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 L I B RAR.Y 
 
 OF THE 
 
 U N 1 VLR.S ITY 
 
 or ILLINOIS
 
 Reports of the Oxford Tutors' Association. 
 
 No. I. ^ ^ 
 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 RESPECTING 
 
 THE EXTENSION 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD, 
 
 AS ADOPTED BY 
 
 THE TUTORS' ASSOCIATION. 
 
 JANUARY, 1853. 
 
 OXFORD: 
 
 JOHN HENRY PARKER; 
 
 AND 377, STRAND, LONDON. 
 
 M.DCCC.LIII.
 
 The following Paper was drawn up at the request of the 
 Tutors' Association by a Committee appointed on Novem- 
 ber 19, 1852. It was read and considered at meetings of the 
 Association held in Morton and Jesus College Common Rooms 
 on December 10 and 13 : and adopted at the first meeting of 
 the Association in Lent Term, January 24, 1853.
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS, 
 
 &C. &C. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 -L HE Questions which have been opened by her Ma- Origin of 
 jesty's Commissioners, "appointed to inquire into the Paper. '^ 
 " State, Discipline, Studies, and Revenues of the Uni- 
 " versity," are of such variety and importance, and the 
 changes which they have proposed in the whole system 
 of Oxford are so numerous and extensive, that coming, 
 as they have done, before us, invested, to a certain ex- 
 tent, with the authority of the Crown, it is obviously 
 desirable that they should receive the deliberate and 
 respectful consideration of all classes in the University. 
 All Members of Convocation, but especially those in 
 any way concerned with the Discipline and Education 
 of Oxford, might be expected carefully to weigh, as 
 they might fairly claim to be heard with respect to, 
 suggestions of such interest, and involving such wide 
 alterations. Accordingly, within a very short period 
 after the Report was issued, a Committee was ap- 
 pointed by the Heads of Houses and Proctors to con- 
 sider its Recommendations ; and when this Committee 
 
 B 2
 
 commenced its sittings at the beginning of the present 
 Term, it immediately notified its wishes that the atten- 
 tion of Members of Convocation should be directed to 
 the same subjects, and that they should communicate 
 with the Committee respecting them. It seemed to 
 be felt that suggestions touching the University at 
 every point ought to receive the deliberate considera- 
 tion of all classes of its Members. A similar feeling 
 led the late Committee of the Tutors' Association, 
 whose sittings had been for some time suspended, to 
 convene a meeting of that body, and to suggest its 
 entering into an examination of, at least, the most im- 
 portant of the various Recommendations put forth by the 
 Commissioners. This appeal was responded to by the 
 large meeting which took place in Oriel Common Room, 
 November 8, where it was agreed that the Society 
 should meet regularly twice a week to consider the 
 several suggestions of the ' Report,' in such order as a 
 Committee then appointed might determine. Meet- 
 ings have since been held with all but uniform 
 regularity, and have been attended by the greater 
 number of those engaged in the discipline and teach- 
 ing of the University*. It seems to have been gene- 
 rally felt to be desirable at the present moment, ^r^^, 
 to go through the whole subject, or at least the 
 greatest questions, of University Reform, as opened by 
 the Commissioners — secondly^ to collect for this pur- 
 pose as large a number as possible of those Members of 
 the University who are engaged in its Tuition and Dis- 
 cipline, in order that from their various positions and 
 points of view they might assist each other to con- 
 sider these subjects in all their aspects — thirdly^ to 
 
 * It may be as well to state, that the number of those who have 
 been frequent attendants at these meetings is above 60 ; and that 
 the average number at each meeting has been from 30 to 40. aj^^u 
 
 uwc' 
 
 % ^
 
 elaborate practical schemes on the most important of 
 the matters in which change seems to be wanted — 
 2i\\dL fourthly, to state publicly nnd fully the ascertained 
 wishes of the majority of persons attending the meet- 
 ings, in order to make known by these means the sen- 
 timents of a large portion of the University with re- 
 gard to proposed reforms, and to obviate that appear- 
 ance of indifference to real improvement which either 
 entire silence, or inadequate suggestions for alteration, 
 might seem to convey. 
 
 It is only necessary further to mention, that the two 
 subjects which have especially engrossed the attention 
 of the Association during the current Term, are those 
 of the Extension of the University, and of the altera- 
 tions proposed in its Constitution and Government. 
 On both these points a series of Meetings was held ; 
 and after the sense of the Association, with respect 
 to general principles, had been sufficiently ascer- 
 tained, a Special Committee was appointed upon 
 each, to consider and report upon details. The second 
 of these subjects is still under the consideration of the 
 Committee appointed to report upon it. With respect 
 to the first, it may be enough to say, that Meetings of 
 the Association were held in the Common Rooms of 
 Christ Church, Merton, and Oriel Colleges, on No- 
 vember 12, November 15, and November 19, to con- 
 sider the Recommendation of Her Majesty's Commis- 
 sioners, numbered 10, in p. 257 of their Report, on 
 the subject of University Extension : and that the 
 following alteration of it was proposed, — " That the 
 " provision of the Statutes by which Colleges and 
 " Halls are obliged to have one common gate should 
 " be annulled, but that it is no way desirable to per- 
 " mit Members of the University to live in private
 
 6 
 
 *' lodgings, without connection with a College or Hall." 
 This amendment was finally adopted, with but two 
 or three dissentients, by the persons present (41 in 
 number). And it was agreed unanimously that a spe- 
 cial Committee should be appointed to report on the 
 best way in which the Extension of the University 
 could be effected, and that it should consist of the 
 following Members : — 
 
 Rev. R. W. Church, Fellow and late Tutor of Oriel. 
 
 Rev. F. Fanshawe, Fellow and Tutor of Exeter. 
 
 Rev. A. W. Haddan, Fellow and Tutor of Trinity. 
 
 Rev. W. C. Lake, Fellow and Tutor of Balliol, Senior Proctor. 
 
 Rev. H. L. Mansel, Fellow and Tutor of St. John's, Mo- 
 derator. 
 
 Rev. C. Marriott, Fellow and late Tutor of Oriel. 
 
 Rev. G. Marshall, Student and Censor of Christ Church. 
 
 Rev. D, Melville, Brasenose, late Principal of Hatfield 
 Hall, Durham. 
 
 Rev. G. Rawlinson, late Fellow and Tutor of Exeter, Mo- 
 derator. 
 
 Rev. J. P. Tweed, Fellow and Tutor of Exeter, 
 
 Rev. E. C. WooLLCOMBE, Fellow, Dean, and Senior Tutor of 
 Balliol. 
 
 The following Report is accordingly presented to 
 the Association. If approved, it may, in the first place, 
 be transmitted, as an evidence of the general opinion 
 of these Meetings upon the subject to which it refers, 
 to the Chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, Heads of Houses, 
 Proctors, &c., &c., and secondly, may serve to express 
 publicly, both as to principles, and in the main as to 
 details, the sentiments of a large portion of those con- 
 cerned in the education of the University, on the best 
 method of its Extension.
 
 REPORT. 
 
 In making our suggestions respecting the extension One mode of 
 of the University, we begin by assuming, that thejected,asincon- 
 principle of Collegiate discipline is to be preserved J^^^'^^^'Ji'lV''^ 
 entire. Any plan therefore which makes no provision ^oii^giatedis- 
 
 •' * ^ cipline : VIZ. 
 
 for this essential requisite, is set aside as inadmissible : that of "Uni- 
 
 , If • • 1 T varsity Stu- 
 
 such for instance as that of permitting students to live dents." 
 in private lodgings in the way recommended by her 
 Majesty's Commissioners in pp. 44, 52, and 257 of their 
 Report. And if we refrain on this occasion from en- 
 tering upon a full discussion of the point, it is from no 
 want of consideration for the arguments urged by the 
 Commissioners; but mainly because the subject has 
 long occupied the attention of the University, and the 
 almost unanimous opinion expressed upon it seems to 
 us to have decided justly against a system which vio- 
 lates a main principle of our Education. 
 
 The number of persons, indeed, either within or with- objections to I 
 out the University, is probably inconsiderable*, who^*^*^ asc eme. , 
 would wish to modify or change our present system by 
 the introduction of a number of Students lodging in the 
 houses of townspeople and unconnected with Colleges 
 or Halls. Such a class, whether rich or poor, could but 
 receive an education quite different in kind from that 
 given at present, and (as we believe) of a very inferior 
 description, while it would almost necessarily be exempt 
 from such domestic control and discipline as has hi- 
 
 * It is worthy of remark that her Majesty's Commissioners ap- 
 pointed to inquire into the State, Disciphne, Studies, and Revenues 
 of the University of Cambridge, have 7iot recommended the intro- 
 duction of " University Students" of the above description.
 
 therto given a distinctive character to Oxford : if large, 
 it would affect and deteriorate our moral and edu- 
 cational system ; while, if small, it can be almost en- 
 tirely provided for by other and preferable means. 
 
 Desirable to But whilo WO are unable to recommend such a me- 
 Strictronuponthod as the above for the introduction of a new class 
 plans of exteu- Qf studonts, we VGuture to press upon general atten- 
 
 sion. . 
 
 tion the extreme importance of extending not merely 
 by one hut hy a considerable variety of methods the 
 facilities for becoming Members of the University. We 
 are ourselves attached by every interest and associa- 
 tion to our Colleges no less than to their system ; for 
 we know in how many cases they work admirably well, 
 and should be the last to weaken their influence or 
 Nor to leave positiou. But we at the same time believe it to be 
 *Ae ^rc;«fi«e " iieithor desirable, nor indeed possible, that the present 
 poM^sMon of the QQllgprgs alone, even if they extend themselves, should 
 
 education of the ° _ "^ . „ , . 
 
 University. retain any longer exclusive possession of our education, 
 — a privilege which by repressing competition is of no 
 advantage to themselves, which far more than is ne- 
 cessary limits our education to the wealthier classes, 
 and which at once excludes from Oxford many teachers 
 who would impart fresh life and energy to her in- 
 struction, and many pupils whom it has now become 
 absolutely unjust to shut out from her teaching, and 
 who might widely carry her spirit and extend her 
 influence through fresh classes of the community. It 
 is important, in order to view this subject rightly, to 
 keep three things distinct, — the existing Colleges, the 
 general System of Discipline which they represent, 
 and the University. The Colleges we should wish to 
 remain the strongholds of our educational system. 
 But the system itself may well extend beyond them. 
 And it will be a fatal mistake if by narrowing the
 
 extension of the University to the extension of the 
 present Colleges alone, we thereby limit and prevent 
 the University herself — which in this matter ought 
 to assert her own distinct existence and powers — 
 from adopting full and adequate means to meet the 
 present demand. 
 
 The main point on which we wish to insist as a 
 security, and with respect to which we are obliged to 
 differ from her Majesty's Commissioners, is the desira- Necessity of 
 
 11 /• •• M Ti.1 i.- allowing great 
 
 bleness of retainmg over our pupils a direct domestic freedom in the 
 superintendence, our long established principle of disci- Qy^'j^2[„tioQg^ 
 pline. But only let this be secured, and we should be most '^°"^'**^°*^y 
 
 A •' ' With retainmg 
 
 unwilling to see it limited to one single exemplification, discipline and 
 
 1 Till'. 1 • 1 1 superintend- 
 
 — rather we should desire it to be carried out by as nu-ance. 
 merous channels as possible, — for no one or two alone 
 can suffice. And therefore we would urge that our new 
 Institutions (for such they would be) should be as va- 
 rious and expansive as possible ; that M^e should begin 
 by enabling such Colleges as desire it to extend their 
 teaching to a larger number of students than they can 
 at present accommodate ; that we should further 
 endeavour to open the advantages of Oxford to some 
 extent to those poorer students who ought (according 
 to the spirit of our statutes), but are now unable, to 
 profit by them ; and finally, that we should enlist 
 more of independent enterprize in the conduct of edu- 
 cation in the University, and by introducing something 
 of competition should stimulate the exertions of the 
 Colleges. All these objects, we believe, might be ef- 
 fected, without forfeiting in any case, what we are 
 especially anxious to preserve, our existing system of 
 discipline and education under personal and direct su- 
 perintendence. 
 
 It is our belief then that each of the points above
 
 10 
 
 alluded to refers to an existing want, susceptible of an 
 effectual remedy. And though we are far from de- 
 nying that to supply this remedy may demand some 
 exertions and sacrifices both from the University and 
 the Colleges, we believe that the need is so real, 
 pressing, and generally felt, as to demand that 
 Oxford should endeavour to meet it with immediate, 
 liberal, and adequate measures. 
 Four plans We Venture to suggest that at least permission 
 
 recommended. ^ 
 
 and encouragement should be given to the following 
 modes of extension : 
 
 (1.) What have been called "Affiliated Halls." 
 
 (2.) Independent Halls, whether (a) founded by the 
 University, or (b) founded by individuals. 
 
 (3.) Private Halls, to be opened by any M.A., upon 
 certain conditions, and with the sanction of the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 (4.) Halls, or Buildings, which shall simply extend, 
 and form an integral part of, any existing College. 
 
 1. "Affiliated 1. By an Affiliated Hall, we mean one built by a 
 College with which it is connected, and where the 
 College contributes from its funds to defray a part of 
 the expenses of the education ; an institution not self- 
 supporting, but assisted, more or less, by its parent 
 society. We think it would be one of the most prac- 
 ticable plans for acting in accordance with the spirit of 
 their foundation, if some of those Colleges which have 
 the means M'ere to establish, and in part support, such 
 Halls. 
 
 Colleges in the It is Undeniable with regard to almost every College 
 eleemosynary in Oxford that their Fouudors intended them to supply 
 foundations in g^jy^ation to what may be called, in the strictest sense
 
 11 
 
 of the words, poor men. The persons to be educated the strictest 
 
 SGnSG of t;il6 
 
 and supported are generally in College Statutes defined word, 
 to be * Pauperes Scholares,' ' Magis Pauperes,' ' Pau- 
 peres ex Eleemosyna viventes,' ' Pauperes et egentes,' 
 ' Sustentatione indigentes.' In a great degree, though 
 not exclusively, almost every, perhaps evevi/. College 
 was intended by its Founder to be an Eleemosynary 
 Foundation. 
 
 This is no longer the case in any College in Oxford But have now 
 
 . ,ji'i c • \ \ .IT! ceased to be so. 
 
 to an extent which can tan-ly be considered ade- 
 quate to the expressed intentions of the Founder. 
 With the exception of a few Bible-Clerkships and 
 some of the closer Scholarships, the education given 
 by Colleges is now mainly for the wealthier classes. 
 We see no fair ground of complaint in this fact. It * 
 
 has been rendered in great part inevitable and desir- 
 able by the alteration of time and circumstances ; inas- 
 much as the most proper recipients of an University 
 education in the present day belong to that large and 
 comparatively wealthy upper and middle class, which 
 at the time when most of our Colleges were founded 
 had scarcely any existence. It is open however to 
 two remarks : (1) that the present system is a de- 
 parture at least from the letter of Founders' Wills : 
 (2) that it excludes a class, and probably a large class, 
 for whose education there is at present a general de- 
 mand, corresponding to such Founders' injunctions. 
 
 And this may be stated even more strongly. For The class of 
 not only do the Colleges by the expensive nature of^hom^thcywere 
 their present education exclude the poorer classes from practically ex- 
 their walls, but inasmuch as the only means of entrance ^^^^^^^d from the 
 
 '' University. 
 
 to the University is by becoming a member of a Col- 
 lege or Hall, the University herself passes or at least
 
 12 
 
 confirms the sentence of exclusion against them. It 
 cannot be matter of surprise that a wish to relax this 
 restriction should be widely felt; and, as some years 
 ago was evidenced by a petition of great importance*, 
 that it should be from time to time strongly expressed 
 throughout the country. 
 
 Such Halls may Our inference is, that the time is come when the 
 inande/as'^the University and the Colleges of Oxford must do some- 
 SmlttingTt" thing, and make some sacrifices, in order to supply an 
 education on such terms as shall enable a somewhat 
 poorer class to profit by it. It is true that some prac- 
 tical difficulties may seem to obstruct the execution 
 of any plan by which Colleges shall establish Halls for 
 poorer students, and assist them from their own re- 
 sources ; in some cases, from the fact of pecuniary inabi- 
 lity, and in others, because they are already to the full 
 extent of their power engaged in education. But it may 
 be suggested, that in any cases where the funds at the 
 command of a College are large, and where a number 
 of the body are entirely free and qualified to engage 
 in education, such a mode of practically fulfilling one 
 of the great objects of their Founders would at once 
 reflect credit upon themselves and the University, by 
 evidencing an earnest zeal in the cause of education ; 
 and would be the best guarantee to the nation that 
 they are answering the ends of their original insti- 
 tution. 
 
 Mode of found- If such a College were to build a Hall at its own 
 
 Halls." expense, letting the rooms at a very moderate price, 
 
 and contributing towards the salary of a Senior and 
 
 * The Address on the subject of University Extension signed by 
 Lords Sandon, Ashley, and others, in March 1846, reprinted in 
 Append, to Commissioners' Report, p. 55.
 
 13 
 
 Junior Tutor, it has been calculated that, at an ex- 
 pense to itself of 300/. a year, it might educate forty 
 Students at a rate of from 40/. to 45/. a year* : a cal- 
 culation which appears to us reasonable and well 
 founded. These would receive a part of their teaching 
 in the Hall itself, and for the rest might attend the 
 Lectures of the Tutors of the College and the Pro- 
 fessors. They might either attend Service at the Col- 
 lege Chapel, and dine in its Hall, or within their own 
 walls, as might be found most expedient. The Tutors 
 would be appointed by the Head of the College in the 
 usual way, generally perhaps, although not necessarily, 
 from the Fellows of the College : and they would be 
 required to reside within the Hall itself. 
 
 If such a Hall w^ere instituted, the chief difficulty Possible diffi- 
 in conducting it might be expected to arise from the management, 
 opposite dangers either of the unlimited intercourse of'^^^*"^^"*** 
 its Members with those of the College, or of their 
 occupying an inferior and humiliating position. We 
 cannot but think that these might be easily overcome, 
 if such students were treated by their Tutors at once 
 with care, and at the same time entirely as gentlemen. 
 Whilst, on the other side, if they were chosen origin- 
 ally not merely because poor, but because in spite of 
 their poverty they had already given marks of ability, 
 it is probable that the distinctions they would gain 
 would soon give them an University position in the 
 
 * See the evidence of the Rev. B.Price, in the Commissioners' 
 Report, Append, p. 66, and of Rev. F. Temple, ibid. p. 127. It is 
 understood that a plan for an affiliated Hall to contain sixty stu- 
 dents at an expense of 60/. per annum each, was submitted to one 
 College early in 1851, to be carried out from its own resources alone. 
 A question however has arisen connected with the interpretation of 
 the Statutes, and the plan is now before the Visitor.
 
 14 
 
 eyes of their contemporaries in the Colleges. Without 
 however denying the existence of difficulties, which 
 no plan can wholly avoid, we cannot but regard the 
 great diminution of expense which the above scheme 
 would ensure, as a strong argument in its favour. 
 And, although it is beyond our province to urge its 
 adoption on any particular Colleges, we are of opinion 
 that such a plan, if adopted by any College, — particu- 
 larly by such as may possess large pecuniary resources, 
 and of whose members few or even none may be at 
 present employed directly as teachers, — would greatly 
 promote the interests both of Education and of the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 2. Independent 2. A large Independent Hall unconnected with any 
 Halls. College, while it could hardly offer so cheap an edu- 
 
 cation as the scheme just discussed, would be free from 
 some objections to which that is liaTale : those, for in- 
 stance, which might arise from the closer contact 
 between the students of the " affiliated" Hall and those 
 of the particular College which had founded it. 
 
 The experiment This plan has been already very successful at Dur- 
 in the anTio- l^^^i : as may be seen from the following statement of 
 Dm^iam^Uni- ^^^^^' That Uuiversity, for fourteen years, during which 
 versity. time it cousisted of one College, formed exactly after the 
 
 model of a good existing College at Oxford, remained 
 stationary in numbers, or rather retrograded than pro- 
 gressed. Since 1846, when a change of system was 
 introduced, and a cheaper and stricter Collegiate life 
 attempted in a separate establishment, it has gone on 
 steadily increasing, and well nigh doubled itself in five 
 years. Its connection also extended itself in proportion. 
 Nor did Bishop Hatfield's Hall gain numbers, as some 
 have said, by accommodating local poverty; but, through
 
 15 
 
 the public approbation of its system, it carried the Uni- 
 versity into parts of England, and even to places out of 
 England, whence previously students had never come. 
 Its connection after four years was certainly wider than 
 that of the elder College ; although, whilst the elder Col- 
 lege had all the advantages which the powerful connec- 
 tion of its originating and governing body could afford, 
 the later experiment was left very much to such claims 
 as its mere system in itself and its success could present. 
 In four years it was full, its numbers having increased 
 from nineteen, its opening number, to between fifty 
 and sixty: and in 1851, on the determination of the 
 chief authority of the University not to extend the 
 system, it had to refuse twenty applications beyond the 
 annual vacancies.* 
 
 These facts prove abundantly that extension is de- Additional Co/- 
 manded : and if we remember that both in the case tiorTdemanded 
 just mentioned, and in all other recently established ^^.p.*^^^^*^ 
 
 «' ' •' opinion. 
 
 places for Academical education, the plan of life has 
 been more or less Collegiate — in some entirely so — 
 and that in one (University College, London) this mode 
 of life has been supplied as necessary, though no part of, 
 or rather against, the original scheme; it would seem 
 also that ewtension through College membersJiip is de- 
 manded as well f : a remark, the force of which of 
 
 * This determination was subsequently changed, and a new Hall 
 was opened, at short notice, in t 85 1 . On its first opening all its 
 rooms were taken, and on its being enlarged in 1852 its admissions 
 were immediately doubled. 
 
 t The value of Collegiate Institutions in all places where young 
 men are congregated has been recognised even by non-Academic 
 bodies. Hence the establishment in the year 1843 of the Queen's 
 College for Medical Students at Birmingham, and the opening about 
 the same time of a Collegiate Institution in connection with St. Bar- 
 tholomew's Hospital.
 
 16 
 
 course reaches to "affiliated" as ell as to independent 
 Halls. 
 
 (a) Proposed (a) It is proposed, then, that the University be asked 
 HaS/tobr^^ to advance, from moneys now in its hands, a sum suffi- 
 foundedbya cieutlv larffo to build and establish such an indepen- 
 
 grant or a loan jo ^ 
 
 from the Uni- dent Hall, with accommodation for sixty, or at first for 
 
 vcrsitv* 
 
 forty, members. The Hall to be established on the 
 following principles : 
 
 i. The property to be put under trust for the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 ii. The establishment to be self-supporting. 
 
 iii. The University money so applied to be considered 
 as an investment, and not as a gift ; and interest at 
 the rate of 4 per cent, to be taken. 
 
 iv. The buildings to be constructed so as to provide 
 a single room for each member, and a large common 
 room or library for the body : all to be furnished in a 
 plain durable style. A suitable suite of rooms to be 
 provided for a Principal, and fitting accommodation for 
 at least two resident Tutors, chapel, dining hall, and 
 offices. 
 
 V. The scale of expense to be framed with reference 
 to its being self-supporting, and liberal whilst eco- 
 nomical. 
 
 vi. The mode of life to be that of having all meals in 
 common, the establishment finding all necessaries, and 
 forbidding the introduction of all non-necessaries. 
 
 vii. The Principal of such Hall to be appointed by 
 the Chancellor. All other appointments to be made by 
 the Principal. 
 
 viii. The Principal to report annually to the Vice- 
 Chancellor on the numbers and discipline of his So- 
 ciety, and to present a financial statement.
 
 17 
 
 The annual charges on the establishment when fully Expense, 
 completed would be : — 
 
 Rent [assuming 20,000/. expended] . . . £800 
 Officers [Principal 400/., 2 Tutors 200/. each] 800 
 Housekeeping 1600 
 
 £3200 
 The income on 60 men at 60/. per ann. The 
 payments to he made at the end of each 
 Term in one sum of 20/ : counting for such 
 purpose the academic year as consisting of 
 three Terms 3600 
 
 Balance £400 
 
 For these figures we rely upon the experience ac- 
 quired in the management of Hatfield Hall. And 
 assuming the calculation to be (as we think it is) a 
 reasonable one, it would appear, that, if the numbers 
 were full, there would be a surplus. Some balance is 
 necessary for keeping up the property of the establish- 
 ment. But as this expense does not occur for three 
 or four years, the establishment need not start full 
 to insure its pecuniary success. If after all expenses 
 paid, with a fair sum reserved for wear and tear, there 
 were still a surplus, such surplus should be applied in 
 the way of temporary benefactions, or towards reducing 
 the original debt incurred. 
 
 For endowments, the Hall must rely on benefactions 
 from without itself. In the case of Bishop Hatfield's 
 Hall, Durham, such an appeal was very liberally re- 
 sponded to, even before the Hall was opened. 
 
 (b.) It might also be an encouragement to private (b.) Liberty of 
 munificence, were it announced, that if i?idividuals \aThlstitvLtio:^<^ 
 should be ready to found a Hall, it might be allowed JglJ^dMduail 
 
 c
 
 18 
 
 to difter from the above, and from existing Halls, in 
 some of the details of its management. For instance, 
 that the Founders should be allowed to nominate the 
 first Principal, with the approbation of the Vice-Chan- 
 cellor and Proctors, or any other board appointed by 
 the University, and to give such rules for the future 
 appointment of the Principal, and management of the 
 Hall, as shall in each case be accepted by the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 And that. It may also be a question, how far it might be requi- 
 
 endowmentis sito that the Complete endowment of such an insti- 
 whoiiy^serared. tutiou should be socured, before its recognition by the 
 University : and whether, to meet the case of an in- 
 complete endoM^ment, the restriction at i^resent im- 
 posed by the Statuta Aularia, limiting the retention of 
 a Fellowship in a College by the Principal of such a 
 Hall to the period of six months, should not be re- 
 laxed. 
 
 In these and similar variations of detail we wish 
 in general to urge this consideration, that the greater 
 the freedom allowed (under such limitations alone as 
 are necessary to preserve discipline), the greater the 
 prospect of enlisting men of ability and earnestness in 
 the cause, and of ensuring practical results. 
 
 Economy of 
 the proposed 
 schemes con- 
 siderably 
 greater than 
 at first sight 
 might appear 
 to be the case. 
 
 The effect of the system thus proposed for a large 
 independent Hall (and let it be observed again, that 
 the argument in all its points may be made to apply 
 with equal force to the "affiliated" Hall) would be, in 
 reality, a very great reduction of expense — a reduc- 
 tion much greater than is seen by merely laying by the 
 side of its estimates a minimum statement of College 
 battels.
 
 19 
 
 First, there is the certainty or bona fide character 
 of the cost. A parent wants definitely to know what 
 an University education will require, and by this mode 
 he is provided with full information upon the subject. 
 The uncertain margin is no more uncertain than it 
 is at school or elsewhere, and is calculable : books, 
 clothes, and travelling and personal expenses, though 
 not provided for, need not be unknown quantities. 
 
 Economy is consulted also through the uniformity 
 of the recurring fixed payments. Many people, and 
 those exactly the persons who would be most likely to 
 embrace such a plan, have income alone to calculate 
 upon, and can meet payments which have the nature 
 of draughts on income, which they could not meet if 
 such demands presumed capital. 
 
 Another circumstance which would have at least an 
 indirect effect in diminishing expense, is the closer re- 
 lation in which the several members of the Hall would 
 stand to one another. Whilst it would be large enough 
 for freedom, play of character, and esprit de corps, 
 there would be at the same time greater intermixture 
 and more free intercourse between governor and go- 
 verned, than is generally the case in Colleges as they 
 are at present. This, as it would compensate for many 
 of the difficulties incident of course to a stricter system, 
 so must suggest also many ways in which expense 
 would be checked, over and above the mere formal 
 statement of terms. In illustration of this, let the rela- 
 tion of servants and students be considered, as it would 
 or might exist in the kind of Hall here contemplated, 
 compared with that tolerated at present in many Col- 
 leges, where separate interests and rights of perquisite 
 
 c2
 
 20 
 
 militate so much against the possibility of economy, 
 proper subordination, and effective control. 
 
 For what Such a plan of Collegiate life, whilst it really consults 
 
 wouM provide. ^^^ ccouomy, docs not pretend to consult for extreme 
 poverty. Neither can extreme poverty be consulted 
 for by any comprehensive Collegiate scheme, except 
 such scheme be simply eleemosynary; nor is it the need 
 which principally demands consideration. The circum- 
 stances and persons for whom such a system would 
 consult, are exactly those for whom academic education 
 is most desirable, and to whose previous mode of life 
 and instruction such education would be the most 
 fitting complement. This can rarely be said for ex- 
 treme poverty ; and when poverty does offer such 
 cases, they, being extraordinary, are to be provided for 
 by extraordinary remedies. It is believed on the 
 same experience which has suggested the plan now 
 recommended, that clergymen, officers of the army 
 and navy, members of the legal and medical profes- 
 sions, and tradesmen who may have acquired means to 
 educate their sons beyond their own social position ; 
 persons to whom 80/. a year is possible, whilst 150/. is 
 not, or is at any rate a heavy sacrifice, and to whom 
 certainty in cost is a great consideration ; would will- 
 ingly send their sons in increased numbers to the 
 University, if an Institution of the kind here recom- 
 mended were open to them. 
 
 Probability of It is obvious, that tliis scheme for an inde- 
 pendent Hall presumes its finding occupants. In 
 support of such presumption, we appeal to what has 
 been said above with regard to other College esta- 
 blishments without Oxford, and to public opinion 
 otherwise manifested. And we feel justified in as-
 
 21 
 
 suming, that the evidence of results, strong as facts 
 prove it to be in ftliese external experiments, would 
 be incalculably^ increased, were Oxford to bring its 
 attractions and associations to bear upon it. And if 
 we look to the sentiments of the public at large, any 
 one who mixes much in society must know, that in 
 many [minds academic reform is narrowed down to 
 this single point. 
 
 3. A kind of University Extension in many respects 3. Private Haiis, 
 
 .1 j,i 1 1 i.'ii -i- under the care 
 
 Similar to the above may be obtained by permitting of m.a.'s., 
 independent Masters of Arts to open private Halls, ^f^JlJ^^f/j;^ 
 under certain restrictions, without requiring any en- ^"^^^'^^^y- 
 dowment or other security for permanence. Such a 
 plan would;'supply the most ample means which we 
 have hitherto suo-gested for extendinsr the Univer- * 
 sity, since it possesses a freedom both of action and 
 adaptation, which would meet the wants of various 
 classes and individuals, while at the same time it would 
 retain the most essential checks of our discipline. And 
 while the dangers undoubtedly incident to it are not 
 different in kind from those which beset our other 
 educational institutions, its advantages are peculiarly 
 its own. The other plans proposed, desirable as we 
 hold them to be, are still simply extensions of Colleges. 
 This alone gives a place for the emulation of inde- which may be 
 
 considered in- 
 
 pendent Establishments. This alone would remove dependent 
 
 ,,, ,. ^ ' ^ ^ ^ • i ij.1 establishments. 
 
 that exclusiveness which would in some degree be the 
 result of our education being limited to Colleges, — it 
 would be the means of retaining some of our best 
 teachers within the University, — it would stimulate our 
 whole teaching by the competition of various classes, — 
 and while it would often meet the case of the ex- 
 tremely poor, it would be equally available for young 
 men from the upper classes whose friends might desire 
 for them more complete domestic superintendence.
 
 22 
 
 Advocated as In eamestlij pressing this plan upon the notice of all 
 ing adapted to friend s of University Extension, we desire to rest it 
 various wants jjjg^jjjjy upon a principle which it has been our endea- 
 vour constantly to carry out in these suggestions, — 
 the extreme importance of e^iending not merely hy one 
 hut hy a considerable variety of methods the teaching of 
 the University. To apply this fully will alone enable 
 us to bring all our resources, both old and new, into 
 action. And that we shall be able to add many such 
 new resources to our old ones, no one can doubt who 
 considers the improvements likely to be effected among 
 us in their complete form and connexion. A more free 
 election to Fellowships, for example, will probably have 
 the effect of bringing into residence a larger number of 
 persons both capable and desirous of taking part in 
 education. And as it would be scarcely possible to 
 employ alloi these within the Colleges themselves, many 
 of them might be useful in such Halls as we now speak 
 of, — in some of which it is possible that those studies 
 might be best cultivated which are likely to be the 
 least followed out in Colleges. Nor can we doubt 
 that the inducement of such establishments would 
 draw to us much ability /ro^w without. Institutions for 
 almost every kind of education, and for every class, are 
 springing up and still demanded in every part of the 
 country. Can we doubt that the best position for many 
 of these would be Oxford, as the central point, and 
 one which combines the greatest advantages for men 
 of intellectual tastes or educational energy? Increased 
 opportunities for residence, and an increased liberty of 
 teaching in the University, must (it should seem) of 
 necessity both introduce and retain a large amount of 
 talent, emulation and energy, which at present is un- 
 known, lost, or wasted. 
 
 If we enter further into details, this scheme will offer
 
 23 
 some advantaofes which are not found in others. It May meet the 
 
 , , case of the ex- 
 
 is the merit of that scheme of Her Majesty's Com- tremeiy poor. 
 
 missioners, which we set aside originally as inad- 
 missible, that it seeks to provide for the case of 
 the extremely poor. For such persons we have not 
 hitherto made any provision. By the plan, however, 
 which we are here recommending, we believe that 
 they could be provided for, in all that respects eco- 
 nomy, to the full as well as by the scheme of the 
 Commissioners ; while they would retain (what in that 
 scheme they are deprived of) the invaluable advantage 
 of direct personal superintendence and discipline. It 
 is surely no inconceivable case that Masters of Arts 
 might be found, possessed of private means*, who would 
 undertake, as a work of charity, the education of a 
 small number of extremely poor men, making httle or 
 absolutely no profit from them. And this would not 
 only be the case in houses opened exclusively for the 
 poor, but also, possibly, to some extent in those where 
 the majority of the students were of a richer class. 
 The purely domestic arrangements of such an establish- 
 ment would admit of every consideration being paid to 
 the circumstances of all its members ; and an economy 
 would be possible under such a system which could 
 never be attained under the more general and unbend- 
 ing law of a Collegiate Rule. 
 
 Again, it is clear that many parents are deterred from other classes 
 sending their sons to Oxford, either by a general dislike whUmThey 
 to removing young men out of the sphere of domestic ^"'^ ^^°^ ^' 
 influence, or by a special conviction of the unfitness of 
 their own sons for the ordinary Collegiate life. Many 
 circumstances, health, character, bodily or mental in- 
 
 * The repeal of the clause in the Statuta Aularia before men- 
 tioned would of course facilitate the foundation of this as well as of 
 other kinds of Halls dependent upon individuals for funds.
 
 24 
 
 firmity, may render a person unfit to become a Member 
 of a large Hall or College, wbicb would not disqualify 
 him from pursuing bis studies with advantage in a 
 private Hall or House, under domestic superintendence. 
 Further, it may be questioned whether the disinclina- 
 tion which exists on the part of a considerable portion 
 of the upper classes to send their sons to Oxford does 
 not arise in some measure from the high value which 
 they set upon domestic influences, and the fear which 
 they entertain of placing young persons beyond their 
 control. Education by Private Tutors is still largely 
 resorted to by the Nobility and wealthier gentry ; and 
 the same reasons which deter such persons from placing 
 their boys at the Public Schools, cause them to shrink 
 from committing them to the mixed society and some- 
 what trying independence of a College. For such cases 
 the institution of Private Halls, which would be opened, 
 perhaps generally, by married Masters of Arts, would 
 seem alone capable of providing: and we cannot but 
 think that to permit them would be desirable, even if 
 no further benefit were to be looked for from so doing. 
 
 Securities for 
 the proper ap- 
 pointment of 
 the Heads of 
 such Halls. 
 
 The chief, indeed the only peculiar, difficulty 
 which attaches to the establishment of such Pri- 
 vate Halls is to secure the appointment of none but 
 fitting persons to be their Heads. With this ob- 
 ject we propose that no M. A. shall be entitled to 
 open such Private Hall, unless he shall have resided 
 continuously in the University for one previous year, 
 shall produce testimonials of character from his Col- 
 lege, and shall obtain the license of the Vice- 
 Chancellor and Proctors, or of some other Board ap- 
 pointed by the University for the purpose. He should 
 also, we think, be required to give sufficient guarantee 
 that his pupils shall be enabled to keep all requisite 
 Terms, and otherwise comply with the rules of the
 
 25 
 
 University. We recommend his receiving testimonials 
 from his College, and not license, for the following 
 reason ; because we are of opinion that this plan would 
 require two different safeguards ; — the one, that the 
 license of the University should only be given with 
 great care, and that it should be recalled upon any 
 manifest defects of discipline ; the other, that it should 
 be in no respect arbitrary, or left to the caprice of a 
 College, which from some objection to this kind of 
 education might decline to license an M. A. whose 
 claims were sufficient to give him a fair title to the 
 privilege. We might also trust that Colleges would 
 feel their deep responsibility in giving testimonials of 
 fitness for so important an office as that of the Head 
 of such an educational establishment, and would not 
 lightly or on wrong grounds confer, or help to confer, • 
 
 on persons not really qualified so high and honourable 
 a position. 
 
 An objection has been made that a very limited Objection to 
 
 /., ,. Ill ^' ^ • XX 11 them answered. 
 
 amount or teachmg would be supplied in a Hall con- 
 ducted by a single person. But, — without dwelling 
 on the probability of an increased amount of University 
 teaching, — it would obviously be in the power of the 
 Principals of various private Halls to combine for the 
 purposes of instruction, and thus to offer their pupils 
 the same advantages, with respect to the number of 
 Tutors and variety of Lectures, as those at present 
 enjoyed in Colleges. 
 
 We have only further to remark upon this head. Checks to be 
 that we would give to the Board which has the licens-them. 
 ing of these Halls, the right of closing them at three 
 months' notice, due provision being made for the trans- 
 ference of the students to some other establishment : 
 and that we would require the Heads of them to send
 
 26 
 
 in Terminally to the Vice-Chancellor an exact state- 
 ment of the numbers and discipline of their Halls, and 
 the academic progress of their students. We should 
 also think it of importance that migration from an- 
 other Society to a Private Hall should be absolutely 
 forbidden, unless in cases of poverty, to be certified by 
 the Head of such Society. 
 
 Effect of them It is an additional recommendation of this scheme, 
 
 in retaining 
 distinguishe 
 men in the 
 
 disthiguishtd that it would be likely to retain in the University 
 
 University. many distinguished men, who now leave it to find em- 
 ployment elsewhere. If it be said, that it would like- 
 wise retain undesirable men, we admit the objection 
 to have force ; but we should look confidently to see 
 such cases immensely overbalanced by those of an oppo- 
 site character. We believe that the good sense and 
 care of parents, the feeling of responsibility in Colleges, 
 and the watchfulness of the University, would tend to 
 render the evil, which might thus find entrance, incon- 
 siderable. 
 
 4. Extension of 4. We pass from the scheme which diverges most 
 
 existing Col- • i 1 /. . , . , . 
 
 leges by the Widely irom our present practice, to one which is a 
 
 addition of de- i j_/>-i -Trii • ^ ' j.' r^i 
 
 tached buUd- mere enlargement or it ; viz. iLiXtension or existing Col- 
 ings. leges by allowing them to lodge their Students in de- 
 
 tached houses. We are of opinion then, in the fourth 
 and last place, — 
 
 That permission should be given to all Colleges to 
 extend themselves by lodging their Undergraduate 
 Members in buildings detached from the College, under 
 the superintendence of a Graduate Fellow, or of a Mas- 
 ter of Arts ; the buildings so used to be licensed by 
 the Vice-Chancellor and Proctors, and the Vice-Chan 
 cellor and Proctors to have power, conjointly, to with- 
 draw the license at (say) three months' notice. 
 
 1-
 
 27 
 
 We regard this plan as far from adequately meeting Advantages of 
 the wants of the University. It is obvious, for iustance, 
 that it does not fully, although it may partially, open 
 our doors to a poorer class of Students. But it never- 
 theless combines a number of important advantages. 
 These are chiefly, (i.) the facility of such an alteration, 
 and the certainty that it would be immediately acted 
 upon ; (ii.) the small risk and slight outlay at which 
 the experiment could be tried ; (iii.) the elasticity of 
 the system ; and (iv.) the variety and power of adapta- 
 tion to circumstances of which it admits. 
 
 i. It is plain that immediately upon the removal of Facility of cai-- 
 the existing restrictions, several of the Colleges might exertion. 
 greatly enlarge their numbers, by taking houses in the 
 town, and filling them with Undergraduates. There is • 
 
 a pressure upon the best Colleges, and this, notwith- 
 standing, or rather in consequence of, the higher 
 standard of their admission examinations, causing them 
 to be over-full, and quite sufficient to enable them, 
 besides filling their rooms, to throw out one or more 
 such establishments as are here recommended, without 
 (as we believe) seriously diminishing the number of 
 Undergraduates in other Colleges. It is believed that 
 certain Colleges are prepared, the moment liberty is 
 granted them, to try this plan, which could thus be 
 brought into play in the very Term after the alteration 
 was conceded. This would of course be more difficult 
 in the case of the Independent or the Affiliated Halls, 
 where a large edifice has to be built for the new 
 Students. 
 
 ii. The outlay of the College thus extending itselfTheinconsider- 
 would be inconsiderable. Colleges might even rentqvured. 
 houses hy the year, so that (if the experiment failed 
 entirely) a year's rent would be the entire sacrifice.
 
 28 
 
 Besides, Colleges would be able to see tlieir way with 
 tolerable clearness, and could scarcely make any great 
 mistake as to the number on which they might calcu- 
 late for one year in advance. 
 
 Such a plan iii. This system possesses a great degree of elas- 
 
 andaseasiV^'ticity. Nothing could be more easy than to extend 
 laid aside. ^^. (.q^^^-j.^^.^ ^ College rapidly by this plan. As Stu- 
 dents thronged to it a College would take more houses, 
 as they fell off it would give them up. Colleges would 
 feel that they had a fair field before them, and that 
 they might adventure boldly, because it would be so 
 easy to draw back and stop in time. 
 
 Its applicability iv. The plan admits of ready adaptation to a variety 
 
 to a variety of /^ n • i i 
 
 cii-cumstauces. of circumstauces. At one time a College might have, 
 as some Colleges are known to have, a number of 
 Students with small means, supported by their friends 
 with great difficulty at the University, who would 
 gladly submit to a stricter discipline and severer rules 
 with respect to meals, hours, entertainments, and the 
 like, if they could thereby live at a less cost. At an- 
 other time additional space might be all that was 
 needed, and the men sent out of College might be 
 placed on exactly the same footing as those within the 
 walls. Again, the men at present sent out after their 
 twelfth term to find lodgings where they please in the 
 town might be collected into such houses; in which 
 Bachelors of Arts also might be required to reside 
 during any time that they might spend in Oxford be- 
 tween the B.A. and the M.A. degree: in both cases, 
 to the manifest improvement of University and College 
 discipline, in quarters which it is now inadequate to 
 reach. Other cases might be mentioned, if it were 
 desirable to enter further into particulars.
 
 29 
 
 Additional arguments will readily occur in support 
 of this plan. 
 
 First, it is one probable result of impending changes, Employment of 
 to which we have already alluded, that the entire non-ofretuentFei- 
 residence of Fellows will become far less frequent ^°''^^' 
 than it is at present. If this is to be the case, it is 
 important to provide work for that larger number of 
 Fellows who may be expected at any one time to 
 be resident in Oxford. The superintendence of such 
 houses might furnish them with useful and appropriate 
 occupation. 
 
 Secondly, this scheme, being a mere extension of Such a scheme 
 
 , . f, f, . ■, . , readily incor- 
 
 the present system, is tree from various objections porated with 
 which may be thought to lie, though not (as we con- gyg^em.^^'^ 
 ceive) with justice, against other modes of extending 
 the University. The position both of the Undergra- 
 duates thus added to the Colleges, and of the superin- 
 tending Fellows or Masters of Arts, would be, from 
 the first, clear and ascertained. The superintendents 
 would be a mere addition to the internal staff of their 
 College, would receive their appointment in the same 
 way, and would in all respects rank with College Tu- 
 tors ; while the Undergraduates would be bond fide 
 members of the College, under the same regimen and 
 discipline, enjoying the use of the College Chapel, Hall, 
 Library, and Lectures, and associating with the other 
 members of the College more or less as might be 
 thought desirable. We believe that no social barrier 
 would be raised between such members of a College 
 and those living inside the walls, but that, while inter- 
 course would be in some degree checked, a thoroughly 
 friendly feeling would exist between the two classes 
 of students.
 
 30 
 
 It would be a Should it be said, that the adoption of this plan 
 
 rea^ extension itt • -i 
 
 oftheUniver- would not lead to any real University extension, but 
 ^' ^* only to a change in the distribution of the existing 
 
 students, who would be attracted in greater numbers 
 to particular Colleges, we think it sufficient to reply — 
 first, that if the case were so, it would not be con- 
 clusive against the scheme, since it is plainly " desir- 
 able that as many persons as possible should be ad- 
 mitted to the benefit of the education which is imparted 
 in the best-conducted Colleges." Justice to our stu- 
 dents demands no less. And other Colleges would 
 gain rather than lose by the change ; if any real or 
 expected diminution in their numbers led them to con- 
 sider the possible need of improvement. Further, it 
 is our conviction that University extension would in 
 reality be greatly promoted by this as by the other 
 plans here advocated. Many students are lost to Ox- 
 ford altogether, by the difficulty of entering them upon 
 short notice at the College which they prefer. And 
 the great power of adaptation mentioned above would 
 enable Colleges to attract different classes of students, 
 by varying the system of discipline and education in 
 their several detached houses to suit their peculiar 
 needs. 
 
 It would react Lastly, we think it worth while to notice the pro- 
 upon the Col- bability, that such off-shoots from the Colleges, whe- 
 leges them- ^|^gj, jjj ^j^g f^^.^^ ^f a affiliated" or of simply additional 
 
 selves. ^ J 
 
 Halls, would react favourably upon the parent body. 
 Plans found to answer in the smaller society would 
 often be adopted in the larger. Experiments could 
 - readily be tried in new bodies, and upon a small scale, 
 which the great risk deters even the boldest persons 
 from making upon Colleges. The range of practical 
 experience would be greatly increased, and it seems 
 not too much to expect that modes of living might
 
 31 
 
 spread from the out-College students to those inside 
 the walls, tending very much to the advantage of the 
 latter. 
 
 Such are the plans of University Extension, which Summary. 
 we are prepared to recommend. A review of them 
 will shew — 
 
 1. That in each the principle of domestic and per- 
 sonal superintendence by recognised Tutors is carefully 
 preserved : or rather we may say, is enforced and 
 strengthened by the closer intercourse between Tutor 
 and pupil, for which each plan provides. 
 
 2. That the practicability of each scheme, where it 
 is not self-evident (as in the third and fourth cases), 
 rests upon the calculations of experienced persons, 
 who have either been actually engaged in similar and 
 successful undertakings elsewhere, or have had prac- 
 tical experience both of the University itself, and of 
 students of other classes than those usually found in 
 Oxford as it now is, or have made the subject their 
 peculiar study. 
 
 3. That while the last two plans recommended 
 may jjlainly be made not only self-supporting but pro- 
 fitable, and involve the least conceivable outlay of 
 capital, and scarcely any risk of loss, we are, in the 
 first and second of our recommendations, simply call- 
 ing upon educational institutions (for such they are in 
 fact) to employ surplus funds, where they exist, for 
 educational purposes : and calling upon them, in the 
 second of the two, not to sink those funds, but to invest 
 them, and in a speculation, which bids fair to be, if not
 
 32 
 
 a profitable, yet at the worst not a losing one, even 
 on the narrow view of mere pecuniary profit. 
 
 Let it be noticed too, that one only of the plans re- 
 commended, viz. the Independent Hall, involves even a 
 loan of money from the University : and that, while 
 any feasible plan earnestly and practically put forward 
 would doubtless be met by liberal subscriptions from 
 without the University, it is the fact that subscriptions 
 to a large amount have actually been tendered in past 
 years towards the foundation of an Independent Hall. 
 
 But while thus maintaining the practicability of each 
 of our recommendations, and the harmony of each of 
 them with our existing system, we must earnestly insist 
 upon the expediency of permitting all. No one of 
 them by itself would meet our wants. Each adapts 
 itself to a particular class of students, for which the 
 others would not suffice. 
 
 This is obvious, if we regard simply the question of 
 expense. 
 
 By the fourth plan we render the University acces- 
 sible to an increased number of the wealthier class, 
 who are kept from us now, not by pecuniary consider- 
 ations, but by the difficulty of gaining admission into 
 the College which they prefer. 
 
 By the same plan we admit also, in larger numbers 
 and with greater comfort, those who, upon an allow- 
 ance of (say) 150/. and under, now live with difficulty 
 and self-denial in our existing Colleges. 
 
 By the plan of Independent Halls we include per- 
 sons whose utmost income amounts to 80/. or 90/. per
 
 33 
 
 annum : and wlio at present, if they can contrive to 
 get through the University at all, do so at the cost of 
 a self-denial so unremitting and intense, that we may 
 fairly pronounce it as a general rule impossible. 
 
 By the plan of "Affiliated" Halls we extend our 
 limit still lower, to an income of 60/. or 70/. 
 
 By the plan of private Halls opened by individual 
 M. A.'s, we extend the limit to a still lower level of 
 expense, either by giving facilities for private be- 
 neficence, or by enabling students of humble means 
 to frame their mode of life upon the narrowest possi- 
 ble standard of economy to which they themselves may 
 choose to submit. 
 
 But we do not rest the question upon grounds of 
 economy only. The nation has increased : the edu- 
 cated portion of the nation has increased in a far 
 higher ratio : the University alone has remained com- 
 paratively stationary. Other classes and professions be- 
 sides the wealthier gentry and the clergy take a lead 
 in society, enter into the governing body of the coun- 
 try, need, and we believe may easily be brought to 
 desire, an University education. There is an increas- 
 ing demand for additional clergy : and an increasing 
 class of persons fit to supply that demand. For the 
 reception of these classes the University has very in- 
 adequately provided : some are virtually excluded from 
 her walls : and other bodies have stepped in to fill up 
 with an inferior education the place which duty and 
 interest alike entitle her to occupy. The nature of 
 our educational system has been one cause of this. 
 The certainty of expense and the undefined fear of 
 extravagance, together with our inability to expand 
 
 D
 
 3^ 
 
 and adapt the economy of our system, have assuredly 
 been another. We have taken steps to remove the 
 former objection. We are now suggesting means for 
 removing the latter. With every advantage of posi- 
 tion, ancient tradition, wide-spread influence, powerful 
 foundations, the University seems to us imperatively 
 called upon to take immediate steps to secure that 
 place at the head of the Church education of the 
 country, which is hers by inheritance, hers by the 
 purpose of her founders, hers hitherto by the consent 
 of the country at large, but which proved fitness, and 
 enlarged and generous efforts, will alone enable her 
 long to retain.
 
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