THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 507 I8>87 This book haB b^n DIQmZED ^ and is available ONLINE. — BERGENS MUSEUMS AARSBERETNING for 188 7. Fremlagt paa Generalforsamlingen den 21de April 1888. Bergen. John Griegs Bogtrykkeri. 1888. 507 Indhold. No. i. D. C. Daniels sen, Actinida of The Norwegian North- Atlantic Expedition. No. 2. James A. Grieg, To nye Cornularier fra den nor- ske kyst. No. 3. — Undersogelser over dyrelivet i de vestland- ske fjorde. No. 4. A. Lorange, Storhaugen paa Karmoen. NytSkibs- fund fra Vikingetiden. No. 5. J. Brunch orst, Oversigt over de i Norge optrae- dende, okonomisk vigtige plantesygdomme. No. 6. — Ueber eine neue, verheerende Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. No. 7. Fridtjof Nansen, A Protandric Hermaphrodite (Myxine glutinosa, L) amongst the Vertebrates. Indberetning fra den historisk-antikvariske Afdeling. Indberetning fra den botaniske afdeling: Indberetning fra den naturhistoriske Afdeling. Indberetning fra Bibliothekaren. Indberetning til Generalforsamlingen. Extrakt af Aarsregnskabet. 60 . : Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 https://archive.org/details/bergensmuseumsaa1887univ Actinida Of The Norwegian North-Atlantic Expedition. Preliminary Report. By D. C. Danielssen. i The complete Memoir on the Actinida collected during the expedition in course of preparation, and will be accompanied by about 22 — 24 Plates, publication may be expected about March or April of next year. Tribus iEgireae. 1 ) Actinida, with a perfect body-cavity (Coelome) and a developed digestive apparatus, consisting of oesophagus, intestine and anus. Family JEgiridae* ^gireae, whose body is cylindrical, vermiform ; 12 single septa, with the Coelome divided into 12 longitudinal chambers. Genus Fenja. 2 ) The body cylindrical, elongate; furnished with 12 longitudinal grooves, between which 12 longitudinal areas covered with suckers. A series of a few retractile tentacles. Anus. 12 perfect septa. 12 longitudinal muscles; between which strongly prominent trans- versal muscles. 12 genital pores around the anus, outside the rectum. Mesodermal circular-muscles. Hermaphrodite. Fenja mirabilis* pi. 1. 1 — 14. The body is cylindrical; 70 m. m. in length, and 15 m. m. in breadth at the anterior extremity, whilst the posterior part is rather narrow, partly rounded, and partly conically acuminated, according *) y£gir — The God of the sea in Scandinavian mythology. 2 ) Fenja — A sorceress of the Jotun race, dwelling in the depths of the sea, occupied in grinding salt. (Scandinavian mythology.) I* 4 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. to the nature of the contractions (PL I fig. i). The exterior sur- face of the body is smooth and shining, and it has 12 longitudinal furrows, between which the same number of broad longitudinal areas are seen, extending, like the furrows, from the posterior oral disc to the outermost extremity of the animal (PI. I fig. 1); and furnished with a multitude of extremely small suckers, only to be observed with the aid of a powerful magnifying glass, and which do not appear to be placed in any systematic arrangement (PI. I fig. 14). On the anterior part of the body, on the contrary, the suckers are somewhat larger and appear to arrange themselves in series. When the tentacles are extended, the anterior third part of the body is somewhat tumified, and the integument becomes, then, so far transparent that septa, which show themselves to correspond to the longitudinal furrows that indicate their insertions, may be distinguished. The medial part of the body is not quite so much expanded, and not quite so transparent; but the posterior part, which composes about a fourth part of the whole length of the body, is narrower, perfectly opaque, and incapable of being re- tracted, although it still becomes expanded occasionally, and its integument then becomes partially transparent; whilst the medial part contracts, at same time becomes narrower and almost per- fectly opaque. Altogether, the body alters its form very consider- ably, according as the animal expands or contracts itself. At the extremity of the posterior part a minute round aper- ture is seen (PI. I fig. 4 a) surrounded by 12 extremely small folds or papillae (PI. I fig. 4b). When the aperture dilates itself it is always stelliform, and there is, in that state, frequently ejected sand or excrementa, after which it is very firmly closed, so that there, then, is only a stelliform depression visible. The oral disc is conically protuberant (PL I fig. 1), and fur- nished with 12 rather broad folds that collect round the oral aperture (PL I fig. 12) which is rather round, with smooth but thick lips, and no gonidia. The margin of the disc is round, and upon it there is seated a cycle of 12 tentacles occupying a space equal to about one third of the length of the body (PI. I fig. 1 and 12). The tentacles are retractile, cylindrical, and tolerably slender, and terminate almost filamentously. Not only the tentacles, but also the oral dise may be retracted and quite concealed by the superior margin of the body. 1887.] The Norw. North-Atlantic Exped. 5 When the animal, by its contraction, shortens itself, the inte- gument becomes strongly folded, both longitudinally and trans- versally, and acquires a chequered appearance, and the suckers then come prominently out in the checks. The movements of the animal consist, otherwise, of prolongations and shortenings, expan- sions and contractions of the body, but the posterior extremity is never retracted into the body. The animal lives in the sand of the stony bottom, and from what I observed, whilst I had it alive some time in the glass vessel, it rolled about on the surface of the sand and did not burrow into it. Only now and then did it raise the anterior part of the body and extend the tentacles vigourously. whilst the oral disc projected itself prominently forward; but in general it lay extended on the surface of the sand and rolled itself to the sides. The colour. The anterior part of the body is almost pel- lucid, with a reddish play of colour; the medial part is flesh- coloured, with lighter coloured longitudinal stripes; and the post- erior part has, when expanded, about the same colour as the anterior part; but when, on the other hand, it is contracted, it also is flesh coloured. The oral disc is almost pellucid, with pale rosy red rays (folds) having a violet play of colour. The tentacles are light red, almost pellucid, and at their base have a brown- violet patch which, like a stripe, extends itself along the adoral side, right up to the point. The external surface of the body is everywhere clad with a broad ectoderm, consisting of long ciliating cylinder-cells, with nucleus and nucleolus surrounded by a finely granulated proto- plasmic mass (PI. I fig. 6 a, PI. II fig. 2 a). Between the cells there are, here and there, seen bottle- shaped unicellular mucous glands, many of which are filled with a finely granulated viscid mass that quite conceals the nucleus, whilst others are quite empty. The slightly elongated throat opens on to the external surface (PI. II fig. 2 b). But besides the mucous glands, there lie entrenched between the cylinder cells of the ec- toderm a great abundance of nematocysts (PI. II fig. 2 c). which are, however, present in the richest abundance on the oral disc and the tentacles. Inside of the ectoderm there is a broad layer of fibrillar connective tissue (PI. I fig. 6 b). in whose middle is seen a belt, consisting of circular muscle-fibres which appear to collect into fine bundles (PI. I fig. 6 c). From the inner surface of this connective-tissue 12 septa issue, standing at a uniform distance 6 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. apart from each other, and which do not form pairs; neither is there anything that serves to indicate that any of them take the place of directive septa as is usually the case in the Actinidae; but they extend themselves from the posterior part to the oral dise, and secure themselves to the intestine and the gullet-tube (Oesophagus) in the whole of their length (PI. I fig. 7, 1 1 a) causing the body-cavity to be divided into 12 chambers (PI. I fig. 7 b), which at the top, round the gullet-tube, are rather broad but ex- tremely narrow round the rectum. These septa are usually furnished with transversal and longi- tudinal muscles but, still, the arrangement is somewhat different from the usual one. The transversal muscles appear to be little developed, and are almost entirely covered by the longitudinal muscles that occupy both surfaces of the septa. At the origin of the septum in the wall of the body, the longitudinal muscles divide themselves in such a manner, that one portion extends along the inner surface of the wall of the body, and form the 12 strong lon- gitudinal muscles which are attached by loose connective-tissue to it (PI. I fig. 2 a, 5 a, 7 c), and that may even be recognised in the 12 longitudinal areas on the exterior surface of the body; ano- ther portion distribute themselves over both surfaces of the septum (PL I fig. 7 d), and follow these to the gullet-tube (Osophagus) and intestine. From the connective-tissue of the septum (the sup- porting membrane) prolongations issue, which become ramified, and the muscle-fibres are secured to these, causing the longitudinal muscles to acquire a fruticous appearance, which indeed is rather common among the Actinidae. They are most fully developed at the origin, and in proxi- mity to the oesophagus and intestinal canal; in the middle they are much thinner, and there the connective-tissue membrane appears altogether to be thinner (PL I fig. 7). But besides the 12 longi- tudinal muscles that follow the inner wall of the body, there is, besides, upon it, a layer of strongly developed transversal muscles that collect together into regular ribbons, placed at uniform di- stances apart (PL I fig. 5 b) and which pass under the longitudinal mus- cles to the septum (PL I fig. 5 c). They lie, therefore, in each chamber, and impart to the inner surface of the integument, both by their regularity and their transsection by the longitudinal mus- cles, a trellised appearance (PL I fig. 5). The musculous layer is everywhere, both on the septa and the wall of the body, clad with an endothelium, consisting of long, ciliating, cylinder cells, but how The Norw. North-Atlantic Exped. 7 far these rest directly upon the muscles, or whether there is an intermediate layer — or ventral layer — (Peritoneum) to which they are attached, in the manner that will subsequently be shown to be the case with the oesophagus and the intestinal canal, can not be here determined. All the septa carry mesenterial filaments and reproductive or- gans (PL I fig. 2). These have their origin exactly at the upper- most part of the gullet- tube, just below the oral dise; and are secured to the one surface of the septum, between the muscle- fibres, by a membranous prolongation of the connective- tissue of the septum. The septa have not, here, as usually is the case with the Actinida, a free margin to which the organs named are attached, as it will be remembered that there is in Fenja no gastrovascular cavity in which the septa could freely hang; on the contrary, they are everywhere secured, exteriorly, to the body-wall, and interiorly to the gullet-tube and the intestinal canal. The mesenterial fila- ments are placed next to the gullet-tube, and extend themselves spirally, backwards, (downwards) to nearly the middle of the rectum without, however, being secured to it (PI. I fig. 2 b). Their struc- ture presents no divergence from the common. The reproductive organs are situated outside the mesenterial filaments, and are also secured to the septum by a connective- tissue prolongation which is clad with endothelium (PI. I fig. 8, 9, 10 a). The ovaries form ribbon-shaped, somewhat adpressed, tubes that twine themselves down along the septum, quite from the oral disc, and much farther than the mesenterial filaments (PL I fig. 8 b). I have seen, indeed, in one specimen, the ovary on a couple of septa terminate in the proximity of the bottom of the body-cavity. These tubes are clad, internally, with an epithelium, consisting of large, round cells, with nucleus and nucleolus, and, here, the ova are seen in various stages of development, usually lying two to- gether (PL I fig. 2 c, 10 b). The testicles lie outermost (PL I fig. 2 d, 8 c), so that the ova- ries are situated between them and the mesenterial filaments. They have their origin exactly at same point as the ovaries, but extend themselves farther backwards than the latter do. They are, like the ovaries, secured to the septum by a prolongation of its connective-tissue (PL I fig. 9 a), and consist of two spiriform, al- most round, tubes that are clad, externally, with cylindrical en- dothelial cells, which also cloth the mesentery, and between which a multitude of nematocysts are visible. Internally, they are coated 8 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. with epithelium, formed of large, round cells with a round eccentric nucleus in which there is a round corpuscle (PI. I fig. 9 b). Many of those cells are occupied by round shining bodies (undeveloped spermatozoa) (PI. I fig. 9 c). Others are almost perfectly empty, but outside these there are seen great crowds of shining bodies similar to those found in the cells (PI. I fig. 9 d). Among these crowds, many of the round shining bodies are seen to be furnished with a short tail (more perfectly developed spermatozoa) (PI. I fig. 9 e). It appears, here, as if the spermatogenesis proceeds from the spermatoblasts protoplasmic contents; perfectly different there- fore from what I stated to be the case with Edwardsioides vitrea, where the spermatozoa is supposed to originate principally in the cellular nucleus. On dissecting the animal, longitudinally, it appears that, unlike the Coelenterata, there is no so-called gastrovascular cavity to be found (PI. I fig. 2). The gullet-tube is cylindrical, and about 10 m. m. in breadth at its origin (PI. I fig. 2 e), but diminishes a little in thick- ness for a distance of 8 - 10 m. m., and then passes over into a thick intestine (PI. I fig. 2 f), which becomes gradually narrower as it, in almost a straight line, extends itself down towards the post- erior extremity, where it passes over into the rectum (PI. 1 fig. 2 g) which opens into the previously described round anus (PL I fig. 2h). Upon the outer surface of the gullet-tube and intestinal canal, 12 septa are adherent, which, as previously mentioned, have their origin in the inner wall of the body, and extend themselves quite from the posterior extremity to the under surface of the oral disc, to which, also, they are attached. These septa divide the body- cavity (the Coelome) into 12 longitudinal chambers which, at the top, just under the oral disc, communicate with each other, inas- much as there is, in each septum, an oval aperture just at the point where the septum is secured to the oral disc (oral-stomata). There is no such communication posteriorly; here the chambers close round the rectum, but at their bottom — formed by the body integument which is, here, somewhat less thick; between the previously mentioned papillae, or really the terminal posterior in- sertions of the septa — there is found a fine fissure which is opened and closed by a fold that appears to form a kind of valve (PL I fig. 13 a). This fissure places each chamber in communica- tion with the external medium (the sea-water), and must be consid- ered as really a genital pore. Whether the seawater flows into the The Norw. North-Atlantic Exped. 9 chambers through these fissures is indeed very doubtful; I have been unable to detect any indications of that. In one specimen, the extreme end of the rectum, with its anus, is a little projected by the contraction, and an excrementory plug of slimy sand occu- pies the anus. On removing this plug the folds of the inner wall of the rectum became visible (PL I fig. 4 c). On the inner wall of the gullet-tube there are an immense number of longitudinal folds, which are broken off by the contrac- tions of the transversal muscles causing the folds to acquire the appearance of running transversally (PL I fig. 3 a). This relation chan- ges as soon as the oesophagus passes over into the intestine, as the longitudinal folds, here, appear much more prominently, although they, also, have, here, a bulging appearance, owing to the action of the transversal muscles (PL I fig. 3 b) ; but in the rectum they are still more distinct, and thicker, and extend in nearly straight lines down to the anus (PL I fig. 3 c), round which they collect (PL I fig. 3 d). There is no gullet-groove (siphonoglyphe). On making a transversal section of the outer wall of the gullet- tube and intestinal canal, fillet-formed protuberances of fibrillous con- nective-tissue are seen (PL I fig. 7 e, 1 1 b), whose epithelial covering consists of long, narrow, cylinder cells with a very thin membrane, and an oblong nucleus with corpuscle surrounded by a transparent protoplasmic mass. The connective-tissue fillets are arranged in such manner, that a few of them are more prominent than others, and it appears as if they are broken off by the septa, as in the space formed between two septa the fillets reach far forward into the middle of the chamber, whilst they also diminish in breadth the closer they approach to the septa. The whole object appears, under the microscope, as if the gullet-tube and intestinal canal are surrounded by a collar of connective-tissue covered by cylinder cells furnished with ciliae; but whether there is only one or se- veral ciliae on each cell it has not been possible for me to ob- serve. These connective-tissue fillets may be regarded as, really, rudi- mentary septa, but there is this peculiarity about them, that they issue from the gullet-tube and intestinal canal, and not from the wall of the body; and that they increase in breadth the nearer they approach to the posterior part of the body of the animal, so that they become broadest round the rectum. Between the epithe- lium and the connective-tissue, there is an extremely fine membrane (Peritoneum?) to which cylinder cells are attached, and which covers 10 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. a thin layer of circular muscle fibres that appear to be a pro- longation of the musculosity of the septa, and unite to a very broad layer of connective-tissue. This layer is strongly fibrillous, and is furnished with a multitude of connective-tissue corpuscles having one or several prolongations, and also with nutritory ducts with their epithelium. From this connective-tissue layer, pretty long, conical prolongations issue, that in a material degree contri- bute to form the folds on the inner wall of the gullet-tube and intestinal canal (PI. I fig, 7 f ). On the inner surface of the con- nective-tissue and its prolongations there is a strongly developed muscular layer formed of transversal and longitudinal fibres, and clad with a thick epithelium consisting of relatively broad cy- linder cells furnished with rather long ciliae (PI. I fig. 7 g). Be- tween the cells, oblong unicellular mucous glands are seen, whose excrementary ducts open out upon the surface of the epithelium. As regards the nervous system, I have not very much to say; however, the little I have to report enables me to state, that in Fenja mirabilis the nervous system does not differ materially from that of the Actiniae, first shown by the Brothers Hertwig. Just below the oral disc — immediately inside (below) the ectoderm, be- tween it and the connective-tissue — a narrow layer is observed, which is finely granular, and which upon maceration followed with the ectoderm. Besides the minute, round, shining grains (transsected nerve-fibrils) there are seen, here and there, ganglial cells con- taining a large, almost round, nucleus enclosing the nucleal cor- puscle and surrounded by a dark protoplasmic mass (PL II fig. 4). Alongside these ganglia, with their 3 or 4 prolongations (PL II fig. 4 a), long nerve filaments appear, crossing each other, and which appear to issue from oblong ganglial nodules rich in protoplasm (PI II fig. 4 b). It has not been possible to detect any nucleus in these nodules, and it is possible that they are only artificial vari- cose dilations. But not only on the oral disc are these ganglia and nervous fibrils observed; they are also found upon several parts of the body, even far back upon it, and they show themselves pretty distinctly in very thin transverse sections, but most distinctly in macerated preparations treated with weak osmic acid. It appears to me, with considerable certainty, that there is a rich nervous reticu- lation with corresponding ganglia distributed over the whole body, and that we ought to find that something like it certainly occurs on the gullet-tube and intestinal canal. On the uppermost part of 1887.] The Norw. North-Atlantic Exped. II the inner surface of the gullet-tube, between the epithelium and the musculous layer, a fine nervous reticulation is observed (PL II fig- 3 a ) whose filaments extend themselves partly to the epithelium (PI. II fig. 3 b), and partly to the musculous layer (PL II fig. 3 o, and over this reticulation lie scattered, large ganglia with large, round nuclei, enclosing round nucleus-corpuscles surrounded by a finely granular protoplasmic mass (PL II fig. 3 d). The gangliai cells have various forms, are more or less angular, and project se- veral prolongations which are very rich in protoplasmic contents. I have not been able to detect any connection between the gang- liai cells and the nervous reticulation, although it is sufficiently probable that such a connection exists. Farther down the intestine similar nervous distributions are seen, so that I am disposed to believe that the entire intestinal tube is well supplied with them. In a transverse section of the uppermost part of the gullet it ap- peared, to me, that upon its exterior side, inside of the epithelium and well covered by it, there lay a group of small, almost piri- form ganglia, which had a pretty large nncleus with nucleus- corpuscle; but as they were rather indistinct, and I did not succeed in obtaining from this part satisfactory macerated preparations, I must confine myself to indicating, that probably in that way a nervous distribution takes place to the septa and to the organs attached to them. Habitat. Stations No. 173 and 174. Several specimens; but only a few of them (2 adult and 1 young) were brought up undamaged. In most of them the integument was torn on the anterior part of the body, towards the oral disc, and through the rifts, thus produced, the mesenterial filaments, and partly also the repro- ductive organs, were forced out and lay quite exposed. Specific Characteristics. The body cylindrical, 70 m. m. in length, 15 m. m. in breadth at the anterior extremity, conically acuminated at the posterior extremity, which, latter, is furnished with 12 papillae giving to the anus a stelliform appearance. The external surface of the body smooth, with 12 longitudinal furrows, and scattered suckers, which in the anterior part of the 12 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. body are arranged in series. The integument, when the animal is in full vigour and has its tentacles extended, transparent; so much so that the septa with the mesenterial filaments may be distin- guished. The oral dise conically protuberant, has an almost round oral aperture from which 12 folds issue towards the periphery. No gonidia. 12 tentacles, having about a third part of the length of the body, retractile, attenuated, terminating almost filamentously. The uppermost margin of the body may be drawn over the oral disc. During the contractions the integument acquires a chequered form. The Colour. The anterior part of the body is almost pellucid, with a reddish play of colour; the medial part is flesh- coloured, with lighter coloured longitudinal stripes; the posterior part has, when it is extended, about the same colour as the an- terior part, but when contracted is also flesh-coloured. The oral disc is almost pellucid, with faint rosy-red rays having a violet play of colour. The tentacles light-red, almost pellucid; at their base a brown violet patch prolonging itself as a stripe along the adoral side right up to the point. Genus-iEgir. The body elongate, cylindrical, with a mucous vaginal covering and 12 longitudinal ribs between which small suckers are scattered. One cycle consisting of a few tentacles. In the posterior part of the intestinal canal (Rectum), immediately above the anus, 12 slender fissures communicating directly with the intestinal passage. 12 equally situated perfect septa. Endodermal circular muscles. Her- maphrodite. iEgir frigidus. pi. 11 fig. 1, 5— 11. The body cylindrical, about 30 m. m. in length; 8 — 10 m. m. in breadth in the anterior extremity, and 4— 5 m. m. in breadth in the posterior, somewhat rounded, extremity (PI. II fig. 1). The external surface of the body has an extremely thin, mucous, slightly encrusted covering, and is furnished with 12 rather protuberant ribs (PI. II fig. 5 a) between which slightly depressed longitudinal areas The Norw. North- Atlantic Exped. 13 are found (PL II fig. 5 b); in which, with the aid of a powerful magnifying glass, small, scattered, suckers are seen, that appear to stand two and two together. The covering mentioned is pretty firmly attached to the ribs and does not clothe the whole of the body, as the uppermost part is exposed for a length of 4 — 5 m. m. from the oral disc (PL II, fig. 5 c) but, on the other hand, it is found clothing the whole of the posterior part, with exception of the extremity, which is furnished with a round aperture (anus) that dilates and contracts itself, and through which the excrementa are ejected in the shape of plugs of course sand and mucous (PL II fig. 5 d). In the superior (anterior) naked part, which dilates itself, some- what, towards the oral disc, the 12 ribs appear still more distinctly, and between them the suckers are more distinctly observed and are a little larger than on the rest of the body. The oral disc is a good deal broader than the anterior margin of the body; it is rather plane, but folded, and is a little depressed towards the slightly oblong oral aperture situated in the middle (PL II fig. 1, 5, 7). The folds, which issue from the oral aperture radially, towards the periphery, are narrowest at their origin, but gradually become broader towards the margin of the oral disc, which is furnished with 12 tentacles standing in a series (PL II fig. 1, 7). These are rather short, thick at the base, and retractile. The tentacles, as well as the oral disc and the entire anterior ex- posed part of the body, are capable of being withdrawn into the vaginal mucous covering, which then appears to form a tube that closes itself at the top. This tube is, otherwise, very thin and trans- parent, and is easily detached from the body, but, yet, is so well se- cured to the longitudinal ribs that the animal cannot quite throw it off. Detached portions are quickly replaced by exudation of a viscid substance from the naked exterior surface of the body. The colour. The tube, or the mucous covering, is a beauti- ful chestnut brown, having a violet play of colour. The integument of the body is pale rosy-red. The oral disc and the tentacles are an intense crimson-red, but the disc is a little paler in colour than the tentacles. Upon dissecting the animal longitudinally it becomes immedi- ately evident, that we have, here, an internal arrangement like that described in connection with Fenja mirabilis. Here, there is an absence of gastrovascular cavity, as the gullet-tube passes im- 14 D. C. Danieissen. [No. i. mediately over into a well developed intestine that terminates in an anus (PI, II fig. 7). The gullet-tube (oesophagus) is cylindrical, 8 m. m. in length, and 4 m. m. in breadth just at the oral aperture (PI. II fig. 7 a), diminishing somewhat in thickness as it passes over into the in- testine (PI. II fig. 7 b). The intestine becomes a little dilated im- mediately below the oesophagus, and passes in almost a straight line towards the posterior extremity, where it again dilates itself a little, in order to, as a rectum (PI. II fig. 7 c), terminate in the round anus. On the exterior side of the gullet-tube and intestine, the insertions of 12 septa are observed (PL II fig. 7 d) ; at a distance of a couple of millimetres from the anus, there is seen — on the in- testine (rectum), exactly in each longitudinal belt, consequently be- tween each two septal insertions — an extremely fine fissure about 2 m. m. in length (PL II fig. 7 e), and, as we shall subsequently see, it leads right into the rectum. The inner surface of the gullet- tube is longitudinally folded, and the folds are relatively very broad (PL II fig. 6 a); as the gullet-tube passes over into the in- testine the folds become narrower, but a little way back in the intestine they project more forward, and assume almost the foliace- ous form (PL II fig. 6 b) whilst in the posterior part (rectum) they, become extremely narrow, become placed closer together, and are present in far greater abundance (PL II fig. 6 c). The covering of the body is formed of a mucous mass on whose exterior surface scattered grannules of sand are seen to be entrenched, whilst the interior surface is smooth and has no organic connection with the integument of the body. The latter has a pretty thick ectoderm, consisting of a layer of long, narrow, dilat- ing cylinder-cells with nucleus and nucleus-corpuscle (PL II fig. 8 a). Between the cells, and partly covered by them, claviform unicellular mucous glands are observed (PL II fig. 8 b), also a multitude of nematocysts (PL II fig. 8 c). These last are especially richly pre- sent on the tentacles and oral disc. Inside of the ectoderm, there is a fibrillous connective-tissue layer (PL II fig. 8 d) rich in connec- tive-tissue bodies with prolongations, and also nutritory ducts. Towards the inner surface of this connective-tissue there is found a rather narrow belt of circular muscles that appear to be situated in bundles but are not much developed (PL II fig. 8 e). On the inner surface of the connective-tissue, longitudinal and transversal muscles are secured (PL II fig. 8 f) and are covered with cylinder epithelium (PL II fig. 8 g). i88 7 .] The Norw. North- Atlantic Exped. *5 There are 12 septa, which have their origin in the inner wall of the body and extend quite from the anal aperture and up to the under surface of the oral disc, to which they attach themselves, whilst also, they all insert themselves on the exterior surface of the gullet-tube and intestine (PL II fig. II, PL III fig. 2). The cavity of the body is thus divided into 12 chambers (PL III fig. 2) that communicate with each other through a small semi-lunar opening (oral-stomata) which is found on the septa, ex- actly at the point where they attach themselves to the oral disc; the chambers, otherwise, appear to be closed. Anteriorily, or at the top round the gullet-tube, they are very broad, but the more they approach to the posterior extremity the narrower do they be- come, so that around the rectum they are very narrow. The in- dividual septa are placed at uniform distances apart, and are not in pairs, whilst, also, there are none of them that can be considered as directive septa (PL III fig. 2). In one specimen a few septa ap- peared to be somewhat different from the rest, as they were a little shorter, so that the distance between the wall of the body and the intestine became less, and, as a consequence of that, the correspond- ing chambers became narrower; but it may perhaps be, that this difference may have arisen from an irregular and violent contrac- tion, and we are therefore not in a position to form a definite con- clusion from it. The septa are formed of fibrillous connective-tissue, which is, here, pretty thick, and really is a continuation of the connective- tissue of the wall of the body, with a muscular arrangement quite like that of Fenja mirabilis; as both sides are clad with long- itudinal muscles, whilst the transversal muscles, which only occupy one side, appear to be little developed, and are covered by the longitudinal muscles (PL III fig. 1). From both sides of the septa a multitude of thin connective- tissue ramifications issue (PL III fig. 1 a), and on these sit the muscle-fibrils (PL III fig. 1 b), causing the whole to acquire a beauti- ful fruticous appearance. But as the longitudinal muscles issue from the wall of the body, in order to distribute themselves on both sides of the septa, they send along their insertions a collection of strong muscular bundles, which form the longitudinal muscles of the wall of the body and extend from the posterior extremity to the under surface of the oral disc, where they distribute themselves. These 12 longitudinal muscles are so broad, that when the animal is dilated they may be observed through the integument. [6 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. The longitudinal muscles, which pass along both sides of the septa, are about uniform in breadth over the whole (PI. Ill fig. 2), but towards the gullet-tube and intestinal canal they, as it were, collect more together, and give off strong muscular bundles which accompany the insertions of the septa on the digestive apparatus (PI. II fig. 7 d, PL III fig. 1 c). Here they operate as 12 special longi- tudinal muscles that assist in shortening the gullet-tube and in- testinal canal. But besides the 12 septa which divide the entire cavity of the body into 12 closed longitudinal chambers, there is seen, on the exterior wall of the gullet-tube and intestinal canal, between each two septa, a collection of fillet-formed prominences which issue from the connective-tissue of the digestive-apparatus (PL III fig. 1 d, 2 b), are formed by the connective-tissue, and clad with rather short ciliating cylinder-cells (PL III fig. 1 e). These prominences extend pretty far into the chamber; indeed, in the posterior part of the chamber they extend almost to the wall of the body; they are pretty firm, and sometimes divide themselves bifurcately, without however losing anything of their special character (PL III fig. 1 f). I have called attention to a similar relation in Fenja mirabilis, but in that animal they are not nearly so prominent. I do not know with what to compare these peculiar prominences, unless it be with undeveloped, imperfect septa, such as are sometimes met with in Actinidae, but it must be remembered, always issuing from the wall of the body. Here, as has been shown, they issue from the gullet-tube and intestinal canal, and have no other histological structure than the one spoken of. It has not been possible, for me, to discover muscles on these organs, which, so far as I can make out, can have no other function than to divide the chambers in such a manner that a far larger belt arises with which the nu- tritory fluids may come in contact. No correspondent connection between them and the channel of the intestine exists, as there is a very broad connective-tissue layer sharply defining those parts from each other. The connective-tissue of the gullet-tube and the intestine is very broad, strongly fibrillous, and rich in connective-tissue corp- uscles and nutritory ducts; and upon its exterior surface, longitu- dinal and transversal muscles are found. From the inner surface of this connective-tissue, thick, long, prolongations issue, which extend into the channels of the gullet and intestine and form the large folds which are here observed (PL III fig. 1 g). These The Norw. North- Atlantic Exped. 1/ connective-tissue beams are clad with pretty long cylinder-cells carrying cilise (PI. Ill fig. I h), and between which unicellular mu- cous glands are, here and there, observed; especially does the posterior part of the intestine appear to be rich in such glands. A transversal section of the posterior part of the rectum; just at the point where the fine fissures previously mentioned are found, upon the exterior surface; shows that those fissures lead direct into the intestine. In this situation the intestine is much dilated, and from its inner surface 12 canals bulge out; these are oblong, penetrate through the connective-tissue — which is, here, not very broad — and open out exactly in the interval between 2 septa, where the fissures named are found (PL II fig. 11 c). These canals are clad with epithelium, consisting of ciliating cylinder-cells (PI. II fig. 1 1 d), like that which clothes the inner wall of the intestine, and in it there are seen, here and there, a few oblong, quite clear and empty cells, which are, presumably, mucous glands (PI. II fig. 1 1 e). Here there appears to be almost a kind of cloacum into which the fissures open. In the transversal section illustrated, 4 such canals are seen, but there are really 12, which may be seen on comparison of several closely continuous sections, by which the true number is brought out. Here, therefore, a direct communi- cation between the chambers and the intestine is found; which is not the case in Fenja mirabilis, where the, presumably, genital fis- sures found in the bottom of the chambers, open around and out- side the rectum between the integumental papillae or folds de- scribed, and thus communicate direct with the external medium (the sea-water). But both these descriptions of fissures certainly perform the same function viz, to lead the offspring out of the body. All the 12 septa carry mesenterial filaments and reproductive organs (PL II fig. 7). They first issue from the anterior part of the gullet-tube, exactly under the oral aperture, and are secured to the connective tissue membrane that forms the septum, and retreat, sinuously, backwards to about the middle of the in- testine. The ovaries are situated outside the mesenterial filaments, farther from the gullet tube and the intestine, but in front issue at the gullet-tube under the oral disc, and extend backwards almost right up to the genital fissures. In a few septa, however, they were not so long, but extended only a little way behind the anterior half-part of the intestine; but it may be, that these short ovaries are not fully developed. 2 [8 [No. i. They are attached to the septal walls by an extremely loose, very delicate connective-tissue, that like a tape-like membrane accom- panies them (PI. II fig. 9 a). From this membrane, pedunculated, navel-shaped capsules issue, one on each side (PI. II fig. 7 f, 9 b); in each of these capsules an ovum is developed (PL II fig. 9 c). We see that the ovaries, here, are different from those found in Fenja mirabilis, where they do not differ materially from the ovarian character of Actinidae in general; whilst in JEgir frigid its they greatly approach the form which is general in Alcyonidae. The testicles lie still farther from the gullet-tube and intestine, and have their origin a little way behind the oral disc, behind both the ovaries and mesenterial filaments. They are formed in the same manner as in Actinidae usually, and twine backwards for the same length as the ovaries (PI. II fig. 10). The follicles of the testicles are pretty large, and contain round cells with particularly large nuclei; the spermatozoa develope themselves in those cells. In the specimen examined the spermatozoa are but slightly devel- oped, and show as extremely small round shining molecules. Habitat. Station No. 124. A couple of specimens, of which one is much injured by the dredge. » No. 200. Several specimens, but all of them more or less injured, inasmuch that a large part of the body-integument is torn away, so that only the oral disc, tentacles, also the gullet-tube and intestine with attached septa, are serviceable for investigations. It is possible that the animal bores itself with its posterior extremity into the sand, and that the dredge, therefore, as it dragged it along, tore the integu- mental covering in pieces. t Specific Characteristics. The body cylindrical; 30 m. m. in length, 8 — 10 m. m. in breadth in the anterior extremity, and 4-5m.n1. in breadth in the posterior extremity, which is furnished with a round anus. The exterior surface of the body has a thin, mucous, vaginal covering; also 12 ribs, between which depressed longitudinal belts in which scattered, extremely small, suckers appear. The anterior part bare. The oral disc broader than the anterior margin of the body, folded, The Norw. North -Atlantic Exped. 19 and a little depressed towards the oblong oral aperture. 12 rather short, thick, retractile tentacles, situated in a series. The colour: — The sheath has a deep beautiful chestnut- brown colour, having a violet play. The integument of the body salmon-red. The tentacles intense crimson-red; the oral disc some- what paler in colour. In respect of the systematic position of these remarkable ani- mals, I must confess that I have been in great dubiety. One thing may be considered as certain, and that is, that they belong to the great animal-group of »Radiata«. There is nothing that points to a bilateral symmetry, not even a tendency to approach it is appar- ent in the developed animals, although the embryons, however, pre- sent such an indication. There were collected during the expedition, not so very few specimens of both genera, but the greater number were more or less injured by the dredge, so that I only obtained a couple of live specimens for my investigations. It was nearly 24 hours after the animals were placed in the glass vessels, before they began to show animation, by extending the tentacles. The ship, it is true, rolled a good deal, so that it was not altogether quiescent in the glass jars, but after a couple of days and nights Fenja mirabilis appeared to be in full vigour, and was then drawn and observed. Upon this observation, I arrived at the preliminary conclusion that I had to do with an Actinida, and that is was probably a Halcampa, for which reason I entered it as such, temporarily, in my Note- Book. The case was however a little different with JEgir frigidus; it was more sluggish in its movements, and first extended its tentacles after a longer interval, but altogether it did not appear to be at all comfortable, as it generally kept itself pretty much contracted; my observations, however, led in the distinct direction that, here, also, I had to do with an Actinida, that ought most properly to be as- signed to the Cerianthidae, and as such, therefore, it was entered in my Note-Book. The specimens examined during life were care- fully preserved in alcohol, and it is therefore them that have prin- cipally served for my subsequent, more detailed, investigations. From these it results that we have, here, very remarkable transition forms to do with, that cannot, without difficulty, be assigned to the present existent established animal divisions. 20 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. The integument with its epithelium, nematocysts, mucous glands, and connective- tissue; the tentacular form, septal formation, repro- ductive organs and nervous system, are all in perfect harmony with the Coelenterata type; but the feature which is established as the chief characteristic of that type viz. the gastrovascular cavity, is awanting, or is, here, transformed into a real body-cavity (Coelome); whilst at same time there is a fully developed intestinal canal with its origin at the mouth, and terminating in an anus, which in Fenja mirabilis, does not directly communicate with the body-cavity, which is divided by 12 perfect septa into 12 longitudinal chambers. In the genus Mgir there are, at the extremity of the rectum a few millimetres in front of the anus, 12 minute, scarcely a milli- metre long, fissures by which the chambers of the body-cavity are placed in direct communication with the intestinal canal. Here therefore, we have a relation which, also, in respect of the digestive apparatus approaches somewhat to that of the Coelenterata, especially to that of the Ctenophora that, as is well known, has a long gullet- tube extending through almost the whole length of the body, and opening into the lateral gastrovascular space by two narrow lateral fissures. But what, however, marks an important difference, is the circumstance that, in /Egir, there is a perfectly developed intestine which opens into a real anus independent of the body-cavity; whilst in Ctenophora the gullet-tube opens into the gastrovascular space. The intestinal apparatus of the genus Fenja is, on the other hand, quite shut off from the body-cavity and therefore distinguishes itself more from the Coelenterata than yEgir does. If we make the Coelome the decisive feature, it becomes then evident that my two species must be removed from the ranks of the Coel- enterata; but where they should then be placed, I can really not determine. It may, however, be the case, that too much stress has been laid on the so-called gastrovascular apparatus, as a systematic feature, in naming the whole af the animal group that Cuvier called Zoophytes, Coelenterata. What is called gullet-tube in Actinidae is possibly a rudimentary intestinal formation, and those at the sides of the adjoining chambers may perhaps be considered as a rudiment- ary formation of the coelome. This is still more distinct in the Ctenophora, where the gullet-tube not only has the form of an intestine, but also the function of a real digestive canal, even though anus is awanting, and is placed in direct communication with the gastrovascular cavity. In any case there is, here, in reality, no great distance from a complete separation between the intestine 1887.] The Norw. North-Atlantic Exped. 21 and the body-cavity. Probably, even in the group of the Actinidae, it may be possible to show a different development of gullet-tube, and in connection with it a more or less distinct separation of the so-called gastrovascular cavity; leading the relation in the genera JEgir and Fenja to be regarded as the final stage of a process of development already begun in other Actinidae. Butcertain knowledge in respect of those relations will scarcely be obtained, except by a logical septem of investigation of embryons; as then it will be seen whether they develope themselves as genuine Coelenterata, or whether they possibly show themselves to belong to either Pseudocoelia or Enterocoelia. In the meantime I am satisfied with an assignment of them to the great division of Actinida, but have, however, found it necessary to form a new family (tribus) for them. 22 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. Explanation of the Plates. Plate I. Fig. i. Fenja mirabilis, natural size. s 2. Fenja mirabilis, dissected longitudinally, and a little mag- nified, a. Longitudinal muscles, b. Mesenterial filaments, c. Ovaries, d. Tentacles, e. Oesophagus, f. Intestine, g. Rectum, h. Anus. » 3. The same. Both the integument and the intestinal canal dissected longitudinally, a. Inner surface of the gullet-tube with its longitudinal folds, b. Inner surface of the intestine with its folds. c. Inner surface of the rectum with its folds. » 4. Posterior extremity of the animal: magnified, a. Anus, b. Papillae around the anus. c. Folds on the rectum. » 5. A portion of the integument of the same viewed from the inner surface; magnified, a. Longitudinal muscle with in- sertion of the septum, b. Transversal muscles, c. Trans- versal muscles which pass under the longitudinal muscle, towards the septum. » 6. Transverse section of the integument of the same: magni- fied, a. Ectoderm. b. Connective-tissue. c. Circular muscles. » 7. Transverse section of the integument and intestinal canal of the same; magnified, a. The mesial portion of the septum; the longitudinal muscles are torn away. b. The chambers between the septa, c. Longitudinal muscles on the body-wall. d. Longitudinal muscles on both sides of the septa, e. Fillet-formed prominence on the outer wall of the intestinal canal, f. Connective-tissue prolongations from the inner wall of the intestinal canal, which form the folds on same. g. Epithelium of the same. 23 Fig. 8. A portion of the connective-tissue membrane which con- nects the reproductive organs to the septum; magnified, a. Connective-tissue membrane, b. Ovaries, c. Testicles. » 9. Connective-tissue membrane with the testicles: magnified. a. Connective-tissue. b. Cells on the inner wall of the testicular tubes (spermatoblasts). c. Similar cells filled with undeveloped spermatozoa, d. Loosened undeveloped spermatozoa, e. More perfectly developed spermatozoa. » 10. Connective-tissue membrane with ovaries: magnified, a. Connective-tissue, b. Ova. » 11. Transverse section of integument and intestine of the posterior part: magnified, a. The mesial part of a septum. b. Fillet-formed connective-tissue prolongations on the outer wall of the rectum. Attached ova are seen on the septa. » 12. Oral disc with tentacles; superior aspect, magnified. » 13. Transverse section of the bottom of a chamber, with a portion of the rectum, a. The fissure at the bottom of the chamber, b. Rectum. » 14. A portion of the outer surface of the integument, on which suckers are seen, magnified. Plate II. » 1. JEgir frigidus, natural size. » 2. Transverse section of the body integument of Fenja mi- rabilis, magnified, a. Cylinder-epithelium (Ectoderm), b. Unicellular mucous glands, c. Nematocysts. » 3. Transverse section of the superior portion of the gullet- tube, close to the oral disc of Fenja mirabilis; macerated preparation, magnified, a. Nerve-reticulation, b. Epithe- lium, c. Muscles, d. Ganglial cells. The epithelium is torn a considerable distance away from the muscular layer. » 4. Nervous ganglia, and swollen nervous threads from the inferior portion of the oral disc and the adjoining portion of the body integument of Fenja mirabilis, magnified, a. Nervous ganglia, b. Swollen nervous threads. » 5. JEgir frigidus: magnified, a. Protuberant ribs. b. Longi- tudinal areas between the suckers, c. The exposed part of the body. d. An excrementory plug passing through the anus. 2 4 D. C. Danielssen. [No. i. Fig. 6. The digestive apparatus, dissected longitudinally: magni- fied, a. The oesophageal folds, b. The intestinal folds, c. The folds of the rectum. 7. Gullet- tube, intestine, oral disc, and tentacles: magnified, a. The gullet-tube. b. The intestine, c. Rectum, d. Septal insertion, e. Fissures of the rectum, f. Ovaries. 8. Transverse section of the integument of the body. a. Ec- todermal cylinder-cells, b. Mucous glands, c. Nemato- cysts. d. Connective-tissue, e. Circular muscles, f. Lon- gitudinal and transversal muscles, g. Endothelium. » 9. Portion of an ovary detached from the septum: magni- fied, a. Connective-tissue, b. Pedunculated ovarian cap- sule, c. Ovum. » 10. Portion of a testicle, magnified. Plate III. » 1. Transverse section of integument and intestine of JEgir frigidus, magnified, a. Connective-tissue prolongations is- suing from the septum, b. Longitudinal muscles attached to those prolongations, c. Longitudinal muscles on both sides of the septum, forming tufts, d. Connective- tissue prolongation issuing from the outer wall of the intestine, e. Epithelium of the same. f. An epithelial connective- tissue prolongation, divided bifurcately. g. Connective- tissue prolongation issuing from the inner wall of the in- testine, forming an intestinal fold. h. Epithelial covering of the same. » 2. Transverse section of the posterior part of the body of Mgir frigidus; showing the integument, septa, and in- testine, in whose cavity excrementa are seen: magnified, a. A chamber, b. The fillet-formed connective-tissue pro- longations from the outer wall of the intestine. Serpens Museum. D. C i Botmelssen. HButker »?<- ii.oAt. '.ah. *" Fenja mirabilif. Fio. %.3A. £gir H. To nye Cornularier fra den norske kyst. (Med 2 tavler.) Ved James A. Grieg. Rhizoxenia alba n. sp. (Tab. I fig. I—34-) Stammen eller stolonen, der paa de undersogte exemplarer var faestet til roret af Onuphis conchylega M. Sars, er naesten snehvidt, tiaandformet, membranost, krybende i storre eller mindre slyng- ninger, kun sjeldent danner den en ret linie. Hist og her udvider den tynde krusteagtige hovedstamme sig til en tynd plade, hvor- paa der hyppigt sidder en liden cylinderformet polypcelle, denne mangier dog lige ofte, muligens er den dog paa saadanne steder kun degenereret, idetmindste kunde der paa et exemplar sees nogle uregelmsessigheder, der lignede rudimenter af en polyp. Polyperne sidder ikke udelukkende paa disse pladeformige udvidelser, man finder dem ofte selv paa de smaleste partier af stolonen. Med visse mellemrum udgaar der fra stolonen sidegrene, der ssetter den i forbindelse med naerliggende stammer; sidegrenene danner som regel en ret vinkel med hovedstammen, de udgaar enkeltvis og som oftest fra partier af stammen, hvor der ikke findes polyper. Denne Rhizoxenia adskiller sig saaledes meget skarpt fra den ene- ste tidligere kjendte nordiske art, Rhizoxenia nliformis M. Sars, 1 ) hvis sidegrene altid udgaar i en mere eller mindre spids vinkel fra en polypcelle, kun i et eneste tilfaelde fandt Sars, at sidegrenen ud- gik fra stolonen. 2 ) Stolonens bredde varierer mellem 1 — 3 mm., J ) Fauna litoralis II pag. 65. Tab. X fig. 13 — 17. 2 ) Den af M. Sars i Krist. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. f. i860 (p. 141) kortelig beskrevne Rhizoxenia arctica bor henfores til slcegten Clavularia paa grund af de spindelformede spikier og de store, furede polyper (cfr. Studer Monatsber. d. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin 1878 p. 632). Sandsynligvis er Sars's Rhizoxenia identisk med Cla- vularia arctica Dan. & Kor., med hvem den har spikier faelles. Clavularia arctica har nemlig foruden en membranes basaldel, som paa det af Danielssen og Koren be- skrevne exemplar (»Nye Alcyonider« etc. p. 12, tab. Ill fig. 25 — 35), ogsaa sto- loner, dette svarer ganske til Sars's beskrivelse: »Basis communis repens, recta aut tortuosa, linearis, tenuissima, plana, . . .« At domrae efter et ret rigt materiale, prof. G. O. Sars indsamlede ved Vardo, synes stoloner at vcere det almindeligste hos Clavularia arctica. I* 4 James A. Grieg. [No. 2.. den almindeligste bredde er 1.7 mm.; afstanden mellem polyperne er 2 — 8 mm. Coenosarket, der er daekket af et polyedrisk epithel (ektodermet) er taet pakket med spikier, de almindeligste former er staerkt knudrede spindler v o.i44 mm. 1., 0.049 mm - br.) (lab. I fig. 3),. disse spindler har ofte en baandformig indsnoring paa midten (0.076 mm. 1., 0.040 mm. br., 0.014 mm. br. paa midten) (fig. 4);. 0.072 mm. 1., 0,025 mm. br., 0.014 mm. br. paa midten (fig. 5); desuden findes meget ofte en mellemform mellem dobbeltkuglen og spindlen .0.047 mm. 1., 0,025 mm. br., 0.011 mm. br. paa midten) (fig. 6). Sjeldnere er kollen ,0.104 mm. 1., 0.047 mm. br.) (fig. io) y hrlinger (0.058— 0.06 1 mm. 1., 0.040-0.058 mm. br., 0,014—0.021 mm. br. paa midten) (fig. 7, 8), kors (0.097 mm. 1.. 0.076 mm. br.) (fig. 9), samt nogle eiendommelige buketlignende staerkt vortede og~ knudrede spikier (0.061 mm. 1., 0.047 mm - br.) (fig. 11). Coenosarket bestaar af et hyalint bindevaev, hvori der findes bindevsevsceller. Ofte ligger der langs spiklerne nogle smale celler med kjerne, der meget ligner de celler, Koch fandt hos Clavularia prolifera Koch, det ligger derfor naer at antage, at ogsaa disse celler er »die Erzeuger der Spicula« 1 ); lignende celler kunde ogsaa iagttages i polypen og cellen. Stolonen er saa rigt forsynet med ernaeringskanaler, at den paa tvaersnit ligner et taet fint netvaerk. Ernaeringskanalerne saetter polyperne i forbindelse med hinanden, men de staar desuden ogsaa indbyrdes i forbindelse; som oftest finder man en eller to storre kanaler. hvorom de mindre har leiret sig. Kanalerne er bedaekket af et 0.004 — 0.007 mm - beit cylinderformet endothel. Cellen er stiv, glat, cylinderformet, rigt forsynet med spikier, den er bedaekket med et encellet lag epithelceller. Hr. overlaege dr. D. C. Danielssen, der som medlem af Atlanterhavsexpeditionen havde anledning til at studere polypen levende, meddelte mig vel- villigst, at ^cellens rand havde 8 lancetformede papiller, som kun kunde sees under lupen og naar polypen var udstrakt.« Paa spiri- tusexemplarer viser celleranden sig derimod helrandet, det var mig ikke muligt selv ved staerkere forstorrelser at paavise de lancetfor- mede papiller; da imidlertid alle de polyper, jeg havde til dispo- sition, var staerkt sammentrukne, maa grunden til, at papillerne ikke kunde sees, muligens seges her; at faa polypen udtrukken ved hjaelp af svag maceration, mislykkedes ganske. Cellen er 2 mm. J ) Koch: Anatomie der Clavularia prolifera n. sp. Morph. Jahrbuch vol. VII 467 tab. XXII u. XXIII. j88 7 .] To nye Cornularier. hoi, 1.7 mm. bred ved basis, omtrent lige bred for oven og neden, farven er hvidgul. Cellen er som sagt meget rig paa spikier, som ligner meget stolonens, ogsaa her er spindlen den almindeligste form (0.108 — •0.158 mm. L, 0.036—0.054 mm. br.) (fig. 19, 20, 2i\ hyppig er ■ogsaa spikier med en baandformig indsnevring paa midten (0.054 mm. 1., 0025 mm. br., 0.0 11 mm. br. paa midten) (fig. 22), (0.040 ■mm. 1., 0.01S mm. br., 0.01 1 mm. br. paa midten) (fig. 23). Sjeld- nere er kors (0.054 mm. 1., o 047 mm. br.) (fig, 24) og enkle stjer- -ner (0.032 mm. 1., 0032 mm. br) (fig. 25). Polypen er langstrakt, cylinderformet, glat, omtrent af cellens hoide og naesten vandklar. Polypen er med undtagelse af septa, som ganske mangier kalk, vel besat med spikier, der adskiller sig gan- ske fra stolonens og polypcellens spikier. I polypens bagkrop, naermest cellen, danner spiklerne et bredt baand med tvaersliggende spikier. I forkroppen folger spiklerne derimod polypens lsengde- retning, i nserheden af tentaklernes basaldel boier de lidt efter lidt af fra laengderetningen for efterhaanden at blive tversliggende igjen, og gaar som saadanne helt ud i tentaklernes og pinnulernes spidse. De almindeligste spikier i polypen og tentaklerne er lange spidse, si- milar to those of Aicyonium«, dette passer jo> ganske godt til de her fundne spikier; men da jeg imidlertid kun kjender slaegten Sar- codictyon efter Johnstons desvaerre altfor korte beskrivelse, vover jeg ikke at henfore den til denne art, men saetter den ialfald fore- lobig til den naerstaaende slaegt, Sympodium Ehr. 2 ) Findested. Norske nordhavsexpedition station 26, 63 0 io' N. B., 5 0 16' 0. L. fra Greenwich (den ydre side af Storeggen), 237 favne (433 m.), temperatur 7.1 0 C. sandier. Artskarakter. Basaldelen er baandformet, krybende, fint kornet, noget op- svulmet ved cellens basis; den er faestet til skjael og andre faste submarine gjenstande, er staerkt bugtet og snoet med sidegrene og pladeformige udvidninger, hvorpaa der sidder indtil 5 polyper. Farven er havannabrun. Polyperne sidder som oftest enkeltvis, de er smaa, lidet fremspringende vorter, hvis indbyrdes afstand vari- erer mellem 1 — 2 mm. Basaldelen er 1.5 — 5 mm., bred. Polypcellen er fast, yderst fint kornet af samme havannabrune farve som basaldelen, lav, bred, svagt konisk T omtr. 2 mm. hoi, 1.2 mm. bred ved basis. Cellen er forsynet med 8 ribber, som traeder tydeligst frem, naar polypen er indtrukken. Polypkroppen er fin bleg rosenred, cylindrisk, omtrent af samme laengde som cellen og forsynet med 8 korte tykke tentakler. Polypens bagkrop er glat, forkroppen derimod forsynet med 8 J ) Johnston British Zoophytes vol. I, p. 179. 2 ) Som st0tte for min antagelse kan nrevnes, at Studer i »Versuch eines Sy- stemes der Alcyonaria« (Arch. f. Naturgesch. 53. Jahrg. B% I H. I.) siger om Callipodium, at den minder meget om Sarcodityon, hvem han naermere omtaler: » die Polypen der Colonie reihenweise verbunden und nur an ein- zelnen Stellen in grosseren Complexen auf einer gemeinsumen Basalflache vereinigt sind.« Desvaerre kjender jeg ikke Herdmanns arbeide: »On the Structure ofSarco- dictyon«, hvortil Studer henviser. James A. Grieg. [No. 2. grunde lsengdefurer. De korte tykke tentakler har en blegere farve end polypkroppen, de har 4—8 korte pinnuler paa hver side. Tentaklernes aborale flade og polypkroppen har perlemorglands. Mundskiven er glat, lidt hvselvet og har samme lyse farve som tentaklerne. Munden er aflang og en smule fremstaaende. Om- kring munden er der en hvid ring, hvorfra der udstraaler 8 hvide ribber, som gaar til tentaklernes mellemrum. Basaldel, celle, polyp og tentakler tset pakket med spikier; pinnuler og svaelget uden kalk. I polypen ligger spiklerne paalangs, i tentaklerne, hvor de gaar helt ud i spidsen, ligger de paatvsers. Polypen og tentak- lernes spikier adskiller sig fra basaldelens og celiens ved sin ud- prsegede spindelform. Spiklerne er farvelese. i88 7 .] To nye Cornularier. 13 Tavleforklaring. Tab. I. Fig. r. Rhizoxenia alba, faestet til roret af Onuphis con- chylega M. Sars, svagt forstorret. » 2. Indtrukken polyp med stolon af samme. Zeiss. Oc. II. Obj. a 2 . » 3 — 11. Spikier fra stolonen. » 12. Stjerneformet spikel fra polyp og tentakler. » 13. Svaelget med dets 8 spikelraekker. Zeiss. Oc. I Obj. AA. » 14, 15, 16. Isolerede spikier fra svaelget. » 17. Tversnit af en polyp gjennem svaelget; ec ecto- derm, en. entoderm, ep. svaelgets epithel, f. svaelg- gruben, s septa, D dorsal, V ventral side. Zeiss. Oc. II. Obj. A A. » 18. Tvaersnit af svaelggruren ep. epithel, en. entoderm, c. slimcellen eller kjertler, m. muskelfibre, p. svaelg- grubens piskeceller, s. septa, b.hyalint bindevaev med hulrum efter afkalkede spikier. Zeiss, apochr. Obj. 4-o- Oc. 4. » 19 — 25. Spikier fra cellen. » 26 — 34. Spikier fra polypkrop og tentakler hos Rhizoxenia alba. » 35 — 43. Spikier fra basaldelen hos Sympodium margari- taceum. Tab. II. Fig. 44. Sympodium margaritaceum, forstorret. s> 45. En anden gren af samme, staerkere forstorret. » 46. Udstrakt polyp med tentakler og celle. 14 James A. Grieg. [No. 2. Fig. 47. Tentakel med spikier. » 48. Tvaersnit af en polyp ved tentaklernes basis. » 49. Tvaersnit af en polyp gjennem svaelget. Poly pen er no- get sammentrukket » 50. Tvaersnit af en del af gastralhulen med septa og aeg. » 51. Tvaersnit gjennem svaelggruben, ep. svaelgets epithel, en. entodermet, p. svaelggrubens piskeceller, s. septa. Zeiss. Oc. II. Obj. F. » 52. Laengdesnit af en tentakel, ep. ektodermet, en. entodermet, m. muskelfibre, b. hyalint bindevaev med spikier. Zeiss. Oc. II. Seibert homog. y 8 . » 53. Laengdesnit af en polyp. » 54. Tvaersnit af basaldelen ved cellens basis, g. gastralhulens bund med et septum og to aeg, h. basaldelens hovedka- naler, e. fine ernaeringskanaler, s. spikier. Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. A A. » 55—61. Spikier fra cellen. » 62 — 66. Spikier fra polypkroppen. » 67 — 73. Spikier fra tentaklerne. .Spiklerne er tegnede -med Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. DD. To nye Cornularier = 5 Summary. Rhizoxenia alba n. sp. PL I. Figs. 1-34. The stolon is adherent to submarine objects; almost snowy white, ribbon-shaped, nembranous, and creeping: I — 3 m. m. in breadth. From the stolon lateral branches issue, forming a right angle with the parent stem, and connecting it with adjacent stems. Here and there, upon the stolon, flat dilations occur. The cell is stiff, smooth, cylindrical, and about 2 m. m. in height, 1.7 m. m. broad at the base, and about uniform in breadth from top to bottom. The colour whity-yellow. The margin of the cell has 8 lanceolate pa- pillae, which are, however, only visible in Living polyps, and then only on powerful magnification. The polyp is elongate, cylindrical, smooth; about same height as the cell, and almost pellucid. Septa non-calcareous. On the exter- nal side of the gullet, 8 series of transversal spindles, 4 series on -each side. The gullet grooved longitudinally. The attenuated points of the tentacles pellucid, furnished with pinnules. The stolon, cell, and polyp, closely covered with spicules. In the posterior body of the polyp the spicules are situated trans- versally; in the anterior body longitudinally; in the tentacles trans- versally. The spicules extend quite to the point of the pinnules. Sympodium margaritaceum n. sp. PI. I. Figs. 35—43- Pi- II. The basal part ribbon-shaped, creeping, finely granulated, somewhat tumified at the base of the cell; adherent to shells and other submarine objects; strongly bent, and entwined with lat- eral branches and flattened dilations, on which are seated as many as 5 polyps. Colour Havannah-brown. The polyps are most fre- quently seated singly. They are small, little prominent, mamillae, i6 James A. Grieg. [No. 2. placed i — 2 m. m. apart from each other. The basal part is 1.5 — 3 m. m. in breadth. The polyp-cell is firm, extremely finely granulated, and has the same Havannah-brown colour as the basal part; it is low,, broad, faintly conical, about 2 m. m. in height, and 1.2 m. m. in breadth at the base. The cell is furnished with 8 ribs, which show most prominently when the polyp is retracted. The polyp-body has a fine pale rose-red colour; is cylindrical, about the same length as the cell, and furnished with 8 thick ten- tacles. The posterior body of the polyp is smooth; the anterior body, on the contrary, is furnished with 8 shallow longitudinal furrows. The short thick tentacles have a paler colour than the polyp-body, and have 4 — 8 short pinnules on each side. The aboral surface of the tentacles and the polyp-body has a mother-of-pearl lustre. The oral disc is smooth, slightly arcuate, and has the same colour as the tentacles. The mouth is oblong and a little protuberant. Round the mouth there is a white an- nulus, from which 8 white ribs radiate, extending to the intervals between the tentacles. The basal part, cell, polyp, and tentacles, closely covered with spicules. Pinnules, and gullet, non-calcare- ous. In the polyp, the spicules placed longitudinally: in the ten- tacles, where they extend quite out to the point, they are placed transversally. The spicules of the polyp and the tentacles distin- guish themselves, from those of the basal part and cell, by their prominent spicular form. The spicules are colourless. 1887.] To nye Cornularier. 17 Explanation of the plates. Plate I. Fig. I. Rhizoxenia alba, adherent to the tube of Onuphis conchylega, M. Sars; slightly magnified. » 2. Retracted polyp with stolon of same. (Zeiss. Oc. II. Obj. a 2.) » 3 — 11. Spicules of the stolon. » 12. Stelliform spicule of the polyp and tentacles. » 13. Gullet, with its 8 spicular series. (Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. AA.) » 14—16. Isolated spicules of the gullet. » 17. Section of a polyp through the gullet. — ec. Ectoderm, en. Entoderm, ep. Epithelium of the gullet, f. The ciliated-groove (siphonoglyphe). s. Septa. D. Dorsal side. V. Ventral side. (Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. AA.) » 18. Section of the ciliated-groove. — ep. Epithelium, en. En- toderm, c. Mucous cells, or glands, m. muscle-fibres, p. Flagelliform cells of the ciliated groove, s. Septa, b. Hyaline connective-tissue, with cavities left by loosened spicules. (Zeiss, apochr. Obj. 4, o. Oc. 4.) y> 19 — 25. Spicules of the cell. » 26—34. Spicules of the polyp-body and tentacles in Rhizox- enia alba. » 35—43- Spicules of the basal part of Sympodium margari- taceum. Plate II. Fig. 44. Sympodium margaritaceum ; faintly magnified. » 45. Another branch of same; more magnified. » 46. Polyp and cell of same. » 47. A tentacle with spicules. James A. Grieg. [No. 2. Fig. 48. Section of a polyp from the base of the tentacles. » 49. Section of a polyp through the gullet: the polyp is somewhat contracted. » 50. A portion of the gastral cavity, with septa and ova (section). » 51. Section of the ciliated groove (siphonoglyphe). ep. epi- thelium of the gullet, en. entoderm, s. septa, p. Flagelli- form cells of the ciliated groove. (Zeiss. Oc. II. Obj. F.j » 52. Longitudinal section of a tentacle, b. connective-tissue with spicules, en. entoderm, ep. ectoderm, m. muscle- fibre. (Zeiss. Oc. L Seibert homog. immer. 1 / s .) » 53. Longitudinal section of a polyp. (Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. AA.) » 54. Section of the basal part, at the base of the polyp, g. Bottom of the gastral cavity, with septa and 2 ova. h. Main ducts, e. Fine nutritory ducts, s. Spicules. (Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. A A.) » 55 — 61. Spicules of the cell. » 62 -66. Spicules of the polyp-body. » 67 — 73. Spicules of the tentacles. All the spicules are drawn with, Zeiss. Oc. I. Obj. D D. H-BkcherpT dimt litk B ergetvs Mus eum Tab i II. H Buclier jny &d : na.t: lith: Grie£, Cornul&rier. HL Undersogelser over dyrelivet i de vestlandske fjorde. Ved James A. Grieg. I. Moster. Bergens stift har i sine dybe f jorde og trange sund en sjelden rig fauna, som med rette fra gammel tid af har tiltrukket sig norske •og fremmede zoologers opmaerksomhed. Disses arbeider omhandler imidlertid som regel kun enkelte dyreformer, desuden er de spredte rundt om i forskjellige tidsskrifter; en samlet oversigt over faunaen i vore fjorde har derimod ganske manglet, naar undtages Frieles arbeider over molluskerne. Af mere lokalfaunistiske arbeider er der derimod flere, saaledes har Sars bearbeidet krustaceerne i Hardan- gerfjorden (Utne og Mosterhavn), Kiikenthal og Weisenborn har givet en meget fuldstaendig fortegnelse over faunaen i Alvaerstrom- men, som i flere aar har vseret station for tyske zoologer, o. s. v. Da det derfor laenge har vaeret onsket at faa vore fjorde mere sy- stematisk undersogt end hidtil, har jeg med musedirektionens sam- tykke anvendt det stipendium, direktionen velvilligst tilstod mig af konsul Frieles legat, til at paabegynde en saadan oversigt, et ar- beide, jeg senere haaber at kunne faa fortsat. Som udgangspunkt valgtes Mosterhavn, som et af de sydligste steder i stiftet. Fra Moster havde jeg taenkt at reise videre mod vest til Hisken. Det viste sig imidlertid snart, at faunaen omkring Moster var saa rig og arealet saa stort, at sommeren vilde gaa med, dersom der skulde vaere tale om en nogenlunde noiagtig un- dersogelse af denne del af Bommelfjorden og jeg besluttede derfor at tage fast station paa Moster. Naar desuagtet store straekninger ikke blev undersogte, var grunden hertil for en del de uheldige veirforholde, som herskede paa Vestlandet i forlobne sommer; det hsendte saaledes, at der i en hel uge ikke kunde skrabes paa grund af sondenvindsstorme. Den her leverede fortegnelse er derfor ikke saa noiagtig, som onskeligt kunde vaere, jeg haaber imidlertid, at den giver saa nogenlunde et indtryk af dyrelivet ved Moster. Over krustaceerne har allerede som naevnt G. O. Sars leveret 4 James A. Grieg. [No. 3. en fortegnelse, hvortil hen vises. 1 ) Angaaende havbundens forma- tion, dybde o. s. v. henvises til samme arbeide. Det indsamlede materiale er for det meste praepareret efter de nyere methoder, isaer anvendtes sublimat (kold eller kogende), Langs vaedske og svag alkohol (30 %) 5 hydroiderne behandledes for en del med osmiumsyre (0.1 — 1 %), svampene med absolut alkohol og pikrinsvovlsyre. *) Sars : Undersogelser over Hardangerf jordens Fauna, Forh. i Vidensk. Selsk. i Kristiania 1 87 1, p. 246. Dyrelivet i de vestlandske fjorde. I. 5 Mollusca. Brachiopoda. Crania anomala Mull., almindelig. Waldheimia cranium Mull., meget almindelig, dog ikke saa hyppig som Terebratulina caput serpentis L., der isaer findes i bakken mellem svampe (50 — 80 favne). Conchifera. Anomia ephippium L. Saavel hovedformen som varieteten squ- amula L. er overalt meget hyppig. A. striata Brocchi, ligesaa. A. aculeata L. noget sjeldnere. Ostrea edulis L. er nu en sjeldenhed, da en hensynslos fangst har ganske odelagt de for saa rige ostersbanker ved Moster. Pecten maximus L , almindelig, hvor der findes sandbund. I sand- bakker langs stranden er den ligeledes meget almindelig. Pecten varius L., ret almindelig. P. pusio L. Enkelte exemplarer af denne art toges ved Fyrhol- men, Mosterhug og Valestrand. P. opercularis L., meget almindelig ligesom laengere ude i fjorden ved Bommelhug, hvor den fandtes i stor maengde af Sars. P. septemradiatus Mull., sjeldnere, den toges hyppigst i bakken ved Mosterhug og Fyrholmen. P. sulcatus Mull., aratus Gmel., almindelig selv i de dybeste partier af fjorden. 6 James A. Grieg. (No. 3. P. tigrinus Mull., almindelig. P. striatus Miill., ligesaa. P. similis Laskey, meget almindelig. P. vitreus Chmn. P. abyssorum Sars, forekom talrigt i lerslammet fra fjordens storste dybder (100 — 200 favne). Pecten islandicus L. Dode skaller af denne art er meget almin- delig i sandbakkerne langs stranden. Lima hians Gmel., yderst almindelig, ved Hestholmerne fandtes den i saa store maengder, at skraben ganske fyldtes af den. L. loscombi Sowb., og L. subauriculata Mont, er ligeledes meget almindelig. L. excavata Fabr. forekommer ret talrig i Langedybet og Diger- naessundet, hvor den er faestet til paragorgia arborea. Dr. Aurivillius fandt efter sigende ifjor et exemplar ved Hestholms- fluen, hvor det ikke lykkedes mig at gjenfinde den. Mytilus edulis L., almindelig, dog ikke saa hyppig som M. modiolus L. M. phaseolinus Phil. Nogle exemplarer, der var faestet til et dodt skal af pectus maximus L., toges ved Fyrholmen (80 f.) Modiolaria marmorata L. fandtes hyppigt indleirede i phallusia mcntula's skalkappe. Nucula nucleus L. Portlandia tenuis Phil. P. lenticulata Miill. Area nodulosa Miill., talrig i bakken. Cardium edule L. og C. minimum er meget almindelig. C. fasciatum Mont, noget sjeldnere. Laevicardium norvegicum Spengl. fandtes kun ved Bredvigen (20 favne). Cyprina islandica L., Astarte sulcata da Costa., A. compressa L., Venus casina L. og Timoclea ovata Penn., meget almindelig. Tapes pullastra L., ret hyppig. T. dicussata L., i stranden ved Hestvigen. Dosinia exoleta L., hyppig. D. lincta Pulten, ligesaa. Axinus sarsii Phil., ligesaa. Dyrelivet i de vestlandske fjorde. I. 7 almindelig. Mactra miptica Brown. Scrobicularia piperata Bell Tellina pusilla Phill Solenensis L. Lyonsia norvegica Chemn. Thracia paparacea Poli. Rupicola distorta Mont. Mya arenaria L. M. truncata L. Saxicava pholadis L. S. arctica L. Solenoconchia. Antalis entalis L., meget almindelig. A. striolata Stimps., abyssorum Sars ligesaa i de dybere partier af fjorden. Gastropoda. Chiton abyssorum M. Sars. Ved Fyrholmen i bakken mellem svampe (80 — 100 favne) toges et exemplar af denne art. G. O. Sars har taget den i nserheden af Stavanger ved Hvitingso (150 — 200 favne), den er ligeledes fundet af M. Sars ved Man- ger og af Storm i Throndhjemsfjorden ved Galgenesset, saaat den synes at vaere udbredt om end sparsomt langs hele vest- kysten. C. cinereus L., asellus Spengl. C. ruber Lowe. Patella vulgata L. Acmaea testudinalis Mull. A. virginea Mull. A. pellucida L. er sjeldnere end de foregaaende. Pilidium fulvum Mull. Puncturella noachina L. Emarginula fissura L. Margarita gronlandica Chemn. M. helicina Fabr. Gibbula cineraria L. G. tumida Mont. Trochus zizyphinus L. T. millegranus Phil. T. occidentalis Migh., alabastrum Beck, fandtes kun i et exemplar ved Notlandsvaagen. almindelig. almindelig. 8 James A. Grieg. [No. 3. Capulus hungaricus L., sjelden, Mosterhug. Velutina lavigata Penn., er hyppig i Mosterhavn (5 — 17 favne). Trivia (Cypraea) europaea Mont, er meget udbredt, men optraeder altid enkeltvis. Amauropsis islandica Gmel. Et levende exemplar af denne arktiske mollusk toges ved Totland (20—30 favne). Friele har tidligere fundet den, som dodt skal, i Lerosen (Korsfjord), professor Sars har ligeledes taget den i naerheden af Bergen. Lunatia montagui F'orb. L. intermedia Phil. L. grenlandica Beck. Natica clausa Brod. & Sowb. ^ almindelig. Trichotropis borealis Brod. & Sowb. Littorina littorea L. L. rudis Maton (i rlere varieteter). Lacuna divaricata Fabr., ret almindelig. Varieteten quadrifasciata Mont, forekommer ikke saa talrig som den ensfarvede form, den er dog ikke sjelden. Onoba striata Mont, meget talrig Alvania abyssicola Forb. tog professor Sars i stor maengde ved Bommelfjordens munding (Espevaer). A. punctura Mont. Rissoa violacca Desm. R. parva da Costa. R. incospicua Aid. Turitella terebra L., ret talrig ved Mosterhavn, Notlandsvaagen og Vaslivigen. Cerithium reticulatum da Costa, meget almindelig. Aporrhais pespelicani L., almindelig, men altid meget lokal. Eulimella scilla Scacchi. j E. ventricosa Forb. \ ret hyppig. Eulima intermedia Cantr. J E. bilineata Alder, sjeldnere, Mosterhug 50—100 favne. E. distorta Desh., ligesaa. Clatturella linearis Mont. almindelig. Mangelia attenuata Mont. [ almindelig. Bela bicarinata Couth. Meyria (Latirus) pusilla, Sars, toges i 2 exemplarer fra fjordens dybeste partier (130 — 200 favne). Arten er tidligere funden af Danielssen og Friele i Korsfjorden (200—300 favne). Dyrelivet i de vestlandske fjorde. I. 9 almindelig. Trophon clathratus L. T. barvisensis Johnst. Nassa incrassata Moll. Buccinum undatum L. Sipho gracilis da Costa toges ved Fyrholmen og Hauglandsnaesset.- Koren og Friele har tidligere taget arten i Korsfjorden, paa Atlanterhavsexpeditionen toges den udenfor Sognefjordens munding (station 9). Troschelia (Boreofusus) berniciensis King toges i et enkelt noget defekt dodt skal af den tyndskallede form i bakken mellem svampe ved Mosterhug. Friele har engang fundet den i Kors- fjorden, med undtagelse af en enkelt lokalitet, hvor denne mollusk fandtes i storre maengder af Atlanterhavsexpeditionen (stat. 9), er den meget sjelden langs vor vestkyst, forst i Lo- foten og Finmarken optraeder den i storre maengder, selv ii Trondhjemsfjorden er den ifolge Storm meget sjelden. Cylichna alba Brown meget talrig. 10 James A. Grieg. [No. 3. Tunicata. Ascidia simplices. Cynthia echinata L., yderst almindelig paa laminarierne. Styela rustica L. St. pomaria Savig, toges i mange exemplarer ved Revsnses (9 — 15 favne) mellem modiola vulgaris, forovrigt syntes den intet- steds ganske at mangle. Eugyra glutinans H. P. C. Moller. Corella parallelograma, O. F. Miiller, meget almindelig. Ciona canina, O. F. M., sjelden. Phallusia mentula, O. F. M., yderst almindelig. Ascidia (Phallusia) obliqua Alder, hist og her mellem Ph. mentula, Nansen har taget denne art ved Alvserstrommen (Bognestrom), M. Sars har fundet den i Lofoten (ifl. Herdman). Tidligere er arten funden ved den svenske kyst og ved Shetland (Alder). Ifolge Heller skal den ogsaa forekomme i Adriaterhavet, dette er imidlertid tvivlsomt, da Hellers As. obliqua ikke ligner den nordiske; hos As. obliqua har gjaellessekkens netvaerk kun pa- piller i hjornerne, de smaa papiller mellem hjornepapillerne, som Ph. mentula har, mangier her ganske, desuden har papil- lerne hos As. obliqua en membranos hinde (cfr. Herdman, 1 ) hvad jeg aldrig har seet hos Ph. mentula, men disse karakterer staar i strid med Hellers undersogelser, hos hans art er nemlig »Form der Gitternetzes und Anordnung der Papilien an der Kiemenoberflache wie bei As. mentula«. 2 ) Ph. prunum O. F. M., sjelden, Hestholmen (ca. 20 favne). Ph. aspersa O. F. M., pustulosa Alder, er ligeledes sjelden. ') Herdman: On British Tunicata. Journ. of the Linnean Society vol. XV p. 286. 2 ) Heller: Untersuchungen uber die Tunicaten der adriatischen Mures I. p. 13. 1887.] Dyrelivet i de vestlandske fjorde. I. 1 1 Ph. venosa O. F. M., ikke almindelig, toges hyppigst langs Fyr- holmen. Ph. Virginia O. F. M., Ph. conchilega O F. M. og Ph. patula O. F. M. er meget almindelig, den sidste art forekom- mer isaer i store msengder paa tang og zostera marina ved Mosterhavn (12 favne). Ascidia scabra O. F. M. (Ph. scabra Grube), toges i nogle exem- plarer ved Fyrholmen. Ascidiae compositae. Botryllus schlosseri Pallas. Botrylloides albicans M. Edw. Begge arter er ret talrig. 12 James A. Grieg. [No. 3. Colenterata. Anthozoa. Alcyonium digitatum Linn. Paragorgia arborea (L.) Edvv., forekommer ved Valestrandslandet samt i Digernaessund (100 — 150 favne). Lophohelia prolifera Pall, og Amphihelia ramea, fandtes sammesteds, men noget naermere land. Actinia equina L., meget almindelig i fjaeren. Hydroida. Clava squamata MiilL, meget almindelig. Podocoryne carnea M. Sars, fandtes oftere sammen med Coryne pusilla Gaertner, paa skjael og krabber. Eudendrium ramosum L. Tubularia laryne Ellis, yderst almindelig paa laminariestammer. Obelia geniculata L. og Obelia gelatinosa Pall., er ligeledes meget almindelig. Campanularia flexuosa Hincks., er ogsaa meget hyppig. Salacia abietina M. Sars, toges i et par smaa exemplarer ved Va- lestrand (ca. 80 favne). Lafoea gracillima Alder, er ifolge Sars ikke sjelden ved Moster. Lafoea pinnata G. O. Sars. Nogle faa exemplarer af denne eien- dommelige hydroide toges udfor Fyrholmen (80 — 100 favne). Foruden ved Mosterhavn, hvor Sars forst fandt denne art, er den kun kjendt fra Throndhjemsfjorden (Rodbjerg og Skarn- sund), hvor konservator Storm har fundet den. Halecium halecinum L., forekommer mere eller mindre hyppig overalt i fjorden. Halecium muricatum Ellis. Et exemplar toges ved Mosterhug (50 favne). Arten er tidligere kun funden ved Bergen og i Thrond- hjemsfjorden. *88 7 .] Dyrelivet i de vestlandske fjorde. I. '3 Sertularella polyzonias L., meget almindelig paa grundere vand (indtil 50 favne). Sertularella gayi Lamrx , er funden af Sars i Hardangerfjorden. Diphasia fallax Johnst, ret almindelig i bakken. Diphasia elegans G. O. Sars. To exemplarer erholdtes midtfjords (ca. 130 favne). Sars har taget den ved Hvitingso og Utsire. Diphasia pinaster Ellis & Sol. Af denne for Norges fauna nye art fandtes en del exemplarer i bakken ved Fyrholmen (80 — 100 favne). Den var faestet tilsvampe, de storste exemplarer var/o — 80 mm. hoi. I sin habitus stemmer den ganske overens med Hincks beskrivelse og afbildning De fleste exemplarer mang- lede gonotheker, hvor disse fandtes, var de yderst faa. :Sertularia abietina L. Hist og her, Notlandsvaag, Valestrand, Hest- holmen. Thuiaria thuia L., horer heller ikke til de almindeligst forekomne hydroider, den fandtes paa samme lokaliteter som fore- gaaende art. Thuiaria articulata Pall , sjelden Notlandsvaag (3 expl.) Hetropyxis norvegica G. O. Sars, fandtes af prof. Sars ved Moster- havn (90 — 100 favne). Plumularia setacea Ellis, sjelden, Vasliholmen. Plumularia elegantula G. O. Sars. En del exemplarer fandtes ved Fyrholmen og Mosterhug (80 — 100 favne). Foruden ved Moster- havn, hvor prof. Sars forst fandt den, forekommer den ved Manger og i Throndhjemsfjorden. Plumularia gracillima G. O. Sars, meget sjelden (1 expl), Hest- holmfluen (ca 70 favne). Aurelia aurita L. og Cyanea capillata L., saaes ofte i store skarer i fjorden. Porifera. Foruden den overalt i vore fjorde meget almindelige Phakellia ventilabrum (Johnst.) Bow., fandtes en del svampe tilhorende sl?eg- terne Sycon, Risco, Ascandra H., Tethya Lam., Geodia Lam., Re- niera (digitata) Schm. og muligens endnu et par slaegter. Saerlig rig paa svampe var bakken udenfor Fyrholmen. IV. Storhaugen paa Karmoen. Nyt Skibsfund fra Vikingetideru Af A. Lorange. Paa begge Sider af Karmsund er i Oldtiden opfort mange ■gronklaedte Gravhauge synbare for alle dem, der seiler forbi. Stoltest kneisede Kongshaugen paa Brinken ved Avaldsnses Kirke med Avaldsnaesbugten taet under og med vid Udsigt over Leden baade mod Nord og Syd. Dens Muld er imidlertid nu spredt som Fyld paa Kirkegaarden, og kun en Del af Grundfladen lader .sig fremdeles paavise udenfor den ostre Side af Kirkegaardsmuren. Et Stykke laenger mod Nord paa et lidet Fjeldplateau omtrent 1 60 Meter fra Stranden, hvor Sundet er smalest, laa Storhaugen, der havde Ord for at vaere Karmoens maegtigste Oldtidsminde. Idet Opfyldingen eller Haugens Runding var fort nedenfor Fjeldets bratte Afsats mod 0st, saa den fra Soen af endog meget storre og hoiere ud, end den i Virkeligheden var. Dog var Tvaermaalet ovenfor Stupet vel 40 Meter og Hoiden omkring Midtpartiet mellem 5 og 6 Meter. I de sidste 50 Aar har der imidlertid jaevnligen vaeret smaagravet og hentet Blandingsmuld fra Haugen. Derved er naturligvis ledet Luft og skadelig Fugtighed ind i Haugens Indre. Efterhaanden var paa denne Maade omtrent Halvdelen af Hau- gens Runding mod Nord bleven bortfort. Under dette Arbeide var paatruffet Egebord og andre forarbeidede Traestykker, der uden videre var tagne til Indtaegt for Eierens knappe Vedforraad. Vist- nok var det for alle let at se, at disse Traerester var af et Fartoi, men dels fordi Gravningen foregik uden nogen antikvarisk Tanke, dels fordi der kunde gaa Aar imellem hver Gang Arbeidet bragte nye Stykker for Lyset, vakte disse Skibslevninger ingen Opmaerk- somhed for Hosten 1886, da Laerer Dosseland kom paa Aastedet og godhedsfuldt sendte mig Indberetning. Under hans Ledelse blev strax foretaget nogle orienterende Undersogelser for at skaffe naermere Vished om Resternes Tilstand, Fartoiets Stilling o. s. v., og fandtes da ret ovenfor Kjolplanken forst et Saet Spillebrikker af Rav, dernaest et Saet Spillebrikker af 4 A. Lorange. [No. 4 farvet Glas, et ufuldstaendigt skiveformet Stykke Vox, hvorpaa Rester af et punkteret Korsmaerke og endelig en paereformet vel tildannet Saenkesten til et Dybvandssnore. I den ved samme Anledning ud- kjorte Muld fandt Eierens Hustru nogen Tid efter en oval Haand- ledsboile af Guld, Vaegt 43 1 / 2 Gram. Ved min Ankomst blev forst gravet i det gjenliggende Under- lag af Haugens bortforte nordre Side. Den oprindelige Graesbakke var endnu kjendelig og helt daekket med Lyngtorv, ordnet saaledes at Oversiden vendte ned. Naar disse Torvstykker fjernedes, viste baade Graesset og Lyngen endnu friske Farver. Den gjenstaaende Del af Haugen frembod et nogenlunde ret og rent Tvaersnit fra 0st mod Vest. Til Bygningsmaterial var anvendt vaesentlig rodgul lerholdig Muld med mellemliggende uregelmaessige Lag af Torvmyr og Trae- kul. Myrtorven dannede udbredte flade Lag, medens Traekullene som oftest var lagte i Hob af indtil en Meters Hoide med hurtig aftagende Striber ned til Siderne. Overst var et Daekke af ensartet Muld bevoxet med kraftig' Graestorv. Tvaers over Haugens Top gik fra N. mod S. en lang Forsaenk- ning som efter en tidligere Gravning. Lagenes Stilling i Tvaer- snittet beviste imidlertid, at denne Forsaenkning maatte have en anden Aarsag. Alle underliggende Lag viste nemlig samme Bue ned mod Bunden. Ved Gravning vilde de forskjellige Jordarter kommet om hverandre, medens den her stedfundne Forrykkelse tydeligvis alene kunde skyldes og forklares ved en Indstyrtning af et oprindeligt Tomrum paa Haugens Bund. I Linie med og ret under denne Forsaenkning laa Resten af en O.07 tyk Egetraes Kjol, der viste, at det haugsatte Fartoi havde vaeret stillet i Retning N. — S. i en liden Dalsaenkning, der fra Plateauet skraaner mod N. O. i en Bue mod Stranden og angiver den Vei, langs hvilken Dodsskibet maa vaere trukket op til sin hellige Plads. I Haugens Tvaersnit saaes to Stenmure hver omtrent en Meter hoie og brede, begge paralelle med Kjolplanken og i lige Afstand fra denne, opforte af Kampesten og med Naeverstykker paa det overste Stenlag. Den indvendige Afstand mellem begge Mure var 6 Meter. I den udgravede Del af Haugen var paa Bakken mellem disse Mure i indbyrdes regelmaessig Afstand paatruffet tre Par omtrent lige hoie tildannede Hellestene, hvis Bestemmelse allerede af Grund- Nyt Skibsfund. 5 eieren var opfattet saaledes, at de tydeligvis maatte have tjent til at afstotte Fartoiet, efter at det var bragt op paa Haugens Tomt. Andre Traerester end Kjoien var imidlertid ikke at se i Hau- gens Tvaersnit, derimod mange baandlignende Stumper af fladklemt tjaeret Haartang, af samme Slags som baade i Thunebaaden og i Gokstadskibet er anvendt til Taetning mellem de klinkede Skibsbord. Imidlertid kunde der efter de fremkomne Oplysninger og de bevarede Rester ingen Tvivl laenger vsere om, at Storhaugen var opfort over en »Begravelse i Skibs. Haugens usaedvanlige Storrelse var desuden Bevis paa, at den her begravne maatte have vaeret en maegtig, af sin Samtid haedret Mand, der ogsaa efter Doden var bestemt til at indtage en Hovdings Plads blandt Enherjernes Skarer. Ved den fortsatte Gravning fandtes yderligere efterhaanden tre Par Stottestene, men forresten viste det sig, at Fugtigheden havde traengt saaledes ind i Haugen, at den lerholdige Muld var bleven til en seig klaebrig Masse, der forlaengst havde tilintetgjort alle Be- gravelsens forkraenkelige Minder. Kun i de mellemliggende Torvlag var der Anledning til at paatraeffe Smaarester af Skib og Inven- tarium. Efter at der var gravet omtrent fern Meter ind, det vil sige omtrent en Meter forbi Haugens Midtpunkt maalt fra N. — S. stodte man paa en mellem begge de to ligelobende Stenmure opfort Tvaermur, der var noget bredere men af samme Hoide som Sidemu- rene. Paa den anden Side af denne Tvaermur fandtes en Del af Styrbords Side saavidt bevaret, at et storre Stykke kunde optages bestaaende af Raelingsbord, to Planker og tre korte Bordstumper. Fig. i. Indvendig sees to Topstykker af Knaeer, der ovenfor Span- terne har stottet Skibssiderne og ovenfor disse Topstykker to korte Tvaertraer, som har stottet Robordet og overste Planke. Af Knae- ernes Topstykker ender nemlig det ene ved overste og det andet ved naest overste Planke. De ere faestede ved Jernspiger men des- uden ved en solid Bolt med ankerformet Klinkplade, der som et staerkt Tvaerbaand omslutter hele den afrundede Fremside. Lig- nende ankerformede store Klinknagler fandtes efter det braendte Skib i Haugen paa Moklebust, Eid, Nordfjord. Robordet hviler i en i overste Plankes Overkant udarbeidet Fals. For overste Planke er udarbeidet en lignende Fals i 2den Planke, der desuden har en fremstaaende List paa Indsidens Overkant og en fordybet List paa Ydersidens Underkant, der ved Klinknagler er faestet til forste Sidebord; forst her til Sidebordenes Forbindelse begynder nemlig Anvendelsen af Klinknagler. I de to tykke Planker og i Robordet 6 A. Lorange. [No. 4- sees kun udenfra inddrevne spigerformede Nagler se Tav. Ill Fig. 2. Af Spanterne er ingen Rester bevaret, ei heller af Bundbordene saameget, at Bundkonstruktionen kan sees. Men da der af Skibs- baaden er bevaret et Bordstykke med gjennemboret Klamp, se Tav. Ill, Fig. 3, er der vel al Grund til at antage, at samme Byg- ningsmaade ogsaa har vaeret anvendt paa det storre Fartoi, saaledes altsaa at ligesom paa Gokstadskibet, Bundbordene kun ved Baand af Fururadder har vaeret faestede til Spanterne. Hele Indsiden var daekket med et jaevnt Lag af Mose, tydeligvis for at hindre, at Mulden skulde komme i direkte Berorelse med Traevaerket. Dette Brudstykke stod omtrent i sin naturlige Stilling, hvoraf synes at folge, at Fartoiet idetmindste i denne sondre Ende maa vaere bleven ferst udvendig stottet med Muld og siden fyldt. I det bevarede Brudstykke af det overste Bord er i cr. en Meters indbyrdes Afstand anbragt 3 ovale Aarehuller, se Fig. 1. Den overste Del af en afbrudt Granaare stod taet udenfor Skibssiden lodret i Torvjorden med Haandtaget ned. Et andet storre Brud- stykke fandtes paa Graesbakken under den bevarede Skibsside, Dette Stykke er velformet og fint afhovlet, desuden maerkeligt der- ved, at der paa Slidningspunktet er indfseldt to Lapper eller Ud- bedringer, den ene med rette, den anden med skraa Tvaerender, faestede med Traenagler, men saa omhyggeligt indpassede, at man skal se noie for at opdage Udbedringen. Et Stykke af en Aarelae^ fandtes paa Bakken forsaetlig afhugget i begge Ender. Hele Staevnen var opfyldt med Rustdeig. Her maa meget Jern have vaeret tilstede, blandt andet formodentlig et Anker, men alt var oplost til Ukjendelighed. Rustmassen strakte sig helt ned mod Bakken og henimod en stor rund Helle, der var oplagt paa nogle Kampestene strax estenfor Bagbords Side. Arbeiderne ventede sig sikkert noget under denne Helle, men der fandtes kun graa aske- lignende Jord under og omkring. Ikke umuligt at Hellen har vaeret benyttet under Haugens Opforelse til at stege Fladbrod paa. Mellem denne og Skibets sondre Ende, tildels taet henimod Kjolen, laa for- revne Rester af en letbygget Skibsbaad, der ligesom det storre Fartoi har vaeret af Ek. Bordstykkerne er kun lidt over Vs Tom. tykke, fint afhovlede, forbundne med smaa Klinknagler og har ved udhuggede Klamper, se Fig. 3, og Baand vaeret faestede til Span- terne. Langs Kanterne er indvendig og udvendig hovlede Forsi- ringsbaand. Langs Overkanten af det overste Bord lober indvendig en staerk List, der danner Esingen og hvori Keiperne har vaeret indfeldte. Ovenpaa disse vel bevarede men hoist ufuldstaendige Nyt Skibsfund. 7 Baadrester var lagt en Landgangsplanke af Furu, se Tav. Ill, Fig. 8., cfr. Aarb. 86. 72. Paa Oversiden er udhugget aflang firkantede trugformede Fordybninger. De gjenstaaende Tvaerstykker maa vaere beregnede til Stotte for Foden. Paa Undersiden er ved den ene Ende en Hage eller Tvserklods, tydeligvis til at hindre Landgangen fra at glide fra Rselingen. Paa den gamle Grsesbakke, dsekket af Lyngtorv, fandtes under Gravningen forskjellige til Fartoiet horende mindre Inventarie- stykker: 1. Et skovlformet Redskab af Furu, Tav. Ill, Fig. 4, Lsengden 0.62. Bladet er bredest 0.2 nser den afrundede Ende. I 0.15 Afstand fra Enden er i Bladet anbragt to store noget skraa Huller. Et mindre Hul nsermere Kanten er fyldt med en Trae- prop. Skaftet er rundt, men nu ufuldstaendigt. Bestemmelsen usikker. 2. Redskab af Furu, Tav. Ill, Fig. 6. En paa Undersiden flad, paa Oversiden hvaelvet Traeplade, 0.28 bred, er i den ene Ende tildannet i Form af en togrenet Gafifel. Ovenfor Gaffelens Rod er i begge Sider anbragt en buet Indskjaering. Ovenfor disse aftager Bredden og synes at have dannet et kort tapformet Skaft. Nuvaerende Laengde 0.85. Bestemmelsen usikker, cfr. Fig. 1 a og b, Tav. IV i »Gokstadskibet«. 3. Redskab af Eketrse, se Fig. 7, omhyggelig tildannet med fire- sidet Tvaersnit. Smalsiderne danner to noget ulige Buer, saaledes at Bredden tiltager mod den ene Ende, hvor den in- dre Bue ved en skarp Boining naermer sig den ydre Bue og med denne danner et Naeb eller en buet Spids. Ved Naeb- roden, hvor Redskabet altsaa har sin storste Bredde, er" an- bragt et Hul, der paa den ene Side er omgivet med et op- hoiet siksakforsiret Baand, hvis Yderkant ved en spidsvinklet Boining er forbundet med en forsiret Linie langs Redskabets indre Langside. Foran dette Hul er udskaaret et firetunget Knudeornament. Ogsaa langs ydre Bue er indskaaret Forsi- ringslinier. Laengden 0.8, storste Bredde 0.065. 4. Et 1.8 langt Ekebord, 0.11 bredt, noget buet med to ind- skaarne Hak ved hver Ende og to paa Midten. Dette Stykke er kun tiloxet, ikke hovlet. 5. Redskab af Furu 0.95 lang, Ryggen eller den ene, tykkeste Langside danner en ret Linie, den anden er derimod saaledes tildannet, at den ene Ende danner et firesidet Skaft, medens 8 A. Lorange. [No. 4. den anden danner et Blad med skraa Bredsider. Paa den ene Bredside naer Spidsen er indridset en sexoddet Stjerne. 6. Et Banketrae af Ek, se Fig. 5, ganske af samme Form som endnu benyttes ved Bankning af Vasketoi, fladt paa Oversiden, buet paa Undersiden og med et kort Haandtag. 7. Redskab i Form af en liden Aare, 1.05 langt med kort bredt Blad. 8. Kolleformet Redskab afhugget i begge Ender. 9. To Rundtraer, det ene nu 5 m. langt, det andet 3 m. med omtr. 0.13 Tvaersnit. 10. Tre staerkt profilerede Brudstykker af Ek med Forsiringslister, Bestemmelscn usikker. 11. Mange Stumper af Bastetoug af forskjellig Tykkelse. Strax sondenfor den omskrevne Tvaermur laa en st0rre Rulle. der saa aldeles frisk ud, men alligevel var ganske mor. Paa Bakken under Fartoiets vestre Langside, strax nordenfor Tvaermuren havde Tommermaend tydeligvis havt sin Arbeidsplads. Her var hele den gamle Graesvold oversaaet med Traestykker, af- huggede Fliser og Naever. Alle Fliser var af Furu. Til det her udforte Tommermandsarbeide har altsaa kun vaeret benyttet Ma- terialer af denne Traesort. Derimod laa blandt disse Fururester omtrent 2 Dusin Ekenagler med store Hoveder, Gjennemsnitslaengde 0.3, en i et Stykke udhugget liden Traeklubbe foruden mange Stumper af Bastetoug. Paa denne Plads var alle Traestumper og Smaastykker saa uforandrede, at hver Hugflade endnu var skarp, og Farven saa frisk og hvid, som om Arbeidet netop var udfort. Rundt om i Haugen fandtes Rester af lodretstaaende Paele af forskjellig Laengde, tilspidsede i den nedre Ende, altsaa vistnok Maerkepaele, benyttede under Haugens Opforelse. Nogen Regel- maessighed i deres indbyrdes Afstand kunde imidlertid ikke be- maerkes. Sammenfattes de Iagttagelser, hvortil Udgravningen gav An- ledning, viser det sig, at der i Haugen har vaeret indsat et Fartoi med omtrent 20 m. Kjollaengde. Da der ingensomhelst Spor var af de for Masten saedvanlige, cfr. Gokstadskibet og Thunebaaden, anbragte kraftige Forstotninger, og da Aarehullerne var anbragte overst paa Siderne, i et Bord ovenfor de overste to staerke Raelings- planker (medens de i Gokstadskibet ere anbragte i 3 die Bord), er det vistnok rimeligt at antage, at Fartoiet har vaeret en stor og lav Robaad, ikke beregnet paa Mast og Seilads. Aarb. 1886. 80. Efterat Farteiet er bleven fort op fra Stranden til den dalfor- Nyt Skibsfund. 9 mede Forsaenkning i det for Gravhaugen bestemte Fjeldplateau og der afstivet med sex Par Stottestene, har man i eller over Fartoiet paa den for Skibsteltet saedvanlige Plads opfort en teltlignende Bygning af Furu. For at Spaerrene ikke skulde spraenge Skibets .'Sider, har Stokkenes Ender vaeret forte forbi Raelingen og stottede mod to i den Hensigt opforte Grundmure. Da den indbyrdes Af- . stand mellem disse Mure var 6 Meter, kan Fartoiets Bredde paa Midten antages at have vaeret omtr. 5 Meter. Den tvaersover Far- toiet gaaende Stenmur har tydeligvis vaeret Grundlag for Gavl- vaeggen mod Syd. Saaledes som disse Grundmure nu viste sig, liavde de ganske Form som de langs Vestlandet ofte forekommende Fundamenter for Oldtidens Skibsnost, men efter al Rimelighed har der ogsaa i den forlaengst bortgravede Del af Haugen vaeret en til- svarende Tvaermur med Gavlvaeg mod Nord. Inde i Skibet under denne Traebygning har saa Begravelsen vaeret indrettet. Sandsynligvis har den dode havt Plads enten i liggende eller siddende Stilling naer sondre Tvaermur, hvis Overkant har tjent som et Slags Hylde i Gravkammeret. Paa denne fandtes nemlig henlagt: 2 Svaerd og Spyd, forskjellige Smederedskaber : 2 Taenger og 2 File, 5 firesidede Hvaessestene, hvoraf den storste er 0.6 lang, en liden fin Brynesten af chokoladefarvet Skifer, 2 Haand- kvaernstene af grovkornet Granit, en liden /Eske hvori en Bronce- ring og skarpt Aftryk af en stor Fuglefjaer, Fyrstaal og Flint m. m. Ved Foden af Muren var stillet en Jerngryde med rundt overbrettet Rand — men alt sorgelig forrustet og tildels knust. Her var det •ogsaa, kun noget laenger mod Nord, at de foran naevnte 2 Saet :smukke Spillebrikker, Fiskestenen, Voxskiven og Guldboilen m. m. blev fundne. Ved den tidligere Gravning var her ogsaa paatruffet forskjellige Jernsager, af hvilke imidlertid kun er bevaret Skafthol- ■deren af et Spyd og et forrustet men tydeligt Brudstykke af et med Pile fyldt rundt Kogger. Koggerets Tvaersnit er 0.08 og Pile- spidsernes Antal har vistnok vaeret 2 Tylvter. Saaledes som de paa Arbeidspladsen gjenliggende Fliser og :Spaan udviser, har denne teltformede Overbygning vaeret af Furu med Naever i Overflod til Taetning og Traevaerkets Beskyttelse. Forst efter at denne Traebygning var faerdig, kan Opforelsen af selve Haugen vaere begyndt. Paa de sondenfor Tvaermuren fundne bevarede Rester af Skibsbord bemaerkedes, som foran naevnt, et tyndt men noiagtigt daekkende Lag af Mose. Dette beviser, at ii begge Ender maa Skibet vaere bleven fyldt med Jord, medens der under det daekkende Tag skulde vaere en aaben Gravhvaelving, i 10 A. Lorange. [No. 4. Hovedsagen svarende til det i Gokstadskibet opforte Gravkammer. I Gisle Surssons Saga berettes, at da Thorgrim Thorstenson var draebt og skulde hauglaegges, lagde man ham i et Skib og opforte Haug efter gammel Skik. Men da man skulde »lukke Haugen « gik Gisle frem, tog en stor Sten, kastede den ind i Skibet »saa at hver Planke var naer ved at briste« og sagde o. s. v. Denne Beretning forudsaetter tydeligvis en Overbygning, hvor- ved Skibet stod delvis frit i Haugen, thi hvorledes skulde den af Gisle indkastede Sten ellers kunne have frembragt den beskrevne Virkning? Det kan heller ikke vaere Tvivl om, at den til Haugen anvendte Jordart paa Grund af sin lerholdige Beskaffenhed har vaeret med Flid valgt i den Hensigt at bevare Skib og Grav. De store Mas- ser af Traekul kan vistnok antages at have havt samme praktiske Bestemmelse, ligesom der i hver Myr kan hentes Beviser paa Torv- jordens Evne til at bevare Trae. Men uheldigvis, de tagne Forholdsregler har ikke svaret til. Forventningerne. Ligesom Mulden i Gokstadhaugen ovenfor Blaa- leren havde bragt Dodsskibets Stavnspidser til sporlost at forsvinde og i Thunehaugen fortaeret hele F'artoiets Overdel, saaledes har- den rodgule Muld i Storhaugen trods sin Lerholdighed tydeligvis efterhaanden virket odelaeggencle paa Skib og Traevaerk. Saaledes som Jordlagenes Stilling og bueformede Forsaenkning langs Haugens Midtlinie over det indsatte Skib tydelig viste, maa Gravkammerets. Tag forhoidsvis snart vaere styrtet ind. Derved er naturligvis ikke alene Fartoiet blevet delvis spraengt og Begravelsen forstyrret, men Oplosningen af alle forkraenkelige Rester i og udenfor Graven i. vaesentlig Grad befordret. Paa den Maade kan det forklares, at der hverken paa Gravkammerets Plads bemaerkedes Skeletrester eller udenfor i Haugen Rester af offrede Dyr. Kun en tilfaeldigen be- varet Hestekjaeve, der laa taet op under det storste Skibsstykke, er Bevis paa, at offrede Dyr ikke har manglet. Sin storste archeologiske Betydning har Fundet derved, at det er den forste Haugsaetning i Skib, som hidtil er iagttaget i hele det vestenfjeldske Norge. Haugen var vel saa stor som paa Gok- stad. Ogsaa Udstyret og Gravskikken synes at have vaeret meget overensstemmende, beregnet paa at sikkre Hovdingen en haedrende Reise over Havet til de dodes Land, til Enherjernes ventende Skarer. Ligbrand har i Regelen fortaeret alt Vikingetidens Gravgods af Trae. De i Storhaugen fundne Rester er forsaavidt sjeldne Old- 1887.] Nyt Skibsfund. 1 1 sager, tilsammen danner de ogsaa en ganske righoldig og oplysende Samling af Traearbeide fra Vikingetiden, der har saa meget storre Betydning, som det Slags Gjenstande hidtil ganske har manglet i Museet. Sammenlignet med Gokstadskibet er det hele imidiertid kun Stumper og Stykker, hvoraf mange forst kan forstaaes og fbr- klares ved Belysning af hint andet maerkvaerdige Oldtidsminde. Saaledes f. Ex. angaaende de ved Gravfesten offrede Dyr. I Gok- stadhaugen havde baade Heste, Hunde og Fjaerkrae faaet Plads. I Storhaugen var derimod alle Skeletrester opsmuldrede og kun den foran naevnte tilfaeldig bevarede Hestekjaeve med isiddende Taender,. der fandtes taet op under det bedst bevarede Stykke af Fartoiet, er tilbage, som Bevis for at samme karakteristiske Gravskik ogsaa her har vaeret i Anvendelse. Af det i Haugen fundne Gravgods giver Jernsagerne desvaerre kun liden Anledning til naermere Beskrivelse; de er alle staerkt medtagne og odelagte af Rust. Paa flere Steder og isaer i Far- toiets sondre Staevn var Rustmassen saa betydelig, at den forud- saetter storre oploste Gjenstande, som f. Ex. Anker og lignende. At netop de storre Gjenstande viste sig mest medtagne, forklares naturligt derved, at de har vaeret af urent Jern og forholdsvis lost sammenhamrede. Af de to Svaerd har det ene vaeret tveaegget med kort ret Indrehjalt, det andet enegget uden at Haandtagets Form kan sees. Derimod er et ovalt langt Traehaandtag til en Follekniv helt tilstede daekket af en Rustskorpe. Forholdsvis bedst vedligeholdt er det bevarede Tvaerstykke af Pilekoggeret. Pile- spidserne har vaeret af ulige Storrelse, bladformede med Undtagelse af en, der har vaeret treegget. At Antallet i Koggeret svarer til de to Tylvter Pile, som ifolge de gamle Ledingslove skulde svares til hver Tofte paa Ledingsskibet, er vel en Tilfaeldighed, men synes i Forbindelse med naevnte Regel at godtgjore, at 24 Pile var det for hver Bue saedvanlige og passende Forraad. Af de sammen med Vaabnene fundne firsidede Hvaessestene er den laengste 0.6 lang og en kun ubetydelig kortere. Saafremt de har vaeret benyttede til at skjaerpe Eggen paa Svaerd og Spyd- spidse, hvilket jo synes rimeligt, maa de have vaeret forte paa samme Maade som de lange Hvaessegreier, hvormed man nutildags skjaerper Ljaaer, altsaa til at stryge langs Eggen vexelvis en Gang paa hver Side. Det lille Skiferbryne er fint og glat, nresidet, lidt aftagende mod begge Ender og med Remhul i Toppen. Gryden, af sammenklinkede Jernplader med forstaerket omboiet Rand, har ikke vaeret stor, omtrent kun 0.35 i Tvaermaal. Overraskende var 12 A. Lorange. [No. 4. det at finde en Kvaern blandt Skibsinventariet. Den bestaar af to ligestore Stene med Axelhul og ligner ganske flere andre haug- fundne; det synes altsaa som om »de tapre Krigere« selv paa Reise har maattet male Kornet til sin Grod eller Veiling. Af Smedredskaberne kan gjenkjendes mindst to Taenger, en grov og en fin ere Fil. Uforandrede og saa godt som ubeskadigede er de to Saet med Spillebrikker. Det ene af Rav indeholder tyve Brikker og kan vistnok ansees som fuldstaendigt. Brikkerne er dreiede, flere med en fordybet Ring paa Underfladen. De afviger noget indbyrdes i Storrelse og Hoide. men Tvaermaalet er omtr. 0.025. Ogsaa Far- ven er noget forskjellig, dog ikke saaledes, at den kan have tjent som Skillemaerker mellem dem. Nogle er ensartet rodlige, andre gulagtige, atter andre af gul og rod flammet Masse. Af det andet Saet er tilstede: 12 kegleformede af blaat mat Glas, alle med et dybt Hul paa Un- dersiden, der er omtr. 002 i Tvaermaal. 4 af samme Form men lidt hoiere af voxgult Glas med Topstykke af rodbrun uigjennemsigtig Glasmasse. 1 af mork blaat, hvidflammet Glas, storre end de andre og ud- maerket fremfor dem ved at have rodbrun Top med gul Spids. Disse Glasbrikker passer tydeligvis til det saakaldte Hnefa- tafl, hvor en, den saakaldte hnefi, blev angrebet og forsvaret af de andre Brikker: »de morke vaerge, de lyse angribe Drotten.« Forresten kjender man ikke Reglerne for dette Spil, ligesaa- lidt som for det andet Slags, der hyppig naevnes, det saakaldte hnottafl, hvortii sandsynligvis Ravbrikkerne har vaeret bestemte. Ved dette Spil synes den fornemste Brikke at have havt Terningform: »hvad er det for et Dyr, som draeber Fae, er gjordet med Jern og har otte Horn men intet Hoved? huni (Bjornebinnen) i Hnottafl. « En Terning har otte Hjorner. I en Kleberstensskaal funden ved et Skelet i en Haug paa Thjoto i Nordland laa 10 Brikker og en langagtig Terning af Ben. Urda I, 184. Tafl spilledes paa Bret (Taflbor6). Hos Haugboen i Gokstad- skibet var indsat baade Bret og Brikker, men de som forst brod Haugen levnede kun en Brikke, der er af Horn og af Form som Ravbrikkerne (se Fig. 6, a, b, Tav. IX i »Gokstadskibet.«) Glasbrikker kjendes neppe fra mere end et tidligere Fund heriLan- det, nemlig fra Hegge ved Stenkjaer. (Se Aarsb. 69 S. 10.) Naar de ikke var i Brug, opbevaredes Brikkerne saedvanligvis i en Pung: »fredelige i 1887.] Nyt Skibsfund 1 3 Posen men traettekjaere paa Brcttet.« Tavlspil var i Vikingetiden meget yndet, og som Fundene viser, meget udbredt. De Huller, som ofte sees anbragte paa Brikkernes Underflade ere tydeligvis be- regnede paa smaa Tapper i Brettet, hvorved Brikkerne fik den nodvendige Stodighed, saaledes at det blev muligt at spille ogsaa ombord, naar Tiden faldt lang. Allerede i Voluspaa omtales Tavl- spil som en af Gudernes Forlystelser og naar efter Ragnarok en ny Jord og nye Guder stiger frem, gjenfindes Valhals gamle gyldne Bretspil som Tegn paa, at den gamle lykkebringende Fred er kom- men tilbage. I Sagaerne kan man hore Hovdinger rose sig af at vaere flinke Spillere, og i Harald Haarfagres Tun sidder hans Hird og »leger med Huner«. At kaste med Terninger om Gevinst blev tilsidst paa Island straffet med Fredloshed og Kongespeilet, der haevder straenge mo- ralske Grundsaetninger kalder Terningspil om Penge uvaerdigt for en dannet Mand. I Forbindelse med Brikkerne eller i alle Fald taet ved dem optoges 1) en tyk skiveformet Perle af morkt, uigjennemsigtigt Glas; paa Oversiden er indlagt en firdobbelt Spiral af gronblaa Farve, rundt Midten gaar to gule Siksakbaand, afbrudte paa to Steder ved en rod og en blaa oval Draabe. Under dette Midtbaand er to paralelle gule Linier. Tvaermaal 0.027. 2) Mosaikperle med skarp Midtrand. De indlagte Ornamenter er lige paa Over- og Undersiden, fremstiller en hvid Draabe omgivet med uregelmaessige Ringe af rod og gul Farve. Tvaer- maal 0.025. 3) En flad Perle af klart gulbrunt Glas, med et bolgeformet gult Baand rundt Midten. Tvaermaal 0.021. 4) Skiveformet Perle af rod blank uigjennemsigtig Glasmasse. Tvaer- maal 0.02. Et andet Minde om Vikingernes Tidsfordriv i ledige Timer er den omhyggeligt forarbeidede Saenkesten for et Dybvandssnore, der ogsaa fandtes indenfor det formodede Gravkammers Graendser. Den er af Vaegsten, aegformet men noget flad og med en dyb Fure for Snoren rundt hele Kanten. Desuden gaar et Hul igjennem Stenen paa Midten fra Fure til Fure. Laengden er o. 1 1 . Den kan antages benyttet paa Havfiske efter Stortorsk og Kveite. Men intet Spor af de ellers i norske Vikingegrave saa almindelige Mes- singspaender, Rembeslag eller lignende Smaating! Jordens klaebrige 14 A. Lorange. [No. 4 . Beskaffenhed vanskeliggjorde naturligvis i hoi Grad Opdagelsen af alle mindre Gjenstande. Hvert Spadtag dannede en firesidet Klump, og i hver saadan kunde forvist ligge skjult mange rare Ting. Selv den Omstaendighed, at Mulden i Regelen blev lempet tre Gange, forbedrede ikke synderlig Forholdet. Utvivlsomt er derfor mange . Smaating gaaet tabt, men Jordmassens Beskaffenhed forklarer allige- vel ikke fuldt ud det paafaldende i, at der ikke blev paatruffet . mindste Rest af dette Slags Gravgods, der pleier at udmaerke de norske Fund, og hvorpaa Gokstadskibet var saa rigt trods den allerede engang foretagne Plyndring. Haandledsboilen fandtes i den fra Gravkammerets Plads ud- kjorte Muld. Rigtigheden heraf bestyrkes ved, at der paa samme lille Agerfiaek ogsaa er fundet en Ravbrikke og den ene Mosaik- perle. Boilen er staerkt oval 0.07 og 0.045 1 indvendigt Tvaermaal. • Undersiden er en glat Ten, der jaevnt tiltager i Tykkelse mod En- derne, der modes midt paa Oversiden. Indsiden er glat men med tydelige Maerker efter Hammerens Slag. Udsiden er derimod pry- det med dybt indstemplede Halvmaanefigurer, paa hvis Bundflader er tre ophoiede Guldperler og som indbyrdes ere saaledes ordnede, at de danner et Slags Kjaedemonster, ligner altsaa adskilligt N. O. 719, men Ornamenterne er ulige kraftigere naesten som paa N. O. 721. Ved hver Ende er et perlet Traebaand. Dengang Egii Skallagrimsson havde mistet sin Broder Thorolf i et Slag i Nordengland, lod Egil Liget laegge i Graven paaklaedt og med Vaaben. Derpaa stak han en Guldring paa Broderens Haand, tog Afsked, lod laegge Stene omkring ogjord over. Sigurd Ring sparede heller ikke efter Sagnet paa Offerguld ved Harald Hildetands Gravfest, ligesom Odin haedrede Balder ved at offre sin Armring paa Baalet. Men ellers er i Vikingetidens Grave Gjen- stande af aegte Metal de storste Sjeldenheder. Fingerringe fore- kommer naesten ikke, og den her fundne Armboile er den forste i sit Slags, som hidtil er paatruffet i nogen norsk Vikingegrav. Denne Vaerdigjensland synes derfor at kunne tolkes som et Bevis paa Rigdom hos den, der forestod Gravfesten og god Villie ligeoverfor den hauglagte Hovding, der altsaa ogsaa efter Doden skulde have Anledning til at sbryde Ringe« og »uddele Guld.« Hvilken Bestemmelse den i Graven fundne Voxplade kan have havt, er ikke godt at sige, idet den er afsmuldret paa alle Kanter, saaledes at den nu danner en oval Skive, der har stor Lighed med en flad 0stersskal, 0.08 lang og 0.055 bred. Paa Pladens ene Side .hytophtora-myce\. Dette var ikke tilfaeidet i nogen af de torraadne poteter, jeg i host havde adgang til: de syge flekker indeholdt mycel af de forskjelligste soppe foruden den egentlige potetessop, og disse fremmede myceler draebtes ikke af ophed- ningen, som derimod gjorde poteterne til et let bytte for odelaeg- gelse ved de andre tilstedevaerende mugsoppers mycel. Omkring Kristiania (f. eks. i Vestre Aker og ved Bryn) iagt- to g j e g en eiendommelig form for potetessyge, som vel i regelen ikke blir tilskrevet potetessoppen, og som derfor fortjener at naevnes. 1887.] Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 15 Sygdommens skadelighed laa i, at der frembragtes faa og smaa underjordiske knoller. Derimod viste de angrebne planter tilboie- lighed til at frembringe knoller i de nederste bladhjorner (altsaa overjordisk), og grunden hertil viste sig ved naermere un- dersogelse at vaere en mere eller mindre fuldstaendig bortraadning af staenglernes underjordiske dele med deres udlobere og rodder. Staenglernes underjordiske afsmalnende del viste sig fra marven af mere eller mindre sterkt bortraadnet og oplost. De overjordiske dele af planten var, naar undtages den hyppige knolle- dannelse i bladhjornerne, fra forst af ganske normal ■ — om end noget mindre end hos sunde planter — eller den dode, naar raadden- heden greb formeget om sig, meget tidlig, idet bladene og sten- gelen antog en bleg gul farve, uden dog, ved de velkjendte raad- nende bladflekker, at vise tegn til det saedvanlige angreb af pote- tessoppen. I denne altfor tidlige gulning laa selvfolgelig aarsagen til den ringere knolleudvikling under de angrebne planter. I de forraadnende staengeldele fandtes mellem cellerne rigeligt mycel af phytophtora. Der kan ikke vaere tvil om, at det var det, som var den virkelige aarsag til raadningen og sandsynligvis har sygdommens gang vseret den, at mycel fra den satte knolle er traengt ind i de af denne fremskudte staengler. Paa grund af de ydre for- liolde har imidlertid myceliet ikke formaaet at traenge op i de overjor- diske dele og i bladene og der frembringe almindelig potetessyge og fruktifikationsorganer; i de underjordiske dele derimod har det til gjen- gjaeld udbredt sig saa sterkt, at staengelen fra marven af er bleven mere eller mindre destrueret Ved destruktionen af de nederste staengei- stykker er saa ledningen af naeringsstoffer fra de overjordiske dele til knollerne bleven forhindret; naeringsstofferne har samlet sig i staenge- lens nederste i begyndelsen sunde partier og har der bevirket abnorm knolledannelse. Fra andre undersogelser ved vi, at beskjaering af po- tetesplantens underjordiske dele bevirker dannelse af overjordiske knoller; en lignende beskjaering har her fundet sted paa grund af myceliets virksomhed, og det kan ikke forundre, at da resultatet er det samme. Sygdommens mest karakteristiske ydre kjendetegn er den jevne og samtidige gulning af samtlige blade paa de angrebne staeng- ler. Oftest var en plantes samtlige staengler angrebne; tildels kunde nogle staengler vaere ganske friske og gronne, mens andre var totalt odelagte og gule. Denne form for potetessygdom var paa enkelte steder hoist skadelig, men er jo mindre farlig end den saedvanlige bladraad- 1 6 J. Brunchorst. [No. 5. denhed, forsaavidt som soppen vel neppe kommer til at fruktifiere og folgelig knollerne ikke bliver smittet fra de syge blade. Der- lmod vil ved denne, som ved den saedvanlige sygdomsform, smitte kunne finde sted ved direkte overgang af mycel fra den syge knolle til de fra denne frembragte gjennem de underjordiske staengler. Skurv paa poteter har jeg vsesentlig kun paa Vestlandet havt anledning til at iagttage; der er imidlertid sygdommen yderst ud- bredt og griber tildels saa sterkt om sig, at poteterne faar et ud- seende, der gjor dem til vanskelig salgbar vare. Sygdommen ytrer sig fra forst af ved opsvulmede buler, fra en erts til en liden nods storrelse, paa overfladen af knollen. Disse buler er ligesaa faste og tilsyneladende ligesaa sunde som den ovrige del af knollerne, men paa gjennemsnit forskjellige fra denne ved at bestaa af et betydelig hvidere substans. Skallet, som daekker bulerne, er ens med skallet paa knollernes sunde partier. Saaledes er de syge knolier beskafne en tid, for de endnu er gan- ske modne, og tildels endnu naar de hostes. Paa denne tid har imidlertid for de fleste knollers vedkommende sygdommens ud- seende forandret sig: bulerne er indskrumpede, mere eller mindre opsmuldrede, og bestaar af en brunlig, moren masse, daekket af et ujevnt »skurvet« skal, som ogsaa ofte er affaldt. Naar dette stadium er indtraadt, er det, knollernes udseende er skjaemmet Sygdommens aarsag er, efter h'vad mine undersogelser har laert, en sop (spongspora solani, Brunchorst), hvis udviklingsgang og byg- ning er beskrevet og afbildet i forrige bind af museets aarsberet- ning (og ganske korteligt i min plantesygdomsbog). Sygdommen vil visselig findes at vaere overordentlig udbredt i det hele land og gjor vistnok tildels skade, ved at forringe pote- ternes salgsvaerdi. Nogen direkte skadelig indflydelse paa knollernes godhed eller paa hostmaengden har den neppe. Meget farligere, og der, hvor den optraeder, lige skadelig som den af phytophtora bevirkede potetessyge, er den sygdom, jeg har givet navn af staengelraaddenhed eller staengelsyge. 1 ) ) »Plantesygdomme« p. 148. Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 17 Sygdommen optnx-der enkelte aar meget sterkt omkring Stavanger og paa Jaederen, men fandtes, trods eftersogning, ikke paa noget sted i den i sommer bereiste del af landet. At denne sygdoms aarsag var en sop blev forst omtalt i en notis i »Naturen« for 1882; endel af de til mig indsendte sclerotier blev saa gjennem prof. Blytt sendte til De Bary, der bestemte soppen til at vsere pezlza sclerotiomni. I Storbrittanien og Irland, hvor en ganske lignende og sandsynligvis identisk sygdom er optraadt, er soppen derimod bleven benaevnt jpeziza postuma, hvad der neppe har nogen berettigelse. Sygdommen optrseder i de forskjellige aar med hoist forskjellig heftighed; iaar (1887) var det saaledes vanskeligt at erholde et blot nogenlunde rigeligt materiale af den; andre aar kan den angribe paa enkelte agre op til halvparten af planterne. Noget middel mod sygdommen er, saavidt jeg ved, endnu ikke i praksis forsogt Om mulige forholdsregler har jeg udtalt mig udforligt i den tidli- gere citerede bog om plantesygdomme. Det vilde vaere onskeligt, om landmsendene selv i de forskjellige dele af landet vilde have sin opmerksomhed henvendt paa denne sygdom, som muligens kan blive farlig paa andre steder end der, hvor den hidtil har vist sig; skal sygdommens udbredelse kunne hindres, kan dette kun ske, om man griber kraftigt ind, med det samme ondet viser sig. Klover. Paa klover optraadte hist og her meldug (erysiphe martii) 1 ), og ofte en af sop foraarsaget bladfleksygdom, der ytrer sig som smaa sorte pletter paa bladene. Ingen af dem gjorde naevnevaerdig skade, der hvor jeg iagttog dem. Farligere er kloveraalen (tylenchus devastatrix) 2 ), hvor den op- Anf. st. p. 163 og 164 Om denne sygdom end ikke hidtil har vist sig at vaere af praktisk betydning, saa forekom den dog saapas udbredt, at man ikke kan vaere sikker paa, at den ikke under passende klimatiske forholde kan gribe sterkt om sig og blive generende. 2 ) »Plantesygdomme« p. 204. Efter hvad man vidste, dengang denne bog blev skrevet, var kloveraalen og den hos os ikke hidtil iagttagne rugaal to for- skjellige arter (t. havensteinii og t. devastatrix). Senere undersogelser har vist, at det er den samme orm, der bevirker kloversygdommen og andre ormesygdomme bl. a. ogsaa paa rug. (Smlg. Ritzema Bos i Biolog. Centralblatt 1887 og 1888 og Schoyens referat af disse undersogelser i N. Landmandsblad for 1888 p. 53 59-) 2 18 J. Brunchorst. [No. 5. trader i storre maengder saaledes som ved Houg landbrugsskole pr. Gjovik, hvor den allerede for flere aar siden er fundet af hr. B. Larsen, og hvor den fremdeles enkelte aar herjer temmelig sterkt. Dens skadelighed varierer forovrigt meget, efter hvad der blev mig opgivet. Enkelte aar er den meget slem, andre aar kan den tilsy- neladende uden nogen foranledning optraede forholdsvis mildt. De angrebne planter er kjendelige paa sine taette duske af forkroblede smaa blade, der dog er normalt gronne, men isaer paa den brunlige, raadne gang, som strsekker sig fra roden opigjennem den nederste del af de aeldre planters staengler. Sandsynligvis turde der ofte medgaa to aar mellem det forste angreb paa en plante og dennes endelige bortraadnen. Cm vaaren begynder angrebet, og forste sommer vantrives planten paa denne maade uden dog at do. Om vinteren overvintrer dyrene og deres eg i: den med sort eller morkebrunt morkent vaev opfyldte gang, som pleier at danne sig midt i hovedroden og i de derfra opigjennem de korte skud udgaaende raadnende kanaler. Forst aaret derpaa griber raaddenheden saa meget om sig, at planten ganske dor. Ofte gaar dog planten allerede forste aar tilgrunde, naar forholdene er saerlig gunstige for dyrenes omsiggriben. Disse forskjelligheder i angrebenes hurtighed turde det tildels vaere, som ligger tilgrund for forskjellighederne i angrebenes heftighed de forskjellige aar. Sandsynligvis spiller klimatiske forholde en vaesentlig rolle for dyrenes overvintring og udvikling; ialfald er det hidtil trods gjen- tagne forsog ikke lykkedes mig at faa »kloverraaddenheden« overfort her til Bergenskanten. Turnips, naeper og kaal. Den farligste sopsygdom og idethele det slemmeste onde, som. her i landet har optraadt paa de i overskriften nsevnte korsblomst- rede, er den saakaldte knop, foraarsaget af soppen plasmodiophor a brassicae, der er beslegtet med poteternes skurvsop. Med hensyn til soppens udvikling og beskaffenhed, sygdommens ytringsmaade og mulige midler mod den, kan jeg henvise til tidligere medde- lelser 1 ), her skal kun ianledning udbredelsen omtales, at jeg hidtil kun har iagttaget sygdommen paa Vestlandet, i omegnen af Bergen 7 ) »Plantesygdomme« p. 182. »Zur Bekiimpung der Kohlhernie« i Bergens museums aarsberetning for 1887. i88 7 .] Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 19 og i omegnen af Stavanger, saerlig paa Hvidingsoerne. hvor kaal- dyrkning for nogle aar tilbage havde taget et overordentlig sterkt opsving, men nu er — praktisk talt — ophort paa grund af sop- pens herjinger. Sygdommen optraeder paa hovedkaal, gronkaal, rodkaal, kaal- rabi, turnips og naeper. Ved Bergen har sygdommen vaeret kjendt i mange aar, paa Hvidingsoerne er den, saavidt vides, forst optraadt for 6 — 7 aar tilbage; paa 0stlandet bemerkede jeg den ikke, og der synes heller ikke andre at have fundet den. Imidlertid er den sidste aar (if. Eriksson) optraadt i Sverige, og den turde vel da neppe lsenge lade vente paa sig paa 0stlandet. Omkring Bergen er sygdommen meget udbredt, som det synes i temmelig vid omkreds og paa alle de ovenfor naevnte planter. Saerlig gjor den skade paa fugtig jord; ved Stend landbrugs- skole var i et par myrlaendte turnipsagre betydelig mere end halv- parten af rodderne odelagte, enten ved at blive smaa og uudviklede eller ved, som folge af den beskadigelse, soppen bevirker, at raadne. Kaalrabi angribes overordentlig sterkt af »knop«; gronkaal som det synes mindre; de ovrige kaalsorter turde — saavidt jeg uden saerlige forsog tor sige — i disposition for sygdommen staa mellem disse yderligheder. Dog turde vel jordbundsforholdene og kanske veirforholdene have en indflydelse paa sygdommens heftig- hed, der overveier den betydning varieteten har. Baade i kaalrabi- og kaalbed med forskjellig slags kaal odelseg- ger sygdommen ikke sjelden halvparten af planterne, undertiden saagodtsom hver eneste- Sygdommen er derfor m. h. t. intensitet, slemmere end nogen anden her hos os optraedende plantesygdom og vil vel desvaerre i tidens lob komme til at spiile en endnu storre rolle, end den hidtil har gjort. Der er nemlig ingen udsigter til, at den indskraenkede geografiske udbredelse i laengden vil vare ved; i Sverige er sygdommen, som naevnt, allerede optraadt og vore m. h. t. jord- og havebrug rigeste distrikter har den folgelig paa begge sider af sig. At de da i laengden skulde gaa fri, er lidet sandsynligt. Skulde sygdommen vise sig sporadisk i egne, hvor man hidtil har vaeret fri for den, vilde der vsere al grund til at tage energiske forholdsregler mod den, hvis man ikke vil resikere, at det skal gaa, som det har gaaet paa Hvidingsoerne ved Stavanger. Disse energiske forholdsregler maatte naermest vaere fuldstaen- digt ophor med dyrkning af for smitte modtagelige planter paa og i naerheden af det angrebne sted samt omhyggelig odelaeggelse — 2* 20 J. Brunchorst. [No. 5. ved opbraending — af alle de syge redder. Disse forholdsregler vil utvilsomt indskraenke udbredelsen, muligens, hvis veirforholdene ikke modarbeider bestraebelserne altfor meget, kunne hemme den. ganske og bringe den til igjen at forsvinde. Den naturlige naaleskov. Naaletraeernes sygdomme fortjener visselig her i landet storre- opmerksomhed, end der hidtil er blevet dem til del — saerlig for de sygdommes vedkommende. som bevirkes af soppe. Disse gjor,. ialfald paa 0stlandet, overalt meget storre skade, end vistnok de fleste forstmaend tror og indrommer, og spiller en stor rolle i sko- venes okonomi. Dette turde forst og fremst gjaelde den sygdom, som bevirkes af »rodkjuken« f»Rodens traesop«, polyporus annosus)' 1 }, en sop, der vanskelig bemerkes, idet dens frugtlegemer ofte er temmelig smaa og sidder paa undersiden af de grovere rodder, altsaa (naar trseet staar paa roden) under jorden 2 ) og hvis eksistens af denne grund er lidet kjendt af forstmaendene. Denne sop iagttog jeg, tiltrods for dens skjulte levevis, noksaa ofte nedover 0sterdalen. Endnu oftere iagttoges raaddenhed, foraarsaget af den, og jeg tror derfor at kunne paastaa, at den er meget udbredt i nogle af vore vigtigste- skovdistrikter, dog — saavidt kunde opdages — kun paa gran. Paa fure, hvor soppen i andre lande optraeder, har jeg endnu ikke seet den. Veden hos de af rodkjuke angrebne traeer raadner fra roden- af opover, idet den antager en lys gulbrun farve. I begyndelsen sees heri talrige smaa sorte mycelflekker, senere forsvinder disse og der opstaar i deres sted mycelfyldte, hvide hulrum i den morkne masse. Tilslut bliver hele stammens indre odelagf, kun det yder- ste skal er friskt, hvorefter traeet dor. Et ovet oie kan allerede for dette sker af barkens udseende (mindre jaevnt end normalt) se r at stammen er raadden, ligesom man ogsaa af den hule 1yd stam- men giver, naar man slaar paa den med okshammeren, kan nogen- lunde bedomme raaddenhedens udstraekning opover stammen, baade naar det er denne sop og den folgende, man har med at gjore. 1 ) »Plantesygdomme« pag. 133. 2 ) J e S ^ ar h er ^ os os bemerket denne sops frugtlegemer saa naer jord- overfladen, at de uden videre er synlige. i88 7 .] Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 2 I Samtidig med at soppens mycelium udbreder sig opover stam- men og gjor veden gulraadden, som man vel naermest maa kalde det, undertiden ogsaa tidligere end dette sker, 0delaegges ogsaa traeets rodder. Er odelaeggelsen af de storre stotterodder skreden tilstrsekkelig langt frem, bliver disse meget skjore og svage, og under den forste voldsommere storm vil da traeet blaese over- ende og blive »rodv3elte«. Saavidt jeg kan skjonne, er det saer- deles ofte denne sop, som er den egentlige aarsag til, at graner bliver rodvaelter, som bekjendt paa mange strog et yderst almin- deligt faenomen. Forst naar traeet er blaest overende og roddernes underside blottede, kan ogsaa soppen faa anledning til paa effektiv maade at udstro de sporer, den danner i sine hvide frugtlegemer ; bliver traeet undtagelsesvis staaende paa roden, kan vel endel spo- rer komme til nytte, men de fleste turde gaa tilgrunde uden at hjaelpe til snylterens udbredelse. Det er derfor i soppens egen interesse, at den odelaegger rodderne og derved faar traeet til at blaese omkuld, og antagelig gjor der sig vel heri en »Anpassung« gjaeldende. Mens den af rodkjukens mycelium odelagte ved er mere gulbrun, saa den naermest kunde benaevnes gulraadden, har den ved, som odelaegges af kjuken (trametes pini) 1 ), den anden i naale- skovene almindeligere optraedende traesop, gjennemgaaende en mere brunlig farve, der dog ikke er jaevn, men spettet ved de talrige hvide, tilslut forsvindende mycelpletter. Denne sop begynder sit angreb ovenfra; ofte er derfor foden af stammen ligesom rodderne aldeles ubeskadigede, mens den ovre del af stammen og ofte ogsaa de storre grene er helt oghol- dent brunraadne. De af kjuken angrebne traeer blir derfor sjelden rodvaelter; blaeser de overende, saa er det heist et stykke oppe paa stammen, de brydes af. Ogsaa denne sop synes hos os fortrinsvis, om ikke udelukkende at hjemsoge graner, hvad der er akkurat det modsatte af, hvad man paa andre steder har iagttaget. Grunden til furernes (idet- mindste relative) immunitet mod begge disse traesoppes angreb, ligger sandsynligvis i vedens store harpiksgehalt ; ialfald i fjeld- trakterne hos os er jo furerne betydelig »malmrigere« end i syd- ligere egne. Det vilde vaere af interesse at faa undersogt, om furerne *) »Plantesygdomme« pag. 138. 22 J. Bmnchorst. [No. 5. ogsaa i de lavereliggende skovstraekninger her i landet er i besid- delse af den samme immunitet som i de hoiereliggende, et sporgs- maal, som jeg isommer desvaerre ikke havde anledning til at un- dersoge. Frugtlegemerne af kjuken (irametes pini) fremkommer i regelen paa grenbrudsteder paa stammen. Som en undtagelse fortjener det at naevnes, at jeg paa en gran fandt undersiden af en af de ne- derste grene taet daekket med smaa frugtlegemer i hele sin laengde (ca. 1.5 m.). Frugtlegemerne var fastvoksede til grenen med sin overside og skjod frem fra den ganske ubeskadigede bark. Traeet var endnu i live, da det var faeldet. Nogen virksomme forholdsregler mod disse skadelige traesoppes udbredelse vil det i de fleste af vore skove ikke vaere muligt at iverksaette. Det eneste kunde vaere, at man, hvor rodkjuken, der udentvil er den fordaerveligste af dem, griber formeget om sig, bor faelde de angrebne traeer og randtraeerne omkring disse. Ogsaa hos os er det oftest let at iagttage, at denne sopsygdom udbreder sig ringformigt omkring et sygt trae, hvad der liar sin grund i, at den vsesentligste smitte finder sted ved mycel, der ud- breder sig i jordbunden fra et sygt traes rodder til de sunde na- botraeers. Kjukens udbredelse hemmes som bekjendt bedst ved, at man saavidt gjorligt undgaar saar og grenbrud paa de friske traeer, en forholdsregel, som erfaringen allerede har gjort til regel ogsaa hos os. Honningsoppen (agaricus melleas), som f. eks. i Danmark er en yderst farlig skovfiende, bemerkedes hist og her, men ikke synderlig udbredt, som aarsag til graners og furers visning. Traeer, draebte af honningsoppen eller syge paa grund af dens angreb, kjendes fra de af kjukerne odelagte ved, at man i og under deres losnende bark finder hvidlige (eller brune) mycelbundter, de saakaldte rhizomorpher. Paa tversnit af stammen viser der sig i veden en uregelmaessig bugtet fin sort linje, som adskiller det af soppen odelagte ydre parti af veden fra den endnu uangrebne indre del. Den sygdom, honningsoppen bevirker, udbreder sig altsaa fra barken indover. I virkeligheden dor traeet ofte, for veden i synderlig udstraekning er odelagt, idet doden indtraeder ved barkens og sevjens tilintetgjorelse. Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 23 Med navnet Ram top betegner man paa 0stlandet den fjerde af de sygdomme, som i vore naturlige skove har nogen okonomisk betydning, og som — dog kun paa fure — foraarsages af soppen pe- ridermium pini corticola, eller, som den i nyere tid kaldes coleo- sporium senecionis. Foruden den egentlige ramtop bevirker denne sop, hvad der kunde kaldes kraeft paa stammen af yngre og grenene — heist de nedre — af aeldre traeer. Sygdommen er i juni og juli meget let kjendelig paa den smukt rodfarvede blaererust, som bryder ud af de opsprukne og gjerne lidt opsvulmede kraeftsteder i barken. Nogen synderlig udstrakt skade gjor denne sygdom ikke i den aeldre skov. Af interesse er imidlertid dens udbredelse. Efter hvad den, af kjendskaben til de pathogene soppe hoit fortjente, danske forsker Rostrup mener, smitter denne sop ikke direkte fra en fure til en anden. Soppen har sin 2den generation paa arter af senecio, og fra disse udgaar altid smitten paa furegre- nene. Nu var imidlertid soppen overordentlig udbredt gjennem hele Foldalen og 0sterdalen nedover, og intetsteds paa hele denne strsekning fandtes nogen art senecio i skovene. Den antagelse, at senecio er en nodvendig mellemvert, er derfor ikke rigtig; hvis en mellemvert er nodvendig, maa dette hos os vaere en anden plante end den, som andetsteds udforer samme funktion. Muligens hjaelper soppen sig imidlertid hos os uden nogen anden vertplante end furen. Infektionsforsog, som anstilledes forat bringe dette paa det rene, er endnu ikke afsluttede. Merkeligt er det ogsaa, at peridermium pini acicola, paa naalene af fure 1 ), hvilken sop antages at vaere identisk med den paa barken optrasdende, er meget sjelden her i landet og ikke nogetsteds fandtes sammen med kraeftsygdommen. Furens skyttesop (lopJiodenniun pini) er overalt i skovene almindelig paa affaldne naale, og optraeder undertiden parasitisk. I den naturlige skov hos os skulde jeg dog vsere tilboielig til at an- tage, at sopskytten er af liden okonomisk betydning. Laerken findes ikke her os os som skovtrae, men har i lange tider og i adskillig udstraekning vaeret plantet i haver og parkanlaeg, saerlig maaske paa Vestlandet. Imidlertid har trseet netop der — ! ) Se » plantesygdomme* pag. 115. 24 J. Brunchorst. [No. 5.. jeg kjender saerlig forholdene omkring Bergen — vist den eien- dommelighed, at det, som en forstmand udtrykte sig, »ikke bliver mere end 30 aar gammel«. I virkeligheden er det yderst sjeldent at finde et aeldre trae, og oftest er ogsaa de aeldre traeer, hvor saa- danne findes, paa vei til at odelaegges af den samme sop, som be- virker de yngre tracers odelaeggelse, nemlig laerkens kraeftsop pezisa wilkommii. Det er her paa Vestlandet sjeldent at finde en laerke, som ikke paa grene eller stamme baerer talrige smaa, flade, indvendig rodfarvede frugtlegemer af denne sop. Oftest begynder angrebet for de aeldre traeers vedkommende paa de ganske unge skud, der hurtigt odelaegges og er let kjendelige ved, at de staar nogne eller med gulnede, halvtudviklede naale, mens de friske grene er frodigt gronne. Lidt efter lidt forfleres angrebsstederne, ogsaa de tykkere grene angribes, og tilslut finder soppen anledning til at faa fodfaeste i selve stammens bark, hvor den snart frembrin- ger et stadig omsiggribende »kraeftsaar«, kjendeligt fra almindelige saar saerlig ved at vaere rigt bestroet med de skiveformede frugt- legemer (i juli, august og September). Imidlertid har denne sygdom x ) endnu langt storre betydning for traeplantningerne end for de mere enkeltstaaende aeldre traeer, og i den ovenfor naevnte senere opsats om traeplantningernes syg~ domme skal den blive gjort til gjenstand for udforligere omtale sammen med de okonomisk ligeledes mindre betydningsfulde syg- domme paa older og birk. Havevekster. Frugttraeer. For disses vedkommende er vel — bortseet fra insektskade — brand og kraeft de farligste sygdomme. I saerdeles mange tilfaelde turde, i overensstemmelse med nyere undersogelser fra Tysk- land, en sop (nectria) vaere at anse som den primaere aarsag. Sygdommene er saa bekjendte, at jeg ikke skal opholde mig ved deres ytringsmaade eller midlerne mod dem. Ogsaa hos os har ) Ikke omtalt i »Plantesygdomme«. Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 25 grundig bortskjaering af saarene og oversmoring med tjaerc (heist traetjaere) vist sig virksom. I de saerlig frugtproducerende egne af Vestlandet — fornem- melig Sogn — skades aeblerne meget af skurv, foraarsaget af fusi- cladium dendriticum. Sygdommen ytrer sig ved storre eller mindre brune eller sorte flekker — oftest naesten runde — paa de modne aebler og skader vaesentlig salgsvaerdien, ikke saa meget frugten selv. Ligger aeblerne laenge, saa raadner de ogsaa gjerne med de angrebne flekker som udgangspunkter. Tildels optraeder sygdommen, mens frugterne sidder paa traeet; tildels ogsaa forst efter indhostningen og saerlig herved gjor den ofte storst skade, idet den hindrer frugtens opbevaring. Man kan ved indhostningen laegge aeblerne ned ganske sunde og flekfri; udover vinteren optraeder da »skurven«, frugten blir vanskelig salg- bar og taber betydelig i vaerdi. Noget middel kjendes lige lidet mod denne sygdom som mod ki r- sebaerrenes skurv fusicladium (acrosporium) cerasi, eller mod pae- reskurven fusicladium pyrinum. Begge er hyppige paa Vest- landet, men den skade, de gjor, synes ikke at vaere saa stor som den, aebleskurven foraarsager, maaske fortrinsvis paa gravenstenere. Kirsebaerskurven ytrer sig paa lignende maade som aebleskur- ven : ved rundagtige brune flekker, der. naar de optraeder tidligt, gjor baerrene smaa og forkroblede. Flekkerne er oftest meget mindre end paa aeblerne og i kanten skarpt begraensede, mens aebleflekkerne oftest mere ligner flekkerne af aster oma 1 ) ved sin straa- lige struktur. Paa plommer er — ligesom paa frugterne af haeg — spe- nesoppen (exoascus pruni) temmelig almindelig og vel undertiden skadelig. 1 ) Humle. Paa humle, der i en stor del af landet dyrkes ved hver gaard paa et lidet stykke til husbrug, er meldug foraarsaget af spaerotheca castagnei en yderst konstant optraedende sygdom, der er let kjen- delig baade i sit begyndelsesstadium, naar de hvide spindelvaevlig- nende temmelig smaa flekker optraeder og i det stadium, hvor der paa soppens mycelium er dannet saa talrige og taetstaaende frugt- *) ^Plantesygdomme* pag. 142. J. Brunchorst. [No. 5. legemer, at de angrebne pletter faar et brunt eller sort udseende. Paa den tid er de tillige oftest skarpt begraensede, rundagtige plet- ter opblaeste, saa hele bladet faar et »spedalsk« udseende. Betydelig indskraenkning i denne sygdom kan man vente, hvisman om hosten omhyggelig vil borttage alle visne blade og staengler samt tillige heist ogsaa forsigtig fjerne det 0verste jordlag, hvor bladene har ligget. Det visne lov og de dode stilke bor braendes op. Svovling, der angives at vaere et godt middel mod den ogsaa her i landet hyppige meldug paa roser (splicer otheca pannosce) og paa andre vaerdifuldere vekster turde neppe lonne arbeidet ligoverfor humlens meldug og har ogsaa vist sig uvirksomt. Roser. Foruden meldug (sjjhcerotheca pannosa) optraeder paa dyrkede roser en meget skadelig sopsygdom, foraarsaget af asteroma radi- osum Fr. (a. rosae Dc.)\ sygdommen har jeg hidtil kun seet paa Vestlandet, omkring Bergen, men jeg tviler ikke paa, at den ogsaa vil findes paa andre kanter i landet, saerlig da den ogsaa i Sverige er optraadt skadeligt. Sygdommen ytrer sig ved sorte flekker paa bladene, blomsterstilkene og underbaegeret. Flekkerne viser en straalig radiaerstruktur og dannes af i bladets indre vegeterende sopmycel, som i flade beholdere mellem bladet og yderhinden (cuticula) dan- ner egformede sporer, som dels formerer soppen og med den syg- dommen i sommerens lob, dels tjener som overvintringsorganer (sandsynligvis ialfald). Saasnart flekkerne har udbredt sig tilstraek- kelig paa et blad (gjerne fra midtnerven udover), gulner bladet og falder af i utide. Angribes underbaegeret, for blomsten er udfoldet, bliver ofte blomsten vanskabt ved, at baegeret krummer sig til den ene side, eller hvis det er blomsterstilken, som er saedet for sopangrebet, saa torrer hele knoppen ind. Selv om det kun er bladene, der angribes, gjor sygdommen megen skade, om end buskene — der hvor jeg har undersogt syg- dommen — lever og blomstrer i aarevis tiltrods for stadige angreb. Veksten og blomsterdannelsen skades selvfolgelig betydelig ved det ernaeringstab, det tidlige bladfald foraarsager. Som middel mod sygdommen har vaeret provet bortplukning af de syge blade, efterhvert som de fremkom, og indsamling af det visne lov. Jeg tror ikke, at disse midler endnu har vaeret tilstraek- kelig forsogte til at kunne forkastes og skulde anbefale deres an- vendelse ialfald i haver, som ligger nogenlunde isolerede, saa smitte Om plantesygdomme i Norge. 27 fra naboerne vanskelig kan finde sted. Bortplukningen af det an- grebne lev, efterhvert som flekkerne viser sig, kan selvfolgelig kun anvendes, hvor sygdommen netop begynder at optraede, og hvor den endnu ikke har grebet for sterkt om sig. Fjernelse og op- braending af det visne lov burde anvendes, saalsenge sygdommen optraeder, ligesaavel overfor rosen-asteromaet som overfor de fleste andre sopsygdomme. Heist burde indsamlingen finde sted lidt efter lidt f. eks. hver uge, og nodvendig er det, at den foretages om- hyggeligt. Trykfeil. Pag. 7, I2te linie f. o. skal staa helmuithosporium gramincum (Rabh). » 12, 8de linie f. n. skal staa (scolecotrichum graminis). VI. Ueber eine neue, verheerende Krankheit der Schwarzfohre (Pinus austriaca Hoss). Von dr. J. Brunchorst. Verbreitung der Krankheit. Die starke Abwaldung, welche Norwegen so vvie die meisten anderen europaischen Lander betroffen hat, musste nothwendiger- weise auch in diesem Lande kiinstliche Waldkultur hervorrufen. Besonders die Westkiiste des Landes ist es, welche in alterer und neuerer Zeit entwaldet wurde, ohne dass man — bis vor wenigen Jahren — einen Versuch machte, der Entwaldung Einhalt zu thun. Beinahe ausschliesslich in diesem Theile des Landes ist es daher auch, dass in den letzten Jahren Waldpflanzungen angelegt wurden. Eine im Verhaltniss zu der ubrigen Westkiiste ausser- ordentlich baumlose Gegend ist besonders der siidwestliche Rand des Landes, die Kiistenstrecke zwischen Stavanger und Egersund, eine beinahe ganz flache, sich nach dem offenen Meere allmahlig absenkende Ebene, welche den Namen Jaderen tragt. Auf dieser Strecke, welche einen Flachenraum von etwa sieben Quadrat- meilen einnimmt, fand sich bis vor kurzer Zeit nirgends ein Wald; kleine Ansammelungen verkriippelter Eichen und einige wenige zerstreute Birken oder Eschen waren die ganze Baumvegetation. Vor etwa dreissig Jahren wurden dann die ersten Pflanzungen an- gelegt; spater haben sie jahrlich zugenommen, so dass jetzt ein ganz bedeutender Flachenraum mit Pflanzungen verschiedenen Alters bedeckt ist, welche theils Privaten, theils dem staatlichen Forstwesen gehoren. Wegen der klimatischen Verhaltnisse war die Wahl der richtigen Baume fur das Gedeihen dieser Pflanzungen von der grossten Be- deutung. Das Klima dieser Kiistenstrecke ist besonders durch die rauhen Winde karakterisirt, welche das ganze Jahr hindurch, aber besonders im Winter, mit ausserordentlicher Heftigkeit vom Meere hereinblasen ; es war daher nothwendig, wenigstens fur die erste Be- pflanzung sehr kraftige widerstandsfahige Sorten zu wahlen, welche ausserdem nicht zu grosse Anspriiche an die Giite und Tiefe des 4 J. Brunch orst. [No. 6.. Bodens stellen durften. Beinahe iiberall ist namlich der Boden ziemlich unfruchtbar, meistens sandig und an vielen Stellen sehr wenig tief. Es war daher natiirlich, dass man ausser den einheimischen Nadel- holzern. Fichte und Kiefer, von welchen besonders die letztere ge- pflanzt wurde, auch auslandische Baumsorten versuchte, welche als kraftig und anspruchslos bekannt waren. Unter diesen auslandischen* Nadelholzern war es dann wieder die Schwar zfohre oder »6ster- reichische F6hre«, wie sie bier zuLande meistens genanntwird,. welche, zugleich mit der Zwergfohr e, die Aufmerksamkeit der forst- lichen Autoritaten auf sich ziehen musste. Dieser schone Baum verbindet ja mit einem hohcn Grade von Widerstandsfahigkeit gegen ungiinstige klimatische Verhaltnisse grosse Geniigsamkeit in seinen Anspriichen an den Boden; er verbessert, wegen des reichlichen* Nadelabfalles und der Starke der Benadelung, in verhaltnissmassig kurzer Zeit den Boden, ist schnellwuchsig und liefert dabei Holz voit hoher technischer Brauchbarkeit, wahrend die Zwergfohre, welche sonst mindestens ebenso geeignet ware, ja nur Brennholz liefert. Hinzugefiigt kann noch werden, trotzdem dieser Moment wohl nicht in Betracht gezogen wurde, dass die Schwarzfohre nach den Erfah- rungen, welche in ihrem Heimathlande gemacht worden sind, auch gegen Pilzkrankheiten sehr resistent ist 1 ). Es war daher ganz be- rechtigt, dass man an der Schwarzfohre sehr grosse Hoffnungen hatte, und dass sie in ziemlich grosser Ausdehnung gepflanzt wurde. Diese Hoffnungen sind leider nicht erfullt worden. In sammtlichen Pflanzungen an der Westkiiste Norwegens, welche ich untersucht habe 2 ), scheint die osterreichische Fohre ganz und gar ausgehen zu wollen, trotzdem dass sie in Bezug auf Geniigsamkeit und Harte alle gestellten Anforderungen erfullt hat, indem sie iiberall ganz. kraftig gewachsen ist, so lange sie gesund blieb. Nur in einer ein- zigen Pflanzung — welche von alien die altesten Baume enthalt 3 ) — ist die Schwarzfohre von diesem allgemeinen Schiffbruch verschont: J ) Diese Erfahrungen (vergl. vonThlimen: Die Pilze der Schwarzfohre) s limine n allerdings mit denjenigen, die man in Danemark gemacht hat, gar nicht uberein. Cfr. Rostrup: Beretninger ora Undersogelser angaaende Sn}dtesvampeangreb paa Skovtrseerne 1881, 1884, 1885 og 1886. (Ref. Just, Jahresbericht). -) Ausser den vielen verschiedenen Pflanzungen auf der genannten Kiisten- strecke Jaderen — bei Weitem die bedeutendsten von alien — sind dies die ziemlich. ausgedehnten Pflanzungen bei Bergen und eine kleine Pflanzung bei Kopervik etwas siidlich von Bergen. Ausser diesen finden sich auf der ganzen Kiiste nur -vvenige Waldkulturen von einiger Bedeutung. 3 ) Hindal nahe bei Stavanger. Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. 5 worden, in sammtlichen anderen, von welchem Alter sie audi sind, ob sie an ganz windharten Stellen liegen oder an mehr geschiitzten. -ob der Boden gut ist oder weniger gut, stehen die »Oesterreicher« ■ — man darf beinahe sagen sammtliche — ganz abgestorben da, •oder sie sind mehr oder weniger gerothet und im Absterben be- griffen. Das Fehlschlagen der Schwarzfohre ist so allgemein, dass die fiir offentliche Rechnung betriebene Pflanzenschule in Sandna^s bei Stavanger, welche das Material fiir die meisten Pflanzungen an der Westkiiste Norwegens liefert, ganz aufgehort hat, diese Baum- sorte auszusaen. Das Absterben der Baume betrifit alle Altersstadien, von dem 5 — 6jahrigen an bis zu den 20— 3ojahrigen. Bei jiingeren Pflanzen wie 5 — 6jahrige, habe ich die Krankheit ebensowenig wie bei Samen- pflanzen bemerkt; doch waren solche jiingeren Pflanzen zu der Zeit wo ich meine Untersuchungen machte sehr sparlich vorhanden, und es ist also garnicht sicher, dass nicht auch die ganz jungen Pflanzen angegriffen w r erden konnen. Syrnptome der Krankheit, Die Krankheit, welche so unerwartete Verheerungen angerichtet liat, befallt sowohl die Zweige wie die Nadeln, welche an den er- ic rank ten Trieben sitzen, und ist von den anderen Krankheiten der Schwarzfohre und der anderen Kiefernspecies deutlich und leicht zu unterscheiden. Indem die Nadeln absterben nehmen sie, wie es auch bei den anderen Pilzkrankheiten und bei dem Erfrieren der Fall ist, eine braune Farbung an; wahrend aber das Erfrieren entweder die ganze Nadel gleichmassig betrifft oder an der Spitze anfangt, und wahrend die Entfarbung bei den anderen Pilzkrankheiten entweder zonenweise auftritt oder die ganze Nadel beinahe gleichzeitig todtet, fangt bei der hier behandelten Krankheit die Braunfarbung immer an der Basis an. Mittejuni z. B., wo ich die Krankheit zuerst untersuchte, war dies besonders auffallend; sehr viele der etwa decimeterlangen Nadeln waren in dem oberen und grosseren Theile anscheinend gesund und griin, an der Basis dagegen waren sie in einer mehr oder weniger langen Strecke ganz abgestorben, so dass die Communication zwischen dem gesunden Theile und dem Zweige unterbrochen war und die Nadeln also in jedem Falle der Zerstorung anheimfallen mussten, 6 J. Brunchorst. [No. 6. selbst wenn der Zweig und der obere Theil der Nadeln gesund geblieben waren. Dieses diirfte aber nur selten eintreffen; meistens wird mit der Zeit auch der obere Theil der Nadeln von der Krankheit befallen, und immer sind die Zweige schon angegriffen, wenn die Entfarbung der unteren Theile der Nadeln ihren Anfang nimmt. Wahrend des ganzen Sommers — Juni, Juli, August — habe ich Nadeln beobachtet, welche nur an der Basis gebraunt waren; doch mochte ich beinahe glauben, dass dieses Stadium der Krankheit vorzugsweise, wenn auch keineswegs ausschliesslich, im Fruhling und Vorsommer zu fin den ist. Die an der Basis gebraunten Nadeln nehmen zuerst eine gleich- massige rostbraune Farbe an. Spater entfarbt sich die untere Halfte des braunen Theiles vollstandig und wird blass gelblich -weiss. Dieses gilt besonders von dem Theile, weicher in den sehr langen dicht anliegenden Nadelscheiden eingeschlossen ist. Der freie Theil dagegen behalt seine braune Farbe, bis die ganze Nadel gebraunt ist und schliesslich abfallt (cfr. Tab. II, A). Die Braunung der Nadeln betrirTt vorzugsweise die aussersten Jahrestriebe des jemaligen Zweiges und sehr haufig nicht einmal den ganzen Trieb, sondern nur den aussersten Theil desselben; niemals habe ich dagegen die Nadeln an der Spitze der Triebe gesund ge- funden, wahrend die weiter zuriick sitzenden gebraunt waren. Die vorletzten Jahrestriebe sind nur selten angegriffen ; wenn die Nadeln derselben gebraunt sind, ist es auch immer nur, wenn der ganze obere Theil schon erkrankt ist. Die Krankheit greift, mit anderen Worten, immer von der Spitze der Triebe aus um sich, und hat vor- zugsweise in den aussersten Jahrestrieben ihren Sitz. Diese aussersten Triebe sind, wenn ihre Nadeln zu erkranken anfangen, immer wenigstens ein Jahr alt. Die Braunung fangt also immer erst ein Jahr nach dem Austreiben an. Wenn die Nadeln gebraunt sind, dann bleiben sie noch ein oder vielleicht zwei Jahre am Zweige sitzen, so dass die kranken Triebe, welche im- mer die aussersten sind, in vielen Fallen vor zwei Jahren gebildet worden sind. Die Ursache dieses Verhaltens ist, dass die Krankheit, wenn sie als Nadelbraunung bemerkbar wird, schon eine zeitlang in den Zweigen gewuchert hat und die Endknospen derselben getodtet, SO' dass sie nicht mehr austreiben konnen. Daher werden, wenn die Erkrankung der Nadeln begonnen hat, keine gesunden Triebe mehr i88 7 J Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. 7 gebildet und die kranken Triebe miissen folglich immer die Spitze der Zweige einnehmen. Wenn die Braunung der Nadeln anfangt ist also schon die Ent- wickelung der Triebe sistirt und darin liegt eben die Schadlichkeit der Krankheit. Wiirde die Krankheit nur die Nadeln befallen, so konnte, wie es bei der gewohnlichen Form von Schiitte der Fall ist, der Baum sich erholen, indem die neuen Triebe gesund blieben. Wie aber diese Krankheit verlauft, werden die jiingsten der schon ausgebildeten Triebe zerstort, und die Bildung neuer verhindert. Nach kiirzerer oder langererZeit sterben dann die Nadeln der alteren nicht angegriffenen Triebe im natiirlichen Verlauf der Dinge ab, und der ganze Zweig steht ganz gebraunt da. Hat die Krankheit an einem Baume nur einige wenige Jahrestriebe befallen oder gehen nur einige Zweige zu Grunde, dann wird sich der Baum noch erholen konnen. Indessen hat die Krankheit beinahe iiberall wo ich sie untersucht habe, so stark urn sich gegriffen, dass keine oder ganz wenige Triebe an jedem Baume gesund geblieben sind; die Baume sind daher ziemlich bald zu Grunde gegangen. Die gebraunten Nadeln bleiben nach dem Absterben noch ziemlich lange am Baume hangen. Sie sitzen zwar in ihren Scheiden ganz lose, werden aber von den Scheiden soweit festgehalten, dass sie wohl mindestens ein Jahr nach dem Absterben zum grossten Theile noch am Zweige sitzen. Die abgestorbenen Baume stehen daher ziemlich lange ganz roth da und sind schon von weitem auffallend. Die Ursache der Krankheit. An den kranken Trieben kann man, nach dem oben angefuhrten, zwei verschiedene Krankheitsformen unterscheiden, die selbstverstand- lich nicht scharf unterschieden sind, und die aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach auch zeitlich in einander iibergehen. Theils sind die Nadeln in ihrer ganzen Lange oder wenigstens in dem unteren Theile gleich- massig rostbraun gefarbt, theils ist der untersteTheil, der inderScheide eingeschlossen ist, ganz entfarbt, gelblichweiss und etwas geschrumpft, und geht nach oben in den braunen Theil iiber, welcher entweder die ganze Nadel einnimmt oder nur eine Zone bildet (PI. II, Fig. A, br.), indem der obere Theil noch gesund ist. In diesen sammtlichen Nadeln ist Pilzmycel vorhanden, sowohl in der braunen Zone wie besonders in dem ganz entfarbten unteren Theile. Das Mycel ist septirt, reichlich verzweigt, etwa 3 Mik. dick. 8 J. Brunchorst. [No. 6. Die meisten Zellen sind cylindrisch, einige zu unregelmassigen und ungleich grossen Blasen angeschwollen. Der Inhalt ist kornig, mit ziemlich zahlreichen Oeltropfchen untermischt, und ebenso wie die Wande farblos. Dass es dieses Pilzmycel ist, welches das Absterben der Nadeln bedingt, geht daraus hervor, dass es schon in reichlicher Menge in den Nadeln vorhanden ist, welche nur an der Basis erkrankt sind, wahrend der obere Theil gesund geblieben ist. Diese Art der Er- krankung kann durch Frost nicht bedingt sein, indem die durch >;Frostschutte« getodtetenKiefernadeln immer entweder in ihrer ganzen Lange oder in dem oberenTheile gebraunt sind, wahrend in dem vorliegenden Falle die Erkrankung von unten beginnt. Auch ist bekanntlich bei den durch Frost getodteten Nadeln die Grenze zwischen dem abgestorbenen und dem gesundenTheile s charf und bestimmt, wahrend bei diesen Nadeln die Grenze ganz verschwommen ist. An Beschadigung durch Thiere ist nicht zu denken, und da das Pilzmycel in den kranken Nadeln constant vorkommt, darf man wohl mit Sicherheit annehmen, dass dasselbe die Ursache der Erkrankung ist. Wie schon oben erwahnt wurde, werden nicht die Nadeln allein, sondern auch der Zweig von der Krankheit befallen. In den kranken Zweigen findet man in der That auch reichliches Pilzmycel, welches demjenigen , dass in den Nadeln vorkommt, ganz ahnlich sieht. Das Mycel ist besonders in der Rinde und im Marke reichlich vorhanden, dringt aber zuletzt auch in das Holz ein. (Tab. I, D). Schon wenn die Nadeln erst zu erkranken beginnen und noch wenig Mycel enthalten, ist der Zweig uberall sehr reichlich inficirt, und ebenso wie die Endknospe vollstandig getodtet. In der Rinde und im Marke sind die Zellen collabirt und mehr oder weniger unkennt- lich, die Wande gebraunt und von dem Mycel in alien Richtungen durchbohrt und durchwebt. Im Holze ist das Mycel in geringerer, aber doch in ziemlicher Menge vorhanden; es verlauft vorzugsweise inter- cellular und lasst dieZellenwande beinahe unverandert, nur an einzelnen Stellen des Querschnitts, besonders um die Harzkanale herum, werden grossere Liicken herausgefressen, indem die Zellwande aufgelost werden. Dort legen sich dann die Mycelfaden oft in dichten Biindeln oder Bandern zusammen. (Tab. I, D). Das vom Pilzmycel durchwucherte Holz sowie die Rinde und das Mark der kranken Zweige ist, wahrend die Nadeln theilweise noch grun sind, ganz schwammig und weich. Entweder muss daher die Einwanderung des Mycels in die Triebe friiher stattfinden wie Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. 9 die Infection derNadeln oder man muss annehmen, dass das Mycel in dem Zweiggewebe sich rascher verbreitet wie in dem Gewebe der Nadeln. Wenn man die schon erwahnte Erkrankungsweise der Nadeln mit in Betracht zieht, wird das erstere bei weitem das wahrscheinlichere, und die Annahme scheint berechtigt, dass die Infektion des Zweiges das Primare ist, und dass die Erkrankung der Nadeln durch Einwanderung von Pilzmycel bewirkt wird, welches von der Zweigrinde aus in die Nadelbasis hineinwachst. Es verdient in dieser Verbindung bemerkt zu werden, dass die Erkrankung des Zweiges, nach dem was ich finden konnte, immer den obersteTheil zerstort; ich habe nie einen Fall gesehen, wo die Zweigspitze gesund geblieben ware, wahrend der untere Theil des Triebes erkrankt war. Dagegen kommt es vor, dass der untere Theil des Zweiges erkrankt ist und Pilzmycel enthalt, wahrend die daransitzenden Nadeln noch ganz pilzfrei sind. Was die Einwanderungsstellen des Pilzes betrerTen, so liegt es auf der Hand, dass dieselben nicht zufalligen Verletzungen der Zweigrinde sein konnen. Die Krankheit ist viel zu allgemein verbreitet und greift viel zu schnell um sich, als dass man anzunehmen berechtigt ware, der Pilz konnte nur durch zufallig blossgelegte Stellen eindringen. Viel wahrscheinlicher ist es, dass die Infection regelmassig an der Befestigungsstellen der Nadelpaare stattfindet. Wahrend der iibrige Theil der Zweigoberflache von starkwandigen mit cuticularisirter Aussenwand versehenen Zellen bedeckt ist, ist die nachste Umgebung der Nadelbasis, der Winkel zwischen der letzteren und der Zweig- oberflache, von ganz dunnwandigen Zellen gebildet, von denen die aussersten regelmassig abgestorben sind. Diese ringformige Zone liegt also wie eine natiirliche Wunde da, und ist der Pilzinfection leicht zuganglich. Auch aus dem Grunde muss dieser Winkel der Invasion besonders ausgesetzt sein, weil sich die Pilzsporen hier leichter wie irgendwo sonst festhaften konnen. Von aussen durch Regen oder W 7 ind herbeigefuhrte Pilzsporen wiirden von der Nadelober- flache oder von der glatten Zweigoberflache leicht wieder weggefuhrt werden konnen; sind die Sporen dagegen in den geschutzten Winkel auf der oberen oder unteren Seite der Nadel hineingelangt, dann sind sie in der vortrefTlichsten Weise dagegen geschiitzt, wieder fort- gefuhrt zu werden. Dass an dieser Stelle die Infection stattfindet, glaube ich daher mit grosser Wahrscheinlichkeit annehmen zu diirfen, umsomehr als ich an ganz gesunden Zweigen gerade an dieser Stelle Pilzmycel gefunden habe, welches von aussen her eingedrungen war 10 J. Brunchorst. [No. 6. und welches mit dem Mycel der kranken Zweige genau ubereinstimmte, Doch muss die sichere Entscheidung weiteren experimentellen Unter- suchungen vorbehalten bleiben, welche es mir, des Mangels an Ver- suchspflanzen halber, bis jetzt unmoglich gewesen ist vorzunehmen. Wahrend der Pilz zuerst in den Zweigen einwandert, fmdet die Fructification zuerst in den Nadeln statt. An den noch am Baume sitzenden Nadeln kann man zu keiner Zeit irgend welche Zeichen einer Fructification finden. Erst wenn man die Nadeln aus den dicht anliegenden Scheiden herauszieht, werden die Fructificationsorgane sichtbar, und zwar als eine oder mehrere schwarze, mit dem unteren Theile in die Nadelsubstanz ein- gesenkten Perithecien. Dieselben sitzen vorzugsweise oder beinahe ausschliesslich an denjenigen Nadeln, deren unterer Theil weissliche Farbe angenommen hat (Tab. II, A.); sehr selten an solchen, die noch an der Basis braun sind. Die Anzahl der an jeder Nadel sitzenden Perithecien variirt zwischen einem und sechs oder sieben; meistens sind doch nur zwei oder drei vorhanden, von denen das unterste immer das grosste und alteste ist, und schon die Reife erreicht, wahrend die hoher sitzenden nicht ganz ausgewachsen sind — ein weiterer Beweis, dass die Einwanderung des Mycels in die Nadeln von unten her stattfindet. Auch in den Nadeln ist das Mycel in der Rindenschicht, ausser- halb der Gefassbiindel am reichlichsten vorhanden. Mycelfaden sind wohl immer auch in dem Gefassbiindel vorhanden, in dem weichen Assimilationsgewebe wuchern sie aber weit reichlicher wie in dem farblosen Innengewebe und in dem eigentlichen Gefassbiindel. Wenn die Fruchtkorperchen gebildet werden sollen, ballen sich die Mycelfaden dicht unter der Epidermis, am haufigsten an den Ecken der im Querschnitte halbmondformigen Nadeln, zu dichten Knaueln zusammen. Die Zellen des Assimilationsgewebes und des Hypoderms werden auseinander gedrangt, zum Theil von dem Knauel eingeschlossen , zusammengedriickt und vielleicht zuletzt resorbirt. Doch sind in der spater entstehenden Perithecienwand, wenigstens in dem unteren festgewachsenen Theile desselben, immer braungefarbte Zellwandreste vorhanden. Das Gewebe der Fadenknauel ist ziemlich dicht und fest, und hat auf Querschnitten ein beinahe pseudoparenchymatisches Aussehen. Zuerst sind die Mycelfaden durch und durch farblos, und es ist kein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen dem peripherischen und dem cen- 1887.] Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. 1 1 tralen Gewebe bemerkbar. Bald wird aber eine von dem ccntralen Gewebe deutlich unterschiedene Wandschicht ausgebildet, welche doch von dem centralen Gewebe und von dem die eigentliche Perithecen- anlage umgebenden dichten Mycelgeflechte nicht scharf gesondert ist. Die Zellwande dieses peripheren Theiles nchmen eine graue und zuletzt theilweise eine schwarze Farbe an, welche besonders unmittelbar unter der Epidermis deutlich ausgepragt ist. Gleich- zeitig vergressert sich die Perithecenanlage bedeutend, auch in die Epidermiszellen wandert das Mycel ein , dieselben werden aus- einandergedrangt und theilweise zerstort, so dass die schwarze Perithecienwand von aussen sichtbar zu werden beginnt (Taf. I, A). Und auch im inneren der Perithecienanlage gehen gleichzeitig Umbildungen vor sich: indem sich das Volum wesentlich durch peri- pheres Wachsthum vergrossert, wird des centrale Gewebe gelockert und es bildet sich ein dichtes Lager von der Innenseite der Wand- schicht ausgehender radial gestellter Basidien aus (Taf. I, A; Tab. II C). Die Basidien fussen in der grauen oder schwarzen eigentlichen Wand- schicht (Tab. II, C), welche auf der Aussenseite des Peritheciums die ganze Wanddicke einnimmt und stark ausgebildet ist, wahrend sie in dem festgewachsenen diinnwandigeren Theile nur schwach gefarbt ist und von einer farblosen Schicht umgeben wird (Taf. II, C) oder wohl auch fehlen kann. Die Basidien sind mehrzellig, unverzweigt und sehr dicht gestellt ohne Paraphysen. Indem die Volumvergrosserung zunimmt entsteht zuletzt inner- halb der Basidienschicht ein wirklicher Hohlraum, der aber bald dadurch ausgefiillt wird, dass die Basidien an ihrer Spitze halbmondformig gebogene, septirte Sporen abschniiren. (Tab. II, C) 1 ). Dieselben bilden sich in grosser Menge und fulleii den zuletzt ziemlich grossen centralen Hohlraum beinahe vollstandig aus. Manchmal bildet sich nicht ein einziger centraler Hohlraum aus, sondern es bleiben eine oder mehrere pseudoparenchymatische Scheidewande erhalten, welche den Hohlraum entweder in zwei oder mehr vollstandig getrennte Facher theilen, oder als Rippen und Falten in die centrale Hohlung hineinragen. Die mehr oder weniger voll- standigen Scheidewande sind beiderseits dicht mit Basidien besetzt und tragen folglich bedeutend zur Vergrosserung der sporenbildenden Oberflache bei. ') Die Sporen sind hier irrthtimlicherweise unseptirt dargestellt. I 2 J. Brunchorst. [No. 6. Die vollstandig ausgewachsenen an den Nadeln sitzenden Peri- thecien sind etwa anderthalb, bisweilen zwei Millimeter lang, ein Millimeter hoch und breit, in trockenem Zustande an der Obernache unregelmassig gefurcht (cfr. Tab. II, B) 1 ) und schwarz gefarbt. Bedeutend grosser sind die Perithecien, weiche sich an den Zweigen bilden , wenn die Nadeln mit den daran sitzenden Kapseln schliesslich abgefallen sind. Dann ballt sich das Mycel in der fruher beschriebenen Weise dicht unter den Narben, weiche die Nadeln hinter- lassen haben, zu Knaueln zusammen, und aus diesen Knaueln bilden sich allmahlig Perithecien heraus, weiche bedeutend grosser sind wie diejenigen, weiche an den Nadeln sitzen und weit zahlreichere vollstandige oder unvollstandige Scheidewande enthalten. Auf Tab. I, B ist ein medianer Durchschnitt durch ein solches Zweigperithecium abgebildet. Der innere Hohlraum, der in der Zeichnung leer gelassen ist, ist im geschlossenen Perithecium mit Sporen dicht gefullt, weiche aber beim Durchschneiden herausgefallen sind. Mit I ist die Stelle bezeichnet, bis zu welcher das Perithecium in der Rindenschicht eingesenkt ist. h bezeichnet eine Zone unter- halb des Peritheciums, weiche mit Mycel sehr reichlich angefullt ist. Der Bau der beiderlei Perithecien ist, von der Grosse und der damit zusammenhangenden Zahl der Scheidewande abgesehen genau derselbe, und auch die Sporengrosse ist in beiden genau gleich. Die Sporen (Tab. I, C) sind halbmondformig gebogen, selten gerade, nach den abgerundeten Enden hin allmahlig abschmalernd, aus drei bis sechs — durchschnittlich etwa vier — Zellen zusammen- gesetzt, vollstandig farblos, mit kornigem Inhalt. Die Lange variirt zwischen 33 und 50 Mikromillimeter, ist aber gewohnlich etwa 40, die grosste Dicke etwa 3 Mik. Werden die ausgewachsenen sporengefullten Perithecien in Wasser • oder in einen feuchten Raum gebracht, dann ofTnen sie sich binnen wenigen Stunden und lassen die Sporen heraustreten. Dies wird da- durch eingeleitet, dass die aussere Perithecienwand an einer oder mehreren Stellen unregelmassig aufquillt (Tab. I, B). Die aufgequollenen unregelmassig begrenzten Wandstellen verlieren ihre schwarze Farbe. werden graulich-weiss und verfliissigen sich bald so weit, dass die gleichfalls aufquellende weissliche Sporenmasse eine Durchbruchs- stelle bilden und in die umgebende F'euchtigkeit herausgelangen kann. *) Es sitzen an der hier abgebildeten Nadelbasis zwei ausgewachsene und ein unreifes Perithecium nebeneinander. Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. 13 In Wasser gebracht keimen die Sporen nach etwa 24 Stunden indem eine oder zwei Zellen — sehr oft die Endzellen, manchmal auch die mittleren — Mycelfaden bilden, welche sich rasch ver- langern und bald septirt werden. (Tab. II, E). Keimungsfahige Sporen findet man von Juni an 1 ) bis in den Herbst hinein sowohl in den Perithecien, welche an den Nadeln sitzen, wie an denjenigen, welche aus den Nadelnarben hervorbrechen. Die Bildungsweise und die Keimung der Sporen karakterisirt den hier beschriebenen Pilz als das Pycnidenstadium eines Asco- myceten. Trotz sorgfaltiger Untersuchung eincr grossen Anzahl kranker abgefallener Nadeln und abgestorbener Zweige verschiedenen Alters ist es mir aber nicht gelungen, die Schlauchform des Pilzes aufzufinden. An alten abgestorbenen Zweigen findet man geoffnete, entleerte und geschrumpfte Perithecien in grosser Menge; irgend eine Andeutung von Schlauchbildung war aber nie vorhanden und wenigstens vorlaufig muss daher der Pilz in der Rumpelkammer der Fungi imperfecti untergebracht werden. In keiner der hieher gestellten Gattungen, welche in der mir zuganglichen systematischen Literatur beschrieben sind, kann der Parasit der Schwarzfohre eingereiht werden. Auch in der Arbeit von Thiimens (»Beitrage zu r Ken ntniss der auf der Schwarz- fohre vorkommen d en Pi lze« 2 ), wo die in dem Heimatlande der Schwarzfohre bekannt gewordenen parasitischen und einige nicht parasitische Pilze zusammengestellt sind und in der Literatur liber Pflanzenkrankheiten findet sich kein Pilz beschrieben, der mit dem vorliegenden iibereinstimmt und es diirfte daher berechtigt sein, fiir den Pilz eine eigene Gattung aufzustellen. Indessen ist die Lite- ratur die mir zu Gebote gestanden hat nicht so vollstandig, dass ich mit absoluter Sicherheit behaupten konnte, der Pilz sei wirklich neu, und um nicht zur Bereicherung der Synonymik beizutragen, will ich daher keinen neuen Namen aufstellen und stelle nur eine Art- und Gattungsbeschreibung von dem, wenigstens als Forst- schadling neuen, Zweig- unci Nadelparasiten der Schwarz- und Zwergfohre zusammen : Pycniden mit dem unteren Theile in dem Gewebe der Nahrpflanze eingesenkt; die kleineren ungefachert, T ) Friiher im Jahre habe ich die Krankheit nicht untersucht, aber hochst wahr- scheinlich sind schon im Friihling keimfahige Sporen vorhanden. 2 ) Mittheilungen aus dem forstlichen Versuchswesen Oesterreichs. Xeue Folge, Heft II (1S83). J. Brunchorst. [No. 6. die grosseren mit vollstandi gen und un vo llstandigen Scheidewanden versehen. Die ganze innere Oberflache der Kapselwand und der Scheidewande mit dicht ge- stellten, beinahe geraden Basidien versehen, welche an der Spitze Stylosporen abschniiren, die mit 2 — 5 Quer- wanden versehen sind. Paraphysen nicht vorhanden. Die schwarze Perithecienwand offnet sich mit einer oder mehreren unregelmassigen Poren. Perithecien langlich oder rundlich, unregelmassig schwach gefurcht, 1 — 2 Millimeter im Durchmesser. Spo- ren 30 bis 40 Mik. lang, etwa 3 dick, beiderseits abschma- lernd, die Enden abgerundet. An dem untern Theile der Nadeln und an den von abge- fallenen Nadeln hinterlassenen Narben bei Pinus Austriaca. Ausser bei Pinus Austriaca habe ich die oben beschriebene Krankheit auch bei der Zwergkief er (Pinus montana, Mill) bemerkt. Diese Baumart ist an der Westkiiste Norwegens in noch viel grosserer Ausdehnung wie die Schwarzfohre gepflanzt worden und hat sich auch weit besser bewahrt. Sehr haufig besteht die Hauptmasse eines Bestandes aus Zwergkiefern, und Schwarzfohren stehen nur reihenweise zwischen denselben; oder auch wechseln Reihen von Zwergfohren mit Reihen von Schwarzfohren. An solchen Stellen, wo kranke Schwarzfohren gestanden hatten oder noch standen, waren manchmal an den benachbarten Zwergfohren einzelne Triebe von der Krankheit angegriffen. Die Zweige waren getodtet, die Endknospen zerstort und die Nadeln an der Basis braun gefarbt, und in alien kranken Theilen war reichliches Pilzmycel vorhanden, welches genau dieselbe Beschaffenheit hatte wie das, welches den Fruchtkorper an den kranken Zweigen und Nadeln der Schwarzfohre bildet. Perithecien wurden aber niemals an der Zwerg- kiefer gefunden. Moglicherweise werden sie durch spatere Unter- suchungen nachgewiesen werden konnen, jedenfalls sind sie aber auf Jaderen sehr selten und es scheint, als ob der Pilz nur auf den »Oesterreichern« zur vollen Entwicklung gelangen kann, in den Zwergfohren dagegen nur vegetiren, nie fruktificiren konnte. Die Krankheit wird daher den Zwergfohren nur dann gefahrlich werden konnen, wenn die Moglichkeit einer Infektion von kranken Schwarz- fohren gegeben ist, und auch wenn dies der Fall ist, scheint die Krankheit fur diesen sehr kraftigen Baum nie gefahrlich oder auch nur von merkbarer Schalichkeit werden zu konnen. Fur die Schwarz- Krankheit der Schwarzfohre. 15 fohre ist sie dagegen, wie ich oben hervorgehoben habe, ausserst verderblich, und ich kann foiglich den Satz von Thtimens: »Die Schwarzfohre ist einer der gesundesten, am wenigsten von pilzlichen Parasiten heimgesuchten Waldbaume, die es iiberhaupt gibt«, was Norwegen anbetrifft, nicht unterschreiben. Viel eher hatte ein solcher Ausspruch fur die Zwergfohre Giiltigkeit; auch dieser Baum leidet aber an Pilzkrankheiten — in jungen Pflanzungen besonders an Melampsora pinitorqua; viel resistenter haben sich die Fichten und dann besonders die Abies alba erwiesen. iG J. Brunchorst. [No. 6. Figurenerklarung. Zweig- und Nadelkrankheit der Schwarzfohre durch die Pycniden- form eines parasitischen Ascomyc eten. Tab. I. A. Querschnitt durch die Basis einer kranken Nadel der Schwarz- fohre mit zwei halbreifen Pycniden. B. Querschnitt durch eine grossere Pycnide von der Nadelnarbe eines kranken Zweiges. (Camera lucida, 61 mal vergrossert). C. Stylosporen aus einer reifen Pycnide. (540 mal vergrossert). D. Querschnitt durch das Holz eines kranken Zweiges ; diezuBundeln vereinigten Mycelfaden haben in dem Holze Hohlungen heraus- gefressen. 1 E. Abgestorbener kranker Zweig von Pinus austriaca, Hoss, mit Pycniden. An zwei Stellen (bei p) sind die Spitzen der Schuppen weggeschnitten um die Pycniden freizulegen. (Natiirliche Grosse). Tab. II. A. Kranke Nadeln der Schwarzfohre mit daran sitzenden Pycniden. Der untere Theil der Nadel ist weisslich entfarbt, darauf folgt eine braune Zone (br.)] der obere Theil endlich ist gesund und grim. (Natiirliche Grosse.) B. Nadelbasis mit Pycniden. (Schwach vergrossert.) C. Stuck der Innenwand einer Pycnide mit Basidien und Sporen. E. Keimende Sporen, 48 Stunden nachdem sie in Wasser gelegt worden sind. (540 mal vergrossert.) Bei^ens Museum . BrtmcJir/irft* Sucker* for cd: n&f. lith. Tab: I. TIL A Protandric Hermaphrodite (Myxine giutinosa, L) amongst the Vertebrates. By Fridtjof Nansen, Ph. Dr., Curator of the Bergen Museum. Introduction. During my investigations regarding the nervous system of Myxine, I examined a great many specimens of this interesting fish. It seemed as if females only came under review, as I could not dis- cover a single male, in spite of diligent search. It was not, however, until after a visit to Edinburgh (in the autumn of 1886) when I had an opportunity of speaking to Mr. Cunningham of the matter, and until after the appearance of his interesting paper on the generative organs of Myxine, that I devoted more particular study to this subject. My investigations have, however, been made only incidentally, as my interest was principally absorbed by other scientific problems; they are therefore very far from being com- plete, and there are, yet, many highly interesting points (e. g. the situation of the germinal epithelium ; the origin of the first germinal cells and the folicular epithelium etc.), which I would otherwise have earnestly wished to elucidate. I must therefore crave the readers forbearance when I let my investigations appear in an incomplete state, caused by the fact that I am just about to set out on a scientific Arctic expedition, and it is impossible to say when I may be able to return to my zoological studies. As I am convinced, however, that my researches in regard to the sexual relations of Myxine contain, in several respects, inter- esting features; and as I hope that they may lead other zoologists to take up the subject, and may thus, perhaps, contribute, in some degree, to the solution of the still involved questions as to herma- phroditism and the origin of sexes, I publish the result of my investigations, now, rather than wait upon an uncertain future to com- plete them, in the hope that they may serve as a guide to others in the same field of study. In order to trace the development of Myxine. I have made numerous attempts to make them breed, or to obtain deposited 6 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. ova. I have tried to keep full-grown specimens in wooden cases (hospitals) at the same depths, and on the same description of bot- tom, as they generally exist. I have even been able to keep them in those cases for about half a year, and I had specimens there which I could see were filled with large ova; but my efforts were in vain; they obstinately retained their ova. I have tried with the dredge, in the same localities as immense numbers of Myxine may be obtained at every season of the year, but all in vain, not a single deposited ovum springing from the animal mentioned was found. Once, my fisherman »Iver« brought me three ova which he had found one morning, deposited in one of the wooden cases in which some dozens of specimens of Myxine lived; my heart beat violently at the sight of the three ova, but, alas! upon a little closer examination they proved to be unripe; they had probably been loosened from the ovary by force, and had then been evacuated from the body; the polar threads were still undeveloped, and the ova were still surrounded by the follicle, torn probably from the ovary along with the ovum. I have therefore been no more successful than my predecessors in obtaining deposited ova of Myxine. I think, however, that the only way to obtain them is by dredging, it may be that we have not yet sought for them in the localities where they are to be found; it may be that we, some day, will find them quite by accident, but that we, when they are once discovered, may be able to get them just as easily as the ova of any other fish. In the localities where they occur, here — in the neighbourhood of Bergen — I think they are more common than any other fish; in a single night we may, in one, or a few, eel-pots baited with a little, quite fresh, haddock or cod, capture such multitudes of them, that it would indeed be a profitable business if the captured fish could be used for domestic consumption. It is, therefore, perfectly indubitable that quantities of ova are deposited all the year round, and that what we have now to discover is — where does the animal deposit its ova. Whilst I was trying to find deposited ova of Myxine by dredging etc., I found, strangly enough, quite by accident, a deposited ovum (which will subsequently be described) in the collection of Bergens Museum. It was enclosed in a small glass bottle together with some Annelides; the bottle had two lables on which was written »Molde«, in a neat and distinct hand-writing, but no other information as to when, or how, the ovum was taken was to be ob- tained from that old and dusty bottle, which had been hidden for many years in the cellars of the Museum. But fortune favored me, A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 7 for upon showing Dr. Danielssen, the Director of the Museum, the bottle, and asking him if he, by any chance, knew the history of that bottle and the ovum contained in it, or how it had arrived in the Museum, he was fortunately able to tell it; he knew the hand- writing on the labels; it was that of his late son, who had ac- companied him on a zoological excursion in the summer of 1857; then they had also dredged near Molde; he could not, however, exactly remember the ovum, or how it was obtained. Dr. DANIELSSEN thought that the ovum must have been obtained there, during their dredging operations, and put away in this bottle in ignorance of what an interesting object it really was, and that they had thought nothing more of it. It is therefore highly probable that this ovum was really dredged near Molde in the summer of 1857, and Dr. DANIELSSEN is, thus, so far as we know, the only naturalist who has, hitherto, been fortunate enough to find a deposited ovum of Myxine by dredging. As regards the development of Myxine, this paper contains, consequently, no information; but still there are so many interesting questions connected with its sexual organs, that they alone supply material enough for a special memoir if thoroughly investigated. In this paper, I hope to be able to add a little to our knowledge in respect of these. I would here express my sincere thanks to my friend Mr. Wilson of Bergen, who has promised to revise my English and correct the printers proofs of this paper, which will be printed after my de- parture for Greenland on the expedition I have referred to. 8 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. Historical. To give a circumstantial account of the previous investigations regarding the structure of the generative organs in the Myxinoida is unnecessary, as it is already done, sufficiently, by previous writers. I will, however, especially refer my readers to Cunningham's recent paper 1 ) and to Wilhelm Muller's paper (1875 pp. 107— 109) 2 ). I will devote special attention to those two papers only, (the latter of which is not mentioned by CUNNINGHAM in his paper referred to above) mentioning at same time, quite shortly, the other previous authors on the subject. Johannes Muller is the first zoologist who has given a de- scription of the minute structure of the generative organs of Myxine. He says that »the sexual organs hang in a long peritoneal fold on the right side of the mesentery «. He gives a tolerably correct de- scription, illustrated with figures of the ovary and of the young eggs of Myxine, as well as of Bdellostoma. He also describes » testes «, and gives illustrations of them, but, judging from his de- scription and figures, I think it is very dubious whether he has really seen testes; his description suits just as well, or perhaps better, for young undeveloped ovaries, when he says: »The testes consist of a number of round and roundish long grains, which resemble the eggs«. As will subsequently be shown, the testes have a different, and more granular, appearance, and in their appear- ance differ, considerably, from the young ovaries. In 1859 a mature egg of Myxine was described and illustrated, for the first time, by Dr. Allen Thompson in »Todds Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology «, but unfortunately this author does not state where, or how, he obtained the egg he has examined. 1 ) Vide, list of literature 1886. 2 ) Vide, list of literature 1875. i88 7 .] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 9 Not knowing Thompson's description, Prof. Japetus Steenstrup of Copenhagen published, in »Oversigt over det k. danske Vidensk. Selskabs Forhandlinger«, 1863, an account of a specimen of Myxine which contained mature eggs. This specimen was found amongst a number sent to the Museum of Copenhagen, in September 1862. The mature eggs were enclosed in a corneous shell with horny threads at the ends, as also described by Thompson. Those eggs, in the Museum of Copenhagen, are the only ova regarding which we know with certainty where, and how, they were obtained. Steenstrup's paper was published as a guide to any who might attempt to •compete for the prize, offered by the Academy of Science of Copenhagen, for the elucidation of the problem of the reproduction and development of Myxine. The Academy has never yet had the oportunity afforded it to award the prize. Owen (1866) also gives, in his Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates (vol. I, p. 598) an illustration of a mature egg of Myxine. Dr. Gunther mentions, referring to Steenstrup's paper, the eggs of Myxine in his » Study of Fishes « in the British Museum Catalogue, and in his article Ichthyology in the » Encyclopaedia Britannica« 9th edition. Prof. Robert Collett in his memoir »Norges Fiske« (Kristi- ania 1875) mentions eggs of Myxine; those eggs are, however, as also stated by Cunningham, immature eggs originally taken from the ovaries of the animals. In 1875, the first important account of the minute histological structure of the generative organs of Myxine was given in WlLHELM .Muller's paper: »Ueber das Urogenitalsystem des Amphioxus und der Cyclostomen« (Jenaische Zeitschrift Bd. 9). The author states that Myxine is dioecious, and he describes and illustrates the ovaries as well as the immature testes, which it is evident from his illustrations, as well as from his very distinct description, that he has closely examined. As it has special interest for the present paper, I will quote, in extenso, his account of the males and the male organs. »Was die Angaben Joh. MULLERS iiber die Beschaffenheit des Hoden betrifft, so entsprechen dieselben so wenig dem wirklichen Befund, dass ich zweifelhaft bin, ob JOHANNES MULLER wirklich das Mannchen von Myxine glutinosa vor sich gehabt hat. Die Mann- chen sind viel seltener als die Weibchen und wie ich Grand habe zu vermuthen, etwas kleiner; alle mannlichen Exemplare. welche ich erhielt, wurden ganz kurz nach dem Aussetzen des Koders ge- 10 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. fangen. Der Hode hat die gleiche Lage wie das Ovarium und gibt sich auf den ersten Blick als solcher zu erkennen, indem er eine fiache gleichmassig grauweiss gefarbte, seicht gelappte Masse kings des freien Randes des Mesorchium bildet. Er besteht aus- einer grossen Zahl rings geschlossener Follikel von 0.0S — 0.2 Durch- messer, welche durch starkere Bindegewebziige in lappchenartige Gruppen gesondert werden. Jeder Follikel bezitzt eine binde- gewebige Gefasse fuhrende Hiille von 0.004 — 0.0 1 Dicke, deren innerste Schicht zu einer diinnen Membrana propria verdichtet ist und einem epithelialen Inhalt. Letzterer besteht aus einer peri- pherischen Schicht protoplasmareicher flacher der Hiille des Follikels anliegender Zellen und einer grossen Zahl frei im Inneren des Fol- likels liegender rundlicher Zellen. Der Druchmesser der letzteren schwankt zwischen 0.0 1 und 0.02, sie besassen einen deutlichen Kern und ein blasses Protoplasma, welches in den grosseren Zellen eine Anzahl ellipsoidischer Kornchen ahnlich in der Ausbildung be- griftenen Spermatozoiden kopfchen enthielt Freie spermatszoiden die Follikel zur Zeit der Untersuchung (im August) nicht. Vergl. Tafel V Fig. 12 und I3« 1 ). This desciption agrees in many re- spects, completely, with my investigations. It is obvious that W. Mi ller has examined real testes, and that he has not found them in protandric hermaphrodites which, as will be subsequently seen, are most common in Myxine, but in specimens which are perma- nent males for life, and extremely rarely met with. W. Muller also gives a description of the ovaries and the development of the ova. The ovary as well as the testes »verlaufen entlang des Darms und sind an dissen rechte Seite genau an der Anheftung des Mesenterium durch ein Mesorchium resp. Meso- varium befestigt. Links fehlt eine Geschlechtsdruse.« »Das Ova- rium ist durch die Eianlagen auch an jiingeren Thieren leicht kenntlich; sie sind von kugliger Form und bestehen aus einem grossen runden Kern .... mit glanzenden Kemkorperchen und einer diinnen Protoplasmahulle«. »Die grosseren Eizellen liegen in der Regel mehr gegen das Mesovarium zu, sie behalten die kugelige Form bis zu einem Durchmesser von 0.6 mm. bei. Das Protoplasma sondert mehr und mehr gelblichen ausserst fein vertheilten Dotter ab. Vergl. Taf. V. Fig. 14. 15. Umgeben wird jedes Ei von dieser Grosse zunachst von einer einfachen Lage polygonaler ganz flacher Zellen . , auf diese Zellenlage folgt eine: 1 ) Loc. cit. p. 117. 1887.] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 11 . . . Schicht zellenreichen fibrillaren Bindegewebes<<. »Bei weiterem Wachsthum geht die kugelige Form des Eies in eine ellipsoidische iiber. Zugleich wachst das Mesovarium in der Umgebung des Eies zu einem formlichen Divertikel aus, so dass die in der Entwickelung vorgeschrittenen Eier allmahlich in gestelte taschenformige Anhange des Mesovarium zu liegen kommen.« Ova of 18 mm. in length are enclosed in two connective-tissue envelopes. The outer one is a continuation of the mesovarium ; it is thin and only losely connected with the inner membrane. The latter »haftet fest an der unterliegenden Testa« is formed by »einer sehr zellenreichen Bindesiistanz«, containing blood vessels. The inner surface of this membrane forms a Membrana propria. »An letztere stosst eine in der Mitte des Eies einfache, an den Polen mehrfache Schicht von Zellen«. Near the middle of the ovum these cells are square or cubical, near the Poles more cylindrical. »Genau in der Mitte des weissen Eipols zeigt diese Zellenschicht eine kon- ische Einbuchtung von 0.06 Basis bei 0.1 Tiefe, welche eine trichter- formige gerade gegen den unterliegenden Kern und das ihn um- gebende Protoplasma gerichtete Oeffnung enthalt, die Mikropyle«. As will be subsequently seen, this description does not quite agree with that of Cunningham. Muller gives, further, a description of the nucleus and yolk-elements of the ovum. Muller's description of the mature ovum is of great impor- tance. He has been so fortunate as to have obtained, for his in- vestigations, two specimens of deposited eggs of Myxine from the late director of the Goteborg Museum, A. W. Malm. These eggs were taken from a chain of eggs linked together by their polar threads. Of the polar threads, and the connection of the eggs, Muller says: »Diese Eier zeigten den merkwiirdigen Ankerapparat, welchen STEENSTRUP beschrieben und abgebildet hat, in voller Ausbildung. Die Eier waren durch denselben zu einer Kette verbunden, indem die dreiarmigen Anker, in welche die Hornfaden jedes Eipols am Ende ausliefen, zwischen einan- der grirTen und dadurch die einander zugekehrten Pole je zweier Eier verbanden«. He states, further, that the testes of these eggs showed no trace of the inner, or outer, connective tissue envelope; he thinks, therefore, that they must have disappeared like the enamel-organ of teeth after the enamel is completely formed, a supposition which is erroneous, as will subsequently be seen. As to the contents of these eggs MULLER says : »Nach Abzug der Eihaut zeigte sich an dem einen Eipol iiber dem 12 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. Dotter eine annahernd kreisformige etwa l / 4 des Dotters umgebende Keimscheibe, welche bestimmte Embryonalanlagen noch nicht er- kennen liess«. From W. Muller's important observations on these deposited eggs of Myxine, the following conclusions may be drawn, as he himself states: > dass Myxine ihre Eier in Schniiren legt und dass die Aneinanderreihung durch den Ankerapparat vermittelt wird, welcher von den beiden Polen jedes Eies ausgeht; es ergibt sich aber ferner die im Hinblick auf die totale Furchung des Petromyzon- Eies interessante Thatsache, dass die Furchung bei Myxine eine partielle ist«. He promises, also, that he will soon supply a more circumstantial account of the ova of Myxine; but it has, however, so far as I know, unfortunately, not yet appeared. As regards the time of oviposition, and how, or where, those deposited eggs were taken, Muller's paper contains no information. From Cunningham's paper in xZoolog. Anzeiger« X Jahrg. p. 391 (1887) we learn, however, »that the late Professor A. W. Malm says in his » Vertebrate Fauna of Bohuslan«, that »the ova were presented to the Museum of Goteborg in Aug. 5, 1854, and that they had been found the year before; that they were taken from the stomach of a cod, but as to the time of the year when they were found nothing is known, and the person who found them has been dead several years «. The information was given to CUNNING- HAM by Dr. ANTON Struxberg, the present director of the Mu- seum of Goteborg. As stated by Prof. Max Weber (vide Zoolog. Anzeig. 1887 p. 319) the ova were found at Lysekil (Bohuslan), according to the label on the specimens. The most important account of the sexual organs of Myxine which has appeared, is given by Mr. J T. Cunningham in Quart. Journ. of Micr. Science Vol. XXVII, 1887. This author has investi- gated the minute structure of the immature testes, as well as that of the ovary; he has also made the most important observation that »a large proportion of immature Myxine are hermaphrodite, the posterior portion of the reproductive organ containing testicular capsules which have the same structure as those found in the male.« As regards the males Cunningham says (1. c. p. 70): » Among the hundreds of specimens which have passed through my hands, I have only succeeded in identifying eight males, and these are all very immature «. Of the male organs, he gives the following de- scription: »The (male) organ is similar in general arrangement to 1887.] A Protandric Hermaphrodie. 13 the ovary: it lies along the right side of the body, the organ of the left side not being developed, and it consists of an extremely thin flat mesorchium, with a slightly thickened free border. In this border the male elements of reproduction are produced. When . . . examined under a low power of the microscope in the fresh state, the thickened border is seen to consist of connective tissue containing a number of more or less spherical capsules, varying much in size.« The interior of these capsules is completely filled up by spherical cells, the average diameter of which is .017 mm.. This structure of the capsules was observed not only in the fresh state and in stained preparations, but it was also brought clearly into view on cutting sections transverse to the thickened border of the male organ. Illustrations are given of a section, as well as of a stained preparation from the testis of an immature male (cf. loc. cit. PI. VI, fig. 7—9). From what he had seen, Cunningham concludes »that the cells in the capsules, after subdivision, were converted directly into spermatozoa, which by rupture of the cap- sules escaped into the body cavity of the animal. There is every reason to believe that the fertilization in Myxine takes place outside the body.« As Cunningham himself has recently said (vide Zool. Aug.,. 1887, p 243) this description of the male organs is practically identical with that af W. MiJLLER, quoted above (vide p. 9), but which he did not know: in one respect MULLER'S description is even more complete, as Muller has observed and described the folicular epithelium (in the capsules) which seems to have escaped the attention of CUNNINGHAM. But as to the occurrence of testes Cunningham makes the following highly interesting and surprising statement: » After identifying the male organ and investigating its structure, I was surprised to find that in nearly all specimens with very immature eggs, the posterior portion of the sexual organ had the same structure as the testis. This testicular portion occupies about 2 inches of the posterior end of the sexual organ, and I have only found it in specimens in which the eggs were very small, that is, less than 4 mm. in length. « An illustration (loc. cit. fig. 10) is given of a section through »the male portion of the organ in such a hermaphrodite specimen, it » agrees in all respects with the figure of a section of the testis. « In one hermaphrodite specimen CUNNINGHAM discovered, »on teasing up a portion of the testicular portion of the generative or- gan a number of spermatozoa, and stages of spermatogenesis «. - Fridtjof Nansen. fNo. These spermatozoa were motionless, and only a very limited number were observed. The description and illustrations (loc. cit. fig. 14) which CUNNINGHAM gives of these spermatozoa, do not agree with my observations of the real spermatozoa of Myxine, which I have found in the greatest abundance. I am afraid that what he has found has been the abnormal product of an, in this respect, abnormal specimen; at all events, I cannot understand the matter in any other way. During a short visit to Edinburgh, in November 1886, I was by the ex- treme kindness of Mr. CUNNINGHAM allowed to see his preparations. I thought, then, that what he showed me resembled spermatozoa, though there were only a few corpuscles which had this aspect. .Since then, I have myself found spermatozoa in the greatest abundance in Myxine, and do not know what to say about those found by CUNNINGHAM. He gives the following description of them : »The spermatozoa possess a pear-shaped head, which is very highly refringent, and has a distinct outline; round the posterior thicker end of the head is a translucent protoplasmic body, which is produced into a long tail«. »In some cases two spermatozoa were connected by their tails, and on the connecting thread thus produced were slight dilatations composed of clear protoplasm. In other cases a cell somewhat spherical in shape gave off two pro- cesses, one of which was the tail of a spermatozoon, while the other terminated in a point, the head of the spermatazoon belonging to the process having probably become detached in the operation of teasing. There were also seen cells in which were present one or more structures resembling the heads of the spermatozoa; these heads had however no tails «. As to the process of the sperma- togenesis. Cunningham says: »It is evident that the cells and spermatozoa described were derived from the spherical cells of the "testicular capsules. These cells apparently develope the heads of the spermatozoa which then grow out from the cells, trailing a 'thread of protoplasm which forms the tail. The curious thing about the spermatogenesis observed in Myxine is that the sperma- tozoa are attached to the spermatoblast by the tails, and not by their heads, as usually occurs «. Those strange statements are completely erroneous as regards the structure of the normal sper- matozoa, as also the process of spermatogenesis ; my investigations liave led me to no such surprising conclusion, as will subsequently be seen, though the testis and spermatogenesis of Myxine is, in several respects, very remarkable. i88 7 .] A Protandric Hermaphrodie. 15 In the specimens of Myxine which had well-developed ovarian eggs, there was, according to CUNNINGHAM, no testicular portion present in the sexual organ. He says: »the only conclusion I can draw is, that in the young state the female are nearly, but not • quite always hermaphrodite, and that the testicular portion normally disappears as the eggs become more mature «. The minute structure of the ovary and the ovarian eggs has been the subject of special attention in Cunningham's researches. We will give a short summary of his results. The ovary is extremely thin from side to side; there is no distinct boundary between ovary and mesovarium. The mesovarium is attached, not to the back of the body cavity but along the line of attachment of the mesentery with the straight intestine. The eggs are pro- duced at the free edge of the ovary, which is covered by a thin epithelium, and the eggs are produced from this germinal epi- thelium in the same way as in other Vertebrates, and are sur- rounded, after their separation, by a follicle consisting of a connec- tive-tissue capsule and follicular epithelium. As the eggs grow larger by the accumulation of yolk, they pass inwards towards the attached border of the ovarium, the largest and oldest being always the innermost. The connective- tissue membrane surrounding the ovum is thick, composed of very thin interlaced fibrils with numerous small nuclei, and contains blood-vessels. The folicular epithe- lium within this capsule is composed of »several layers« of elongated cells, disposed with their axes perpendicular to the surface of the epithelium. Within this epithelium is the ^vitelline membrane.* This membrane is not yet present in quite young stages of the eggs, and it is, in Cunningham's opinion, formed by the folicular epithelium, which is also present in the young stages of the eggs but only slightly developed. The vitelline membrane consists of a single layer onty, and is in immediate contact with the substance of the ovum proper, the vitellus. The polar portion of the vitellus, at a certain pole of the ovum, is protoplasmic in its nature, contains the germinal vesicle and forms, thus, the germinal disc, whilst the rest of the vitellus is filled with yolk-discs. The vitelline membrane at one pole of the ovum, that at which the germinal disc is situated, is perforated by a micropyle, which is produced by the growth of a cellular process from the follicular epithelium towards the vitellus, while the vitelline membrane is being formed. Cunningham compares the vitelline membrane in the ovum of Myxine (which possesses minute pores perpendicular to its surface, [6 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. and is, therefore, a Zona radiata, in the usual sense of the term) with the protective coverings of the ova of other Vertebrata, and he comes to the conclusion that it is homologous with the single or double zona radiata in the ova of Teleosteans and Petromyzone. In Myxine, this vitelline membrane forms the sole protective covering of the deposited ovum; there is no homology or comparison possible,, between this membrane and the horny capsule in which the eggs of oviparous Elasmobranchs are enclosed, as supposed by Dr. Allen THOMPSON; the Elasmobranch capsule being produced by a special gland in the oviduct. When the ova approach maturity, the thickness of the vitelline membrane increases rapidly, and at each pole of the ova processes begin to be formed from its surface; these processes are the first stages of the well-known polar treads, which consequently consist of the same substance as the vitelline membrane, and are formed in the same way, probably by the follicular epithelium. On the examination of a polar thread of a deposited ovum in Prof. Turner's Museum at Edinburgh, Cunningham found that these polar threads are not tubular as stated by Dr. Thompson. The deposited ovum which Cunningham examined, is one of the few deposited ova of Myxine existing in any Museum. It is to be regretted that nothing is known of where, nor when, this ovum was taken. As already mentioned, I have quite recently detected a deposited ovum of Myxine in Bergens Museum, but neither in this case can it be said with certainty how, or where, the ovum was taken. There is thus a void connected with the origin of all known deposited eggs of Myxine. Cunningham recognised several females that had recently discharged their ova. »In place of the 29 — 25 large ova which, are usually present, there was a corresponding number of collap- sed follicles; each of these had a slit-like aperture at one end through which the ovum had been expelled. « He obtained similar recently » spent « specimens over a period of several months, and from what he has seen, he concludes that in Myxine, the deposition of ova occurs in the neighbourhood of the Firth of Forth during the months of December, January, February, and March; he believed that oviposition was limited to that season. Recently he has, however, stated (vide Zool. Anz. 1887, p. 391) that he has taken similar spent females also in April, May, and in the first half of June. CUNNINGHAM now expects to find that oviposition is not limited to a particular season. As will be seen, subsequently, this quite agrees with my results. i88 7 .] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. *7 Since this memoir by Cunningham, no paper of importance cencerning the sexual organs of Myxine has appeared. At a meeting of the Nederl. Dierkundige Vereenigung (Febru- ary 26, 1887) Prof. Max Weber made a communication on the subject of the sexual organs of Myxine, and in it he, essentially, describes the results of the papers of CUNNINGHAM and W. Muller only; the last-named writer's paper having escaped Cunningham's notice. In consequence of this communication, several papers were written by CUNNINGHAM and Weber in Zool. Anz. (No. 250, 253, 256. 1887). As those papers are principally of personal interest to the writers, we will pay no special attention to them here ; what they contain of general interest is already mentioned in the foregoing. Report of my Investigations. Like the zoologist mentioned above, I have found that true males are extremely rare in Myxine. Out of several hundred spec- imens examined, I have recognized only very few males, and even those were unripe. The male organs are, usually, easy to distin- guish from the ovaries; they are generally lobate, have a milky whitish colour — especially in somewhat mature state — whilst the ova- ries are more translucent. Small nodules are visible in both, but the nodules of the testes (i, e. the sperma-follicles) are smaller, and whiter, than the nodules of the ovaries (i. e. the young ova). In quite an early stage there is, however, little difference between testes and ovaries; they have the same translucent appearance, and are developed only on the right side of the straight intestine. As stated by previous authors, the testis, as well as the ovary, is secured by a membrane (mesorchium, mesoarium) to the mesentery, at the point where it is fastened to the intestine (vide PI. I & PI. II, fig. 7—9). The minute structure of the male organs will, subsequently, be described; but we will first examine their occurrence and extension. A feature which attracted my attention on the first superficial examination of the testes of the few true males I had been able to recognize was, that the testes were usually much more developed and prominent at their posterior than at their anterior end. The 2 1 8 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. reason of that I could, for some time, not discover; it will subse- quently be seen that I have, perhaps, traced the cause. But why do the males occur so extremely seldom? Before we attempt to solve this question let us discuss the generative organs of the large number of Myxine which were recognized not to be true males. On opening large specimens of Myxine, we generally find well developed ova in their sexual organs. If we, however, take smaller specimens, of about 28 — 32 ctm. in length, and examine their sexual organs, we generally find that the anterior portion is but slightly prominent, and contains very small and young ova, whilst the posterior portion is often very broad and prom- inent, is lobate, and has a distinct whitish colour along its margin, and has, in all respects, the appearance that we would expect to find in a testis; and this it really is. If we take a piece of the margin of this portion of the generative organ, tease it, and examine it in the fresh state under the microscope, we generally find abundance of spermatozoa in various stages of development (fig. 4). There can, thus, be no doubt that that portion of the genera- tive organ is a real male organ (sections will show this still better cf. infra and fig. 11) it is, indeed, strange that Cunningham has so little succeeded in finding spermatozoa. Those young specimens (of 28 — 32 ctm. in length) are, consequently, hermaphrodites, with quite immature ovaries but well developed testes; and they must be able to perform male functions. If we now examine, somewhat more minutely, the generative organ of the large specimens, which generally contains a number of large and well developed ova, we find that those ova occur only in the anterior portion of the generative organ, and that the meso- arium of this portion is very broad and prominent, whilst the membrane corresponding to the mesoarium of the posterior portion of the generative organ is very narrow, and carries no reproductive elements, neither ova nor spermatozoa (vide fig. 2 & 3;. If we examine specimens of Myxine, of sizes between that of these large females and that of the hermaphrodite previously men- tioned, we will often find specimens in which the anterior portion of the generative organ is rather prominent, and contains oblong young ova, whilst the posterior portion is of testicular nature and not very prominent. These specimens seem, consequently, just to be in a transitory stage between male and female state. Indeed, on examining a sufficient number af specimens, we will easily be able to find every transition-stage from hermaphrodite-males (as i88 7 -] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 19 illustrated in fig. 1) to fully developed females (as illustrated in fig. 3); and the rule seems to be that the larger the specimen is, the more are the female organs developed, and the more do the male organs disappear. From what has been stated above, we seem, already, entitled to conclude, that Myxine is generally, or always(?), in its young state, a male; whilst at a more advanced age it becomes transformed into a female. Indeed, I have not yet found a single female that did not show traces of the early male stage. But is there any constant relation between the extension of the male and the female portions of the generative organs of Myxine? and — is there any certain length, or age, of the animal at which the function of the testes ceases, and the development of the ova begins? To elucidate those questions, it is perhaps most convenient to give the following measurements of various specimens examined: Length of the animal in centi- metres Length of the reproductive organ or membrane Length of the posterior male portion (or sterile portion in females) of the reproductive organ I. 2. 3- Hermaphrodite-male with well developed testes; the ova are seen as distinct small (spherical) nodules (vide fig. 1) Hermaphrodite-male with distinct testes, which are, how- ever, already, somewhat de- generated. The ova of the ovary have already begun to become oblong; they are 3 mm. in length Hermaphrodite -male with well developed testes ; the ova are small spherical nodules. The male portion of the re- productive organ is not dis- tinctly defined from the female 29.7 ctm. 30 ctm. 14.3 ctm. 14.5 ctm. 5.0 ctm. 7.2 ctm. 2* 20 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. Length of the posterior JL/CIlg III Ol LIlC male portion the animal reproductive (or sterile in centi- organ or portion in metres membrane females) of the reproductive organ portion; they are mixed for some distance in the boun- dary between both portions, in such manner that testicular follicles (forming a continuation of the posteriorly situated testes) occur along the exterior free margin of the membrane carrying the reproductive ele- ments, whilst ova are situated more interiorly (vide fig. 6) . 4. Spent female with (about 10?) empty ovarial capsules 5. Hermaphrodite-male with testicular follicles occurring along the free margin of the whole reproductive organ (especially developed in the posterior portion, 6.7 ctm. in length); whilst in it's anterior portion (7.4 ctm. in length) young ova occur inside the testicular follicles, or are mixed with them 6. Female with small spherical ova (2 mm. in length), and a few spent ovarial capsules. One ovum was 5 . 5 mm.in length. The posterior (male) portion of the reproductive organ is still rather prominent and has a distinct thick margin, but no longer contains sperma- tozoa 31.6 ctm. 32.0 ctm. 32.4 ctm. 33 ptm. 15.5 ctm. 16.2 ctm. (about) 6.5 ctm. 5.3 ctm. 1 5. 1 ctm. 6.7 ctm 15.5 ctm. 4.8 ctm. A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 2 [ Length of the posterior Length of Length of the male portion the animal reproductive (or sterile in centi- organ or portion in metres membrane females) of the reproductive organ 7. Female with very small ova (2 mm. in diameter). In the posterior, sterile, portion, of the reproductive organ there is a single ovum situated only 3.7 ctm. from the posterior ex- tremity of the organ .... 8. Female with large ova (22 mm. in length) 9. Female with oblong ova (about 9 mm. in length) . . 10. Female with 14 large, deep yellow, ova (20 mm. in length) 11. Female with small ova (2.5 mm. in diameter) but with empty (spent) ovarian cap- sules and corpora lutea. . . 12. Female with large ova (23 mm. in length) For the sake of comparison the measurements of a true male may be here added: 13. Male. The reproductive or- gan contains, only male re- productive elements ; its poster- ior portion (7.3 ctm. in length) is well developed and promi- nent, whilst its anterior por- tion is much less developed, and but slightly prominent . 33.7 ctm. 34.0 ctm. 34.7 ctm. 34.7 ctm. 34.7 ctm. 35.0 ctm. 32.0 ctm. 17.5 ctm. 18.0 ctm. 19.9 ctm. 17.2 ctm. 1 7. 1 ctm. 17.5 ctm. 16.5 ctm. 1 ) The measurements given above are those of specimens preserved in alco- hol, now in the Museum of Bergen. It may be that the measurements of the living specimens would have been a little different, but I scarcely think the diffe- rence would have been material. 22 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. Upon a glance at the foregoing series, it becomes evident that no constant relation, between the extension of the male portion and that of the female portion of the reproductive organ, can be established. In the hermaphrodite-male N0.2, for instance, the male portion is about the same length as the female portion, whilst in No.i it is about half the length only; and in the larger specimens — the females — it may be seen that the posterior, sterile, portion is, generally, even less than the half of the rest of the reproductive organ. As a rule, it may, however, be said, that the proportion between the male portion and the female portion of the reproductive organ is, generally, in the hermaphrodite-males, much about the same as it is in No.i or in No. 3; (i. e. the male portion is about, or somewhat more than, one third of the reproductive organ) whilst in the females, the posterior, sterile, (male) portion of the organ is much less, in proportion to the anterior ovarian portion; indeed, it seems as if the anterior ovarial portion of the reproductive organ is, to some extent, developed at the expense of the posterior testi- cular portion, the latter being gradually decreased, whilst the former is increased. As to the length of the animals when the function of the testes ceases and the development of the ova begins, it seems to be the rule that they, generally, change sex when they have reached a body-length of about 32 or 33 ctm. (cf. N0.4 & N0.6); how old they are at this period, it is at present impossible to decide. As regards the nature of the very few true males which I have recognized, I think it very probable that it is quite the same as that of the hermaphrodites, i. e. they are only transformed hermaphrodites. Indeed, I have found transition-stages between true males and common hermaphrodites, cf. No. 5 in the series given above. A feature which is rather striking, on examination of the reproductive organ of the true males, is that the posterior portion is very prominent, similar to what it is in hermaphrodite males; whilst the anterior portion is but slightly developed, and does not, generally, contain ripe spermatozoa, (cf. fig. 8). At the first glance, it resembles very much the undeveloped anterior portion of the reproductive organ of a hermaphrodite male. The proportion, between the posterior prominent portion of the male organ (of the true male) and the anterior less developed portion, is also about the same as between the male and female portions of the repro- 1887.] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 23 ductive organ of the hermaphrodite-males. When we now con- sider, that there are hermaphrodite-males with no distinct demarca- tion between the male and female portion of the reproductive organ, but where ova and testicular capsules are intermixed for some distance in the boundary region (cf. No. 3 of the series above and fig. 6) and when we, further, consider that in some herma- phrodite-males testicular capsules occur intermixed with ova along the whole length of the anterior (» female «) portion of the repro- ductive organ (cf. no. 5 of the series above) it seems, in my opinion, that we are entitled to conclude that the reproductive organs of the latter specimens form transition-stages between those of the hermaphrodites and those of the »true« males, and that, conse- quently, the reproductive organs of the males and those of the hermaphrodites are the same organs; the anterior (» female «) portion of the organ produces, in the males, only male reproductive elements, instead of ova as it originally does in the hermaphrodite. The males are thus, in reality, not »true« males, but are probably trans- formed hermaphrodites, and in that fact we have also the reason why they occur so seldom. Upon the whole, it must be admitted that there is a strange irregularity in the occurrence and extension of the male and female organs in Myxine. Myxine seems to me to be an animal which, in sexual respects, is just at present in a transition-stage; from what and to what, it is however not easy to say. It seems still to be seeking, without yet reaching, that mode af reproduction which is most profitable for it in the struggle for existence. The Structure of the Male Organs. The male organ forms, as we have shown, in most individuals of Myxine, a direct continuation of the female organ, it being the posterior portion of the generative organ or membrane, if we may call it so. The male organ has a structure which is, in most respects, quite analogous to that of the female organ; it consists of a thin flat mesorchium, the free border of which is thickened, distinctly lobate, has, in fresh individuals, a whitish colour, and contains a number of testicular or spermatic capsules, generally situated close 2 4 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. together (vide fig. 7, t ] ). These capsules are filled with small cells or spermatozoa; exteriorly, they are surrounded by a connective- tissue envelope which is a direct continuation of the connective- tissue of the mesorchium. Among the cells filling the capsules, it is, in well prepared sections of the testes, very easy to distinguish two kinds, viz. epithelial cells forming a folicular epithelium investing the inner side of the connective-tissue envelope of the capsule, and the real sexual cells which after subdivision are converted into spermatozoa. The folicular epithelium is very prominent, especially in young capsules (vide fig. 12, f, e); it forms, here, a distinct continuous layer on the inner side of the connective-tissue envelope, and consists of square or cubical cells with distinct ovoid or spherical nuclei. These nuclei are, in young testicular capsules (where the sexual cells are very large, cf. infra), much smaller than the nuclei of the sexual cells (spermatogons and spermatocytes); they have a distinct and prominent membrane, a not very granular (generally rather clear) contents, in which one, or sometimes a few nucleoli usually are observed; there is, as a rule, no indication of an extraordinary activity, or of divisions, to be traced in those nuclei. In the testicular capsules approaching the mature state, and containing swimming spermatides or spermatosomes (cf. infra), the folicular epithelium is very often rather difficult to trace. It forms there, as a rule, a flat epithelium. In sections of such capsules, oblong epithelial nuclei with surrounding protoplasm occur, more or less sparingly, along the inner surface of the thin connective- tissue envelope enclosing the capsule (vide fig. 11, f e). That these nuclei belong to the original folicular epithelium of the young testicular capsules, may easily be seen on examination of capsules in the transition-stages of maturity. The epithelium remains as a rather thick continuous layer, through a great many stages of the capsules, but when the formation of the spermatides begins, and during the later stages of the spermatocytes ; when the capsules are enlarged so much that the sexual cells begin to be separated from each other, and to swim isolated in the fluid filling the capsule; the folicular epithelium is gradually flattened and the nuclei be- l ) These capsules are, as a rule, situated much closer together than the ovarir.n capsules, and are not, generally, as Cunningham has represented in one of his figures of a transverse section of a male organ (loc. cit. PL VI, fig. 8). His fig. io is more like the ordinary state. i88 7 .] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 25 come oblong. I have not been able to elucidate what the function of the folicular epithelium is, but I am of the opinion that this epithelium produces a secretion which (wholely or partially) forms the fluid of thesperma; possibly this secretion may, to some extent, be formed at the expense of the epithelial cells, and the folicular epithelium is thus, to a certain extent, directly converted into a secretion. The flattening of the epithelium in the mature capsules must, probably, be ascribed to the rapid growth of the connective- tissue walls of the capsules ; if the epithelium does not grow at the same time, it is evident that its cells must either be quite separated from each other, and perhaps partially loosened from the walls, or they must be flattened to cover the walls of the large mature capsules. It seems as if the situation of the cells of the follicular epithe- lium is not limited to the walls of the capsules only; quite similar cells are often found amongst the spermatocytes, from which they distinctly differ in shape and appearance, and they seem, really, to he follicular cells which have emigrated from the epithelium to- wards the interior of the capsules. In most cases, a direct proto- plasmic connection between these cells and the follicular epithelium can even be observed (vide fig. 13, eq — ec 6 ); it has the appear- ance of having trailed a string of protoplasm after it, when emi- grating. Cells in a similar situation do not, generally, occur in young testicular capsules, but seem to first appear during the growth of the capsules. They are not common as long as the sexual cells (spermatogons and spermatocytes) form a quite compact mass, but seem to occur especially in that period of the development of the capsules (cf. infra) when the spermatocytes cease to form a com- pact mass, and begin to be loosened from each other and from the walls of the capsules; the appearance is, as if the walls with the follicular epithelium withdraw from the conglommerate of sperma- tocytes situated in the interior of the capsules, whilst, however, some epithelial cells have more affinity to the spermatocytes than to the walls of the capsules, and are thus separated from the latter but with a bridge of protoplasm connecting them; sometimes, however, this bridge is also broken, the cells are isolated, and are then, perhaps, after some time destroyed. Howsoever this may be, I have not observed anything which speaks in favour of the possibility that these cells are converted into spermatozoa, I think, on the con- trary, that the testicular capsules of Myxine are most favourable 26 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. objects, in proof that the follicular epithelium does not directly produce, or contribute to, the formation of spermatozoa; these are exclusively derived from the spermatocytes. The development of the spermatozoa from the spermatogone seems to be very easy to trace out in Myxine, and I think, therefore, that this animal offers excellent material for investigations on sper- matogenesis. From what I have seen, I think it to be most probable that in the first stage, in the quite young male organ, each testicular capsule, consists of one large cell, spermatogon, with a very large nucleus, and surrounded by a follicular epithelium. This young testicular capsule is, thus, in its structure quite similar to the young ovum with its epithelium ; I have, however, never observed a testi- cular capsule in this stage, the reason probably being that I have not yet examined specimens young enough. At a somewhat later stage, the large central cell, spermatogon, begins to subdivide, and instead of one large nucleus several large nuclei are seen situated in a protoplasmic mass inside the follicular epithelium. I have often observed testicular capsules in this stage (vide fig. 12). The spermatogon-nuclei continue, however, to divide, and in- stead of the original spermatogon, a conglommerate of smaller cells, spermatocytes, is gradually formed within the capsules (vide fig. 1 1, ca! — ca 6 . No protoplasm is left in the centre of the capsule, as often is the case. In these spermatocytes plenty of nuclei with karyokinetic forms are generally seen (cf. fig. 11). When the spermatocytes have become reduced by subdivison to a certain size, the testicular capsule is rapidly enlarged, and the spermatocytes are gradually separated from each other and isolated (vide fig. 11, ca 7 ). They continue, however, to subdivide; fig. 14, a — h and fig. 15, a — e represent several such spermatocytes with karyokinetic forms. When these spermatocytes have, by subdivisions, become re- duced to a certain size, they cease to subdivide, i. e. they have reached the stage of spermatides ; fig. II, ca 8 represents a capsule containing such spermatides. By an elongation of the nucleus, as well as the whole body of the cell (cf. figs. 16 & 17) these spermatides are now gradually trans- formed into ripe spermatozoa. At the same time the capsule is prominently enlarged, and its envelope becomes very thin. Fig. II, ca 9 represents part of such a capsule containing spermatides and spermatozoa, more or less developed. Fig. 7, ca l9 ca 2 , ca 3 also represents similar capsules containing spermatozoa. A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 27 When the spermatozoa become ripe, the envelope of the cap- sule probably bursts and the spermatozoa pass into the body cavity, which they leave through the abdominal pores. As to the details of the development of the spermatides into spermatozoa, I will give no circumstantial description here; my in- vestigations of that branch of the subject are not yet finished. From the little I have seen, I think, however, that it is evident, that the spermatozoon is formed from the nucleus as well as from the protoplasm of the spermatide, i. e. the whole spermatide is trans- formed into a spermatozoon. As to the tail; that is perhaps formed, partly by an elongation of the nucleus, partly by the protoplasm of the spermatide (vide fig. 16). As mentioned before, there is, so far as my experience goes, nothing in the spermatogenesis of Myxine which serves to indicate a development of the spermatozoa like what is supposed by Mr. CUNNINGHAM ; that which he has seen in his preparation I can not distinguish; is it possible that it is spermatozoa which have been artificially changed. As regards the structure of the anterior female portions of the reproductive organs (the ovaries); I have offered these no special attention, and would refer the reader to Cunningham's paper and what I have before quoted from it; to which I have nothing to add. I will, however, before I conclude, mention, shortly, the re- productive organ of the »true« males, and of some specimens with mixed organs. As before stated, the reproductive organs of the males are more developed in their posterior than in their anterior portion. The posterior portion has a structure similar to that of the male organ of the hermaphrodite-male, to which it also corresponds. The anterior portion has, however, a somewhat different structure, it being much less developed. Fig. 8 is a transverse section of such a portion. The number of the testicular capsules is very small. I have not, yet, succeeded in finding spermatozoa in these capsules ; they contain, generally, small spherical cells somewhat sim- ilar to the spermatides of the common testes; whether those cells are ever developed into spermatozoa, I have not been able to eluc- idate. The connective tissue envelopes of the testicular capsules 28 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. seemed to be thicker than they generally are in common testes. Upon the whole, these organs gave me the impression of being in a somewhat degenerated or rudimentary state. The mixed reproductive organs of some hermaphrodites were, in several respects, similar to these organs in the males. The an- terior portion of the reproductive organ of these specimens con- tained ova as well as testicular capsules mixed. Fig. 9 & 10 are transverse sections of this portion of the organ in such a specimen, o, v, are transsected ova; c,a, are the testicular capsules. The testi- cular capsules are generally situated nearest to the free border of the organ, with the ova inside them (cf. fig. 9), but sometimes ova also occur outside the capsules (cf. fig. 10). The testicular capsules have a structure very similar to that of the portion of the repro- ductive organ of the male (cf. supra). As before mentioned, the specimens with mixed reproductive organs, as here described, form, in my opinion, transition-stages between the common hermaphrodites and the so-called »true« males, and both of them are transformed hermaphrodites. As regards the time at which Myxine deposits its ova, this is already discussed by Cunningham and Max Weber (Zool. Anz. 1887). It seems from that discussion, as if CUNNINGHAM was dis- posed to change his view that Myxine has a limited breeding- season. Indeed, I think it is now proved that Myxine deposits its ova all the year round. On opening specimens of Myxine, it is easily seen that there always, in summer as well as in winter, are some specimens with very large (up to 24 mm.) and nearly mature ova, whilst, at same time, we may find other specimens with ova of every smaller size. This, already, makes it probable that there is no limit of season when the ova become ripe. But, besides this, Cunningham, as well as myself, have found recently » spent « females with large empty ovarian capsules at various seasons of the year, in the autumn as well as in the winter and summer. The few deposited ova the locality of which is known, were taken in the summer, the Gothenburg ova were found in August, at Lysekilen, and the Bergen's Museum ovum was taken by Dr. Danielssen at Molde in the summer of 1857. When we also consider the time at which the male repro- ductive elements are ripe, we find the same irregularity. At every season of the year you may easily find hermaphrodite-males with nearly ripe reproductive elements. i88 7 .] A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 29 When we sum up these various facts, I think we are entitled to conclude, that Myxine has no limited breeding season, but breeds at every season of the year. Before I conclude this paper, it may not be amiss to draw a comparison between the protandric hermaphroditism of Myxine and the hermaphroditism of the few other hermaphroditic verte- brates known (Serranidse, Sparridae) ; but as my time is very limited, at present, I must put it aside for a later and better occasion, when I have, perhaps, also studied the hermaphroditism of Myxine some- what more thoroughly. Summary. 1. Myxine glutinosa is a protandric hermaphrodite. Up to a body-length of about 32 or 33 centimetres, it is a male, after that time it produces ova. 2. The proportion, between the posterior male portion of the reproductive organ and the anterior female portion, is not con- stant; the male portion is generally, however, about one third of the whole length of the organ. 3. The few »true« males of Myxine observed, are probably trans- formed hermaphrodites. 4. The young testicular follicles, or capsules, have a structure quite similar to that of the young ovarian follicles. They contain a large sexual cell, spermatogon, which is enveloped by an epi- thelium, follicular epithelium, and a connective-tissue envelope. 5. The spermatogon is, by subdivision, converted into spermatides,. which are separated from each other and swim in a fluid inside the testicular capsules. By gradual elongation of the nucleus, as well as the whole cell, the spermatides are con- verted into ripe spermatozoa which pass into the body cavity when the testicular capsules burst. 6. Nearly ripe spermatozoa may be found in specimens af Myxine at every season of the year. 7. Myxine deposits its ova at every season of the year. 30 Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. List of Literature. 1845. Johannes Miiller. »Untersuchungen iiber die Eingeweide der Fische«, Schluss der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Myxinoiden. Berlin 1845. 1859. Allen Thompson. Art. »Ovum«, Todd's Cyclopaedia of Anat. and Phys., Vol. V. 1859. 1863. Japetus Steenstrup. »Oversigt«. Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. Kjobenhavn 1863. 1875. Wilhelm Miiller. >Ueber das Urogenitalsystem des Am- phioxus und der Cyclostomen«. Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturwiss. Bd 2. 1875. 1875. Robert Collett. »Norges Fiske«. Suplement. Vidensk. Selsk. Forh. i 1874. Kristiania 1875. 1876. J. T. Cunningham, B. A. — »0n the Structure and De- velopment of the Reproductive Elements in Myxine glutinosa, L.« Qvart. Journ. Micr. Science. Vol. XXVII. 1886—87. — Zool. Anzeiger. 1887. No. 250 & 256. Max Weber. Zool. Anzeiger. 1887. No. 253. A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 31 Explanation of the Plates. Plate I. Fig. I. Hermaphrodite-male of Myxine glutinosa, opened along the ventral side, in order to show the reproductive organ. t. Posterior testicular portion of the reproductive organ. 0. Anterior ovarian portion of the reproductive organ. ov. Young ova. i. Intestine. I & V Liver. bio. Body- wall, m. Mesentery, s. Margin along which the mesen- tery is fastened to the body-wall. a. Anal opening. The figure is drawn exactly natural size, direct upon the stone, from the natural object. » 2. Female of Myxine, opened in the same way as in fig. 1. The letters have the same signification as in fig. 1. st. The posterior, sterile, portion of the reproductive organ. ov. Oblong ova. ov. Small spherical ova. x. The posterior extremity of the ovary. The figure is drawn natural size, direct upon the stone, from the natural object. » 3. Female of Myxine, opened in the same way as in the former figures. The letters have the same signification as in figs. 1 & 2. cl. Corpora lutea. The figure is the na- tural size, and drawn in the same way as above. Plate II. » 4. Spermatozoa of Myxine in various stages of develop- ment; seen in fresh state, f&g are nearly ripe sperma- tozoa. Zeiss. F, 2; drawn under Cam. luc. » 5. Spermatozoa and spermatides of Myxine, freshly isolated, fixed with vapour of osmic acid, and stained with haematoxylin. a — m. Spermatozoa in various stages of development. 1—3. Spermatides. bl. c. Blood cor- Fridtjof Nansen. [No. 7. puscle. Zeiss. F, 1; drawn under the Cam. luc. direct upon the stone, from the natural object. Portion of the reproductive organ of a hermaphrodite- male showing the gradual transition of the posterior male portion into the anterior female portion. By a mistake, the figure has been transposed in drawing the posterior, testicular, portion, which now is on the left side but should be to the right side, t, t\ Testes. ov lt ov 2 , ov 3 Young ova. ov 1 and ov 2 etc. are situated inside the testes f and t'\ me. Mesoarium or mesorchium. i. Intestine. Drawn natural size direct upon the stone, from the natural object. Transverse section of the male reproductive organ of a hermaphrodite-male. t. Testes, me. Mesorchium. i. Wall of intestine, mes. Mesentery, b. Thickening by which mesorchium and mesentery are fastened to the intestine. ca. Immature testicular capsules. ca ly ca 2) ca % Testicular capsules containing nearly ripe spermatozoa. Zeiss a 2 , 2\ drawn under the Cam. luc. from the natural object, direct upon the stone. Transverse section of the anterior portion of the generative organ of a »true« male. The testicular capsules are, all of them, immature in this portion. The letters have the same signification as in fig. 7. Zeiss a 2 , 2\ drawn in the same way as in fig. 7. Transverse section through the anterior portion of the reproductive organ of a hermaphrodite-male. The letters have the same signification as before. In this section ova (ov.) are seen, as well as testicular capsules (ca.), both being mixed along the whole anterior portion of the reproductive organ of this specimen. Zeiss. a 2 , 2. Drawn in the same way as in fig. 7. Transverse section through the same portion of the herma- phroditic organ of the same specimen, more highly magni- fied, me. Mesorchium. ov, Ovum situated to the inside of the testicular capsules, as is the rule when the organ is hermaphroditic in this way. ov 2 , ov z . Ova situated exter- nally to the testicular capsules, ca. Testicular capsules. e. Thickening in the mesorchium. cp. Connective- tissue capsule enveloping the ovum. Zeiss AA, 2. Drawn in the same way as in fig. 7. 1887. A Protandric Hermaphrodite. 33 Fig. 1 1 . Portion of a transverse section of the male organ of a hermaphrodite-male (cf. fig. 7). ca x — ea 6 . Testicular cap- sules containing spermatocytes. ca 7 . Testicular capsule containing loose spermatocytes. ca s . Capsule containing spermatides. ca 9 . Capsule containing spermatides and spermatozoa, fe. Follicular epithelium. Zeiss. CC, 1 ; drawn in the same way as in fig. 7. » 12. Portion of a transverse section through the testes of a hermaphrodite-male, showing a young testicular capsule (ca,) containing spermatogons with large nuclei. N, N u N 2 . Nuclei of the spermatogons; JV, <& N, are remarkably smaller than the three large ones. ka iakttagelser i Sverige. Serie 2, B. 9—10 for Aarene 1881 — 82. Intendant A. V. Ljungman, Orust i Sverige. Bohuslansk Fiskeri- tidsskrift for 1886 og 1887. Professor, Friherre Nordenskjold. Vega-Expeditionens vetenskap- liga iakttagelser. B. IV— V. Stockh. 1887. 8. Upsala Universitet. Nova acta. Ser. 3. Vol. XIII. 1887. 4. Redogorelse for Kgl. 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Die Natur for 1877—1883. 2 Jahresbericht der geographischen Gesellschaft zu Greifswald. Theil. II. 1883—86. Dilatatio ventriculi ved U. VVetlesen. (Tillaeg til Magaz. for Laegevid. 1887. Bulletin de la societe beige de microscopie, 3me Annee. Brux- elles 1886. Do. 4 Annee, No. 1 — 12. Bruxelles 1887. Sur une condition fondamentaie et equilibre der cellules vi- vantes par L. Errera. Paris 1887. Botanisches Centralblatt 1887. Mittheilungen des Vereins fur Erdkunde zu Halle 1887. Humboldt, Monatsschrift fur die gesamten Naturwissenschaften. Stuttgart. 8. 1—5 Jahrg. Teknisk Ugeblad 1887. Krist. 8. Norsk teknisk Tidsskrift, 4de Aarg. 1886. Krist. 4. Norsk Landmandsblad, 6te Aarg. 1887. Krist. 8. 36 Indberetning 1887 Norsk Havetidende for 1887. Krist. 8. Den norske Forstforenings Aarbog 1886. Krist. 8. The American Naturalist. Vol. XIV— XVIII. 1880—84. Phi- ladelphia. 8. Norsk Jagt- og Fiskeritidende, Aarg. 1885 —1887. Krist. 8. Indberetning til Generalforsamlingen den 21de April 1888 over Museets Tilstand i 1887, afgivet ifolge Lovens § 5. 1. Museets akonomiske Tilstand. Regnskabet for Regnskabs- aaret fra iste April 1887 — iste April 1888 fremkegges: Af dette Regnskab erfares, at den historisk-anti- kvariske Afdeling har overskredet sit Annuum med 738 Kr. og den naturhistoriske Afdeling med 512 Kr. Summarisk Extrakt af Regnskabet oplseses og et lignende oversendes Kommunebestyrelsen, Sparebankens Direktion samt Braendevinssamlagets Bestyrelse. Summarisk Extrakt af Joachim Frieles Legater op- keses og et lignende oversendes Kommunebestyrelsen. 2. Samlingerne vedkommende. Under i8de November 1887 bevilgede Kommunebestyrelsen, ifolge Musedirektionens Andragende, 2500 Kr. til fortsat Indredning af den for- henvserende Malerisal. Indredningen paabegyndtes strax og er nu skreden langt fremad. De fra Museets tvende Afdelinger affattede Beret- ninger, betraeffende Virksomheden i det forlobne Aar, oplaeses. 3. Bibliotheket. Bibliothekarens Beretning oplaeses. Forteg- nelse over Gaverne vedlaegges. 4. Medlemmernes Antal. 120. 5. Valg. a) Revisorer: Foregaaende Aars Revisorer er D'Herr. Konsul F. G. Gade og Maegler P. Blytt. b) Decisorer: » Bankchef Faye og Konsul Christen Gran. D. C. Danielssen. Platou. Herman Friele B. S. Henrichsen. N. Nicoll. Ths. Angell. G. A. Hansen. E xtrakt af Bergens Museums Regnskab fra Iste April 1887 til Site Marts 1888, Indtaegt: Statskassens Bidrag iS 87 / 88 Braendevins Bolagct Sparebanken Solgt Kataloger Kon tin gent Kassereren skyldig f. A. Regnskab Udg-ift: Konservator Hysing Gage Kr. [300.00 Lorange » og Statsbidrag 3200.00 — Nansen » 1999.95 — Brunchorst » » 1 599 96 — Grieg - f fn' ^ ..... 1 200.00 Praeparanterne Dalil og Glimme . . . 1599.84 Portner Ofsthun Gage 500.04 Botariske Afdeling 485.00 Naturhist. — , 3427-34 Antikvariske — » 3238-15 Bibliotheket » 4391.61 Lys og Braende 903.41 Diverse Udgifter 1721.08 Kassabeholdning hos Kassereren . . . I35i-i5 Kr. 26917.53 Kr. 26917.53 Bergen iste April 1888. Kr. 12000.00 » 5000.00 8000.00 14.50 424.00 ». I479'Q3 Kr. 26917.53 Ths. Angell.