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 http://www.archive.org/details/butterflycollectOOjerm 
 

 TO THE 
 
 REV. WILLIAM KIRBY, A. M. 
 F. R. S. & F. L. S. 
 ^X RECTOR OF BARHAM, IN SUFFOLK, 
 
 *^. WHOSE 
 
 ARDEXT AND UNREMITTING ZEAL IN THE STUDY OF 
 
 % 
 
 THE WORKS OF NATURE, 
 
 '^ AND WHOSE 
 
 i 
 
 *^ VALUABLE AND SCIENTIFIC LABOURS, 
 
 DEMAND THE GRATEFUL ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF 
 / EVERY TRUE FRIEND AND ADMIRER OF 
 
 a 
 
 if 
 
 tn 
 ip 
 (■ 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY; 
 
 THE FOLLOWING 
 
 "SYNOPTICAL LIST OF ENGLISH BUTTERFLIES" 
 
 ENRICHED 
 
 BY HIS ACCURATE AND VALUABLE REMARKS, 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 From the many additions, which have been 
 made by scientific Entomologists to the List of 
 English Butterflies, since the Publication of the 
 Aurelian's Pocket Companion by Harris, in 1775; 
 as well as from the circumstance of that Work 
 having long been out of print, and therefore difficult 
 to be procured; it is presumed that the admirers of 
 tliis pleasing branch of Natural History will be 
 interested in the appearance of a '' Fade Mecum" 
 which is partly extracted from " Hawarth's Lepi- 
 doptera" a work of great merit, but which is now 
 not easily obtained. 
 
 The Editor of the present little Work cannot 
 but admit that it might have been more complete ; 
 but it is not the province of Authors to point out 
 their own defects : it is submitted therefore, such as 
 it is, to the kind indulgence of the British Aiireli^ 
 anist, with requesting his attention to the three 
 following remarks : — 
 
 1. In this Synoptical Table, are inserted the 
 names of those Butterflies only, which are re- 
 corded as purelij English on unquestionable 
 
authority ; except in a few iiistanees where they 
 are marked as doubtful. 
 
 2. To the List of that able Naturalist Haivarth, 
 one species, P. Labienus, has been added.* 
 
 3. That the respective Families have been simpli- 
 fied ; and Twelve only ( the Sub-divisions being 
 incorporated) retained. 
 
 The Natural History of Animals is the most in- 
 teresting to man as an animated being, and the 
 most striking and prominent in the phenomena 
 which it displays. And although the study of 
 every class is most indisputably attended with pe- 
 culiar advantages, yet it may safely be affirmed, 
 that it is from the knowledg-e of the characters* 
 metamorphoses, and various modes of life which In- 
 sects are destined to pursue, that a more intimate 
 acquaintance may be obtained with the laws of 
 Nature, and veneration for the great Creator of alL 
 than can be derived from the contemplation of any 
 other class in the animated world. Entomology or 
 the science of insects, therefore, has become a favorite 
 pursuit ; and the talent and research, displayed in 
 the elucidation of it by a Kirby and a Spence, com- 
 
 * A species which was latel}' discovered by the Rev. 
 Revett Sheppard, M. A. of Wrabness, in Essex, a most intel- 
 ligent and scientific Naturalist, to whom the Editor is 
 indebted for the " Synoptical Table," and for the idea of 
 this little Work. 
 
bined with the moral and religious instruction which 
 tlieir writings universally convey, cannot fail of 
 increasing the number of votaries, and thereby 
 opening " a mine of pleasure new, boundless and in- 
 xhaustiide," 
 
 But the most fascinating brancli of this study 
 is perhaps the Genus Papilio — and however the 
 Hunters of Butterflies may be laughed at by the 
 vulgar, and whatever ridicule may be thrown upon 
 this their favorite pursuit, still the great number and 
 variety of these Insects, as well as the extreme 
 beauty of some of them, cannot fail of attracting 
 the notice and exciting the admiration of those, 
 who are fond of contemplating the beauties and 
 wonders of creation, and thereby rendering the 
 study of them a source of pleasure and instruction. 
 
 " See, exclaims the illustrious Linnceus — the large 
 elegant painted wings of the Butterfly and four in 
 number, covered with small imbricated scales ; 
 with these it sustains itself in the air the whole 
 day, rivalling the flight of birds and the brilliancy of 
 the Peacock. Consider this insect tln-ough the 
 wonderful progress of its life, how different is the 
 first period of its being from the second, and both 
 from the parent insect : its changes are an inexpli- 
 cable enigma to us : we see a green Caterpillar fur- 
 nished with sixteen feet, creeping, hairy, and 
 
feeding upon the leaves of a plant ; this is changed 
 into a Chrysalis, smooth, of a golden lustre, hanging 
 suspended to a fixed point, without feet, and sub- 
 sisting without food : this insect again undergoes 
 another transformation, acquires wings and six feet, 
 and becomes a variegated white Butterfly, living 
 by suction upon the honey of plants. What has 
 Nature produced more worthy of our admiration ? 
 Such an animal coming upon the stage of the world, 
 and playing its part there under so many different 
 masks! In the egg of the Papilio, the epidermis 
 or external integument falling off, a Caterpillar is 
 disclosed ; the second epidermis drying and being 
 detached, it is a Chrysalis; and the third, aButterfly."* 
 The alteration of form, which the whole of the 
 papilionaceous tribe undergo, affords a subject of the 
 most pleasing contemplation to the mind of the 
 naturalist; and though a deeply philosophical sur- 
 vey demonstrates that there is no real or absolute 
 change produced in the identity of the creature 
 itself, or that it is in reality any other than the 
 gradual and progressive evolution of parts before 
 concealed, and which lay masqued under the form 
 of an insect of a v/idely different appearance, yet 
 it is justly viewed with the highest admiration, and 
 even generally acknowledged as, in the mo^t lively 
 manner, typical of the last eventful change. 
 • LinnsBUs Orat. on Insects — Am. Acad. v. 2. p. 356. 
 
If any regard be paid to a similarity of names, 
 it should seem that the ancients were so struck 
 with the transformations of the Butterfly, and 
 its revival from a seeming temporary death, as to 
 have considered it as an emblem of the soul j the 
 Greek word 'Ivx^^ signifying both the soul and a 
 butterfly. This is also confirmed by their allegorical 
 sculptures, in which the butterfly occurs as an em- 
 blem of immortalit3^ 
 
 Swammerdam, speaking of the metamorphosis of 
 insects, uses these strong words " This process is 
 formed in so remarkable a manner in butterflies, 
 that we see therein the resurrection painted before 
 our eyes, and exemplified so as to be examined by 
 our hands." 
 
 Modern naturalists, impressed with the same no- 
 tion, and laudably solicitous to apply it as an illus- 
 tration of the awful mj^stery revealed in the sacred 
 writings, have drawn their allusions to it from the 
 dormant condition of the papilionaceous insects 
 during their state of chrysalis, and their resuscita- 
 tion from it. This idea is also beautifully expressed 
 by the elegant Author of "the Pleasures of Memory," 
 in the following very appropriate stanzas : — 
 
 Child of the sun ! pursue thv rapturous flight, 
 Mingling with her thou lov'st in fields of light ; 
 And where the flowers of paradise unfold, 
 Quaff fragrant nectar from their cups of gold. 
 
There shall thy wings, rich as an evening sky, 
 
 Expand and shut with silent extasy. 
 
 — Yet wert thou once a worm, a tlung that crept 
 
 On the bare earth, then wrought a tomb and slept ! 
 
 And such is man ; soon from his cell of clay 
 
 To burst a seraph in the blaze of dav ! 
 
 Rogers. 
 
 Even the animated illustration taken from the 
 vegetable world, so justly admired, as best calcu- 
 lated for general apprehension, must yield in the 
 force of its similitude to that drawn from the insect's 
 life, since nature exhibits few phenomena that can 
 equal so wonderful a transformation. 
 
 It would, however, be a waste of time to prove 
 how delightful and instructive it is to 
 
 " Look through Nature up to Nature's God;" 
 
 as well as an uselsss labor to demonstrate, that '* if 
 any judicious or improved use is to be made of the 
 natural bodies around us it must be expected from 
 tliose, who discriminate their kinds, and study their 
 properties." 
 
 *' To see all things in God," say the Authors of 
 the Introduction to Entomology, "has been account- 
 ed one of the peculiar privileges of a future state ; 
 and in this present life "to see God in all things," 
 in the mirror of the creation to behold and adore 
 
the reflected glory of tlie Creator isno meaTi attain- 
 ment ; and it possesses this advantage, that thus 
 we sanctify our pursuits, and instead of loving the 
 creatures for themselves, are led, by the survey of 
 them and their Instincts, to the love of Him who 
 made and endowed tliem." The more then we 
 study the works of Creation, the more will the wis- 
 dom and the goodness of the Creator be manifested ; 
 and while we admire the order and harmony of the 
 whole, or the beauty and variety of its parts, it will 
 be impossible not to adore *' Him who is wise in 
 heart, and wonderful in working," and at the same 
 time confess with humility of soul, that 
 
 " The Hand that made them is divine." 
 
 Ipswich, M\y, 1824. L. J. 
 
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 
 
 Papilio, the Butterfly, is in Entomology a 
 genus of Insects of the Order Lepidoptera (from 
 XiTTi?, a scale, and Txepoy, a wing). Their generic 
 character is, Antennoe, thickening towards the ex- 
 tremity, and commonly terminating in a knob or 
 clavated tip; and four wings covered with fine 
 scales in the form of powder or meal, which, when 
 sitting, are erect, and meet upwards. They fly in 
 the day time. " The great number," says Dr. Shaw, 
 "of species in this genus, makes it absolutely neces- 
 sary to divide them into sections or sets, instituted 
 from the habit or general appearance, and in some 
 degree, from the distribution of the colours on the 
 wings. This division of the genus is conducted by 
 Linnaeus in a peculiarly elegant and instructive man- 
 ner, being an attempt td combine natural and civil 
 history, by attaching some illustrious ancient name 
 to an insect of such or such particular cast." The 
 names of Butterflies are, however, sometimes taken 
 from the plants on which they feed. 
 
 The Butterfly feeds on the nectareous juice of 
 flowers, or on the saccharine substance which ex- 
 udes from the leaves of vegetables, and will some- 
 
10 
 
 times alight, and suck the sweets of ripe fruit that 
 has been broken by its fall. 
 
 The greater part of those Lepidopterous insects, 
 which come forth in the spring or summer, perish 
 or disappear at the approach of winter. There are 
 few, the period of whose life exceeds that of a year. 
 Some outlive the rigors of winter from being con- 
 cealed under ground, and others remain hid in the 
 bark of trees, or in chinks of old walls, but the 
 pi'oportion of those which survive is very incon- 
 siderable, unless it be those in the egg state. Those 
 which are hatched in the autumn and live under 
 ground, or in other places of security during winter, 
 usually come forth in the spring, take proper 
 nourishment and undergo their several changes to 
 the perfect state. 
 
 The papilionaceous insects in general, soon after 
 their enlargement from the chrysalis, and commonly 
 during their first flight, discharge some drops of 
 r«d-colored fluid, more or less intense in different 
 species. " This circumstance," observes Dr. Shaw, 
 *'is peculiarly worthy of attention from the explana- 
 tion which it affords of a phenomenon sometimes 
 considered, both in ancient and modern times, in 
 the light of a prodigy; viz. the descent of red drops 
 from the air; which has been called a shower of 
 blood : an event recorded by several wrkers, and 
 particularly by Ovid, among the prodigies which 
 took place aftej* the death of the great dictator. 
 
11 
 
 " Si«pe faces visoe mediis ardere sub astns, 
 
 Sa^pe inter nimbos gutt?e cecidere cruentap." 
 
 " AVith threatening signs the lowering skies were fill'd, 
 
 And sanguine drops from miu-ky clouds distill'd." 
 
 This highly rational elucidation of a phenomenon, 
 at first view so inexplicable, seems to have been 
 discovered by the celebrated Pierescius, at Aix, in 
 Provence, where a shower of this kind fell in 1 608 — 
 the common people were terrified with the appre- 
 hension of some great general calamity — but that 
 intelligent Naturalist, enquiring into the affair with 
 minute attention, was fully convinced that these 
 drops were scattered by an innumerable swarm of 
 t!ie Papilio C. Album, hovering in the air r he pre- 
 served several of the Caterpillars of this insect in a 
 glass, which after their transformation discharged 
 these drops of blood — This discovery ruined two 
 hypotheses, which had been supported with equal 
 ability, one, that it was the work of evil spirits, 
 the other, that these drops were formed from red 
 exhalations precipitated again in rain. * 
 
 The same notion was also entertained by Sw^am- 
 raerdam, though he does not appear to have verified 
 it from liis own observation. 
 
 The Larvce of Butterflies are universally and 
 emphatically known by the name of Caterpillars, 
 and are extremely various in their forms and colours; 
 some being smooth, and some beset with either 
 simple or ramified spines; while others are seen to 
 
 • Avehn ]Miracula Insectoruin, x\ni. Acad, v- 3. n. :u;i. 
 
12 
 
 protrude from their neck, when disturbed, a forked 
 scent-organ, which probably is intended to drive 
 away the Ichneumons that attack them. They 
 are also furnished with palpi, jaws, several eyes, 
 and sixteen feet, and are in their motions very ac- 
 tive and alert. 
 
 That accurate observer of Nature, accomplished 
 scholar, and high! pleasing Poet, the late Rev. Dr. 
 Hurdis, has thus minutely described the birth and 
 habits of the Caterpillar. 
 
 '* Hatch'd by the sunbeam fi-om contiguous cells, 
 Around the slender apple-twig combin'd 
 In circuit orderly, egg glued to egg^ 
 Issue the caterpillar swarm minute. 
 There left, oviparous, her half-born brood. 
 Ere summer clos'd, the parent left and died. 
 There have they still endur'd, and still survived 
 Sharp winter's t3Tp.miy ; the bitter frost. 
 That slew the myrtle, and the lasting leaf 
 Of the screen'd laurel chang'd, no death to them. 
 
 Now busily conven'd, upon the bud 
 That crowns their genial branch they feast sublime, 
 And spread their muslin canopy around, 
 Pavilion'd richer than the proudest king. 
 The spinster Caterpillar ties aloft, 
 Fine as the gossamer, his slender cord 
 To his lov'd cradle, the recor'riiig elm. 
 And playfully suspended, rocks and whirls, 
 And, ere his wings are granted, lives in air." 
 
 Favorite Village, b.4. p. I75, 6, 
 
13 
 
 The Caterpillar, whose lite is one coiitiiuied 
 succession of changes, often moults its skin before 
 it attains its full growth — and it is not simply 
 the skin that is changed, for when it moults, 
 in the exuviae are found the skull, jaAvs, and 
 all the exterior parts both hcaly and membrana- 
 ceous, which compose its upper and under lip ; its 
 antennae, palpi, even those crustaceous pieces within 
 the head which serve as a fixed ba'^is to a number of 
 muscles, with the spiracles, the claws and sheaths 
 of the anterior legs, and in general the traces of all 
 that is visible in the external figure of the Caterpil- 
 lar. This change is effected by the insect with- 
 drawing itself from the outer skin, when it 
 finds itself incommoded from being confined 
 within too narrow a compass; but to accomplish this 
 change is the work of some labor and time — the 
 Caterpillar generally fasts a whole day after moult- 
 ing. The Caterpillars of Lepidopterous insects, 
 with a few exceptions, are destitute of all means of 
 defence, and are the prey of birds, and other vo- 
 racious creatures. Many of them feed close to the 
 ground or under the surface, subsisting on the lower 
 parts or roots of plants ; and for this reason many 
 kinds are seldom seen, and others remain unknown. 
 Some of the Lepidopterous Caterpillars are solitary, 
 others live in society. *'' A Caterpillar, when grown 
 
 • Shaw, vol 6. p. 206. 
 
J4 
 
 to its full size, retires to some convenient spot, and 
 securing itself properly by a small quantity of silken 
 filaments, either suspends itself by the tail, hanging 
 with its head downwards, or else in an upright 
 position, with the body fastened round the middle 
 by a proper number of filaments. It then casts off 
 the Caterpillar skin and commences Chrysalis, in 
 which state it continues till the enclosed Butterfly 
 is ready for birth, which, liberating itself from the 
 skin of the Chi'ysalis, remains till its wings, which 
 are at first very short, weak, and covered with 
 moisture, are fully extended: this happens in the 
 space of a quarter of an hour, when the animal 
 suddenly quits the state of inactivity to which it 
 had been so long confined and becomes at pleasure 
 an inhabitant of the air." 
 
 This wonderful resuscitation has been so spiritedly 
 described by the French Poet of Nature, that no 
 apology will,ItruT>t, be required for the insertion of 
 the following extract from his '^ Jardins." 
 
 " Voyez ce Papillon e'chappe du tombeau, 
 
 Sa mort ftit un sommeil, et sa tombe un berceau ; 
 
 II brise le fourreau qui Techainait dans I'ombre ; 
 
 Deux yeux paraient son front, et ses yeux sont sans nombre ; 
 
 II se trainait a peine, 11 part corame Teclair ; 
 
 II rampait sur la terre, il voltige dans I'air." 
 
 De Lille. 
 
15 
 
 Nor can I resist offerincr another equally applica- 
 ble quotation from the amiable Hurdis ; 
 
 *' fiehold ag&in with saftron wing superb 
 The giddy Butterfly. Released at length 
 From his warm winter cell, he mounts on high, 
 No longer reptile, but endued with plumes, 
 And through the blue air wanders ; pert alights, 
 And seems to sleep, but from the treacherous hand 
 Snatches his beauties suddenly away 
 And zig-zag dances o'er the flowery dell." 
 
 Favorite Village, b. 4. p. 172, 3. 
 
 The Pupa, of Chrysalis is naked, and remains 
 torpid for a longer or shorter period; frequently, 
 hanging to different substances by means of threads 
 attached to its middle or tail — The eggs or Chry- 
 salises of some of the species, will lie dormant for 
 several years, it being an undoubted fact, that a 
 species of Butterfly shall be plentiful one year, and 
 not be seen again till many years after. 
 
DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING AND 
 PRESERVING BUTTERFLIES. 
 
 J, It is useless to go <5ut to collect Butterflies if 
 the weather be cool, or much wind stirring, as at 
 such times almost all kinds of insects conceal them- 
 selves — A warm damp air, such as generally comes 
 after rain, is what they prefer, when they fly near 
 the earth to enjoy the humidity which arises in 
 steams from the ground. — In hot and dry days it is 
 common to see the Butterflies settle in numbers on 
 the mud in ditches; from this it may be inferred 
 that heat, with moisture, best agrees with their na- 
 ture. P. Brassicce is a good token for fine weather; 
 when any number of this species are out in a 
 morning, it rarely happens but a fine day ensues. 
 
 2. Boxes which are taken in the pocket for 
 Caterpillars, and cages for breeding insects, should 
 not be made of deal or fir, except they be well lined 
 with paper, with iioles in the sides and tops covered 
 with crape or ranvas; for the effluvia of the turpen- 
 tine, raised by the heat of the pocket, or of the 
 sun, is extremely prejudicial to them, and seldom 
 fails to destroy the greater part of the Caterpillars 
 
17 
 
 contained therein for any length of time — The 
 cause of the deaths of the Caterpillars, found at the 
 bottoms of cages or pocket-boxes, is generally at- 
 tributed to bruises got in beating the trees, when 
 collecting them; but this is a great mistake, as those 
 which happen to be injured in beating, seldom die 
 till the time of changing their skin, or of their 
 transformation. 
 
 3. In the preservation of the Chrysalides during 
 the winter, it will be necessary to keep them in cold 
 and moist places, as in a cellar or out-house, or the 
 greater part of them will be killed, especially those 
 whose nature it is to change in the earth ; for dry 
 warmth is apt to exhale the nutritive moisture 
 from them, harden the shell and weaken the insects 
 so much, that at the time when they should appear 
 in their winged state, they have not strength left 
 sufficient to burst open the Chrysalis and come forth 
 from their confinement. 
 
 4. When any of the Butterflies are extended on 
 the setting board beneath the card braces, let them 
 remain in that situation, till not only the aqueous 
 moisture, but the oily and saline particles also, be 
 evaporated; otherwise the wings will not only start 
 from their natural position, but the bodies, with the 
 antennas, will grow mouldy when in the cabinet ; 
 and what is of worse consequence, breed millions 
 
IS 
 
 of nnitnalcnics, which, except some remedy is ap- 
 plied, will infallibly destroy them. — They should 
 therefore be kept in some dry place, open to the 
 air, but free from dust, for a considerable time be- 
 fore they are placed in the cabinet. 
 
 5. If at any time the preserved insects should 
 appear as if growing mouldy, or be infested with 
 small animalculeSj which may be known by a kind 
 of dust seen beneath the abdomen — the only effectu- 
 al remedy is the smoke of tobacco, which must be 
 blown through the small end of a pipe — through a 
 hole made for that purpose, at the back of the 
 drawer or box which contains them. — This not 
 only corrects the putrid and stagnant air, but kills 
 those formidable enemies which often destroy 
 whole cabinets of insects — this process will preserve 
 them for twelve months, when it will be necessary 
 to repeat it — the smoke will not in any degree injure 
 the beauty of the insects. 
 
 Butterflies may be easily killed, by pressing the 
 thorax or breast, betwixt the finger and thumb 
 and it is preferable to have the wings closed because 
 they thus occupy less space, and their colour and 
 lustre are better preserved — they can easily be after- 
 wards expanded by the steam of hot water ; and 
 should be handled as little as possible, lest the 
 delicate down to which manv of them owe their 
 
If) 
 
 greatest beauty, should be disturbed or destroyed. 
 They may also be killed by putting them in a glass 
 •immersed-half way up in boiling water, covering 
 the top close; or by placing them on a plate, under 
 an inverted tumbler, anil setting it before the fire a 
 minute or two. Great care should be taken that the 
 antennce feelers or legs are not injured. — A i)iii 
 should be stuck through their thorax, by the 
 means of which they may be fixed in the bottom of 
 a box lined with cork. Camphor ought to be put 
 into the box. 
 
 : In collecting .Butterflies it is necessary to use 
 either forceps or nets. The forceps are about 
 ten or twelve inches in length, provided with fans 
 of a . circular or other form, and are covered with 
 gauze; they are held and moved as a pair of scissors, 
 and are used to catch the insects when at rest : but if 
 they are on the wing, and within reach, a hand 
 uet will be necessary. The net is very easily 
 made. — It is of gauze or any very fine open muslin, 
 a yaj'd and half square made upon a piece of 
 cane four feet in length, split down the middle 
 about half way— the split part is tied together^ 
 so as to form a hoop, upon which the gauze is 
 sewed in the form of a bag ; the lower part serves 
 as a handle and with this Butterflies, and all flying 
 insects, may be very easily caught. When the insect 
 is once within the rim of the net, by turning it on 
 
20 
 
 either side, its escape is completely prevented by 
 the pressure of the gauze or muslin against the 
 edge of the hoop. If they are beyond your 
 reach, you must use a casting net, which may be 
 made thus: — tie a weight (a half-penny for 
 instance), in one of the corners of a piece of gauze, 
 about the size of a common handkerchief, a lighter 
 weight in the second corner, and a bit of very light 
 wood in the third : the inequality in the weight 
 and bulk of these substances, will occasion the 
 gauze to open, when thrown from the hand : a thin 
 piece of twine, a yard or two long, may be tied to 
 the remaining corner, by which the net may be 
 drawn in at pleasure. The art of spreading it to its 
 full extent may be acquired with very little practice. 
 The intestines of Butterflies should be extracted, 
 which may be done by cutting a slit with a fine 
 pointed pair of scissors, at the extremity of the 
 body, and gently pressing them out ; a small roll 
 of cotton or paper, dipped in anticeptic powder 
 should then be introduced, so as to extend the body 
 to its natural form. 
 
TERMS 
 
 Used ill ike Description of ike various Parts of 
 the Butterfly, rvith reference to the Plate. 
 
 a Head. 
 h Eyes. 
 c Palpi. 
 
 d Knobs of the Antennae, 
 e Threads of theAntennae 
 f Tongue. 
 g Thorax. 
 h Shoulders. 
 
 i Scutellum or Escutcheon 
 k Abdomen with its Anuli 
 / Tips or Apices. 
 m Sector Edge, 
 w Fringes. 
 o Sector. 
 
 p Abdominal Groove. 
 q Tails. 
 r Abdominal Corners. 
 
 s Lower Corners of the 
 superior Wings 
 
 t Outer Corners of the in- 
 ferior ditto. 
 
 , u Abdominal Edges 
 
 w Anus. 
 
 X Ocelli, Eyes, or Eyelets* 
 
 y Bar, Band or Garter. 
 
 . A Superior Wings angu- 
 lated. 
 
 B Superior Wing, smooth 
 or even edged. 
 
 C Inferior Wing scallop- 
 ed. 
 
 D Inferior Wing indent- 
 ed. 
 
The inferior pari s o}' Ihc Superior Wing described. 
 
 The Parts coloured Gree7i, are the Fan-Tendons 
 and Membranes, marked in Numerical Order; 
 viz. 1st. 2d. 3d. iVc. 
 
 Papiliones have only five of these Membranes, 
 and six Tendons. 
 
 The parts coloured with Pink, are the Tables. 
 
 The Pale Blue, shews the Sectors. 
 
 Shoulder Membrane — Yello7v. 
 
 Slip Membrane — Pale Orange. 
 
 Long Membrane — Purple. 
 
 The Parts coloured Blue, are the Sector Ten- 
 dons and Membranes, and it is in this part of 
 the Wing only, wherein one Genus differs from 
 another. 
 
 The Grand Tendons are three in number ; viz. 
 
 7 Long Tendon, "n 
 
 8 Principal Tendon, s. Grand Tendons. 
 
 9 Shoulder Tendon, J 
 
 10 Table Tendon. 
 
 1 1 Slip Edge. 
 
 12 Bar Tendon. 
 
 Interior parts of the Inferior Wing described. 
 Green shews the Fan-Tendons and Membranes, 
 which are the same in number as in the superior 
 Wings. 
 
Grand Tendons. 
 
 23 
 
 Pink, shews the Table Membrane. 
 Bhie. The Sector. 
 
 Yellow. Table Membrane, or Bent ditto. 
 Purple. Long Membrane. 
 Acute Membrane. 
 
 Pale Orange. Grand Tendons, three in number ; 
 viz. 
 
 15 Posterior Tendon, 
 
 16 Table Tendon, 
 
 17 Bent or Femoral 
 
 Tendon, 
 
 18 Spur ; this part answers to that little instru- 
 ment in the Phalsena, called Spring. 
 
 1 3 Abdominal Tendon . 
 
 14 Long Tendon. 
 
 The several parts of the inferior Wings greatly 
 correspond with the respective parts of the supe- 
 rior, yet here are no parts answerable to the Sector 
 Tendons and Membranes, and which are distin- 
 guished with Purple in the superior ; there is 
 another on the opposite edge of the Wing, called 
 The Abdominal Membrane, which is coloured 
 Purple. 
 
Errata. 
 
 Page 26, No. 17. For Polydama read Polymeda* 
 
 * Haworth has by mistake called this Polydama^ referring 
 lo Scopoli, whose name is what we have given. Fabricius 
 lias a Pohjdamas which is a different Insect. 
 
LIST 
 
 Butterflies and their Families. 
 
 * Swallow-Tails. 
 
 1 Machaon Swallow-tail, f L. pi. 34. 
 
 2 Podalirius Scarce Swallow-tail. L. pi. 35. 
 
 ** Whites. 
 
 3 CraUegi Black veined White. L. pi. 24. 
 
 4 Brassicce Large AVliite. L. pi. 25. 
 
 5 RapcB Small ^Y\\\te. L. pi. 26. 
 
 6 Napi Green-veined White. L. pi. 27. 
 
 7 Sinapis Wood AVhitc. L. pi. 29. 4, 5. 
 
 8 Daplidice Green-chequered WTiite. L. pi. 28. 
 
 9 Cardamines Orange Tip. L. pi. 30. 
 
 *^* Yellows. 
 
 10 Edusa Clouded Yellow. L. pi. 32. 
 
 1 1 Helice White clouded Yellow. 
 
 12 Europome Clouded Sulphur. 
 
 13 Hyale Pale clouded Yellow. L. pi. 33. 1,2 
 
 14 Rhamni Brimstone. L. pi. 31. 
 
 t L. t^ignifies Lfwin's Kn^lish Pntterflies. 
 
'20 
 
 
 
 *^% Ringlets. 
 
 15 
 
 HyperanthuSi 
 
 „ Ringlet. L. pi. 20. 
 
 16 
 
 Davus 
 
 ...Small Ringlet. L. pi. 23. 5, «. 
 
 17 
 
 Polymeda 
 
 ..Marsh Ringlet. 
 
 18 
 
 Typhm , 
 
 ...Scarce Heath. 
 
 19 
 
 Pamphilus.... 
 
 ..Small Heath. L. pi. 23. 3, 4. 
 
 77 
 
 Ligea. 
 
 
 78 
 
 Mnemon. 
 
 
 79 
 
 Alcyone. 
 
 
 80 
 
 Blandina. 
 
 
 \*^* OCELLATED. 
 
 20 lo Peacock. L. pi. 4. 
 
 21 Iris Purple Emperor. L. pi. 16. 
 
 22 Cardui Painted Lady. L. pi. 6. 
 
 23 Semek Grayling. L. pi. 17- 
 
 24 Galatea Marbled AYliite. L. pi. 28. 
 
 25 Megcera Wall. L. pi. 21. 
 
 26 ^geria Speckled Wood. L. pi. 19. 
 
 27 hampstediensis... Alhin's Hampstead Eye. 
 
 28 Jurtina Meadow Brown. L. pL 18. 
 
 29 Pilosell<B Large Heath. L. pL 22. 
 
 ****** Scalloped, 
 
 30 C. album Comma. L. pL 5. 
 
 3 1 Urtkce Small Tortoise-shell. L. pi. 3. 
 
♦21 
 
 32 Polyehloros Large Tortoise-shell. L. pL 2. 
 
 33 Antiopa "White-bordered. L. pi. 1. 
 
 34 Atalanta Red Admiral. L. pi. 7- 
 
 35 Camilla White Admiral. L. pi. 8. 
 
 ***^*** Silver- Spotted Fritillaries. 
 
 36 Paphia Silver-washed Fritillarj. L. pi. 9. 
 
 37 Aglaia .Dark-^een Fritillary. L. pL 11. 
 
 38 Churlotta Queen of England Fritillary. 
 
 39 Adippe High-brown Fritillar}'. L. pi. 10. 
 
 40 Lathonia Queen of Spain Fritillary. L. pi. 1 2. 
 
 41 Euphrosyne Pearl-bordered Fritillary. L. pLl3. 1, 2, 
 
 42 SUene SmallPearl-borderedFritillary.L.pl. 13.3,4. 
 
 ******** Buff-Spotted Fritillaries. 
 
 43 tessellata Straw May Fritillary. 
 
 44 Dictynna Pearl-borderedLikeness. L. pi. 14. 5,6- 
 
 45 Eos Dark under-winged Fritillary. 
 
 46 Cinxia Glanville Fritillary. L. pi. 14.3, 4. 
 
 47 Artemis Greasy Fritillar}% L. pi. 15. 3, 4. 
 
 48 Lucina Duke of Burgundy Fritillary. L.pL15.5,6. 
 
 ********* Hair-Streaks. 
 
 49 Betula Brown Hair Streak. L. pi. 42. 
 
 50 Pruni Black Hair Streak. 
 
 51 Qriercus Purple Hair Streak. L. pi. 43 
 
 52 Rubi Green Hair Streak. L. pi. 44. 
 
*22 
 
 **'%****** Coppers. 
 
 53 Dispar Large Copper. L. pi. 40. 
 
 54 Virgaurece I^Iiddle Copper. L. pi. 41. 1, 2. 
 
 55 Chryseis Purple-edged Copper. 
 
 56 Phlceas Common Copper. L. pi. 41 
 
 *****»**\* Blues or Arguses 
 
 57 Arion Large Blue. L. pi. 37. 1, 2. 
 
 58 Cort/don Chalk-hill Blue. L. pi. 36. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 59 Labienus Pink Argus. 
 
 60 Adonis Clifden Blue. L. pi. 38. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 61 Icarus Common Blue. L. pi. 38. 4, 5, 8. 
 
 62 Hyacinthus Light Blue. L. pi. 37. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 63 Argus Silver-studded Blue. L. pi. 39. 5, 6, 7. 
 
 64 Idas Brown Argus L. pi. 39. 1, 2. 
 
 65 Artaxerxes Scotch Argus. L. pi. 39. 8, 9. 
 
 66 Argiolus Azure Blue. L. pi. 36. 4, 5, 6. 
 
 67 Cymon Mazarine Blue. L. pi. 38. 6, 7. 
 
 68 Alms.. Small Blue. L. pi. 39. 3, 4. 
 
 V********* Skippers. 
 
 69 Paniseus Chequered Skipper. 
 
 70 Comma Silver-spotted Skipper. L. pL 45. 1, 2. 
 
 71 Sylvanus Large Skipper. L. pi. 46. 1, 2, 3. 
 
 72 Linea Small Skipper. L. pi. 45. 1, 2. 
 
 73 Tages Dingy Skipper. L. pi 45. 3, 4. 
 
 74 MalvcB Grizzled Skipper. L. pi. 46. 8, 9. 
 
 75 LavatercB. Scarce Grizzled Skipper. L. pi. 46. 4, 5. 
 
 Abbbeviations. 
 
 b. "j ( beginning. 
 
 ra. > sigiii/ii's. < middle, 
 e. j (end. 
 
SYNOPTICAL TABLE 
 
 ENGLISH BUTTERFLIES. 
 

 
 24 
 
 
 No. 
 
 1 
 
 Linnaean Name. 
 Papilio. 
 
 English Name, 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Caterpillar 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 Machaon 
 
 Swallow-tail 
 
 On Fennel an 
 other Umbellife 
 rous Plants ant 
 Rue 
 
 2 
 
 Podalirius 
 
 Scarce Swallow- 
 tail 
 
 1 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 3 
 
 Craicegi 
 
 Black^veined 
 White 
 
 \Vhite-Thorn, ' 
 Gooseberry 
 
 4 
 
 Brassicos 
 
 Large White 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 5 
 
 Eapce 
 
 Small White 
 
 Cabbage k Turni] 
 
 6 
 
 Napi 
 
 Green-veined 
 White 
 
 Cabbage 
 
 7 
 
 Sinapis 
 
 Wood White 
 
 Mustard 
 
 < 
 
 8 
 
 Daplidice 
 
 Green-chequer- 
 ed White 
 
 1 
 
 Wild-Woad,Bas« 
 Rocket and Calj 
 bage 
 
 9 
 
 Cardamines 
 
 Orange-Tip 
 
 Cuckoo Flower 
 
 10 
 
 Edusa 
 
 Clouded Yellow 
 
 Grass 
 
 11 
 
 Helice 
 
 White-clouded 
 Yellow 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25 
 
 Caterpillar 
 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Expan. 
 
 WTien found. Where found. When found. 
 
 In. lines 
 
 July, Sep. , 
 
 Fenny places. 
 Catton, Acle, Norf. 
 Cherry Hinton, Mad- 
 
 ingley, Whittlesea, 
 
 Cambridge. 
 
 ! 
 e. May, b. Aug. 
 
 3 7 
 
 May 
 
 Woods, Bedfordshire. 
 
 May, Aug. 
 
 3 6 
 
 1 
 i 
 Spring 
 
 Gardens & Thickets. 
 
 June 
 
 2 10 
 
 Summer 
 
 Gardens. 
 
 m. May, m. Aug. 
 
 2 11 
 
 Summer 
 
 Gai'dens. 
 
 m. May, m. Aug. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Summer 
 
 Gardens, Woods and 
 Thickets. 
 
 m. May, b. July 
 
 2 1 
 
 
 Woods, Stour and 
 Hartley Woods, and 
 Bromley Thickets, 
 Essex. 
 
 m. May, b.Aug. 
 
 1 8 
 
 
 
 White Wood, near 
 Gamlingay, Camb. 
 near Hampstead, 
 Middlesex. 
 
 Apr. May, Aug. 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 
 Woods and Lanes. 
 
 e. May 
 
 1 11 
 
 Spring 
 
 Marshes, Beaumont, 
 Essex. 
 
 Spring, m. Aug. 
 
 2 4 
 
 
 Gardens & MeadowSj 
 
 m. Aug. 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 1 Little Chelsea. 
 
?6 
 
 No. 
 
 Linnaean Name. 
 Papilio, 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Caterpillar 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 12 
 
 Europome 
 
 Hyale 
 
 1 
 
 donrlpd Siilnhur 
 
 13 
 
 Pale-clouded 
 Yellow 
 
 Grass 
 
 14 
 
 Rkamni 
 
 Brimstone 
 
 Buckthorn 
 
 15 
 
 Hyperanthus 
 
 Ringlet 
 
 Grass, at the roots 
 of Annual Mea- 
 dow Grass 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 18 
 19 
 
 Ti/ltMIC 
 
 Small Ringlet 
 Marsh Ringlet 
 
 
 Pohjdama 
 
 Typhon 
 
 Pamphilus 
 
 
 
 Small Heath 
 
 
 
 Crested Dog's tail 
 Grass 
 
 20 
 
 lo 
 
 Peacock 
 
 Common Nettle 
 
Caterpillar. 
 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Expan. 
 
 When found. 
 
 Wliere found . When found. 
 
 In. lines 
 
 
 Meadows and Road- 
 sides, near Ipswich^ 
 Suffolk. 
 
 m. Aug. 
 
 2 3 
 
 
 July 
 Spring 
 
 
 m. Auff. 
 
 2 2 
 
 Woods and Road- 
 sides. 
 
 Spring, b. June, 
 6l in A utumn 
 
 2 6 
 
 
 Woods. 
 
 e. June 
 
 1 10 
 
 
 Marshes, near Man- 
 chester. 
 
 July 
 
 1 5 
 
 
 
 Marshes, Yorkshire, 
 
 Marshes, Yorkshire. 
 
 Heaths, Pastures, 
 Way-sides. 
 
 June 
 
 June 
 
 b. June 
 b. Sept. 
 
 1 7 
 1 7 
 1 4 
 
 
 b. May, 
 b. ,Aug. 
 
 b. July 
 
 Woods, Fields, Roads. 
 
 Spring 
 ni. July 
 
 3 
 
28 
 
 No. 
 
 LinnaeanName. 
 Papilio. 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 21 
 
 Iris 
 
 Purple Emperor 
 
 Common Sallow 
 
 22 
 
 Cardui 
 
 Painted Lady 
 
 Spear Thistle 
 
 23 
 
 Semele 
 
 Grayling 
 
 Grass 
 
 24 
 
 Galatea 
 
 Marbled White 
 
 Grass 
 
 25 
 
 Megcera 
 
 Wall 
 
 Grass 
 
 26 
 
 Mgeria 
 
 Speckled Wood 
 
 Grass 
 
 27 
 
 hampstediensis 
 
 Albin's Hamp- 
 stead Eye 
 
 
 
 28 
 
 Jurlina 
 
 Meadow Brown 
 
 Grass 
 
 29 
 
 Pilosellce 
 
 Large Heath i 
 
 Mouse-ear Hawk" 
 weed 
 
29 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 ^\Tien found. 
 
 e. May 
 
 m July 
 
 Butterfiy. 
 Where found. When found. 
 
 b. May 
 b. Aug. 
 
 March, May 
 June. 
 
 b. June 
 
 Woods, on the Oak. 
 
 Great & Little Stour 
 Woods. VVrabness 
 ?nd Ramsey, Essex. 
 Badley, Suffolk. 
 
 Field-sides and Gar- 
 dens Campsey Ash, 
 Suffolk. Lexden 
 6l Wrabness, Essex. 
 
 Eleaths & Thickets 
 llushmere Heath, 
 Nacton Heath, and 
 Langar Common 
 Suffolk. Lexden 
 Heath, Essex. 
 
 Moist Woods. Mersey; 
 Island, Stour and 
 Hartley Woods, 
 Essex. 
 
 Woods & Way-sides. 
 Woods. 
 
 Hampstead, Middle- 
 sex. 
 
 Woods & IMeadows. 
 
 Woods, Pastures and 
 Commons. 
 
 b. July 
 
 Spring, e. July 
 
 m. July 
 
 Expan.l 
 In. lines 
 
 3 2 
 
 2 5 
 
 b. July 
 
 Spring, b. July, 
 b. Aug. 
 
 b.April,b,June, 
 
 b. Auff. 
 
 2 2 
 
 1 10 
 
 1 10 
 
 b. June 
 m. July 
 
 2 
 1 8 
 
so 
 
 Nn 
 
 Linnaean Name. 
 
 English Name. 
 
 Butterfly. 
 
 
 Papilio. 
 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 SO 
 
 C. album 
 
 Comma 
 
 Hop, Nettle, Wil- 
 low & Gooseberry 
 
 31 
 
 Urticce 
 
 Small Tortoise- 
 shell 
 
 Common Nettle 
 
 32 
 
 Polychloros 
 
 Large Tortoise- 
 shell 
 
 Elm, and on Fruit 
 Trees 
 
 33 
 
 Antiopa 
 
 White-bordered 
 
 Willow and Birch 
 
 34 
 
 Atalanta 
 
 Red Admiral 
 
 Common Nettle 
 
 35 
 
 Camilla 
 
 White Admiral 
 
 Honey-suckle 
 
 S6 
 
 Paphia 
 
 Silver-washed 
 Fritillary 
 
 Violet 
 
 37 
 
 Aglaia 
 
 Dark-green Fri- 
 tillary 
 
 Violet 
 
 88 
 
 Charlotia 
 
 QueenofEngland 
 Fritillary 
 
 
 
 39 
 
 Adippe 
 
 High-brownFri- 
 tillary 
 
 Violet and Hearts 
 ease 
 
SI 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 When found. 
 
 m. June 
 
 b. June 
 m. Aug. 
 
 Spring 
 
 Spring 
 b. July 
 
 e. May 
 m. May 
 
 m. May 
 
 Butterfly. 
 Where found. When found. 
 
 Gardens & Thickets. 
 
 Gardens and Way- 
 sides. 
 
 b. July, b. Sep. 
 
 Spring, b. July. 
 
 b. Sept. 
 
 Roads and Lanes, in m. July 
 the neighbourhood! 
 of Elm-trees, j 
 
 Woods & Road-sides Spring, b. Aug. 
 on the Oak. Little! m. Sep. 
 Oakley, Essex. I 
 
 Woods, Hedges and 
 Gardens. 
 
 Woods, near Rye, 
 
 Sussex. 
 
 Woods. Lexden and 
 StourWoods, Essex 
 
 Heaths. Lexden, 
 Essex. Nacton,Sufi'. 
 
 Woody places. Bed- 
 fordshire. 
 
 Woods. Hintlesham, 
 Suffolk. Stourand 
 Hartley Woods, tV 
 Bromley Thickets, 
 Essex. 
 
 Spring, m. July^ 
 b. Aug. 
 
 b. July 
 b. July 
 b. July 
 b. July 
 
 b. July 
 
 Expan. 
 In. lines 
 
 2 
 
 2 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 10 
 
 2 5 
 
 2 8 
 
 2 7 
 
 2 8 
 
32 
 
 No. 
 
 Linnaean Name. 
 Papilio. 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Caterpillar, 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 40 
 
 Lalhonia 
 
 Queen of Spain 
 Fritillary 
 
 Hearts ease 
 
 41 
 
 Euphrosyne 
 
 Pearl-bordered 
 Fritillary 
 
 
 
 42 
 
 Silenc 
 
 Small Penrl-hnr- 
 
 
 dered Fritillary 
 
 
 43 
 
 tessellata 
 
 Straw May Fri- 
 tillary 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 Dictynna 
 
 Pearl-bordered 
 Likeness 
 
 
 
 45 
 
 Eos 
 
 Dark under- 
 winged Fri- 
 tillary 
 
 
 
 4G 
 
 Cinxia 
 
 Glanville Fritil- 
 lary 
 
 Ribwort Plantain 
 
 47 
 
 Artemis 
 
 Greasy Fritilla- 
 
 Devil's-bit Scabi- 
 
 
 
 ry 
 
 ous 
 
 48 
 
 Lucina 
 
 Duke of Bur- 
 gundy Fritil- 
 lary 
 
 Grass 
 
33 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 AVhen found. 
 
 m. April 
 
 m. April 
 
 Butterfly. 
 Where found. When found. 
 
 Woods. Gamlingay^ 
 Wisbeach, Camb. 
 near London On 
 the Dandelion in 
 dry pastures by a 
 wood, in Stoke by 
 Nayland. 
 
 Heaths and Woods. 
 Stour and Hartley 
 WoodSj Essex. 
 
 Heaths and Woods. 
 Stour and Hartley 
 Woods, Essex. 
 
 Caen-wood. Middle- 
 sex. 
 
 Heaths and Marshes. 
 
 e. May, b. Sep. 
 
 Heaths and Marshes 
 
 Meadows. 
 
 ]\ray 
 
 May, b. July 
 
 b. May 
 b. May 
 b. May 
 
 m. June 
 
 Meadows, near Nor- j^. May 
 wich, Norfolk. 
 
 Woods, and Hedges 
 near Camb. Hin- 
 tlesham, Suff. 
 
 e. May 
 
No. 
 
 LinnaeanName. 
 PapU'io. 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 49 
 
 Betuke 
 
 Brown Hair- 
 streak 
 
 Birch, Black- 
 Thorn 
 
 50 
 
 Prnni 
 
 BlackHair-streak 
 
 Plumb Tree 
 
 51 
 
 Quercus 
 
 Purple Hair- 
 streak 
 
 1 
 Oak 
 
 52 
 
 Ruhi 
 
 Green Hair- 
 streak 
 
 Bramble 
 
 53 
 
 Bis par 
 
 Firgaitrece 
 
 Large Copper 
 Middle Copper 
 
 
 54 
 
 Grass 
 
 55 
 
 Chryseis 
 
 Purple-edged 
 Copper 
 
 
 
 56 
 
 Phloeas 
 
 Con^mon Cop- 
 
 
 
 
 per 
 
 ' 
 
 51 
 
 Avion 
 
 Large Blue 
 
 
 58 
 
 Corydon 
 
 Chalk-hill Blue 
 
 Wild Thyme 
 
35 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 
 
 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Expan. 
 
 When found. 
 
 1 Where found. When found. 
 
 In. lines 
 
 e. June. 
 
 Birch Woods. 
 
 m Aug, 
 
 1 6 
 
 b. July. 
 
 Gardens and Hedges 
 Wrabness, Essex. 
 
 e. June 
 
 1 5 
 
 b. June 
 
 Tops of Oak and 
 Ash Trees, Wrab- 
 ness, Essex. 
 
 m. July 
 
 I 5 
 
 Spring 
 b. July 
 
 Hedges & Bramble. 
 
 e. May, 
 b. Aug. 
 
 1 3 
 
 
 Reedy marshes, Bar- 
 dolph Fen, Norfolk, 
 &Whittlesea Mere. 
 
 e. July 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Marshes, on the Com- 
 mon Golden Rod, 
 Isle of Ely, and 
 Huntingdonshire. 
 
 Marshes, Epping Fo- 
 rest, Essex, Ash- 
 downham, Sussex. 
 
 Commons, Pastures 
 and Field-sides. 
 
 e. Aug. 
 
 Autumn 
 
 b. April, b.June 
 b. Aug. 
 
 1 6 
 
 1 5 
 1 4 
 
 
 
 
 Commons, Broomham, 
 Bedfordshire, and 
 Dover Cliffs. 
 
 b. July 
 
 1 7 
 
 
 
 Chalk-pits, Little 
 Blakenham, Suffolk. 
 
 b. July 
 
 1 6 
 
 
36 
 
 No. 
 
 Linnaean Name 
 
 Papilio. 
 
 59 I -P. Labienus 
 
 60 Adonis 
 
 6i Icarus 
 
 62 Hyacinthus 
 
 6S ! Argus 
 
 6^ I Idas 
 
 65 Artaxerxes 
 
 66 j Argiolus 
 
 67 \ Cymon 
 
 68 \ Alsus 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Caterpillar 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 Pink Argus 
 
 Clifden Blue 
 
 Common Blue 
 
 Light Blue 
 
 Silver-studded 
 Blue 
 
 Brown Argus 
 
 Scotch Argus 
 
 Azure Blue 
 
 Mazarine Blue 
 
 Small Blue 
 
 Grass 
 
 Grass 
 
 Grass 
 
 Grass 
 
37 
 Caterpillar I Butterfly. 
 
 ^VTien found. Where found. When found. 
 
 Pastures, WVabness, 
 Essex. 
 
 Chalky soils. 
 
 Chalky soils 
 
 e. April Commons, Fields & 
 I Marshes. 
 
 e. April, Fields. 
 e. June • 
 
 b. Aug. 
 
 e. May, m.Aug. 
 
 e. May, e. Aug. 
 
 m. July 
 
 m. July 
 
 e. May, m. July 
 
 Expan. 
 In. lines 
 
 1 
 
 I 5 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 4 
 
 Meadows, Scotland, e. July 
 
 . Woody places and 
 
 I Meadows. 
 
 I 
 
 . Chalky soils, Norfolk 
 Yorkshire & Sher- 
 
 1 borne, Dorsetshire 
 
 Fields. 
 
 ^ 2 
 
 m. May, e. Aug. 
 m. May, e. July 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 5 
 
 1 4 
 
 e. May,b. July 1 
 
38 
 
 No. 
 
 Linnaean Name. 
 Papilio. 
 
 69 ; Paniscus 
 
 70 Comma 
 
 71 
 
 Sylvanus 
 
 72 Lmea 
 
 73 
 
 Tages 
 
 74 
 
 75 
 
 Malvce 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Chequered Skip- 
 per 
 
 Silver-spotted 
 Skipper 
 
 Large Skipper 
 
 Small Skipper 
 
 Dingy Skipper 
 
 Caterpillar 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 Grizzled Skipper 
 
 LavatercB | Scarce-grizzled 
 
 Skipper 
 
39 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 When found. 
 
 Butterfly. 
 Where found. When found. 
 
 Meadows and Woody 
 places and near 
 Bedford. 
 
 Chalky soils near 
 Lewes in Sussex. 
 
 Woods 
 
 Margins of Woods. 
 
 Dry Heaths, Banks, 
 Woods and Com 
 mons, Hintleshara, 
 Suffolk, Norfolk, 
 near London. 
 
 Dry Banks, Woodi 
 6c Commons Hart- 
 ley Wood, Essex. 
 
 e. May 
 
 e. Aug. 
 
 Expan. 
 In. lines 
 
 1 3 
 
 e. May, e. July 
 
 m. July 
 
 b. May 
 
 Commons. 
 
 1 3 
 
 1 4 
 
 1 2 
 
 1 3 
 
 e. May 
 
 e. May 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 1 
 

 
 40 
 
 • 
 
 No. 
 
 Linnsean Name. 
 Papilio. 
 
 English Name. 
 Butterfly. 
 
 Butterfly. 
 Feeds upon. 
 
 76 
 
 77 
 78 
 
 Chrysothome 
 
 Ligea 
 
 Mnemon 
 
 
 
 
 
 79 
 80 
 
 Alcyone 
 Blandina 
 
 
 
 
 81 
 
 
 
 
 82 
 
 
 
 
 8S 
 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 
 
 
4-1 
 
 Caterpillar. 
 
 Butterfly. 
 
 VYhen found. Where found. 
 
 When found. 
 
 Expan. 
 In. lines 
 
 Isle of Arran, Scot- 
 land. 
 
 Between Ambleside 
 & Winandermere. 
 
 Scotland. 
 
 Isle of Arran, Scot- 
 land. 
 
A DESCRIPTIOX 
 
 OF THE 
 
 BUTTERFLIES 
 
 Enumerated in the Synoptical Table. 
 
 1. P. Machaon. This is the largest and one of the 
 most beautiful Butterflies, which Britain produces, 
 and may be considered as the only British species 
 of Papilio, excepting the P. Fodalirius, (the exis- 
 tence of which in England is extremely doubtful) 
 belonging to the tribe of Equites. 
 
 It is commonly known among the English Collec- 
 tors by the title of the Swallow- tailed Butterfly, and 
 is of a beautiful yellow, with black spots or patches 
 along the upper edge of the superior wings ; all 
 the wings are bordered with a deep edging of 
 black, decorated by a double row of cresent- 
 shaped spots, of which, the upper row is blue, and 
 the lower yellow. The under wings are tailed and 
 are marked at the inner angle or tip with a round 
 red spot bordered with blue and black. 
 
 D 
 
42 
 
 The Caterpillar, of this species, is of a green 
 colour, encircled with numerous black bands spot- 
 ted with red ; and is furnished on the top of the 
 neck with a Y-shaped organ of a red colour, which 
 it occasionally protrudes from that part. It emits a 
 very disagreeable smell by which it keeps off the 
 ichneumon. It feeds principally on fennel and 
 other umbelliferous plants, and is sometimes found 
 on rue. — The Caterpillar is solitary, or seldom 
 found in numbers together. In the month of July 
 it changes into a yellowish-grey angular Chrysalis 
 affixed to some convenient part of the plant, or 
 other neighbouring substance, and from this Chry- 
 salis, in the month of August, proceeds the com- 
 plete insect. It sometimes happens that two broods 
 of this Butterfly are produced in the same summer ; 
 one in May, having been in the pupa state all the 
 winter, the other in August, from the Chrysalides 
 of July. 
 
 2. P. Podalirius. Wings tailed, both surfaces 
 nearly alike, yellowish, with double brown bands 
 and margin ; lower ones with five blue ocellated 
 spots, and a reddish line beneath. It feeds on dif- 
 ferent species of the Brassicce. Caterpillar solitary, 
 yellowish, dotted with brown; head pale green. 
 Chrysalis, yellowish dotted with brown, marked 
 
with two slight projections towards the anterior 
 extremity. 
 
 3. P. CratcegL Wings entire, white, with black 
 veins. This is called the Hawthorn Butterfly, and 
 is well-known in this country. It is the size of 
 the common Cabbage Butterfly. Caterpillar, grega- 
 rious, hairy and yellow, green beneath ; head black ; 
 body marked with three black lines. — Chrysalis, 
 greenish with black spots and dots. It feeds on 
 fruit-trees, and is very destructive in gardens and 
 orchards. — This species as well as P. Urficce a fid 
 P. Polychloros^ emits a fluid of a reddish colour 
 which has frequently given rise to the reports of 
 showers of blood which are said to have fallen in 
 different places. 
 
 4. P. Brassicoe. The wings of this insect are 
 rounded, entire, white ; tip of the upper part brown, 
 marked with two black spots. The upper wings in 
 the male are without black spots. This is the com- 
 mon large white Butterfly known in our gardens. 
 
 The Caterpillar is solitary, yellowish, dotted 
 with blueish and black spots, and marked with 
 three sulphur-coloured lines ; the tail black. Chry- 
 salis, pale-green, marked with three yellow lines, 
 and three of its segments globular affixed in a per- 
 pendicular direction to some wall or tree or other 
 
44 
 
 object^ some filaments being drawn through the 
 thorax, in order more conveniently to secure its 
 position. Eggs set in clusters. 
 
 5. P. Rapce. Wings entire, white ; upper pair 
 tipt with brown. Male with a brown spot on each, 
 female with three brown spots on the upper, and 
 one on the lower pair. This is common in our 
 own country. 
 
 Larva, green ; marked with a bright yellow line 
 on the back, and bright yellow on the sides. 
 Pupa, greenish, marked with three sulphur coloured 
 lines. 
 
 6. P. Napi. Wings entire, with dilated green 
 veins beneath. It inhabits Europe and Asia, 
 
 7. P. Sinapis. Wings entire, roundish, white ; 
 upper pair tipt with brown. This and the three 
 preceding are the insects which in the Caterpillar 
 or grub state commit such ravages in our gardens. 
 
 8. P. Baplidice. Wings entire, white with a 
 brow n margin, beneath marked with yellowish- white 
 and green. It inhabits Europe and Africa, but is 
 uncommon here. 
 
 Larva, covered with blueish hairs, marked with 
 black spots and yellow streaks. 
 
45 
 
 9. P' Cardamines . Wings entire, white ; upper 
 pair of the male, with a large bright orange patch at 
 the tip, including two black dots ; the lower ones be- 
 neath marbled with green ; the female is without 
 the orange tip. 
 
 Larva, solitary, greenish above and whitish be- 
 neath. Pupa, green, marked with a white line on 
 each side ; thorax conical ascending. 
 
 10. P.Edusa. Wings entire, fulvous, with a black 
 dot and margin ; beneath greenish, upper pair with 
 a black dot ; lower with a silvery one. 
 
 11. P. Helice. Wings entire; above, white, with 
 a black dot and border ; beneath, upper pair with 
 a white disk ; lower pair yellowish with a silvery 
 ocellar spot and smaller contiguous one. Rare. 
 
 12. P.Europome. Wings entire ; above, yellow 
 with a black dot and border ; beneath, yellowish, 
 the upper pair having a black spot, the lower pair 
 two silvery contiguous ones, one of them larger 
 than the other. Rare. 
 
 1 3. Hyale. Wings entire, yellow, the tip black 
 spotted with white ; lower ones with a fulvous spot, 
 a silvery dot with a smaller contiguous one beneath. 
 
46 
 
 In the male the margin of the wings is immaculate, 
 in the female it is spotted. — Shaw calls this the 
 Fern Butterfly, and describes it as a beautiful 
 species with orange-yellow wings, bordered with 
 black. 
 
 3 4. P.Rhamni. Wings entire, angular, bright 
 yellow, each marked with a ferruginous dot in the 
 middle. Shaw names this elegant insect the Buck- 
 thorn Butterfly, and describes it of " a bright sulphur 
 colour with sharp cornered wings, marked by a small 
 orange spot in the middle of each." It commonly 
 flies about in August, though frequently it lies 
 dormant all winter and appears early in Spring ; 
 the male is very often of a sulphur-colour, and the 
 female white. 
 
 Caterpillar, smooth, green with a dark line on 
 the back. Chrysalis, in the anterior part turgid, 
 and drawn to a point. 
 
 15. P. Hyperanthus. Wings entire, dark brown ; 
 under side of the upper pair with three eyes ; the 
 inferior surface of the lower ones with five. The 
 wings have sometimes ocelli on their upper sur- 
 faces. 
 
 Caterpillar, solitary, hairy, and of an ash colour, 
 marked with a black line behind; the tail furnished 
 
47 
 
 with two little prominences. Chrysalis, brown, 
 spotted with yellow and has a hunch on its back. 
 
 16. P. Davus. Wings very entire, fulvous; upper 
 pair with an eye, and white bands beneath ; lower 
 ones with six eyes. 
 
 1 7. P. Polymeda. Wings indented, black, bronzed 
 with a spotted ocellar band, the lower ones with 
 flexuous red lunules beneath. This is found on the 
 Caprifolium and Lonicera xylosteum, 
 
 18. P.Typhon. Wings entire; above, greyish 
 fulvous without spots. Beneath, upper pair adorned 
 with 1-2 eyes; the lower pair with 2-5 obsolete 
 ones. Rare. 
 
 19. P' Pamphilus, Wings very entire, yellow, 
 under side of the upper ones with a single eye ; 
 (occasionally double pupilled ) the inferior surface 
 of the lower ones cinereous, with a band, and four 
 obliterated eyes. 
 
 20. P. lo. Peacock Butterfly, so called on account 
 of its eyes and great beauty. It is rather a common 
 species in this country. The wings are angular, 
 indented, fulvous, spotted with black, and on each 
 
48 
 
 there is a large blue eye, '' The ground colour of 
 this insect" says Dr. Shaw, "is orange-brown with 
 black bars, separated by yellow intermediate spaces, 
 on the upper edge of the superior wings ; while at 
 the tip of each is a most beautiful large eye-shaped 
 spot, formed by a combination of black, brown, 
 and blue, with the addition of whitish specks ; on 
 each of the lower wings is a still larger eye-shaped 
 spot, consisting of a black central patch, varied 
 with blue, and surrounded by a zone of pale-brown, 
 which is itself deeply bordered with black." 
 
 Caterpillar, gregarious, black with numerous 
 white spots and black ramified spines, the hind legs 
 of a rusty colour, it feeds principally on the nettle. 
 Chrysalis, green, dotted with gold, having ten 
 small projections on the fore part of the body ; the 
 tail divided. 
 
 21. P. Iris. Wings indented, brown, with a blue 
 gloss, and whitish interrupted band on each side ; 
 all with a single eye, those on the upper pair above, 
 blind. This is described and figured by Donovan 
 and Lewin. 
 
 22 P. Cardui. Wings indented, fulvous, variega- 
 ted with white and black ; the lower ones have four 
 eves beneath. 
 
49 
 
 Caterpillar, spiny. Chrysalis, suspended by its 
 tail. 
 
 23. P. Semele. Wings indented, brown, with a 
 macular fulvous marginal band, in which are two 
 eyes ; upper pair with a fulvous disk at the base 
 beneath. Inhabits heaths and rocky wastes. 
 
 Caterpillar, downy, with a globular head, some- 
 what compressed in front. Chrysalis, angulated 
 with the front bimucromate suspended by the tail. 
 
 24. P. Galathea. Wings indented, varies with 
 brown and yellowish- white ; under surface of the 
 upper one with a single eye, of the lower ones with 
 five. 
 
 Caterpillar, downy, with a globular head, com- 
 pressed in front. Chrysalis, angulated suspended 
 by the tail. 
 
 25. P. Megcera, Wings indented, yellowish- 
 brown with dark bands; upper pair with a single eye; 
 lower ones with five eyes above, and six beneath. 
 This is found in our own country, and has been 
 described and figured by Mr. Donovan 
 
 Caterpillar, hairy, green striped with white ; the 
 tail divided. 
 
 26. P. Mgeria. Wings indented, brown, spotted 
 with yellow ; upper pair with an eye on each side ; 
 
50 
 
 lower ones with four eyes above, and dots beneath. 
 This is described in Lewin's Butterflies. 
 
 27. P. HampstcdieJisis. Size and form of 
 P. JEgeria. Wings entire ; above, upper pair dark 
 brown, with five spots and marginal streak yellow ; 
 two large eyes having white pupils and broad black 
 irides ; lower pair brown, with a marginal-yellow 
 streak; two eyes with white pupils and black irides ; 
 beneath, upper pair yellowish, clouded w4th dark 
 brown, having an obsolete streak composed of dark 
 brown lunular spots. Lower pair yellowish a little 
 clouded towards the base with dark brown ; have 
 a small and nearly obliterated eye with a black iris; 
 four dark brown spots, between which and the 
 posterior margin is a streak composed of dark brown 
 lunular spots. Rare. It has not been taken since 
 the time of Petiver. 
 
 28. P. Jurtina. Wings indented, brown, upper 
 pair beneath yellow, with a single eye or. each 
 side J lower ones with three dots beneath. In the 
 female the upper pair of wings has a yellow patch, 
 including a single eye on each side. 
 
 Shaw, considers this insect as equally common, 
 though far less beautiful thanP./o, and says it is chief- 
 ly obseryed in meadows, and is of a brown colour. 
 
the upper wings having a much brighter or orange- 
 ferruginous bar towards the tips, with a small, black 
 eye-shaped spot with a white centre : on the oppo- 
 site or under side of the insect, the same distribution 
 of colours takes place. 
 
 29 P. Piloselloe, Wings indented, brown with a 
 yellowish disk, upper pair with a black eye, and 
 double pupil on each side ; lower ones with snowy 
 eyelike spots beneath. 
 
 30. p. C. Album. Wings angular, fulvous, spotted 
 with black ; lower ones beneath marked with a 
 white C. 
 
 31. P. Urticoe. Wings angular, fulvous, spotted 
 with black ; upper pair with three black dots, the 
 inner one square. — It is very common in this 
 country, and has been described and figured by 
 Donovan and Lewin. 
 
 The Caterpillar is gregarious, spinous, varied 
 with brown and green ; head black. Chrysalis, an- 
 gular brown, marked with small projections with 
 gold dots on the neck, and sometimes entirely of a 
 golden colour. 
 
 32. P. Folychhyros, Wings indented, fulvous. 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 iiKiu/rDci-rv nc iiiiMOiQ 
 
52 
 
 spotted with black, upper pair with four black dots 
 above. 
 
 33. P. Antiopa. Wings angular, indented, black- 
 brown, with a whitish border, behind which is a 
 row of blue spots — rare. This insect feeds upon 
 Salices and Betula. 
 
 34. P. Atalanta. Wings indented, black, upper 
 pair with a red band and white spots, the lower 
 ones bordered with red behind. This as the Ad- 
 miral Butterfly, has been described and figured by 
 Lewin, Donovan and Dr. Shaw. The latter says it is 
 of the most intense velvet black colour, with a rich 
 carmine-coloured bar across the upper wings which 
 are spotted towards the tips with white ; while the 
 lower wings are black with a deep border of car- 
 mine colour, marked by a row of small black spots, 
 the under surface of the wings also presents a most 
 beautiful mixture of colours ; the caterpillar is 
 brown and spiny, feeds on nettles, and changes 
 into a chrysalis in July, the fly appearing in 
 August. 
 
 35. P. Camilla. Wings indented, dark brown, 
 with a white band and dots on each side ; lower 
 ones silvery blue at the base. — Caterpillar, elongate. 
 
53 
 
 Chrysalis, suspended by the tail. — Rare, expect in 
 Charlton Wood, Kent, where it is found in great 
 plenty. 
 
 36. P. Paphia. This is a highly elegant insect, of 
 a fine orange-chesnut colour above, witli numerous 
 black spots and bars; beneath, greenish, with 
 narrow silvery undulations on the lower wings, and 
 black spots on the upper. It proceeds from a 
 yellowish-brown spiny caterpillar, living princi- 
 pally on nettles. This insect is generally found in 
 the neighbourhood of Woods. There is a variety 
 cinereous, spotted with black peculiar to Russia. 
 
 37- P' Aglaia. Wings indented, fulvous, spotted 
 with black, beneath it has twenty-one silvery spots. 
 This is found in England, and other parts of 
 Europe. — Caterpillar, spiny. Chrysahs, suspended 
 by the tail. 
 
 38. P. Charlotta, Size and form of P. Aglaia, but 
 diifers in the upper pair of wings, having beneath, 
 four black costal spots instead of five. And in the 
 lower pair, having beneath, nineteen silver spots 
 instead of twenty-one — of which, the three anterior 
 ones are three times larger than in that species. 
 Rare. 
 
54 
 
 Caterpillar, spiny. Chrysalis, suspended by the 
 tail. 
 
 39. P. Adippe. Wings indented, fulvous, spotted 
 with black ; beneath there are twenty-eight silvery 
 spots. Caterpillar, spiny. Chrysalis, suspended 
 by the tail. 
 
 40. P. Lathonia. Wings slightly indented, pale, 
 fulvous, spotted with black ; beneath with thirty- 
 seven silvery spots. — Caterpillar, spiny. Chrysalis, 
 suspended by the tail. This is the most beautiful 
 British Fritillary. 
 
 41. P. Euphrasy ne. Wings indented, pale, ful- 
 vous, spotted with black ; beneath with nine silvery 
 spots. Caterpillar, pubescent, with fleshy tuber- 
 cules. Chrysalis, suspended by the tail. 
 
 42 . P. Silene* Wings indented, fulvous with black ; 
 lower ones beneath, with twelve silvery spots; a 
 distinct black dot at the base and streak behind. 
 
 43. P. Tessellata. In size and shape very similar 
 to P. Didynna, which it resembles also in the up- 
 per surface of its wings ; beneath, the upper pair 
 are more fulvous than in that species; lower pair, 
 straw-coloured with black veins, but near the base 
 
55 
 
 have three large square yellowish spots surrounded 
 with black ; a band in the middle, composed ot* 
 many yellowish spots of a form inclining to square, 
 and surrounded with black ; a streak of black lu- 
 nules; a marginal band of yellowish spots also 
 encircled with black, each yellow spot having a 
 black lunule; lastly they are ciliated with white, 
 the cilia being intersected with black veins. 
 
 44. P. Dictynna, Wings indented, black, with 
 fulvous spots ; lower ones beneath fulvous, with 
 white spots at the base, and band in the middle > 
 the tip with yellow lunules. 
 
 45. P. Eos. Rather less than P. Dictynna, above, 
 upper pair fulvous, with black veins, blotches, 
 waved streak and band: lower pair black, with 
 waved streak, consisting of six square fulvous spots, 
 one of which is bifid; beneath, upper pair fulvous, 
 with two square black spots ; a broad black band 
 intersected by fulvous veins; a streak composed of 
 black confluent lunules ; and a nan'ow black mar- 
 ginal streak : lower pair fulvous at the base, with 
 about eight square contigious black spots ; in the 
 middle an undulated white band intersected by 
 black veins ; behind that band, a streak of fulvous 
 iunules with black margins ; then a waved streak 
 
56 
 
 of black lunulesj and lastly, a narrow marginal 
 black streak. All the wings are ciliated with black 
 and white as in P. Dictynna. Rare. 
 
 45. P. Cinxia. Wings indented, black with ful- 
 vous spots; lower ones with three whitish bands, 
 dotted with black beneath. Rare. 
 
 47. P. Arlemis. Wings indented, fulvous varie- 
 gated with black ; lower ones with a streak of black 
 dots on each side. 
 
 48. P.Lucina. Wings indented, brown with tes- 
 taceous spots ; lower ones with two rows of whitish 
 spots beneath. 
 
 49. P. BeUilce. Wings slightly tailed, brown; be- 
 neath, yellowish with two white streaks on the 
 lower ones. Shaw describes this a small species, 
 of a blackish-brown colour with a broad orange bar 
 on the upper wrings, the lower pair being slightly 
 produced into two orange-coloured tails or processes 
 towards the inner corner. 
 
 50. P. Pruni. Wings slightly tailed, above 
 brown, with a red spot at the tip of the lower ones; 
 lower wings beneath, with a fulvous marginal band 
 dotted with black. 
 
31 
 
 51. P. Quercus. Wings slightly tailed, bluei^h, 
 beneath cinereous, with a white streak, and double 
 fulvous spot near the tail. 
 
 52. P. Rubi. Wings shghtly tailed, above 
 brown, beneath green. 
 
 53. P. Dispar, Wings above, bright copper colour 
 with black spots and margin ; beneath, lower pair 
 pale blue, with many subocellar spots, and copper 
 coloured margin. Rare. 
 
 5i. P. Virgaurece, Wings subangular, fulvous, 
 edged with black, beneath with black and white 
 dots. 
 
 55, P. Chryseis. Wings bright copper with a pur- 
 plish margin, lower ones slightly indented, beneath 
 dull grey, with numerous ocellai- dots. Extremely 
 rare, 
 
 56, P.Phlceas. Wings entire, fulvous, dotted 
 with black, beneath blueish. 
 
 57, P. Arion. Wings above blue, edged with 
 brown, and spotted with black ; beneath, grey, with 
 numerous small eyes. 
 
 E 
 
58 
 
 58' Corydon. Wings entire, blue, edged with 
 black ; beneath, cinereous Avith black ocellar dots, 
 lower ones with a white central spot. 
 
 5Q. P. Labienus, Antennae black, girdled with 
 white, their clubs being brown with black rings ; 
 above pink blue ; upper pair of wings have the an- 
 terior margin white without cilia, exterior margin 
 dark brown with very short cilia ; lower pair bor- 
 dered with dark brown, and edged with short white 
 cilia ; beneath, both pair of wings at their bases are 
 dark with pearly scales. Upper pair with nine 
 ocellar, six subtriangular, and six suboeellar black 
 spots ; lower pair with eleven ocellar spots ranged 
 in the form of a triangle, having in their centre a 
 large triangular white spot with a black pupil ; also 
 eight triangular black marks, and seven suboeellar 
 black spots. This species has no fulvous spots 
 beneath. Rare. 
 
 60. P. Adonis. Wings entire, blue, with a black 
 marginal streak, beneath cinereous, with numerous 
 ocellar dots and a while central spot in the lower 
 ones. 
 
 61. P. Icarus, Wings entire, above with brown 
 bands beneath with alternate white and black bands* 
 
59 
 
 62. P. Hyacinthus. Wings entire, blue, lower 
 ones beneath, with a marginal row of red eyes, and a 
 circle oi black ones on the disk, 
 
 63. P. Argus. Wings entire, lower ones benealh 
 with a ferruginous border and silvery blue eyes. 
 
 64. P. Idas. Wings indented, brown, with a yel- 
 low disk; the upper pair with a black bipupillaie 
 eye on each side, the lower ones varied with grey 
 beneath. 
 
 65. P. Artaxerxes. Wings entire, brown, upper 
 pair with a white dot in the middle; lower ones with 
 rufous marginal lunuies, beneath with rufous and 
 white dots on the margin. 
 
 66. P. Argiolus, Wings entire, blue, edged with 
 black ; beneath, blueish-grey, spotted with black. 
 
 67. P. Cymon, Wings above, blue, with a black 
 marginal line ; beneath, with one common streak of 
 ocellated spots. Female, above, entirely black with 
 cinereous cilia. Rare. 
 
 68. P. Alsus. Wings entire, brown, immaculate, 
 beneath cinereous, with a streak of ocellate dots. 
 
60 
 
 69. P' Paniscus. Wings divaricate, dark brown 
 with fulvous spots, 
 
 70. P. Comma, Wings entire, divaricate fulvous, 
 with a black line on the upper pair, beneath spotted 
 v.ith white. 
 
 7l» P.Sylvanus, Wings divaricate, dark orange, 
 with square yellow spots above, and whitish ones be- 
 neath. 
 
 72. P. Linea, Wings entire, divaricate fulvous, 
 edged with black. 
 
 73. P.Tages, Wings entire, denticulatCj brown, 
 with (obsolete white dots. 
 
 74. P. MalvcB. Wings entire, divaricate, brown 
 with cinereous weaves } upper pair with hyaline dots> 
 lower ones with white dots beneath. — Shaw describes 
 it of a blackish or brown colour, with nunaerous 
 whitish or semi-transparent spots, 
 
 7b. P.Lavaterce. Wings entire, brown ; upper 
 pair with white spots, lower ones with white dots; 
 all with a snowy lunule in the middle. 
 
6i 
 
 P. Ligea. Wings dentated brown, with a rufous 
 band : the anterior having four eyelets on both 
 sides, the posterior three, the latter also spotted 
 with white. 
 
 P. Mnemon. 
 
 P. Alcyone. Wings dentated brown, banded with 
 yellow : the anterior having two eyelets on both 
 sides, the posterior marbled underneath. 
 
 P. Blandina. Wings dentated, brown : with a 
 rufous ocellated band, the posterior brown under- 
 neath ; with a cinereous band. 
 
 The following Butterflies are enumerated in 
 Rees' Cyclopaedia, but their existence as British 
 is doubtful. 
 
 P. Arcanius. Wings very entire, ferruginous ; 
 under surface of the upper ones, with a single eye; 
 of the lower ones, with five, separated by a band. 
 
 P. Hero. Wings very entire, fulvous, under sur- 
 face of the upper pair with a single eye, of the 
 lower one with six. 
 
6'2 
 
 P. Phcedra. Wings indented brown; both sides 
 alike, upper pair with two violet eyes. 
 
 P. Maturna. Wings indented, varied with ful- 
 vous and black ; lower ones beneath with yellow 
 bands, and waved black streaks, the base impunc- 
 tured. 
 
 P. Dia, Wings fulvous, spotted with black, 
 lower ones beneath purple, the base with yellow and 
 silvery spots, and an obsolete silvery band in the 
 middle. 
 
 Equites. Greeks. 
 
 P. Levana. Wings denticulated, variegated, be- 
 neath reticulate, upper ones with a few white spots. 
 
 Hesperia, Rurales. 
 
 P. Titus. Wings entire, brown, immaculate; 
 lower ones ocellate beneath, and a macular fulvous 
 streak behind. 
 
 P. Hippoihoe. Wings entire, orange edged with 
 black and white ; beneath cinereous, with numer- 
 ous black ocellar dots. Inhabits the fens of Cam- 
 
6s 
 
 bridgeshire, and has been observed near Aberdeen 
 in Scotland. 
 
 Hesperia, Urbicol^. 
 
 P. Thaumas. Wings divaricate, orange, with a 
 darker patch at the base, the upper pair, in the 
 male, with a black line in the middle. 
 
 P. Fritillum, Wings entire, divaricate, black 
 dotted with white. 
 
 Nymphales. 
 
 p. Moera, Wings notched, brown ; the upper 
 marked on both surfaces with one eyelet, and the 
 under with five eyelets on the superior, and six on 
 the inferior surface — A native of Europe; on pas- 
 ture ground. Caterpillar hairy, green, striped with 
 white : the tail divided. 
 
65 
 
 As the reader may wish to know the names, as 
 far as they relate to those enumerated in the pre- 
 ceding list, of those genera and subgenera into 
 which modern Entomologists have sub-divided the 
 the original Linnaean genus Papilio, they are, by 
 the favor of the Rev. Wm. Kirby, here subjoined ; 
 adding, as far as they could be ascertained, the pe- 
 culiar characters which distinguish the eggs, cater- 
 pillars, and chrysalises of each kind, wliich it is 
 trusted will enable the collector to detect them 
 under every form. 
 
 N. B. The numbers refer to those in the table. 
 
 Order LEPIDOPTERA. 
 
 Section dayfliers. 
 
 1 — 2. Papilio. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar naked, with a Y-shaped scent- 
 organ, issuing from its neck when alarmed. 
 Chrysalis angular, girted (a); head-case 
 eared (b). Sepp. I. ii. pi. iii. 
 
 (a) That is called a girted Chrysalis, which is suspended by a 
 silken thread, round its body. 
 
 (b) The eared head-piece terminates in a pair of processes some- 
 what like ears. 
 
66 
 
 3. Pjekis. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar subfusiform, hairy, subtuber- 
 
 culated. 
 
 Chrysalia angular, girted ; head-case 
 
 beaked with an obtuse beak (c). DeGeer 
 
 i. PL xiv. Fig. 13—19. Hiibn. Schmet- 
 
 PI. Ixxix. c. a, b. 
 
 4 — 8. Pont I A. Egg ovate, acuminate, many -ridged. 
 
 Caferpi//ar subfusiform, downy, sometimes 
 
 tuberculated. 
 
 Chrysalis angular, girted, head-case beaked 
 
 with a sharp beak. Sepp. I. ii. PL i, li, iv. 
 
 — 13. CoLiAS. Egg unknown (d). 
 
 Caterpillar naked, tuberculated. 
 Chrysalis subangular, hunched girted ; 
 Iccad-case beaked, with a long beak. 
 Merian Surinam : Hubn. Schmet. PL Iviii. 
 c. d. 
 
 14. GoN^EPTERYx. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar naked. 
 
 Chrysalis subangular, hunched, loosely 
 girted : head-case beaked, with a sharp 
 beak. De Geer I PL xv. Fig. 1 — 11. 
 Hlibn. Schmet. PL Ixxxviii. c. d. 
 
 (c) The beaAcd head piece terminates io a single process. 
 (il) Pojfilio Cardamines is osualiy taken for a Pontto, but the 
 liuiich of the Chrysalis shews that it belongs rather to Colias. 
 
15.-19. HiPPARCHiA. Egg various (e). 
 
 23-29. Caterpillar subfusiform, tuberculated ; 
 
 76-79. taU bifid. 
 
 Chrysalis subangular, suspended (f ) ; 
 
 head-case eared. Sepp. I. i. PL iii — vi. 
 
 20-22. Vanessa. Egg oval, many-ridged, umbilicated 
 
 30—34. Caterpillar spinose. 
 
 Chrysalis angular, suspended; head-case 
 eared. Sepp. I. i. PI. ii, vii. 
 
 21. Apatura. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar homed at the head. 
 Chrysalis angular, suspended; head-case 
 eared (g). Hiibn. Schmet. PI. xxv. E. c. 
 
 35. LiMENiTis. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar long, spinose or setose, tuber- 
 
 culated. 
 
 Chrysalis subangular, hunched, suspended; 
 
 head-case beaked (h). Hiibn. Schmet. 
 
 PI. xxii. D. b. 
 
 (e) In this genus sometimes (H. Pilvsella. Sepp. I. i. PI. iii. Fig. 
 2.) the egg is subconical, many-ridged, with the vertex truncated: 
 at others (jff. Hyperanthus. Sepp. I. i. PI. iv. Fig. 2 ) it is subglobose, 
 without ridges, and covered with little punctures. In some 
 {H. Jurtina. Sepp, I. i. PI. v. Fig, 2.) it is of the same shape as the 
 last named, but it is many-ridged, and scaly at the vertex : and 
 lastly in others (H. jEgeria- Sepp. I. i. PI. vi. Fig. i.) the form re 
 mains the game but the surface resembles net work. 
 
 (f ) By this term it is meant that the chrysalis is suspended 
 by its tail. 
 
 (g) N. Diet. D'Hisf. Nat. xxiii. 140. (h) Ibid 146. 
 
68 
 
 36-40. Argyicwis. £^^ conical, subumbilicate,many.ridged, 
 vertex rounded. 
 Caterpillar spinose. 
 
 Chrysaiis subangular, suspended; head- 
 case notched. Sepp. II. i. PL i. 
 
 41—48. Melit^a. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar spinose, pubescent. 
 Chrysalis subangular, suspended; head- 
 case rounded. De Geer ii. PL L Fig. 10 
 —18. HUbn. Schmet. PL i. a. a. 
 
 49—62. Thecla. Egg unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar onisciform (i), short, flat. 
 Chrysalis girted, head-case rounded. 
 
 Reaum. L PL xxriii. Fig. 1 7. Hubn. 
 
 Schmet. PL Ixxii. a. a. 
 
 53 — 68. LYCiENA. Egg unknown. 
 
 Cater jAllar onisciform, flat. 
 Chrytalis girted, head-case rounded 
 De Geer :. PL iv. Fig. 9—15. Hubn . 
 Schmet. ^1. Ixiv. a. a, a. 
 
 69-75. Hespehia. £^^ unknown. 
 
 Caterpillar naked, or pubescent,fusif orm (k). 
 Chrysalis inclosed in a cocoon, head-case 
 rounded notched (1). Reaum. i. PL xi* 
 
 Fig. 6 12. TLxihn. Schmet. PL xcv. e. 
 
 (i) Caterpillars are so called when Ihey somewhat resemble an 
 
 Oniscus or wood«louse. 
 
 (k) Thickest in the middle, and tapering gradually to each end. 
 
 (1) These caterpillars fasten leaves together with silk like many 
 
 moths, and in them tmdergo their metamorphosis, inclosed in a 
 
 slight cocoon. 
 

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