grafts , and all cruciferous plants. 
 
 It is also very fond of Purslane and, as men- 
 tioned elsewhere in this report, it is found 
 in California congregating uuder Polygonum. 
 
 It is the insect which caused the alarm in Cal- 
 ifornia in 1885. It was originally described 
 by Uhler under the name above given, but 
 was subsequently redescribed by Mr. Wil- 
 liam R. Howard as Nysius raphani and by 
 Professor Riley as Nysius destructor. Profes- 
 sor Riley 1 *s description was, however, drawn 
 up with Mr. Uhler’s sanction, as the latter 
 
 author at that time considered that the form described by Professor 
 Riley might be distinct. 
 
 The Insidious Flower- bug (Triphleps insidiosus Say, Fig. 6) is another 
 of these bogus Chinch Bugs. It is also a very wide-spread insect, and 
 so far from being injurious it is one of the comparatively few insects 
 which prey upon the Chinch Bug. 
 
 The Ash-gray Leaf-bug (Piesma cinerea Say, Fig. 9) is another wide- 
 spread species which occasionally damages grape blossoms in early 
 spring, but lives principally upon forest trees and 
 shrubs. This species is also often mistaken for our 
 insect. 
 
 The Flea-like Negro bug ( Cormelcena pulicaria 
 Germ., Fig, 10) is the fourth. 
 
 Its appearance is more different from the Chinch 
 Bug than any of the insects mentioned uuder this 
 head, as is plainly shown by the figure. It feeds 
 abundantly upon the fruit of the Raspberry and punc- 
 tures also the stem of the Strawberry and the blos- 
 soms, leaves, and fruit stems of the Cherry and Quince. 
 It is also injurious to certain garden flowers and to cer- 
 tain weeds, among which Professor Riley mentions 
 Ceanothus americanus and Veronica per egrina. 
 
 We may mention under this head the rather 
 curious fact that the Striped Flea-beetle — Systena 
 elongata Fab. — was found the past season in great 
 abundance in company with Chinch Bugs in fields 
 infested by the latter in Nebraska by Mr. Bruner. 
 
 They appeared to be working upon grass and upon 
 the wild Buckwheat. Their appearance accompa- 
 nying the Chinch Bug had, of course, no especial 
 significance, but at the same time occurring iu such a way they were 
 liable to be mistaken for another form of the Chinch Bug. 
 
 [Fig. 9. 
 
 Ash-gray Leaf-rug 
 [After Riley.] 
 
 Flea-like Negro-rug. 
 [After Riley.] 
 
44 
 
 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST. 
 
 [This is simply a list of the more important of the Chinch-bag articles. No men- 
 tion is made of a very large number which we have seen, but which contain nothing 
 
 new or original. Every progressive step of knowledge is mentioned in some one of 
 
 the articles here mentioned.] 
 
 1831. Say, Thomas. Lygceus lencopterus. Descriptions of new species of Heterop- 
 terous Hemiptera of North America, New Harmony, Ind., Dec. 1831. Com- 
 plete writings. Ed. by LeConte, Yol. I, p. 329. 
 
 (Original description ; described from a single specimen taken in Virginia.) 
 
 1845. Prairie Farmer, V., 227. 
 
 (Injuries in Hancock County, Illinois.) 
 
 Prairie Farmer, V., 287. Chinch Bugs. 
 
 (Injuries in Tazewell County, Illinois. An account of their season’s history.) 
 
 1846. Prairie Farmer, VI., 134. The Chinch Bug. 
 
 (Injuries in Sangamon County, Illinois.) 
 
 Prairie Farmer, VI., 245. Chinch Bugs. 
 
 (Injuries in Cass County, Illinois.) 
 
 1850. Le Baron, Wm. Rhyparochromus, devastator. Prairie Farmer, Vol. X, p. 200. 
 
 (Described imago, and proposes specific name devastator ; mentions that eggs are de- 
 posited on roots; points out its destructive characters as an insect enemy.) 
 
 1851. Prairie Farmer, XI., 335. The Chinch Bug. 
 
 (Distribution within the State of Illinois.) 
 
 1852. Harris, T. W. Rhyparochromus lencopterus. Treatise on insects of Massa- 
 
 chusetts. 
 
 (Describes briefly imago ; speaks of distribution and injuries. Records finding in his 
 garden in 1852.) 
 
 1855. Fitch, Asa. Micropus leucopterus. The Cultivator, 3d series, III, 237-239. 
 
 (Correspondent writes from Indiana. Fitch gives account of habits and injuries, past 
 history, and nomenclature. ) 
 
 1856. Fitch, Asa. Micropus leucopterus. Second Rep. Ins. N. Y., pp. 227-297, Plate 
 
 IV, figs. 2 and 2®. 
 
 (Gives 1783 as date when first known as insect depredator on wheat in North Carolina. 
 Notes its occurrence at several times during next fifty years in such numbers as to 
 nearly destroy the wheat crop. Farmers ceased to plant wheat for a couple of years 
 as only known remedy. Alludes to drought which prevailed during period of injury, 
 and their destruction by wet weather, 1840. First attracted attention in Western 
 States, 1840-44. Describes young larvae. Mentions briefly a number of varieties. 
 Gives history of nomenclature. Suggests spraying infested fields with water as a 
 practical remedy.) 
 
 1857. Signoret, V. Micropus leucopterus Say. Essai monographique du Genre Micro- 
 
 pus, Spinola, Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, V, 3d series, p. 31. 
 
 (A technical description from specimens received from New York and Cuba.) 
 
 1861. Walsh, B. D. Chinch Bug. Insects injurious to Vegetation in Illinois. 
 
 Trans. 111. State Agr. Soc., Vol. 4, 1859-’60, pp. 346-349. 
 
 (First notice of four Ladybird enemies of the Chinch Bug. Figures Hipp. maculata, and 
 Coccinellamumla.) 
 
 1862. Harris, T. W. Rhyparochromus leucopterus. Insects injurious to Vegetation, 
 
 3d ed., pp. 197-200, fig. 84. (See under 1852.) 
 
 1865. Riley, C. V. The Chinch Bug. Prairie Farmer, September 19, 1865. 
 
 (Exposes the fallacy of a reported observation by Mr. D. H. Sherman in the Waukegan 
 Gazette, to the effect that the eggs are laid upou the wheat-head.) 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 45 
 
 1866. Walsh, B. D. Chinch Bugs. Practical Entomologist, Vol. I, p. 95. 
 
 (Prints a clipping from Prairie Parmer, stating that the “bugs” had been successfully 
 fenced out of a field by putting boards on edge around it and coating upper edge 
 with coal-tar.) 
 
 1866. Walsh, B. D. Micropus ( Lygceus ) leucopterus. Pract. Ent., Vol. II, p. 21. 
 
 (Notices specimens of short-winged variety from Canada.) 
 
 1866. Riley, C. V. Chinch Bug. Pract. Ent., Vol. I, No. 6, p. 47. 
 
 (Exposes fallacy of a current theory that the eggs are deposited on the grain, and fields 
 become infested from its use. Gives methods of depositing eggs and states that 
 there are two generations in northern Illinois, and jjossibly three in more southern 
 latitudes.) 
 
 1866. Riley, C. V. The Chinch Bug. Prairie Farmer, Mar. 3, 1866. 
 
 (Devoted principally to remedies, recommending ditching, winter work, mixing rye or 
 tame grass with spring wheat. ) 
 
 1867. Shimer, Henry. Micropus (Lygceus) leucopterus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 
 
 Vol. XIX, pp. 75-80. 
 
 (Full .journal account of observations during 1864— ’65 in Illinois. Conclusions as to 
 causes of their destruction in 1865.) Page 234. (Reference to epidemic.) 
 
 1869. Walsh & Riley. Micropus leucopterus. Am. Ent., Vol. I, pp. 169-177, tig. 122. 
 
 (Popular inferences, past history, natural history, checks to multiplication ; review of 
 Dr. Shimer’s prophecies about appearance.) 
 
 Ibid., pp. 194-199, figs. 138,139. 
 
 (Predaceous foes of, damage done by, remedies for ; summary of conclusions : (1) they 
 hibernate in imago stage in rubbish, which should be burned; (2) early sowing in 
 spring is an advantage; (3) compacting the soil acts as preventive; (4) heavy rains al- 
 ways injure or entirely destroy them.) 
 
 1869. Packard, A. S., Jr. Blissus leucopterus. Guide to the Study of Insects, pp. 543, 
 
 544, fig. 547. 
 
 (Describes imago, life history, injuries of; epidemic diseases of 1865. Cites its occur- 
 rence in Maine and at summit of Mount Washington. Notices the theory that wet 
 weather during breeding season is destructive to them.) 
 
 1870. Riley, C. V. Micropus leucopterus. 2d Rep. State Ent. Mo.,pp. 15-37, figs. 1 
 
 and 2. 
 
 ( An extended account and the best yet published ; discusses past history, natural history, 
 destructive powers, heavy rains, natural enemies, amount of damage, remedies, and 
 bogus Chinch Bugs.) 
 
 1871. Glover, Townend. Bhyparochromus ( Micropus ) leucopterus. Rep. Com. Agr., 
 
 1870, p. 89. 
 
 (Refers to observations of others as to deposition of eggs, etc.) 
 
 1872. Bethune, C. J. S. Micropus leucopterus. Rep. Ent. Soc. Out., 1871, p. 55. 
 
 (Refers to accounts of early history, habits, enemies of, natural remedies, etc.) 
 
 1872. Le Baron, William. Micropus leucopterus. 2d Rep. St. Ent. III., 1871, pp. 
 
 142-156. 
 
 (Estimates loss from depredations current year in Illinois ten and one-half millions dol- 
 lars ; treats of their prevention and destruction under five heads : (1) natural enemies, 
 (2) early sowing, (3) preventing migrations, (4) destroying by burning rubbish, (5) 
 cease cultivating the affected crops.) 
 
 1872. Glover, Townend. Bhyparochromus leucopterus. Rep. Com. Agr., 1871, p. 84. 
 
 (Merely refers to its injuries in Western States and mentions salt being used as a 
 remedy.) 
 
 1872. Le Baron, William. Chinch Bug. Experience of 1872. Prairie Farmer, 
 
 August 24. 
 
 (Believes that a sufficient number of these insects hibernate under dead leaves in the 
 woods to perpetuate the species ; also that the wet spring of 1872 destroyed large 
 numbers of the Chinch Bugs.) 
 
46 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 1874. Glover, Townend. Micropits ( Rhyparochromus ) leucopterus. Rep. U. S. Com. 
 
 Agr. 1872, p. 121. 
 
 (Mentions injuries in Western States to Corn, Wheat, Sorghum, etc.; tliree broods re- 
 ported observed in Missouri.) 
 
 1874. Johnson, B. F. Chinch Bug. Country Gent., Vol. XXXIX, p. 661. 
 
 (Abundant in central Illinois. Stock was poisoned by eating fodder. Suggests sow- 
 ing plats of noxious plants, Tobacco, Night-shade, Henbane, Stramonium, Hemp- 
 etc., to assist in checking their ravages.) 
 
 1875. Glover, Townend. Micropus (Rhyparochromus) leucopterus . Rep. Com. Agr., 
 
 1874, pp. 127, 128. 
 
 (Gives localities in Southern and Western States where reported as injurious.) 
 
 1875. Riley, C. V. Micropus leucopterus. 7th Rep. State Ent. Mo., pp. 19-50 ; appen- 
 dix, pp. 51-71, figs. 2, 3. and 4. ___ 
 
 (Resume of previous history, fall descriptions of various stages , natural history, extended 
 account of injuries in 1874, exhaustive discussion of preventive measures and reme- 
 dies, mentions irrigation, predaceous enemies. Appendix, correspondence of farm- 
 ers relating to 1874 damage.) 
 
 1875. Riley, C. V. Locusts vs. Chinch Bugs. N. Y. Weekly Tribune, August 4, 1875. 
 
 (A letter from Lyons, France, remarking upon the abundance of Chinch Bugs and allay- 
 ing fears as to great destruction by them.) 
 
 1876. Uiiler, P. R. Blissus leucopterus. List of Hemiptera of the region west of the 
 
 Mississippi River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations 
 
 of 1873. Bulletin U. S. Geol. aud Geog. Sur. Terr., I, second series, No. 2, p. 306. 
 
 (Mere mention, with a list of localities.) 
 
 1877. Packard, A. S., Jr. Blissus leucopterus. 9th Rep. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Terr., 
 
 1875, pp. 697-699, fig. 4 aud map. 
 
 (Refers to its destructiveness in the Western States, quotes estimates of different State 
 Entomologists, notices briefly some of the remedies.) 
 
 1878. Thomas, Cyrus. Blissus leucopterus. 7th Rep. State Ent. 111., pp. 40-71, 2 figs. 
 
 (Resume of history, natural history, descriptions, etc. Two brooded in northern Illinois, 
 possibly three in southern Illinois. Remedies and general discussion of same). 
 
 1879. Riley, C. V. Entomological Notes. The Chinch Bug. Farmers’ Review 
 
 (Chicago), February, 1879. 
 
 (Discusses weather influence and advances parallel between Rocky Mountain Locust and 
 Chinch Bug. Review of life history and summary of facts from Seventh Rept. Ins. 
 Mo. Prediction of bugs in 1879 if weather prove dry.) 
 
 1879. Thomas, Cyrus. Blissus leucopterus. Bull. U. S. Ent. Com. No. 5. Ten figures, 
 
 ' map showing distribution. 
 
 (Exhaustive rbsumb of present knowledge with facts concerning injuries, natural his- 
 tory, predaceous enemies, full discussion of preventive and remedial measures.) 
 
 1880. Kansas State Board of Agriculture. Quarterly Report for the quarter 
 
 ending June 30, 1880, Topeka, July 20, p. 61. 
 
 (An account of damage to Sorghum.) 
 
 1880. Thomas, Cyprus. Temperature and Rainfall . as affecting the Chinch Bug. 
 
 Am. Ent. New series. Yol. I, pp. 240-242, with diagram. 
 
 (Condensation of his theory about periodicity of seasons of drought and their relation to 
 appearance of this insect.) 
 
 1881. Thomas, Cyrus. The Relation of Meteorological Conditions to Insect De- 
 
 velopment. 10th Rep. State Ent. 111., pp. 47-59, with diagram. 
 
 (Discusses theory of Septennarv Cycles of Meteorological conditions; believes it possi- 
 ble to predict with considerable certainty the season when Chinch Bugs will appear 
 in injurious numbers.) 
 
 1881. Riley, C. V. Am. Nat., October, p. 820. 
 
 (Calls attention to the verification of Prof. Cyrus Thomas’s prediction that this would be 
 a bad Chinch-Bug year. ) 
 
THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 47 
 
 1881. Riley, C. V. Ain. Agriculturist, Nov. and Dec., 1881. 
 
 (Reviews natural history and remedies, and discusses the practicability of irrigation as a 
 remedy.) 
 
 1882. Howard, L. O. Rep. U. S. Dept. Agr., 1881- ? 82, p. 137. 
 
 (Mentions it as infesting Rice affected by “white blast.”) 
 
 1882. Riley, C. V. Chinch Bug Notes. Rept. Ent., Ann. Rept. U. S. Dept. Agr., 
 1881-82, pp. 87-89. 
 
 (Calls attention to Professor Thomas’s prediction of injury during 1881 and the fact that 
 it was partially fulfilled ; discusses briefly remedies and methods of prevention.) 
 
 1882. Forbes, S. A. Bacterium . A parasite of the Chinch Bug. Am. Nat. Vol. XVI, 
 p. 824. 
 
 (Account of discovery of parasitic disease among Chinch Bugs.) 
 
 1882. Forbes, S. A. Blissus leucopterus. 12th Rep. State Ent. 111., pp. 32-63, fig. 6. 
 
 (Gives full account of observations on life history, etc., for the year, insect enemies, 
 a new insect enemy, bird enemies, account of observation on a bacterium para 
 site. Experiments in drenching with water under artificial conditions (not fully 
 carried out), report of experiments with topical applications.) 
 
 1882. Riley, C. V. The Chinch Bug. A.l a. Agriculturist, p. 476, 3 figs. 
 
 (General account of, habits and natural history, meteorological conditions affecting.) 
 
 1883. Lintner, J. A. Cir. No. 1, N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist. 
 
 (Directions for arresting Chinch Bug invasion of northern New York.) 
 
 1883. Lintner, J. A. The Chinch Bug in New York. Country Gent., Nov. 8, 1883. 
 
 (Directions for co-operation among farmers to prevent ravages coming year.) 
 
 1883. Forbes, S. A. Experiments on Chinch Bug. U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Eut., Bull. 
 No. 2. 
 
 Memoranda of experiments with kerosene emulsion and mixtures, made at the sugges- 
 tion of Professor Riley; found them quite effective. 
 
 1883. Forbes, S. A. Entomological Notes of the Season. State Dept. Agr., Cir. 106, 
 111., crops for 1883, p. 177. 
 
 (Notes the deposition of eggs for first brood on the roots of Indian Corn.) 
 
 1883. Saunders, Wm. Micropus leucopterus. Rep. Ent. Soc. Out., pp. 59-62. 
 
 (Account of appearance in New York ; quotes from Lintner.) 
 
 1883. Riley, C. V. Chinch Bug in New York. Science, Vol. II, 1883, p. 621. 
 
 (Cites facts to show that their appearance in New York is not an invasion, but extraor- 
 dinary development of the species, dependent upon climatic conditions.) 
 
 1884. Riley, C. V. The Chinch Bug in New York State. American Naturalist, Jan., 
 
 1884, Vol. XVIII, p. 79-80. 
 
 (A reprint of an unplaced article in Scientific American criticising Dr. Lintner’s conclu- 
 sions as to reasons for alarm in northern New York.) 
 
 1884. Lintner, J. A. 37th Ann. Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 53-60. 
 
 (Not seen.) 
 
 1885. Bruner, Lawrence. Blissus leucopterus. Rept. Ent., Aim. Rept. Dept. Agr., 
 
 1884, p. 399. 
 
 (Cites an instance where large numbers disappeared immediately after a heavy rain.) 
 
 1885. Riley, C. V. Chinch Bug Notes. Rept. Ent., Ann. Rept. Dept. Agr., 1884, 
 pp. 403-405. 
 
 (Refers to occurrence in New York and considers that there is no cause for alarm ; pre- 
 dicts they will attract no further notice.) 
 
 1885. Forbes, S. A. Ent. Calendar. 14th Rep. St. Ent., 111., pp. 4-5. 
 
 (Notes on life history for year 1884.) 
 
 1885. Lintner, J. A. Blissus leucopterus. 2nd Rept. State E*nt., N. Y., pp. 148-164; 
 figs. 37-38, 39 and 40. 
 
 (Account of its occurrence in northern New York, r6sum6 of its history, life history, 
 remedial measures employed and recommended.) 
 
48 THE CHINCH BUG. 
 
 1886. Hunt, Thomas F. Blissus leucopterus. Bibliography of insects injurious to 
 corn. Misc. Essays on Economic Ent., 111. St. Bd. Agr., 1885. 
 
 1886. Webster, F. M. Blissus leucopterus. Insects affecting Fall Wheat. Kept, of 
 Ent., Ann. Kept. Dept. Agr. 1885, p. 318. 
 
 (A. brief record of Chinch Bug observations during the season. Records Mennis as 
 a possible parasite. ) 
 
 1886. Forbes, S. A. Chinch Bug in Illinois. Circular of information from the 
 
 office of State Entomologist. 
 
 1887. Bruner, Lawrence. Notes of the season. Bull. No. 13, Div. Ent., U. S. Dept. 
 Agr., pp. 34, 35. 
 
 (Brief notices of their appearance in Western States in 1886.) - 
 
 1887. Forbes, S. A. The present condition and prospects of the Chinch Bug in Illi- 
 nois for 1887- , 88. Bull. No. 2 of the State Entomologist. 
 
 (Speaks of ravages for three years past, life history, food-plants, preventive remedial 
 measures exhaustively discussed.) 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 18. 
 
 THE LIFE 
 
 A.:,: . -■ 
 
 AND 
 
 • / tv 
 
 P Trr 
 
 ENTOMOLOGICAL "WORK 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 TOWNEND GLOVER, 
 
 FIRST ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 PREPARED, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST, 
 BY 
 
 Charles Richards Dodge. 
 
 \ 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1888 . 
 

 Norman J. Colman, 
 
qJ o^jLyiA-. ZaaJZj 
 
 l ' 
 
 x '« ■* 
 
 l -' : v \igf$«P 
 
 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 18. 
 
 THE LIFE 
 
 AND 
 
 ENTOMOLOGICAL WORK 
 
 OF THE LATE 
 
 TOWNEND GLOVER, 
 
 FIRST ENTOMOLOGIST OF THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 PREPARED, UNDER DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST, 
 
 RY 
 
 Charles Richards Dodge, 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1888 . 
 
V 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 Washington , D. G\, December 5, 1887. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 18 of 
 this division, being an account of the life and work of the late Townend 
 Glover, my predecessor as United States Entomologist, prepared by 
 Charles Richards Dodge. I had for some time thought of preparing a 
 full bibliographical list of Glover’s writings with a general index 
 thereto, because of the usefulness of such a publication in the w T ork of 
 the Division. Such a compilation would naturally lead to some brief 
 statement of Mr. Glover’s character, and especially of his official life, 
 and I would here acknowledge my indebteduess to Mr. Glover’s widow 
 and to his cousins in London for their kindness in furnishing informa- 
 tion. Mr. Dodge has fortunately been willing to relieve me of a task 
 which he is far more able to accomplish, not only because of the data 
 he has collected, but by virtue of his long and intimate relations, both 
 private and official, with Mr. Glover, who could certainly have had no 
 more appreciative biographer. 1 trust that the bulletin may prove ac- 
 ceptable and useful to all interested in economic entomology. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 C. Y. Riley, 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture . 
 
 3 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Boston, Mass., December 1 , 1887. 
 
 Dear Sir : In undertaking to tell the story of Mr. Glover’s life, I feel 
 that, while it is a pleasant privilege to be able to review such interest- 
 ing reminiscences of our long acquaintance as may bear upon the man 
 and his work, the account must be necessarily imperfect and incomplete 
 in portions from lack of important data. 
 
 The facts regarding his boyhood life are gleaned from your visits to, 
 and correspondence with, Mr. C.G. Oates and Mr. Abram Clapham, of 
 London, England — Mr. Oates’s mother and Mr. Clapham being Mr. 
 Glover’s first cousins, the nearest English relatives who were living at 
 the time, — and also from early personal diaries and family papers? 
 loaned me by Mrs. Hopper. 
 
 Mrs. Glover has rendered me valuable aid by furnishing important in- 
 formation regarding dates, and by placing at my disposal a considerable 
 amount of documentary evidence relating to the middle period of his 
 life, which, with a few early letters and my own recollection of the man, 
 and of many conversations with him touching upon his personal history, 
 are the principal materials that have been available. I am also in- 
 debted to you for portions of the bibliography of his entomological 
 writings, prepared by Mr. B. P. Mann, and for your kind assistance in 
 other directions. 
 
 As the subject of this sketch was a man of great individuality, I have 
 t bought it best to present the main facts or his life in such manner as 
 will more fully bring out his personal attributes and peculiarities, aud 
 leave the treatment of his entomological and museum work, or that 
 which bears directly on his connection with the Department of Agri- 
 culture, to special chapters. Some of the extracts or incidents may 
 seem trivial, but the make-up of the man embodies such diversity of 
 talent, and at the same time presents such originality, that it has seemed 
 best to use that material which will best show him forth as he was. 
 
 I am yours, respectfully, 
 
 Charles Richards Dodgke. 
 
 Prof. Charles V. Riley, 
 
 Entomologist , U. S. Department of Agriculture . 
 
 5 
 
THE LIFE OF TOWNEND GLOVER. 
 
 Prof. Townend Glover, the first entomologist of the United States 
 Department of Agriculture, was born at Rio de Janeiro, February 20, 
 1813. His paternal grandfather was Mr. Samuel Glover, a merchant of 
 Leeds, England. His father, Mr. Henry Glover, an only son (though 
 there were several daughters) married Miss Mary Townend, of Learning 
 Lane, Yorkshire, and was engaged in commercial pursuits at Rio de Ja- 
 neiro when Townend Glover was born. His mother dying, after a few days 
 illness, when he was about six weeks old, he was sent to his relatives in 
 England; and, upon the death of his father, which occurred some six 
 years later, he was taken in charge of by his paternal grandmother 
 and maiden aunt in Leeds. Here his education began, as he was placed 
 in a private school of high reputation, of which the Rev. Mr. Holmes was 
 preceptor. 
 
 By nature the boy Townend was of a reserved disposition, making 
 few close friendships outside the immediate circle of his own family. 
 He was, nevertheless, abounding in high animal spirits, possessed of a 
 strong sense of fun and humor, which always made him an agreeable and 
 entertaining companion to those with whom he was wont to associate. 
 In his studies at school he showed a fair degree of aptness, and being 
 endowed with good abilities he is said to have acquitted himself with 
 unfailing credit, and without any special effort on his part. 
 
 Even in boyhood his love for drawing showed itself, chiefly in cari- 
 cature of the people about him, admirably done at that early period, it 
 is said, his efforts sometimes bringing the youthful artist into trouble. 
 
 The beginning of his love for entomology dates back to these early 
 school boy days, at which time, in company with the one congenial and 
 intimate friend of his boyhood, a lad with similar tastes, he was already 
 interested in making a collection of insects, which, it is said, he prepared 
 and mounted with skill. As a boy he was very clever with his hands 
 in anything requiring care and nicety, and was singularly quick and apt. 
 And not only was he drawn towards the insect world, but natural history 
 in all its branches, and even botany, had an early and peculiar fascina- 
 tion for him. Upon leaving school, we are told that young Glover was 
 prevailed upon by his friends to enter the warehouse of a firm of Leeds 
 merchants, with a view to acquiring a knowledge of the woolen goods 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 trade. Mr. Glover alludes to this in his diary (March 16, 1834) in char- 
 acteristic language, as follows : 
 
 Mr. C. this evening gave me my indentures of apprenticeship to Thompson, Scarf 
 & Co., by which I find that £300 of my money is gone forever, merely to learn the 
 “art and mystery” of a stuff merchant, a mystery I hope never to practice. 
 
 What other plans for his future may have been made for him, or were 
 entertained by himself at that time, are not known, though his aunt was 
 once very desirious that he should study for the ministry. In after-life 
 he frequently referred to this with satirical allusions to having been cut 
 out for the clergy ; and in a letter written to friends in England many 
 years after coming to America it is amusing to find a joking reference to 
 his clerical education. In his commercial life, with its exacting routine, 
 though utterly at variance with every instinct of his nature, he fulfilled 
 the duties which the position entailed upon him conscientiously and 
 with assiduity as long as he continued in it. The early discipline did 
 him no harm, if, indeed, it did not fit him for the life of most exacting 
 routine of his later years, to which, though self-imposed, he gave the 
 best years of his existence. 
 
 But there suddenly came an end to his commercial education, for at 
 the age of twenty-one, or as soon as he had reached his majority, he 
 shook himself free at once and forever from the trammels of business 
 life. 
 
 His father had bequeathed him an ample fortune, but, as Mr. Glover 
 once gave the story to the writer, through the perfidy of his father’s 
 partners in business, or others associated with him in Rio, the fortune 
 had been dissipated, save a portion which, unknown to Mr. Glover, 
 until he had reached his majority, was reserved in trust by relatives 
 in England. Mr. Glover not only thought that he had been cheated 
 out of his patrimony, but on at least one occasion has intimated the 
 suspicion that his father’s death had occurred from other than natural 
 causes. Some weeks after arriving at his majority he received the small 
 fortune held for him by relatives in Leeds, and having meantime fitted % 
 himself for going abroad by the study of German, he began active 
 preparations for his journey. To one who has known Mr. Glover inti- 
 mately in later life his diary kept at this period is most interesting, as 
 showing, even at the age of twenty-one, so many of those traits of char- 
 acter or individualisms, if the term may be used, which so strongly 
 marked the mature man. Indifference to country or home, distrust of 
 mankind and of the motives of people about him, self-reliance and a 
 wish to be his own master, and at the same time frequent evidences 
 of the good influences by which he had been surrounded in the family 
 circle in which he was reared, appear on many pages. Some are so 
 striking I can not forbear making a few brief extracts. 
 
 During a short visit to Burneston, in April, 1834, he wrote : 
 
 Sauntered about all day, reading Tarn O’Shauter ; begin to think a couutrv life 
 would be very tiresome. Could manage to spend some months very pleasantly iu the 
 
9 
 
 country, provided I bad books, paint box, horse, gun, flute, etc., not forgetting a 
 pleasant friend, without which a man might be tempted to shoot or drown himself 
 for very ennui. 
 
 The entry for the next day is confined to three short lines : 
 
 What with teasing the servant about her lover, plaguing the cat, and gossiping 
 with the villagers, managed with difficulty to live the day out. 
 
 Evidence of a restless nature, abhorring idleness. 
 
 Having decided to indulge his taste for artist life and at the same 
 time see something of the world, on the 19th of April, 1834, he quitted 
 Leeds and started for Munich, with a view of putting himself upon a 
 systematic course of study in different branches of painting. Regard- 
 ing his leave-taking he says : 
 
 Miss G. [his aunt] cried most prodigiously, as if I should never return home — home 
 did I say ? I forgot that I have no home and that for the future I must consider the 
 world as my home, or, rather, make a home wherever I am. I leave some few people 
 in Leeds whom I shall regret to lose, but ou the whole I like my prospects very much. 
 
 He spent nearly a month en route to Munich, stopping at Hamburg, 
 Hanover, Gotha, and many other places, and arriving ou the 14th of 
 May. Here he began study at once, though at first he confined himself 
 to the study of the German language under one Dr. Caflish, and it was 
 not until a month later that he had made arrangements with the artist 
 Mattenheimer, u the inspector of the gallery,” to give him lessons in 
 ruit and flower painting in oil. 
 
 Under date of June 19, 1834, he writes : 
 
 Took my first lessou in flower drawing and like it very much; he (Mattenheimer) 
 says he sees that 1 have talent, from my drawings, and that in a little time I shall 
 paint very well — flattery to make me learn — but don’t care ; if it pleases me I intend 
 to continue it till I paint tolerably. 
 
 A week later, this : 
 
 For the first time handled palette and brushes and daubed a little in oil painting. 
 Mightily pleased to have advanced so far ; don’t intend to say anything about it to my 
 friends in Leeds, or they will expect miracles of me. 
 
 A few days after this his master has been trying to persuade him to 
 be an artist. “ Will not, though, whatever he says,” closes the entry. 
 
 Regarding his art work at this time it has been said of him that still- 
 life and natural history subjects were his special delight, whether he 
 painted in water colors or oils; and so successful was he in what he under- 
 took in this way that with some who were well acquainted with his 
 work, it was a source of regret that he did not make painting tbe seri- 
 ous study of his life. Notwithstanding this statement, it is not likely 
 that Mr. Glover would ever have made a great artist in the sense of pro- 
 ducing strong, original pictures. From a study of examples of his best 
 efforts produced both in Europe and in America (oils and water colors), 
 it is very evident that he was strongest in the direction of illustrative 
 work, or close studies, where great detail and accuracy of' delineation 
 were absolutely essential. He was at his best in still-life, therefore, and 
 especially in the painting of fruits, flowers, and the lesser animal life. 
 
10 
 
 A number of his works in oil, which he brought to Washington, were 
 only copies from the productions of his masters or other pointers, and 
 should not be taken as standards of his ability. 
 
 His water color paintings of flowers and insects and a few natural 
 history objects, are most exquisite examples of artistic illustration, and 
 are drawn to the life, showing the expenditure of a vast amount of labor 
 and patience, and giving assurance in the artist of a fair eye for color. 
 As a rule they are painted with little attention to modeling, the color 
 being laid on heavily, stippled and frequently lacking in transparency, 
 and without attempt at composition in the sense of making pictures of 
 them. But they are very realistic and sometimes quite decorative. 
 Many of his early drawings of the Florida insects are as exquisitely fin- 
 ished, though with his later originals he took less pains. When Mar- 
 garet Fuller first saw some of the flower paintings she would hardly be- 
 lieve that they had not been done under the microscope, so delicate was 
 the work. Whether or not his extreme shortsightedness made it diffi- 
 cult for him to paint in any other manner, it is impossible to say, how- 
 ever well adapted to the labors of his after life this special kind of work 
 may have been. He could not have painted broadly had he desired to 
 do so, for his almost microscopic vision saw everything in the minutest 
 detail. This explains, too, why his after engravings of insects, par- 
 ticularly of larvae , lack in action. 
 
 After finishing his jourueyings in Europe and having turned his back 
 upon Munich, the study of art was still an absorbing interest with him. 
 On his return to England he took up his abode at Leeds for a short time, 
 and, in a room set apart for the purpose of a studio, and surrounded by 
 pets of every conceivable description, he continued to paint with assi- 
 duity. And it is pleasant to learn that his love of natural history shared 
 equally with his love of art. Many delightful reminiscences of the young 
 painter-naturalist (who was now about twenty-three years old), are re- 
 called by those who knew him at this time, all indicating the manner of 
 life which he afterwards followed. Mr. Oates thus writes of him in a 
 memorial sent to Professor Riley : 
 
 He would sit before bis easel witb a favorite lizard nestled in his breast, bis coat 
 pockets tenanted by snakes, and a blackbird perched upon bis shoulder, whilst hang- 
 ing on the walls of his apartment might be seen some tiny gauze cages, daintily con- 
 structed for the reception of tame spiders, which were periodically supplied with flies. 
 There were also in the room a variety of other birds and such quadrupeds as mice, 
 rats, and guineapigs, all pets in a greater or less degree. Glover’s early school friend, 
 previously referred to, still living at Whitby in Yorkshire, particularly recollects vis- 
 iting him in this apartment on one occasion when he was painting a bunch of grapes, 
 his blackbird as usual upon his shoulder. Glover had just completed the painting of 
 the grapes, when the fancy seized him to add a fly, as though it had alighted on the 
 fruit. This he did, and had scarcely withdrawn his hand from the work, when the 
 blackbird darted from its master’s shoulder and pecked lustily at the phantom fly. 
 About this time Glover had begun to give some attention to copper-plate engraving, 
 and also carved in wood. Ho sustained a great sorrow in the death of a little girl, the 
 child of a first cousin, who was devotedly attached to him and for whose amusement he 
 
11 
 
 never wearied of exerting himself, for his affections once roused were acutely sensi- 
 tive and tender. Glover was possessed of great physical activity, and though not 
 skilled in horsemanship was fond of riding. On one occasion, it is stated, that whilst 
 ridiug on a friend’s horse, which proved restive, he was thrown violently to the pave- 
 ment, and his head striking the curbstone, he sustained a fracture of the skull. For 
 some time his life remained in jeopardy, and though to all appearance he ultimately 
 recovered from the effects of the accident, it has been suggested that the injury then 
 received told on him in later years and led to the somewhat premature failure of his 
 powers. 
 
 Professor Glover bas more than once stated to the writer that the 
 scar upon the side of his head was made by the bursting of a gun bar- 
 rel and Mrs. Glover verifies the statement. It occurred, too, before he 
 went to Munich, for there is a reference to his fractured skull in his 
 journal. However the injury was inflicted, I can not think the sug- 
 gestion made above has any weight, as Mr. Glover’s peculiar and ir- 
 regular mode of life in after afters, without recreation, and his pro- 
 longe d ill-health for several years in a trying southern climate, were 
 sufficient causes for his breaking down before reaching three score and 
 ten. 
 
 Whether or no Mr. Glover returned to Munich again can not be stated 
 from any written records. During a few weeks of his first summer in 
 Germany (1834), he made an extended pedestrian tour through the 
 Tyrol with his German teacher by way of vacation and to learn the 
 language. Some of his pencil sketches made in Tyrol are dated 1836, 
 but as he sailed for America June 24 of that year, he could only 
 have made a flying visit to Germany, if at all. He decided to visit 
 the United States through the representations of some relatives, young 
 men who settled in America about this time, though he did not at 
 first entertain the idea of making it a permanent abiding place. His 
 roving disposition prompting a period of adventure and sight-seeing 
 before settling anywhere, he at first spent his time in travel. 
 
 This was a turning point in his life. The fine, open scenery, the lakes 
 and vast rivers of the United States appeared to exercise a powerful 
 influence on his impressionable nature and led to his making it his home. 
 For several years after coming to the New World he roamed at leisure 
 through different parts of the country, and particularly in the South, 
 making New Eochelle his headquarters, for there are records of his 
 having remained in New Eochelle, near New York, at various times 
 during the years 1836 to 1839. He was in New Eochelle August, 1836, 
 and in that month started on a journey through New York State, thence 
 West and South, the close of the year finding him in Louisiana and 
 Texas. In 1837 he was again traveling about through the picturesque 
 portions of New York State, and early in 1838 was once more South, 
 visiting the Carolinas, Georgia, and adjacent States. 
 
 Mis. Glover tells me that he finally settled in New Eochelle in the 
 spring of 1838, and here his dog and gun, or rod and boat, were almost 
 constant companions ; his boat, which he built and was very much 
 
12 
 
 attached to, demanding the greater part of his time. When it was 
 launched there were some lines written commencing: 
 
 To Townend we drink, that lad of much fun, 
 
 So deeply iu love with kis dog and his gun. 
 
 A volume might be filled with the stories Mr. Glover has told me of 
 his life at this period. He was “ hail fellow, well met,” everywhere, 
 having all the friends he desired (sometimes too many, doubtless), and 
 devoting himself to pleasure. 
 
 It was during a brief visit to Fishkill that Mr. Glover first met Miss 
 Sarah T. Byrnes, an estimable young lady, and the daughter of Joseph 
 T. Byrnes, a gentleman of prominence, who owned a large estate lying 
 upon the banks of the Hudson. An attachment having sprung up be- 
 tween them, they were married in September, 1840, in New Rochelle, 
 and iu the following spring went to live in Fishkill-on-tlie-Hudson (then 
 known as Fishkill Landing), Mrs. Glover’s native place. 
 
 During the five years which followed Mr. Glover chiefly interested 
 himself in floriculture, in natural history studies, and taxidermy, a large 
 case of the native birds of Dutchess County, N. Y., shot and prepared 
 by him, still remaining in excellent condition, evidence of his taste and 
 skill in this direction. He also employed a part of his time in art, as 
 Mrs. Glover particularly remembers two large oil paintings, one of fruit, 
 the other of flowers, which were produced at this time, and subse- 
 quently presented to relatives in England. 
 
 In the spring of 1846, iu company with his wife, Mr. Glover visited 
 his relations in England, remaining until fall. Upon his return he went 
 to live upon his own place, which he had purchased from the Byrnes 
 estate, and a more romantic and beautiful spot he could hardly have 
 chosen. Lying upon the crest of a gentle slope, in sight of Storm King, 
 the surrounding country broken into majestic hills and deep vales, at 
 a point where the noble river makes a bend to the left and is joined by 
 the creek which swept at the foot of his garden, the view wiis one of 
 surpassing loveliness. 1 first saw it through the yellow haze of a bright 
 October day and while viewing scenes which had been so familiar to him — 
 the orchard that he had planted, the garden plot where he spent so 
 much of his time, and the rocky creek, upon the banks of which he had 
 had so many piscatorial triumphs, for he was an expert disciple of Wal- 
 ton — the wonder came how he could have left it all, and become satisfied 
 with the hum-drum life into which he drifted in later years. In this 
 beautiful place, on his return from England, he began in earnest the 
 life of a country gentleman, busying himself with the planting and care 
 of fruit and ornamental trees, and with his garden, which was noted for 
 its flue flowers and vegetables. He also paid considerable attention to 
 the cultivation of small fruits, all the leading varieties of which were 
 tested by him. 
 
 Mr. Glover visited England again in the fall of 1849, and at this time 
 spent some days at Walton Hail, in Wakefield. Mr. Oates states that 
 while staying on one occasion with a cousin at Scarborough, with whom 
 
13 
 
 he was on intimate terms, he chanced to meet Charles Waterton, who 
 was stopping at the same place, and the two cousins subsequently be- 
 came for a short time the guests of the veteran naturalist at Walton Hall. 
 Upon his visit in 1849, Waterton presented Glover with several of his 
 works, the il Wanderings,” now in the possession of Mr. William H. Ed- 
 wards, containing the naturalist’s autograph. 
 
 During this period of Mr. Glover’s life, that is, the latter part of the 
 forties, he made the acquaintance of Mr. A. J. Downing, and through 
 the intimacy which followed he became deeply interested in pomology, 
 his enthusiasm prompting him to devote himself to it for a time. Then 
 came the desire to do something of practical and lasting value that might 
 be appreciated beyond the narrow limits of the little world in which he 
 moved. The scheme of illustrating American pomology by a series of 
 perfect fac-similes, with special regard to the changes produced by differ- 
 ences of soils and climates, was planned and entered upon. At first he 
 experimented to find the best composition of which to make his models, 
 and practiced with the laying on of color to get the most natural effects. 
 His first efforts are said to have been very crude, but he worked persist- 
 ently until success was attained, and then he began the collection. Two 
 rooms were set apart for a workshop, materials purchased in quantity, 
 and the work was pushed as rapidly as possible during the fruit season, 
 and continued for several years. 
 
 The formation of this collection, without doubt, had more to do with 
 altering the course of his after life than has been supposed, for through 
 it the ten years of rural quiet at Fishkill were followed by a period of 
 roaming again. At various times between 1849 and 1852 his collection 
 of fruits were exhibited at State fairs and elsewhere, a number of cups 
 and medals having been given him as prizes. They were once or twice 
 exhibited in Albany, once in 1851 at the exhibition of the New York 
 State Agricultural Society, and subsequently at a meeting or exhibition 
 of the American Institute in New York, the collection at this time be- 
 ing quite large. Correspondence in my possession shows that in 1852 
 he arranged for an exhibition in Horticultural Hall, Boston, though I 
 do not know that the fruits were ever exhibited there, though they were 
 exhibited in several other places. 
 
 Mr. Glover had now made considerable reputation as a pomologist. 
 He was invited to act as a judge at the New York State and other fairs, 
 and wrote for the American Agriculturist on pomological subjects. A 
 letter from the late Marshall P. Wilder, bearing date November 7, 1851, 
 makes mention of a ‘‘beautiful and correct cast of a Louise Bonne de 
 Jersey pear,” recently brought to his notice, the letter closing with an 
 offer to send him some specimens of new fruits. 
 
 The attention that these models had attracted and the commenda- 
 tions Mr. Glover had received for his collection led him, in the winter 
 of 1853-54, to take them to Washington for exhibition and possible 
 sale. This was about the time that the new Bureau of Agriculture was 
 established in the United States Patent Office, and Mr. Glover very 
 
14 
 
 soon became connected with it. His commission bears date June 14, 
 1854, and his appointment was made “ for collecting statistics and other 
 information on seeds, fruits, and insects in the United States.” A small 
 cabinet was at once begun in the single room then devoted to the Bureau 
 of Agriculture, the fruit models forming no small part of the exhibit. 
 
 The collection of fruit models now comprised some 2,000 specimens? 
 the matrices being also preserved and numbered, that duplicates might 
 be made if desired. “It has taken $3,000 in cash and six years of un- 
 remitting toil” to produce them, is Mr. Glover’s written testimony about 
 this time concerning the collection. 
 
 Mr. Glover’s name is not mentioned in any of the official reports of 
 the Commissioner of Patents. By inference, however, we know that he 
 held the dual position of entomologist and special agent, his duties 
 necessitating travel upon various missions bearing upon the agricult- 
 ural interests of the country, through tbe Southern States mainly, and 
 at one time into South America. Charles Mason was Commissioner of 
 Patents at this time, the chief clerk in charge of the Bureau being D. 
 J. Browne, of New Hampshire. 
 
 In 1854 Mr. Glover studied in the held the insects affecting various 
 crops, the summer months being spent in South Carolina investigating 
 the grape insects and the insects injurious to cotton. In 1855 he was 
 ordered to Florida, where he occupied himself during the entire season 
 of five or six months in studying the habits of various insects and in 
 investigations upon the insect enemies of cotton. In a private letter he 
 alludes to this summer having been spent most pleasantly “ with alli- 
 gators, mosquitoes, and red bugs.” It may be worthy of note that 
 nearly all the drawings which subsequently appeared in his twenty-two 
 plates of the cotton insects were made at this time in and about Tal- 
 lahassee, though his field of observation extended from Columbia, S. C., 
 southward. It was in this year, too, that he first met the one congenial 
 friend and companion of his Florida experiences, a worthy gentleman, 
 Mr. Henry Wells, the friendship lasting through life. Mr. Wells was 
 always dignified with the pseudonym “ Alligator ” to the last of their 
 acquaintance, Mr. Glover’s correspondent appellation being “Old June 
 Bug.” 
 
 The experiences of this season also inspired the Florida litany, which 
 Mr. Glover was want to repeat upon occasions with great satisfaction. 
 He was frequently asked for copies of the lines, and he always returned 
 an emphatic “ no,” for he never would allow original verse of this de- 
 scription to get out of his possession, at least when he could help it. 
 Here is the litany as jotted down by me during a chance recital not 
 long after a refusal to make a copy of the lines : 
 
 From red-bugs and bed-bugs, from sand-flies and land-flies, 
 
 Mosquitoes, galliuippers, and fleas, 
 
 From hog-ticks and dog-ticks, from hen-lice and men-lice, 
 
 We pray thee, good Lord, give us ease : 
 
 And all the congregation shall scratch and say Amen. 
 
15 
 
 In the winter of 1856-57 he was ordered to British Guiana and Yen 
 ezuela to take charge of an expedition having for its object the restock- 
 ing of the Louisiana sugar plantations, the native cane having deterio- 
 rated to a degree affecting the sugar interest. An appropriation of 
 $10,000 having been granted for the purpose, the bark Release , with 
 a competent crew, was placed at 
 the disposal of the Patent Office, 
 and Mr. Glover, as the Government 
 agent, placed in charge of the ex- 
 pedition. He was in every way 
 
 Fig. 1. 
 
 successful, bringing a large cargo of cane to New Orleans, though he 
 was attacked with fever very soon after, the result of his exposure in a 
 malarious country, and for a time was very ill. A couple of caricatures 
 of himself made at the time are interesting. (See Figs. 1 and 2.) 
 
16 
 
 About the middle of August, 1857, he was ordered to Mississippi, 
 where the remaiuder of the seasou was spent in visiting cotton planta- 
 tions in different portions of the State. It was a hard season for him, as 
 he was sick during the greater portion of the time, often being con- 
 fined to his bed. An entry in his journal October 6 is characteris- 
 tic. “ Quarrel betweeu doctors, so I have to dismiss one, and the other 
 says it is no use to attend. Saved my life by it.’* 
 
 It is worthy of mention that at this time his observations were not 
 confined to entomology alone, but to all branches of natural history. 
 Indeed, he let nothing new escape him in any field of experience, his 
 “ mems.” indicating observations upon insects other tnan affecting cot- 
 ton, cotton diseases, soils and earths, vegetation, birds, animals, reptiles, 
 Indian mounds, and even human nature. 
 
 The year 1858 marks the period of his investigations upon orange 
 insects, he having been ordered to Florida in the latter part of April, 
 where he remained throughout the season. It was an eventful year ? 
 inasmuch as it was marked by events which later on led to his severing 
 his connection with the Patent Office, and beginning his work on ento- 
 mology. 
 
 He now had made the acquaintance of Baron Osten Sacken, Dr. 
 Morris, Mr. Uhler, and other of the earlier American entomological 
 authorities, and had become a member of the Washington Naturalists’ 
 Club. In the records of his life at this period are frequent occurrences 
 of the names of Professors Henry, Baird, Girard, Drs Hayden, Kenm- 
 cott, Clemens, Forman, Meek, Messrs. Ulke, Cooper, and others, with 
 allusions to prominent Senators and Congressmen of the day. It was 
 almost at the beginning of this year, too, that the first evidences of 
 Iriction between himself and his immediate superior officer became 
 apparent. He was working at this time upon the plates of his Cotton 
 Insects and Diseases, besides engraving special plates for publication 
 in the annual volume, under the direction of his superior, D. J. Browne. 
 
 In January we find such brief entries as the following: “Blow up 
 with B. about article on plows.” — “At work etching tea-plant.” — 
 “Writing reply to weevil article.” — “Row about sorghum.” 
 
 In February : “ Heard at Browne’s about Kennicott wanting Fitch 
 here.” — “ Bothering about bees for Browne. Made sketch ; not right.” — 
 “ Etching and fussing about the bee plate for B., as he don’t know what 
 he wants.” — “ Evening at B.’s; he will write all my reports himself, and 
 makes an ass of himself and a tool of me. Don’t and won’t acknowl- 
 edge it, as I have never written a word of what he says, and he has not 
 looked at my report yet.” 
 
 In March: “Evening at Girard’s, who advises me to stay, although 
 D. J. B. will make a false report of me.” — “Another row with D. J. B. 
 He must be crazy.” 
 
 In April : “ Browne at my room, evening, grumbling about Dr. Hig- 
 gins trying to supersede him ; he has got an idea (Heaven knows why) 
 
17 
 
 that I am as great a naturalist as Audubon ! That Audubon had Bach- 
 man to write his articles, and I have (Lord save the mark !)” Browne! — 
 “Still waiting orders. Smithsonian — no cans, no bottles, no tius, no 
 nothin’”. — “Spoke to Shugart, who will see Commissioner about my 
 report.” — “ Off to Florida,” etc. 
 
 Through May and June he was hard at work in the field observing, 
 sketching, and experimenting with solutions for the destruction of the 
 orange insects. An extract from an official letter to him, signed by his 
 superior officer and bearing date June 23, is interesting at this point. 
 After referring to what has been done and the difficulties in the way it 
 says : “ But a more effectual remedy would seem to consist in covering 
 the entire tree with some glutinous fluid, which would close up the aper- 
 tures of the shells and prevent escape of the perfect insects. Blood has 
 been suggested as being both feasible and economical, preserved by salt- 
 ing, and made sufficiently dilute with water to be readily applied with a 
 syringe. Near the regions where the orange tree flourishes in Florida 
 the alligator is found in great numbers. It is well known that this rep- 
 tile abounds in blood, which could readily be taken in the winter, when 
 it is in an inactive state. This blood could be preserved in casks, etc. 
 
 July 3, this entry: “Killed alligator. After stabbing him in the 
 neck and dividing vertebrae he still lived several hours. Not one pint 
 of blood in its whole carcass, and nearly 5 feet long — one quart to 10 
 feet ; 100 alligators to 25 gallons. Absurd ! ” As no after mention is 
 made of this proposed remedy, and there is no reference to it in Mr. 
 Glover’s published report, it doubtless did not amount to anything. 
 
 A year after, however, when Mr. Glover had left the office, a series 
 of articles against D. J. B. appeared in a Washington paper, signed 
 with a nom de plume, and among other things this matter was touched 
 upon. While Mr. Glover would never admit that he had written the 
 articles, he never denied their authorship. They bear his unmistakable 
 ear-marks, however, and were preserved by him with other personal 
 writings. As an example*of rich satire this one extract on the alligator 
 question is presented : 
 
 I have been credibly informed by a gentleman who has had some practical experi- 
 ence in combatting his (the alligator’s) obstinate disposition to shuffle off this mortal 
 coil, that, being an animal of warm and generous blood aud of a highly excitable 
 temperament, he will yield the almost fabulous amouut of one pint of the much-desired 
 crimson fluid. One of 10 feet then will give 2 piuts, and 100 of that length somewhero 
 in the neighborhood of 20 gallons. Two hundred negroes might possibly capture 100 
 alligators in a day, one being necessary to hold the head and another the tail, whilst 
 the surgical operator undertakes the pleasing task of relieving him of his claret. 
 Supposing, then, each negro to measure only 5 feet in height, the account would stand 
 as follows: 1,000 feet of negroes to capture and demolish 1,000 feet of alligators, the 
 produce of which would be20 gallons of the coccus exterminating blood. Estimating, 
 then, the hire of each darkey at $1 a day, making $200 for 20 gallons of sanguinary 
 fluid, which might effectually syringe twenty orange trees in a grove, and, without 
 mentioning the fees of the saurian phlebotomist, you have one of the most astounding 
 
 14102— Bull 18 2 
 
18 
 
 examples of economy in labor that has ever yet soothed and flattered the otium cum 
 dignitate of a labor-shirking and a labor-saving world. Wonderful D. J. B. ! Confid- 
 ing ex-Commissioner! Happy and grateful Floridians !” 
 
 xjf ' 1 i Vfl®: 
 
 A. caricature on this theme, drawn by Mr. Glover in 1859, with him- 
 
 self portrayed as the “ saurian plile- 
 
 botoinist,” is presented herewith 
 (Fig. 3). 
 
 During the remainder of the year 
 1858, while in Florida, he was in- 
 dustriously employed with field 
 observations, visiting plantations 
 and groves in different parts of the 
 State, syringing whole groves of 
 orange trees, engraving his plates 
 and writing his notes, besides other 
 work for the Department, such as 
 collecting live oak acorns, etc. He 
 was sick much of the time, and com- 
 plains sorely of mosquitoes and simi- 
 lar insect pests. A characteristic 
 entry in his journal is as follows : 
 u Etching, itching, and scratching as usual from 8 to 4; scratching with 
 pen from 8 till 12, and with finger nails continually.” 
 
 He severed his connection with the office very early in 1859. His 
 final report is published in the volume for 1858, and in the Commission- 
 er’s report in the same volume the statement is made that u the Ento- 
 mologist has brought his labors to a close.” The principal reason for 
 his leaving the service was his inability to get along with the chief 
 clerk, whom he always considered of small ability, and a man who shone 
 only by borrowed light. 
 
 The appreciation of his efforts by others always gave Mr. Glover great 
 satisfaction. A little glimpse of this side of his nature, in statements 
 made confidentially to his cousin (Mr. Clapham), I trust will not be con- 
 sidered out of place here : 
 
 V Oi -dcM tUc. 
 
 bihqdZoT-j 'sctlfriXi Pax Uu %to t y ^ Oramae^ 
 tree. $ ’w-CtfcL-tPiL CuocL^tAen'etf * te 
 
 ******** Scu & ‘rrCU*-S coJTvuvC 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 I am disgusted with United States service, as I have been situated, subject to the 
 whims and orders of a maceuvering and ignorant charlatan ; no doubt I could re-en- 
 ter in winter if I wished, as all the members and Senators are friendly to my views, 
 but I will not unless I have more scope and privileges, and can do my work in my own 
 way. As soon as the former Commissioner, the Hon. J udge Mason, heard of my being 
 out of the service he at once told me if I would accept a situation next fall in Iowa, 
 he would have me appointed to make an (agricultural) entomological survey of the 
 State ; and my friend, Doctor Rock, writes to me that he is now endeavoring to have a 
 bill passed for that purpose. This was a great compliment, as Judge Mason is uni- 
 versally admitted to be one of the ablest and most intelligent officers who has ever 
 been in Government service and, as my chief; always treated me as well as possible. 
 At the same time he told me that u he always considered me as one of the chief stays 
 of the Agricultural Bureau, if not the chief stay itself,” and paid me the compliment 
 that the service had lost one of its best men when I left. Such things written to you 
 
19 
 
 may, and no doubt will, sound egotistical, but to me they are very gratifying, as 
 showing the feelings of my late chief. 
 
 It was at this time that he wrote : 
 
 Heaven only knows where my fate may lead me, for at present I am like a feather 
 wafted by the wind. If a good offer were made me, would start to-morrow for 
 either Van Dieman’s land or Kamschatka. 
 
 But his fate led him to remain in Washington City for a time, where 
 he occupied himself in making new acquaintances and gathering mate- 
 rials for the commencement of his work on American Entomology — 
 meanwhile using his influence toward the removal of the chief clerk, 
 D. J. Browne. 
 
 It has been said of Mr. Glover : 
 
 In his dealings with men he was just even to a degree that was generous ; but his 
 prejudices were strong and almost unyielding. He never forgot a kindness, nor was 
 he in tae least delinquent in his recognition of a favor. 
 
 It may be added that he never forgot an injury and rarely forgave it ; 
 and concerning his old chief, he always spoke in terms of most sub- 
 lime contempt. He attacked his plagiaristic failings by means of the 
 ‘‘deadly parallel” column, in the public press of thq day, and wrote 
 pages besides. His life of D. J. B. (not published), in the form of a 
 dozen pen and ink caricatures, is as taking as a Thackeray sketch, the 
 drawing being superlatively grotesque, while the explanations abound 
 in telling hits. This set of drawings would bear reproduction were 
 they not so personal. (The alligator’s blood caricature is from this 
 series.) 
 
 \ad d /(jkrta.'rri urhick mws odL a ' ((JdyrarC) 
 
 Fig. 4. An early caricature. 
 
20 
 
 While upon this theme it may be mentioned that several of Mr. 
 Glover’s caricatures, made at an earlier period, were reproduced in 
 copper by himself for the amusement of his friends. Many others, not 
 so reproduced, and done in ink or pencil, show him to have been a 
 caricaturist of no mean pretensions. The drawing is frequently gro- 
 tesque and the action superb, while the satire is most pointed. The 
 caricature habit followed him through life, many examples having been 
 made while he was entomologist of the Department of Agriculture. 
 These were more hastily drawn, however, and were destroyed as soon 
 as shown to a select circle of friends. But he was even more severe in 
 shafts of doggerel verse, which were often written upon the spur of the 
 moment, wholly impromptu, and by means of which he was able to hold 
 up to ridicule those (sometimes in high official position) who had of- 
 fended him. But he never allowed a duplicate copy to be made, and it 
 is doubtful if there is one in existence. 
 
 For several months Mr. Glover continued to reside in Washington, 
 and in the fall of the same year (1859) he entered the Maryland Agri- 
 cultural College as professor of natural sciences, though at a merely 
 nominal salary. Here he spent all of his time, when not engaged in field 
 work or in teaching and lecturing, in prosecuting the work on his re- 
 cently begun Illustrations of American Entomology, and in making a 
 collection of birds and insects. His life at the college was uneventful, 
 save that it gave him time to accomplish a vast amount of labor in two 
 important directions, and in April, 1863, about nine years after his first 
 connection with the Agricultural Bureau of the Patent Office, he was 
 appointed United States Entomologist, under Hon. Isaac Newton, the 
 new Department of Agriculture having been established in 1862, and 
 he entered upon the duties of the office at one. 
 
 His first reports, issued in 1863 and 1864, being for the most part 
 popular papers upon the more common insects injurious to vegetation 
 in the several orders, together with brief remedies for their destruction, 
 tell us little of his employment at this period. But we know that he 
 made a second beginning of his museum in August, 1864, the reports 
 of the time giving intimations of the new interest which was now ab- 
 sorbing his thoughts. Though the report for 1865 closes with another 
 popular paper (relating to the uses of insects from an economic stand- 
 point), the consideration of seeds, grains, fibers, silkworms, birds, poul- 
 try, and domestic animals, including Angora goats, explains the manner 
 in which a large share of his time was now occupied. He received con- 
 siderable assistance at this time from his confidential clerk, Mrs. L. 
 B. Adams, a lady of fine intellectual attainments, who had had some 
 experience in literary and editorial work, and who took a great inter- 
 est in the new museum. The first part of this report for 1865 gives evi- 
 dence of her assistance ; in fact the preparation of these documents was 
 the most difficult and irksome of Mr. Glover’s duties as entomologist* 
 He always shirked the responsibility as long as possible, and when it 
 
21 
 
 conlcl be put off no longer the work was begun and put through with 
 dispatch to the exclusion of everything else. He was not a ready 
 writer, and in much of his correspondence even, he first made a rough 
 draught of what he wished to say, from which the clean mailing copy was 
 afterwards prepared. Copies of official letters only were preserved, the 
 rule of the office requiring it, as during the entire period of Mr. Glover’s 
 term as entomologist the Commissioner of Agriculture signed all pub- 
 lic communications. 
 
 As to the manner of preparing his reports, they were usually written 
 in pencil, with scarcely any attempt at punctuation, little attention be- 
 ing paid to paragraphs or even to periods and capitals; the work of 
 putting into shape for publication, the most disagreeable of all employ- 
 ments for Mr. Glover, was then given to others — his earlier reports to 
 his confidential clerk and the later ones to the writer. He always 
 knew what he wanted to say, however, as far as subject-matter was 
 concerned, leaving expression to take care of itself. He wrote in con- 
 densed style, at times rushing over the paper rapidly, rarely referring to 
 authorities save where he wished to quote literally, with credit, pro- 
 ducing his manuscript “out of his head” mainly, from a rough outline 
 previously prepared, giving the subjects to be treated. The drawings 
 for illustration were prepared in two ways, either drawn carefully from 
 the insect and finished in ink, or they were cut from proofs of his cop- 
 per plates, and touched up or not as might be required, before sending 
 to the wood engraver or lithographer. The illustrations for his last re- 
 port on the Hymenoptera were all reproduced from figures cut from his 
 plates in this manner and arranged under his direction by others. 
 
 The months of August and September, 1865, were spent in Paris in 
 attendance upon the entomological convention held that year, and at 
 which he received the grand gold medal of the Emperor. This was given, 
 for his work on entomology, which was adjudged by the jury “ to be orig- 
 inal in its style and character and deserving to be copied by the ento- 
 mologists of France as a desideratum in the application of the science to 
 agriculture.” The notes concerning the entomological exhibition as 
 well as those relating to the industrial or economic museums visited by 
 him during his stay abroad, appear in the volume for 1865 as a second 
 report. Unquestionably this visit to Europe gave a great impetus to 
 his museum work, and by familiarizing himself with the systems in 
 vogue in other museums of a similar character, he was enabled to pro- 
 duce a better scheme for his own. 
 
 The year 1867 was marked by the sale of his collection of fruit models 
 to the Government, which, with the collection of birds, included in the 
 sale, and the mass of material gotten together during the two years 
 that had passed since the museum was established, made quite an in- 
 teresting exhibit. The scheme was now fairly realized, and, with the 
 increased correspondence which it imposed upon the division, and the 
 preparation of additions to its collections— now quite numerous — the 
 entomologist’s time was occupied by divided interests. The year 1867 
 
was a busy oue. The work of the division had increased so rapidly 
 that more help was necessary, and an assistant was assigned to him. 
 At this time Mr. Glover was very busy with the preparation of his 
 books of manuscript notes, particularly in Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, 
 adding to the mass of material which had accumulated for so many 
 years compilations from other authorities, to the end of “ completing 
 to date” the histories of the insects he had figured. He was in frequent 
 correspondence at this time with Dr. Walsh, Messrs. Uhler, Riley, San- 
 born, Grote, and Robinson, and other leading entomologists, receiving 
 from them new material for the Department collection, or to be figured 
 in his work, sending them in return new species for description from 
 the material which was beginning to be received from collectors in the 
 South and West. 
 
 The museum was now attracting considerable attention, and the num- 
 ber of visitors was steadily increasing. To a man of Mr. Glover’s 
 enthusiastic temperament, so ready a means of imparting information 
 and proving to the world the value of his ideas as now presented it- 
 self, was not to be lost. So it came about that by no means the least 
 interesting of the objects there to be seen by visitors was the ento- 
 mologist himself. Notwithstanding that Mr. Glover’s life for many 
 years had been that of a recluse— for in his devotion to his entomolog- 
 ical work it amounted to the same thing — he was a social being, and 
 thoroughly enjoyed meeting and talking with people of intelligence and 
 appreciation, whether strangers or not. It was a portion of the duties 
 of his assistants, at this time, to interest the museum visitors as far as 
 possible, and to explain to them its objects and uses. Professor Glover 
 kindly took upon himself a just proportion of this rather tedious occu- 
 pation — members of Congress, Senators, and other high officials, includ- 
 ing strangers who were in any way prominent, being his especial prey. 
 The professor always maintained that duty alone called him from his 
 desk upon fhese occasions ; but sometimes there were ladies in the par- 
 ties, and the frequent peals of laughter from a merry group convinced 
 us, in our quiet corners, that the entomologist might have made himself 
 a very agreeable society man had he chosen to divorce himself from work 
 long enough to indulge in such frivolous existence. None could blame 
 him if indeed this devotion to duty at such times was mere pretense, 
 for it was almost his only contact with the world, and “ all work and 
 no play” does not conduce to the proverbial “Jack’s” intellectual de- 
 velopment. 
 
 In these years he was residing at the corner of Seventh and H streets, 
 occupying a single room which he was pleased to call his “den,” and 
 in which, from choice, he ate, slept, wrote, sketched, engraved, and saw 
 his few intimate friends. What with his engraving and writing tables, 
 his book cases (constructed from boxes), trunks, tool-chest, and insect 
 cases, in addition to the stove and regular bedroom furniture, there was 
 little space to spare. But it was all he desired at the time, though a 
 very great change came over him in his manner of living a few years 
 
23 
 
 later, after having taken up bis abode on Twelfth street, near F street. 
 Though a single room was sufficient at first, the need of a parlor ere 
 long began to be appreciated ; and he subsequently added to his suite 
 a bedroom for the use of his chance visitors. The larger part of his 
 library was brought to these apartments, bric-a-brac and souvenirs of 
 travel were displayed, his pictures hung; and as he never did anything 
 by halves, these accumulated so rapidly by purchase that the vacant 
 wall space of the three rooms was in time literally covered. A descrip- 
 tion of these apartments will not be out of place. 
 
 The carpeted floors were covered with skins of animals, some of them 
 quite valuable, and not altogether devoid of beauty. In two of the 
 windows were plants, and a mass of vines clambered to the ceiling. 
 Kear a side window was an aquarium filled with fish, turtles, and 
 aquatic plants, an ingenious fountain, of his own make, playing upon 
 some rock-work in the center, while English ivy was trained upon a wire 
 trellis around the window. The books were disposed in narrow, high 
 cases (boxes set one upon another, with glass-door fronts), and upon 
 the dressing-case between the front windows rested a heavy silver tank- 
 ard, a family heirloom. The center table was covered with valuable 
 books, ceramics, and bric-a brae, the mantel opposite supporting a bronze 
 clock, with carvings and quaint metal work disposed about the shelf. 
 Against the paneling of the black mantel were hung a collection of 
 pipes gathered in his travels, some of them made by Indians. Around 
 the room upon light circular stauds were displayed several glass cases 
 of richly plumaged humming birds and gaudy exotic butterflies and 
 beetles ; and over a central book-case was perched a solemn white owl 
 in spectacles, reading its own history from a work on ornithology. 
 This was his parlor. In the room adjoining (his bedroom) the wall upon 
 one entire side was covered with fire-arms, bows and arrows, toma- 
 hawks, and other warlike objects, a human scalp of long black hair 
 forming the rosette to one of his fantastic trophies. Another part of 
 the wall was devoted to rods, nets, and implements of piscatorial sport. 
 At one window stood his large writing table, and at the other a similar 
 table covered with his engraving tools, etching materials, bottles, boxes, 
 etc. Around the wood- work of the mantel-piece in this room were 
 hung cooking apparatus, certainly showing hard usage, and at the third 
 window, looking to the south, there were several cages of singing birds. 
 Some easy chairs, the bed, a stove, and a small refrigerator completed 
 the furnishing of the second room, while the third of the suite was 
 simply a bedroom, tastefully furnished and adorned. It was a veritable 
 curiosity shop where a very pleasant evening could be spent. I must 
 not forget the decanter of sherry, the French kisses and confections or 
 fruit, served upon pink shell plates, which always formed a part of his 
 welcome to his visitors. When there were no visitors, however, the 
 rooms were dark, save as lighted by a student lamp with a heavy green 
 shade which always stood upon his writing table in the corner of the 
 bedroom, for he was never idle when alone. 
 
24 
 
 In 1868 the Department removed to its new building, and the ento- 
 mologist was assigned to better quarters. The three or four years 
 which followed were marked by no striking events, though Mr. Glover 
 labored on in his chosen work more indefatigably than ever, extending 
 his name and fame through the growth of his museum and through his 
 writings and large correspondence, as well as by the knowledge of his 
 progress in his work on entomology. It was during this time that a 
 large adjoining room to his own was granted him for the use of his 
 division, and for the establishment of an entomological cabinet. This 
 was fitted up with low show-cases similar to those in the museum, one 
 or two of which were supplied with drawers for the insect collections. 
 Mr. Glover took very little interest in the entomological cabinet, how- 
 ever, either in the preparation of the specimens and their classification 
 and arrangement or as a matter of reference afterward. But he always 
 went carefully through all new collections as soon as received, in search 
 of fresh material for his w r ork, laying aside such as interested him, after 
 which the remainder of the collection had no further attraction for him. 
 He was interested in having a collection, though he often declared that 
 a series of well-drawn colored figures were quite as useful. 
 
 Now comes the publishing period of his life, if it may be so termed, 
 the years from 1872 to 1878, during which time he issued four volumes 
 and distributed twelve sets of his entire work, all except the Lepidop- 
 tera being supplied with the names. In 1871 he took up the Orfchoptera, 
 which had been neglected by him for many years, and added half a 
 dozen or more plates, the labors of Mr. Cyrus Thomas upon new west- 
 ern material (from the surveys and elsewhere) proving the incentive. His 
 Orthoptera was published in 1872, and was followed at intervals of two 
 years or less by the other works. This matter is fully discussed, how- 
 ever, in another chapter. 
 
 The incessant labor of this period, with little exercise and no recrea- 
 tion — not even the Sabbath rest — told heavily upon Mr. Glover. He 
 took no leaves of absence, though repeatedly urged to do so, although 
 occasional visits to the country or to Baltimore, upon Sundays in sum- 
 mer, gave him a little change from the monotony of his every-day ex- 
 istence. At one time he had a strong desire to visit Florida again, and 
 later, after partially recovering from his first serious illness, he was 
 strongly advised to go, his old friend, Mr. Wells (“Alligator”) being 
 suggested as a companion on the trip. He continued at his work, how- 
 ever, though in the last year or two of his official life he was more care- 
 ful of his health, eating more rationally and regularly, and partaking 
 less of cold or such ready-cooked food as could be eaten at any time. 
 He now devoted the Sunday afternoons, when pleasant, to walking, in 
 company with the gentlemau with whom he resided, and seemed less 
 averse to having his evenings broken in upon by visitors. He even 
 went out now and then evenings, when he could have the company of 
 a frieud to aud from his lodgings, as it was difficult for him to get about 
 easily after dark, and he disliked to be in the streets alone on account 
 
25 
 
 of bis defective vision. For this reason, during tbe last ten years of 
 his life be attended no meetings of scientific or other societies, not even 
 tbe meetings of tbe Masonic lodge of which be bad been a member. 
 
 Bat tbe long years of constant application, together with possible im- 
 prudences in bis manner of living and exposure to malarial climates at 
 earlier periods, broke him down at last. We missed him from bis ac- 
 customed place one morning, and when an hour had passed and be did 
 not appear tbe circumstance was so unusual that a messenger was 
 dispatched to bis rooms to learn the cause of bis detention. Tbe an- 
 swer was returned that Mr. Glover was very ill. How ill was not ap- 
 preciated by tbe writer until, standing by bis bedside and listening to 
 his incoherent utterances, tbe unwelcome thought was forced upon the 
 mind that bis labors were nearly finished. And so it proved, for al- 
 though be recovered in a measure from this sudden prostration and 
 lived for several years, be was never able to resume bis work, save as 
 be interested himself in some such slight occupation, for sake of reliev- 
 ing ennui, as copying lists of names to accompany bis plates. Though 
 bis successor, Charles V. Kiley, was soon appointed, he was still con- 
 tinued on the rolls of tbe Department at a less salary, coming to tbe 
 office as he was able, although in reality he rendered no service. But 
 in time his health further failed him. His disease had made such in- 
 roads upon his once iron constitution that it was unsafe for him to re- 
 side in Washington away from his friends, and then he unwillingly 
 left Washington to take up his residence in Baltimore with his adopted 
 daughter, Mrs. D. C. Hopper. 
 
 Of the remaining years of his life there is little that can be written. 
 Feeling that his active labors were over, he disposed of his entomologi- 
 cal library, presented his birds, exotic insects, and other natural his- 
 tory specimens to the Druid Park Museum, and, as he had already 
 memorialized Congress for the sale of his plates, his MSS. having been 
 deposited with Professor Baird at the Smithsonion Institution, there 
 was little to occupy his thoughts but his own sufferings and the trifling 
 things of every day existence. Thus, almost blind and too feeble to go 
 far from home alone, he virtually retired from the world. 
 
 After so many years of busy life in the nation’s capital, the reaction 
 produced by the life of positive repose, both mental and physical, which 
 followed his coming to Baltimore must have been terrible. The full 
 force of the suggestion never came to me until the occasion of my first 
 visit to him amid his new surroundings. He evinced a boyish pleas- 
 ure at seeing me, and his eye brightened as kind messages were given 
 him from friends and associates in Washington, or when the old life 
 was touched upon 5 but withal an air of sadness made itself apparent 
 which told me that he was not altogether happy. Passing over other 
 visits I come to the last one, some months before he died, the recollec- 
 tion of which is as vivid as though it were but yesterday. For a time 
 he seemed like his old self, save that suffering and disease had laid a 
 heavy hand upon him; but after a while he began to talk of himself, 
 
26 
 
 and witli a voice husky with emotion, and with eyes suffused with tears, 
 he told me how unhappy he was and how he longed for the end to come. 
 Amoug other things he felt keenly the neglect of his old friends, some 
 of whom were residing then in Baltimore, and whom, he said, had never 
 called upon him or helped to relieve in any way the monotony of his 
 existence. My leave-taking from him on this occasion was most pain- 
 ful. I remained with him as long as I could do so, but when time 
 came to depart he clung to my hand like a child, walking with me out 
 upon the door step, and stood looking after me as I walked away. I 
 never saw him again. His death came peaceful^ on the 7th of Sep- 
 tember, 1883, surrounded by his immediate family, his wife, and adopted 
 daughter, and he was laid at rest in the Loudon Park Cemetery, near 
 Baltimore. 
 
 One who knew Mr. Glover intimately for twenty or more years of his 
 life has said of him, “In his personal habits and intercourse he was 
 peculiar.” He was peculiar even to the verge of eccentricity, yet in 
 summing up the many traits of his character, to his very peculiarities 
 is due mainly the measure of success in life to which he attained. He 
 was a man of few friends. In his youth the friendship of one or two 
 enthusiastic boy lovers of nature, like himself, who could enter into his 
 pursuits and thiuk as he thought, satisfied him. In middle life, after a 
 residence of five years in Washington, he says of himself, in touching 
 upon this theme, “Acquaintances I have made many, but friends none.” 
 That he made few friends I think was due to several causes — a slight 
 distrust of mankind in the first place, coupled with a feeling that too 
 close intimacy would bring a greater or less degree of annoyance. Then 
 he was a man so thoroughly interested and absorbed in his own pursuits 
 that few who came in contact with him, particularly in later life, found 
 in him that responsiveness or congeniality that one expects to call out 
 in a thorough man of the world. But it may be said of him, once a 
 friend always a friend. 
 
 Hot averse to society, he enjoyed himself in it, yet in general terms 
 he regarded time spent in complying with its demands as so many hours 
 wasted. I scarcely ever knew a man whose character was made up of 
 such opposing traits. He was most generous in many things which, in 
 the estimation of the world, go to make up generosity, yet in the matter 
 of personal concerns, as far as the world went, his self-interest was so 
 absorbing that it left no heed for the interests of others. “Never trouble 
 Mr. Glover with your own affairs” was a gentle hint conveyed to me as 
 a piece of advice a few months after I became his assistant. Heeding 
 it, I won, in time, his friendship, and then another side of his nature 
 was revealed to me. An exacting task-master with himself at all times, 
 he demanded full and unhesitating compliance with his wishes, when 
 once made known, from those over whom he exercised authority ; and 
 yet where the disposition was shown to be diligent and faithful or ioyal 
 
27 
 
 he allowed the largest liberty. Strong in his opinions, preferring that 
 his own suggestions should take precedence of the suggestions of oth- 
 ers whom he thought less thoroughly informed upon a given subject, he 
 was never unreasonable save when the views of others ran counter to 
 his prejudices, and then he was as inflexible as iron. A little child could 
 lead him, but a regiment of soldiers could not drive him. 
 
 In disposition he was serious but rarely melancholy or cynical. On 
 the contrary, he had a rare fund of humor and a keen sense of the ridicu- 
 lous, appreciating a joke whether at his own expense or the expense 
 of a Mend, and never losing an opportunity for its enjoyment. His sa- 
 tire was pointed, his sarcasm cutting, the most common modes of ex- 
 pression being caricature and verse, in either of which he was very 
 ready. But he could also write very pleasant verse in a humorous vein 
 when wrought up to his subject, two examples of which, in my posses- 
 sion, “The Velocipede” and “A Valentine” (and very personal to the 
 writer) are highly-prized mementoes. “He never forgot a kindness,” 
 and it was not easy for him to forgive an injury, nor did he ever regain 
 confidence in those who deceived him or endeavored to use him. Of a 
 jealous nature, he was sometimes suspicious, and like many others with 
 this disposition, he was quick-tempered, and his anger, when aroused, 
 for the time being was almost uncontrollable. 
 
 Susceptible to the world’s praise, he shrank from its censure, which 
 may be given as one reason for his never having described an insect. 
 Mr. Glover could never have been a specialist. While recognizing the 
 importance of, and necessity for, technical work to the end of settling 
 the vexed questions of classification and synonomy, he had no patience 
 with those whom he designated as “ species grinders,” and in his private 
 discourse was often quite denunciatory in his criticisms of their work. 
 He often made the boast that he had never named an insect, and as often 
 declared it to be his opinion that many of the existing species in our 
 lists were but varieties. In his entomological work generally he was 
 exceedingly cautious in making statements and averse to “rushing 
 into print;” he often underrated his own judgment in an endeavor to 
 be on the side of fact, and he was always just in giving credit to others. 
 
 In his habits of living he chose to be untrammelled by the conven- 
 tionalities of custom, attending to necessities of existence in a way that 
 offered the least personal inconvenience to himself. So the man who 
 from having moved in the cultivated society of his home on the Hud- 
 son, had in the performance of duty come to “ herd with negroes and 
 Indians in Demerara, where a white man is as good as a darkey,” or 
 summered in the Florida swamps “ with pet alligators and rattlesnakes,” 
 found it no hardship to prepare a simple breakfast while the wax was 
 hardening upon his copper plate, or to eat it, while perchance the acid 
 was eating into the shining metal. His walk at sundown and his restau- 
 rant dinner later, his chief mental and physical recreation, gave him 
 zest for his evening’s work. 
 
28 
 
 He was methodical without being systematic. His very life iu later 
 years was a life of routine only broken here and there by Sabbath 
 visits to “ Woodside,” the childhood home of his adopted daughter. Nor 
 was he idle during these visits, for upon his return Monday morning he 
 always brought back a considerable amount of fresh entomological ma- 
 terial, the result of his field rambles and excursions, frequently an- 
 nouncing a new fact or discovery, or displaying some unknown larvae 
 to rear, and always exhibiting something interesting. 
 
 His enthusiasm was the mainspring of his endeavor, his untiring in- 
 dustry, coupled with method, the means of accomplishing the under- 
 takings which it prompted. He cared little for the good opinion of the 
 world as far as relating to himself personally, but he not only found 
 pleasure in, but invited appreciation of, his utilitarian schemes. It was 
 a great satisfaction to him to feel that he possessed Hie friendship and 
 esteem of the leading scientific men of his age, but he never courted 
 their favor, and his modesty led him to shrink from posing as a con- 
 spicuous figure among them. 
 
 Had he lived to complete his work in his own way and found means 
 to publish it in its entirety the world would have had a better appre- 
 ciation of the immensity and scope of the undertaking than any sim- 
 ple statements of friend or biographer will ever convey. 
 
 I will close this brief sketch with a tribute to Mr. Glover from the 
 pen of an intimate friend, written in 1874, which appeared in Field and 
 Forest four years after. The last two stanzas proved prophetic. 
 
 THE PROFESSOR. 
 
 [Inscribed to Professor G .] 
 
 Little cares he for the world, but sits 
 Till evening, from earliest dawn, 
 
 And figures and etches and writes, 
 
 And the work goes bravely on. 
 
 And a monument grows, day by day, 
 
 That shall tell to the world his fame 
 
 When marble has crumbled away — 
 
 And he silentiy carves his name. 
 
 Carves it in Nature’s soft lines, 
 
 With a graver skilled and true ; 
 
 And the acid eats till the eye defines 
 The outline of promise in view. 
 
 And the days and years go fleeting by, 
 
 Tasks are finished and new ones set ; 
 
 Still the end is not, nor draweth nigh — 
 
 There are pages unwritten yet. 
 
 Pages unwritten that ever will be, 
 
 For the longest life is a span — 
 
 That his dream may approach reality, 
 
 He is working while he can. 
 
HISTORY OF HIS WORK ON ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Mr. Glover commenced his immense work on insects, known as “Illus- 
 trations of North American Entomology,” in 1859. Portions of the 
 work, that is, special plates of the orange and cotton insects, were en- 
 graved a year or two prior to that date ; in fact, it may be said that he 
 made two or three beginnings prior to the commencement of his ulti- 
 mate scheme. A very early idea was a set of pocket plates represent- 
 ing the common injurious species. Quite a number of these were en- 
 graved by him, the plates, or a part of them at least, having been de- 
 posited in the National Museum with those of his later work. These 
 little plates measure about 2£ iuches by 4, the figures chiefly relating 
 to the commonest forms of beetles and the smaller moths, with a few of 
 their larvae, and a few insects in other orders. The plant affected 
 usually appears in the center of the plate, greatly reduced of course, 
 the insects in some cases being placed upon it. The work is well done, 
 some of the figures being very soft. From a study of his early plates I 
 place them among the first that he did after coming to Washington and 
 while in the employ of the Patent Office, probably 1855. It is interest- 
 ing to note that on all of Mr. Glover’s early plates, made in any consecu- 
 tive number, whether upon stone or copper, the idea of showing plant and 
 insects together appears, and the same idea was carried into the first 
 plates of his final work, though soon abandoned.* 
 
 His second beginning was the outgrowth of the scheme for a grand 
 work upon economic entomology on octavo plates which should com- 
 prise the principal plants of American agriculture, with the insects 
 figured upon them. A motive for such work appears in the set of ex- 
 quisite water-color drawings of flowers and insects, painted by Mr. Glover 
 when a young man, and to which allusion has previously been made. 
 Here are shown the plant, flower, and leaf, and the various stages of 
 some species of the insect known to feed upon it. In a letter written 
 to Mr. Clapham in 1856, where he alludes to a scheme for an agricul- 
 tural museum, he says : 
 
 Another idea is to go on with my work on insects — to have large engravings of our 
 staple agricultural productions, such as cotton, corn, wheat, potatoes, and so forth. 
 On the wheat root place the cut-worm, chrysalis, and moth ; on the ear place the 
 wheat midge, etc., in short, to place every insect that destroys wheat upon the part 
 injured, natural size and magnified, the plates to be issued by the Government, and 
 distributed to every leading society, to be placed in their agricultural rooms. By 
 
 * I have nearly the full series of his early plates, given me by their author from 
 time to time, the collection forming an interesting study. 
 
 29 
 
30 
 
 looking at the place affected the farmer can see the insect in all its stages, and, at 
 the same time, by referring to the Patent Office Agricultural Reports, can find out 
 the remedies in general use. 
 
 That Mr. Glover contemplated such a work before he came to Wash- 
 ington is evident from a number of plates on stone still in existence, 
 made early in the decade from 1850 to 1860. He has more than once 
 alluded to it in conversations with me, and but for the counter interest 
 in pomology, and in the preparation of his models of fruit, he would 
 have attempted it at that time. I take pleasure in reproducing here a 
 plate made by him in February, 1852, which contains some ten species 
 of insects, all of which are tolerably well drawn. (Fig. 5.) His work at 
 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 that period had attracted the attention of Dr. Harris, and some ten 
 months after this plate was made he was in receipt of a letter from the 
 doctor acknowledging his superior skill in the delineation of insect 
 forms, aud asking his co-operation in the preparation of a new work on 
 entomology. I give herewith the main portion of Dr. Harris’s letter, 
 only omitting a page or more of explanation of figures in the plates 
 Mr. Glover had sent him. It is as follows : 
 
 Cambridge, Mass., December 15, 1852. 
 
 Dear Sir: Your letter of the 7th instant with the specimens of your engraving aud 
 the drawing of the pear-tree insects, reached me this day, aud I am very much grati- 
 fied by these tokens of your remembrance. 
 
Some time last summer auotlier specimen ofyour skill was sent to me from tlie hor- 
 ticultural hall, in Boston, hut at that time I was very much engaged in preparing 
 copy for the printer, and carrying through the press a new edition of my “Treatise 
 on Insects Injurious to Vegetation.” My tables were covered with manuscript proof- 
 sheets, specimens, and various miscellaneous matters, among which your engrav- 
 ing was lain, and it has disappeared in one of the clearings up of my clutter. It 
 is not lost, only mislaid, and will come to light again without doubt when I can 
 muster resolution and find time to overhaul my papers. I name these facts to ac- 
 count for my apparent neglect to acknowledge your favor. My book at last is fin- 
 ished and bound ; and now, if you will tell me how I can send a copy to you, it 
 will give me much pleasure to forward it to your address. My scientific friends tell 
 me that all the book wants is a set of figures to illustrate the descriptions. I am 
 fully sensible that its value would be much increased by such illustration, and that 
 it would then supply fully a want that has long been felt for a work combining sci- 
 entific descriptions of our most common destructive insects with good colored figures 
 of the same. 
 
 I am very much pleased with your success in engraving on stone. With practice 
 you will doubtless acquire the skill to represent insects in the very best style of this 
 kind of engraving. This kind of work is much to be preferred to engraving on cop- 
 per, because of its general cheapness ; the stone admitting of being ground down and 
 used again ; and a delicate and skillful engraver can represent insects about as well 
 on stone as on copper. I think you will find it quite as easy to execute engravings 
 on stone as on copper, and I hope you may be induced to perfect yourself in this art. 
 Your specimens certainly do you great credit, and I am very glad that you have so 
 promptly and successfully acted upon my suggestion. * * * 
 
 When you write me to inform me how to send you my book please to let me know 
 what you consider would be a fair price for the engraving of a plate with insects on 
 it of the size of your specimen plates. The cost of striking off, which must be done 
 by the press, would be another matter, and may be' known by iuquiry. It would de- 
 pend in some measure, also, on the number of impressions wanted. I very much wish 
 some arrangement could be made with you for preparing a ser ; es of plates to illustrate 
 my book. To do this, however, it would be necessary for you to take up your residence 
 here. The plates might be issued in numbers, accompanied by brief descriptions 
 referring to pages of the treatise. I have also another plan in view, which has 
 long been a favorite one with me, namely : To prepare a series of small popular vol- 
 umes on our insects, with plates, somewhat like Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, to be 
 entitled Insect Biography. The first volume to contain a brief, general iutroduction 
 somewhat like the introductory chapter of my treatise, with figures illustrating the 
 orders of insects. The second to treat of principal families, illustrating them with 
 the biography of one or two' common insects of each family. The third to take up 
 some large group and describe and figure the most prominent species in it, and so on 
 with the other volumes as the public taste and demand for the work might guide or 
 encourage it. A. work of this kind would do more to promote a general taste for en- 
 tomology than anything else, and I think it would meet with very good encourage- 
 ment. Hitherto I have been deterred from undertaking it for the want of co-opera- 
 tion of a competent artist to execute the plates; our engravers having no skill in 
 such matters and no taste to make themselves acquainted with the details of insect 
 structure, and, moreover, being extravagantly high in their charges. Sourel, a Swiss 
 engraver, is the only person who can do such work at all well, and he being a for- 
 eigner and not speaking English well, it will be difficult to get along with him. 
 Please let me know your thoughts on these plans of mine. 
 
 Truly yours, 
 
 Mr. T. Glover. 
 
 Tkaddeus William Harris. 
 
32 
 
 Mr. Glover did not take up with this offer, as he doubtless had other 
 plans in view for himself; but the letter is interesting, as furnishing 
 evidence that Mr. Glover not only worked upon copper at that early 
 date, but also upon stone. I have in my possession proofs of a number 
 of these plates engraved upon stone, the execution of which is far bet- 
 ter than the work on his copper plates of the same period. Of one of 
 these, illustrating parsnip insects, Dr. Harris says : 
 
 No. 1 is apparently one of the Ortalidse ; its larva unknown to me before No. 2, I 
 have often seen the larva of this moth, hut never succeeded in obtaining the perfect 
 moth. 
 
 So Mr. Glover was a good observer, as well as a tolerably skillful 
 engraver at this time. 
 
 Mr. Glover’s reply to Dr. Harris’s letter would be interesting could 
 it be produced. I have searched for it among the Harris correspond- 
 ence at the Natural History Society rooms in Boston, but without avail. 
 The letter was very flattering to Glover, as he has himself told me; but 
 he was not then ready to enter into such an arrangement. What other 
 correspondence may have passed between them at that time can not be 
 stated, but a little over two years after Mr. Harris wrote another letter, 
 which not only gives some interesting facts in Harris’s life hitherto un- 
 published, but is certainly most complimentary to Glover. This is the 
 letter : 
 
 Cambridge, Mass., February 13, 1855. 
 
 Dear Sir : On the 4th of September I received a letter from D. J. Browne, esq., 
 then at New York, and on the point of sailing for Europe, informing me that you had 
 been engaged in making drawings of insects to illustrate the next agricultural re- 
 port of the Commissioner of Patents, and wished to pre-engage my co-operation with 
 you. He farther informed me that you were then absent from Washington, some- 
 where in Georgia or South Carolina, and that on your return in November you would 
 visit me in Cambridge. He also stated that he would communicate with me again 
 on the subject on his return from Europe. Under these circumstances there seemed 
 nothing for me to do but to wait till I saw you or till I heard from him. Moreover, 
 my oldest son was dangerously sick and remained so till his decease on the 19th of 
 October, and in our Double Mr. Browne’s communication was entirely forgotten till 
 it was brought to my mind by a letter received from Hon. C. Mason on the 29th of 
 November. To this letter I replied on the 8th of December, since which time nothing 
 has been heard of the subject therein proposed. I hope that you have seen my answer 
 to Mr. Mason ; if you have not, let me beg you to request him to show it to you. I 
 shall be happy to render you any service that is in my power consistent with my 
 other duties and engagements. These will fully occupy me from the 1st of March 
 till the middle of July ; so that you must not count on me for any assistance from me 
 during that time. At this present time, having a vacation in college, I am more at 
 leisure than usual. I regret not to have received the expected visit before the open- 
 ing of the college session. 
 
 Indeed, I have been long expecting a visit from you as promised, some two years 
 ago, in which I hoped to have made some arrangements with you for illustrating my 
 work on insects. The time is ;ome in which 1 have an expectation of being able to 
 defray the expense of illustrations to the work, and in which it will become neces- 
 sary for me to take some decided measure for having them done, if they are to be 
 done at all. The committee on agriculture of the legislature of Massachusetts are 
 now considering the expediency of printing another (the third) edition of my work* 
 
33 
 
 with illustrations. Moreover, overtures have been lately made to me by a publishing 
 firm in New York to get out a duodecimo edition of the book, in which it would be 
 easy to introduce wood-cuts, if a competent artist to make the drawings could be ob- 
 tained. My first proposal having been made to you to furnish illustrations, and hav- 
 ing ever kept this in mind, I now return to the subject to inquire whether your en- 
 gagements will allow you to undertake the same, and on what terms, and what time 
 you will be ready to begin. It would best promote the object were you situated in 
 the immediate vicinity, for I should need to communicate almost daily with you 
 while engaged on the work. 
 
 You may remember my having stated my wishes regarding another work, or rather 
 a series of works, of a popular character, on our insects, in which I hope to have your 
 co-operation. The plan has long been matured ; the execution with the means now 
 on hand would not be difficult, and the success seems to me to be almost certain. 
 With the pictures the books can hardly fail finding a good market. Without boast- 
 ing, I may be permitted to say that we could do in this department, together, what 
 no other persons in the United States can accomplish. 
 
 Have you seen Dr. Emmons’s big book on the Insects of New York, or Professor 
 Jaeger’s smaller one on the Life of North American Insects ? These will be a warn- 
 ing against any one’s undertaking to deal with subjects with which they are not 
 familiar. Criticism will be thrown away upon them, and I forbear making further 
 remarks upon these remarkable productions. 
 
 Do me the favor to write to me at your earliest convenience and let me know what 
 is the extent of your previous engagements and what your plans are for the future. 
 
 Yours, truly, 
 
 Thaddeus William Harris. 
 
 Townend Glover, Esq. 
 
 I may mention here that, as far back as 1847, Mr. Glover spent some 
 time in Albany with Gavitt perfecting himself in work upon copper, 
 particularly in the handling of the roulette, by means of which the 
 dark effects in illustration are produced, as shading of wings, bodies, etc. 
 Among his early copper- plates is the one executed in February, 1852, 
 reproduced above (Fig. 4). Some of the figures on this plate show 
 clearly the methods used with stone engraving, namely, stipple shading, 
 as seen in figures 3, 4, and 10, especially. In 1 and 9, on the contrary, 
 the same effect is arrived at by means of lines, though apparently by a 
 hand not thoroughly skilled. 
 
 To return to Mr. Glover’s plan of a work on insects, as outlined on a 
 previous page, it is impossible to say how far he progressed with his 
 scheme before finding it impracticable. The plates of the orange in- 
 sects finished in accordance with it (though only approximately) are to 
 be found, pretty nearly as originally engraved, in the Homoptera of the 
 final work by which he is now known. The 22 plates of Insects and 
 Diseases of the Cotton Plant are included in the 273 plates sold to the 
 Government, but were finished, or very nearly so, while he was yet in 
 the service of the Patent Office. Some extracts from his journal in 
 1858, when in Florida, throw very interesting light upon this point : 
 
 June 28 : Began plate on Coccus. July 6 : Began Plate 2, lemon (coccus). July 9 : 
 Commenced plate of Papilio thoas, on orange. July 21 : Began coccus, Plate 4 ; 
 orange; etching all day. July 24: Finished Plate 4 ; afternoon to Redwater Branch, 
 and brought home cargo of red-bugs. July 30 : Finished Plate 5. (The next day he 
 
 14162— Bull 18 3 
 
34 
 
 commenced Plate 6, cotton terminal shoots.) August 6 : Commenced Plate 7, young 
 boll. August 9: Commenced Plate 8, Orange Aphis, grasshopper, etc. (insects of 
 different orders on the same plate). August 16: Commenced Plate 9, orange-scale 
 parasites. August 20: Commenced Plate 10, Saturnia Io. August26: Began Plate 11, 
 Trichius delta, and cotton flower. (The la3t mention of his plates is in the entry for 
 September 25.) Finished Plate 16, corn worm, and have no more plates to do. Have 
 written to Washington for them, but, like all I write for, nothing comes. 
 
 After that his only work on plates was retouching and burnishing. 
 That these plaies were not nil that he made for the cotton and orange 
 series is evident from various allusions to “etching” in the journal 
 for the year 1857, while in Mississippi, one entry being “ etching cotton 
 blight.” 
 
 The above extracts show the design originally of a work on cotton 
 and orange insects, in which the insects of different orders, on the same 
 plate, were grouped together indiscriminately. Other plates were pre- 
 pared in accordance with this purely economic scheme of arrangement, 
 and some of these, on which some one order of insects predominated, 
 were afterwards incorporated in the final work, the inappropriate figures 
 being burnished out and other insects substituted. Some of these plates 
 may be known in the “illustrations” by having a flower or part of a 
 plant in the center, around which the figures are arranged. Other 
 plates, made in accordance with the purely economic scheme, were sup- 
 pressed altogether. * 
 
 I notice in the private journal for 1855, at which time Mr. Glover was 
 in Florida and the Oarolinas, under date of June 19, this entry : “ Draw- 
 ing and sketching — improved method of coloring — pressed insects.” A 
 note-book of this year’s work was filled with lepidoptera drawn (?) after 
 this method, the process for which, when Mr. Glover first showed me 
 the series, he described as follows: The wings were carefully detached 
 and laid in proper position, after which very thin paper, coated with 
 some adhesive substance, probably mucilage, was pressed upon them ; 
 after going over every portion carefully, with gentle pressure, to insure 
 complete contact, the wings were removed, the scales only remaining, 
 by which means a very perfect fac simile of the markings was obtained. 
 The fragment of paper was then carefully trimmed to exact form of 
 wing, glued upon the pages of the note book, body, etc., sketched in , and 
 the figure was complete. I think Mr. Glover only employed the process 
 (in part) during one or two seasons, as he explained to me that its chief 
 use was to save time in making drawings, or the annoyance of carrying 
 around a collection of the preserved insects. 
 
 After leaving the Uuited States Patent Office, in the winter or early 
 spring of 1859, Mr. Glover gave himself heart and soul to his final con- 
 ception of an illustrated work on entomology, for he had realized the 
 
 * The writer has a number of proofs of these, as well as impressions of two or three 
 plates as they appeared before alteration and the addition of new figures. (See plate 
 XXVII, Coleop. ; Plates III, IV, and V, Orthop. ; Plate XXIV, Lepidop ; and Plates 
 IV, V, and VI, Horaoptera, as illustrations of adapted Plates. 
 
35 
 
 difficulties in the way of carrying out the former scheme and abandoned 
 it. In July, 1859, he writes to a friend as follows : 
 
 Since I left the office I have had several offers from various States to continue my 
 work; and probably in the autumn I may make some arrangement with them, but 
 at present am collecting material for a large work on entomology, more especially 
 connected with agriculture. I have already in four months etched and nearly finished 
 twelve copper plates, large octavo, comprising nearly 150 of our principal Coleoptera, 
 beginning with the Cicindelidse and Carabidae, as beneficial to the agriculturist, inas- 
 much as both larva and imago destroy other insects injurious to the crops. I intend 
 at the same time, to make my work useful to the entomological student, as I shall 
 figure specimens of all the leading families unconnected with agriculture ; and as 
 there is no such work in America, I am encouraged by the scientific men here. The 
 work will not be finished for at least three years, but by that time I hope to have at 
 least. 1,500 to 1,800 specimens etched and colored.* 
 
 Of the habits of his life at this time, not dissimilar to the habits of 
 his later years, the same letter gives a number of hints. He calls it a 
 hermit’s life: up at 6 or 7, breakast in his “den” (the writer of this can 
 readily picture both “ breakfast” and “den”), after which he smoked 
 “a hookah” (nearly ten years later he gave up smoking altogether) ; 
 the rest of the day, until 5 o’clock, being given up to the arrangement 
 of his specimens and to etching. 
 
 Then he took a restaurant dinner, “ Jewish passover fashion, with 
 cap or hat on,” after which he hunted for specimens, and returned home 
 about 8 o’clock in the evening. From that time until 10 o’clock he made 
 his notes of the day, searched for references, and then to bed. An ex- 
 acting task-master, he applied himself without cessation, inaugurating 
 that severe routine in his labors, with little or no recreation, which 
 marked the last ten years of his life. At this time he wrote: “My 
 maxim now is 4 nulla dies sine lineaf and it is astonishing at the end of 
 three months to see what the motto will accomplish.” But the results 
 are due not to the motto, but to the persistent application, which in Mr. 
 Glover was second nature — more marked in his case than in that of 
 many men who perhaps have produced greater results, for he liter- 
 ally did not allow himself any recreation besides that which was de- 
 manded for the hours of sleeping and refreshment. 
 
 To his cousin, Abram Clapham, of Leeds, England, he writes at this 
 time as follows : 
 
 If you can procure me specimens of your common British insects, without trouble, I 
 would be much obliged, as I want them for comparison, to find corresponding types 
 here, and to see what differences there are between our Agrotidse and the cut- 
 worms of England, as I believe that many will be found to be perfectly identical 
 Several iusects have been imported we all know. Take, for example, the Gale- 
 ruca calmarien8i8, which is even at the present moment destroying all our European 
 
 * His work was commenced about March 1, 1859. From that time to the date of 
 his entering the Department of Agriculture, in 1863, was about four years. He held 
 the position of United .States entomologist just fifteen years to a day, making nine- 
 teen years of labor upon his undertaking up to the time it was so suddenly discon- 
 tinued by the breaking down of his health. How many more years he would have 
 worked upon it, had health been spared, it is difficult to say. 
 
36 
 
 elms in Washington. And please, if yon send any, at the same time send the scien- 
 tific names, as I can then identify them by referring to English works. By the way, 
 what are your best agricultural entomological works, as I shall order them here ? I 
 have Morton’s Encyclopaedia of Agriculture, Westwood, and sundry other English 
 works; have ordered Ratzburg’s Forst Insecten, etc., so that I shall also be able to 
 compare with the German. Dr. Girard, who is at present in Germany, has promised 
 to send me all the German insects he can procure. If you know of any one who has 
 about £5 worth of common ( no rare) insects to sell, please let me know. I want those 
 principally that injure crops, and of all orders. As soon as my plates are finished I 
 shall send you a copy, as likewise of the cotton and orange insects I finished whilst 
 in the service of the Patent Office. 
 
 Mr. Glover was now in his forty-seventh year. Of his work during 
 the last six months of 1859 there is little to record, save that he applied 
 himself most industriously to his undertaking. After becoming con- 
 nected with the Maryland Agricultural College, about I860,* he found 
 himself in better position to push his work. Living in the couutry, there 
 were more opportunities for observation and for the study of the habits 
 of insects. Then he was accompanied in his field rambles by his stu- 
 dents ; and with their aid, and the material contributed from his breed- 
 ing cages, he soon accumulated a fair collection of the principal insect 
 forms of the locality. Always ready with his pencil and colors, he fig- 
 ured everything he saw that was thought to be new, even making draw- 
 ings of caterpillars and chrysalids of species that he was unable to rear 
 to the perfect state, and which in many instances he was not able to 
 identify until years after. Some have never been identified. This par- 
 tially accounts for the incongruous arrangement of the insects on the 
 later plates, as relating to classification, in comparison with the earlier 
 ones, where family grouping of well-known forms is the rule. 
 
 It is to be regretted that Mr. Glover did not regard his insect collec- 
 tion of more value, and had not shown more care in the preparation 
 and after-preservation of the specimens. After figuring an insect the 
 specimen had little further interest for him. Indeed he did not take the 
 trouble to set some of them at all, or only in such manner as would ad- 
 mit of their being correctly drawn. He used for the purpose entomolo- 
 gical pins, the ordinary pins of the dressing-case, or even needles ; the 
 specimens were set at various heights, and were sometimes badly dam- 
 aged in the mounting. Many of the Lepidoptera, as well as other forms 
 with large wings, were most carelessly prepared, these appendages 
 drooping or sticking out in several directions. When I first saw his 
 cases, in 1866, the ravages of mold, verdigris, and anthrenus appeared 
 in almost every box ; single wings, antenna, and legs were often want 
 ing, and now and then a body. Nor could it have been otherwise, for 
 the boxes, made to open like books, were mostly without cork, the tough 
 pine wood at the bottom making it difficult to secure a specimen, the 
 pins being frequently bent or broken at the points and sometimes turned 
 at a right angle. Had his collection been better preserved and his types 
 
 * I can not learn the exact date of Mr. Glover’s connection with the Marylaud 
 Agricultural College. It must have been the latter part of 1859. 
 
37 
 
 for illustration indicated, tlie necessity for subsequent identification of 
 many of his figures from the figures themselves would havebeen'obvia- 
 ted. Some figures, particularly moths, have never been identified and 
 are not named upon the plates. It is, of course, recalled that he figured 
 many loaned specimens, particularly upon his later plates ; these also 
 should have been indicated in every case, although any doubtful iden- 
 tification, as they were received from specialists, is hardly a probability. 
 
 I am at a loss to account for his lack of system and want of care in 
 so important a matter, when he showed such nicety, and such delicacy 
 of manipulation in the preparation of his bird collections, unless it 
 came from his belief, frequently expressed, that figures were as good as 
 originals, and far more easily cared for. 
 
 When it was proposed to establish an insect cabinet in connection 
 with the museum of the Department of Agriculture, examples of the 
 latest and most improved cases in use at Cambridge for this purpose 
 were obtained and brought to Mr. Glover’s notice. It was a peculiarity 
 of his nature that he took slowly to “new-fangled notions;” and partly 
 considering the expense, he decided that shallow pine drawers with 
 loose glass covers were good enough. He was prejudiced against cork 
 bottoms, though the use of cork was strongly urged, and finally com- 
 promised on paper felt. As the sequel proved, the splitting and shrink- 
 ing of the cases and drawers in the dry steam heat of the Department 
 building altered his views materially, but only when it was too late to 
 remedy the matter. 
 
 In the letter previously quoted Mr. Glover states that his work will 
 be finished in three years. The time had expired a year previous to 
 his again entering the service of the Government, but I do not think 
 even at that time that the work was any nearer completion, as regards 
 his own ideas upon the subject than when he bad been working four 
 months. It is evident from the very manner in which he worked that 
 he had placed no definite limit to it. He conceived the scheme, and 
 seemingly without having measured the magnitude of the undertaking, 
 he went industriously to work to- carry it out. As the end proved, 
 “ completion ” in this case meant when there were no more insects to 
 figure, for with no fixed limit it could have been carried on indefinitely. 
 
 Mr. Glover became Entomologist of the Department of Agriculture 
 April 1, 1863. It was then located in the basement of the Patent Office 
 building. In time two rooms were secured for the purpose of a mu- 
 seum, and in the corner of one of these the Entomologist finally estab 
 lished his office. This was in the summer of 1864. A letter to Baron 
 Osten-Sacken, written in October, 1864, in reply to one from this spe- 
 cialist, shows that his work was now temporarily interrupted. He 
 says : 
 
 * * * I have been so much engaged for the last year in the Department of Agri- 
 
 culture, with office work and laying the foundation for an agricultural museum, that 
 
38 
 
 I have not been able to etch at all, so that my work remains at a stand-still at present- 
 In a few weeks, when I am not so fully occupied as I am now, I in tend to recommence 
 etching, when I shall be happy to attempt your plates,* although I am afraid that 
 you overestimate my abilities to do them, etc. 
 
 For the next two or three years his work was still more or less inter- 
 rupted by Department affairs. There was now a divided interest. The 
 new museum had been established, and to a certain extent it absorbed 
 his attention and his thoughts. Then in 1865 he spent several months in 
 Europe, as has been mentioned, the exhibition of insects in Paris call- 
 ing him abroad. I have his Paris note book, filled with pencil outlines 
 of insects, and with written descriptions, which tells how well he spent 
 his time while there. And the fact that the design of his work se- 
 cured to him the grand gold medal of the Emperor above all other 
 competitors was proof that it was practical and valuable even at 
 that time, when it had not reached the half of its present scope or 
 dimensions. 
 
 The writer became Mr. Glover’s assistant in the Department of Ag- 
 riculture in 1867. By this time entomological science in America had 
 made such rapid strides and the study had become so widespread that 
 there were workers and observers in all parts of the country. Through 
 acquaintance and correspondence with many of these and through the 
 regular correspondence of the office he was now able to secure large 
 acquisitions of new material, so that the work, for a time partly neg- 
 lected, was now being pushed forward uninterruptedly, saving the in- 
 terruption of official hours, from 9 a. m. to 3 p. m. As near as I can re- 
 call, on hasty examination of the plates, the Lepidoptera had been com- 
 pleted, at this time, to plate 67 and supplement D, the supplement series 
 having been commenced in order to keep the diurnals and their larvae 
 together upon consecutive plates as the work progressed, the numbered 
 plates being devoted to the moths. The Coleoptera had only reached 
 plate 28 ; the Orthoptera less than half its present number, 18; and the 
 remaining orders even a less number. 
 
 Meanwhile the text to accompany tlie plates was begun on somewhat 
 the same principle as the ready -reference books which Mr. Glover had 
 from time to time prepared for his private use. The earliest of these 
 reference books were compiled or prepared in the years of service in 
 the Patent Office (or perhaps even earlier), and at first, seemed to have 
 been used by him as u vest pocket editions” of notes on the habits of 
 common insects. They were tiny blanks books, measuring 2J by 4 inches 
 (of the size of a small pocket diary, and no thicker), into which had been 
 closely copied, in penmanship as clear as copper-plate and as fine as 
 print (250 to 300 words to the page), the chief facts connected with the 
 natural history of well-known and injurious species, the food plants, 
 habitat and other brief data, the whole conveniently arranged and iu- 
 
 *These were drawings of the wing- veins of some thirty or forty species of Diptera, 
 and which he afterwards prepared. 
 
39 
 
 dexed for use. A photo engraving of one of these pages, exact size, is 
 here reproduced (Fig. fi): 
 
 3/Utc Ilf. tftM&AX) 96 
 
 TyLuiLutU cIlA^lulUUUliAa? fv~oxtU tnXAM.CxCLl& 
 yha&wduAWM of yiaJtyu. Vfrnu j 
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 \ 1 cw 1 v 4 jJj ftUbiai) IfUilfu, 
 
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 hojxJlu SjifiaJb t^Maux.’ (or tm cvkMoe frfa&fb, tyi\QX 
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 PA a ox\&Vi.ciA*iu eJU'-vLO (CtxJj V-cJ-^UM-e^ of 5” or to JoiooXf 
 ui tfuf .<HcOU.PA<Ay wiinXLO Uv-dfu-n gxL at) tifu V 9 JlHv-tD 
 -iluyt'cuh ilqajlSu tumAtoXi ■ ofmAOjA) o-i orAwt»^ 
 
 itUAKtii ‘iMUxaju oftao / i*«av, \uoaw<J 0 ’ two 
 
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 'ka^lllo^lxlcJjl. aJtrZCuL icfuZ* Lx. <5- txfuxJLate > tfn g - 
 
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 Ax I ,, povtru*a-Ma»«^o j£ 
 
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 cf lot fy-ceX on. ■ieu^e/MJ -syuofljyna -bry ulft&w MA-Cf 
 
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 0- fajor tv ouwu\$L UaXl AuialllAj^ Xooftk a, xaoj^Cl. *tv>r-C 
 
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 f? ftrnxAX lol AOlxuy ’fofyXov. g o-ouSj f/Lo^t *** cgv*. 
 
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 */o lit Gccyi fjcjJOD Oxxoo^j lmy& eOi/l ItCLL* lll &uCo-<r>ut ,. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 By the time the numbers of his plates had assumed some importance 
 a set of larger note books had been prepared, into which he recopied 
 the data above mentioned, together with notes of his own observations, 
 besides references to figure and plate of his own work. These were 
 prepared for each of the principal orders ; and for two or thre?, as the 
 Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera, an additional series in which the 
 food plants were alphabetically arrauged, with a list of the species of 
 insects frequenting or destroying them following each plant named. In 
 time, as the number of plates increased, as his observations became 
 more extended, and entomological publications had become more numer- 
 ous ; and as the old books were bursting their covers, a set of letter- 
 size blank books were obtained, aud the entire mass of notes recopied 
 on a far more exhaustive plan, the whole finally constituting the material 
 of the text which would accompany the plates when published. 
 
 This was evolution pure and simple, for I. have always considered 
 that the text of Professor Glover’s work was the direct outgrowth of 
 
40 
 
 these little pocket reference books, a number of which he gave me, and 
 which are valued souvenirs. 
 
 When recently examining the manuscript left by Mr. (Mover, now in 
 the National Museum, I found with his text of the Diptera the preced- 
 ing volume of notes also, from which it had been copied, illustrating 
 perfectly his method, as described above. In this volume, as with 
 others, when the blank pages had been covered, slips of paper of vari- 
 ous shapes and sizes were pasted in ; the accumulation of these slips 
 and the inserted pages making it in time difficult to find any thing 
 readily, and then the new blank book was necessitated. With each re- 
 copying he made changes, revising, adding new facts, and giving fuller 
 accounts of particular insects, so that the new volume of notes in a 
 short time grew to twice the size of the one that preceded it. As an- 
 other example, the manuscript of his “list of animal and vegetable sub- 
 stances injured,” accompanying the Lepidoptera, in all something less 
 than 100 pages, he copied in seventeen days, in the winter of 1870, the 
 dates of commencement and completion being recorded on one of the 
 fly leaves of the volume. 
 
 The fact that the text of his work was brought together in this man- 
 ner will account in a measure for its apparent incongruity in the differ- 
 ent parts, considered in the light of an entomological work, which the 
 plates were supposed to illustrate. In reality the plates were the 
 “ work,” and the text or subject-matter a secondary consideration. 
 That it has been gradually evolved from a very early beginning is 
 shown, too, by its many references to Westwood, to the old German 
 work by Leunis, and other of the earlier authorities whose publications 
 in modern times have been entirely superceded by the manj^ recent 
 works that have kept pace with the progress of entomological science 
 in the United States. As these extracts and references referred chiefly 
 to general habits of groups and families and to classification, the neces- 
 sity for a later revision was not fully appreciated. Mr. Glover always 
 had a very high appreciation of Westwood,* regarding the work some- 
 thing in the light of an entomological bible, and to that extent always 
 a safe rule and guide for the seeker after truth. In minor portions, 
 therefore, his text was not fully adapted to the American student; and 
 his material from Leunis less so. In his treatment of species, however, 
 he aimed to give in very condensed form the known facts , from whatever 
 reliable source they were obtainable. That the work remains in an un- 
 finished condition is due to the sudden failing of his health. 
 
 But the scheme of the work as contemplated by its originator was a 
 grand one. No more complete reference hook of entomology was ever 
 conceived or more practically carried out as far as he had been able to 
 carry out the design. This, in substance, is the scheme of arrangement 
 as far as relating to species. 
 
 ^Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects, 2 vols., 1S39. 
 
41 
 
 Under the name of the insect appeared first the Greek or Latin de- 
 rivation (both genera and species) ; then followed the reference to plates 
 and figures of the work, for sometimes the larvae and imago were figured 
 upon different plates, and even the male and female appeared in differ- 
 ent places 5 then a list of the synonyms, followed by a short and con- 
 cise account of the life history of the species, from egg to imago; then 
 followed habitat , food plants, and, lastly, the best-known remedies, the 
 parasites, and references to other authorities. In another portion of the 
 work was given alphabetical lists of the food plants in the different 
 orders, with the insects figured upon them ; and the whole work was to 
 be so simplified and made so available for consultation by an admirable 
 system of cross-references that the merest tyro could make use of it. 
 When a new fact was discovered it was at once jotted down in the 
 proper book of manuscript notes. When a new number of some ento- 
 mological publication was received it was carefully digested, and the 
 new facts transcribed into the appropriate place, with due credit, so 
 that the work grew by almost daily accretion to its pages, and, as far 
 as the later material is concerned, it was up to date. In these manu- 
 script notes Mr. Glover should have indicated, however, the records of 
 his own personal observations. How much injustice he may have done 
 himself by locking up in an unpublished work the results of these obser- 
 vations for many years will never be known. The folly of prema- 
 turely u rushing into print” is conceded; but it should be known that 
 Mr. Glover made many new and interesting discoveries that were wor- 
 thy to have been placed on record at the time of their discovery that he 
 received no credit for whatever. 
 
 Some of these he was urged in vain to publish by contributions to 
 the scientific periodicals of the day ; but always looking forward to that 
 indefinite point of time when his entire work would be completed (as 
 though it ever could be finished by such a man while there were insects 
 to figure or new facts to record), he declined publishing any portion 
 fugitively, save as it might be appropriately used in his special reports 
 as entomologist of the Department of Agriculture, and even then he 
 used as little as possible. He was extremely cautious in making state- 
 ments, disliked criticism, and oftentimes in giving the life-history of a 
 particular species, stated the facts on the authority of others, with 
 credit, in preference to his own, when both were equally full and au- 
 thentic. 
 
 If he did not give to the world the results of his observations during 
 these years, the entomological world was kept fully posted as to the 
 progress he was making with his plates. Dr. Walsh, Messrs. Grote, 
 Saunders, Strecker, Sanborn, and others loaned him box after box of 
 unfigured species, which, with other material, enabled him to complete 
 almost two plates a month. Copies of these plates were printed as soon 
 as the engraviug was finished and corrected, and after coloring half a 
 dozen or more copies of the plate with his own hand, they were mailed 
 
42 
 
 to leading authorities whom he wished to compliment, or to those who 
 had loaned him insects. The borrowed material was not necessarily 
 retained until the plates had been finished, for his first work on receipt 
 of a species new to him was to make a careful drawing of it in detail, 
 after which it was colored to life ; the name was then written upon the 
 drawing, together with brief notes (sometimes) for his guidance when 
 it came to be engraved. The plates were laid out most carefully and 
 the position of each insect indicated before a line was drawn. The fig- 
 ures were then carefully traced upon gelatine, the lines filled with dry 
 red lead, and the outline transferred to the copper. After this they were 
 etched and fiuished with the graver in the usual manner. 
 
 It has been a matter of surprise to me that Mr. Glover did not more 
 carefully preserve the original drawings from which the figures on his 
 plates were engraved. Many he did preserve, but by far the larger por- 
 tion of the earlier ones are not now in existence, as far as I have been 
 able to learn. Some of the more recent ones are now in the possession of 
 the National Museum, though chiefly relating to two orders.* But he 
 always made a practice of coloring the first copy of a new plate very 
 carefully for his private set of plates, his working set, as he called it,t 
 and subsequent copies were colored from this. 
 
 In 1868, when the Department of Agriculture was removed to its 
 new building, the entomologist was able to have a room to himself, to 
 which he brought a large library, and where he deposited his plates for 
 safe keeping. An amusing peculiarity of the man at this time was 
 shown in the matter of book-shelves, which, for reasons of his own, he 
 fitted up at his own expense, from boxes, though there was no necessity 
 for his doing so. 
 
 He was now allowed a special museum assistant, a taxidermist, and a 
 messenger, in addition to the regular entomological assistant, and the 
 demands of the museum upon his time were thereby lessened. This 
 left the hours of official duty more free for entomological investigation, 
 for the compilation of notes from current literature and from authori- 
 ties which previously had been only partially reviewed j though it 
 should be stated that no inconsiderable portion of the day was devoted 
 to callers, and to those seeking information upon a wide range of sub- 
 jects connected with the museum display or otherwise. To all he showed 
 the utmost courtesy, though the more prominent of his visitors were 
 invariably taken to his private office to see the work on insects. The 
 scheme was there unfolded in detail, and he ever delighted to talk to an 
 intelligent listener. He described the design in full, and at the same 
 time illustrated its utility by referring to some well-known injurious 
 species, invariably closing with the reading of a brief account of its his- 
 tory, with references to remedies and to the figures of the insect in dif- 
 ferent stages upon his plates, and with the stereotyped query: “ How 
 do you like the plan?” 
 
 * Many of the Florida drawings are in the Harvard College library. 
 tThis is nowin the National Museum. 
 
43 
 
 There was a humorous side to this almost daily practice, which is 
 also illustrative of the man. Occasionally it happened that he told 
 the story a second time to the same individual, who was dropped po- 
 litely, hut instanter, when he had learned of his mistake; and an inci- 
 dent like the following was not of infrequent occurrence : 
 
 Enter visitor, who grasps his hand warmly and familiarly, showing 
 the greatest interest in his entomological work, and perhaps introducing 
 a friend who is with him. The professor makes a great show of delight 
 at again meeting him, quietly gets him into the museum, and excusing 
 himself a moment, rushes into the room of his assistant with a half 
 whispered : “ Charlie, who the d — 1 is that?” 
 
 As every man is said to have some particular weakness or idiosyn- 
 crasy, Mr. Glover’s seemed to be an absorbing pride in his work on en- 
 tomology and in his museum, which amounted to almost childish vanity. 
 A man who cared little for compliment in a general sense, his work was 
 his life, and he expected every one with whom he came in contact to 
 appreciate it almost to the point of his own euthusiasin, which was 
 boundless. On the other hand, disparagement hurt him like the barb 
 of an arrow. Sensitive as a woman, he could not bear adverse criticism, 
 published or written. It seemed to him almost a personal thrust, and 
 where one showed the least approach to being hypercritical, it filled 
 him with most unkind feelings toward the author. Nevertheless, friendly 
 criticism given in the shape of kind advice or suggestion, if delicately 
 put, was always thankfully received, and particularly from those whose 
 opinion or judgment he respected. I can not but recall a certain cor- 
 respondence with Dr. Walsh, relating to some accidentally damaged in- 
 sects, which, if produced here, would prove spicy reading. There were 
 others, too, with whom Mr. Glover seemed always at swords-points 
 whenever he came in contact with them, and towards whom he was 
 wont to express himself in the most emphatic language, for he was a 
 royal hater. 
 
 As an illustration of how Mr. Glover’s feelings could be outraged by 
 unjust censure and fault-finding criticism, reference may be made to a 
 little publication issued in 1872, purporting to be a history of the De- 
 partment of Agriculture, from the pen of its chief clerk, which aroused 
 his indignation and stirred him to the very depths. The work of the 
 division was commented upon in an exceedingly unkind way, a garbled 
 quotation from one of the professor’s reports given, making him say in 
 substance that the new facts and the records of observations emanating 
 from the division were quoted “extensively” from the published mate- 
 rial of other entomologists, who were named. The remarks which fol- 
 lowed were tilled with left-handed compliments, written in a satirical 
 vein, and closing with this extract : 
 
 It is not required of the entomologist that he should visit the fields and orchards, and 
 there study the habits of obnoxious insects of which but little is known. A contrary 
 impression has been entertained; but it is proper that the exact truth should be 
 stated. It would seem, however, that the entomologist of the Department should fre- 
 
44 
 
 quently verify, by personal observation in the field and orchard, the correctness of the 
 theories and suggestions of other entomologists, and there aid them in devising rem- 
 edies against ravages of insects. Many State governments have employed entomologists 
 to aid the farmers in their warfare against noxious insects, and in this great work, 
 which requires that the broad country be frequently visited, the entomological division 
 of the Department of Agriculture might sometimes, without presumption, take the 
 lead. 
 
 Mr. Glover defended himself in a little brochure which he called U A 
 Vindication,” which was published shortly after, wherein the extract 
 referred to was given in full, the extent of quotation from other authors 
 stated, and other portions fully replied to. Moreover, the chief clerk 
 was privately held up to ridicule in a clever bit of doggerel verse, 
 which the professor read to all his intimates in the Department, though 
 it was not permitted to get out of his hands. 
 
 Regarding the fact that the Entomological Division was not engaged 
 in field work throughout the country, Mr. Glover considered that his 
 twelve years of previous field work amounted to something, and also 
 maintained that it was sufficiently difficult to obtaiu the necessary funds 
 for the routine work of the division without considering the greater 
 expeuse of field observations and investigations. On this one point I 
 think Mr. Glover was open to criticism, as he never made the effort to 
 secure appropriations for the purposes of field work, but rested on past 
 laurels. His private work may have been partly responsible. 
 
 I thiuk the period from 1869 to 1872 marks the most active years of 
 his entomological work during his connection with the Department of 
 Agriculture. Not only was he more interested in the work of the En- 
 tomological Division, but the preparation of the text of his private work 
 received a greater impetus at this time, while the engraving of his 
 plates was steadily pushed forward. By 1870 over ten years of labor 
 had been spent upon his undertaking, and it had grown to such pro- 
 portions that the framed plates, cut to octavo size and hung upon racks 
 nearly 7 feet high, occupied one entire end of the Museum hall, which 
 was 50 feet wide. His life was now a perpetual round of systematic 
 employment, and he was even more settled in his habits than in 1859, 
 when he detailed to a friend how he spent his time in a letter previ- 
 ously quoted. Frequently up as early as 5 in the morning, he etclied 
 or drew until almost 9, saving a short intermission for breakfast, which 
 for many years he had been in the habit of providing himself; though 
 later, to save additional time, it was prepared for him and sent to his 
 room. The hours from 9 to 3 in the afternoon were spent at the office 
 in an entire change of occupation ; then back to engraving again, which 
 occupied him as long as he could see ; then he took a short walk and 
 obtained his supper. The evenings were always spent in writing; and 
 it was a matter of pride to accomplish each night a certain task whicli 
 he set for himself, and which he would not relinquish until the last line 
 was written. 
 
45 
 
 As Mr. Glover finally sold his plates to the Governmeut (he gave his 
 manuscripts for nothing), the question has more than once been asked 
 of me if he ever employed himself upon them in any way during 
 the hours of official duty. To this question there is but one answer, 
 No ! Mr. Glover himself appreciated the force of the suggestion and 
 tbe possibility of such a charge being made; and, not to be misunder- 
 stood in the matter, he rarely lost an opportunity to explain to visitors, 
 while showing his work, that it had all been done “ outside of office 
 hours, before 9 o’clock and after 3.” Naturally the phrase in time be- 
 came stereotyped. 
 
 The closing of this period marks the opening of his publishing period, 
 as may be termed the years from 1872 to 1878. For many years he had 
 talked of publication, but, as has been shown, it was always a thing of 
 the future. As far back as 1860 the matter of publication had been 
 discussed with his associates, and with the accumulated material of ten 
 years it seemed to his friends that the time had come if ever to bring 
 the work before the world. The late Professor Baird, a firm friend to 
 Mr. Glover during a period of twenty-five years, was very enthusiastic 
 about the matter, and upon several occasions stated his willingness to 
 secure a publisher. But the engraver author was not ready. The work 
 had reached such magnitude that he wished to complete it from his 
 stand-point of completion, and make it an exhaustive illustrated ency- 
 clopaedia of American entomology, that would find a place in every 
 large library in the land. He did not wish to issue the entire work as 
 a private venture with a probable contingency of great persoual pe- 
 cuniary loss, because it was his dream that it should be published by 
 the Government and be widely distributed gratuitously. The idea 
 had been in his mind for years, and he frequently told me, in conversa- 
 tions of a confidential nature, that in the event of his death he should 
 leave the entire work to the United States Government any way ; and 
 at one time he seriously considered the expediency of bequeathing 
 with it a portion of his private fortune to complete it, and to insure its 
 publication in a proper manner after his death. 
 
 The talk concerning publication was not without its influence. The 
 preparation of the plates had been known to the entomological public 
 for so long a time, and there was now so little possibility of publishing 
 the work in its entire tv in the immediate future, its author forsaw the 
 advantage of, if not the necessity for, a present recognition of the im- 
 portance and utility of the undertaking, which could best be secured by 
 preliminary publication of some of the plates themselves. It must be 
 admitted, too, that he was actuated toward publication in this manner 
 by a secondary motive — other than a wish to bring to the scientific 
 world a knowledge of the value and immensity of his undertaking — 
 and, prompted no doubt by his desire for the world’s golden opinion, a 
 wish to know the exact position his work would obtain in entomologi- 
 cal literature. 
 
46 
 
 In 1871 he decided to bring out an author’s edition of the plates of 
 Orthoptera, which had recently been increased to thirteen by the addi- 
 tion of new Western material ; the new species described by Dr. Cyrus 
 Thomas and material furnished by Mr. Scudder and others forming 
 a considerable portion. An edition of 250 copies* large quarto, was de- 
 cided upon, and the letter-press was produced a single page at a time 
 at a small printing office in the rear of a Seventh-street book-store in 
 Washington. The work was very incomplete, and does not in the 
 smallest degree represent or carry out the design followed in the prep- 
 aration of his mass of unpublished “ manuscript notes.” He does not 
 even fulfill the promise of his introduction. 
 
 His table of classification occupies about half a page, and his notes 
 on food and habits of Orthoptera only two pages and a half, the remain- 
 der of the text, some five pages, being devoted to “lists of substances 
 injured,” and lists of genera and species figured, or, in other words, to 
 the index. This is the published work on Orthoptera. In short, as a 
 work, so incomplete and imperfect, and giving so little idea of what had 
 really been done by Mr. Glover in his twelve or more years of almost in- 
 cessant labor, that it is to be regretted that he published it in this 
 shape at all. To that extent it placed the author and his great work in 
 a false light, even though the gratuitous publication of a dozen or more 
 of admirable plates alone, with over two hundred figures of correctly 
 named insects in a some what neglected order, was a valuable contribu- 
 tion to the entomological literature of America and of the times. Not 
 over 50 copies of tbe work were bound (in paper), and these were pre- 
 sented to the prominent entomologists and scientific institutions of the 
 country. The remainder of the edition lay piled in the office in sheets 
 for a long time; but was eventually disposed of for waste paper. 
 
 Mr. Glover received many flattering letters and complimentary no- 
 tices following this initiatory publication, and a year later he took steps 
 to bring out a small edition of the Diptera in somewhat the same man- 
 ner, though rather more full and complete as to the text or letter-press. 
 This, when- published in 1874, was a work of 133 pages, printed from 
 stone, upon plate paper, upon one side of the sheet only, the letter-press 
 being a fac-simile of the author’s wonderfully clear chirography, audit 
 was accompanied by 10 plates and their explanations. The history of 
 this publication is interesting. 
 
 The publication of the Orthoptera had been unsatisfactory even to Mr. 
 Glover, so much so that he contemplated a new edition, and in the 
 Diptera he aimed to produce 1 something more complete and valuable. 
 The preparation of the manuscript was finished in the summer of 1873, 
 and in September it was sent to Dr. Le Baron for his opinion upon its 
 merits, and for revision and correction. 
 
 September 14 the doctor wrote Mr. Glover a short note, acknowledg- 
 ing receipt. He states that he has had a couple of days to look it over, 
 and that he is pleased and surprised at the amount of interesting and 
 
47 
 
 valuable matter which it contains. A postscript is inclosed, extracts 
 from which are here produced : 
 
 P. S. — Since writing the above note, and before mailing it, I have more carefully 
 examined the plates of Diptera, and am satisfied that they are correct; correct also, 
 so far as I have examined, in their minute details. 
 
 As these plates already extend to twelve in number, in addition to the supplement- 
 ary plate A and as all the families, I believe, are more or less fully represented, it 
 appears to me that the benefit accruing to students from their immediate publica- 
 tion more than outweighs any advantage which an additional plate could give, unless 
 such plate could be prepared without delay. 
 
 My idea is this : The plates now finished being so extensive and so near perfect, and 
 their publication having been so long delayed, I should publish them as they are, or 
 with such additions and corrections as you now have at your command, and leave it 
 for a future edition, if such be called for, to make the work still more extensive and 
 valuable. This is the way the thing strikes an outsider ; but perhaps you, who are 
 behind the curtain, can see difficulties which others can not. * * * 
 
 Permit me to refer to one serious inconvenience, not in the execution but in the ar- 
 rangement of your figures. I mean the indiscriminate mixing, on the same plates, of 
 insects of different families, so that the student wishing to identify a species by a ref- 
 erence to the plates would not know to what part of the volume to turn. If he knew 
 the name of the insect he can refer to it by means of the index ; but if he do not know 
 it he will not know in what part of the book to look for it. This will be most incon- 
 venient in the Lepidoptera where the figures are scattered over so many pages. This 
 was done apparently to economize space, and we shall have to submit to the incon- 
 venience for the sake of the many benefits which we shall be able to derive from the 
 work. 
 
 September 25, 1873, Dr. Le Baron writes again as follows : 
 
 I have looked through your valuable compendium of Diptera, and have made such 
 suggestions and alterations as appeared to me desirable, and which I trust will meet 
 with your approbation. As it was impossible to examine the work thoroughly, 
 within the time allowed me, and in the intervals of other duties, I have confined my 
 examination mostly to that important portion of the work which lies between pages 
 92 and 180 of the manuscript. The introductory part, as I understand from the pre- 
 face, was compiled in a great measure from notes furnished by Baron Osten Sacken, 
 and therefore needs no revision. Next follow the plates, which must be regarded as 
 the special feature of the work. The figures are numerous, neat, pretty, and life-like, 
 and I believe, in the main, correct. As many of them are copied from other authors, 
 their accuracy will almost necessarily vary according to that of the respective au- 
 thorities. Many of the figures are taken from Packard’s Guide, and many of those 
 figures were prepared originally for the American Naturalist. I do not know who was 
 the draughtsman, nor how correct they generally are, as I have never examined them 
 in detail. But one of them which I have had occasion to examine recently, namely, 
 that of Hypoderma bovis, on page 404, and which you have copied in Plate VIII, 21, 
 is little other than a caricature, as you will see by comparing it with the original, or 
 with Westwood’s Figure 3, Plate XIX of Walker’s British Diptera, or with your own 
 original figure of the text and variety (VI, 37). * * * 
 
 And again, October 15, 1873 : 
 
 I have referred in several of my letters to the desirability of having a larger num- 
 ber of copies of your work on Diptera struck off than you contemplated. The idea 
 occurs to me that after 50 copies have been printed at yourown expense, an arrange- 
 ment might be made with the Naturalists’ Company to print 1,000 or more additional 
 copies at their expense on shares, they to have a part, perhaps a half, arising from 
 their sale. 
 
48 ' 
 
 I do not know but that it is your intention to have the work stereotyped, so that 
 you can have additional copies struck off hereafter ad libitum. If so, all right. But, 
 as I have before said, I can not bear the idea of having all the preparatory labor ex- 
 pended for so small a number of copies. Your work is of a popular and practical 
 character. It gives in a condensed form the greater part of what is known respecting 
 the Diptera, with the additional advantage of being copiously illustrated by fig- 
 ures. The leading idea and aim of the work is that of popular distribution. The 50 
 copies will of course accomplish nothing of this. 
 
 The manuscript was now sent to the publishers of the American Nat- 
 uralist, in Salem, for an estimate of the cost of printing. In December 
 Mr. Glover learned that Baron Osten Sacken had returned to America, 
 and at once wrote to him as one of his earliest friends in science, and 
 one whose valuable assistance in his dipterological studies he always 
 gratefully acknowledged, asking his advice in the matter. The follow- 
 ing is an extract from his letter : 
 
 I have just finished and sent to the printing establishment of Putnam & Co., to 
 find out what would be the expense of printing, which, if you approve, I shall do at 
 my own expense, and publish only 50 copies for gratuitous distribution to entomo- 
 logical societies, agricultural colleges, etc. Now, mistrusting my own knowledge on 
 the subject, I fear I may have made some errors, which, taken at the present time, 
 before printing is commenced, may readily be corrected, but which if suffered to ap- 
 pear in print would only lead to future mistakes in nomenclature, etc. I would es- 
 teem it a personal favor if you would look the work over and make any corrections 
 you see fit, with your name attached, or without, as you wish. All I want is to get 
 the work out as perfect as I can, and I am willing to bear the whole expense for the 
 sake of diffusing knowledge to those who wish to learn, and have at present no fig- 
 ures to go by. I sent the work to Dr. Le Baron and to Mr. Uhler, who have urged 
 me to have the work published, and, not knowing that you would ever again visit 
 America, I sent the work with all its imperfections on its head to Messrs. Putnam &. 
 Co., to put the work through as quickly as possible, as soon as they receive the man- 
 uscript from you. 
 
 The letter closes with apologies for troubling him, and with the re 
 mark that “the work was commenced entirely at your suggestion .” The 
 italics are Mr. Glover’s. 
 
 In a letter written the first week in January, 1874, he informs Baron 
 Osten-Sacken that he has directed Putnam & Co. to forward the work 
 and says : 
 
 You will find in looking over it (the MS.) that I have enlarged my plan so as to il- 
 lustrate as much of the subject as I could — from foreign specimens when I was unable 
 to procure native. Shall print 250 copies, if you think it worth the trouble ; if not, 
 50 copies are all that I shall distribute. 
 
 Mr. Glover was hardly prepared for the reply to the above which was 
 returned a few weeks later ; and though it was received in the same 
 kindly spirit with which it was written, it hurt him cruelly and very 
 nearly caused him to abandon the idea of publication altogether. Baron 
 Osten-Sacken told him frankly that the work was too unequal and too 
 unfinished ; that entomology in the United States had made great prog- 
 ress in the last twelve years ; that the plan of publication which was 
 suitable in 1862 would appear antiquated in 1874 ; and finally that such 
 a publication would be open to criticism and financially a dead loss. 
 
49 
 
 A few weeks later Osten-Sacken wrote a second letter, which is ap- 
 pended : 
 
 Cambridge, Mass., March 6, 1874. 
 
 My Dear Glover : You probably know that I have bad some correspondence 
 with Mr. Le Baron respecting your intended publication. I was very sorry to hear 
 from him that you took my letters so much to heart and that you felt discouraged in 
 consequence. The result of my correspondence with Mr. Le Baron was that we came 
 to a perfect understanding as to the main points at issue. We both think that the pub- 
 lication of your plates (with the scientific names appended), in the shape of one or 
 two volumes, would be very acceptable to the public at large. The letter-press, if 
 any, should consist, in my opinion, of the general introduction only to the orders and 
 families, with references, at the end of each family, to the figures belonging to it. 
 But if I were you I would publish the plates at once, without waiting for the letter- 
 press, and give the latter at leisure afterwards. In other words, your work should be 
 for the public at large and not for the few and for the learned societies. As such it 
 will fill a want in the American literature. I even confess that on this point I have 
 somewhat modified my opinion since my last letter, and as well named collections 
 are a rarity your book will, to a certain extent, supply their place. But do not issue 
 each order as a separate work, as the people do not know much about the division of 
 orders yet, and as, issued in this form, the work assumes at once a learned appearance 
 which it should not have. The title should bear the word Insects, and not Coleoptera, 
 Orthoptera. etc., which learned terms upon a title page act as a bugbear to the un- 
 scientific. 
 
 Believe me always, very truly, yours, 
 
 R. Osten-Sacken. 
 
 Under date April 10, 1874, Mr. Glover replied as follows : 
 
 Should have acknowledged your letter immediately, but was confined to my bed 
 for some days by an attack of bilious intermittent fever. When I read your first 
 letter I felt so much discouraged that if I had had the manuscript in my possession I 
 should have burned it with pleasure and forsworn entomology forever. Indeed I 
 have scarcely opened the book again since it came back from Putnam’s. I intended 
 then to publish 50 copies for gratuitous distribution among entomologists and my 
 personal friends, and had saved up the money to pay for its publication; but I was 
 so much disgusted with my own work that I invested in another manner, and should 
 I ever publish the plates with merely their names, as you suggest in your second let- 
 ter, I shall have now to wait until I can save up money to do so. At present, how- 
 ever, I intend to follow your advice and publish the plates as soon as I can with no 
 text, excepting the names and a short introduction, but shall have to refer to your 
 catalogue, as there is no other. I am busy revising and correcting name3, notes, and 
 figures of my Orthoptera, aud have etched from additional plates from Thomas’s new 
 species collected by Hayden and Wheeler. As soon as this is done I shall again com- 
 mence with the Diptera and prepare the uames for publication. Mr. Uhler is assist- 
 ing me with the Hemiptera, and I intend to figure all the species I can procure dur- 
 ing the coming summer. 
 
 Remembering the main facts of this circumstance, but not wishing to 
 trust to memory in stating the matter, I have referred to Baron Osten 
 Sacken, who kindly places such portions of the original correspondence 
 before me as are important, together with an explanation, from which 
 the following extracts are taken : 
 
 I made the acquaintance of Mr. Glover while I lived in Washington as secretary of 
 the legation of Russia. It was somewhere betweeu 1856 and I860 [Mr. Glover first 
 met Baron Osten-Sacken in December, 1857. — C. R. D.]. At that time, except Le 
 
 14162 — Bull 18 4 
 
50 
 
 Conte and Asa Fitch, there were hardly any workiug entomologists in the United 
 States ; Harris had died a few years earlier. As early as these times Glover was pre- 
 paring his copper-plates as a record of his collections and observations. 1 hoped he 
 would issue a volume with plates representing the most common insects, which, at 
 that time , would have been very useful in acquainting the public with the principal 
 forms and in starting the subject. But years went by. I left Washington in 1862, 
 and it was only in 1874 that Glover wrote me to ask for my opinion about the publi- 
 cation of his work. * * * However, I had occasion to ascertain afterwards that 
 
 Glover had fully appreciated my frankness and my kind intention. I am glad that 
 you have undertaken to write a memorial of this amiable and worthy man and sincere 
 lover of nature. 
 
 In consequence of the circumstances herein narrated, Mr. Glover 
 modified largely his previous ideas regarding the publication of the 
 Diptera. He decided upon a small edition of 50 copies, and chose for 
 the volume the modest title “ Manuscript Notes from my Journal, or 
 Illustrations of lusects,” and, to carry out the idea more fully, had it 
 printed by lithographic transfer upon stone from his own handwriting. 
 
 Apropos of this lithographic fac-simile printing, a characteristic an- 
 ecdote may be related. As may be inferred his printing bill was consid- 
 erable. The process necessitated making, with his own hand, a careful 
 copy of each page in trausfer ink, and as the steps which followed 
 were purely mechanical he argued that with press and appliances he 
 could easily do the work himself. Making inquiry he learned of a small 
 portable contrivance for the purpose, arranged with a cylindrical stone 
 and which could be obtained at a comparatively low price — less than 
 $100, I think. So the little printing establishment was purchased and 
 set up in his office in the Department. A very nice page of copy was 
 prepared after everything had been arranged to his satisfaction, direc- 
 tions were duly followed as to the transfer process, ink applied plenti- 
 fully, and an impression taken. 
 
 The professor’s face was a study as he took off this first sheet. Not 
 half of the written words appeared on the page, the transferring of the 
 copy not having taken from the stone. Then the printing ink had 
 stuck to the stone in places where the space should have been left 
 white, and altogether it was a very unsatisfactory beginning. Impres- 
 sion after impression was taken with no better success ; and then it was 
 decided that insufficient care had been exercised in making the transfer of 
 the original. The next point was to clean the stone. The directions indi- 
 cated that the cylinder should be placed in a concave appliance, of a 
 material resembling fire-brick, which accompanied the press, and the 
 crank turned until the ink upon its surface had all been removed. Mr. 
 Glover adjusted the stone, grasped the crank, and ground away until 
 patience was very nearly exhausted, when he called in a colored mes- 
 senger to help him finish the work. Other trials followed, duriug which 
 the amateur printer lost all patience, and after keeping the contrivance 
 a week or two he prevailed upon the agent to take it back at a large 
 discount from the original cost and a professional lithographer was 
 agaiu employed to do his printing. 
 
51 
 
 In 1876 he brought out the edition of Heraiptera previously referred 
 to, which was uniform with that of the Diptera, and distributed the 50 
 copies published to very nearly the same persons and institutions to 
 which the former volumes had been sent. The lists of the recipients 
 are preserved with the copies of the two works given to the National 
 Museum. 
 
 In all these years of publication he was adding to his plates, to the 
 text of his Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, and began compilations 
 of similar material from original and outside sources in other orders, 
 including the u Arachnidte, Crustacea and Annilida, Eutozoa, Helmin- 
 tha,” etc. These later volumes, both “ rough notes 7 ’ and “prepared 
 notes, 77 are in the form of scrap-books, made from old public documents, 
 octavo size, and are preserved in the National Museum.* But he gave 
 up further publication, and now devoted a considerable portion of his 
 time to the reproduction, by lithographic fac-simile, of the names to ac- 
 company the entire series of plates. These slips of names were pre- 
 pared and printed for every order excepting the Lepidoptera, includ- 
 ing the work on cotton insects; and had his health remained unim- 
 paired he would have finished the names for the set of Lepidoptera also. 
 
 In 1878 he issued his last publication, if publication it can be called, 
 an edition of 12 copies of his entire set of 273 platesf with a type-printed 
 
 * In addition to his working set of plates, formerly in five quarto volumes, and his 
 published works, complete, the material deposited in the National Museum (before 
 the purchase of his plates was effected) was as follows: 
 
 Manuscript notes upon the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera, with alphabetical 
 list of plants or substances injured or destroyed, completed, and systematically ar- 
 ranged (in quarto blank-books). 
 
 Hymenoptera, notes, etc., similar to Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, but not completely 
 arranged or systematized, “ September, 1862.’’ 
 
 The same, “rough notes 7 ’ and various scraps pasted into old public documents. 
 
 Orthoptera, “ prepared notes, 77 in three volumes (old public documents). 
 
 Hemiptera and Heteroptera, rough notes, three volumes (old public documents). 
 
 Neuroptera “ rough notes, 77 one volume (old public document). 
 
 Cotton insects, plates and clippings from Patent Office Agricultural Reports, and 
 some notes, in a blank scrap-book. Arachnida, etc., and Entozoa, etc., as above, 
 one volume each in old public documents. There is also one volume of original fig- 
 ures, and the volume of the complete work, uncolored, which was presented to Pro- 
 fessor Baird by the author, and a few other duplicates. 
 
 Not having at hand the original list made by me when the transfer was effected, with 
 Professor Baird’s receipt, as the writer acted for Mr. Glover in the matter, the above 
 list was made up while examining the manuscripts in Washington recently (October, 
 1887). 
 
 t The complete set of illustrations comprises 273 quarto plates with 6,179 figures, 
 engraved on copper, covering the following subjects : 
 
 Lepidoptera 
 Coleoptera . 
 Diptera — 
 Hemiptera . 
 
 Plates. 
 
 Figures. 
 
 
 Plates. 
 
 Figures. 
 
 "138 
 
 2, 634 
 
 Hymenoptera 
 
 10 
 
 346 
 
 49 
 
 1, 627 
 
 Orthoptera 
 
 18 
 
 281 
 
 13 
 
 520 
 
 Neuroptera 
 
 7 
 
 92 
 
 16 
 
 464 
 
 Cotton and its insects 
 
 22 
 
 215 
 
52 
 
 title-page, a few introductory pages of classification, and cataffigues of 
 species with references accompanying each order. The slips of names 
 (save the Lepidoptera) were pasted upon each plate just under the fig- 
 ures, the page being of quarto size. Of these 12 copies, which were of 
 course uncolored, 5 were sent to Europe, and 5 distributed here. Two 
 other copies were sold with his library afterwards. Several copies, in 
 the hands of individuals or institutions, were later on ordered to be 
 colored, the writer having had the work done from Mr. Glover’s origi- 
 nals, by a competent colorist. A list of institutions and individuals to 
 whom these sets were sent was made by me at the time of the distribu- 
 tion, but can not now be produced. One other formal publication, is- 
 sued in 1877, should be mentioned. I refer to the compilation of refer- 
 ences to the insects treated in his own and other reports, issued by the 
 United States Department of Agriculture and by the Patent Office, to 
 date of publication. It contains also a list of animal and vegetable 
 substances injured or destroyed by the insects referred to, the entire 
 volume making 103 pages, printed from stone, upon one side of the 
 sheet, in fac-simile, uniform with his other publications. A few sets of 
 his cotton plates were also distributed, bound up with a type-printed 
 title-page and cover. 
 
 While upon the history of Mr. Glover’s undertaking, it should be 
 stated that among several plans looking toward the ultimate disposition 
 of the work, in the event of its not being published prior to the author’s 
 (jeath, there were two plans, at least, entertained by him in the latter 
 part of the centennial year, in which the United States Government 
 was wholly ignored. The first of these, which considered leaving the 
 work to some institution in England, with means to publish it, was 
 hardly seriously contemplated ; for being a work upon American insects 
 exclusively, it was not thought at all likely that it would claim the same 
 interest in England as in America. The other plan did receive consid- 
 eration to the extent of an inquiry of the authorities of Johns Hopkins 
 Uni versity, in Baltimore, as to the acceptance of a trust fund to be left 
 for the purpose of promoting the study of entomology. In response to 
 this inquiry Mr. Glover learned that the consent of the trustees could 
 be obtained by President Gilman to the acceptance of a given sum, to 
 be known as the Glover fund, the donor to specify the manner in which 
 he preferred the income to be spent, as follows : Either in promoting 
 investigation, in publishing plates and texts, or in the delivery of lec- 
 tures. But the plan was never consummated. 
 
 At last came his sudden and prostrating illness, in the spring of 1878, 
 and he retired from active labor of any kind. 
 
 Regarding the sale of his plates — in January, 1879, during the third 
 session of the Forty-fifth Congress, Mr. Glover first memorialized that 
 body, proposing to transfer to the Government theeutire series, together 
 with the text of his entomological work. A special bill providing for 
 the transfer was not introduced, but the memorial was referred to the 
 Senate Committee on Agriculture. Professor Baird took great interest 
 
53 
 
 in the matter, personally appearing before the committee to explain the 
 nature, value, and importance of the work, as well as the fact that the skill- 
 ful engravings of the copper plates themselves were the work of the pro- 
 fessor’s own hand, and had involved most unremitting labor for a period 
 of over twenty years. The committee showed little interest in the sub- 
 ject, however, notwithstanding that the memorial was accompanied by 
 another recommending the purchase of the work, and signed by the 
 prominent entomologists of the country, among whom were the United 
 States entomologist, professors of Yale, Harvard, and other colleges, 
 and members of leading scientific societies. During the first session of 
 the succeeding Congress the matter was again brought to the attention 
 of the Committee on Agriculture, and a letter addressed to Professor 
 Baird from the chief engraver of the Bureau of Engraving and Print- 
 ing was submitted. In this letter it was stated that any skilled en- 
 graver would charge $100 for each of these plates, and if they were 
 engraved by a scientist they were worth more. Senator Davis, of West 
 Virginia, chairman of the committee, suggested that the committee 
 would recommend the purchase at a cost of $7,500 ; but the committee 
 took no formal action. This was a great disappointment to Professor 
 Glover, who was now anxious that the work should be purchased by 
 the Government, even at a nominal valuation. At the next session the 
 matter was brought to the attention of the House Committee on Agri- 
 culture, and the sum of $7,500 for the purchaseof the work was included 
 in the sundry civil appropriation bill, and finally passed both houses, 
 Professor Riley using his influence towards its final passage. The 
 money became available soon after, and was paid to Professor Glover 
 early in April ensuing the 4th of March upon which Congress adjourned; 
 but by this time he had become quite infirm. The result was very grati- 
 fying to him, though he died in September following. 
 
 No formal transfer of the plates was necessary after the purchase, as 
 they were already in the custody of the National Museum, having been 
 deposited there by the writer after consultation with Professor Baird 
 at the time when Mr. Glover was first stricken and unable to act for 
 himself. 
 
 As to the value of his work, it gave Mr. Glover great pleasure while 
 living to know that it was appreciated by the late Professor Agassiz 
 and leading scientific men of his day. Speaking of the “collections of 
 drawings,” Professor Agassiz attests “ their excellence and great im- 
 portance, both in a scientific and economical point of view,” and con- 
 sidered “ the publication of his observations, and of the delineations of 
 insects injurious to vegetation as most desirable, and likely to be in 
 the highest degree creditable to the United States Government.” Dur- 
 ing the savant’s last visit to Washington, while calling upon Prof. John 
 W. Hoyt to talk of the proposed national university, his opinion was 
 asked as to the sort of work that Professor Glover was doing. Agassiz’s 
 reply was : “Magnificent! His services are extremely valuable, and 
 
54 
 
 should he ever have occasion to leave the Department he can have a 
 place in the Museum of Comparative Zoology on his own terms.” 
 
 Many extracts from the letters of entomologists might be here given, 
 showing the estimation in which the work was held, for Mr. Glover had 
 many friends in the scientific world who knew him only by his labors 
 in this, his chosen field. But one extract will be quoted, however, from 
 a letter written to me by Mr. William H. Edwards, when it was first 
 suggested that the Government should purchase Mr. Glover’s plates : 
 
 Dear Sir : I am very glad to hear that an effort is making to secure for the coun- 
 try Professor Glover’s copper plates of the insects of the United States and his manu- 
 script relating thereto. These materials are invaluable to us, and should Professor 
 Glover dispose of them in England or elsewhere the loss could never be made good. 
 Being an enthusiastic entomologist, as well as artist, these plates have been to him a 
 labor of love, and he has given to them the better part of a life-time, and executes 
 them with the greatest fidelity. His work on the cotton insects is beyond alx praise. 
 I know of nothing comparable to it on the range of entomological illustrated litera- 
 ture, and the plates of this work and notes belonging to them are worth, in my opin- 
 ion, to the country the full sum that Professor Glover requires for the entire lot of 
 plates and manuscript. 
 
 In giving my own estimate of this work I must regard it from the 
 stand point of view that will show the intention of its author. He 
 never proposed to put it forth as a technical work, or as a learned con- 
 tribution to science, for the instruction or better information of special- 
 ists, advanced students, or entomological investigators already possess- 
 ing large libraries and collections, but he did propose to make it, when 
 fully completed , a work of reference for all orders of insects in the popu- 
 lar sense of the term, for all who might be seeking general information 
 upon subjects relating to American entomology. In his conception of 
 the work, as in that of his museum plan, but one idea was aimed at — 
 utility. It was a favorite word with Professor Glover, and whether his 
 original intention was a work of 80 plates or 300, or the text of 100 or 
 1,000 pages, his only thought was to make it so simple and so useful 
 that a farmer with no appreciation of entomological science could con- 
 sult it as he would a dictionary, and learn something of the subject 
 upon which he desired to inform himself. It was to be, in short, an 
 illustrated encyclopedia of economic entomology, and if it had been fin- 
 ished and published in accordance with the author’s design, there would 
 be nothing now in entomological literature like it. It certainly would 
 be wrong to judge it by his gratuitous publications. And no one, after 
 fully understanding the scope and design of the work, and examining 
 the great mass of material which represents the labor of twenty years 
 of Mr. Glover’s active life, will deny either its utility or its value for 
 the purpose for which it was intended. 
 
 Supposing the work had been published in its entirety, and dis- 
 tributed in the manner Mr. Glover proposed it should be, among agri 
 cultural societies, to town libraries, etc.: A farmer of average intelli- 
 gence, we will say, comes, with an unknown insect in hand, to consult 
 it. It would require very slight entomological knowledge to enable 
 him to refer to the list of food plants to learn how many and what in- 
 
55 
 
 sects lived upon the particular farm crop (or plant) which had been in- 
 jured. This information obtained, with no knowledge whatever of 
 classification, he would be able, by means of the plates, to find the cul- 
 prit iu a very little time, even if the figures were not sufficiently accu- 
 rate for the determination of fine specific differences. Having learned 
 the species, or even an allied species, reference from plate to text would 
 put him in possession of the main facts in the history of the insect, time 
 of appearance of different stages of the pest, and when and how to com- 
 bat it. And if the information given was not sufficient he could make 
 use of the references to other works there quoted. 
 
 This is, briefly, the manner in which the work was intended to be 
 used, and, as it contains over 6,000 figures of insects more or less in- 
 jurious (or beneficial) to American agriculture, I may repeat that noth- 
 ing like it has ever before been attempted, and that its completion and 
 publication would have served to vastly popularize the science of ento- 
 mology in the United States. But while its production is a marvel of 
 patience, persistence, and self-sacrificing iudustry, iu the twenty years 
 its author was engaged upon it, he might have so systematized the work 
 of its production — calling others to his assistance to relieve himself of 
 the mere drudgery — and so have organized the plan of publication that 
 it would have been completed and placed in every large library of the 
 land while he was yet entomologist of tbe Department of Agriculture. 
 
 The point has been made that some of Mr. Glover’s figures are not 
 altogether accurate, if not in some instances badly drawn. The criti- 
 cism is sometimes a just one, although iu their entirety the drawings 
 will bear favorable comparison with similar entomological illustrations 
 of the times. One point must be admitted, that the earlier plates are 
 much better than the later ones, as will readily be seen by careful com- 
 parison. That this is due to two causes there can be little doubt: Some- 
 what impaired, or gradually failing eyesight in the first place (the more 
 positive cause), and less care in the second place, through impatience 
 to keep up with incoming material. The completion of two plates a 
 month, “out of office hours,” and iu the hours of daylight, with all the 
 work of making tbe drawings before undertaking tne engraving, and 
 coloring six or eight sets of the proofs afterwards, should be regarded as 
 expeditious work for a man sixty years of age. Mr. Glover himself re- 
 gretted having made certain of the plates (early ones in the Lepidoptera), 
 chiefly taken from Smith and Abbott’s Insects of Georgia, aud from a 
 few later works. Some of the far western Orthoptera, too, which were 
 figured from alcoholic specimens, and colored from descriptions, or 
 from other figures, and sometimes from notes made by the collector, are 
 not wholly satisfactory, although readily recognizable by those who 
 have seen the insects in life. Fault has likewise been found with his 
 smaller figures, many of which should have been enlarged to show 
 specific differences in a marked degree, natural size being indicated in 
 the usual manner or by a second figure. All very miuute species were 
 properly enlarged, and are, therefore, more valuable. 
 
56 
 
 For purposes of ordinary identification in a general work of reference, as 
 this was intended to be, little fault need be found with the major portion of 
 the series. Of course this presupposes that the plates were to be colored, 
 as it was not the author’s idea to issue them in any other way In fact the 
 very manner of engraving the figures shows this to be the case. In the 
 plates that were published by him, only half the editions were sent out 
 uncolored, and this only because of the great expense attending coloring 
 so many sets by hand— the distribution being entirely gratuitous. 
 
 In these days of cheapened processes for multiplied color reproduction 
 this matter is a serious obstacle in the way of future publication of Mr. 
 Glover’s plates by the Government. Even if an edition of the plates 
 should be issued, without the text they do not tell the whole story, 
 and the text is not finished ; and in several orders the material is hardly 
 systematized or arranged. The plates, if published alone, with only 
 the names, would possess a certain value even if not colored, and it 
 would be better to publish in this manner than not at all. Eegarding 
 the question of coloring, if sets of the entire series were distributed 
 gratuitously by the Government, the recipients could well afford to have 
 them colored afterwards at their own expense from the original set. 
 Through combinations of a number of persons, so that a large contract 
 could be given out, the work could be done possibly at $35 to $40 per 
 set, which would be cheap for such a complete series of illustrations. 
 
 In regard to the published volumes which bear Mr. Glover’s name, 
 these are valuable from their very scarcity, and from the fact that they 
 are all he has given us in published form, save the reports which have 
 appeared from time to time in Government publications. As works 
 giving a certain amount of information on two or three somewhat neg- 
 lected orders of insects they are useful ; but from the stand-point of 
 scientific worth they are more valuable as series of named plates than 
 as scientific publications — the often fragmentary and incomplete text 
 giving little hint of the author’s years of observation and study in the 
 field and vivarium. 
 
 As for the name and fame of the author, a published work compris- 
 ing an entire set of the plates alone is a sufficient monument to his un- 
 tiring industry, indomitable perseverance and skill, and to his faithful 
 labors through a period of twenty-five years -for the advancement of 
 American entomological science. He wished to do more, but through 
 the limit set upon human endurance and existence he fell just a little 
 short of carrying out his great purpose. He did not strive for fame 
 tli rough any contributions to the vast store- house of technical knowl- 
 edge, or the dry-dust records of closet investigation that he might have 
 made, nor did he ever wish to be considered an authority. But he early 
 realized the difficulties which beset the way of the student of nature, 
 and that other student of practical rural economy, in obtaining a knowl- 
 edge of the insect forms about them, at a time when there were few 
 books and fewer named collections, and set to work to remedy the matter 
 as far as he was able. 
 
THE GLOVER MUSEUM. 
 
 As has been stated in the biographical sketch of Mr. Glover's life, 
 the museum scheme was contemplated many years before it was realized. 
 Indeed its first inception dates back prior to 1850, before be had left his 
 home on the Hudson. Regarding his collection of fruit models he 
 writes in 1866 : 
 
 The design is to obtain from each State samples of the various fruits which have 
 been tried and proved ; to have them modeled here, retaining one copy to be added 
 to the national collection, and returning duplicates (and matrices), correctly named, 
 to each agricultural society. 
 
 Fifteen years before this, in 1851, he made the proposition to the 
 Massachusetts Horticultural Society to do this same thing, and some 
 specimens were furnished, made from fruits sent to Mr. Glover by mem- 
 bers of the society. Allusions to “ the specimens for the New York 
 State Society,” in a letter written at this period, also shows that the 
 idea was a very old one with its author. And all these early attempts 
 at exhibition tended directly towards the museum idea. 
 
 The first attempt to fully carry out the scheme was made in 1854, in 
 the single room which at that time constituted the Patent Office Bureau 
 of Agriculture; the fruit models being the chief display. At this 
 period they were his private property, though a year or two later the 
 proposition was made to dispose of them to the Government for $10,000. 
 The precise facts regarding early legislation on the subject can not be 
 given. But in 1858 we learn that Mr. Glover had seen a number of gen- 
 tlemen, whom he names ; that “ everything appears favorable ; ” and 
 “that the bill” will be put on “as an amendment.” Then we learn 
 of his showing the fruits to members of Congress, who approved of the 
 idea, and promised to vote for the purchase. Meanwhile he leaves 
 Washington for the field, and while pushing his investigations he 
 learns that the bill has been defeated by “Letcher and Marshall,” of 
 Virginia. This characteristic entry follows : “ Will remember them for 
 it. Intend to resign in the fall, and offer to South Carolina or Mary- 
 land.” Asa matter of history the bill was passed, though Mr. Glover 
 did not receive the money, through “ misappropriation of funds.” In 
 1867, however, the purchase was consummated, the sum of $10,000 be- 
 ing appropriated for the purpose, Hon. J. W. Stokes, then acting 
 Commissioner of Agriculture, having been instrumental in effecting its 
 passage. 
 
 57 
 
58 
 
 To go back again to the year 185G, he makes statements on the sub- 
 ject, in a letter to his cousin, which throws interesting light on the 
 museum scheme. He says : 
 
 I ask $10,000 for the whole, with the proviso that I work six years to finish the 
 grand undertaking of modeliug all the fruits, esculent roots, etc., of the United 
 States, and label them with the name, synonym, habit, soil, etc., so as to form the 
 nucleus of a grand National Agricultural Museum. How do you like the plan ? 
 
 The difference to Mr. Glover between selling his fruits in 1856 and in 
 1867 was, that before the war he would have received this money in 
 gold, whereas he received it in a “ depreciated currency;” and, in ad- 
 dition to the fruit models, gave a collection of 600 specimens of birds, 
 which he had subsequently prepared and brought together, at consider- 
 able expense of money and time, while at the Maryland Agricultural 
 College. Even while connected with this institution, his labors, still 
 in the line of the practical and utilitarian, were directed towards the 
 acquirement of a collection. Mr. Glover was a skillful taxidermist, 
 and was a capital shot, notwithstanding the peculiarity of his eye-sight ; 
 and as he tramped over the adjacent country, cane-gun in hand, using 
 it also as a walking-stick, he doubtless appeared more as a rural gen- 
 tleman than the enthusiastic naturalist that he was. 
 
 In August, 1864, the new museum was founded in the rooms of the 
 recently established Department of Agriculture. At this time the 
 models (some 3,000 in number) and the collection of birds above men- 
 tioned constituted the major portion of the cabinet. This was soon 
 augmented by donations, solicited or otherwise, or by occasional pur- 
 chases, and a mass of material was very soon gotten together repre- 
 senting, in one way or another, nearly every portion of the country. In- 
 sects, birds, plants, and botanical specimens, cereal products, fibers, and 
 the products of industrial art and manufacture were all included in the 
 collections, and the museum was fairly established. From this time for- 
 ward, up to and including the centennial year, its growth was steady 
 and rapid. 
 
 Regarding the plan or scheme of arrangement, which was most com- 
 plete in detail, it is not necessary to go into particulars here, as it is 
 fully described on page 27 of the Annual Report of the Department of 
 Agriculture for the year 1866. 
 
 Briefly, the museum was to be embraced in three divisions — a general, 
 State, and economic. The first he was to illustrate by complete series 
 of specimens of each of the various agricultural products from the seed, 
 through all stages of growth and after preparation for human use, up 
 to the highest range of manufacture. In the State division would be 
 shown the classified products of each State and Territory, including 
 minerals, soils, vegetable products, and manufactures; while in the eco- 
 nomic division would be displayed the commercial products of the vege- 
 table kingdom from every portion of the world. It was a grand scheme, 
 but too immense to be fully carried out in the cramped quarters assigned 
 
59 
 
 to it, and in the days of ridiculously small appropriatious. And here 
 pardon a digression in oue of the biographical sketches of the man, 
 which appeared at the time of his death, it is said that “during his en 
 tire service he never asked for special appropriations for the pursuit of 
 investigations in any particular interest.” This is true, but while he 
 never “asked” for appropriations — i. e. 7 by persistent personal labor 
 with committeemen — he never lost the opportunity to explain to Con- 
 gressmen or other visitors of influence the benefits to be derived by 
 American agriculture in the establishment of such a museum in Wash- 
 ington ; and he always closed with a tersely-put statement as to the 
 ridiculously small sums of money that were available from the annual 
 appropriations with which to carry on the work. And upon one occa- 
 sion, some years after the establishment of the museum, he made such 
 an impression upon an enthusiastic committeeman who was visiting the 
 collections that the sum of $3,000 was shortly afterward appropriated 
 for the museum, to be spent under Mr. Glover’s special direction. It 
 nearly took his breath away, and, as his assistant, I well remember how 
 hard it was to get him to use all of the money, as any unexpended bal- 
 ance at the end of the fiscal year would be turned back in the Treasury* 
 the reluctant purchase of a microscope nearly using up the amount re- 
 maining on hand the last of June. 
 
 It was natural for him to talk the museum scheme to all who would 
 listen. He believed in his plan, thought over it, worked for its perfec- 
 tion, confidently believing in its ultimately attaining the fullest realiza- 
 tion of success. The two rooms in the Patent Office were soon filled to 
 overflowing; and when the designs were being made for the new build- 
 ing to be erected for the Department of Agriculture an exhibition hall, 
 50 by 100 feet in dimension, was contemplated, which it was thought 
 would be ample for the purpose. This was occupied in the fall of 1868, 
 twelve walnut cases having been provided for the reception of the va 
 rious collections at that time brought together. But even in the new hall 
 the “ plan ” was hardly fulfilled in the arrangement. The “ State divi- 
 sion” was represented by a single case of California products, the other 
 two divisions not being distinctively indicated, the entire museum being 
 at the same time “ general ” and “ economic,” as its specific collections 
 were as yet small and very incomplete. 
 
 As a man of deep originality and thought may make a wonderful dis- 
 covery or produce a valuable invention, and yet find himself lackiugin 
 that worldly knowledge which would enable him to apply it with the 
 least difficulty to the uses of every-day life, so it was to a certain degree 
 with Mr. Glover in relation to his admirable museum scheme. Stronger 
 as an originator, or an investigator, than as an organizer , he lacked in 
 a measure executive ability. He was able to outline and perfect a splen- 
 did system, but unable to carry it out save as he might do so through 
 the untiring labor of his own hands. This was the one drawback in the 
 preparation of his great work on entomology ; and it showed itself in the 
 
60 
 
 building up of his museum in a marked degree after it had reached a 
 certain point in its growth. The fact may be stated that in carrying 
 out the museum scheme it was not developed beyond this certain point, 
 and the suggestion is offered that the theory of its arrangement may 
 have interested him more than the thing itself $ for, with his devotion 
 to his work on entomology, which was an all absorbing interest at this 
 period, he could not have given his time and thought to both. It was 
 the illustration of the conception of the plan, and not the museum as a 
 whole, that was almost daily presented to its visitors. 
 
 For example: The California case was always inspected to illustrate 
 the State division and the arrangement of its minerals, its vegetable 
 products, and its manufactures explained. Turning to the collections of 
 fruit in other cases near, the model of the Baldwin apple was invaria- 
 bly exhibited, showing its manner of growth in various sections of the 
 country, thus demonstrating the localities where special fruits thrived 
 best. Stepping to another case, the bluebird was always pointed out, 
 with the distinctive mark upon its perch showing that it was a friend 
 and not a foe to the farmer ; and a little box of insect remains from its 
 stomach, by its side, furnished the proof of his statement. Flaxseed in 
 variety was shown in another case, illustrating the “ general” museum, 
 together with the fiber in various stages of growth and manipulation to 
 the most delicate linen fabrics, and in the same manner the seed, oil, 
 and oil cake. 
 
 The scheme was most complete and admirable, reflecting the great- 
 est credit upon its originator, and if carried out would have made it 
 one of the grandest economic museums in the world. But it would have 
 necessitated a building larger than the entire Department of Agricult- 
 ure, and the outlay of many thousands of dollars, with the one draw- 
 back that in its State division there would have been endless repeti- 
 tion of the same thing, unless somewhat modified. Mr. Glover appre- 
 ciated this fully, and there was never an attempt, beyond the points of 
 illustration noted, to make it other than an economic museum of agri- 
 culture on the simplest possible basis of display. These statements are 
 made to explain in a measure why so valuable and utilitarian a scheme 
 of arrangement was never fully completed. 
 
 As an economic museum or “ object library” the collections increased, 
 at first slowly, then rapid ly, so rapidly in fact that it was difficult to 
 supply case-room as fast as the specimens came in. It literally out- 
 grew' the long entertained plan of arrangement, and as Mr. Glover be- 
 came more and more absorbed in his entomological work he finally 
 threw the greater part of the responsibility of the museum from off his 
 shoulders altogther, his assistants having charge of and carrying on 
 the work in its several branches, while he assumed merely nominal 
 control. By this time the collection of fruit models had been greatly 
 augmented by Prof. William H. Seaman, who had charge of this branch, 
 as well as the microscopic work of the Division, a large series of the 
 
61 
 
 principal vegetables also having been added ; while a regularly ap- 
 pointed taxidermist, Mrs. Teresa Drexler, made considerable additions 
 to the collections of birds and poultry. Miss Caroline C. Moulton was 
 maseum attendant. 
 
 Then the preparations for the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 were in- 
 augurated, the supervision of the work of getting up the museum ex- 
 hibit devolving upon the assistant entomologist,* who, co-operating af- 
 terwards with Professor Baird, was enabled to almost double the col- 
 lections of the department from foreign exhibits, necessitating the erec- 
 tion of a gallery on each side of the museum hall. 
 
 Mr. Glover had by this time so far lost interest in the museum, being 
 now wholly absorbed in his entomological work and its publication, 
 that when the acquisition of this great mass of material necessitated a 
 better classification and arrangement of the museum display the for- 
 mulation of a new plan of arrangement was left entirely to the writer. 
 The classification which was then devised is published at the end of 
 the entomologist’s report in the annual volume for 18 77, pages 118 to 
 148, t in a special report made to Mr. Glover. 
 
 It may be stated that the scheme of arrangement set forth in this 
 published classification was closely followed in the reorganization which 
 shortly followed. 
 
 The museum was now (1877) at the zenith of its importance and use- 
 fulness, and shortly after its decline begau. The first calamity which 
 occurred to it was the loss of many of its large and valuable collections 
 gathered at the Centennial, which, for want of a few hundred dollars 
 worth of display bottles and other material suitable for their exhibition, 
 asked for and repeatedly refused, remained stored in the garret above 
 the museum hall. Through the officiousness of the property clerk of 
 the department, appointed by Commissioner Le Due, or by the Com- 
 missioner’s order, this mass of material was either sold to a junk dealer 
 or thrown on a rubbish heap, according to its market value at U junk” 
 prices, and thousands of dollars’ worth of valuable museum material 
 wasted and destroyed. Then followed Mr. Glover’s retirement from 
 active duty, and as the assistant entomologist shortly after resigned, 
 and other changes had occurred in the museum corps, the museum was 
 practically left w ithout care, as no regular curator was aiipointed for 
 several years. Dr. Vasey was given nominal charge for a time, but his 
 own duties as botanist were sufficient to occupy his whole attention. 
 
 The remainder of the story is briefly told. A wooden exhibition build- 
 ing had been erected in one corner of the department grounds for the dis- 
 play of railroad exhibits and other similar exposition displays. More 
 
 *See Agricultural Report for 1876, p. 17. 
 
 tThe entomologist reluctantly incorporated this museum report and classification 
 into his own report, signing his name to the two documents in one to avoid running 
 counter to the whims and absurd prejudices of the gentleman who was then Com- 
 missioner of Agriculture. This statement is made in simple justice to the author of 
 the report. 
 
62 
 
 office rooms were needed in the department building than its cramped 
 quarters afforded, and in time the space in the splendid museum hall was 
 encroached upon. The collections thus displaced were removed to the 
 exposition building referred to above, though some, as the fibers and 
 birds and a few of the more valuable economic collections, were trans- 
 ferred to the National Museum, where they are carefully preserved, 
 though as yet not placed on exhibition. As to the remaining portion 
 of the “Glover Museum,” it is pretty nearly as is was left ten years ago, 
 save that many of the collections of specimens have suffered from want 
 of care and attention, and that the museum hall is now given over to 
 other uses, for the specimens, those that were worth further preserva- 
 tion, were transferred to the exhibition building mentioned during the 
 winter just passed. 
 
 To conclude: The scheme of the museum, as contemplated by Mr. 
 Glover, was original and unique, however some of its special features 
 may have been suggested by European museums, and it is to be regretted 
 that it could not have been perpetuated and preserved in the original 
 space expressly designed for its accommodation, and where its founder 
 and father labored for its establishment and watched so long its growth 
 and development. 
 
 And what more remains to be said? The influence of such a man as 
 Mr. Glover is shown to have been has made itself felt, though the ul- 
 timate outcome of his schemes for the diffusion of knowledge amoug 
 his fellow men did not reach the perfect realization that he had dreamed. 
 “I confess I have no idea how one man had the power alone to accom- 
 plish so much work in such a superior manner,” Prof. Hagen once 
 wrote of him. He could not have accomplished more, for he did that 
 which his hands found to do with all his might while his strength 
 lasted, and then he rested from his labors. 
 
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Mr. Glover’s entomological writings are confined almost exclusively to 
 his reports published in the Annuals of the Patent Office, and the United 
 States Department of Agriculture, and the few published works which 
 bear his name. His earliest writings, as far as I have been able to discover, 
 date back to the fall of 1853, and, with one exception, relate to porno- 
 logical subjects rather than to entomology. He wrote occasionally for 
 the Fishkill Standard, usually in a satirical vein, holding up to ridi- 
 cule some local abuse, though not, as far as I know, upon entomological 
 subjects. It is aiso surmised that he wrote a series of articles for The 
 States, published in Washington before the war, in which the short- 
 comings of a public official were pointedly reviewed. If there were 
 scientific articles written at this period of his life other than his Patent 
 Office reports, with a single exception, I do not know of them, and his 
 personal scrap-book does not reveal them. It is a known fact that he 
 could not be induced to contribute to current literature during the pe- 
 riod of his labors in the Department of Agriculture, though he was fre- 
 quently urged to do so. # 
 
 * Throwing out, therefore, all titles which are known to represent mere 
 republications from his reports, the record is reduced to the following 
 titles, which, as far as I have been able to learn, are the published arti- 
 cles, works, or writings of Townend Glover. 
 
 1. “ Popular Fallacies.” American Agriculturist, November 9,1853. Signed “G-.” 
 
 A short article on the many impracticable insect remedies which go the rounds of the 
 agricultural press, year after year, unproven and unchallenged. 
 
 Note. — At the same period, and in the same jour- 
 nal, the following general articles were published over 
 the same initial: Planting Shade Trees along High- 
 ways and Railroads, Nov. 23, 1853 ; Pomological Dream, 
 Nov. 30, 1853 ; and Pomological Realities (on pear cult- 
 ure), Dec. 23, 1853. 
 
 2. Insects Injurious and Beneficial to Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner 
 
 of Patents for 1854. Agriculture, p. 59-89. Illust. by six plates engraved on 
 stone by the author. 
 
 A paper on insects injurious to the cotton plant, wheat, and the grape-vine ; and on the 
 plum curculo, codling-moth, and peach-borer, closing with a short account of some of 
 the common species of beneficial insects. 
 
 * I find in one of his scrap-books a lengthy communication, clipped from some 
 newspaper unknown to me, which must have been a published official reply to some 
 correspondent of the Department. It is omitted from the bibliography. —C. R. D. 
 
 63 
 
64 
 
 3. Report on Insects. Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1855. Agricult- 
 
 ure. p. ti4-119. With 48 wood-cut illustrations, from drawings by the author. 
 
 A report, on insects frequenting the cotton plant; insects upon the stalk, leaf, terminal 
 shoots, flower, boll, and rotted bolls ; insects found in the cotton fields not injurious to 
 the crop, and insects beneficial to cotton. Also contains a. report on insects injurious 
 and beneficial to the orange tree — the orange scale. 
 
 4. Paper upon Entomology. * Read before the meeting of the United States Agricult- 
 
 ural Society. Dated Jan. 11,1856. National Intelligencer. Date of publica- 
 tion cannot be given. (Republished in Fishkill Standard.) 
 
 5. On Destroying Injurious Insects. American Agriculturist, Oct., 1856. Vol. 15. 
 
 p. 304. 
 
 6. Reports on Orange and Cotton Insects. Report of the Commissioner of Patents 
 
 for 1858. Agriculture, p. 256-272. 
 
 Report on ins3cts frequenting the orange trees of Florida, including remarks on the orange 
 tree by D. J. B. (Browne). Also contains report on insects injurious to the cotton 
 plant in Florida. Notes on cut-worms and the cotton-stainer. 
 
 7. The Hang-Worm. Report of the Commissioner of Patents for 1859. Agriculture. 
 
 p. 551-554. 1 Figure. 
 
 An answer to a correspondent of the IT. S. Patent Office, giving the history of ‘ ‘ Oiketicus,” 
 ( Thyridopteryx ephemerceformis ) . 
 
 8. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of Ag- 
 
 riculture for 1863. p. 561-579. 
 
 Contains notice of the establishment of the Agricultural Museum, and article on the habits 
 of the principal species of Coleoptera injurious to agriculture. 
 
 9. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of 
 
 Agriculture for 1864. p. 540-564. 
 
 A short report on the Museum, followed by a description of the habits of principal in- 
 jurious species of Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Heteroptora, 
 Homoptera, and Diptera. 
 
 10. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of 
 
 Agriculture for 1865. p. 33-45. 
 
 A report on the progress of the Museum, followed by a brief synopsis of habits of birds 
 examined and placed in the Department since the last report. 
 
 11. Entomological Exhibition in Paris. Annual Report of the Commissioner of 
 
 Agriculture for 1865. p. 88-102. 
 
 Treats of entomology on pages 88-94, 101-102 ; the rest is on agricultural museums, botan- 
 ical gardens, the gardens of acclimation in Paris, and the collection of the Zoological 
 Society of London. Habits of European injurious insects compared with those of re- 
 lated American insects ; habits of European beneficial insects; silk culture noticed; 
 grand gold medal awarded to Glover for his work on entomology. 
 
 12. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of 
 
 Agriculture for 1866. p. 27-45. 
 
 I. Contains brief statements regarding the insects which have been reported on by the 
 division for the year. II. Contains an economic paper on insects and their uses— 
 chiefly relating to the products of insects, as honey, wax, cochineal, etc. 
 
 13. Injurious to Cotton Plants. Monthly Reports (U. S.) Department of Agricult- 
 
 ure for 1866. 
 
 A series of articles on the most injurious of the cotton insects, as follows (illustrated) : 
 
 No. 1. June. p. 289-241. 
 
 No. 2. July. p. 282-285. 
 
 No. 3. Sept. p. 831-335. 
 
 No. 4. Oct. p. 377-378. 
 
 No. 5. Nov. and Dec. p. 421-424. 
 
 14. The same. In Monthly Report for 1867. No. 6 of the series, January, 1867. 
 
 p. 21-23. 
 
65 
 
 15. Report of the Entomologist. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of 
 
 Agriculture for 1867. (p.58-76.) 16 illustrations. 
 
 A report on the insects most injurious to agriculture during the year, that had been re- 
 ceived by the Entomological Division. 
 
 16. The Potato Beetle. Monthly Report Department of Agriculture for January, 
 
 1868. p. 22. 
 
 17. The Food and Habits of Beetles. Annual Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner 
 
 of Agriculture for 1868. p. 78-117 ; and 114 outline illustrations. 
 
 Part I. An article on the food and habits of the more common species of Coleoptera. Part 
 II. An alphabetical list of the principal animal and vegetable substances either fre- 
 quented or injured by beetles, with the names of the beetles frequenting them. 
 
 18. Report of the Entomologist. Report of the (U. S.) Commissioner of Agricult- 
 
 ure for 1869. p. 60-64. 
 
 A very brief report, relating entirely to the Museum of the Department. 
 
 19. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Annual Report of 
 
 the (U. S.) Commissioner of Agriculture for 1870. p. 65-91. 59 illust. 
 
 A record of the work of the Entomologist Division for the year, including new facts relat- 
 ing to injurious insects from other sources. 
 
 20. Entomological Record. Monthly report of the Department of Agriculture for 
 
 1871. p. 332-335. 
 
 Notes on the Colorado beetle, the chinch-bug, ravages of grasshoppers, thrips, etc. — [These 
 notes, together with the records published in ensuing monthly reports for several years, 
 were for the most part embodied in the annual reports of the Department, prepared at 
 the time of or after their publication in this form. 
 
 21. On the Grape-Vine Hopper. Monthly Report for October, 1871. p. 403. 
 
 22. Entomological Record. Monthly Report for November and December, 1871. 
 
 p. 477. 
 
 On twig-girdlers, strawberry insects, etc. 
 
 23. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Annual Report of 
 
 the (U. S.) Commissioner of Agriculture for 1871. p. 69-88. 23 illust. 
 
 A record of the principal insects reported on by the Department during the year. 
 
 24. Destructive Grasshoppers in California. Monthly Report of the Department 
 
 of Agriculture for January, 1872. p. 22. 
 
 25. The Utah Cricket. Monthly Report, February, 1872. p. 74. 
 
 26. The Cabbage Moth. Idem. March and April, 1872. p. 137. 
 
 27. A New Grasshopper. Idem. May and June, 1872. p. 215. 
 
 28. Entomological Record. Idem. July, 1872. p. 304-307. 
 
 29. Entomological Record. Idem. August and September, 1872. p. 366-369. 
 
 On peach-tree insects, and misc. insect injuries. 
 
 30. Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1872. p. 438-439. 
 
 On the army or “ snake- worm ” insect injuries. 
 
 31. Entomological Record. Idem. November and December, 1872. p. 497-199. 
 
 On a large grasshopper and insect injuries. 
 
 32. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Annual Report 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture for 1872. p. 112 138. 26 illustrations. 
 
 I. Report on the entomological work of the division for the year, with brief history and 
 habits of the insects recorded. II. A paper entitled “ Notes od the Diptera.with the 
 principal remedies in use for injurious insects in this order.” 
 
 14162— Ball 18 5 
 
66 
 
 33 . Illustrations | of | Nort h American Entomo-ogy. | (United States and Can- 
 
 ada) — by Towueud Glover, Washington, D? C. | Orthoptera. | Washington, 
 D. C. | 1872. Large quarto; text, 11 pp. 13 plates with names. 
 
 This work, the only one printed from type, contains : An introduction, arrangement of 
 families, notes on food and habits of orthoptera, parasites, list of substances injured 
 by orthoptera, lists of genera and species figured, list of desiderata and errata. 250 
 copies printed ; 50 distributed gratuitously, the remainder of the edition having been 
 destroyed. 
 
 34. A Vindication of the Entomological Division of the U. S. Department of 
 
 Agriculture. Private print, 1872. p. 6. 
 
 Published in reply to statements made in ‘‘The Department of Agriculture, its History 
 and Objects,” a pamphlet issued, 1872, by the chief clerk ot the Department. Gra- 
 tuitously distributed. 
 
 35 . Entomological Record. Monthly Report of the Department of Agriculture, for 
 
 1873. p. 29-31. 
 
 Notes on the apple-twig borer, the rose bug, plum iusects, and other insect injuries. 
 
 36 . The Tobacco-worm. Idem. April, 1873. p. 164. 
 
 37 . Entomological Eecord. Idem. May and June, 1873. p.237-238. Notes on the 
 
 apple-twig borer and Colorado beetle. 
 
 38 . Entomological Record. Idem. July, 1873. p. 345-347. Notes on corn in- 
 
 sects, the grape-vine root louse, trap-door spider, Colorado beetle, luminous 
 larvje, etc. 
 
 39 . Entomological Record. Idem. August and September, 1873. p. 426-427. On 
 
 Paris green, the Phylloxera, etc. 
 
 40 . Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1873. p. 496-497. Notes on grape- 
 
 vine borers and iusect injuries. 
 
 41 . Entomological Record. Idem. November and December, 1873. p. 571-578. 
 
 Notes on the phyloxera, the Colorado potato beetle, protection against cotton 
 moths, Xyloryctes satyrus, and insect injuries. 
 
 42. Report of Rntomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the U. S. Com- 
 
 missioner of Agriculture for 1873. p. 152, 169. 10 illust. 
 
 A brief report on the injurious species of insocts reported during the year with conclu- 
 sions, etc., relative to the use of Paris green and other poisons in combating cotton 
 insects. 
 
 43 . Entomological Record. Monthly report of the U. S. Department of Agricult- 
 
 ure, for 1874. p. 43-45. 
 
 Notes on the Phylloxera , Paris green, the cotton caterpillar, &c. 
 
 44 . Entomological Record. Idem. April and May, 1874. p.221-222. On luminous 
 
 beetles, and poke-root as an insecticide. 
 
 45 . Entomological Record. Idem. July, 1874. p. 324-330. On Colorado potato 
 
 beetle, and notes on iusect injuries. 
 
 46 . Entomological Record. Idem. August and September, 1874. p. 373-376. 
 
 Notes on insect injuries. 
 
 47 . Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1874. pp. 428-431. Experiments with 
 
 Phylloxera , the cotton worm, etc. 
 
 48 . The Grape-root Gall-louse. Idem. November and December, 1874. p. 506-7 # 
 
 49 . Report of Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the United 
 
 States Commissioner of Agriculture for 1874. p. 122-146. 20 illust. 
 
 Part I. A brief report on the Colorado potato beetle and other insects, giving the new 
 facts of the year. Part II. An economic paper on the Orthoptera. 
 
67 
 
 50. Manuscript Notes from my Journal | or | Illustrations of Insects | Native 
 
 and Foreign | Diptera | or | Two-winged Flies. | Washington, 1874. 
 
 Written by Townend Glover. Transferred and printed from stone by Jas. F. Gedney. 
 4to. pg. Ill, plates I-XII, pi. A (each with a page of explanation) pg. 120, printed only 
 on one side of the sheet. Only 45 copies printed for gratuitous distribution.) 
 
 (a) Introduction, p. I-III. ( b ) Figures of about 340 imagos, 160 young, 30 habitations, and 
 numerous details of about 400 species, pi. I-XII. (<j) Anatomical details of 86 genera 
 pi. A. (d) Arrangement of families, p. I. (e) Alphabetical list of the families and gen- 
 era of Diptera mentioned in this work, with synonyms, habitat, food, etc., p. 2-59, 
 ( / ) Alphabetical list of predaceous or parasitic Diptera, the larvae or perfect flies of 
 which destroy other insects, p. 60-62. ( g ) Alphabetical list of vegetable and animal 
 
 substances, etc., inhabited, injured, or-destroyed by Diptera, p. 63-78. (h) Alphabeti- 
 cal list of insects of other orders either destroying Diptera or destroyed by them, p. 
 79-85. (i) Alphabetical list of names of authors, and of authorities quoted, p. 86-89, 
 
 ( j ) Abbreviations used in this work, p. 90. ( k ) Alphabetical list of some of the gen- 
 era, etc., of Diptera, with derivation of names, p. 91-93. (1) Alphabetical list of the 
 
 species of Diptera. and other orders, fungi, etc., with derivation of names, p 94-100 
 (m) Supplement. 1. Remedies, p. 101-111. (n) Alphabetical list of insects, etc., men. 
 
 tioned in Report on Remedies, p. 112. (o) Synoptical tables (of divisions and families), 
 p. 113-118. ( p ) Definition of terms, p. 118. ( q ) Addenda, p. 119-120. (r) Notes, p. 
 120. 
 
 51. Recent notes on the Phylloxera, from Foreign Sources. Monthly Report U. 
 
 S. Department of Agriculture for January, 1875. p. 40. 
 
 52. On Beneficial Insects. Idem. April, 1875. p. 175-6. 
 
 53. Entomological Record. Idem. May and June, 1875. pp. 221-230. On cut- 
 
 worms ; Phylloxera in Austria, the same in France ; locusts, etc. 
 
 54. Insect Injuries. Idem. July, 1875. p.307-310. 
 
 55. Insect Injuries. Idem. August and September, 1875. p. 367-370. 
 
 56. Entomological Record. Idem. October, 1875. pp. 442-445. Notes on the 
 
 chinch-bug and Colorado beetle. 
 
 5 7. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the (U. S.) 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture for 1875. pp. 114-136. 63 illust. 
 
 Part I. An Economic paper on the “Heteroptera or Plant Bugs.” Part II. Remedies 
 reported to oe serviceable in destroying insects in the Suborder Heteroptera or plant 
 bugs. 
 
 58. Insect Injuries. Monthly Report of the IT. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 1876. p 245. 
 
 59. Insect Injuries. Idem. August and September, 1876. p. 333-336. 
 
 60. Manuscript Notes from My Journal | or | Illustrations of Insects | Native and 
 
 Foreign | Order Hemiptera | suborder Heteroptera | or plant-bugs. | Washing- 
 ton, D. C. | 1876. 
 
 Written and etched by Townend Glover; transferred and printed from stone by -J. C. Ent- 
 wisle, 1876. (2)-j-2+10 — 133 p. (p. 1-57 bid, p. 58-132), 10 pi. (pi. 1-9 colored), printed 
 only on one side of the sheet. (Only 53 copies printed, for gratuitous distribution.) 
 Title; copyright, (a) Introduction, p. 1-2. (6) About 325 figures of about 257 imagos, 
 
 19 young and numerous anotomical details of about 240 species, pi. 1-10, each pi. with 
 a p. of explanatory text, (c) Arrangement of families, etc., of the Heteroptera, or 
 plant-bugs (Burmeister’s arrangement (1835), p. 1-6, p. 16; Westwood’s (1840), p. 7-9, 
 p. 16; Amyotand Serville’s (1843), p. 9-12, p. 16; Douglas and Scott’s (1861-1865), p. 
 12-15, p. 17), p. 1-17. ( d ) Alphabetical list of the families and genera of Heteroptera 
 
 mentioned in this work with synonym's, habits, food, habitat, etc. (includes, with others, 
 all the species mentioned in Say’s works, with the names of the genera to which they 
 have more recently been removed), p. 18-73. (e) Alphabetical list of predaceous or 
 
 parasitic Heteroptera, the larvae, pupae, or perfect insects of which destroy other in. 
 sects, p. 7 4, 75. (/) Alphabetical list of vegetable and animal substances frequented, 
 
 injured, or destroyed by Heteroptera, p. 76-85. (g) Alphabetical list of insects of other 
 
68 
 
 or ders either destroying Heteroptera or destroyed by them, p. 86, 87. (h) Alphabetical 
 list of the names of the authors and of authorities or societies, etc., referred to in this 
 work, p. 88-91. (£) Abbreviations, etc., used in this work (with a diagram of three 
 
 French inches divided into lines), p. 92. (j) Remedies reported to be serviceable in 
 
 destroying insects of the suborder Heteroptera or plant-bugs, p. 93-96. ( k ) Alphabet 
 
 ical list of (some principal) sections, families, and genera of the Hemiptera, Heterop- 
 tera, with derivation of names, etc., etc. (compiled from the works of various authors, 
 omitting many synonyms, and referring the genera to the families of Amyot and Ser- 
 ville’s classification), p. 97, 112. (i) Alphabetical list of species, of the Hemiptera, 
 
 Heteroptera (with translation of the names and referring the synonyms to their proper 
 genera), p. 112-118. (m) Genera as arranged in the entomological cabinet of the Mu- 
 
 seum of the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., 1876 (with reference to 
 the pages on which the genera are mentioned in Amyot & Serville's Histoirenaturelle 
 des Hemipteres, Paris, 1843), p. 119-123. ( n ) Extracts from the list of Hemiptera, of 
 
 the region west of the Mississippi, including those collected by the Hayden explora- 
 tions of 1873, by P. R. Uhler, Baltimore, Md., Washington, D. C., January 1876 (giv- 
 ing TJhler’s arrangement of the “families, &c.,” and referring to the pages on which 
 the genera are mentioned in that work, (see Rec. No. 568), p. 124-137. (o) Notes of the 
 habits of the Heteropterous insects, with the latest changes in the nomenclature, po- 
 sition, and classification of the various families, subfamilies, genera, and species 
 (taken from Uhler’s List (see Rec. No. 568), and referring to the pages of that list), p. 
 128-131. ( p ) Errata and addenda, p. 132. (q) List of (45) societies and individuals to 
 
 whom a copy of this work has been sent (1876), p. 132. 
 
 61. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the 
 
 U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture for 1876. pp. 17-46. Illust., p. 59. 
 
 I. Contains report of Clias. R. Dodge on the Museum exhibit at the Centennial Exhibition. 
 II. Economic paper by the Entomologist on the Homoptera, 
 
 62. Report of the Entomologist and Curator of the Museum. Report of the 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture for 1877, pp. 89-148, Plates V, Figs. 100, repro- 
 duced from the authors’ engravings of HymeDoptera. 
 
 I. Economic paper on the Hymenoptera in relation to American Agriculture ; II. A re- 
 port on the Museum Division, with a systematic classification for economic museums, 
 prepared by Charles R. Dodge. 
 
 63 Manuscript Notes from my Journal | or | Entomological Index | to names, &c., j 
 in | Agricultural Reports | with list of | Vegetable and Animal Substances In- 
 jured or Destroyed by Insects | Washington, D. C., | 1877. 103 pages, quarto. 
 
 Written and etched by Townend Glover, and printed on stone. 
 
 50 copies were printed for gratuitous distribution. 
 
 64. Illustrations | of | North American | Entomology | in the orders of | Coleoptera, 
 Orthoptera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera. Lepedoptera | Homoptera and Dip. 
 tera | By Townend Glover | Washington, D. C. | 1878. 
 
 The entire set of 273 plates, with names of species on each plate in every order but Lepe- 
 doptera. Contains, also, arrangement of families, compiled from various authors, in 
 each order, with alphabetical lists of families and alphabetical lists of species, with 
 references to plate and figure Twelve copies only were printed for gratuitous dis- 
 tribution, chiefly to institutions in this country and in Europe. The series also con- 
 tained the 22 plates of cotton insects though not so stated on the title page. This was 
 Mr. Glover’s last work, issued only a short time before he was forced to cease his 
 labors and to end his active connection with the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 o 
 
U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, Bulletin 18. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 A Reproduction of an Early Plate on Stone. 
 

 
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICUETURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 19. 
 
 A^UliCULi URAL 
 caPEmWENT static) 
 
 A.TST ENL 1 
 
 u/\r c,r 
 
 ■ OCT ‘8 1883 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINQlS 
 
 PUBLISHED 
 
 SYNOPSES, CATALOGUES, AND LISTS 
 
 OF 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH OTHER INFORMATION INTENDED TO ASSIST THE 
 STUDENT OF AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 18 88 
 
 22310— Bull 19 
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OP ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 19. 
 
 AJST ENUMERATION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PUBLISHED 
 
 SYNOPSES. CATALOGUES, AND LISTS 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH OTHER INFORMATION INTENDED TO ASSIST THE 
 STUDENT OF AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFF ICE. 
 18-8 8 . 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 
 Washington , D. (7., May 15, 1888. 
 
 Sir: I have the honor to submit for publication Bulletin No. 19 of 
 this Division, being an enumeration of the published synopses, cata- 
 logues, and lists of North American insects; together with other infor- 
 mation to assist the student of American Entomology. 
 
 Respectfully, 
 
 Hon. Norman J. Colman, 
 
 Commissioner of Agriculture. 
 
 C. V. Riley, 
 Entomologist 
 
 3 
 
 dj. ms 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Comprehensive Works on North American Insects 9 
 
 Systematic Works on single Orders of Insects : 
 
 Hymenoptera 11 
 
 Coleoptera 17 
 
 Lepidoptera 33 
 
 Diptera 41 
 
 Hemiptera 47 
 
 Orthoptera 53 
 
 Neuroptera 57 
 
 Mallophaga 59 
 
 Thysanura 60 
 
 Myriopoda 61 
 
 Arachnida 63 
 
 List of Entomological Periodicals 67 
 
 List of Works on Economic Entomology 70 
 
 List of Entomological Works published by the U. S. Entomological Commission 
 
 and the C. S. Department of Agriculture 71 
 
 How and where to obtain entomological books 75 
 
 5 
 
SYNOPSES, CATALOGUES. AND LISTS OF NORTH 
 AMERICAN INSECTS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Inquiries regarding the works most useful for the determination of 
 our native insects, as also about the most useful general works of ref- 
 erence, are among the most constantly recurring ones received by the 
 Entomologist; but satisfactory and short replies are in most instances 
 impossible, for the reason that the information is not contained in a 
 few comprehensive works, but is scattered through many different peri- 
 odicals and other publications. A complete list of such works, even of 
 those pertaining to a single Order of insects, is too long to be given in 
 an ordinary letter, and to obviate the difficulty experienced in such 
 correspondence this bulletin has been prepared. 
 
 It was not our intention to compile a complete bibliography of the 
 classification of North American insects, but to give briefly the refer- 
 ences to such works and papers as are most useful for the identification of 
 our insects. Thus, we originally planned to give only the titles of mon- 
 ographs or synopses of families or subfamilies and to reject all papers 
 which contained disconnected descriptions of new species, or revisions 
 and synopses of isolated genera. But while preparing the bulletin it 
 was felt to be advisable to include smaller synoptic papers. For i nstauce, 
 several large families, e. g ., the Scarabaeidse among the Ooleoptera, have 
 recently been quite carefully revised, but the literature is in the form 
 of synopses of single genera which, in their aggregate, form a more or 
 less complete monograph of the whole family. In this case either these 
 smaller synopses had to be mentioned in this bulletin or the whole fam- 
 ily had to be omitted. 
 
 On the other hand, many of the monographs here mentioned are an- 
 tiquated, so as to be of little value at the present time ; or they are 
 monographs comprising the genera and species of all countries, and 
 difficult for the student of the American fauna to use, from the fact that 
 the descriptions of the American genera are almost lost amongst the 
 mass of foreign material. 
 
 It were futile to attempt to discriminate in such an enumeration 
 between the more useful and the more or less useless, but as a rule we 
 would recommend to the student to consult rather the later than the 
 
 7 
 
8 
 
 older publications. Unfortunately there are marked exceptions to the 
 rule; as a few of the latest synoptic and descriptive papers by the 
 younger authors are most insufficient and unsatisfactory. We have 
 added a list of the special works on Economic Entomology, and also 
 of those published by the U. S. Entomological Commission and by the 
 Department. 
 
 There are a good many comprehensive classificatory works on Euro- 
 pean insects, but the almost complete absence of such works in this 
 country is a great bar to the progress of entomology and is the inevit- 
 able outcome of the immense mass of material to be worked up and of 
 the comparatively small number of workers in monographic entomology. 
 As will be seen from the contents of this bulletin, the publications of 
 this kind even in Orders most worked up, as in Coleoptera and Lepidop- 
 tera, are greatly scattered ; while in the less popular Orders compara- 
 tively little has been done. Yet with the many earnest workers now in 
 the field we may hope to see this present want met at no very remote 
 period, and if the present bulletin should prove of temporary service it 
 will not have been prepared in vain, though intended chiefly to relieve 
 the Division of a great deal of letter- writiug. 
 
 The preparation of the titles was originally placed in charge ot Mr. 
 B. Pickman Mann, but was in such shape when he left the office as to 
 require almost entire rewriting. This has been mainly done by Mr. E. 
 A. Schwarz, though other members of the Divisional force have assisted. 
 
 C. Y. R. 
 
PUBLISHED SYNOPSES, CATALOGUES, AND LISTS OF NORTH 
 AMERICAN INSECTS. 
 
 COMPREHENSIVE WORKS MOST USEFUL FOR THE STUDY OF 
 NORTH AMERICAN INSECTS. 
 
 H. 0. 0. Burmeister. — HandbucU der Entomologie. Berlin, 1832-’55. 
 5 vols. Vol. I. Allgemeine Entomologie. 
 
 The first volume treats of general entomology; Vol. II, part 1, of the Hemip- 
 tera; part 2, of Orthoptera; the remaining volumes of Coleoptera. 
 
 The first volume has been translated by W. E. Shuckard, under the title: 
 Manual of Entomology. 1 vol. London, 1836. 
 
 J. O. Westwood. — An introduction to the modern classification of in- 
 sects, fouuded on the natural habits and corresponding organiza- 
 tion of the different families. 2 vols. London, 1839-MO. 
 
 Thomas Say. — Complete writings on the Entomology of North America 5 
 edited by John L. Le Conte. New York, 1859. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Bibliotheca Entomologica. Die Litteratur fiber das 
 gauze Gebiet der Entomologie bis zum Jahre 1862. Leipzig, 1862. 
 
 A. S. Packard. — Guide to the study of insects. Henry Holt & Co., 
 Philadelphia and New York. Many editions. (First edition, Sa- 
 lem, 1869.) 
 
 The Standard Natural History. Edited by John Sterling Kings- 
 ley. Boston, S. E. Cassino & Co., 1884-’85. 
 
 Volume II contains the insects, which are treated by the following authors : 
 Hijmenoptera , J. H. Comstock aud L. O. Howard; Coleoptera, Geo. Dim- 
 mock; Lepidoptera, H’y Edwards and C. II. Fernald ; Diptera, S. W. Wil- 
 liston ; Orthoptera, C. V. Riley; Hemiptera, P. R. Uhler; Neuroptera, A. 
 S. Packard; Arachnida, J. H. Emerton. 
 
 9 
 
HYMENOPTERA. 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Catalogue of the described species of North American 
 Hymeuoptera. <Proc. Entomol. Soc. of Philadelphia, Vol. 1, 1861- 
 ’63. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Catalogue of Species and Bibliography. Part 2 of 
 Synopsis of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico. 
 <Transactions of the Am. Entomol. Soc., Supplementary volume, 
 1887. Phila., 1887. 
 
 II.— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymeno- 
 ptera, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described 
 species and bibliography. <Transactions Am. Entomol. Society, 
 Supplementary volume, Part I, 1887. 
 
 The second part contains the Catalogue of Species and Bibliography. 
 
 Ill— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES. 
 
 TENTHREDINID^E AND UROCERID^E. 
 
 Edward Norton. — Catalogue of the described Tenthredinidse and Uro- 
 ceridae of North America. <Trans. Amer. Ent Soc., Vol. 1, 1867, 
 pp. 31-84 and 193-280 ; Vol. II, 1868-’69, pp. 211-242 and 321-367. 
 
 Gives synoptic tables of genera and species of both families; the Uroceridse 
 are treated in Vol. II, pp. 349-367. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Catalogue of the Tenthredinidie and IJroceridse of 
 North America. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VIII, 1880, pp. 53- 
 68 . 
 
 A synonymical reference list of the species; the Uroceridm are treated on 
 pp. 66, 67. 
 
 Peter Cameron. — Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymen- 
 optera. 2 vols. London, 1882-’85. 
 
 Contains ..n arrangement of the subfamilies aud genera of Tentliredinidie, 
 which has been reproduced by Cresson in his general work of classifica- 
 tion. 
 
 CYNIPIDAE. 
 
 R. Osten Sacken. — On the Cynipidm of the North American oaks and 
 their galls. <Proc. Entom. Soc. Philadelphia, Vol, I, 1861- ? 63, 
 pp. 47-72; additions and corrections, l. c ., pp. 241-259. 
 
 ll 
 
12 
 
 R. Osten Saoken. — Contributions to the Natural History of the Cyni- 
 pidse of the United States. <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Yol. II, 
 1863-64, pp. 33-49; Yol. IY, 1865, pp. 331-380; Trans. Amer. Ent. 
 Soc., Yol. Ill, 1870-’71, pp. 54-64. 
 
 Continuation of the foregoing paper, both containing valuable contributions 
 to the classification of genera and species. 
 
 B. D. Walsh. — On Dimorphism in the Hymenopterous genus Cynips; 
 with an Appendix, containing hints for a new classification of Cyni- 
 pidse, including descriptions of several new species inhabiting the 
 Oak galls of Illinois. <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Yol. II, 18S3-’64, 
 pp. 443-500. 
 
 Gustav Mayr. — Die Genera der gallenbewohnenden Cynipiden. 
 <20ter Jahresbericht der Communal-Oberrealschule im I. Bezirk. 
 Wien, 1881. 
 
 W. H. Ashmead. — A bibliographical and synonymical catalogue of the 
 North American Cynipidae, with description of new species. 
 <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. XII, 1885, pp. 291-304. 
 
 W. H. Ashmead. — Synopsis of the North American subfamilies and 
 genera of Cynipidae. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. XIII, 1886, 
 pp. 59-64. 
 
 W. H. Ashmead. — On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida, with descrip- 
 tions of new species and Synopses of the described species of North 
 America. <Trans. Am. Entom. Soc., Yol. XIY, 1887, No. 2, pp. 
 125-158. 
 
 ICHNETJMONIDiE . 
 
 Edward Norton. — Catalogue of our species of Ophion, Anomalon, 
 Paniscus, and Campoplex. <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Yol. I. 1863, 
 pp. 357-368. 
 
 Synoptic arrangement of the North American genera and species of the sub- 
 family Ophioninse. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Descriptions of North American Hymenoptera in the 
 collection of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. <Proc. 
 Entom. Soc. of Phil., Yol. Ill, 1864, pp. 131-196. 
 
 Consists chiefly of a synopsis of the North American species of the genus 
 Ichneumon. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — A list of the Ichneumonidae of North America, with 
 descriptions of new species. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. I, 
 1867, pp. 289-312; Yol. II, 186*-’69, pp. 89-114. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Descriptions of new species belonging to the subfam. 
 ily Pimplariae found in America, north of Mexico. <Trans. Amer- 
 Entom. Soc., Yol. Ill, 1870— ’7 1 , pp. 143-172. 
 
 Tabulates the genera Pimpla, Polysphincta, Glypta, Arenetra, Lampronota, 
 Xylonomus, Odontomerus, with a list of all species. 
 
13 
 
 B. D. Walsh. — Descriptions of North American Hymenoptera [with 
 
 notes by E. T. Cresson]. <Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Vol. Ill, 
 1873, pp. 65-166. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Notes on the species belonging to the subfamily 
 Ichueumonides found in America, north of Mexico. <Trans. Amer. 
 Entom. Soc., Yol. VI, 1817, pp. 129-212. 
 
 A synopsis of the genera and species of the subfamily Iclineumoniuse. 
 BRACONIDJE. 
 
 E. T. Cresson.— List of the North American species of the genus Al- 
 eiodes, Wesmael. <Trans. Amer. Eutom. Soc., Yol. II, 1868-’69, 
 pp. 377-382. 
 
 C. Y. Riley. — On North American Microgasters, with descriptions of 
 
 new species. <Traus. St. Louis Ac. Sc., Yol. IY, No. 2, 1881. 
 
 T. A. Marshall. — Monograph of the British Braconidye. Part I. 
 <Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1885, pp. 1-280, PI. I-IV. 
 
 Marshall’s classification is that reproduced by Cresson in his Synopsis. 
 CHALCIDIDH3. 
 
 A. Foerster. — Syuoptische Uebersicht der Familien uud Gattungen 
 in den beiden Gruppen der C haloid i ye Spin, uud Proctotrupii Latr. 
 <Jahresber. d. hoheren Biirgerschule in Aachen, 1856. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Synopsis of the North American species belonging to 
 the genera Leucospis, Smicra, and Chalcis. <Traus. Amer. Eutom. 
 Soc., Yol. IY, 1872-73, pp. 29-60. 
 
 L. O. Howard. — Descriptions of North American Chalcididte from the 
 collections of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and of Dr. C. Y. 
 Riley, with biological notes [first paper], together with a list of the 
 described North American species of the family. <U. S. Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology. Bulletin No. 5. 
 Washington, 1885. 
 
 L. O. Howard. — A generic synopsis of the Hymenopterous family 
 Chalcididae. <Entomol. Amer., Yol. I, 1885-86, pp. 197-199 and 
 215-219; Vol. II, pp. 33-38. 
 
 PROCTOTRUPIDJE. 
 
 L. O. Howard. — A generic synopsis of the Hymenopterous family 
 Proctotrupidye. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. XIII, 1886, pp. 
 169-178. 
 
 CHRYSIDID^E. 
 
 Edward Norton. — On the Chrysides of North America. <Trans. 
 Amer. Eutom. Soc., Yol. VII, 1878-79, pp. 233-242. 
 
 Gives tables of genera aud species. 
 
 S. Frank Aaron. — The North American Chrysididse. <Traus. Amer. 
 Entom. Soc., Vol. XII, 1835, pp. 209-24S, PI. VI-X. 
 
14 
 
 Formicida: (including allied families). 
 
 G. L. Mayr. — Die Foriniciden der Yereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika. 
 
 <Yerh. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, 1886. 
 
 MUTILLIDaE. 
 
 Ch. A. Blake. — Synopsis of the Mutillidse of North America. <Trans. 
 Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. Ill, 1870-71, pp. 217-265; Additions and 
 Corrections, Yol. IY, 1872-73, pp. 71-76. 
 
 Ch. A. Blake. — Catalogue of the Mutillidse of North America, with 
 descriptions of new species. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. 
 VII, 1878-79, pp. 243-254. 
 
 Ch. A. Blake. — Monograph of the Mutillidse of North America. 
 <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. XIII, 1886, pp. 179-286. 
 
 This monograph supersedes the synopsis by the same author. 
 
 SCOLILELE. 
 
 H. de Saussure & J. Sichel. — Catalogus specierum generis Scolia, 
 
 Geneve, 1864. 
 
 sapygida:. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — [Synoptic table of the North American species of 
 Sapyga.] <Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. VIII, 1880, pp. xx-xxi. 
 
 POMPILID^E. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Notes on the Pompilidie of North America, with de- 
 scriptions of new species. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. I, 1867, 
 pp. 85-150. 
 
 spheciDaE. 
 
 W. II. Patton. — Some characters useful in the study of Sphecida?. 
 <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XX, 1880, pp. 378-385. 
 
 Critical notes on genera and species. 
 
 LARRIDaE. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — Revision of the Fossorial Hymenoptera of North 
 America. I. Crabronidse and Nyssonidse. <Proc. Entom. Soc. 
 Phil., Yol. YI, 1866, pp. 39-114 and 353-444. 
 
 This work includes revisions of the following families: Larridae, Bembecidae, 
 Philanthidae, Mimesidae, Mellinidae, Pemphredonidae, and Crabronidae. 
 
 W. H. Patton. — List of North American Larridie. <Proc. Boston 
 Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XX, 1880, pp. 385-397. 
 
 Table of genera ; list of and notes on species. 
 
 BEMBECIDAE. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridse.] 
 
 W. H. Patton. — The American Bembecidm: Tribe Stizini. <Bull. 
 U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey, Yol. Y, No. 3, 1879, pp. 341-347. 
 
15 
 
 NYSSONID^E. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridie.] 
 
 E. T. Oresson. — Descriptions of the species belonging to the genus 
 Nysson, inhabiting North America. <Trans. Anier. Entom. Soc., 
 Yol. IX, 1881-’82, pp. 273-284. 
 
 PHILANTHID^E. 
 
 E. T. Oresson. — Monograph of the Pliilanthidse of North America. 
 <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Yol. Y, 1865, pp. 85-132. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridse,] 
 
 W. H. Patton. — Notes on the Pkilanthinm. <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. 
 Hist., Yol. XX, 1880, pp. 397-405. 
 
 E. T. Oresson. — [Table of the North American species of the geuus 
 Eucerceris.] <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. X, 1882-’83, pp. v-viii. 
 
 MIMESID^E. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridse.] 
 
 MELLINID^E. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridse.] 
 
 PEMPHREDONIDJE. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridse.] 
 
 crabronid^e. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — [See work cited under Larridse.] 
 
 MASARIDiE. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Synopsis of American Wasps. Solitary Wasps. 
 <Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 254, Washington, 1875. 
 
 This work monographs the American Masaridse and Eumenidse 
 EUMENIDiE. 
 
 Henri de Saussure.— [Work just cited.] 
 
 VESPIDJE. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Etudes sur la famille des Yespides. Monogra- 
 phie des guepes sociales ou de la tribu des Yespiens. Paris, 1853. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Bemerkungen iiber die Gattung Yespa, be- 
 sonders iiber die amerikauischeu Arten. <Stettiner Entom. Zeit., 
 Yol. XY1II, 1857, pp. 114-117. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Note sur les Polistes americaius. <Ann. 
 Soc. Entom. France, 1857, pp. 309-314. 
 
16 
 
 anthophila ( Andrenidce and Apidcc). 
 
 E. T. Cresson.— A list of the North American species of the genus 
 Anthophora, with descriptions of new species. <Trans. Amer. 
 Entomol. Soc., Vol. II, 1868-’69, pp. 289-293. 
 
 E. T. Cresson. — Catalogue of North American Apidse. <Trans. 
 Amer. Entom. Soc., Vol. VII, 1878-’79, pp. 215-232. 
 
 A synonymical reference list of the species. 
 
 W. H. Patton. — Generic arrangement of the Bees allied to Melissodes 
 and Anthophora. <Bulletin U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surve 3 r , Vol. 
 V, No. 3, 1879, pp. 471-479. 
 
COLEOPTERA. 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES AND CHECK-LISTS. 
 
 F. E. Melsheimer. — Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of the 
 
 United States. Revised by S. S. Haldeman and J. L. Le Conte. 
 Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1853. 
 
 Now antiquated, but still the only reference catalogue of North American 
 Coleoptera. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — List of the Coleoptera of North America. Pre- 
 pared for the Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Washington, 
 Smithsonian Instution, 18G 3- 7 66. 
 
 A synonymical check-list ; incomplete, the second part having never been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Check list of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mex- 
 
 ico. Salem, Mass., Naturalists 7 Agency, 1873. 
 
 Gemminger and Harold. — Catalogus Coleopterorum hucusque de- 
 scriptorum synonymicus et systematicus. 12 vols. Munich, 1868- 
 7 76. 
 
 A synonymical reference catalogue of the Coleoptera of the whole world. 
 
 E. P. Austin. — Supplement to the Check-list of the Coleoptera of 
 America, north of Mexico. Boston, S. E. Cassino, 1880. 
 
 Samuel Henshaw. — List of the Coleoptera of America, north of Mex- 
 ico. Philadelphia, American Entomological Society, 1885. 
 
 This supersedes all previous lists. 
 
 Samuel Henshaw. — First Supplement to the List of Coleoptera of 
 America, north of Mexico. <Entomologica Americana, Vol. II, 
 1887, pp. 213-220. 
 
 Also issued as separate pamphlet by the Brooklyn Entomological Society. 
 
 II.— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 J. L. Le Conte. — Classification of the Coleoptera of North America. 
 Washington, Smithsonian Institution. Part 1, 1861 5 Part II, 1873. 
 
 Only completed as far as the Cerambycidie ; the rest has never been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 William Le Baron. — Outlines of Entomology, published in connec- 
 tion with the authors Annual Reports upon injurious insects. Part 
 first. Including the Order of Coleoptera. Fourth Annual Report 
 on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois. Sep. 
 Edit. Springfield, 1874. 
 
 22310 — Bull 19 2 
 
 17 
 
18 
 
 J. T. Lacordaire. — Histoire naturelle des Iosectes. Genera des 
 Coleopteres, ou expose m^thodique et critique de tous les genres 
 proposes jusqu’ici dans cet ordre d’insectes. [Completed by J. 
 Chapuis.] Paris, France, 1854-’76. 12 vols. and 1 vol. plates. 
 
 John L. Le Conte and George H. Horn. — Classification of the 
 Coleoptera of North America. Prepared for the Smithsonian In- 
 stitution. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1883. 
 
 This is the most recent and the only complete classification of North Ameri- 
 can Coleoptera. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — New Species of North American Coleoptera. 
 Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., Nos. 167 and 264 (2 parts). 
 
 Contains, besides descriptions of numerous isolated species, synoptic tables of 
 many genera. 
 
 TIL— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES. 
 
 Samuel Henshaw. — References for specific identification. <Appeu- 
 dix II of Le Conte and Horn’s “ Classification,” 1883, pp. 535-552. 
 
 A “list of bibliographical refereuces to memoirs, in which more or less com- 
 plete synopses of the families, genera, and species of the Coleoptera of 
 the United States have been published.” 
 
 Since the following list includes only synopses on families, subfamilies, or 
 tribes, Mr. Henshaw’s paper must be consulted in regard to single genera. 
 
 CICINDELIDiE. 
 
 F. G. Schaupp. — Synoptic tables of Coleoptera, Cicindelidae. <Bull. 
 Brooklyn Entomological Society, Yol. YI, November, 18S3, and 
 subsequent numbers. Also issued as separate pamphlet by the 
 Brookl. Eut. Soc. 
 
 CARABIDJE. 
 
 J. L. Le Conte. — Notes on the classification of the Carabidse of the 
 United States. <Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., Ser. 2, 1853, Yol. X, 
 pp. 363-403. 
 
 George H. Horn. — On the genera of Carabidae, with special reference 
 to the fauna of Boreal America. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. 
 IX, 1882, pp. 91-196, PI. III-X. 
 
 Of most of our generaof this extensive family we have monographs or syuop- 
 ses by Drs. Le Conte, Horn, or by Mr. Crotch, and the tables for the de- 
 termination of the species are reproduced and augmented by some origi- 
 nal tables in the Bulletin of the Brookl. Ent. Soc., from Vol. I to Vol. 
 VI. Since that time only one important paper has been published, viz: 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the species of the tribe Lebiini, 
 <Traus. Amer. Eut. See., Yol. X, 1883, pp. 126-163. 
 
19 
 
 HALIPLID^E. 
 
 G. E. Crotch. — Ee vision of the Dytiscidse of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. IV, 1872-’73; Haliplides, pp. 
 383-385. 
 
 DYTISCID^E. 
 
 G. E. Crotch. — [Work just cited; Dytiscides, pp. 385-424.] 
 
 David Sharp. — On aquatic carnivorous Coleoptera or Dytiscidse. 
 CTrans. Eoyal Dublin Soc., 1882, Ser. 2, Yol. II, pp. 179-1003, 
 plates. 
 
 A monograph of the Dy tiscidae of the whole world. 
 
 GYRINID.E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — The Gyrinidse of America, north of Mexico. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat, Sc. Phil., 1868, pp. 365-373. 
 
 M. Eegimbart. — Essai monographique de la famille des Gyrinides. 
 <Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 1882- , 83, with eight plates. 
 
 Treats of the Gyrinidae of the whole globe. 
 
 HYDROPHILIDJE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Hydrophilidse of the United 
 States. <Proc. Acad. Sc. Phil., Yol. YII, 1855, pp. 356-375. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Eevision of the genera and species of the tribe 
 drobiini. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1873, pp. 118-137. 
 
 SILPHID^E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Silphales of America, north of 
 Mexico. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., Yol. VI, 1853, pp. 274-287. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the Silphidse of the United States, 
 with reference to the genera of other countries. <Trans. Amer. 
 Entom. Soc., Yol. VIII, 1880, pp. 219-322, PI. V-VII. 
 
 SCYDMJENIDiE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Scydmaenidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., Vol. VI, 1854, pp. 149-157. 
 
 PSELAPHIDAE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — On the Pselaphidse of the United States. <Bos- 
 ton Journ. Nat. Hist., Yol. YI, 1850, pp. 64- 110. 
 
 Emil Brendel. — Synopsis of the genera and species of the family Pse- 
 laphidse. <Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Yol. YI, 1866-7, pp. 31-38. 
 
20 
 
 Thos. L. Casey. — Euplectini. <Contributions to the descriptive and 
 systematic Coleopterology of North America. Part II, pp. 93-122. 
 
 STAPH YLINIDiE. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the genera aud species of the Staphy- 
 linid tribe Tachyporini of the United States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. 
 Soc., Yol. YI, 1877, pp. 81-128, 1 pi. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — On certain genera of Staphylinidse, Oxytelini, 
 Piestidae, and Micropeplidae, as represented in the fauna of the 
 United States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. YI, 1877, pp. 213- 
 252. 
 
 A. Fauvel. — Staphylinides de l’Amerique du Nord. Partie I. <No- 
 tices entomologiques, No. 7, 1878. 
 
 Treats the Micropeplidae, Piestini, Phlceocharini, Protinini, Homalini, and 
 Oxytelini (incomplete). 
 
 George II. Horn. — Synopsis of the Quediini of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. YII, 1879, pp. 149-167. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the species of Staphylinus and the 
 more closely allied genera iuhabitating the United States. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent, Soc., Yol. YII, 1879, pp. 185-200. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Short studies of North American Coleoptera. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. YIII, 1880. 
 
 Tabulates the following genera: Leptacinus (p. 168); Leptalinus (p. 171), 
 Xantholinus (p. 171), Lathrobinm (p. 174), Liparocephalus (p. 177), 
 Stilicus (p. 178), Sunius (p. 179). 
 
 Thos. L. Casey. — Revision of the Stenini of America, north of Mexico. 
 
 Separate publication; without date. 
 
 TRICHOPTERYGIDHS. 
 
 A. Matthews. — Trichopterygia illustrate et descripta. London, 1871. 
 
 A monograph of the Trichopterygidae of the whole world. 
 
 A. Matthews. — Synopsis of North American Trichopterygidae. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. XI, 1884, pp.. 113-156. 
 
 SCAPHIDIID^E. 
 
 JohnL, LeConte. — Synopsis of the Scapliidiidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Acad, Nat. Sc. Phil., 1860, pp. 321-324. 
 
 PHALACRIDH3. 
 
 John L. Le Conte.— Synopsis of the Phalacridae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YIII, 1856, pp. 15-17. 
 
21 
 
 CORYLOPHIDiE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Remarks upon the Coccinellidae of the United 
 States. <Proe. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. VI, 1852, pp. 129-145. 
 
 The Corylophidse are treated on pp. 141-145. 
 
 COCCINELLIDJE. 
 
 E. Mulsant. — Species des Coleopteres trimeres securipalpes. Lyon, 
 L851 2 vols. ; 1 vol. Supplement. Paris, 1853. 
 
 A monograph of the Coccinellidse of the whole world. 
 
 John L. Le Conte — Remarks upon the Coccinellidae of the United 
 States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. VI, 1852, pp. 129-141. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Revision of the Coccinellidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1873, pp. 363-382. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Revision of the Coccinellidae. Ed. by R. Rippon. 
 Loudon, 1874. 
 
 Treats also of the Coccinellidae of the whole world. 
 
 EROTYLIDiE. 
 
 J. T. Lacordaire. — Monographie de la famille des Erotyliens. Paris, 
 1842. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Erotylidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. VII, 1854, pp, 158-163. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Synopsis of the Erotylidae of Boreal America. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1873, pp. 349-358. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Revision of the family Erotylidae. London, 1876. 
 
 These two works treat of the Erotylid* of the whole world. 
 
 ENDOMYCHIJ^E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Endomychidae of the United 
 States. <Proc. Ac. Sc. Phil., Vol. VI, 1853, pp. 357-360. 
 
 A. Gerst^ecker. — Monographie der Endomychiden. .Leipzig, 1858. 
 
 Treats of the Endomychidae of the whole world. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Synopsis of the Eudomychidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1873, pp. 359-363. 
 
 COLYDIIDiE. 
 
 George H. Horn. — [Revision of the Bostrychidae and] Synopsis of 
 the Colydiidae of the United States. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 
 Vol. XVII, 1878, pp. 555-592. 
 
22 
 
 RHYSSODID^. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Notes on the Rhyssodidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, 1875, pp. 162-168. 
 
 CUCUJID^E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Cucujides of the United States 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. VII, 1851, pp. 73-79. 
 
 Thos. L. Casey. — Revision of the Cncujidae of America, north of Mex- 
 ico. <Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. XT, 1884, pp. 69-112, PI. IV- 
 VIII. 
 
 MY CETOPH AGIDiE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Mycetophagidae of the United 
 States. <Proc. Ac Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YIII, 1856, pp. 12-15. 
 
 George H. Horn. — [Synoptic tables of Mycetophagus, Triphyllus, 
 and Litargus.] <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XYII, 1878, pp. 
 603-608. 
 
 dermestidae. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Dermestidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Yol. VII, 1854, pp. 106-113. 
 
 Horace F. Jayne. — Revision of the Dermestidae of the United 
 States. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XX, 1882, pp. 343-377, 
 plates 1-4. 
 
 histerid^e. 
 
 John Le Conte. — A monograph of the North American Histeroides. 
 <Boston Jonrn. Nat. Hist., Yol. Y, 1845, pp. 32-66, plates. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the species of the Histeroid genus 
 Abraeus Leach, inhabiting the United States, with descriptions of 
 two nearly allied genera. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YI, 
 1853, pp. 287-292. 
 
 S. E. de Marseul. — Essai monograpliique sur la famille des Histe- 
 rides. 2 vols. and supplement. Paris, 1853-59, 38 pi. 
 
 A monograph of the Histeridse of the whole world. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the Histeridae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XIII, 1873, pp. 273-360, plate. 
 
 NITIDULIDYE. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Revision of the Nitidulidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. VII, 1879, pp. 267-336. 
 
23 
 
 MONOTOMID^E. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the Monotomidse of the United States. 
 <Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc., Yol. YII, 1879, pp. 257-267. 
 
 LATHRIDIIDiE. 
 
 0. G. von Mannerheim. — Yersuch einer monographischen Darstel- 
 lung der Kafergattuugen Oorticaria und Lathridius. <Gertnar’s 
 Zeits. f. Ent., Yol. Y, 1845, pp. 1-112. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Lathridiides of the United 
 States and northern contiguons territories. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. 
 Phil., Yol. YII, 1855, pp. 299-305. 
 
 BYRRHIDsE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Byrrhidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YII, 1854, pp. 113-117. 
 
 PARNIDsE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Parnidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Yol. YI, 1852, pp. 41-45. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the Parnidse of the United States. 
 <Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc., Yol. Ill, 1870, pp. 29-42. 
 
 DASCYLLIDsE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Atopidae, Rhipiceridae, and Cy- 
 phonidae of the United States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YI, 
 1853, pp. 350-357. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the Dascyllidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc., Yo). YIII, 1880, pp. 76-114, plate. 
 
 RHIPICERIDSE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte [see paper just cited]. 
 
 George EL Horn. — Notes on Elateridse, Cebrionidae, Rhipiceridse, and 
 Dascyllidse. <Trans. Ainer. Ent. Soc., Yol. IX, 1881, pp. 85-86. 
 
 ELATERIDsE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Revision of the Elateridse of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. ser., Yol. X, 1853, pp. 405-508. 
 
 E. de CandLze. — Monographic des Elaterides. 4 vols. and 3 supple- 
 ments. Liege, 1857-’81. 
 
 H. de Bonvouloir. — Monographic de la famille des Eucndmides. 
 Paris, 1871-’75, 42 plates. 
 
24 
 
 George H. Horn. — Notes on Elateridae, Cebrionidae, Rhipiceridae, and 
 Dascyllidae. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IX, 1881. 
 
 Tabulates Aplastus, p. 77 ; Plastocerus, p. 78 ; Euthysanius, p. 79 ; and tlie 
 subfamily Cebrionime, p. 82. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Short studies of North American Coleoptera 
 (No. 2). <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, 1884. 
 
 Tabulates Drasterius, p. 4 ; Megapenthes, p. 6 ; Elater, p. 8 ; Agriotes, p. 15. 
 
 George H. Horn — A study of some genera of Elateridae. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, 1884, pp. 33-52. 
 
 Tabulates Horistonotus, p. 34; Esthesopus, p. 41 ; Ludius, p. 45; Eniconyx, 
 p. 51. 
 
 George H. Horn. — A monograph of the species of the subfamilies 
 Eucneuiime, Cerophytinae, and Perothopinae, inhabiting the United 
 States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, 1886, pp. 5-58. 
 
 THROSCIDtE. 
 
 H. de Bonvouloir. — Essai monographique sur la famille des Thro- 
 scides. Paris, 1859- ? 60; with supplement. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the Throscidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XU, 1885, pp. 198-208. 
 
 BUPRESTIDiE. 
 
 Castelnau de Laporte & Gory. — Monographic des Buprestides. 
 Paris, 1835. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Revision of the Buprestidae of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. ser., Vol. XI, 1859, pp. 187-258. 
 
 G. R. Crotch. — Notes on the species of Buprestidae found in the United 
 States. <Pioc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1873, pp. 84-96. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Revision of some genera of Buprestidae. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, 1882, pp. 101-112. 
 
 Revises the group Anthaxise, viz., the genera Melanophila, Anthaxia, Xeno- 
 rhipis. 
 
 George H. Horn. — A monograph of the species of Chrysobothris in- 
 habiting the United States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIII, 
 1886, pp. 65-123, plates II- VII. 
 
 lampyrida:. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Lampyrides of Temperate North 
 America. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. V, 1851, pp. 331-347. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Lainpyridae of the United States. 
 <Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IX, 1881, pp. 15-72. 
 
25 
 
 MALACHIIDJE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Catalogue of the Melyrides of the United States, 
 with descriptions of new species. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. 
 YI, 1852, pp. 163-171. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Revision of the Dasytini of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phil., 1866, pp. 349-361. 
 
 Geo. EL Horn. — Synopsis of the Malachidge of the United States. 
 <Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1872, pp. 109-127. 
 
 CLERIDJE. 
 
 M. Spinol A. — Essai monographique sur les Clerites, insectes Coleopteres. 
 Genes, 1844, 2 vols., 47 plates. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Coleopterous insects of the group 
 Cleridse, which inhabit the United States. <Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., 
 New York, Vol. V, 1849, pp. 9-35. 
 
 Georoe H. Horn. — Synopis of the species of Cymatodera and Tri- 
 chodes of the United States. <Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, 
 1876, pp. 220-232. 
 
 PTINID^E. 
 
 A. Boildieu. — Monographic de la tribu des Ptiniores. <Anu. Soc. 
 Ent. France, 1856. 
 
 A monograph of the subfamily Ptininae. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Prodroraus of a monograph of the species of the 
 Tribe Anobiini, of the family Ptinidge, inhabiting North America. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phil., 1865, pp. 222-244. 
 
 Georoe H. Horn. — Revision of the Bostrichidge of the United States. 
 <Proc. Arner. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVII, 1878, pp. 540-555. 
 
 CUPESID^E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — On the Cupesidge of North America. <Trans*. 
 Arner. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, 1874, pp. 87-88. 
 
 CIOID^E. 
 
 J. Mel lie. — Monographic de l’ancien genre Cis des auteurs. <Ann. 
 Soc. Ent. France, 1848, pp. 205-274 and 313-396, 4 plates. 
 
 lucanidje. 
 
 Chas. Fuchs. — Synopsis of the Lucanidae of the United States. <Bull. 
 Brookl. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 49-52 and 57-60, 1 plate. 
 
26 
 
 SCARAB^EID^E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Notice of three genera of Scarabaeidae found in 
 the United States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. VIII, 1856, 
 pp. 19-25. 
 
 Treats of Ligyrus, Aphonns, and Polymcechus. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Melolonthidae of the United 
 States. <Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., ser. 2, Vol. Ill, 1856, pp. 225- 
 288. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Notes on some genera of Coprophagous Scarabaeidae 
 of the United States. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Vol. Ill, 1870, 
 pp. 42-51. 
 
 Tabulates Copris, p. 42; Canthon, p. 44; Amechanus ( Brady cinetus), p. 48; 
 Bolboceras, p. 49; Odontseus, p. 50. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Description of the species of Aphodius and Dialytes 
 of the United States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. Ill, 1870, pp. 
 110-134. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Synopsis of Aphodiini of the United States. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. Ill, 1871, pp. 284-297. 
 
 Continuation of the foregoing paper. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Descriptions of new Coleoptera of the United States, 
 with notes on known species. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. Ill, 
 1870-’71. 
 
 Tabulates Cyclocepliala, p. 334 ; Catalpa, p. 337 ; Cremastochilus, p. 339. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Synonymical notes and descriptions of new species of 
 North American Coleoptera. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, 
 1875. 
 
 Tabulates Onthophagus, p. 137; Ligyrus, p. 143; Strategus, p. 143. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Revision of the United States species ofOchodaeus 
 and other genera of Scarabaeidae. <Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 
 V, 1876, pp. 177-197. 
 
 Tabulates Ochodseus, p. 177; Macrodactylus, p. 183; Dichelonycka, p. 185; 
 Ccenonycha, p. 192; Trichi us, p. 194. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Contributions to the Ooleopterology of the United 
 States, No. 3. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VIII, 1880. 
 
 Tabulates Geotrupes, p. 144 ; Phileurus, p. 147 ; and describes the species of 
 Plectrodes, p. 145. 
 
 Frederick Blanchard. — On the species of Canthon and Phanaeus 
 of the United States, with notes on other genera. <Trans. Amer. 
 Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, 1885, pp. 163-172. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — A monograph of the Aphodiini inhabiting the United 
 States. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc.* Vol, XIV, 1887, pp. 1-110, 
 
 Supersedes the two papers cited above. 
 
27 
 
 George H. Horn. — Revision of the species of Lachnosterna of Amer- 
 ica north of Mexico, <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XIV., 1887, 
 pp. 209-296, pi. III. 
 
 CERAMB Y CID^E. 
 
 S. S. Haldeman. — Materials towards a history of the Coleoptera Lon- 
 gicornia of the United States. <Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2 ? 
 Vol. X, pp. 27-67 ; and Proc. .Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. IV, 1847, pp. 
 371-376. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — An attempt to classify the Longicorn Coleoptera 
 of the part of America north of Mexico. <Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. 
 Phil., ser. 2, Vol. I, 1850, pp. 311-340; Vol. II, 1852, pp. 5-38; 
 pp. 99-112 and 139-178. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Note on the classification of the Cerambycidse, 
 with descriptions of new species. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1862, 
 pp. 38-42. 
 
 John L. Le Conte — New species of North American Coleoptera. Pre- 
 pared for the Smithsonian Institution. Part II. <Smithson. Misc. 
 Coll., Vol. XI, 1874. 
 
 Tabulates the following genera: Criocephalus, p. 169; Eburia, p. 179 ; Ela- 
 phidion, p. 181; Aneflus, p. 185; Crossidius, p. 196; Acmseops, p. 208; 
 Strangalia, p. 212; Typocerus, p. 213; Leptura, p. 215; Monilema, p. 229 ; 
 Monohammus, p. 231 ; Pogonocherus, p. 237 ; Saperda, p. 233. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Notes on some genera of Cerambycidra of the 
 United States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, 1878, pp. 41-50. 
 
 Gives tables of Pogonockerus, p. 42 ; Mecas, p. 44 ; Oberea, p. 45 : Tetraopes, 
 p. 48; Tetrops, p. 50. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Notes on some genera of Cerambycidae, with de- 
 scriptions of new species. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VIII, 
 1880, pp. 115-133. 
 
 A complete revision of the tribe Acantkoderini, p. 115 ; tables of .dSthecerus, 
 p. 133; Cyllene, p. 134. 
 
 Chas. W. Leng. — Synopsis of Coleoptera [Cerambycidm]. <Bull. 
 Brookl. Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, 1884, No. 1, p. 7, and in subsequent 
 numbers; continued in Entomologica Americana, Vols. I-1II, and 
 not yet completed. 
 
 Follows the classification by Drs. Le Conte and Horn. The tables for the 
 determination of the species are partly reproduced from those given by 
 Dr. Le Conte or Dr. Horn, and partly original by Dr. Horn or by Mr. 
 Leng. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Descriptions of some new Cerambycidae, with 
 notes. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XII, 1885, pp. 173-197. 
 
 Gives tables of Oxoplus, p. 175; Stenospkenus, p. 177; Monilema, p. 180* 
 Monohammus, p. 190; Goes, p. 193: Dorcaschema, p. 193*. Oncideres, p. 
 194; Eupogonius, p. 196; Dysphaga, p. 197. 
 
28 
 
 CHRYSOMELIDiE. 
 
 E. Suffrian. — Monographie und kritiscbes Yerzeicbniss der nord- 
 ainerikanischenCryptocephalen. <Linnaea Entom., Vols. YI-YIII, 
 1852-’54. 
 
 W. F. Bogers. — Synopsis of the species of Ckrysomela and allied gen- 
 era inhabiting the United States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. 
 VIII, 1856, pp. 29-39, 1 plate. 
 
 A synopsis of the present tribe Chrysomelini. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Un the species of Galeruca and allied genera in- 
 habiting North America. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1865, pp. 204- 
 222 . 
 
 A review of Galerucini genuini. 
 
 G.B. Crotch. — Materials for the study of the Phytophaga of the United 
 States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1873, pp. 19-83. 
 
 A revision of in< st of the North American genera of Clirysomelidse, omitting 
 most of the Cryptocephalini, the Galerucini genuini and the genera Haltica 
 and Longitarsus. 
 
 John L. Le Conte.— Short studies of North American Coleoptera. 
 CTrans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. VIII, 1880. 
 
 Gives synoptic tables of Monachus, p. 195; Diachus, p. 196; Triachus, p. 
 197 ; Bassareus, p. 198; Cryptocephalus, p. 199; Pachybrachys, p. 204. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Miscellaneous notes and short studies of North 
 American Coleoptera, Chrysomelidte, Hispini. <Trans. Amer. 
 Ent. Soc., Yol. X, 1883, pp. 290-303. 
 
 bruchlcle. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Bevisiou of the Bruchidse of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. IY, 1873, pp. 311-342. 
 
 TENEBRIONIDiE. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Bevisiou of the Tenebrionidse of America, north of 
 Mexico. <Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. ser., Yol. XIY, 1870, pp. 
 253-404, 2 plates. 
 
 CISTELID^E. 
 
 This family has never been monographed, and we have only tables of the 
 genera Hymenorus and Mycetochares, by Le Conte, in “New Species of 
 North American Coleoptera” (Smithson. Misc. Contrib., etc., p. 135) ; and 
 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., XVII, 1878, p. 616. 
 
 OTHNIID^E. 
 
 The few species of the single genus constituting this family have lv*en tabu- 
 lated by Dr. Horn in Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. II, 1868, pp. 132, 133. 
 
 LAGRIID^E. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Miscellaneous Coleopterous studies. <Trans. Amer. 
 Ent. Soc., Yol. XV., 1888. 
 
 Contains on pp. 28-32 a synopsis of the family. 
 
29 
 
 MONOMMIDJE. 
 
 James Thomson. — Monograpliie de la famille des Monommides. <Ann. 
 Soc. Ent. France, 1800, pp. 5-38. 
 
 A monograph, of the family of the whole world. The few (four) species hitherto 
 found in North America are tabulated by Dr. Horn in Trans. Amer. Ent. 
 Soc., Vol. IV, 1«72, p. 150. 
 
 MELANDRYID^E. 
 
 No complete synopsis has hitherto been published, aud excepting a table of 
 Hallomenus, by Dr. Le Conte (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XVII, 1878, 
 p. 619), we can only record the following paper . 
 
 George H. Horn. — Notes on the Mycteridse and other Heteromera. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, 1879, pp. 336-339. 
 
 Tabulates Mycterus and Lacconotus. 
 
 Geo. H. Horn. — Miscellaneous Coleopterous studies. <Trans. Amer. 
 Ent. Soc., Vol. XV., 1888. 
 
 Contains on pp. 32-44 a revised table of the tribes of Melandryidie and tables 
 of the genera Eustrophus, Holostrophus, Orchesia, and Hypulus. 
 
 PYTHID^E. 
 
 Excepting the table of Cononotus, by Dr. Horn (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. 
 II, 1868, p. 136), and a table of Pytho, by the same author (1. c. Vol. XV, 
 1888, p. 45), we have no synoptic papers on this family. 
 
 (EDEMERID^E. 
 
 John L. Le Conte.— Synopsis of the (Edemeridm of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Vol. VII, 1854, pp. 20-22. 
 
 CEPHALOIDiE. 
 
 The few species composing this family are tabulated by Dr. Le Conte in Mr. 
 E. P. Austin’s Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Mount Washington, N. H. 
 <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVI, 1874, pp. 265-276. 
 
 MORDELLIDJE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Mordellidte of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1862, pp. 43-51. 
 
 John B. Smith. — A synopsis of the Mordellidte of the United States. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. X, 1882, pp. 73-100, Plates I-III. 
 
 RHIPIPHORlDiE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Note on the species of Myodites Latr., inhabiting 
 the United States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1865, pp. 96-98. See 
 also u Short Studies of North American Coleoptera.” <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. VIII, 1880, p. 210. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Notes on the species of Rhipiphorus of the United 
 States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. V, 1875, pp. 121-125. 
 
30 
 
 ANTHICID^]. 
 
 F. de la. Ferte-Senectere. — Monographic des Anthicus et genres 
 voisius, Coleopteres heteromeres de la tribus des Trachelides. 
 Paris, 3848. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Anthicites of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat, Sc. Phil., Yol. YI, 1852, pp. 91-104. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Pyrochroidm of the United 
 States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YII, 1855, pp. 270-275. 
 
 The tribes Pedilini, Xylophilini, and Macratrini, formerly attached to the 
 Pyrochroidaj, are here treated. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Synopsis of the species of Corphyra Say, of the 
 United States. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. Ill, 1871, pp. 278- 
 283. 
 
 For subsequent tables by Dr. Horn of the same genus see Trans. Amer. Ent. 
 Soc., Vol.y, 1874, p. 40, and, l. c., Yol. X, 1883, pp. 305-310. 
 
 PYROCHROIDJE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Pyrochroidm of the United 
 States. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YII, 1855, pp. 270-275. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Miscellaneous Coleopterous studies. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. XY, 1888. 
 
 Contains on p. 47 a table of Dendroides. 
 
 MELOIDiE. 
 
 John L. Le Conte. — Synopsis of the Meloides of the United States. 
 <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. YI, 1853, pp. 328-350. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Kevision of the species of several genera of Me- 
 ioidse of the United States. <Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., Yol. XIII, 
 1873, pp. 88-117. 
 
 Gives tables of Macro basis, p. 88; Epicauta, p. 95; Cantharis, p. 103; Pom - 
 phopcea, p. 115. 
 
 EHYNCHOPHORA. 
 
 C. J. Sohcenherr. — Genera et species Curculionidum cum synonymia 
 hujus familite ... 8 vols., Paris, 1833-34. 
 
 An additional volume. Mantissa secunda familisB Curculionidum, appeared 
 in 1847. 
 
 A monograph of the Rhynchophora (including the Brucliidae) of the whole 
 world but now antiquated. 
 
 C. Zimmermann. — Synopsis of the Scolytidse of America, north of Mex- 
 ico. With Notes and an Appendix by J. L. Le Conte. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. II, 1868, pp. 141-178. 
 
31 
 
 George H. Horn. — The Brentkidse of the United States. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. IV, 1872, pp. 127-129. 
 
 George H. Horn. — Contributions to a knowledge of the Curculioni- 
 dse of the United States. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XIII, 
 1873, pp. 407-469. 
 
 A revision of the Calandridse and synopses of Otidocephalus, p. 448; Mag- 
 dalis, p.452; Balaninus, p.457; Orchestes, p. 461 ; Rhyssomatus, p. 463 ; 
 Chalcodermus, p. 465 ; Analcis, p. 467. 
 
 John B. Smith. — Synopsis of the Apioniuse of Xortli America. 
 <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. XI, 1874, pp. 41-68, 3 plates. 
 
 John L. Le Conte and George H. Horn. — The Bhynchophora of 
 America, north of Mexico. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XV, 
 1876. 
 
 A monograph of the North American Rhynchophora. 
 
 Frederick Blanchard. — Table of Balaninus Germ. <Bull. Brook. 
 Ent. Soc., Vol. VII, 1884, pp. 106-108. 
 
u 
 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 L— CATALOGUES AND LISTS. 
 
 J. G. Morris. — Catalogue of the described Lepidoptera of North Amer- 
 ica. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1860. 
 
 This is the first catalogue of the North American Lepidoptera, but now greatly 
 antiquated and superseded. 
 
 J. W. Weidemeyer. — Catalogue of North American Butterflies. 
 <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Vol. II, 1863-’66, pp. 143-154 and 513-542. 
 
 Superseded by subsequent papers. 
 
 A. R. Grote and C. T. Kobinson. — A synonymical catalogue of North 
 American Sphingidse, with notes and descriptions. <Proc. Entom. 
 Soc. Phil., Vol. V, 1865, pp. 149-193, 3 plates. 
 
 Gives full and complete synonymy, with descriptions of several new genera 
 and species. 
 
 A. R. Grote and C. T. Robinson. — List of the Lepidoptera of North 
 America. Philadelphia, Amer. Ent. Soc., 1868. 
 
 Contains the Sphingidae, iEgeriidae, Thyridae, Zygaenidae, and Boinbycidae. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — List of the Noctuidse of North America. <Bull. Buffalo 
 
 Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, 1874, pp. 1-77. 
 
 The only synonymical and bibliographical catalogue of the North American 
 Noctuidae. 
 
 S. H. Scudder. — Synonymic list of the Butterflies of North America, 
 north of Mexico. Part I. Nymphales. <Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Hist., 
 Vol. II, 1875, pp. 233-269; Part II. Rurales. <L. c., Vol. 111,1876, 
 pp. 98-129. 
 
 Contains a very complete synonymy, but its classification has not been adopted 
 by subsequent writers. 
 
 W. F. Kirby. — A synonymic catalogue of diurnal Lepidoptera. London, 
 1871; Supplement, London, 1877. 
 
 A complete synonymical list of the diurnals of the world. 
 
 B. Gerhard. — Systematisches Verzeichniss der Macrolepidopteren 
 von Nord-Amerika. Leipzig, 1878. 
 
 Merely a check-list and not reliable. 
 
 H. Strecker. — Butterflies and Moths of North America. Diurnes. 
 Reading, Pa., 1878. 
 
 A very complete synonymical and annotated catalogue, with glossary of 
 terms and an introductory chapter giving directions for collecting, pre- 
 serving, and shipping butterflies. 
 
 22310— Bull 19 3 
 
 33 
 
34 
 
 Y. T. Chambers. — Index to the described Tineiua of the United States 
 and Canada. <Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., Vol. 1Y, 1878, pp. 
 125-167. 
 
 An annotated catalogue, with descriptions of many new species. 
 
 Brooklyn Entomological Society.— Check-list of the Macrolepi- 
 doptera of America, north of Mexico. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1882. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — New Check List of North American Moths. New York, 
 Author, 1882. 
 
 A list of all heterocerous Macrolepidoptera ; also the Pyralidae and Tortri- 
 cidae. Supersedes several previous lists by the same author. 
 
 C. H. Fernald. — A synonymical catalogue of the described Tortricidm 
 of North America, north of Mexico. <Traus. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. 
 X, 1882, pp. 1-64; also separate. 
 
 W. H. Edwards. — Revised catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of 
 America north of Mexico. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Yol. XI, 
 1884, pp. 245-338. 
 
 This is the most recent reference and synonymic catalogue, superseding a 
 similar catalogue by the same author published in 1877. 
 
 W. H. Edwards. — List of species of the Diurnal Lepidoptera of Amer- 
 ica north of Mexico. Boston, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1884, 4to. 
 
 A mere list of the species, following in all respects the catalogue just cited, 
 and printed to accompany Yol. II of the “ Butterflies of North America.” 
 
 IL— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 G. A.W. Herrich-Sohaeffer.— Sammlungneuer oder wenig bekann- 
 
 ter aussereuropaischer Schmetterlinge. Yol. I. Regensburg, 1850- 
 ? 58 ; Yol. II, Pt. 1, 1869. 
 
 Contains a classification of the Lepidoptera, which forms the basis of our 
 present arrangement. 
 
 John G. Morris. — Synopsis of the described Lepidoptera of North 
 America. Part I. Diurnal and Crepuscular Lepidoptera. Wash- 
 ington, Smithsonian Institution, 1862. 
 
 Compiled descriptions of the North American Lepidoptera, from the Rho- 
 palocera to the Bombycidse. 
 
 H. Streoker. — Lepidoptera, Rhopaloceres et Heteroceres, indigenous 
 
 and exotic; with descriptions and colored illustrations. Reading, 
 Pa., 1872-77. 
 
 Fifteen parts of this work have been published containing figures and de- 
 scriptions of many North American species. 
 
 John B. Smith. — An introduction to a classification of the North Amer- 
 ican Lepidoptera. <Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., Yol. YII, 1884, pp. 70- 
 74 and 81-83. 
 
 A synopsis of the families of Lepidoptera, based on Herricli-Schaeffer’s classi- 
 fication. 
 
35 
 
 III.— monographs and synopses. 
 
 Rhopalocera. 
 
 J. A. Boisduval. — Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species general des 
 Lepidopteres. Suites a Buffon. Paris, 1836. 
 
 Contains full descriptions of the known species, but extends only from Pa- 
 pilio to the end of Terias. 
 
 E. Doubleday and W. C. Hewitson. — The genera of diurnal Lepidop- 
 tera, comprising their generic characters, a notice of their trans-' 
 formations, and a catalogue of the species of each genus; illustrated, 
 with 86 colored plates from drawings by W. C. Hewitson. 2 vols., 
 London, 1846- 7 52. 
 
 This work was completed by Westwood after the death of Doubleday. 
 
 S. H. Sc udder. — Butterflies: Their structures, changes, and life-his- 
 tories, with special reference to American forms. Being an appli- 
 cation of the “Doctrine of descent 77 to the study of Butterflies, with 
 an appendix of practical instructions. New York, Henry Holt & 
 Co., 1881. 
 
 Carl Ploetz. — Die Hesperiinen-Gatting Hesperia Aut. und ihre 
 Arten. <Stettin. entom. Zeit., 1882, pp. 314-341, continued in 
 subsequent volumes. 
 
 John B. Smith. — Synopsis of the genera of the North American Rho- 
 palocera. <Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., Vol. VI, 1883, pp. 37-45. 
 
 A tabular synopsis embracing all North American genera. 
 
 C. H. Fernald. — The Butterflies of Maine. Designed for the use of 
 the students in the Maine State College, and the farmers of the 
 State. Orono, Me., 1884. 
 
 G. H. French. — The Butterflies of the Eastern United States. For 
 the use of classes in Zoology and private students. Philadelphia, 
 Lippincott & Co., 1886. 
 
 Gives synopses of the genera and species, and descriptions of the species. 
 
 Brooklyn Entomological Society. — Synopses of Butterflies. 
 <Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Sue., Vol. I and subsequent volumes $ con- 
 tinued in Entomologiea Americana, Vol. I. 
 
 Synopses of the North American species of Rhopalocera, the later articles 
 giving tables of species and bibliography. Not yet completed. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Comparative tables for the families of Butter- 
 flies. <Canad. Entom. Vol. XIX, 1887, No. 11, pp. 201-206. 
 
 W. H. Edwards. — Butterflies of North America. Boston, Houghton, 
 Mifflin & Co. 
 
 Two volumes are completed and the third is in course of publication. 
 
36 
 
 Heterocera. 
 
 SPHIN GTD JE. 
 
 T. W. Harris. — Descriptive Catalogue of the North American insects 
 belonging to the Linnsean genus Sphinx, in the cabinet of Thaddeus 
 William Harris, M. D., librarian of Harvard University. <Amer. 
 Journ. Sc. and Arts, Yol. XXXYI, 1839, pp. 282-320. 
 
 Includes not only the Sphingidse as at present limited, hut also the Zygseni- 
 dse of Grote’s new list. 
 
 B. Clemens. — Synopsis of the North American Sphingides. < Journ. 
 
 Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. IY, Pt. 2, 1859, pp. 97-190. 
 
 A monograph of the family as at present limited. 
 
 J. A. Boisduval. — Sphiugides, Sesiides, Castniides. Paris, Boret 1874. 
 
 Forms part of the Suites a Buffon, and is Vol. I of the Species g6n6ral des 
 L6pidopteres h6t6roceres. 
 
 A. G. Butler.— Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the 
 family Sphingidse. <Trans. Zool. Soc. London, Yol. IX, 1877, pp. 
 511-644, PI. XC-XCIY. 
 
 A descriptive catalogue. 
 
 John B. Smith. — An introduction to a classification of the North 
 American Lepidoptera. Sphingidse. <Entom. Amer., Yol. 1, 1885, 
 pp. 81-87. 
 
 Contains a synopsis of the genera, with brief remarks on each. 
 
 C. H. Fernald. — The Sphingidse of New England. Orono, Me., 1886. 
 
 Gives the life-history, so far as known, of all species recorded from New Eng- 
 land. 
 
 John B. Smith. — A monograph of the Sphingidse of North America, 
 north of Mexico. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. XY, 1888, Part II, 
 12 plates. 
 
 [This is not published but is included here because now in the printer’s 
 hands. — C. V. R.] 
 
 SESILDiE. 
 
 See papers by Harris and Boisduval above cited, who treat the Sesiidse as a 
 part of the Sphingidse, both works being antiquated so far as they relate to 
 the Sesiidse. 
 
 John B. Smith. — An introduction to a classification of the North 
 American Lepidoptera. <Entom. Amer., Yol. IX., 1888, pp. 9-13. 
 
 THYRIDJE. 
 
 This family has also been treated by Harris and Boisduval as a part of the 
 Sphingidse. 
 
 ZYGJENIDiE. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — Notes on the family Zygaenidm. <Proc. Essex 
 Institute, Yol. IY, 1864, pp. 7-47, PI. I, II. 
 
 Description of a number of new genera and species, with notes on others. 
 
37 
 
 A. E. Grote. — Catalogue of the Zygaenidae of North America. <Bull. 
 Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc., Yol. 1, 1873, pp. 29-36. 
 
 E. ET. Stretch. — Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of 
 North America. Sau Francisco, Cal., Author, 1874. 
 
 John B. Smith. — Notes on the systematic position of some North 
 American Lepidoptera. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc., Vol. XII, 
 1885, pp. 77-84. 
 
 Discusses the genera classed as Zygsenidee in Grote’s list, and separates them 
 into carefully defined groups. 
 
 BOMBYCIDAE. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — Synopsis of the Bombycidae of the United States. 
 <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Yol. Ill, 1864, pp. 97-130 and 331-396. 
 
 A. E. Grote. — On the North American Platypterygiuae. <Trans. Amer. 
 Ent. Soc., Yol. II, 1868, pp. 65-67. 
 
 A. E. Grote. — List of the North American Platypterices, Attaci, Herni- 
 leucini, Ceratocampadae, Lachueides, Teredines, and Hepiali, with 
 notes. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XIY, 1874, pp. 256-264. 
 
 E. H. Stretch. — Illustrations of the Zygaenidae and Bombycidae of 
 North America. San Francisco, Cal., Author, 1874. 
 
 The Lithosiidse and Arctiidse are principally treated. 
 
 A. G. Butler. — On the Lepidoptera of the family Lithosiidae, in the 
 collection of the British Museum. <Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 
 1877, pp. 325-377, PI. VIII. 
 
 A. E. Grote. — Table of species of Euchaetes. <Canad. Entom., Yol. 
 XIY, 1882, pp. 196, 197. 
 
 J. S. Bailey. — Some of the North American Cossidae, with facts in 
 the life history of Gossus center ensis Lintner. <Bull. No. 3, 1883, U. 
 S. Department of Agricult., Divis. of Entornol., pp. 49-55, PI. I, II. 
 
 H. H. Lyman. — The North Americau Callimorphas. <Canad. Ent. Yol. 
 XIX, 1887, pp. 181-191, plate. 
 
 John B. Smith. — The North American species of Callimorpha, Latr. 
 <Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, pp. 342-353, PI. XIII, XIY. 
 
 NOCTUIDaE. 
 
 A. Guenee. — Noctuelites. Species general des Lepidopteres. Suites 
 a Buffon. Paris, Eoret, 1852, Yols. 5-7. 
 
 Yol. VIII of the same work treats the Dcltoideset Pyralites, the former group 
 now being attached to the Noctuid®. 
 
 A. E. Grote. — A Eevision of the species of Cymatophorina found in the 
 United States and British America, with descriptions of new species. 
 <Proc. Entom. Soc. Phil., Yol. II, 1863, pp. 54-59. 
 
38 
 
 A. R. Grote. — The species of Erotyla, Spragueia, Fruva, Xanthoptera, 
 Exyra, and Prothymia. <Canad. Ent., Vol. XI, 1879, pp. 231-238. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — On the described North American species of Thalpo- 
 chares. <Canad. Entom., Vol. XII, 1880, pp. 57-59. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — List of North American Bombyciae of Hiibner. <Canad. 
 Entom., Yol. XIII, 1881, pp. 151-153. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — Preliminary list of the North American species of Agrotis, 
 with descriptions. <Bnll. U. S. Geol. Survey, Yol. VI, 1881, pp. 
 149-164. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — North American Moths, with a preliminary catalogue 
 of the species of Hadena and Polia. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. 
 Survey, Yol. VI, 1881, pp. 257-277. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — The North American species of Mamestra. <Canad. 
 Entom., Yol. XIII, 1881, pp. 126-130. 
 
 A. R, Grote. — New Noctuids, with a list of the species of Oncocnemis. 
 <Papilio, Yol. I, 1881, pp. 33-35. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — New Noctuidae, with list of species of Perigrapha. <Can. 
 Ent., Yol. XIII, 1881, pp. 131-134. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — The North American species of Eustrotia. <Papilio, 
 Yol. I, 1881, pp. 10-11. 
 
 John B. Smith. — A synopsis of the North American genera of the 
 Noctuidae. <Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc., Yol. I Y, 1882, pp. 48-52, 
 and Yol. Y, from May till November, 1882. 
 
 Contains a tabular synopsis of the genera, with critical notes on many of them. 
 
 John B. Smith. — Remarks on the generic characters of the Noctuidae. 
 <Cauad. Ent., Yol, XIY, 1882, pp. 65-72. 
 
 Geo. H. French. — Synopsis of the Noctuidae of Illinois. Greenville, 
 Ills., 1882. <Curator’s Report in the eighth Ann. Rep. of the Prin- 
 cipal to the Board of Trustees of the South 111. Normal University. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — Notes on the genus Tripudia, and on the species of 
 Spragueia. <Canad. Ent., Yol. XIY, 1882, pp. 32-33. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — List of the species of Tripudia and Gyros. <Canad. 
 Entom., Yol. XIY, 1882, pp. 195-196. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — Introduction to a study of the North American Noctuidae. 
 <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XXI, 1883, pp. 134-176. 
 
 Gives a brief review of structural characters of the family and a list of the 
 species described by Grote, with descriptions of several new genera and 
 species. 
 
39 
 
 A. R. Grote. — List of Apatelse belonging to the groups Acronicta and 
 Trisena. <Papilio, Yol. Ill, 1883, pp. 67-70. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — Conclusion of List of American Apatelas. <Papilio, 
 Vol. Ill, 1883, pp. 111-117. 
 
 A. R. Grote.— On the North American Calpinae to Heliothinae. <Canad. 
 Ent., Yol. XY, 1883, pp. 72-77 and 102-110. 
 
 John B. Smith. — Synopsis of the North American Heliothinse. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. X, 1883, pp. 205-256, pi. VII, VIII. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — Remarks upon the North American Heliothinse and their 
 recent literature. <Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. X, 1883, pp. 257- 
 268. 
 
 G. D. Hulst. — The genus Catocala. <Bull. Brookl. Ent. Soc., Yol. 
 VII, 1881, pp. 13-56, PI. I. 
 
 A complete monograph of the genus. 
 
 GEOMETRIDiE. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — A monograph of the Geometrid moths or Pha- 
 lsenidse of the United States. <U. S. Geological Survey of the 
 Terr. Department of the Interior. F. Y. Hayden, U. S. Geologist 
 in charge. Report, Yol. X, Washington, D. C., 1876, pp. 607, 13 
 plates. 
 
 This supersedes all prior works and gives a complete index to the prior litera- 
 ture as well as a description of every species. 
 
 PYRALIDJE. 
 
 A. Guenee. — Deltoides et Pyralites. Species general des Lepidopteres. 
 Yol. VIII, Suites a Button. Paris, Roret, 1854. 
 
 A. R. Grote. —Preliminary studies on the North American Pyralidse. 
 <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Yol. IY, 1878, pp. 669- 
 705. 
 
 Includes annotated list of the North American species of Botis, and provisional 
 list of species of Phycidse. 
 
 A. R. Grote. — Preliminary list of North American species of Crambus. 
 CCauad. Ent., Yol. XII, 1880, pp. 77-80. 
 
 TORTRICID^E. 
 
 Coleman T. Robinson. — Notes on American Tortricidae. <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. II, 1869, pp. 261-288, Pis. 1 and IY-Y111. 
 
 Thomas, Lord Walsingham. — North American Tortricidoe. British 
 Museum. Illustrations of typical specimens of Lepidoptera lieter- 
 ocera in the collection of the British Museum. 1 vol., folio, 1879, 
 pp. 12+84, PI. XVII. 
 
40 
 
 G. H. Fernald. — A synonymical catalogue of the described Tortricidse 
 of North America, north of Mexico. <Trans. Amer. Entom. Soc. 
 Vol. X, 1882, pp. 1-64. 
 
 TINEIDiE. 
 
 B. Clemens. — The Tineina of North America, by the late Dr. Bracken- 
 ridge Clemens. Being a collected edition of his writings on that 
 group of insects. With notes by the editor, H. T. Stainton. Lon- 
 don, Yan Voorst, 1872, pp. 15+282. 
 
 V. T. Chambers. — Index to the described Tineina of the United States 
 and Canada. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Yol. IY, 
 1878, pp. 125-167. 
 
 Thomas, Lord Walsingham.— North American Coleophorse. <Trans. 
 Ent. Soc. London, 1882, pp. 429-442, PI. XVII. 
 
 Thomas, Lord Walsingham. — A revision of the genera Acrolophus, 
 Poey and Anaphora, Clem. <Trans. Entom. Soc. Loudon, 1887, 
 pp. 137-173, Pis. YII, VIII. 
 
DIPTERA. 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES. 
 
 C. R. Osten Sacken. — Catalogue of the described Diptera of North 
 America. Washington, Smithsonian Institution, 1858. <Smith- 
 sonian Miscell. Collections, Vol. III. 
 
 C. R. Osten Sacken. — Catalogue of the described Diptera of North 
 America. [Second edition.] Washington, Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, 1878. <Smithsonian Miscell. Collections, 270. 
 
 This completely supersedes the first edition aud contains by far more than a 
 synonymical reference list of the North American Diptera. 
 
 II.— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 F. W. MEiGiEN. — Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten euro- 
 paischen zweifliigeligen Insecten. 7 vols. Aachen und Hamm, 
 1818- ? 38. 
 
 Although only dealing with the European fauna and now antiquated and 
 superseded in many parts, this work is still the foundation of the modern 
 classification of Diptera. 
 
 C. R. W. Wiedemann. — Aussereuropaische zweifliigelige Insecten. 
 2 vols. Hamm, 1828-’30. 
 
 A continuation of Meigen’s work, aud containing descriptions of many genera 
 and species belonging to the North American fauna. 
 
 J. Macquart. — Dipteres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. 2 vols. 
 in 5 parts and 5 supplements. Paris, 1838-’55. 
 
 Contains descriptions of many North American genera and species. 
 
 J. R. Schiner. — Fauna Austriaca Die Fliegen (Diptera). Nach der 
 analytischeu Methode bearbeitet, mit der Characteristik sarnmt- 
 licher europaischer Gattuugen, der Beschreibung aller in Deutsch- 
 land vorkommenden Arten und der Aufzahlung aller bisher be- 
 schriebenen europiiischen Arten. 2 vols., Wien, 1862-’64. 
 
 Although dealing with the European fauna, this work is very useful on ac- 
 cou nt of the analytical tables of families and genera. 
 
 H. Loew and C. R. Osten-Sacken Monographs of the Diptera of 
 
 North America. (Smithsouian Miscellaneous Collections.) 4 parts. 
 Washington, Smithsonian Itistitution, 1862-’72. 
 
 The several monographs will be found enumerated under the respective 
 families. 
 
 41 
 
42 
 
 H. Loew. — Diptera America septentrionalis indigena. 2 parts. Ber 
 lin, 1 861— ’72. (Originally published in 10 centurise in the Berliner 
 Entomol. Zeitsclirift.) 
 
 Descriptions of 1,000 North American Diptera, but without synoptic arrange- 
 ment. 
 
 C. B. Osten-Sacken. — Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera 
 and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and 
 especially from California. <Bull. IT. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey 
 of the Territories, Vol. Ill, 1877, pp. 189-354. 
 
 F. Brauer. — Die Zweifliigler des Kaiserlichen Museums zu Wien. 
 I-III. Wien, 1880- ? 83. 
 
 Important contributions to the classification of the Diptera. 
 
 IIL— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES. 
 
 CECIDOMYIDJE. 
 
 J. Winnertz. — Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Gallmiicken. 
 <Linnma Entomologica, Vol. VIII, 1853, 4 plates. 
 
 B. Osten Sacken. — On the North American Cecidoinyidse. <Mono- 
 graphs of the Diptera of North America, by H. Loew and Osten 
 Sacken, Part I, No. 5, 1862, pp. 173-205. 
 
 B. D. Walsh. — On the insects, Coleopterous, Hymenopterous, and 
 
 Dipterous, inhabiting the galls of certain species of Willow. Dip- 
 tera. <Proc. Eut. Soc. Phil., Vol. Ill, 1864, pp. 543-644; Vol. 
 VI, 1866, pp. 223-229. 
 
 J. yon Bergenst^mm and Paul Loew. — Synopsis Cecidomyidarum. 
 <Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, Vol. XXVI, 1876, pp. 1-104. 
 
 A synopsis of all the literature of the family. 
 
 MYCETOPHILIDiE. 
 
 J. Winnertz. — Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Pilzmiicken. 
 <Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, 1863, pp. 637-694. 
 
 Useful for determination of genera; no American species are described. 
 
 J. Winnertz. — Beitrag zu einer Monographie der Sciarinen. <Verh. 
 k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, 1867. 
 
 BLEPHAROCERIDiE. 
 
 H. Loew. — Bevision der Blepharoceridse. <Sckles. Zeitschr. f. Entom., 
 neue Folge, Heft VI, Breslau, 1877. 
 
 TIPULID^S. 
 
 C. B. Osten Sacken. — New genera and species of North American 
 
 Tipulidm with short palpi, with an attempt at a new classification 
 of the tribe. With two plates. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1859, 
 pp. 197-256. 
 
43 
 
 R. Osten Sacken. — On the North American Tipulidse (Part First). 
 
 <Monographs of the Diptera of North America, Part IV, 1869. 
 
 A monograph of the North Americau Tipulidae brevipalpi and the sections 
 Cylindrotomina and Ptvchopterina. 
 
 C. R. Osten Sacken. — Studies on Tipulidse. Part I. Review of the 
 published genera of the Tipulidte longipalpi. <Berliner entomol. 
 Zeitschr. Yol. XXX, 1886, pp. 153-188. 
 
 XYLOPHAaiD^E. 
 
 Fr. Brauer. — Yersuch einer Oharacteristik der Gattungen der Nota- 
 canthen (Ltr.), mit Riicksicht auf die ira Kaiserlichen Museum be- 
 fiudlichen von Dr. J. R. Sckiner aufgestellten neueu Gattungen. 
 <Die Zweifliigler des Kais. Museums zu Wien, Yol. II, 1882, pp. 
 3-35. 
 
 The Notacautha Latreille comprise the families Xylophagidae and Stratio- 
 myidae. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — On the classification of North American Diptera. 
 
 (Third paper.) <Entomolog. Amer., Yol. I, 1885, pp. 114-116. 
 Tables for distinguishing the families Stratiomyidae and Xylophagidae and 
 oscillant genera ; table of the genera of Xylophagidae. 
 
 STRATIOMYIDJE. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — On the classification of North American Diptera 
 (Third paper.) <Entomolog. Amer., Yol. 1, 1885, pp. 114-116 and. 
 152-155. 
 
 Tables of the subfamilies and genera of the family. 
 
 TABANIDiE. 
 
 C. R. Osten Sacken. — Prodrome of a monograph of the Tabanidoe of 
 the United States. <Memoirs of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., Yol. 
 II, 1875-’ 78. 
 
 Part I. The genera Pangonia, Chrysops, Silvius, Haemotopota, Diabasis (Z. c., 
 pp. 365-397). Part II. The genus Tabanus, with an Appendix and Index 
 (Z. c., pp. 421-479). Supplement (Z. c., pp. 555-560). 
 
 S. W. Williston. — On the classification of North American Diptera. 
 (Second paper.) <Entoinol. Amer., Yol. 1, 1885, pp. 10-13. 
 
 Contains a synopsis of the genera of Tabanidae, pp. 10-11. 
 
 LEPTID^E. 
 
 S. W. Williston.— On the classification of North American Diptera. 
 (Second paper.) <Entomol. Amer., Yol. I, 1885, pp. 10-13. 
 
 Table of the genera of North Americau Leptidae. 
 
 iSILIDvE. 
 
 C. R. Osten Sacken.— Western Diptera, etc. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and 
 Geogr. Survey of the Territories, Yol. Ill, No. 2, 1877. 
 
 Synoptical and analytical table of the Western species of Cyrtopogon, pp. 294- 
 309. 
 
44 
 
 S. W. Williston. — On the North American Asilidae (Dasypogoninae, 
 Laphrinae), with a new genus of Syrphidae. <Trans. Amer. Ent. 
 Soc., Vol. XI, 1883, pp. 1-35, PI. I, II. 
 
 Tabulates the genera of the subfamilies Dasypogoninae and Laphrinae, with 
 enumeration of the species. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — On the North American Asilidae (Part II). <Trans. 
 Amer. Ent. Soc., Yol. XII, 1885, pp. 53-76. 
 
 Tabulates the species of Laphria and revises the genera and species of the 
 subfamily Asilinae, excepting the genus Asilns. 
 
 MIDAIDJE. 
 
 A. Gerstaecker. — Systematische Uebersicht der bis jetzt bekannt 
 gewordenen Mydaiden. <Stettiner ent. Zeit., 1868, p. 65. 
 
 NEMESTRINIDiE. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — The North American species of Nemestrinidae. 
 >Canad. Entom., Yol. XV, 1883, p. 69-72. 
 
 BOMBYLIlDiE. 
 
 C. R. Osten Sacken. — Western Diptera, etc. <Bull. U. S. Geolog. 
 
 and Geog. Survey of the Territories, Yol. Ill, No. 2, 1877. 
 
 Analytical table of the North American genera of Bombyliidae, p. 228 ; Tables 
 of the species of Exoprosopa, p. 230; Anthrax, p. 238; Argyramceba, p. 
 241 ; Bombylius (species from the Atlantic States), p. 247 ; Ploas (Califor- 
 nian species), p. 260 ; Toxophora, p. 265; Epibates, p. 268. 
 
 D. W. Coquillett. — Monograph of the Lomatina of North America. 
 
 <Oanad. Entom., Yol. XYIII, 1886, pp. 81-87. 
 
 The Lomatina comprise the genera Eucessia, Leptochilus, Aphcebantus, and 
 Oncodocera. 
 
 D. W. Coquillett. — The North American genera of Anthracina. 
 <Canad. Entom., Yol. XYIII, 1886, pp. 157-159. 
 
 A tabular arrangement of the genera composing the subfamily Anthracina. 
 
 D. W. Coquillett. — Monograph of the species belonging to the genus 
 Anthrax from America, north of Mexico. <Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 
 Yol. XI Y, 1887, No. 2, pp. 159-182. 
 
 DOLICHOPODID^E. 
 
 H. Loew. — On the North American Dolichopodidae. <Monographsof 
 the Diptera of North America. Part II, 1861. 
 
 SYRPHIDAE. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — Contribution to a monograph of the North Ameri- 
 can Syrphidae. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XX, 1882, pp. 299- 
 332. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — On the classification of North American Diptera. 
 (First paper.) <Bull. Brookl. Ent, Soc., Yol. VII, 1885, pp. 129- 
 139. 
 
 A synopsis of the subfamilies and genera of Syrphidae. 
 
45 
 
 S. W. Williston. — Synopsis of the North American Syrphidae. 
 <Bull. U. S. National Museum, No. 31, 1886. 
 
 This work supersedes the previous publications on this family. 
 
 CONOPIDJE. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — The North American species of Conops. <Trans. 
 Conn. Acad., Vol. IV, 1882, pp. 325-342. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — North American Conopidae : Stvlogaster, Dalrnan- 
 nia, Oncomyia. <Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. VI, 1883, pp. 5-12. 
 
 A revision of the three genera mentioned . 
 
 CESTRIDJE. 
 
 Friedrich Brauer. — Mouographie der Oestriden. Wien, 1863. 
 
 Four supplements, by the same author, are published in Wiener Entom. Zeit. y 
 Vol. V, 1886, p. 289, tab. IV., Vol VI, 1887, p. 4, p. 71 and 217. 
 
 TACHINIDiE. 
 
 S. W. Williston. — North American Tachinidae. Gonia. <Canad* 
 Entom., Vol. XIX, 1887, pp. 6-12. 
 
 A revision of the species of Gonia. 
 
 SARCOPHAGIDiE. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — List of North American Sarcophagidse, examined by 
 K. H. Meade, esq., Bradford, England. <Canad. Entom. , 1881, 
 Vol. XIII, pp. 146-150. 
 
 ANTHOMYIDiE. 
 
 R. H. Meade. — On the arrangement of the British Anthomyidae. <En- 
 tomol. Mouth. Mag., Vol. XI, 1875. 
 
 Contains an analytical table of the genera. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — List of North American Anthomyidae, examined by R. 
 M. Meade, esq., Bradford, England. <Canad. Entomol., Vol. XIII, 
 1881, pp. 43-51. 
 
 SOIOMYZIDyE. 
 
 H. Loew. — On the North American Sciomyzidae. < Monographs of 
 the Diptera of North America, Part 1, 1862, pp. 103-128. 
 
 ORTALIDJE. 
 
 H. Loew. — The family Ortalidae. <Monographs of the Diptera of 
 North America, Part III, 1873, pp. 1-209. 
 
 TRYPETIDiE. 
 
 H. Loew. — On the North American Trypetidae. <Monographs of the 
 Diptera of North America, Part 1, 1862, pp. 49-102. 
 
46 
 
 H. Loew.— Review of the North American Trypetina. <Monographs 
 of the Diptera of North America, Part III, 1873, pp. 211-347. 
 
 EPHYDRIDiE. 
 
 H. Loew. — On the North American Ephydrinidse. <Monographs of 
 the Diptera of North America, Part I, L862, pp. 129-172. 
 
 pulicid^:. 
 
 O. Tasohenberg. — Die Flohe. Die Arten der Insektenordnung Suc- 
 
 toria nach ihrem Chitinskelet monographisch dargestellt. Halle, 
 1880. 
 
 P. MeGtNIN. — L es parasites et les maladies parasitaires chez Phomme, 
 
 les animaux domestiques et les animaux sanvages avec lesqnels ils 
 peuvent etre en contact. Insectes, Arachnides, Crustaces. Paris, 
 1880. 
 
 The Pulicidse (Aphanipteres) are treated of on pp. 57-71. 
 
HEMIPTERA. 
 
 Heteroptera. 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES AND CHECK-LISTS. 
 
 F. A. Dohrn. — Catalogus Hemipterorum. Stettin, 1859. 
 
 Philip R. Uhler. — Check- List of the Hemiptera Heteroptera of North 
 America. Published by the Brooklyn Entom. Soc., 1886. 
 
 II.— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 C. W. Hahn und G. A. W. Herrich-Schaeffer. — Die wauzenartigen 
 Insecten. 10 vols. Nuernberg , 183 l-’53. 
 
 C. J. B. Amyot et J. G. Audinet-Serville. — Hemipteres. Suites 
 a Buffon. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes. Paris, 1843. 
 
 C. Stal. — Analecta hemipterologica. Berlin, 1866-’69. 3 parts. Orig- 
 inally published in the Berlin, entom. Zeitschr. 
 
 C. Stal. — Bidrage till Hemipterernas Systematik. Stockholm, 1867. 
 
 O. Stal. — Hemiptera Fabriciana, secundum exempla Musei Hafnieusis 
 
 et Kieliensis descripta. 2 parts. Stockholm, 1868-’69. 
 
 J. G. Schioedte. — Einige neue Hauptsatze der Morphologie und Syste- 
 matik der Rhynchoteu. <Naturh. Tidskr., 1869, p. 237ff. 
 
 P. R. Uhler. — List of Hemiptera of the region west of the Mississippi 
 
 River, including those collected during the Hayden explorations of 
 1873. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Terr., Yol. I, 
 1875, pp. 267-361, PI. XIX-XXI. 
 
 P. R. Uhler. — -Report upon the insects collected by P. R. Uhler during 
 the exploration of 1875, including monographs of the families 
 Cynidse and Saldse, and the Hemiptera collected by A. S. Pack- 
 ard], jr., M. D. <U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey, Bulletin, Vol. 
 Ill, No. 2, 1877, pp. 355-475. 
 
 0. Stal. — Enumeratio Hemipterorum. Bidrag till eu forteckning ofver 
 alia hitilis kanda Hemiptera (or : Index specierum omnium hucusque 
 cognitarum cum observatiouibus systematicis). <Kongl. Sveusk. 
 Vet.-Akad. Handl., 1870-’77, 5 parts. 
 
 47 
 
48 
 
 Herbert Osborn. — Classification of Hemiptera. <Entomologica 
 Amer., Yol. 1, 1885, pp. 21-27. 
 
 Short characterization of the whole order, with tables of suborders and 
 families. 
 
 III.— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES. 
 
 Heteroptera. 
 
 SCUTELLERID^E. 
 
 E, F. Germar.— Beitrage zu einer Monographic der Schildwanzen. 
 Germar’s Zeitschr. f. Entomol., Yol. I, 1839, pp. 1-146. 
 
 Now greatly antiquated; treats of the Scutelleridse and Coiymelmnidse. 
 CYDNIDiE. 
 
 P. R. Uhler. — Summary of the Cydnidae of North America in report 
 upon the Insects collected by P. R. Uhler, etc. < Bulletin. U. S. 
 Geolog. Survey, Yol. Ill, 1877, pp. 366-396. 
 
 Y. SiGNORET. — Revision du groupe des Oydnides de la famille des 
 Pentatomides. <Annales de la Societe Entomol. de France, 1881, 
 and subsequent volumes to 1884. 
 
 A monograph of the Cydnidae of the whole world. 
 
 COREIDiE. 
 
 C. Stal. — Synopsis et genera Coreidum. Stockholm, 1860- r 72. 
 
 CAPSIDiE. 
 
 O. M. Reuter. — Revisio critica Capsinarum, praecipue Scandinaviae et 
 Fenniae. 2 parts. Helsingfors, 1875. 
 
 O. M. Reuter. — Capsiuae ex America boreali in Museo Holmiensi 
 asservatae. Stockholm, 1875. 
 
 ACANTHIIDiE. 
 
 O. M. Reuter. — Acanthiidae Americanae. Stockholm, 1871. 
 
 O. M. Reuter. — Monagraphia Anthocoridarum orbis terrestris. <Act. 
 Soc. Fenn., Yol. XIY, 1886, pp. 555-758. 
 
 REDUYIID^E. 
 
 C. Stal. — Monographic der Gattung Couorhinus und Yerwandten. 
 Berliner entomog. Zeitschr., Yol. Ill, 1859, pp. 312-328. 
 
 C. Stal. — Symbola ad Monographiam Reduviidum, 3 parts. Stock- 
 holm, 1860-’72. 
 
 0. Stal. — Bidrag till Reduviidernas kiinnedomen. Stockholm, 1866. 
 
49 
 
 EMESID^E. 
 
 F. A. Dohrn. — B eitrage zu einer monographischen Bearbeitung der 
 
 Familie der Einesina. <Linnaea Entomol., Yol. XI Y, 1860, pp. 206- 
 355, Table I. 
 
 SALDIDJE. 
 
 P. E. Uhler.— Family Saldae. (Report upon the insects collected by 
 P. E. Uhler during the explorations of 1875.) <Bull. U. S. Geol. 
 and Geogr. Survey, Yol. Ill, No. 2, 1877, pp. 429-452. 
 
 BELOSTOMIDH3. 
 
 Joseph Leidy. — History and Anatomy of the Hemipterous genus 
 Belostoma. <Journ. Ac. Sc. Phil., Ser. 2, Yol. I, 1847, pp. 57-67, 
 Table 1. 
 
 Leon Dueour. — Essai monographique sur les Belostomides. <Aun. 
 Soc. Entom. de France, 1863, pp. 373-400. 
 
 G. Mayr. — Hemipterologische Studien. Die Belostomiden. <Yerh. 
 k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, 1863-’71. 
 
 G. Mayr. — Die Belostomiden. Monographisch bearbeitet. <Yerh. 
 k. k. zool.-bot., Ges. in Wien, 1871, pp. 399-440. 
 
 NOTONECTIDiE. 
 
 F. X. Fieber. — Ehynchotographien, drei monographische Abhandlun* 
 gen. Sciocoridae, Oxycarenus, Notouectae. <Abhaudl. kou. bohm. 
 Ges. Wiss. Prag, Ser. 5, Yol. YII, 1851, pp. 425-488. 
 
 CORISID^E. 
 
 F. X. Fieber. — Species generis Oorisa monographice dispositae. 
 <Abhandl. kon. bohm. Ges. d. Wiss. Prag, Ser. 5, Yol. YII, 1852, 
 pp. 213-260. 
 
 GALGULIDtE. 
 
 F. X. Fieber. — Genera Hydroeoridum secundum ordinem naturalem 
 in familias disposita. <Abh. kon. bohm. Ges. Wiss., Yol. YII, 
 1852, pp. 181-212, 4 pi. 
 
 Homoptera. 
 
 Townend Glover. — Report of the Entomologist. <Report of the 
 Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1877, pp. 17-46. 
 
 A popular treatise on the subject, with illustrations. 
 
 Francis P. Pascoe. — Note on the Classification of the Homoptera. 
 <Ann. and mag. Nat. Hist., Yol. IX, 1882, pp. 424, 425. 
 
 22310— Bull 19 4 
 
50 
 
 CICADIDiE. 
 
 Charles William Woodworth.— Synopsis of North American Cica- 
 didae. <Tsyche, Vol. V, 1888, pp. 07-68. 
 
 jASSLDiE (including the Tettigoniidce). 
 
 V. Signoret. — Revue iconographique des Tettigonides. <Aun. Soc. 
 Entom. de France, 1853-55, with colored plates. 
 
 V. Signoret. — Essai sur les Jassides Stal, Fieb. et plus particuliere- 
 ment sur les Acocephalides Futon. <Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 
 1879-80. 
 
 E. Taschenberg. — Zur Kenntniss der Cicadellinen-Gattung Tettigonia 
 Geoff. <Zeitschr. fiir Naturw., Vol. V, 1884. 
 
 Charles W. Woodworth — Jassidae of Illinois. Part I. <Bulletin 
 111. State Labor. Nat. Hist,, Vol. Ill, Art, II, 1887. 
 
 CERCOPID^. 
 
 V. Signoret. — Revue critique du groupe des Tettigonides et de la tribu 
 des Cercopides. <Revue et Mag. de Zool., Vol. V, 1853, pp. 173-184. 
 
 FULGORIDH3. 
 
 J. O. Westwood. — On the family Fulgoridae, with a monograph of the 
 geuus Fulgora of Linnaeus. <Trans. Linn. Soc. London, Vol 
 XVIII, 1839, pp. 133-138, 1 pi. 
 
 C. Stal. — Die amerikanischen Fulgoriden Gattungen synoptisch be- 
 schrieben. <Stettiner entomol. Zeit., Vol. XXXI, 1870, pp. 255- 
 258. 
 
 MEMBRACIDJE. 
 
 C. Stal. — Bidrag till Membracidernas Kannedom. <Oefvers. af 
 Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Forhandl., 1869. 
 
 PSYLLIDAE. 
 
 Franz Low.— Zur Systematik der Psylloden. <Verh. d. k. k. zool. 
 bot. Ges. in Wien, Jahrgany 1878, pp. 585-610. 
 
 Characteristics and tables of the European subfamilies and genera. Super- 
 sedes all previous classifications. 
 
 Wm. H. Ashmead. — On the Aphididae of Florida, with descriptions of 
 new species. Family Psyllidae. <Canad. Entom., Vol. XIII, 1881, 
 pp. 220-225. 
 
 Gives a list of the North American species, with descriptions of several new 
 ones. 
 
 C. V. Riley. — Notes on North American Psyllidae. <Proc. Biolog. 
 Soc. of Washington, Vol. II, 1884, pp. 67-79. 
 
 A classified list of the North American Psyllidae hi thereto described, with short 
 characteristics of the subfamilies, and descriptions of some new genera 
 and species. 
 
51 
 
 APHIDIDAl. 
 
 Benj. D. Walsh. — On the genera of Aphidse found in the United 
 States. <Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Yol. 1, 1861-’63, pp. 294-310. 
 
 Cyrus Thomas. — Notes of the Plaut lice found in the United States. 
 CTrans. 111. Hortic. Soc., 1877, pp. 137-212. 
 
 A review of the family, including the Psyllidm ; reproduces the descriptions 
 of earlier authors, and adds descriptions of new species. 
 
 Cyrus Thomas — A list of the species of the tribe Aphidini, family 
 Aphidae, found in the United States, which have been heretofore 
 named, with descriptions of some new species. <Illiuois State 
 Laboratory of Nat. History, Bulletin No. 2, 1878, pp. 3-16. 
 
 Ch. Y. Biley and J. Monell. — Notes on the Aphididte of the United 
 States, with descriptions of species occurring West of the Missis- 
 sippi. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey of the Terr., Yol. Y, 
 No. 1, 1879, pp. 1-32, 2 pi. 
 
 Riley gives the biology and description of several Pemphiginae ; Monell, de- 
 scriptions, with occasional tables, of a number of Aphidinse. 
 
 Cyrus Thomas. — Eighth Beport of the State Entomologist on the 
 noxious and beneficial insects of the State of Illinois. Third Annual 
 Beport, by Cyrus Thomas, Springfield, 1879. 
 
 The report treats wholly on the Aphididse of the United States and is an en- 
 largement of the author’s paper in the Trans. 111. Hortic. Soc., 1877. 
 
 Geo. B. Buckton.— Monograph of the British Aphides. 4 vols. Bay 
 Society, London, 1875-’83. 
 
 This is the latest European work on this family, containing tables for the de- 
 termination of the genera. 
 
 O. W. Oestlund. — Synopsis of the Aphididte of Minnesota. <Bull. 
 No. 4 Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn., Saint Paul, 1887. 
 
 coccida:. 
 
 Y. SiGNORET. — Essai sur les Cochenilles. <Ann. Soc. Ent. de France, 
 1868-’76. 
 
 J. H. Comstock. — Beport on Scale Insects. < Annual Beport of the 
 Commissioner of Agriculture for the year 1880, Washington, 1881, 
 pp. 276-349, plates. 
 
 • 
 
 J. H. Comstock. — Second Beport on Scale Insects, including a mono- 
 graph of the sub-family Diaspinse of the family Coccidm and a list, 
 with notes, of the other species of Scale Insects found in North 
 America. <Secoud Beport of the Cornell University Experiment 
 Station, 1882-’83, Ithaca, N. Y., 1883, pp. 47-143, Plates I-IY. 
 
52 
 
 PEDICULIDJE. 
 
 H. Denny. — Monographia Anoplurorum Britannioe, or an essay on the 
 British species of parasitic insects. London, 1842, 26 plates. 
 
 O. G. A. Giebel. — Insecta epizoa. Die auf Saiigethieren und Vogeln 
 
 schmarotzenden Iusekten. Nach Zeichnungen von C. L. Nitzsch. 
 Leipzig, 1874, 20 plates. 
 
 Andrew Murray. — Economic Entomology. Aptera. South Ken- 
 sington Museum Science Handbooks. London and New York, 1877. 
 
 The Pediculidse are treated on pp. 384-400. 
 
 P. M:egnin. — Les Parasites et les maladies parasitaires chez l’homme, 
 
 les animaux domestiques et les animaux sauvages avec lesquels ils 
 peuvent etre en contact. Insectes, Arachnides, Crustaces. Paris, 
 1880. 
 
 The Pediculidse are treated on pp. 72-79. 
 
 E. Piaget. — Les Pediculiues. Description de toutes les especes ob- 
 servees, enrichie d’especes nouvelles. Leide, 1880, 56 plates ; Sup- 
 plement, 1885, 17 plates. 
 
ORTHOPTERA. 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — A catalogue of the Orthoptera of North Amer- 
 ica described previous to 1867. Smithsonian Institution. Miscella- 
 neous Collections 189, 1868. 
 
 An alphabetical, not synonymical, list of the Orthoptera described from 
 North America ; contains also a full bibliography up to 1867. 
 
 J. Sidney Smith. — Orthoptera of the State of Maine. <Proc. Port- 
 land Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, pp. 143-151. 
 
 A synonymical catalogue of the Orthoptera found in Maiue, with notes on 
 habits and distribution of the species. 
 
 Cyrus Thomas. — A list of the Orthoptera of Illinois. <Bull. Ills 
 Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 1, 1876, pp. 59-69. 
 
 A synonymical list of the Orthoptera found in Illinois. 
 
 II.— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 J. G. Audinet-Serville. — Histoire naturelle des Insectes Orthop- 
 teres. Paris, 1839, 776 pp., 14 plates. 
 
 Natural history of the order up to date, with bibliography and list of species 
 described. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Orthoptera nova Americana (Diagnoses pne- 
 liminares). Series I-III. <Revue et Mag, de Zool., 1859-’6L. 
 
 Contains synoptical tables of species, besides descriptions of numerous North 
 American Orthoptera. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Materials for a monograph of the North Ameri- 
 can Orthoptera. <Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., Yol. VII, 1862, 
 pp. 409-480. 
 
 Contains synoptical tables and a review of the system used for classification. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Remarks upon the arrangement of the families 
 of Orthoptera. <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XII, 1868-’69; 
 also separate under the title : Entomological Notes, Yol. II, pp. 7-14. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Synoptical tables for determining North Ameri- 
 can insects. Orthoptera. <Psyche, Yol. I, 1876, pp. 169-L71. 
 
 Synopsis of the families of Orthoptera ; also a list of useful works in the study 
 of North American Orthoptera. 
 
 53 
 
III. — SYNOPSES OF FAMILIES OR SUBFAMILIES. 
 
 PHYSAPODA (THRIPID^E). 
 
 A. H. Haliday. — An Epitome of the British genera in the Order 
 Thysanoptera, with indications of a few of the species. <Ento- 
 mol. Mag., Yol. Ill, 1836, pp. 439-451. 
 
 Francis Walker. — List of specimens of Homopterous Insects in the 
 collection of the British Museum. 5 vols. and 1 vol. Supplement. 
 London, 1850-’58. 
 
 The Physapoda, compiled from Haliday’s manuscripts are treated in the sup- 
 plement. 
 
 These are the only classificatory papers on this family. No systematic paper 
 on the North American Physapods has hitherto been published, and only 
 a few species are described by various authors. 
 
 FORFICULIDiE. 
 
 H. Dohrn. — Versuch einer Monographic dcr Dermapteren. <Stet- 
 tiner entomol. Zeit., Yols. XX1Y-XXYI, 1863-’65. 
 
 A monograph of the Forliculidse of the whole world. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Synoptical tables for determining North Amer- 
 ican insects. Orthoptera. U. S. Forficularise. <Pysche, Yol. I, 
 1876, pp. 177, 178. 
 
 Tabulates thirteen species and gives a list of books useful for the study of 
 the family. 
 
 Samuel EL Scudder. — Brief Synopsis of North American Earwigs, 
 with an appendix on the fossil species. <Bull. U. S. Geol. and 
 Geogr. Surv. Terr., Yol. II, No. 3, 1876, pp. 249-260. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Critical and historical notes on Forficularise, 
 including descriptions of new generic forms and an alphabetical 
 synonymic list of the described species. <Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. 
 Hist. Julv-Oct., 1876, Yol. XYIII, pp. 287-332. 
 
 BLATTIDJE. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Orthoptera nova Americana (Diagnoses prse- 
 liminares). Ser. III. <Revue et Mag. de Zool., 1862. 
 
 Contains descr iptions of new Blattidse, with synoptical arrangement. 
 
 G. Brunner yon Wattenwyl. — Nouveau systeme des Blattaires. 
 Vienna, 1865, 426 pp., 13 plates. 
 
 Synoptical arrangement of all described species, with descriptions of many 
 new ones; also bibliography on the family. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Melanges Orthopterologiques. 6 fascicules. 
 Geneve, 1863-’78. 
 
 Fascicule II contains the Blattidse. 
 
 C. Stal. — Recherches sur le systeme des Blattaires. Stockholm, 1874. 
 
55 
 
 PHASMIDiE. 
 
 George R. Gray. — Synopsis of the species of insects belonging to 
 the family of Phasmidse. London, 1835. 
 
 J. O. Westwood. — A catalogue of the Jrthopterous insects in the 
 British Museum. Part I. Phasmidm. London, 1859. 
 
 C. Stal.— Receusio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthopteres 
 decrits par Linne, De Geer et Thunberg. Part 3. Stockholm, 1875. 
 
 Synoptical tables of the genera of Phasmkhe, with notes on many species. 
 
 MANTIDJE. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Essai d’un systeme des Mantides. <Mittlieil. 
 d. schweiz. ent. Ges., Yol. HI, 1869, pp. 49-73. 
 
 Classification of the Mantidse. Part 2 contains descriptions of North Ameri- 
 can species. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Additions au systeme des Mantides. Geneve, 
 1871. 
 
 Synoptic table of genera and species of North American Mantidse. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Mantides americains. Geneve, 1871, 186 pp., 
 2 pi. 
 
 A synopsis of the North American species. 
 
 0. Stal.— Recherches sur le systeme des Mantides. Stockholm, 1873. 
 
 GRYLLIDiE. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Revision of the large, stylated, fossorial crick- 
 ets. <Memoirs of the Peabody Academy of Sciences, Yol. I, No. 
 1, 1869. 
 
 Descriptions of the species of Scapteriscus and Gryllotalpa. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Melanges Orthopterologiques. Gryllides. Two 
 parts. Geneve, 1877-78. 
 
 A monograph of the family, containing synoptical tables of the genera and 
 species. 
 
 LOCUSTIDJE. 
 
 C. Stal. — Receusio orthopterorum. Revue critique des orthopteres 
 decrits par Linne, He Geer et Thunberg. (Part 2.) Stockholm, 1874. 
 
 Contains synoptical tables of the genera. 
 
 C. Brunner yon Wattenwyl.— Monographic der Phaneropteriden. 
 Wien, 1878, 402 pp., 8 pi. 
 
 A synoptical monograph of the Katydids of the world, with full bibliography 
 and full synonymy of the species. 
 
 Ignacio Bolivar. — Arthropodos del Yiage al Pacifico, verificado de 
 1862-1865 por una comision de naturalistas enviada por el Go- 
 bierno Espanol. Insectes neuropteros y ortopteros. Madrid, 1884, 
 114 pp., 3 pi. 
 
 Contains a synoptical table of the genus Conocephalus, with descriptions of 
 new species. 
 
56 
 
 ACRIDID.J3. 
 
 O. StIl. — Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthoptbres 
 decrits par Linn6, De Geer et Thunberg. Part 1. Acrididae, Stock- 
 holm, 1873. 
 
 A synoptical arrangement of the genera of the family, with descriptions of 
 new genera and species. 
 
 Gyrus Thomas. — Synopsis of North American Acrididae. <Report U. 
 S. Geol. Survey, Yol. Y, Part 1, 1873. 
 
 A systematical arrangement of the described species of North American 
 locusts: Part 1. Species of the United States; Part 2. Species from 
 other parts of North America. 
 
 Samuel H. Scudder. — Spharagemon, a genus of GMipodidae; with 
 a revision of the species. <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XY II, 
 1875, pp. 467-471. Separate, under the title: Entomol. Notes, IY, 
 pp. 66-70. 
 
 A synopsis of the genus, with descriptions of new species. 
 
 Samuel H. Soudder. — A revision of two American genera of GEdi 
 podidae. ^CProc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Yol. XYII, 1875, pp. 478- 
 -185. Separate, under the title: Entomol. Notes, Yol. 1Y, pp. 77-84. 
 
 A synopsis of the genera Encoptolophus and Tragocephala. 
 
 Cyrus Thomas. — Manual of economic entomology. Part III. The Acri- 
 didae of Illinois. <Ninth Report of the State Entomologist . . . 
 of the State of Illinois, 1880, pp. 73-140. 
 
 Contains a synoptical table or key to the lamilies of Orthoptera, a key to the 
 subfamilies and genera, and a key to the Illinois species of Acrididae. 
 
 Lawrence Bruner. — North American Acrididae, north of Mexico. 
 <Third Report U. S. Entomolog. Commission, 1883, pp. 55-61. 
 
 A systematical list of the species described from North America. 
 
 Henri de Saussure. — Prodromus CEdipodiorum Insectorum ex ordine 
 Orthopterorum. Geneve, 1884, 4to, 254 pp. 
 
 A synoptical mouograph of the subfamily CEdipodinse of all countries, with 
 descriptions of new species. 
 
NEUROPTERA (INCLUDING PSEUDONEUROPTERA). 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES. 
 
 No catalogue of the North American Neuroptera — not even a partial one — has 
 ever been published. 
 
 II.— GENERAL WORKS ON CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 Hermann Burmeister. — Haudbuch der Entomologie. Berlin, 1832- 
 ’35. 
 
 The Neuroptera are treated in Yol. II, Part I. 
 
 P. Eambur. — Histoire naturelle des Neuropteres. Suites a Buffon. 
 Paris, 1842. 
 
 Hermann Hagen. — Synopsis of the Neuroptera of North America, with 
 a list of the South American species. Prepared for the Smithsonian 
 Institution. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Washington, 
 1861. 
 
 III.— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES. 
 
 TERMITIDvE. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Monographic der Termiten. <Liun8ea entomol., Yols. 
 X, XII, and XIY, 1855-’60. 
 
 EMBIIDiE. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Monograph of the Embidina. <Canadian Entomol. 
 Yol. XYII, 1885. 
 
 Only one species of this family has hitherto been found in the United States. 
 
 psochue. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Beitrage zur Monographic der Psociden. <Sfcettiner 
 entomol. Zeit., Yols. XLIII and XLIV, 1882-’83. 
 
 PERLIDAE. 
 
 F. J. Pictet. — Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des insectes 
 Neuropteres. Premiere monographie: Famille des Perlides. 
 Geneve, 1841-’42. 
 
 EPHEMERIDiE. 
 
 F. J. Pictet. — Histoire naturelle generale et particuliere des insectes 
 Neuropteres. Seconde monographie: Famille des Ephemeriues. 
 Geneve, 1843-’45. 
 
58 
 
 Benj. D. Walsh. — List of the Pseud on europtera of Illinois contained 
 in the cabiuet of the writer, with descriptions of over forty new 
 species, and notes on their structural affinities. <Proc. Ac. Nat. 
 Sc. Philadelphia, 1862, pp. 361-402. 
 
 This paper contains, on pp. 367, 368, a table of the genera of Ephemeridse. 
 
 Benj. D. Walsh.— Observations on certain North American Neurop- 
 tera, by H. Hagen, M. D., of Koenigsberg, Prussia; translated 
 from the original French MS., and published by permission of the 
 author, with notes and descriptions of about twenty new North 
 American species of Pseudoueuroptera. <Proc. Entom. Soc. 
 Phila., Vol. II, 1863-’64, pp. 167-272. 
 
 Contains a modification of the table of genera of Ephemeridse, pp. 195, 196; 
 a table of the subgenera of Gotnphus, p. 253; and a “Synoptical table of 
 the subfamilies of the family Odonata,” pp. 259, 260. 
 
 A. E. Eaton. — A monograph on the Ephemeridm. Part 1. The 
 nomenclature of the Ephemeridse. <Trans. Eutom. Soc. London, 
 1871, pp. 1-164, 6 pi. 
 
 A. E. Eaton. — A Revisional Monograph of recent Ephemeridse, or 
 Mayflies. <Trans. Linn. Soc. Londou, 1883-’86. 
 
 Four parts have hitherto been published. 
 
 ODONATA. 
 
 E. de Selys Longchamps et H. Hagen. — Monographie des Calop- 
 terygines. Bruxelles, 1854. 
 
 E. de Selys Longchamps et H. Hagen.— Monographie des Gom- 
 phines. Bruxelles, 1858. 
 
 E. de Selys Longchamps. — Synopsis des Agrionines. 6 parts. 
 Bruxelles, 1860- ? 65. 
 
 E. de Selys Longchamps. — Synopsis des Cordulines. Bruxelles, 
 1871. 
 
 H. A. Hagen.- Synopsis of the Odonata of America. <Proc. Boston 
 Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XVIII, 1875, pp. 20-96. 
 
 Omitting the subfamily Agrioniua. 
 
 HEMEROBIDiE. 
 
 G. Th. Schneider. — Symbola ad monographiam generis Chrysopse 
 
 Leach. Vratislavise, 1851. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Hemerobidarum synopsis synonymica. <Stettiner 
 entomol. Zeit., 1866, pp. 369-462. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Monograph of the Hemerobidm. <Part I, Proc. Bos- 
 ton Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIII, 1886, pp. 250-269; Pt. II, l. c., pp. 
 276-292. 
 
 Apparently not yet completed. 
 
59 
 
 PANORPIDJE. 
 
 J. O. Westwood. — Monograph of the genus Panorpa. <Trans. Entom. 
 Soc, London, Vol. IV, p. 1. 
 
 PHRYGANIDJE. 
 
 B. McLachlan. — Notes on North American Phryganidge, with especial 
 
 reference to those contained in the collection of the British Museum. 
 <Entom. Annual for 1863, pp. 155-163. 
 
 Contains a list of North American Phryganids. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Phryganidarum Synopsis synonymica. <Verh. k. k. 
 zool.-bot. Gres, in Wien, Voi. XIV, 1864, pp. 799-890. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Phryganiden. <Verb. k. 
 k. zool.-bot. Ges. iu Wien, Vol. XXIII, 1873, pp. 377-452. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — [On the Phryganids.] <Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 
 Vol. XV, 1873, pp. 384, 385. 
 
 A list of the North American species. 
 
 A. E. Eaton. — On the Hydroptilids, a fa mily of the Trichoptera 
 <Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1873, pp. 125-151. 
 
 Gives a list of the species, and synopsis of genera. 
 
 MALLOPHAGA. 
 
 H. Denny. — Monographia Anoplurorum Britannis. London, 1842, 26 
 pi. 
 
 C. G. A. Giebel. — losecta epizoa. Die auf Saugethieren und Vogeln 
 
 schmarotzenden lusekten. Nach Zeichnungen von 0. L. Nitzsch. 
 Leipzig, 1874, 20 pi. 
 
 Andrew Murray. — Economic Entomology. Aptera. South Ken- 
 sington Museum Science Handbooks. London and New York, 
 1877. 
 
 The Mallophaga (Anoplura) are treated on pp. 375-384. 
 
 P. Megnin. — Les Parasites et les maladies parasitaires chez Phomme, 
 les animaux domestiques et les animaux sauvages avec lesquels ils 
 peuvent etre en contact. Insectes, Arachnides, Crustaces. Paris, 
 1880. 
 
 E. Piaget. — Les P6diculines. Description de toutes les especes ob- 
 serves, enrichie d’especes nouvelles. Leide, 1880, 56 pi.; Sup- 
 plement, 1885, 17 pi. 
 
 O. Taschenberg. — Die Mallophagen mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung 
 der von Meyer gesammelten Arten. Halle, 1882. 
 
60 
 
 THYSANURA. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — Synopsis of the Thysanura of Essex County, 
 Mass., with descriptions of a few extralimital forms. <Fifth An- 
 nual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Academy of Science 
 for the year 1872, Salem, 1873, pp. 23-51. 
 
 John Lubbock. — Monograph of the Oollembola and Thysanura. Lon- 
 don, Ray Society, 1873. 
 
 The introduction gives the full bibliography up to date. 
 
 Andrew Murray. — Economic Entomology. Aptera. South Kensing- 
 ton Museum Science Handbooks, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 The Thysanura are treated of on pp. 401-416. 
 
MYRIAPODA. 
 
 I.— CATALOGUES. 
 
 No comprehensive catalogue or list have hitherto been published ou the 
 North American Myriapods. 
 
 IL— COMPREHENSIVE WORKS. 
 
 Thomas Say. — Descriptions of the Myriapods of the United States. 
 CJourn. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., Yol. II, 1821, pp. 102-114 5 Say’s Entom. 
 Writings, ed. Le Conte, Vol. II, pp. 24-32. 
 
 This is the first paper of importance on the North American Myriapoda. 
 
 George Newport. — Monograph of the class Myriapoda, Order Chilo- 
 poda. <Trans. Linnean Soc. of London, Yol. XIX, 1845, pp. 265- 
 302 and 349-439. 
 
 C. L. Koch. — System der Myriapoden. Regensburg, 1847. 
 
 C. L. Koch. — Die Myriapoden. 2 vols. Halle, 1863. 
 
 Horatio 0. Wood, Jr. — On the Chilopoda of North America, with 
 Catalogue of all the specimens in the collection of the Smithsonian 
 Institution. <Journ. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., New Ser., Voi. Y, 1863, pp. 
 5-42. 
 
 Horatio C. Wood, Jr. — The Myriapoda of North America. <Trans. 
 Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XIII, 1865, pp. 137-248, 3 pi. 
 
 This is the first and only monograph of the Myriapoda published in this 
 country, 
 
 Andrew Murray. — Economic Entomology. Aptera. South Kensing- 
 ton Museum Science Handbooks, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 Robert Latzel. — Die Myriapoden der Oesterreichisch-Uugarischen 
 Monarchic. Erste Halfte: Die Chilopoden, Wien, 1880. Zweite 
 Halfte : Die Symphylen, Pauropoden und Diplopoden, Wien, 1884. 
 
 The most recent comprehensive work on this order, aud very important from 
 a classificatory standpoint. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — On the morphology of the Myriapoda. <Proc. 
 Amer. Philos. Soc., Yol. XXI, 1883, pp. 197-209/ 
 
 Lucien M. Underwood. — The North American Myriapoda. <Ento- 
 mol. Amer., Yol. I, 1885, pp. 141-151. 
 
 A complete bibliographical review of the subject, with tables of families and 
 genera. 
 
 61 
 
62 
 
 HI.— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES OF FAMILIES AND GENERA. 
 pauropoda (families Pauropodidce and Eurypauropodidce). 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — New or rare Neuroptera, Thysamira, and Myria- 
 poda. < Proc. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., Vol. XIII, 1 S70, pp. 405-411 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — A remarkable Myriapod. <Amer. Natur., Vol. 
 IV, 1870, p. 621. 
 
 John A. Ryder.— Discovery of two remarkable genera of minute 
 Myriapoda in Fairmount Park. <Amer. Natur., Vol. XII, 1878, pp. 
 557, 558. 
 
 John A. Ryder. — An account of a new genus of minute Pauropod 
 Myriapods. <Amer. Natur., Vol. XIII, 1879, pp. 603-612. 
 
 diplopoda (families Polyxenidce , Polyzonidce , Polydesmidce , Clior- 
 deumidce , Lysiopetalidce , and Julidce). 
 
 Horatio 0. Wood. — Descriptions of new species of North American 
 Polydesmidm. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1864, pp. 6-10. 
 
 John A. Ryder. — List of the North American species of Myriapods 
 belonging to the family of the Lysiopetalidse, with a description of 
 a blind form from Luray Cave, Virginia. <Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 
 Vol. Ill, 1881, pp. 524-529. 
 
 A. S. Packard, Jr. — A revision of the Lysiopetalid.se, a family of Chi- 
 lognath Myriapoda, with a notice of the genus Cambala. <Proc. 
 Amer. Philos. Soc., Vol. XXI, 1883, pp. 177-197. 
 
 Charles H. Bollman.— Notes on North American Julidse, with de- 
 scriptions of new species. <Anu. N. Y. Ac. Sc., Vol. IV, Nos. 1 
 and 2, pp. 25-44. 
 
 chilopoda (families Scutigeridce, Geopliilidce , Scolopendridw , and Litho- 
 
 biidce). 
 
 Ludwig Koch. — Die Myriapodengattung Lithobius. Niirnberg, 1862. 
 
 A monograph of the geuus, comprising the species of all continents. 
 
 A. Stuxberg. — Nya nordamerikanska Lithobier. <Ofversigt k. Ve- 
 tensk. Acad. Forh., Vol. XXXII, No. 2, 1875, pp. 65-72. 
 
 A. Stuxberg. — Lithobioidse Americse borealis. Ofversigt af Nord- 
 Amerikas hittills kanda Lithobiider. <Ofversigt k. Vetensk. Acad. 
 Forh., Vol. XXXII, No. 3, 1875, pp. 23-32. 
 
 Fr. Meinert. — Myriopoda Musei Cantabrigensis, Mass. Part I. Chi- 
 lopoda. <Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1885, £>p. 161-233. 
 
 Of great value for the study of classification, though containing no synopses. 
 
ARACHNIDA. 
 
 I— CATALOGUES. 
 
 No catalogue of the North Ainericau forms has so far been published. 
 
 II.— COMPREHENSIVE WORKS. 
 
 C. W. Hahn and 0. L. Koch. — Die Arachniclen. Ntirnberg, 1831-48, 
 16 vols. with 563 pi. 
 
 H. Lucas. — Descriptions et figures d’especes nouvelies d’Arachnides. 
 Paris, 1835- 7 36. 
 
 0. A. de Walckenaer. — Histoire naturelle des Insectes (Suites a Buf- 
 fon). Apteres. Paris, Eoret, 1837-47, 4 vols., with 52 pi. 
 
 The first work ou general classification of this order, and many North Amer- 
 ican species are described from drawings by Bose and Abbot. 
 
 N. M. Hentz. — Descriptions and figures of the Araneides of the United 
 States. <Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV-VT, 1842- 7 50. 
 
 These papers form the basis of the study of American arachnology. Numerous 
 species are described, but not in synoptic form. 
 
 T. Thorell. — On European Spiders. Part I. Review of the European 
 genera of Spiders. Upsala, 1869- 7 70. 
 
 N. M. Hentz. — Aranese America septentrionalis. The Spiders of the 
 United States. Edited by J. H. Emerton and E. Burgess. <“ Oc- 
 casional Papers” of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1875. 
 
 A reprint of Hentz’s papers on North American spiders. 
 
 Graf Eugen Keyserling.— Amerikanische Spinnen aus den Farni- 
 lien Pholcoidae, Scytodoidse und Dysderoidse. <Verh. k. k. zool.- 
 bot. Ges. in Wien, Vol. XXVII, 1877, pp. 205-234. 
 
 Graf Eugen Keyserling. — Neue Spinnen aus Amerika. (Six 
 parts.) <Verh. k. k. Zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, Vols. XXIX- 
 XXXIV, 1879- 7 84. 
 
 E. Simon.— Les Arachnides de France. Paris, Vols. I-V, 1874- 7 84. 
 
 These two works represent the most recent systems of classification, and are 
 therefore of great general value, although they deal only with the Euro- 
 pean fauna. 
 
 Lucien M. Underwood. — The Progress of Arachnology in America. 
 <Atner. Natur., Vol. XXI, 1887, pp. 963-975. 
 
 A very useful review of the bibliography, with synoptic table of the families 
 of the AraneaB. 
 
 63 
 
64 
 
 HI.— MONOGRAPHS AND SYNOPSES. 
 
 Aranese. 
 
 EPEIRIDiE. 
 
 Graf E. Keyserling. — Beschreibung ueuer und wenig bekannter 
 Arten aus der Familie Orbitelae Latr. oder Epeiridae Sund, 
 <Sitzuugsber. d. naturw. Ges. Isis in Dresden, 1863 (1864), pp. 63- 
 
 154. 
 
 J. E. Emerton. — New England Spiders of the family Epeiridae. 
 <Trans. Connect. Acad, of Sc , Vol. VI, 1884, pp. 295-342. 
 
 THERIDIDJE. 
 
 O. P. Cambridge.— O n some new species of Erigone from North Amer- 
 ica. Two parts. <Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1874, pp. 428-442 ; 
 1875, pp. 393-405. 
 
 J. H. Emerton. — New England Spiders of the family Therididae. 
 <Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. VI, 1882, pp. 1-86. 
 
 Graf E. Keyserling. — Die Spinnen Amerikas. II. Theridkke. 1. 
 Halfte, Niirnberg, 1884; 2. Halfte, Niirnberg, 1886. 
 
 THOMISIDJE. 
 
 Graf E. Keyserling. — Die Spinnen Amerikas. Laterigradae. Niirn- 
 berg, 1880. 
 
 ATTIDJE. 
 
 G. W. and E. G. Peckham. — Descriptions of new or little known 
 spiders of the family Attidae, from various parts of the United 
 States of North America. Milwaukee, 1883. 
 
 DRASSID^E. 
 
 C. L. Koch. — Die Arachniden-Familie der Drassiden. Niirnburg, 
 1866-’68. 
 
 O. P. Cambridge. — On some new species of Drassides. <Proc. Zool. 
 Soc. London, 1874, pp. 370-419 
 
 LYCOSID^E. 
 
 Graf E. Keyserling. — Ueber amerikanische Spinnen- Arten der 
 Unterordnung Citigradae. <Verk. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Vol. 
 XXXVI, 1876, pp. 609-708. 
 
 J. H. Emerton. — New England Spiders of the family Lycosidae. 
 <Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. VI, 1885, pp. 481-505. 
 
65 
 
 MYG-ALIDiE. 
 
 Anton Ausserer. — Beitrage zar Kenntniss der Arachniden-Familie 
 der Territelarim Thorell. <Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, Yol. 
 XXI, 1871, pp. 117-224. 
 
 J. T. MoGtGtRidg-e. — Harvesting Ants and Trap door Spiders, with sup- 
 plementary descriptions of species by Rev. O. P. Cambridge. Lon- 
 don, 1873-74. 
 
 Anton Ausserer. — Zweiter Beitrag zur Kenutniss der Arachniden. 
 Familie der Territelarhe Thorell. <Verh. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. 
 Wien, Vol. XXV, 1875, pp. 125-206. 
 
 Arthrogastra. 
 
 T. Thorell. — On the classification of Scorpions. <Ann. and Mag. 
 Nat. Hist., Vol. XVII, 1876, p. 1 ff. 
 
 T. Thorell. — Etudes scorpiologiques. Milan, 1877. 
 
 Lucien M. Underwood. — A preliminary list of the Arthrogastra of 
 North America (excluding Mexico). <Canad. Entom., Vol. XVII, 
 1885, pp. 162-169. 
 
 SOLPUGTDiE. 
 
 E. Simon. — Essai d’une classification des Galeodes. <Ann. Soc. Eut. 
 France, 1879, pp. 93 ff. 
 
 Fr. Karsch. — Zur Kenutniss der Galeodiden. <Archiv fur Natur- 
 gesch., Vol. XLVI, 1880. 
 
 J. Duncan Putnam. — The Solpugidse of America. Arranged for pub- 
 lication by Herbert Osborn. <Proc. Davenport Ac. Nat. Sc., Vol. 
 Ill, 1882, pp. 149 ff. 
 
 This monograph remained incomplete on account of the death -of the author. 
 It contains a complete bibliography on the family. 
 
 SCORPIONIDH2. 
 
 Horatio C. Wood, Jr. — Descriptions of new species of North American 
 Pedipalpi. <Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 107-112. 
 
 Horatio C. Wood, Jr. — On the Pedipalpi of North America. <Journ. 
 Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 2d ser., Vol. V, 1863, pp. 357-376, PI. 
 XL. 
 
 J. Thorell. — On the classification of Scorpions. <Aun. and Mag. of 
 Nat. Hist., 4th ser., Vol. XVII, 1876, pp. 1 ff. 
 
 J. Thorell. — Etudes Scorpiologiques. <Act. Soc. Ital. d. Sc. Nat., 
 Vol. XIX, 1877, pp. 75 ff. 
 
 22310— Bull 19 5 
 
66 
 
 Fr. Karsch. — Scorpionologische Beitrage. <Mitth. d. Miiuchener 
 Entom. Ver., 1879, 2 parts. 
 
 CHERNETIDiE. 
 
 A. Menge. — Ueber die Scheerenspinnen Chernetidse. Danzig, 1855. 
 
 H. A. Hagen. — Synopsis Pseudoscorpionidum, synonyinica. <Proc. 
 Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIII, 1870, pp. 263-272. 
 
 Ludwig Koch. — Uebersichtliche Darstellung der europaischen Glier- 
 netiden. Ntirnberg, 1873. 
 
 PHALANGID^E. 
 
 Horatio C. Wood, Jr. — On the Phalangese of the United States of 
 America. <Coinmun. of the Essex Inst., Vol. VI, 1868, pp. 10-40. 
 
 J. Tiiorell. — Conspectus familiarum et generum Europaeorum ordinis 
 Opiliouum. <Anu. del Mus. civico d. Storia nat. de Genova, 1876, 
 pp. 462 ff. 
 
 E. Simon.— Essai d’uue classification des Opiliones Mecostethi. <Ann. 
 Soc. Entom. de Belgique, Vol. XXtl, 1880, pp. 183-241. 
 
 Acarina. 
 
 A. Dug^s. — Recherches sur Fordre des Acariens (III me Memoire). 
 <Auu. des Sc. Nat., II me ser., Vol. I, 1836, Zoologie, p. 18 if. 
 
 Leon Dufour. — Descriptions et figures de quelques parasites de For- 
 dre des Acariens. <Aun. des Sc. Natur., Vol. XI, 1839, p. 274 ff. 
 
 H. Nicolet. — Histoire uaturelle des Acariens qui se trouve aux envi- 
 rons de Paris. <Archives du Museum d’histoire nat. de Paris, Vol. 
 VII, 185 4-’ 55. 
 
 C. G. Giebel. — Insecta Epizoa. Die Parasiten der Saugethiere uud 
 Vogel. Leipzig, 1874. 
 
 P. Megnin.— Memoire sur les Metamorphoses des Acariens en general 
 et en particulier sur celles des Trombidions. <Ann. des Sc. Nat., 
 Ser. VI, Vol. IV, 1876, Article 5. 
 
 P. Megnin. — Memoire sur Forganisation et la distribution zoologique 
 des Acariens de la famille des Gamasides. <Journ. d’Anatomie et 
 de Physiologie, 1876, pp. 288-336. 
 
 J. P. Megnin. — Monographic de la Tribu des Sarcoptides Psorique, 
 subdivision de la famille des Sarcoptides, ordre des Acariens. 
 <Bevue et Magasin de Zoologie, 1877. 
 
67 
 
 P. Cramer. — Gruudziige zur Systematik der Milben. <Wiegm. Ar- 
 chiv fur Naturgescb., 1877, pp. 215-248. 
 
 Andrew Murray. — Economic Entomology. Aptera. South Ken- 
 sington Museum Science Handbooks, London and New York, 1877. 
 
 Pierre Megnin. — Memoire sur les Cheyletides Parasites. <Journ. 
 d’Anatomie et de Physiologie, 1878, p. 1 ff. 
 
 P. Megnin. — Les Parasites et les maladies parasitis chez Phomrne, les 
 animaux domestiques et les animaux sauvages avec lesquels ils peu- 
 ventetreen contact. Insectes, Arachnides, Crustaces. Paris, 1880. 
 
 G. Haller. — Die Milben als Parasiten der Wirbellosen, in’s Besondere 
 
 der Artkropodeu. Halle a. S., 1880. 
 
 Antonio Berlese. — Acari, Miriopodi e Scorpioni Italiani. Padova, 
 1882 and subsequent years (not yet completed). 
 
 H. Garman. — The Phytopti and other injurious plant mites. <Twelfth 
 
 Rep. of the State Entom. on the Nox. and Benef. Insects of the State 
 of Ills., 1883, pp. 123-143. 
 
 Besides the two papers just cited the American literature on the Mites fur- 
 nishes only descriptions or observations concerning single species, or pa- 
 pers of a more popular character, which I cannot enumerate here; and the 
 student is referred to the following European works, which have more 
 or less contributed toward our knowledge of the classification of the 
 Acarina. 
 
 L. Karpelles. — Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Milben. <Berlin. 
 entom. Zeitsch., Vol. XXVIII, 1884, pp. 1-34. 
 
 Antonio Berlese. — Acarorum Systematis Specimen. <Bull. Soc. 
 Ent, Ital., Vol. XVII, 1885, p. 121 ff. 
 
 Herbert Osborn. — Preliminary List of the species of Acarina of 
 North America. <Canad. Entom., Vol. XVIII, 1886, pp. 4-12. 
 
 LIST OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PERIODICALS CITED IN THIS 
 
 BULLETIN. 
 
 American periodicals. 
 
 The American Naturalist. A monthly journal devoted to the 
 natural sciences in their widest sense (20 volumes published up 
 to 1887.) (Now t published by Leonard Scott Publication Co., Phila- 
 delphia.) 
 
 Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York (8 
 volumes, 1824-67). 
 
 Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society (7 volumes, 
 1878-’85). 
 
68 
 
 Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural History (4 vol- 
 umes completed, beginning with 1874; the fifth in course of publi- 
 cation). 
 
 The Canadian Entomologist (edited by William Saunders and lately 
 by J. S. Bethune; 19 volumes published up to the end of 1887. 
 Published at London, Out.) 
 
 Entomologica Americana. Published by the Brooklyn Entomolo- 
 gical Society at Brooklyn, N. Y. (2 volumes completed since 1885; 
 the third in course of publication). 
 
 Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
 phia (commencing with 1817). 
 
 Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History (commenc- 
 ing with 1866). 
 
 Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phil- 
 adelphia (beginning with 1841). 
 
 Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society of Phil- 
 adelphia (beginning with 1860). 
 
 Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (com- 
 mencing with 1841). 
 
 Procee dings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 
 ( 6 volumes, 1861- 7 67). 
 
 Papilio. Devoted exclusively to Lepidoptera. Organ of the New 
 York Entomological Club (4 volumes, 1881-’84). 
 
 Psyche. — Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club (4 volumes 
 issued up to date. Published at Cambridge, Mass). 
 
 Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis (4 vol- 
 umes hitherto published). 
 
 Transactions of the American Entomological Society and pro- 
 ceedings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural 
 Sciences (beginning with 1868; 14 volumes published up to 1887. 
 Published at Philadelphia.) 
 
 Transactions of the American Phelosophical Society of Phil- 
 adelphia (2nd series beginning with 1818). 
 
 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (Smithsonian Institution, 
 Washington, D. C. ; beginning 1862). 
 
 Bulletins of the United States National Museum (Department 
 of the Interior ; beginning with 1875). 
 
69 
 
 Proceedings of the United States National Museum: (Depart- 
 ment of the Interior ; beginning with 1878). 
 
 Bulletins of the United States Geological and Geograph- 
 ical Survey of the Territories, F. V. Hayden in charge 
 (Department of the Interior; beginning with 1875). 
 
 Reports of the United States Geological and Geographical 
 Survey of the Territories (Department of the Interior ; be- 
 ginning with 1867). 
 
 Foreign periodicals. 
 
 Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique (beginning 
 with 1860. Published at Bruxelles). 
 
 Annales de la Societe entomologique de France (commencing 
 with 1832. Published at Paris). 
 
 Berliner entomologische Zeitschrift (commencing with 1857). 
 
 Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. Herausgegeben von Dr. 
 G. Kraatz. Berlin (beginning with 1881). 
 
 Entomologische Zeitung. Herausgegeben von dem entomologischen 
 Yerein zu Stettin (beginning with 1840). 
 
 Linn^a entomologica. Herausgegeben vom entomologischen Yerein 
 zu Stettin (16 volumes. Berlin, 1846-’66.) 
 
 Ofversigt afKongl. Svenska Yetenskaps AcademiensForhand- 
 lingar (beginning with 1844. Published at Stockholm). 
 
 Proceedings of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 
 
 Sitzungsberichte der mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlich- 
 
 EN ClASSE DER KAISERLICHEN ACADEMIE DER WlSSENSCHAF- 
 ten zu Wien (beginning with 1848). 
 
 Transactions of the Linnean Society of London (beginning with 
 
 1791). 
 
 Transactions of the London Entomological Society (begin- 
 ning with 1836). 
 
 Yerhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in 
 Wien (beginning with 1852). 
 
 Zeitschrift fur die Entomologie. Herausgegeben von E. F. Ger- 
 mar (5 volumes. Leipzig, 1839-’44). 
 
 Mittheilungen der schweizerischen entomologischen Gesell- 
 schaft. Bulletin de la Societe entomologique suisse (7 volumes 
 published up to 1887. Published at Geneva). 
 
70 
 
 Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London (beginning 
 with 1838). 
 
 Bevue et magasin de zoologie pure et appliquee. Paris (be- 
 ginning with 1839). 
 
 Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Leipzig (begin- 
 ning with 1848). 
 
 Archiv fur Naturgesohichte. Berlin (beginning with 1835). 
 
 LIST OF WORKS ON ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 1. Harris, T. W., Insects Injurious to Vegetation. (Flint edition.) 
 
 New York, Orange Judd Co. $4 or $6. (First edition, Cam- 
 bridge, 1841.) 
 
 2. Fitch, Asa, Reports of the State Entomologist of New York. 1- 
 
 XIV, Albany, 1855-’70. (For a full account of these, see First 
 Annual Report, by J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New 
 York, pp. 294-297.) 
 
 3. The Practical Entomologist. Vols. I and II. Published by the Ento- 
 
 mological Society of Philadelphia, 1865-’67. 
 
 4. The American Entomologist, edited by B. D. Walsh and C. V. 
 
 Riley. Vol. I. Saint Louis, Mo., 1868. (Out of print.) 
 
 5. The American Entomologist and Botanist, edited by C. V. Riley 
 
 and Dr. George Vasey. Vol. II. Saint Louis, Mo., 1870. 
 
 6. The American Entomologist, edited by C. V. Riley. Vol. III., 
 
 [Second series. Vol. I.] New York, Hub Publishing Co., 1880. 
 
 7. Walsh, B. D., Annual Report on the Noxious Insects of the State 
 
 of Illinois. Chicago, Prairie Farmer Co. Steam Print, 1868. 
 
 8. Riley, C. V., Reports of the State Entomologist of Missouri. I- 
 
 IX, Jefferson City, 1869-’77. 
 
 9. Le Baron, William, Reports of the State Entomologist of Illi- 
 
 nois. I-IV, Springfield, 1871-’74. 
 
 10. Thomas, Cyrus, Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois. I- 
 
 VI, Springfield, 1876-’81. 
 
 11. Lintner, J. A., Reports of the State Entomologist of New York. 
 
 X-III, Albany, 1882-’86. 
 
 12. Forbes, S. A., Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois. I- 
 
 III, Springfield, 1883-’85. 
 
71 
 
 13. Forbes, S. A., Miscellaneous Essays on Economic Eutomology. 
 
 (Published instead of Annual Report. Springfield, 111., 1886.) 
 
 14. Treat, Mary, Injurious Insects of the Farm and Garden. New 
 
 York, Orange Judd Co., 1882. (A small work compiled from 
 Riley’s reports, and costing $2.) 
 
 15. Saunders, William, Insects Injurious to Fruits. Philadelphia, 
 
 J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1883. $3. 
 
 16. Cooke, Matthew, Injurious Insects of the Orchard, Vineyard, etc. 
 
 Sacramento, 1883. (8vo, pp. 472.) 
 
 17. Van Beneden, P. J., Animal Parasites and Messmates. New York, 
 
 D. Appleton & Co., 1876. $1.50. International Scientific Se- 
 ries. 
 
 18. Reports of the Entomologists of the U. S. Department of Agricult- 
 
 ure, T. Glover (1863-1878), J. H. Comstock (1879-1880), and C. 
 V. Riley (1878-1879, 1880 to date). 
 
 19. Bulletins of the Division of Entomology of the G. S. Department 
 
 of Agriculture, C. V. Riley, Entomologist (1883 to date). 
 
 20. Reports and Bulletins of the O’. S. Entomological Commission. 
 
 21. Curtis, John, Farm Insects. London, Blackie & Son, 1860. 
 
 22. Ormerod, Eleanor A., Manual of Injurious Insects, and Methods 
 
 of Prevention, etc. Loudon and Edinburgh, 1881. (A small 
 work, costing about $1.50.) 
 
 25. Kaltenbach, J. EL, Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Classe dev Insek- 
 ten, 8vo. Stuttgart, 1874. (A useful work for determining 
 what insects infest plants in Europe.) 
 
 LIST OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS PUBLISHED BY THE U. S. ENTO- 
 MOLOGICAL COMMISSION AND BY THE U. S. DEPARTMENT OF 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 U. S. ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 
 
 (Members of the Commission: C. V. Riley, A. S. Packard, jr., and Cyrus Thomas.) 
 
 Bulletin No. 1. — Destruction of the young or unfledged Locusts ( Calop - 
 tenus spretus). (1877.) [pp. 15.] 
 
 Bulletin No. 2. — On the Natural History of the Rocky Mountain Locust 
 and on the habits of the young or unfledged Insects as they occur 
 in the more fertile country in which they will hatch the present 
 year. (1877.) [pp. 14, figs. 10.] 
 
72 
 
 Bulletin No. 3. — The Cotton Worm. Summary of its Natural History, 
 with an Account of its Enemies, and the best Means of controlling 
 it; being a Report of Progress of the Work of the Commission. By 
 Chas. Y. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. (1880.) [pp. 144, figs. 84, plates I.] 
 
 Bulletin Wo. 4. — The Hessian Fly. Its Ravages, Habits, Enemies, and 
 Meaus of preventing its Increase. By A. S. Packard, jr., M. D. 
 (1880.) [pp. 43, figs. 1, plates II., maps I.] 
 
 Bulletin No. 5. — The Chinch Bug. Its History, Characters, and Habits, 
 and the Means of destroying it or counteracting its Injuries. By 
 Cyrus Thomas, Ph. D. (1879.) [pp. 44, figs. 10, maps I.] 
 
 Bulletin Wo. 6. — General Index and Supplement to the nine Reports on 
 the Insects of Missouri. By Charles Y. Riley, M. A., Ph. D. (1881.) 
 [pp. 177.] 
 
 Bulletin No. 7. — Insects injurious to Forest and Shade Trees. By A. S. 
 Packard, jr., M. D. (1881.) [pp. 275, figs. 100.] 
 
 First Annual Report for the year 1877, relating to the Rocky Mountain 
 Locust and the best Methods of preventing its Injuries and of guard- 
 ing against its Invasions, in pursuance of an Appropriation made 
 by Congress for this purpose. With maps and illustrations. (1878.) 
 [pp. 477+294, figs. Ill, plates Y, maps I.] 
 
 Second Report for the years 1878 and 1879, relating to the Rocky Moun- 
 tain Locust and the Western Cricket, and treatiug of the best 
 Meaus of subduing the Locust in its permanent Breeding-grounds, 
 with a view of preventing its Migrations into the more fertile 
 Portions of the trails- Mississippi country, in pursuance of Appro- 
 priations made by Congress for this purpose. With Maps and Il- 
 lustrations. (1880.) [pp. xviii+322+22, figs. 10, plates XYII, 
 maps 7.] 
 
 Third Report relating to the Rocky Mountain Locust, the Western 
 Cricket, the Army Worm, Canker Worms, and the Hessian Fly; 
 together with Descriptions of Larvae of injurious Forest Insects, 
 Studies on the embryological Development of the Locust and of 
 other Insects, and on the systematic Position of the Orthoptera in 
 Relation to other Orders of insects. With Maps and Illustrations. 
 (1883.) [pp. xviii+347 + 91, figs. 14, plates LXIY, maps 3]. 
 
 Fourth Report , being a revised Edition of Bulletin Xo. 3, and the Final 
 Report on the Cotton Worm and Boll Worm. By Charles Y. Riley, 
 Ph. D. (1885.) [pp. xxxvni+399 + 147, figs. 45, plates LXIY, 
 maps 2.] 
 
 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The annual reports of the Entomologist are contained in the corre- 
 sponding annual reports of the Department of Agriculture. A limited 
 author’s edition, separately bound, and with table of contents and 
 index is published each year. 
 
73 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 1. — Reports of Experiments, chiefly 
 with Kerosene, upon the Insects injuriously affecting the Orange 
 Tree and the Cotton Plant, made under the Direction of the Ento- 
 mologist. (1883.) [pp. 62.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 2. — Reports of Observations on 
 the Rocky Mountain Locust and Chinch Bug, together with Ex- 
 tracts from the Correspondence of the Division on Miscellaneous 
 Insects. (1883.) [pp. 36.] 
 
 Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 3. — Reports of Observations and 
 Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the 
 Direction of the Entomologist. With plates. (1883.) [pp. 75, plates 
 
 in.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 4. — Reports of Observations and 
 Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the 
 Direction of the Entomologist, together with Extracts from Cor- 
 respondence on miscellaneous Insects. (1884.) [pp. 102, figs. 4.] 
 
 Bureau of Entomology, Bulletin No. 5. — Descriptions of North American 
 Chalcididse from the Collections of the U. S. Department of Ag- 
 riculture and of Dr. C. Y. Riley, with biological Notes. [First 
 paper.] Together with a List of the described North American Spe- 
 cies of the Family. By L. O. Howard, M. Sc., Assistant, Bureau 
 of Entomology. (1885.) [pp. 47.] 
 
 Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 6. — The imported Elm-leaf Beetle. 
 Its Habits and Natural History, and Means of counteracting its In- 
 juries. (1885). [pp. 18, figs. 1, plates I.] 
 
 Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 8. — The Periodical Cicada. An 
 Account of Cicada septendecim and its tredicim Race, with a Chro- 
 nology of all of the broods known. By Charles Y. Riley, Ph. D. 
 (1885.) [pp. 46, figs. 8.] 
 
 Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 9. — The Mulberry Silk-worm; be- 
 ing a Manual of Instructions in Silk-culture. By Charles Y. Riley, 
 M. A., Ph. D. (1886.) [pp. 65, figs. 29, plates II.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 10.— Our Shade Trees and their In- 
 sect Defoliators. Being a Consideration of the four most injurious 
 Species which affect the Trees of the Capital ; with Means of destroy- 
 ing them. By Charles Y. Riley, Entomologist. (1887.) [pp. 75, 
 figs. 27.] 
 
 Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 1L — Reports of Experiments with 
 various Insecticide Substances, chiefly upon Insects affecting garden 
 Crops, made under the Direction of the Entomologist. (1886.) 
 [pp. 34.] 
 
74 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 12. — Miscellaneous Notes on the 
 work of the Division of Entomology for the Season of 1885; pre- 
 pared by the Entomologist. (1886.) [pp. 45, plates I.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 13. — Reports of Observations and 
 Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the 
 Direction of the Entomologist. (With illustrations.) (1887.) [pp. 
 78, figs. 4.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 14. — Reports of Observations and 
 Experiments in the practical Work of the Division, made under the 
 Direction of the Entomologist. (1887.) [pp. 62, figs. 2, plates I.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 15. — The Icerya, or Eluted Scale, 
 otherwise known as the Cottony Cushion-scale. (Reprint of some 
 recent Articles by the Entomologist and of a Report from the Agri- 
 cultural Experiment Station, University of California.) (1887.) 
 [pp. 40.] 
 
 Division of Entomology , Bulletin No. 16. — The Entomological Writings of 
 Dr. Alpheus Spring Packard. By Samuel Henshaw. (1887.) [pp. 49.] 
 
 Division of Entomology, Bulletin No. 17. — The Chinch Bug: A general 
 Summary of its History, Habits, Enemies, and of the Remedies and 
 Preventives to be used against it. By L. O. Howard, M. S., Assist- 
 tant Entomologist. (1888.) [pp. 48, figs. 10.] 
 
 Report on Cotton Insects. By J. Henry Comstock. (1879.) [pp. 511, 
 figs. 77, plates III.] 
 
 (Special Report , No. 11. — The Silkworm ; being a brief Manual of Instruc- 
 tions for the Production of Silk. Prepared, by Direction of the 
 Commissioner of Agriculture, by C. V. Riley, M. A., Ph. D., Ento. 
 mologist. (First ed., 1879; fifth ed., 1885.) [p. 37, figs. 8.] 
 
 Special Report , No. 35. — Report on Insects injurious to Sugar Cane. 
 Prepared, under Direction of the Commissioner of Agriculture, by 
 J. Henry Comstock, Entomologist. (1881.) [pp. 11, figs. 3.J 
 
 Division of Entomology. Insects Affecting the Orange. — Report on the In- 
 sects affecting the Culture of the Orange and other Plants of the 
 Citrus Family, with practical Suggestions for their Control orJSxter- 
 mination. By H. G. Hubbard. (1885.) [pp. x-f 227, figs. 95, plates 
 XIV.] 
 
 Note. — During the years 1864 to 1876, inclusive, the Department of 
 Agriculture published regularly monthly reports, mainly statistical in 
 their character (replaced since 1876 by the series of monthly “Crop Re- 
 ports”), but which contained many short articles by the Entomologist, 
 Townend Glover. None of these articles would come within the scope 
 of the present bulletin, and the insects treated of may be ascertained 
 by reference to the “General Index of the Agricultural Reports of the 
 Patent Office and of the Department of Agriculture, from 1837 to 1876.” 
 Washington, 1879. 
 
75 
 
 HOW TO OBTAIN ENTOMOLOGICAL BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS. 
 
 Comparatively few of the works treating of the classification of North 
 American insects have been published as separate books; but such as 
 have been so published, if of comparatively recent date, can be obtained 
 through the regular book trade. By far the greater number of the 
 monographs and synopses mentioned in the preceding pages have 
 been published in scientific periodicals and transactions of scientific 
 societies. Thse periodicals and transactions can be obtained through 
 the societies which publish them and through the publishers ; but? 
 in the case of transactions, single volumes, and more especially single 
 papers, are seldom sold, and the older volumes are liable to be out 
 of print. Moreover the expense attending the purchase of all of the 
 periodicals containing the publications on a given order of insects will 
 be so great as to put them beyond the reach of most entomologists. 
 The custom of placing at the disposal of authors a number of separate 
 copies of their papers overcomes this difficulty to some extent and cre- 
 ates a small supply. Thus it often happens that a person interested 
 can obtain a copy of a scientific paper by addressing the author person- 
 ally. Many of these separate copies also get into the possession of 
 dealers in second-hand books, and can be purchased from them. The 
 American Entomological Society of Philadelphia and also a few other 
 societies here and in Europe offer for sale from their duplicates many 
 of these authors’ extras, and in some cases publish lists. There are, 
 moreover, certain business establishments which make a specialty of 
 the sale of works and pamphlets on Natural History, including Ento- 
 mology, and it is chiefly through such establishments that the student 
 is enabled to secure the larger portion of the works needed. In Amer- 
 ica there is at present but one of these special dealers of any promi- 
 nence, viz, Dr. A. E. Foote, of 1223 Belmont avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 But in Europe there are several of considerable reputation ; among these 
 we may mention: 
 
 R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 31, Berlin, Germany. 
 
 Ed. Andre, 21 Boulevard Bretonniere, Beaune (Cote-d’Or), France. 
 
 H. W. Schmidt, Rannische Strasse, Nr. 1, Halle a. S, Germany. 
 
 J. B. Bailliere et fils, 19, Rue Hautefeuille, Paris, France. 
 
 Oswald Weigel, Konigsstrasse, 1, Leipzig, Germany. 
 
 U. Hoepli, Gorso Yitt. Eman., 37, Milan, Italy. 
 
 Otto Harrassowitz, Querstrasse, 14, Leipzig, Germany. 
 
 William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex street, Strand, London, England. 
 
 All of these firms publish catalogues, and in writing to them the ento- 
 mological catalogue should be especially asked for. There are two firms 
 in New York which act as agents for all of these houses, and works can 
 be ordered through them or catalogues obtained from them. These are 
 
76 
 
 B. Westermann & Co., 838 Broadway, New York, and Gustav E. Stech- 
 ert, 766 Broadway, New York. 
 
 By subscribing to the entomological periodicals published in this 
 country (a matter of but slight expense) the student may keep abreast 
 of the current literature. Short book reviews or notes published in 
 our periodicals call attention to the more important publications in 
 other countries. Moreover, the Zoologischer Auzeiger, edited by Prof. 
 J. Victor Cams, in Leipzig, Germany, and published every fortnight, 
 gives a tolerably complete bibliography of the current entomological 
 literature at intervals of about six or eight weeks. The “ Naturae 
 Novitates,” published every fortnight by R. Friedlaender & Sohn, Carb 
 strasse, 11, Berlin, Germany, gives the titles of most recent works and 
 pamphlets. 
 
 There are also three great annual publications, viz : “ Die Fortschritte 
 auf dem Gebiet der Entomologie,” published in Wiegmann’s “ Archiv 
 fur Naturgeschichte”; “The Zoological Record,” published by the 
 Zoological Record Society, in London, England ; and the “Zoologische 
 Jaliresberichte,” published by the Zoological Station at Naples, Italy, 
 which give the full literature of the previous year, discussing the more 
 important papers and giving a list of the new species, besides other 
 information. One or the other of these three publications is almost 
 indispensable to the student in any branch of Zoology, and ought to 
 be found in every public library in the country. Unfortunately, only 
 a year ago the editors of the “ Zoologische Jahresberichte” found it nec- 
 essary, in order to reduce expenses, to curtail the scope of the work; 
 so that, beginning with the year 1887, this publication no longer con- 
 tains titles upon systematic and classificatory Zoology. Onl;? biological 
 titles are now published, bat the series up to 1887 is the most complete 
 thing of its kind. 
 
 A not inconsiderable portion of the North Americau literature on the 
 classification of insects has been published by the General Government 
 through various channels, and foremost among them are the Smith- 
 sonian Institution, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the U. S. Na- 
 tional Museum, the U. S. Geological and Geographical Survey, and the 
 reports of the various surveys of the Territories. Many of these pub- 
 lications are distributed free of cost to any one applying for them ; while 
 others, like certain of the Smithsonian publications, are sold at a mod- 
 erate price to cover the cost of publication. Many of them are out of 
 print, and can only be obtained through natural history book-dealers. 
 The firms mentioned above will have many of them, and Lowdermilk& 
 Co., of Washington, D. C., who make a specialty of Government pub- 
 lications, are always able to furnish many more. 
 
 Of the more general works, some of them can be obtained direct from 
 the publishers, and in such cases the publishers are mentioned in the 
 general list. The older ones are mostly out of print and can only be 
 obtained from second-hand dealers. The current State reports of Lint- 
 
77 
 
 ner and Forbes can be obtained from the secretaries of the respective 
 State Agricultural Societies at Albany, N. Y., and Springfield, III., 
 while the reports of the Entomologists of the newly established State 
 Experiment Stations, of which a large number will soon be published, 
 can be obtained from the directors of the respective Stations. The 
 older reports of the State Entomologist of Missouri and the State Ento- 
 mologists of Illinois (Walsh, Le Baron, and Thomas) are all out of print 
 and can only be obtained by purchase from second-hand dealers. The 
 same may be said of the well-known and often quoted reports of Dr. 
 Fitch, which were published with the old volumes of the Transactions 
 of the New York State Agricultural Society. 
 
 Q 
 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 Bulletin No. 20. 
 
 A. 
 
 
 ^s Nt Lt ^a l 
 
 $T 
 
 THE * 
 
 477. 
 
 O/ 
 
 'iSiyy 
 
 °P; Ll 
 
 ROOT-KNOT DISEASE 
 
 mors, 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PEACH, ORANGE, and OTHER PLANTS 
 
 IN 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 
 DUE TO THE WORK OF ANGUILLULA. 
 
 PREPARED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST, 
 BY 
 
 J. C. NEAL, Ph. D., M. D. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1889. 
 
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. 
 
 ♦ 
 
 Bulletin No. 20. 
 
 THE 
 
 ROOT-KNOT DISEASE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PEACH, ORANGE, and OTHER PLANTS 
 
 FLORIDA, 
 
 DUE TO THE WORK OF ANGUILLULA. 
 
 PREPARED, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST, 
 BY 
 
 J. C. NEAL, Ph. D., M. D. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1889. 
 
 23495— Bull. 20 1 
 
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
 
 Division of Entomology, 
 
 Washington , May 10, 1880. 
 
 Sir : I have the hoiior to transmit for publication Bulletin No. 20 of 
 this Division, being a report of studies and experiments made upon the 
 Anguillula, which is the cause of the root-knot disease of the Peach and 
 Orange in Florida, by J. C. Neal, Ph. D., M. D., of Lake City, Fla. 
 Respectfully, 
 
 C. V. Riley, 
 Entomologist. 
 
 lion. J. M. Rusk, 
 
 Secretary of Agriculture. 
 
INTRODUCTORY NOTE. 
 
 For several years past complaint has been made to the Division of En- 
 tomology concerning tlio damage done by various species of Anguillu- 
 lidra, which affect the roots of different plants in different sections of 
 the country, and I have frequently been urged, as Entomologist, to in- 
 vestigate the matter. I have always been puzzled to know what reply 
 to make in such cases, as no American investigator has undertaken a 
 a systematic study of these Nematodes, and they do not, in a zoological 
 sense, strictly belong to the Division work. I have contented myself 
 therefore with recording the various facts of injury to different plants 
 that have come to me in the past twenty years, aud some microscopic 
 notes in reference to the specimens. One species seems to do consid- 
 erable damage to certain plants in greenhouses in the North, while 
 another is equally destructive to the roots of trees and plants in the 
 South, particularly in Florida. Towards the close of the year 1887 the 
 complaints of the damage done by the Florida root-inhabiting species 
 were so numerous that, at the request of the Commissioner of Agricul- 
 ture, I decided to conduct some investigations as a part of the Division 
 work. The demands upon the resources of the Division arising from 
 its more legitimate investigations have been such that but little time 
 and small funds could be spent in this direction. Dr. J. C. Neal, then 
 of Archer, Fla., but now Entomologist and Botanist of the Florida Ag- 
 ricultural Experiment Station at Lake City, a diligent observer, and 
 associated with me in previous investigations both under the U. S. En- 
 tomological Commission and under this Division, was commissioned for 
 five months and instructed to make as careful studies and experiments 
 concerning this pest as it would be possible to make during the short 
 time of his employment. His work was done between February 1 and 
 September 1, 1888, and while I do not claim for Dr. Neal, any more 
 than he would himself claim, special or technical knowledge in this 
 branch of Zoology, his w T ork is not without scientific interest. Tbe in- 
 vestigations have been, however, from a practical stand point, and the 
 results more than justify the slight expenditure. The Bulletin makes 
 no pretense to be a scientific treatise on the life history of these worms, 
 but is in the main an effort to ascertain a suitable remedy. The general 
 literature on the subject has not been at Dr. Neal’s command, and my 
 
6 
 
 time is so fully occupied otherwise that I can do 'little or nothing at 
 present in the way of identification of species or of comparing Dr. Neal’s 
 results with those of European investigators, which, as a matter of fact, 
 are of little practical importance. The study of the full life history of 
 any one of the species is attended with much difficulty, and will re- 
 quire much time in field and laboratory ; while the technical and clas- 
 siticatory treatment of the subject should be undertaken by some com- 
 petent helminthologist. 
 
 O. V. R. 
 
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL. 
 
 Archer, Fla., December 2. 1888. 
 
 Sir : I have the honor to submit the following report upon the root- 
 knot disease and its cause, the Anguillula. 
 
 These investigations, conducted under your direction, began in Feb- 
 ruary, 1888 , and have been continued to this date. 
 
 While not conclusive in all respects, they are at least contributions 
 to the history of this microscopic pest, that may eventually lead to its 
 subjection or to the mitigation of its ravages. 
 
 In conclusion, allow me to express to you my thanks for your aid and 
 guidance during the preparation of the report. 
 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 J. C. Neal, M. I)., 
 
 Special Agent. 
 
 Prof. C. V. Riley, ' - 
 
 Entomologist. 
 
THE ROOT-KNOT. 
 
 DEFINITION. 
 
 An abnormal and irregular growth of the subcortical layer of roots 
 and subterranean stems, characterized by low vitality, the result of 
 an invasion of the tissues by a Nematode worm. (Note 1.) 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Since the earliest settlement of the South Atlantic and Gulf States 
 by white people this diseased condition of the roots of trees and plants 
 has been recognized. (Note 2.) 
 
 A very slight inspection has shown the decaying enlargements of 
 roots, but the cause has usually been attributed to a lack in the soil of 
 some important fertilizing ingredient, or careless cultivation, rather than 
 some potent exterior influence. 
 
 I have carefully examined all sources of information at my command, 
 and can find no mention of the root-knot in any agricultural paper or 
 book prior to the year 1857. 
 
 That year Eton. P. J. Berckmans established a nursery at Augusta, 
 Ga., and soon found this disease prevalent in many varieties of trees 
 and plants, and in 1881 Prof. 0. V. Riley being at Augusta was shown 
 the effect of the disease by Mr. Berckmans. 
 
 In 1869 Mr. Gilbert Ondcrdonk, of Nursery, Tex., noted the disease 
 in his fig, grape, and peach stocks, especially in damp, undrained loca- 
 tions. 
 
 In 1870 1 found the root-knot prevalent over Florida, and learned from 
 old residents that as far back as 1805 it had been known, and from time 
 immemorial had been dreaded as a foe to gardens and groves. 
 
 About 1874 this disease, however, sprang into prominence, owing to 
 the influx ofimmigrants, the development of early-market gardens and 
 the sudden rage for orchards of peaches, figs, and oranges. 
 
 Since that time the agricultural papers have contained numerous ref- 
 erences to this disease. My own attention was called to this pest by 
 repeated failures to grow certain plants in a rich, damp spot on my 
 farm. 
 
 This led me to investigate; and sending a specimen of the knotty 
 roots to the Agricultural Department at Washington, elicited the infor- 
 mation that a microscopic worm was the cause of the trouble, but that 
 little was known of the Ncmatoid family to which it belonged. 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 Beyond doubt, the disease is peculiar to the South Atlantic and Gulf 
 coast within a limit of 150 miles from tide-water. (Note 3.) 
 
 Mr. P. J. Berckmans remarks on this score — and 1 know no better au- 
 thority — u that it is indigenous to a large portion of the South seems un- 
 deniable, as I have seen it in places in Georgia and Alabama where 
 neither trees nor plants had ever been introduced from other sections.” 
 
 Mr. Onderdonk also states a similar opinion. Other correspondents 
 at Mobile, Ala , and in Texas confirm these statements. 
 
 PLANTS INVADED. 
 
 b. Badly affected : 
 
 Portnlaca olcracea (Purslane). 
 Sesuvimn pentaudrum ( Sand 
 Purslane). 
 
 Verbesina siegesbeckia et sinu- 
 ata. 
 
 Artemisia eaudata (Wormwood). 
 Clienopodium botrys ( Jerusalem 
 Oalc). 
 
 Araarantns spinosus ( Careless 
 Weed). 
 
 The above list, no doubt, will in time, and with a careful investiga- 
 tion, be greatly extended; most of these are the commonest of weeds in 
 old fields and badly cultivated grounds, and the Ohenopodium alone 
 would be an ample shelter and breeding place for the Anguillula, inde- 
 pendent of other wild or cultivated plants. 
 
 The Eupatorium and Ohenopodium are perennials, spread rapidly, 
 and have great vitality, and for years it has been noted that where these 
 weeds abound the root-knot exists in the greatest degree. 
 
 The Sesuvium and Portnlaca, both with fleshy roots, are very com- 
 mon, and are an easy prey to the worms, but my experience indicates 
 the Amarantus spinosus as the most dreaded and destructive agent 
 in the spread of the root-knot, its roots being apparently the favorite 
 of the Anguillula. 
 
 In Georgia, my correspondents deem the Verbesina and Artemisia 
 the weeds most diseased, but in Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama, the 
 list is about the same as I have given for Florida. (Note 4.) 
 
 It will be seen that it will be impossible to determine certainly the 
 original food-plant of this pest, as it seems to attack the roots of so 
 many; and the inference that any tender growth not impregnated with 
 a decided toxic principle may be invaded is a doubtful conclusion to 
 my mind. 
 
 I. — Uncultivated : 
 
 a. Slightly affected : 
 
 Capsella bursa-pastoris (<S7iep- 
 herd's Parse). 
 
 Rubus villosus et trivialis 
 ( Blackberri / and Dewberry). 
 
 Eupatorium f'ceniculaceum ( South- 
 ern Dog Fennel). 
 
 Quamoclit vulgaris ( Cypress 
 Vine). 
 
II. — Cultivated, 
 c. Useful. 
 
 a'. Slightly affected. 
 
 Gossypium lierbaceum et barba- 
 dense (Cotton). 
 
 Solanum tuberosum et osculen- 
 tum (Potato and Egg-plant). 
 
 Capsicum annunm (Pepper). 
 
 Spinacia oleracea (Spinach). 
 
 Jatropha manihot (Cassava). 
 
 Zen, mais (Corn), 
 
 b. Badly affected. 
 
 The Genus Brassica (Sinapis), 
 (Cabbage, Kale, etc.). 
 
 Raphanus sativus (Radish). 
 
 Hibiscus esculentus (Okra). 
 
 Pisum sativum (Pea). 
 
 Arachis hypogsea (Pea-nut). 
 
 Dolichos catiang (Cow Pea). 
 
 Phaseolus vulgaris (Bean). 
 
 Phaseolus lunatus et nanus 
 (Bean). 
 
 All of the Genus Cucurbita 
 (Squashes, etc.). 
 
 All of the Genus Citrullus (Mel- 
 on). 
 
 All of the Genus Cucumis (Cu- 
 cumber). 
 
 Lycopersicum esculontum (To- 
 mato). 
 
 Beta vulgaris, varieties (Beet), 
 d. Oruamental. 
 a. Slightly affected. 
 
 Hibiscus syriacus et coccinneus. 
 
 Mesembryan themurn, various spe- 
 cies (Ice-plant). 
 
 Mikania scandens (Parlor Ivy). 
 
 Pliarbitis purpurea et al. sp. 
 (Morning Glory). 
 
 Nolana, sp. 
 
 Petunia, sp. (Petunia). 
 
 Boussingaultia basselloides. 
 
 11. — Cultivated —Continued. 
 
 b. Badly affected. 
 
 Koniga maritima. 
 
 Iberis umbellatai 
 Lagenaria vulgaris (Gourd). 
 Begouia, sp. (Begonia). 
 
 Dahlia variabilis. 
 
 Helianthus annuus (Sunflower). 
 Coleus, var. sp. 
 
 Achyrantlics, var. sp. 
 
 Amarantus var. sp. 
 
 Shrubs and Trees. 
 
 c. Useful. 
 
 a. Slightly affected. 
 
 Citrus vulgaris (Bitter sweet Or- 
 ange). 
 
 Citrus aurantium, var. sp. (Or- 
 ange, Lemon, etc.). 
 
 Vitis, var. sp. (Grape). 
 
 Prunus myrobolanus (Plum). 
 Broussonettia papyrifera (Paper 
 Mulberry). 
 
 Moms, var. sp. (Mulberry). 
 Juglans cinerea ( Walnut). 
 
 Cary a olivmformis (Pecan). 
 
 b. Badly affected. 
 
 Prunus domestica (Plum). 
 Prunus armeniaca (Apricot). 
 Prunus vulgaris (Peach). 
 
 Prunus communis (Almond). 
 Ficus carica (Fig). 
 
 Juglans regia. (English Walnut). 
 Salix, var. sp. ( Willows). 
 
 d. Oruamental. 
 
 Spirca sorbi folia, var. sp. (Spirea). 
 Prunus nana et lanceolata (Flow- 
 ering Almond). 
 
 Bnddloia, var. sp. 
 
 Gardenia florida (Cape Jessa- 
 mine). 
 
 This long list embraces the greater part of our most valuable food- 
 plants, fruit-trees, and many of the choicest flowers, and it fully justi- 
 fies the inquiry now made as to the history and means to prevent the 
 spread of the disease induced by the Anguillula. 
 
 I think it useless to endeavor to account for the apparent vagaries of 
 the Anguillula, as, for instance, to ascertain why the roots of the Prunus 
 vulgaris are so badly affected, while Prunus cerasus are unhurt; or why 
 the Leguminosro are susceptible and the Umbelliferae arc not. It is 
 reasonably sure that rapidly growing, soft tissued roots are better sub- 
 jects for invasion, expansion, and decay than those of slow growth and 
 
12 
 
 denser structure, and the self-evident corollary is that methods and fer- 
 tilizers promoting a rapid succulent growth should be avoided in all 
 locations infected with the root-knot. 
 
 EFFECTS OF THE INVASION OF THE ANGUILLULA. 
 
 I have found mature worms, males and non-pregnant females, in root- 
 lets but a few days old, and under circumstances which involved the 
 necessity of invasion from without the root. See Experiment No. 22. 
 
 These Anguillul® were small enough to enter the “ stomata” of epi- 
 dermal tissues, active and strong enough to even penetrate cell- walls, or 
 to separate cells in loosely connected tissues. Once within, they could 
 easily pass through the Cienchymatous system of the Parenchyma to 
 any portion of the root, and I think it not unreasonable to infer that in 
 this manner they obtain entrance in young rootlets. 
 
 Their presence causes a rapid proliferation of cells, resulting in a soft, 
 unnatural, irregular growth of the root, with low vitality, and a varied 
 effect upon the plant or tree. 
 
 The Chenopodium, Eupatorium, Artemisia, Amarantus, Gossypium, 
 Solanum, and Petunia have the enlargements usually on the sides of 
 the main stem, near the surface. The “ tap-root,” descending deeply is 
 rarely affected, and the plants seem slightly affected till the sub-corti- 
 cal layer is filled with worms in all stages of growth. This checks 
 growth, either by their absorption of the nutrition gathered by the root- 
 lets, or obstruction of the Cienchymatous ducts, the food supply is cut 
 off before decay is visible, the leaves wither, the stems shrivel, the plant 
 dies. (Plate VIII, 1 u, 4 b.) 
 
 The roots of the Okra, Radish, Turnip, Cabbage, Cucumber, Melon, 
 Cow-pea, Peanut, Tomato, and Egg Plant enlarge enormously, soon be- 
 coming little else than masses of decaying tissues. The plant stops 
 growth, the fruit either becomes distorted or drops prematurely, the 
 leaves change color and fall off, and the plants die so rapidly as to justify 
 the usual expression ‘‘struck by lightning,” applied to the fields of 
 Melons, Cucumbers, Tomatoes, and Cow-peas so often badly affected 
 by the root-knot. (Plates I, II, III, 1Y, and VIII.) 
 
 In nurseries of young fruit-trees the greatest mischief occurs. The 
 soil is usually carefully prepared by heavy fertilizing and culture, and 
 the seeds of the Peach, Orange, and English Walnut are sown for 
 stocks. When the tender shoots first appear many wither and die at 
 once, others grow vigorously till the end of the first season, when they 
 are usually budded with known and valuable varieties of fruit. The 
 next spring these buds put out tardily and make a weak growth, the 
 leaves become spotted or yellow, then drop, the bud dies, feeble strag- 
 gling shoots sprout around the stem, which maintain a sickly vitality 
 till the first drought, when the tree dies, and an examination dis- 
 closes the cause in the knotty, decaying roots, without rootlets or 
 fibrill®. 
 
13 
 
 With older trees taken from healthy locations and set in infected soil 
 the program varies. The Peach and Fig often grow vigorously one or 
 two years, and bear fruit that is very prone to drop immaturely, then 
 the tree takes on an irregular growth of stunted limbs and small leaves. 
 The tips of these limbs die back gradually to the body of the tree. If 
 the soil is clayey the tree will put out feeble sprouts often for several 
 years. 
 
 With the Pecan, English Walnut, and Willow, older trees remain sta- 
 tionary a year or so and die with the occasion of a severe drought. 
 
 In many cases, especially in old fields, the seeds of trees and plants 
 barely germinate, or cuttings hardly form rootlets till they are invaded 
 and destroyed. 
 
 In all of these cases the effect is to deprive the stems and leaves of 
 food and moisture ; the knots grow, the branches do not. 
 
 The annual destruction of nursery stock is enormous, especially the 
 Peach, Fig, Willow, Spirma, Buddleia, Coleus, etc. 
 
 In the sketches taken from nature, attached to this report, are shown 
 typical specimens as far as possible. 
 
 The Grape, Fig, Mulberry, and Orange are prone to circular knob-like 
 knots on the sides of the larger roots, and an occasional enlargement 
 at the junction of small roots. (Plates IV and VII.) 
 
 The Peach, Plum, Walnut, and Spirmagrow irregular masses, involv- 
 ing the whole root seemingly. (Plate V.) 
 
 The Willow, Okra, etc., enlarge, and the decay is usually visible first 
 at the extreme tip of growth from the central stem. (Plates VI, I, and 
 II.) 
 
 TERRITORY OCCUPIED BY THIS DISEASE. 
 
 Early in the beginuingof my studies of the Auguillula, I addressed 
 letters of inquiry to most of the leading nurserymen and horticulturists 
 in the United States, especially those in the southern section, asking an 
 examination of diseased trees, and inclosing samples of the root-knot 
 for comparison. 
 
 The replies I received are conclusive that the disease is unknown be- 
 yond any point in the interior 150 miles from the coast. 
 
 It does not exist except in locations free from extreme cold, and the 
 northern boundary is not far from the January isotherm of 50°, as shown 
 in the No. 2, Isothermal Lines of the U. S. Signal Service, 1881. 
 
 Letters from the Peach districts of Michigan, Maryland, and New 
 Jersey complain of the u Yellows,” but investigators do not report find- 
 ing the diseased roots indicative of the Auguillula. 
 
 It is not found at Denison, Tex. (Munson), only along the coast in 
 that State, and then only in sandy, wet locations. (Onderdonk.) 
 
 The usual dry air of New Mexico, California, and regions west of the 
 Mississippi River, with the summer parched soil of these sections, forms 
 apparently a barrier to the growth and spread of the disease, but coming 
 
14 
 
 eastward it is progressively worse, till it reaches a climax in Florida, 
 which seems to possess the requisite soil, humidity, and warmth for the 
 proper environment of the Anguillula, and consequently its complete 
 development for mischief in gardens and groves. 
 
 Add to this the cultivation of special food plants extremely suscept- 
 ible to invasion by the worm, and there can be no wonder at its prodig- 
 ious increase. 
 
 TEMPERATURE. 
 
 The question of temperature is no doubt one of great importance in 
 determining the boundaries of this disease, perhaps more so than food- 
 plants or soils. 
 
 The soil that is annually frozen from G to 10 inches is nearly disin- 
 fected from the worms, especially those existing in a free state in the 
 soil, or inhabiting the soft roots of annual plants, and this may explain 
 why southern Michigan, northeastern Ohio, and New Jersey, with as 
 sandy a soil as Florida or south Georgia, still escape the plague in the 
 Peach orchards. 
 
 The Chenopodium, Artemisia, etc., abound in these States, and no 
 doubt are the habitat of Anguillula), but the continued cold reduces 
 their number to the minimum each year, and the fibrous-rooted trees 
 are unharmed. 
 
 Again, in some cold localities the trees kept in hot houses arc af- 
 fected; those without in open ground escape. 
 
 Places favored with hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters will not 
 likely ever suffer from the ravages of the root knot. 
 
 My experiments are conclusive that below 50° in fluid, and above 
 that, dry, the worms are inactive, paralyzed by cold, and shriveled by 
 dryness and heat, and the inference is plain that parties wishing best 
 results must either choose unsusceptible stocks, for grafting or budding 
 trees liable to infection by the Anguillula, remove to favored loca- 
 tions, or find some means of destroying the worms. 
 
 The arid regions of the West fill one indication, the others are still 
 sub judice , but in a fair way for determination. 
 
 SOILS. 
 
 It can not be questioned but that a light, sandy soil offers least re- 
 sistance to the progress of the Anguillnla after its liberation from de- 
 caying roots either encysted or free. 
 
 Experiments with air-dry soil show that water penetrates sand in half 
 the time that it will penetrate clay, and over large areas of cultivated 
 land the proportion would still be greater in favor of the saud. 
 
 Loose soils, mixed with decaying vegetation and humus, offer still 
 better facilities for irrigation, and this explaius the fact that locations 
 highly fertilized with composts, stable manure, or leaf-mold show the 
 root-knot quicker in plants than compact or virgin soils, and the worst 
 
15 
 
 results are found in gardens planted in long cultivated, fully fertilized, 
 and thoroughly pulverized areas. 
 
 Moisture is an essential to the vigorous growth of the Anguillula, 
 though it withstands an enormous amount of drying. 
 
 The cysts shrivel, pregnant females become irregular in outline, ma- 
 ture worms stiffen and remain indefinitely with suspended vitality, but 
 resume action with the application of sufficient moisture. (Note 5.) 
 
 A friable soil, with compact clay near the surface insuring needed 
 dampness, presents then the typical environment for the Anguillula, 
 and this, alas, also is regarded in this section as the most advantageous 
 location for a garden or grove. 
 
 Another very favorable location for these worms is the boggy bank 
 of a lake or river, where there is a mass of wet, decaying vegetation. 
 
 EXPERIMENTS. 
 
 A series of experiments, under the direction of the Entomologist of 
 the United States Agricultural Department, was begun in February, 
 1888, to determine the migration and life history of the Anguillula, as 
 well as to investigate the effect of various insecticides. That these are 
 not complete and conclusive, is owing to the extreme difficulty of trac- 
 ing any individual worm by reason of its size and its surroundings. 
 
 A quantity of both ordinary saudy soil and clay was heated several 
 hours to a temperature of 400° F. 
 
 A number of 6-inch earthen pots were also subjected to the same 
 heat. Tbe earth and the pots were tested for living Auguilluke and 
 found sterile. 
 
 (1) Four sterile pots with x^- 0 cubic foot of sterile soil in each pot. 
 
 (2) Same as No. 1, using sterile clay instead of surface soil. 
 
 (3) As No. 1, using yellow subsoil from infected locations. 
 
 (4) As No. 3, using clay subsoil from infected locations. 
 
 (5) As No. 1, using infected surface soil from infected locations. 
 
 In each pot were planted four seeds of the Cow-pea (Dolichos), selected 
 because of its ease in germinating and great susceptibility to the An 
 guillula. 
 
 All came up within the week and grew fairly well ; at the end of each 
 week one plant was removed and the roots examined. 
 
 In Nos. 1 and 2 no knots were visible at any stage of growth aud the 
 last plant grew to maturity. 
 
 In Nos. 3 and 4 the plants were but slightly affected, and at the end 
 of the fourth week each remaining plant had made a fair growth, de- 
 spite the terminal roots w T ere becoming enlarged. 
 
 In No. 5 half the plants died before the appearance of the third leaf, 
 and the remainder made a sickly, feeble growth. The roots were badly 
 knotted, decay in every case appearing at the terminal ends of the root- 
 lets, which turned brown and dropped off at the slightest touch. 
 
 I repeated this series of experiments, using small seedling peach trees 
 in place of the cow-peas. The results were similar — the trees in Nos. 1 
 
16 
 
 and 2 growing vigorously, with fully developed roots and leaves ; in 
 No. 3, at the end of four mouths the trees were living, but feebly, and 
 the roots showed signs of decay. 
 
 In No. 4 the trees had grown somewhat better and had a brighter 
 color, but the roots were knotty. 
 
 No. 5 showed poorly, leaves smaller, roots quite knotty, and one tree 
 dead. 
 
 The same results followed using the Weeping Willow as the test 
 plant. 
 
 The inferences are : That the Anguillula is destroyed by a heat of 
 212°; that healthy trees set in infected soil soon are invaded by the 
 tree Anguillula in the soil ; that soil taken from the depth of 2 or more 
 feet below the surface is comparatively free from the worms, and that 
 clay subsoil is less infected than the sand. 
 
 Another series of experiments testing the effect of various chemicals, 
 fertilizers, and insecticides was tried, using four sterilized pots in each 
 test, the pots each containing cubic foot of infected sandy soil, and 
 the chemical, at the rate of T ^ro of the weight of the soil (24 grains), thor- 
 oughly mixed or dissolved. In each pot was planted a seedling peach 
 and four cow-peas. 
 
 No. G. Tobacco (lust. 
 
 7. Tobacco dust with 24 grains sulphate potash. 
 
 8. Tobacco dust with 24 grains sulphide potash. 
 
 9. Tobacco dust with 24 grains sulphite potash. 
 
 10. Tobacco dust with 24 grains muriate potash. 
 
 11. Tobacco dust with 24 grains hyposulphite soda. 
 
 12. Tobacco dust with 24 grains sulphate iron. 
 
 13. Tobacco dust with 24 grains caustic lime. 
 
 14. Tobacco dust with 24 grains unleached ashes. 
 
 15. Tobacco dust with 24 grains sulphur. 
 
 1G. Bisulphide carbon. 
 
 17. Sulphate potash. 
 
 18. Muriato potash. 
 
 19. Unleaclied ashes. 
 
 20. Caustic lime. 
 
 These experiments were also repeated in the nursery and open field 
 on small peach trees, using G02 grains to each tree, equivalent to poVo 
 part by weight of the soil. (Note 6.) 
 
 In the pots the results in Nos. G, 7, 10, 13, and 14 were very encour- 
 aging; the peas grew to maturity, with good color and very few en- 
 larged roots. Nos. 8, 9, 11, and 15 made a very poor growth, and died 
 soon after the third leaf. No. 12 died immediately after sprouting, as 
 did No. 1G. Nos. 17, 18, and 19 grew nearly as well as Nos. G and 7 ; 
 No. 20 made a fine growth, with very few enlarged roots. The peach 
 trees died soon in Nos. 8, 9, 11, 12, 15, and 1G, made a fair growth in Nos. 
 G, 7, 10, 13, and 14, were killed at once in No. 1G, and grew the best in 
 Nos. 17, 18, 19, and 20. 
 
 In the field Nos. 11, 1G, and 8 appeared to at once kill the trees. Nos. 
 
17 
 
 9 and 15 had no effect visible. Nos. 0, 7, 10, and 11 made a better 
 growth than Nos. 17-20. Root-knot was present on all but Nos. 13, 
 14, and 20. 
 
 On still larger trees, applied at the rate of 27 pounds to the tree, Nos. 
 G, 13, 14, 17, 18, 10, and 20 gave good results, especially G and 17, G and 
 18, G and 19. These mixtures seemed to promote a vigorous growth of 
 healthy roots, and Nos. G and 20, each 27 pounds to the tree, well mixed 
 with the surface soil, appears to be as near a preventive of the “ knot” 
 as anything I have tried. 
 
 I tried the bisulphide of carbon without any effect other than the death 
 of the trees, some fifty or more, and the kerosene emulsion to saturation 
 of the surface soil produced asimilar result, and in view of the expense 
 and labor involved I did not repeat the experiment. (Note 7.) 
 
 A number of the prepared artificial fertilizers were tried; those con- 
 taining ammonia, guano, bone, and fish produced a rapid growth, soft 
 and easily attacked by the Auguilliilae. 
 
 In a field near my place, heavily fertilized with a bone and potash 
 compound, the roots of the pea nut became masses of knotty roots, the 
 worst cases of the disease I ever saw, and peach-trees growing in that 
 field are ruined. 
 
 I have found nothing of value when applied to old bearing fruit trees, 
 if badly affected, as any insecticide capable of absorption by the roots 
 invariably has killed the trees when used to the amount of the 
 weight of the surface soil, 1 foot in depth and the area of the circle 
 filled by the roots. Alkaline mixtures, 20 to 40 pounds to each tree, or 
 caustic lime, kainite, muriate and sulphate potash or wood ashes, used 
 several years in succession, have come nearest a cure, destroying no 
 doubt many free worms, and inducing a vigorous, tough growth of roots, 
 more difficult of penetration, and possibly rendering the sap in some 
 way obnoxious. (Note 8.) 
 
 The addition of tobacco dust in large quantities supplies nitrogen, 
 and makes a very vigorous growth of roots and limbs. It also seems to 
 have considerable preventive effect on the worms. Experiments con- 
 ducted by one of our market gardeners has convinced him that the 
 mixture of tobacco dust and muriate of potash in old fields in great 
 measure prevents the ravages of the Anguillula in Okra, Cabbage, and 
 Egg-plant, and be has adopted this as a standard fertilizer for all his 
 products. I have seen his use of this, and am nearly prepared to sus- 
 tain his views. Kainite is no doubt fully as good, but further experi- 
 menting is necessary. 
 
 Another series of experiments was made upon plants to determine 
 the time and degree of infection. 
 
 No. 21. Sterilized pots with cubic foot of sterile soil, in which four 
 cow-peas were planted at various depths, one-half inch, three-fourths 
 inch, and 1 inch, were covered 1 inch with infected earth and kept wa- 
 tered. The results showed infection of the roots in about the same ra- 
 23495— Bull. 20 2 
 
18 ' 
 
 tio as the distance from the surface. Reversing the process, putting the 
 infected soil below, showed the roots affected soonest in the peas planted 
 deepest, indicating but little action in the worms outside of that pro- 
 duced by the percolation of water. 
 
 No. 22. Another series of pots were watered with muddy water from 
 infected earth, and though the pots contained sterilized soil the roots 
 of the peas were badly affected. Microscopic investigation of the per- 
 colate showed both free and encysted Anguilluhe. (Note 9.) 
 
 No. 23. Pots with sterile soil had one transplanted infected peach 
 seedling in each, and four cow-peas. 
 
 The trees soon died, and very shortly afterward the peas showed the 
 infection, those nearest the dead peach roots the most markedly. 
 
 In a spot of new and non-infected ground several trees, Peach and Fig, 
 were plauted. The central tree was knotty-rooted and died in a few 
 months ; the next year the roots of the nearest trees, 15 feet away, became 
 knotty nearest the dead tree, and now, after the lapse of tour years, 
 the disease extends to the tips of the roots of all the Fig and Peach trees 
 in a circle 120 feet distant each way from the original infected tree. 
 
 In another case, in a nursery on high pine land, clay subsoil and free 
 from disease, a number of peach roots, badly knotted, were brought 
 from a distance and heeled in for a week. The disease spread in all di- 
 rections from this nucleus. 
 
 Again, in another peach nursery was a spot of low, damp, black soil. 
 There was no root-knot the first year it was planted in peaches ; the 
 seedlings grew well. The second year, a few trees were found in this 
 spot with enlarged roots and destroyed. The third year, hardly a tree 
 escaped, the disease extending along the thickly set rows of seedlings 
 upward and in all directions on to the higher land from the hollow spot 
 first infected. 
 
 In another case, clean fibrous-rooted trees were heeled in a day or so 
 and planted in non-infected ground. The next year proved the most of 
 them diseased. 
 
 These cases prove conclusively that in areas not infected the disease 
 can be easily introduced (1) by planting infected trees; (2) by the use 
 of composts of muck and weeds from infected soils; (3) by the distribu- 
 tive action of water and air, the water carrying particles of soil and 
 worms downward from an infected elevation, or by dry soil, frag- 
 ments of dry roots, desiccated free or euc 3 r sted worms carried in the air 
 during sand-storms, whirlwinds, or the heavy currents of air preceding 
 storms that often blow “ bare v acres of plowed land and overwhelm ad- 
 jacent fields with the soil thus borne on the wind; (4) soil containing 
 these worms I have no doubt has been carried on the feet of men and 
 animals and deposited in healthy fields, forming the nucleus of a de- 
 structive agency, mouths afterward made visible by its effects. 
 
 Instances are not wanting that can not be explained except by some 
 such theory of contagion and manner of travel. 
 
19 
 
 EEMEDIES. 
 
 / 
 
 1. Drainage. 
 
 Many gardens and orchards are badly located on soils partly satu- 
 rated with water, either at the margins of rivers or lakes or on rich de- 
 posits of vegetable remains both low and damp. 
 
 The reasons for this choice are generally the superior quality of the 
 laud and the rapidity of growth induced by the moisture, but in the 
 territory infected by the Anguillula the heat and rich soil cause precisely 
 the looseness of tissue so favorable to the spread of the worms. 
 
 A dry soil, with solid root-growth, is on the contrary unfavorable; 
 hence in many locations drainage has entirely changed the character of 
 the land, so that peaches and figs grow where they would not before. 
 
 Experiments in Texas confirm this fully and suggest the utility of 
 thorough drainage of wet locations, or, better yet, the avoidance of such 
 places for groves and gardens. 
 
 In this connection it may be remarked as one of the not expected 
 results of the u New Agriculture” in maintaining a permanently damp 
 soil by means of water-pipes below the surface, that when it is in vogue 
 we will have not only a great increase of crops but a greater increase 
 of u root-knot” iu the cabbages, beets, radishes, etc., thus grown. What 
 effect the ingestion of Anguillulse will have upon the human economy 
 remains to be seen; as, so far as I know, no record occurs of experiments 
 having been tried to ascertain. (Note 10.) 
 
 2. Frost. 
 
 In many places north of 29° there is cold enough each year to at 
 times freeze the surface a considerable depth. Where this occurs, by 
 plowing the soil at the beginning of winter and at times during that 
 season, it is reasonable to suppose great destruction of the free Anguil- 
 luke will ensue. 
 
 3. Fire. 
 
 The value of heat in the destruction of the germs of the root-knot 
 has been often demonstrated in Florida, usually unwittingly, and the 
 lesson taught has been in a measure lost. 
 
 In clearing old fields, badly infected with the worms, as shown by the 
 crops of cotton or peas, it is customary to burn log heaps and stumps ; 
 if, then, peaches and figs have been planted on this burned land the 
 result has been freedom from root-knot for a series of years. 
 
 Such trees make a vigorous growth and bear well, while adjacent 
 trees, not on burned ground, wither and die. 
 
 It would seem practicable in this wooded section to easily build small 
 compact heaps of chips, wood, pine knots, even dry weeds and grass, 
 over tbe area of say 2 feet radius from each tree-stake prior to plaut- 
 
20 
 
 ing, burn the heap to ashes, excavate the soil as far as heated, and re. 
 new the lire till the subsoil is reached and the depth of at least a foot 
 of soil in all is thoroughly sterilized by heat. 
 
 In many cases, where wood is plenty, dead standing timber to be 
 removed, and stumps to be burned, the plan would succeed to stake 
 out the field and build a log-heap at each stake; but if not convenient, 
 the annual growth of weeds and grasses, well dried, will furnish fuel 
 enough. 
 
 4. Sterile Soils. (Note 11.) 
 
 Among the early settlers of Florida the practice prevailed, when 
 planting trees, of digging out the soil to the depth of 2 or more feet 
 and filling in around the tree with clay or yellow subsoil obtained from 
 virgin land and 3 or more feet below the surface. This plan succeeded, 
 in that it surrounded the tree with sterile soil till it formed firm roots 
 and a hardened epidermis. 
 
 My investigations show that in infected soils the deep roots are but 
 slightly affected in comparison with those near the surface, and that 
 the greatest destruction prevails in young trees, nursery stock, and 
 plants having surface roots. 
 
 If a tree acquires age and the roots reach deep subsoil, the Auguil- 
 luhe do little damage. Hence the utility of using clay or subsoil, derived 
 from virgin forest, around newly-set trees. 
 
 This old plan deserves attention and can be recommended ; but since 
 the war, in their haste to promote the growth of groves and gardens, 
 the later horticulturists reverse this method, imbed the young tree in 
 surface soil, and use nitrogenous fertilizers to encourage rapid develop- 
 ment, this certainly causes increase of the root-knot. 
 
 5. Disuse of Land. 
 
 Keeping land clean, free from all growth for two or more years, has 
 proved of great benefit if done before trees are planted. I believe the 
 worms require living tissues to develop in, and deprived of this they 
 would die, probably within the limit I have given. 
 
 In many places where the soil has not been cultivated for a long 
 series of years, and the Broom Sedge Grass has exterminated all other 
 weeds, I have failed to find any traces of the Anguiilula, and I regard 
 this as confirmatory proof that disuse of land prevents the root-knot. 
 
 6. Disuse of Easily Infected Crops. 
 
 In most of our Southern States, where the Clovers and Buckwheat 
 will not prosper, it has been the almost universal custom to substitute 
 the Cow-pea as a soil-renovator. Drilled or broadcast it is the great 
 crop for “laying by” corn, and as a second or third crop after rice, 
 oats, or market garden. Very few groves or orchards but have annu- 
 ally from one to three crops of pea-vines plowed in for fertilizing. 
 
21 
 
 Again, as a u first crop,” after clearing off the timber, it is in general 
 use for new land. Few plants are so sensitive to the attacks of the 
 Anguillula, and few have roots so badly infected with these worms, and 
 this common custom of planting the Cow-pea is mentioned only to be 
 condemned, as, if continued, in time all groves and gardens in these 
 sandy soils will be failures. 
 
 The Lespedeza striata (Japan Clover), Desmodium molle (Beggar 
 Weed), and Eiehardsonia scabra (Mexican Clover), will prove fine sub- 
 stitutes for the Cow -pea as forage and fertilizer. If the Cow-pea must 
 be grown, keep it away from garden and orchard, and at planting time 
 use large quantities of some strong alkaline fertilizer on the soil. The 
 economical habit of planting market gardens in orchards should be dis- 
 couraged. 
 
 It is easy to see the reason and the danger from the use of ammo- 
 niacal fertilizers so necessary to induce rapid growth of vegetables, and 
 the spread of the Anguillulm from the roots of the Melons, Cucumbers, 
 etc., to the trees. Many instances of this sort can be seen over the 
 South, and should serve as warning to our horticulturists in the future. 
 
 I believe that in badly infected grounds some relief could be given 
 by drilling the Cow-pea, and, when in bloom, cutting off the stems for 
 forage $ then to plow and carefully rake up the roots in piles for burn- 
 ing when dry enough. This method of destroying the infected roots of 
 Okra, Melons, etc., and the roots of the Chenopodium, etc., would no 
 doubt be of great value in small areas, and even in larger fields, by 
 the aid of improved machinery for gathering the roots. 
 
 It needs only the mention that planting of trees from infected local- 
 ities should be avoided ; even those not liable to the disease themselves 
 may carry soil containing Anguilluise among the roots. 
 
 I have noted that the Peach and Fig obtained from Northern nur- 
 series seem extremely easy to take the disease, far more so than the 
 native stocks. I only mention the fact, but have not ascertained the 
 reason. 
 
 7. Insect Enemies. 
 
 I have found but one, the small blackish-brown ant that inhabits rot- 
 ten wood and decaying roots — very common in this section — the Sole- 
 nopsis xyloni. 
 
 This, when the roots of the Okra, Pea, etc., begin to decay, burrows 
 into the tissues and drags out the pregnant Anguillulm for destruction. 
 
 I was puzzled at first to find the dead roots of the Okra, Melon, Peach, 
 and Fig free from cysts or pregnant worms, though in partially rotting 
 enlargements I found plenty of Anguillula. 
 
 Closer and extended examination showed this ant in the act of de- 
 vouring the enlarged worms, and its service to the orehardist is be- 
 yond value in this respect. 
 
 Inasmuch as a dry soil is favorable to ant life, it will be readily seen 
 how drainage is useful in aiding the propagation of this tiny destroyer. 
 
22 
 
 Upon crashing a mature, pregnant worm various forms of micrococci 
 are visible by the microscope as existing within the Anguillula, evi- 
 dently not hurtful, and when seen exterior to the worm seem not preju- 
 dicial to its life ; but more study is needed on this point. 
 
 8. Use of Vermicide Fertilizers. 
 
 Experiments looking to the adoption of some mixtures capable of de- 
 stroying the worms while in the root tissues have not proved a success. 
 The use of smaller quantities per acre than one-tenth of 1 per cent, of 
 the surface soil for 1 foot in depth and 10 feet radius to each tree — 
 about a ton to the acre — produced no perceptible effect on the disease, 
 and a greater amount injured the trees. 
 
 The use of bisulphide carbon, kerosene emulsion, and various arsen- 
 ical solutions destroyed so great a percentage of the trees that on that 
 account, and the expense of application, it was abandoned. 
 
 Alkaline mixtures have done better, and will bear repetition, espe- 
 cially the sulphites and muriates. 
 
 For nursery stock, it no doubt will pay to thoroughly incorporate 
 some of these chemicals with the soil some weeks before planting seeds, 
 cions, or young trees, using it at the rate of at least one tenth of 1 per 
 cent, of the surface soil cultivated. 
 
 Alkaline fertilizei’s, as liard-wood ashes, muriate and sulphate of pot- 
 ash, kainite, or ash element produce a hard growth but little, if auy, 
 affected by the root-knot. Usually the fertilizer is applied in too small 
 a quantity. Not less than 3,000 pounds to the acre should be used to 
 produce the required effect, one-half in December, the remainder in 
 May. 
 
 A fertilizer containing a small percentage of carbolic acid, carbolates^ 
 thymol-cresol, or an easily decomposed sulphite would no doubt be valu- 
 able in this infected section. 
 
 9. N ON-INFECTED STOCKS. 
 
 After all, I believe the use of trees that are not susceptible to the 
 root-knot, for stocks on which to graft or bud the susceptible varieties 
 is the proper solution of the root-knot problem. The matter of location, 
 soil, fertilizer, and prevention then need not worry the intending or- 
 chardist. Find the disease- proof tree and the thing is done, and most 
 of my experiments have been directed to secure in some measure this 
 result. 
 
 It is, perhaps, too soon to say that complete success has been realized, 
 but the gain is perceptible. 
 
 For the Orange I can recommend the hardy bitter-sweet or sour 
 species as nearly disease-proof and a vigorous grower. 
 
 The Citrus trifoliata and the Japanese “ Unsliiu,” or Satsuma, both 
 seem resistant, but the time of trial has been too short. This last is a 
 slow grower, with dense roots, and promises to bo the best of any of the 
 
Citrus family. Its hardiness, freedom from thorns, and vigor recom- 
 mend it. 
 
 Grapes of the Viuifera type as well as those of the ^Estival is group are 
 subject to the root-knot, if grown on their own roots, but grafted into 
 stocks of the Cordifolia or Vulpina races have made superb growths 
 free of the disease. 
 
 I have found no stock for Fig or Mulberry that has stood the test. 
 
 For the Peach family either the seedlings of the Wild Goose Plum, 
 the Marianna, or the recently introduced Japanese Plums, Kelsey, Sat- 
 suma, or Ogru, are valuable. Three years’ test of the Marianna prove 
 that for that time, at least, the roots resisted the Anguillula and were 
 free from knots. When the peach died the Myrobolan was infected 
 slightly, and even the native plums suffered with the disease. It is too 
 soon to give an unqualified approval of this as a stock, but so far it is 
 the very best, growing from cuttings and very rapidly, making a tree 
 that is nearly borer- proof as well as free from the Anguillulse. 
 
 Some seedlings of our American Plums are destined to replace the 
 Peach as a stock, unless the Japanese varieties prove superior. 
 
 I have found nothing of value for the English Walnut as a stock, nor 
 for the Weepiug Willow. 
 
 I have indicated the probable line of action to mitigate or prevent the 
 disease in gardens — the use of alkaline fertilizers, the exposure to frost, 
 the gathering of diseased roots to burn, the removal of certain weeds, 
 and the disuse of land and cow peas. 
 
 EXTENT OF DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Within the district infected by the Anguillula it would be well nigh 
 an impossibility to give even an approximate idea of the losses sus- 
 tained each year by the farmer, the gardener, and the horticulturist 
 from the ravages of this worm. 
 
 All over the southern section of the United States hundreds of market 
 gardens have been planted at an immense outlay of time and money, only 
 to have the fields of vegetables blighted from this mysterious trouble, as 
 if scorched by fire or frost. Thousands of trees have been planted only 
 to dwindle away and die; and, as the defect has been usually ascribed 
 to the fertilizer or the climate, the injury has been enormous, while the 
 real cause has not been suspected, and, as far as I know, no effort made 
 to ascertain a remedy. The Orange is slightly affected now, but in the 
 future, when the soil will be filled with cysts and worms, Orange trees 
 will be as uncertain, I fear, as the Peach or Fig at the present time. 
 
 From the best testimony I can get, in the early days of the white im- 
 migration, except in damp locations, peaches grew without any disease, 
 save the “Borer.” Now, in many places, the trees that do well are the 
 exception, and in these locations it is idle waste of time, labor, trees, and 
 fertilizers to attempt the culture of an orchard. 
 
 In such infected spots the usual program is to apply some costly 
 
24 
 
 ammoniacal manure to the land, cultivate early vegetables between the 
 trees; then, after that crop is removed, sow the land in cow-peas. The 
 result is bewildering. Next year the unfortunate planter is discouraged 
 to find many of the trees dying back, the vegetable crop with knotty 
 roots and irregular fruit. 
 
 Another heavy fertilizing, another crop of peas, and that spot is done 
 for. The disgusted farmer tries another vocation, and gives over the 
 place to weeds and desolation. 
 
 With young, closely-set rows of trees the disease causes greatest dam- 
 age, spreading rapidly from tree to tree. 
 
 In market gardens, especially the Tomato, Cucumber, Melon, and 
 Squash, the Anguillula often either destroys the plants before fruiting 
 or reduces the size of the fruit till it fails to pay expenses. 
 
 A number of disastrous failures with gardens, that have come to my 
 notice, no doubt resulted from this cause. 
 
 LIFE HISTORY OF THE ANGUILLULA. 
 
 The study of this microscopic worm has been exceedingly difficult, 
 and many points in its history are not yet fully ascertained. 
 
 The limit of its existence, periods of growth, sexual characteristics, 
 generation, variation of form, and the precise action occasioning the 
 abnormal growth in roots, are all undetermined questions which will 
 take a long continued series of observations to solve. (Note 12.) 
 
 As first observed, a mass of cells appears within the uterine cornua, 
 cells averaging - 2 - 0 ^ M inch in diameter, arranged in bands from T q|oo 
 t° tooof Rich i 11 width, reaching across to the walls of the uterus. 
 (Plate XX, A, B.) These bands appear at the smaller end of the uterus, 
 beginning from x ^ 0 %o to foWo inch from the free extremities; extend- 
 ing downward t££oo to T owo Rich. Lower down, these cells show a ten- 
 dency to aggregate into irregular masses (Plate XX, B, 0), then into 
 ovate forms, eventually becoming ovals T ofoo by tthhto inch. 
 
 At first these cysts have no epidermis, but a thin coating appears 
 and thickens as they approach the normal size of inch in length 
 
 and tthhto inch in width. (Plate XX, D, 2.) 
 
 During the life of the female the cysts form rapidly, until the whole 
 uterus becomes enormously enlarged, and contains cysts in every stage, 
 from the primary agglomeration of cells to free Auguilluhe. (Plates 
 XIX and XVIII.) 
 
 The decay of the environing root exposes the pregnant female to 
 changes in weather, and with a slight increase in heat the contraction 
 of the exterior expels the contents of the uterus and disperses them. 
 
 This in most cases appears to be through the upper segment, though 
 often it occurs through the fissure in the head. (Plate XIX.) 
 
 The cyst at first is a solid mass of granular cells. (Plates IX, 1, and 
 X, 1.) It divides centrally at the shorter axis (Plates IX, 2, 3; X, 2, 
 2G, 4) ; each half repeats this process till four or live segments are visible* 
 
 A longitudinal fissure then appears, causing eight segments (Plates 
 
25 
 
 IX, 6, 7; mid X, 15, 10, 18); the walls of the segments are absorbed 
 each side the central long fissure (Plate IX, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18), which 
 extends to the margin of the cyst in one direction, and upon separation 
 at that end motion begins, and the Anguillula awakes to life and ac- 
 tion. (Plates IX, 17, 18; and XI, 1.) 
 
 The growth within the cyst continues till the worm attains a length 
 of xJIfg inch or more, and a central diameter of T ofoo inch ; the cyst 
 ruptures, the worm is free (Plate XI, 2, 3, 7), leaving the empty shell 
 shrunken .and torn. (Plate XI, 4, 4a.) 
 
 Up to this point I have failed to discriminate the sexes. Both appear 
 blunt at one end, which is marked with a fissure T ofoo inch to toooo 
 incli in length, often with a circular hinge-like termination (Plate XII, 
 3a , 4 a, 6a, 7a, and XIII, la, 2 a, 3a) extending into a tortuous channel 
 tfooo inch in diameter and averaging T - 0 - 0 Vo inch in length ; then the 
 remainder of the worm becomes a mass of cells of various sizes to within 
 T(huto inch or unfo o inch of the extremity or tail. 
 
 These cells at times appear with a sinuous channel clear from either 
 end (PlateXII, 4), or with breaks in their continuity (Plate XII, 2, 3), or 
 granular masses interspersed (Plates XII, 0, 7, and XIV, 1,2), or as 
 finecells irregularly arranged. (Plate XIII, 1, 2, 3.) Occasionally the 
 whole interior appears as a solid mass of celis. (Plate XII, 0.) 
 
 I have not discovered the method of impregnation, but at an early 
 period' rapid changes in shape begin in the female. (Plates XVI, 2 to 
 15 ; XVII, 1 to 9 ; XIV ; XV ; and XII, 5, 0, 7, 8.) The enlargement is 
 preceded by the formation in both upper and lower thirds of the body 
 of dark masses of cells that eventually unite (Plates XIV, 3, A, B; 4, 
 5, A, B, O, and 6; XV, 2, 3), then by the time the worm reaches the 
 age represented in Plate XVI, 11, 12; Plate XVI, 3,4, become changed 
 into abicornate ovarium or uterus, which at full term attains the length 
 of i^ 0 a o% inch in many coils, and contains one hundred and fifty or one 
 hundred and sixty full-sized cysts. 
 
 The shapes and sizes of these pregnant females vary greatly, and I 
 believe are the result of the environment. In soft tissues of the Cow- 
 pea, Radish, and the like rapidly-growing plants they attain a transverse 
 diameter of T oooo inch, and a length of toooo inch. The tail is reduced 
 to a short spine (Plates XIV, 3 ; and XV, 2, 3), which disappears later 
 on, as the worm approaches the transverse diameter of inch. 
 
 (Plate XVII, 3, 4.) 
 
 The thickness of the exterior wall varies from jofoo inch at the 
 lower part of the body to T oooo inch at the vertex, and is exceedingly 
 tough and resistant. In color it appears yellowish by transmitted light, 
 but a brilliant white by reflected light. When fully developed, it is 
 partly transparent, showing the coils of the uterus with its cysts. The 
 exterior is granular or corrugated, especially near the 11 head” (Plates 
 XIV, 0, and XIX), and with an apparently radiate arrangement of cells 
 from a center near the tail, or perhaps marking the disappearance of 
 that appendage. (Plate XXI.) 
 
26 
 
 The head varies from a form like Flates XVII, 3, 4, 7, 9, and XVI, 9, 
 12, 13, 14, to that shown by Plates XVI, 10, 11, 15; XVII, 2, 5, 8, and 
 XVIII, the neck from a mere contraction of the body, Plates XVII, 6, 
 and XVI, 15, to a long tube, as in Plates XVI, 14, and XVII, 9. 
 
 The body varies from almost a globe (Plate XVI, 9, 13) to an oval 
 (Plate XVI, 14; XVII, 9), or nearly a cylinder. (Plate XVI, 15.) 
 
 The worms found in woody tissue are usually of the forms of Plates 
 
 XVI, 10, 11, and XVII, 5, 8; in soft tissues like Plates XVI, 14, and 
 
 XVII, 7, 9, but I am unable to understand the reason of this variation. 
 
 In roots, as a rule, the bodies radiate from the central axis of the 
 
 root with the “ heads” to the axis. 
 
 When once enlargement of the body begins, the worm becomes a fix- 
 ture, and remains incapable of progression in any direction; the en- 
 largement is gradual and the cells of the root tissues become smaller 
 by the pressure, forming a rigid wall on every side of the worm. 
 
 How long the worm exists is an unsolved problem which I hope to 
 solve in time. 
 
 Apart from vegetable tissues, I have noted signs of life in the An- 
 guillula after being kept air- dry six months, but have no record of any 
 reliable experiments with the worms in the roots; but the vitality is 
 very great. 
 
 When motion is first perceived in the cyst, the worm is an average 
 of inch in length and T ofoo extreme thickness ; soon after it be- 
 
 comes free it enlarges and lengthens till it casts its skin, which it does 
 as shown in Plate XI, 5, leaving the old skin shrunken as at 0, same 
 plate; a fragmentary cast is seen on Plate XII, 1, but I have not de- 
 termined the number of times in its life it sheds the skin, as it is rare 
 to find a perfect cast for measurement. 
 
 Among the thousands of Anguillulge I have examined, there are a great 
 many variations and arrangements of cells that are not easily explainable. 
 Plates XV, XIII, and XII, 5, 8, 7, 6, exemplify some of the most marked, 
 riate XIII, 2, 3, is very singular; a cyst-like form, with segments. 
 Also at 3, a peculiar arrangement of cells, large and small ; in fact, I 
 have never found two worms exactly similar in the grouping of cells; 
 the resemblance is general, but with wide variation of details. The ex- 
 amples given in the plates justify this conclusion, sketched as they were 
 from living specimens. 
 
 The arrangement of the cysts in the uterus is generally as shown by 
 Plates XVIII, XIX, and XX, though that often becomes changed, as 
 indicated in Plate XXI. (Xote 13.) 
 
 In mature and apparently aged worms, I have found as many as a 
 dozen free worms within the uterus, having attained motion and liber- 
 ation there. 
 
 In plates showing the changes in vegetable tissues, “A” refers to the 
 enlargements and nests of Anguillulm . 11 B ” to spots of decay. 
 
27 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 Note 1.— Owing to a lack of literature on the subject, I have provisionally named 
 this worm Anguillula arenaria, but it may belong to a different genus. If an Anguil- 
 lula, it is very near the A. brevispinosus, but as the spine disappears in mature forms, 
 I have called this A. arenaria. 
 
 Note 2. — This information came from one of the oldest citizens, who learned of it 
 from the Spanish residents in 1820. 
 
 Note 3. — Letters received from correspondents at nearly every important town gave 
 the data. 
 
 Note 4. — Messrs. Berckmans, Onderdonk, Munson, and Stelle are referred to. 
 
 Note 5. — I kept fully developed pregnant females in a watch glass dry for six months, 
 and when wet, they expanded, and the grown worms within the cysts in the uterus 
 resumed motion. 
 
 Note 6. — The average weight of a cubic foot of ordinary sandy surface soil is 6,002,625 
 grains, equal to 86.08 pounds avoirdupois ; this at the temperature of 70°, the soil 
 being air-dry. 
 
 Note 7. — The quantity required to saturate a cubic foot was 2.3 gallons of the kero- 
 sene emulsion. 
 
 Note 8. — The amount of lime used was 20 pounds to the tree, forty-nine trees to the 
 acre. 
 
 Note 9. — Water poured upon the pots percolated through the soil and out at the 
 hole in the bottom of the pot. This was allowed to evaporate considerably and exam- 
 ined with magnifier 350 diameters, eye-piece B, objective one-half inch. 
 
 Note 10. — Radishes and turnips are very susceptible to the Anguillula. (See Plate 
 III, d rawn from actual specimen, natural size.) 
 
 Note 11. — A common practice among the “ old-time ” slaves, who tell me it was the 
 rule made by the old whites as far back as 1805. The reason they gave was ‘‘the 
 peach loves clay and yellow sand.” 
 
 Note 12. — I could only approximate the growth and development by the use of such 
 plants as the Cow-pea and Radish — planting seed in infected soil, and at certain dates 
 pulling up the plants and examining the knots, making a careful sketch, drawn to 
 scale, each time. All attempts at cultivating in fluids failed. 
 
 Note 13. — By softening the exterior with a solution of caustic potash, snipping off 
 the head and gently pressing the body in fluid, with a cover glass, the uterus exuded 
 as shown in Plate XIX. 
 
 o 
 
EXPLANATIONS TO PLATES. 
 
 PLATE I. 
 
 Roots of Cow Pea, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula : A, enlargement 
 and nests: B, spots of decay. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE II. 
 
 Roots of Okra, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula: A, enlargements and 
 nests; B. spots of decay. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
 Roots of Radish, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula : A, enlargements and 
 nests; B, spots of decay. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
 Roots of Grape [Black Hamburg], showing enlargements caused by Anguillula : A, 
 enlargements and nests; B, spots of decay. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 Roots of Peach, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE VI. 
 
 Roots of Weeping Willow, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula — natural 
 size. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE VII. 
 
 Roots of Fig, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula — natural size. (Orig- 
 inal.) 
 
 PLATE VIII. 
 
 1, section of root of Okra, showing enlargements caused by Anguillula; 2, Peach, 
 same;* 3, Grape, same — enlarged four times: 4, Weeping Willow, same — natural size: 
 A, enlargements and nests; B, spots of decay. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 • 
 
 Reproductive cysts which form in the uterus of the female Anguillula: 1, first 
 stage, solid mass of granular cells; 2, 3, segmentation or division into two parts; 4, 
 26, 5, 5a, 6, segmentation into four parts; 7, longitudinal fissure appearing, which 
 causes segmentation into eight parts; 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, walls of seg- 
 ments absorbing each side of the central longitudinal fissure which extends to the 
 margin of the cyst in one direction, until upon separation at that end motion begins — 
 greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 29 
 
30 
 
 PLATE X. 
 
 Reproductive cysts (continued): 1,1a, first stage; 2, 3, 4, 26, bi-segmentation or di- 
 vision into two parts; 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, segmentation into four parts; 10,11,12,13,14,15, 
 16, 17, 18, segmentation into eight parts— greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
 Developed or free Auguillulae within the reproductive cysts: 1, free Anguillula 
 within cyst not yet broken ; 2, 3, 7, cyst broken ; 4, 4a, empty shell of cyst from which 
 Auguillulae have emerged ; 5, young worm casting skin ; 6, empty skin cast by young 
 worm — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XII. 
 
 Growth of Auguillulae : 1, cast skin of young worm ; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, worms showing 
 bluntness at one end, with fissure having a circular, hinge like termination at A, and 
 granular masses of cells within — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XIII. ^ 
 
 Growth of Auguillulae (continued): 1, 2, 3, worms showing masses of fine cells irregu- 
 larly arranged within, and fissure at blunt end with circular, hinge-like termination 
 at A — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 Growth of Auguillulae and changes within the female: 1, 2, female worms showing 
 granular masses within; 3, 4, 5, 6, changes in shape in the female, preceded by for- 
 mation in upper and lower thirds of body of dark masses of cells, A, 13, C, which 
 eventually unite — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 Changes within female Anguillulae (continued) : 1, 2, 3, enlargements in shape of 
 the female, with formation of masses of cells at A — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
 Changes in form of female Anguillulae: 1-15, outlines showing changes in form, 
 from leaving the reproductive cyst until the female is herself filled with cysts, also 
 showing changes in the form of the head and disappearance of the tail — greatly en- 
 larged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 Changes in form of female Anguillulae (continued) : 1-9, outlines of changes in form 
 of body and head, with the disappearance of the tail — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 •plate XVIII. 
 
 Gravid female Anguillula, showing contracted head and neck as in some females, 
 and the arrangement of cysts in the uterus — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 Arrangement of cysts in uterus of female Anguillula and expulsion of young worms 
 through fissure in the head — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
31 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 Arrangement of cysts in uterus of female Auguillula (continued): A-B, cysts ais 
 ranged in bands reaching across to the walls of the uterus ; B-C, aggregation of cells 
 into irregular masses within the uterus; C-D, aggregations of cells arranged in two 
 rows in the uterus; D-E, cysts that have attained the normal size and become coated 
 with a thin epidermis — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 PLATE XXI. 
 
 A changed arrangement of cysts within the uterus of the female Anguillula which 
 often occurs — greatly enlarged. (Original.) 
 
 o 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 COW PEA. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 plate II. 
 
 OKRA. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 
 PLATE III. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE IV. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE V. 
 
 PEACH. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agricuhure, 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture 
 
 FIG. 
 
 Natural size. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PEACH. Section X 4. 
 
 PLATE VIII 
 
 OKRA. Section X 4. 
 
 A 
 
 WEEPING WILLOW. 
 Natural size. 
 
 4 . 
 
Bulletih 2ti, division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture, 
 
 PLATE IX. 
 
 10 ; n 
 lo.ooo. 
 
 CYSTS OF ANGUILLULA. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE X . 
 
 10 .0 0 0 . 
 
 CYSTS OF ANGUILLULA. 
 


 Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture 
 
 PLATE XI. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XU. 
 
 IO.000 m 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF ANGUiLLULA. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XIII. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF ANGUILLULA. 
 

Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XIV. 
 
 GROWTH AND CHANGES IN THE FEMALE ANGUILLULA- 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XV. 
 
 10 . 000 . 
 
 CHANGES IN THE FEMALE ANGUILLULA. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XVI. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XVII. 
 
 — — in. 
 2.500 
 
 CHANGES IN FORM OF THE FEMALE ANGUILLULA. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agricuhure, 
 
 PLATE XVIII. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XIX. 
 
 % 
 
 FEMALE ANGUILLULA, SHOWING EXPULSION OF YOUNG. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XX. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYSTS IN FEMALE ANGUILLULA IN UTERO. 
 
Bulletin 20, Division of Entomology, Dept. Agriculture. 
 
 PLATE XXL 
 
 _!5- i 
 
 2.500 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF CYSTS IN FEMALE ANGUiLLULA IN UTERO. 
 
t*