THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY G3CX7 I uwvERsmr OP ^j i OH IT! RE LTBflARY CIRCULATING CHECK FOR UNBOUND CIRCULATING COPY Typ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPE] In cooperation with Division of of Agricultural Economics, Costs, Bureau [riculture 2. MIXED LIVESTOCK 3. LIVESTOCK AND GRAIN 5. GENERAL FARMING _ I. DAIRY AND TRUCK 4. CASH GRAIN 6. WHEAT, DAIRY AND POULTRY 7. MIXED FARMING GRAIN AND LIVESTOCK 9. FRUIT VEGETABLE The Nine Major Type-of-Farming Areas in Illinois CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 97 NATURAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE. . 99 Land Surface 100 Drainage 100 Soils 103 Rainfall 106 Temperature 108 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE 108 Changes in Land Values 110 Changes in Size of Farms Ill ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING TYPES OF FARMING 115 Economic Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture 116 Biological Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture 123 UTILIZATION OF LAND IN ILLINOIS 124 FIELD CROPS GROWN IN ILLINOIS 126 Corn 127 Oats 130 Wheat 130 Barley 132 Soybeans 132 Hay and Pasture Crops 133 Grass and Legume Seeds 136 Other Field Crops 136 FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 138 Apples 139 Peaches 141 Pears 141 Plums and Cherries 142 Grapes 142 Small Fruits 142 Vegetables 142 LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 143 Work Animals 144 Dairy Cattle 144 Beef Cattle 146 Hogs 148 Sheep 149 Poultry 149 Other Livestock 151 Bees.. . 151 CROP AND LIVESTOCK COMBINATIONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ILLINOIS 151 DOMINANT TYPES OF FARMING IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT... 153 Area 1, Northeastern, Dairy and Truck 158 Area 2, Northwestern, Mixed Livestock 163 Area 3, Western, Livestock and Grain 168 Area 4, East-Central, Cash Grain Area 172 Area 5, West-Central, General Farming 178 Area 6, Southwestern, Wheat, Dairy, and Poultry 182 Area 7, South-Central, Mixed Farming 188 Area 8, Southeastern, Grain and Livestock 194 Area 9, Southern, Fruit and Vegetables 198 SUMMARY 204 APPENDIX 209 Tables 10-20 209 Sources of Data in Tables and Graphs 227 Urbana, Illinois June, 1934 Publications in the Bulletin series report the results of investigations made by or sponsored by the Experiment Station Types of Farming in Illinois An Analysis of Differences By Areas By H. C. M. CASE and K. H. MYERS' ILLINOIS ranks high as an agricultural state. It stands fourth among the states in the acreage of crops grown, third in the value of crops, and second in the value of livestock and livestock prod- ucts. The production of a small acreage of cotton in southern Illinois and the necessity of growing early varieties of corn in northern Illi- nois in order to insure maturity indicate the wide range of climatic conditions found in the state. The average productivity of Illinois soils is high, tho wide differences exist in this respect, some land hav- ing little agricultural value and some being as productive as any in the entire corn belt. The development of transportation facilities has had a direct effect upon the production of perishable products such as whole milk and truck crops. Railroads, waterways, and hard roads provide adequate transportation facilities for practically every community in the state. Chicago and St. Louis, the two leading railway terminal cities in the interior of the United States, provide rapid transportation facilities to all parts of the country and to the seaboard. An area constituting less than one-sixth of the area of the United States, but in which is grouped more than half the population of the country, lies east of the Mississippi river and north of a line extending east from the southern point of Illinois. Thus Illinois is located rela- tively close to the great markets for agricultural products. A large part of the supply of many staple foods for this population of over 60 million people is produced in Illinois. Illinois alone has a population of more than 7 million people, only about one-seventh of whom live on farms. Hence even within the boundaries of the state is a large market for agricultural products. However, with a competitive system of agriculture highly developed thruout the country, Illinois farmers have tried to adjust their production to commodities that will make the best use of their resources and yield the maximum returns under their conditions, thus leaving to producers in other areas the job of supply- ing commodities and services that cannot be economically produced locally. *H. C. M. CASE, Chief in Farm Management; and K. H. MYERS, Associate Agricultural Economist, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. 97 98 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, The state lies largely within the great region commonly known as the corn belt. Corn, hogs, beef cattle, and dairy cattle form the basis for the organization of farms over a large part of the state, but the relative importance of these products varies greatly in different sections, and in some localities other crops and classes of livestock are of greater importance than these. Only casual observation is neces- sary to make one aware of the differences in crop and livestock pro- duction from one part of the state to another. While these differences may be due in part to accident or to custom, in general they reflect the efforts of farm operators to adjust their production schemes to ex- isting local conditions. In some areas declining soil fertility has led to the introduction of new crops and to the adoption of definite crop- ping systems in an effort to maintain yields. The efforts of Illinois farmers to adjust their production to chang- ing economic conditions is indicated by the changes which they have made and are continually making in relative acreages of different crops grown and in numbers of livestock kept. Market demands, prices, competition with other areas, and costs of production are forces that are constantly shifting, and by their shifting making necessary or advisable various changes in the organization and management of individual farms. This need for the more efficient organization and operation of farms has become especially evident during the recent low-price period. In fact some farmers, in order to cope with current conditions, have been forced temporarily at least to make changes which, continued over a period of years, would be highly undesirable from the standpoint of a permanent agriculture. The development of state, regional, and local agricultural programs of production adjusted to current demands is receiving the attention of research workers, those interested in educational work among farmers, and other groups of farm leaders. Objects of Study. The objects of this bulletin are: (1) to portray in a general way the agriculture in the state by showing the kind and proportion of crops and livestock produced; (2) to delineate areas within which certain combinations of crops and kinds of livestock pre- dominate; and (3) to show how the predominant types of farm or- ganization in an area are related to the conditions existing in the area. Such a study provides a basis from which farmers, teachers, ex- tension workers, and those interested in research may view more clearly the problems of agricultural readjustment. It should also be of material assistance to those who are endeavoring to interpret the results of research in terms of agricultural practice by enabling them to make more specific recommendations for definite areas. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 99 Sources of Information. The data used as a basis for this study have been obtained largely from the following sources: United States Bureau of the Census; United States Weather Bureau; Bureau of Agricultural Economics, United States Department of Agriculture; Division of Agricultural Statistics, Illinois State Department of Agri- culture; and Illinois State Geological Survey. Much detailed infor- mation has also been obtained from the various departments of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station and by interviews with in- dividuals thruout the state. Definition of Terms. The term "type of farming," as used in this study, does not refer to farming methods or practices, but to the general organization of a farm from the standpoint of the emphasis placed on one or several possible farm enterprises. The general or- ganization of a farm is usually indicated by the sources from which the income is derived. It is shown by kinds and acreages of crops grown, kinds and numbers of livestock raised, and the relation between the livestock and crop enterprises. Crop sequence, methods of soil preparation, and the number of litters of pigs raised per sow per year, for example, may vary on different farms and the farms still class as the same type because of the similarity of the sources from which their incomes are derived. By "type-of-farming area" is meant an area in which one or more dominant types of farming can, in most cases, be easily distinguished, and within which natural agricultural resources and biological and economic conditions are highly uniform. In order to describe an area adequately it usually is necessary to indicate at least a major type and one or two minor types. Ordinarily the lines of demarcation between areas cannot be sharply defined, and no distinctly dominant type of farming can be recognized in the localities near the dividing lines. The organization of farms in these "transition zones" is determined by physical and economic conditions in both areas, and consequently the operators in these zones have more latitude in exercising their likes and dislikes than is practical for farmers in the main body of either area. NATURAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE Illinois covers an area of 35,867,520 acres, or 56,043 square miles. The great length of the state from north to south, 385 miles, and the varying effects of the different glaciers that once passed over parts of the state have resulted in a wide variation in soil and climatic con- 100 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, ditions. Four large rivers the Mississippi, Illinois, Wabash, and Ohio lie within the state or touch its borders and have been important fac- tors in the development of both industry and agriculture. Land Surface Illinois in remote times was covered by glaciers, with the exception of Calhoun county in the west-central part of the state, Jo Daviess county in the northwest corner, and the seven most southern counties. The last glaciers that covered the northern two-thirds of the state came at a much later date than those that covered the southern one-third. Nearly all the soils of Illinois are derived from the loess that was laid down over the glacial drift left by these enormous ice sheets. Varia- tions in the age and thickness of this loess covering are responsible to an important degree for variations in the character of the soils in different parts of the state. The land surface of Illinois varies from nearly level prairie land, where artificial drainage is necessary to remove the surface water, to rough, hilly areas, much of which cannot be cultivated and over much of which erosion is a serious problem (Fig. 1). Large areas of bot- tom land that are subject to overflow unless they are protected are found along the rivers. These variations in topography can be traced to the action of the glaciers during their advance and to the subse- quent action of wind, rivers, and streams. Small importance can be attached to variations in altitude, so far as types of farming in Illinois are concerned. The altitude varies from less than 300 feet above sea level in the extreme southern part of the state to nearly 1,250 feet in the northwest corner. Thirty-five percent of the land area is between 600 and 700 feet above sea level, and 87.5 percent is between 400 and 800 feet. Drainage Forty-two percent of the land area in Illinois is drained by the Illinois river or its tributaries, 25 percent by small streams flowing into the Mississippi, 17 percent by the Wabash river, 10 percent by the Kaskaskia river, 5 percent by the Ohio river, and 1 percent by streams flowing into Lake Michigan. Nearly half the land, however, requires additional drainage facilities before it can be made to produce maxi- mum yields of crops. One-third of the farms in the state, and nearly one-third of the total farm land, had artificial drainage in 1930. Nearly 15 percent of the total land area of the state, or 5,032,682 acres, was included in organized drainage districts (Fig. 2). 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 101 (M. Lorenz) FIG. 1. RELIEF MAP OF ILLINOIS The action of glaciers during their advance and the subsequent action of wind, rivers, and streams have resulted in wide variations in the. topography of Illinois. 102 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, 91 42 88' FIG. 2. LOCATION OF LAND IN DRAINAGE PROJECTS Less than one-third of the land area requiring artificial drainage was in organized drainage districts in 1929. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 103 A large proportion of the land which has been drained is at the upper end of the watersheds in east-central Illinois, where the land surface is very flat. Drainage of this land is accomplished by means of open ditches alone or by tile drains which empty into the ditches. Protection of the larger areas of bottom land from overflow and the removal of excess water require levees and pumping plants. A large part of the land in need of further drainage is bottom land, a con- siderable part of which is now in timber. This bottom-land timber soil often is highly productive if cleared and properly drained and pro- tected. Adequate drainage is a serious problem in southern Illinois, where the subsoil on the flat areas is tight clay, which prevents the economi- cal use of tile drains. Also, the naturally low fertility of the soil does not warrant much expense for the reclaiming of many large areas of overflow land. Soils Variations in type and productivity of soils are due to differences in age, in the parent material from which the soils were derived, in the topography and drainage of the land surface, in climate, and in organic activity. The soils of Illinois have been divided into sixteen groups based, in most cases, on the color of the surface soil and the character of the subsoil with reference to permeability and lime content. The geo- graphic location of these soil types, together with the names descrip- tive of their general differences, are shown in Fig. 3. A detailed dis- cussion of each type is not necessary but a knowledge of some of the more important differences between types may help in studying the relation of soils to types of farming. For the purpose of this study the soils may be divided into three groups: dark-colored soils, light-colored soils, and sandy soils. The dark-colored soils are younger and more productive than the older light-colored soils. The light-colored soils in the northern two-thirds of the state are more productive than those in the southern part, owing to the fact that they are younger. The sandy soils vary greatly in productivity, but in general they occupy an intermediate position. The areas of dark soils correspond very closely with the original prairie areas in the northern two-thirds of the state, while the light soils repre- sent the original timber areas (Fig. 4). In the southern third of the state all the soils are light colored except in limited areas of bottom land and upland swamp. FIG. 3. SOIL GROUPS AND LOCATION OF EXPERIMENT FIELDS IN ILLINOIS The soils of Illinois have been divided into sixteen groups based, in most cases, on the color of the surface soil and the character of the subsoil with reference to permeability and lime content. GRASSLAND FORESTED UPLAND 52.5% 27.0% TERRACE 5.6 Z.I BOTTOH-LAND3.6 9.2 RASSLAND SOILS FOREST SOILS TERR ACE SOILS, IN PART FORESTED BOTTOM-LAND SOILS. IN PART FORES FIG. 4. DISTRIBUTION OF PRAIRIE AND WOODLAND SOILS IN ILLINOIS The Illinois grassland or prairie soils in general are dark colored, while the forest or woodland soils are light. Dark-colored soils are found generally in the northern two-thirds of the state, while the less productive light-colored soils are found in southern Illinois or along streams. 106 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, The dark-colored and young soils are much higher in available ni- trogen and phosphorus and require less limestone to correct their acid- ity than do most of the light-colored and older soils where leaching has removed much of the natural fertility. Drainage of the dark soils is a comparatively easy task and is highly profitable, but the presence of a tight subsoil near the surface of some of the light soils in southern Illinois makes the use of tile impossible and on others where tile is effective, the returns often do not justify the drainage cost. Evapora- tion is much more rapid from the light soils than from the dark soils, and with the shallow root system which plants develop as a result of the tight subsoil, there is greater damage during periods of drouth to the crops growing on the light soils than to those on the dark soils. Only small areas of sand are found in Illinois. The relative pro- ductiveness of the sandy areas depends largely on the coarseness of the sand and on the amount of organic matter present. Rainfall The average annual rainfall in Illinois has varied during the fifty- two years 1881-1932 from 25.72 inches to 49.38 inches. The average during this period was 37.26 inches and the average deviation from this amount less than 4 inches (Fig. 5). The annual precipitation varies normally from about 34 inches in the northern part of the state to 44 inches in the southern part (Fig. 6 and Appendix Table 19). FIG. 5. ANNUAL RAINFALL IN ILLINOIS FROM 1881 TO 1932 The average annual rainfall in Illinois has varied during 1881-1932 from 25.72 inches in 1901 to 49.38 inches in 1927, with an average during this period of 37.26 inches. 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 107 This amount of rainfall is sufficient to produce abundant crops if properly distributed over the growing season (Appendix Table 20). Dry periods of 3 to 6 weeks during the growing season, however, often occur over the state generally or in small areas and may cut down crop yields materially even during years when the total rainfall is sufficient. Tho the rainfaU during the six months April to September is slightly RAINFALL TL T ~\ L vr VS3I>~ P q l C7J3 GROWING SEASON FIG. 6. AVERAGE YEARLY RAINFALL AND LENGTH OF GROWING SEASON The average total rainfall is sufficient for abundant crop production in all parts of Illinois when properly distributed during the growing season. The number of days from the last killing frost in the spring until the first in the fall normally varies from 150 in northern Illinois to 200 in the southern part of the state. greater in southern than in northern Illinois, crop damage due to drouth is more frequent in the southern part of the state because of the character of the soils and differences in temperature. Winter precipitation in the form of snow is often important in determining the level of crop production. Water from melting snow sinks into unfrozen soil with less run-off than does the same amount of rainfall and, more important, the snow affords protection to winter crops such as wheat, alfalfa, and clover. The average snowfall in 108 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, southern Illinois is about 15 inches and in the extreme northern part of the state about 35 inches. Temperature Over a long period of years there has been a difference of 11 degrees (F.) in mean temperature from the northern Jo the southern boundaries of Illinois and a difference of four and one-half weeks in the average length of growing season. The greatest geographical difference in temperature occurs during the winter and spring months. Over a period of years the mean temperature was 21.8 F. during the winter months in the northern part of the state and 70.4 during the summer months. The mean temperatures during the same seasons in the extreme southern part of the state were 37 and 77.4 respectively. The average maximum temperature is 95 in the northern area and 97 in the southern area, but the average minimum temperature is -14 in the northern area and 4 in the southern. The temperature of the soil is important in determining rate of plant growth and biological activities in the soil. Soil temperature differs somewhat from that of the air depending on the following soil conditions: (1) moisture content; (2) color; (3) physical character- istics, such as compactness; (4) vegetative covering or amount of snow; and (5) inclination of the surface to the sun rays. The dark- colored, well-drained soils of central and northern Illinois are rela- tively warmer than the light-colored soils of southern Illinois, where much of the surplus water does not soak into the soil but must evaporate. The temperature of the air, the relative temperature of the soil, and the length of the growing season (Fig. 6) are important factors in determining the crops that can be successfully grown in any given area and the varieties that will produce the highest yields. GENERAL DEVELOPMENT OF ILLINOIS AGRICULTURE The settlement of Illinois for agricultural purposes started early in the nineteenth century. The population of the state in 1820 was 55,211, and was confined largely to the southern part of the state, chiefly in the vicinity of the Wabash, Ohio, and Mississippi rivers (Fig. 7). The early settlers who came into Illinois from the south and east followed a self-sufficient type of agriculture. Because their chief source of food was wild game, and because of the transportation fa- 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 109 cilities afforded, they followed the rivers and streams, avoiding the level prairies on which game was scarce and which were believed to be infertile because of poor drainage and lack of trees. Moreover, timber, to supply lumber and fuel, and drinking water were necessities which could not easily be obtained on the prairies. Following the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, settlers began to come to Illinois from New York, Pennsylvania, and the New ixfl SQUARE MIL! 1650 D UNDER 6 . SQUARE MILE Y7\ 6 TO 16 PER VA SQUARE MILE Bon 18 TO 45 PER 122 SQUARE MILE FIG. 7. DENSITY OF POPULATION IN ILLINOIS IN 1820 AND IN 1850 The earlier settlements were made in the southern part of the state, chiefly along the larger rivers which furnished transportation from the south and east. Northern Illinois was opened for settlement with the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825. As late as 1850, however, the flat prairies in the eastern part of the state and a smaller area in the northwestern part were still sparsely settled. England states. These settlers came from a rigorous climate where a poor soil made industrious habits necessary, and they were naturally thrifty, energetic, and ingenious. They first settled near the timbered areas but soon began to till the prairie land. As late as 1850, how- ever, when the population of the state was 851,470, the flat prairies in the eastern part of the state and a smaller area in the northwest- ern part were still sparsely settled (Fig. 7). During the next ten years the population more than doubled, the acreage of farm land increased 74 percent, and the acreage of improved land increased 160 percent. Much of this increase in farm land was on the flat prairies. In Cham- paign county, a typical prairie county, the area of farm land increased from 58,173 acres in 1850 to 246,806 acres in 1860. no BULLETIN No. 403 [June, The rapid settlement of the prairie land from 1850 to 1860 was due, not only to a scarcity of good land near the rivers, but also to the development of railroads. In 1850 there were only 110 miles of rail- roads in Illinois ; rivers provided virtually the only means of getting products to market, and poor roads made it difficult to haul grains and other bulky products long distances to the rivers. By 1860, 2,867 miles of completed railroads provided improved transportation facili- ties to nearly all parts of the state (Fig. 8). FIG. 8. RAILROADS IN ILLINOIS IN 1850 AND IN 1860 Railroads built during this period provided transportation facilities which led to the complete settlement of prairie land in nearly all parts of the state. Settlement of farm land continued rapidly from 1860 to 1880, when the acreages of all farm land and of improved land in farms were reported as greater than at the present. Much of the improved farm land at that time, however, was not highly productive because it was not naturally well drained; particularly was this true of the level prairies. The full development of some of the most fertile farm land awaited artificial drainage. Changes in Land Values The development of agriculture in Illinois was accompanied by a rapid rise in land values. In 1850 the 12,037,412 acres of land in farms was valued, with improvements, at $8 an acre. In 1880 the value had advanced to $32 an acre, and in 1900 to $54. This advance in price continued until 1920, when farm land and improvements was valued 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 111 at $188 an acre. With the drop in prices of farm products, however, land values declined and in 1930 the average value of land and im- provements was $109 an acre. The average value of land and buildings per farm in 1880 was $3,948; in 1920 it had increased to $25,289; and in 1930 it had dropped to $15,553. Previous to 1850, before the construction of railroads in Illinois, most of the rich prairie land was practically valueless because of in- adequate transportation facilities. The railroads built during the fifties provided much needed transportation and caused a rapid rise in farm land values. Drainage, which was begun in the seventies and continued rapidly during the next thirty years, also added to the pro- ductivity and value of Illinois farm land. Land values have remained lowest in the southern part of the state where the soil is naturally of low productivity and large areas can be used only for pasture or timber. With the exception of the Chicago area, where land speculation still plays an important part in determining land values, the highest values have developed in the east- central part of the state (Fig. 9). The relation of land values to soil conditions can be seen by comparing Fig. 9 with Fig. 12 which shows the distribution of crop land in 1929. Changes in Size of Farms Another significant development in Illinois agriculture is evidenced by the changes that have taken place in size of farms. During the period from 1850 to 1880 the average size dropped from 158 acres to 124 acres. This can be attributed, in part, to the fact that large tracts of land granted to the Illinois Central railroad were eventually di- vided and sold in small tracts for farming purposes. During this period the number of farms increased nearly three and one-half times, while the acreage in farms increased only two and one-half times. From 1880 to 1900 there was little change either in the number or in the size of farms. Since 1900 the average size of farm has increased from 124 acres to 143 acres, or 15.3 percent. In several southern counties the farms average less than 100 acres, while in Mason and Piatt counties in the central part of the state they average more than 200 acres (Fig. 10). The total number of farms has decreased nearly 20 percent and the acreage in farm land 6 percent. The change in size and number of farms has been more pronounced in some size-groups than in others (Fig. 11). The most conspicuous changes are a constant decrease in the number of farms consisting of 20 to 100 acres and an increase UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION F.IG. 9. VALUE OF FARM LAND AND BUILDINGS PER ACRE 80 OR LESS 80 - 100 100 - 120 120-140 140-160 160-180 180-200 OVER 200 FIG. 10. SIZE OF FARMS IN ILLINOIS, 1930 Farms are largest in the central part of the state, where land values are highest and natural conditions are adapted to extensive methods of farming. 114 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, in the number in the 175-to-500-acre group. Farms with 100 to 174 acres are the most common in Illinois, 33.7 percent being in that group. The changes that have taken place in size of farms have been due, in part, to the combining of farms in order to make it possible to use larger implements and power units with greater economy. There were, however, only 88 farms in 1930 that might be classed as large- PERCENTAGE OF FARMS BY SIZE FIG. 11. CHANGES IN SIZE OF FARMS IN ILLINOIS, 1900-1930 The most significant changes in the distribution of farms during the past thirty years are the decrease in number of farms from 20 to 99 acres in size, and the increase in number of those from 175 to 259 acres. scale farms on the basis of acreage, income, amount of capital used, and amount of labor employed. Of these 26 were livestock farms, 9 were strictly dairy farms, 11 were cash grain farms, 20 were fruit farms, 13 were farms on which truck crops, principally sweet corn and peas for canning purposes, were important, and 2 were poultry farms. The other 7 farms were general or miscellaneous types. There were 190 farms containing 1,000 acres or more and 2,061 farms with 500 to 999 acres. The value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator's family in 1929 amounted to $10,000 or more on 1.6 percent of these farms and to $6,000 or more on only 6 percent. The number of farms consisting of less than 20 acres does not change greatly. At the present time such farms constitute only 7.8 percent of all farms in Illinois. A large number of these are truck or poultry farms, tho many are small tracts near towns and cities, which are operated on a part-time basis by urban workers. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 115 ECONOMIC AND BIOLOGICAL FORCES INFLUENCING TYPES OF FARMING The natural conditions, such as topography, soil, and climate, that have influenced the development of Illinois agriculture have been de- scribed in the foregoing pages. Some of the basic changes that have taken place in the agriculture of the state as a whole have also been briefly indicated. An explanation of the differences that are found in the agriculture of different parts of the state requires, in addition, an understanding of the economic and biological forces that have developed or grown in importance with the industrial and agricultural development of the state. Topography, soil, and climate can be said to determine what crops can be successfully grown in an area, and these, in turn, the kinds of livestock that can be kept. Economic and biological forces help to determine not only the crops and kinds of livestock that will be produced, but the relative amounts of each and the way in which they will be marketed. Competition between areas or regions and competition or interde- pendence of crop and livestock enterprises within an area are the two great forces that determine the most profitable combinations of crop and livestock enterprises for the individual farm. In the case of a single commodity the farm price received for it and the cost of pro- ducing it determine the comparative advantage that one area may have over other areas in its production. As a matter of fact, however, the crops and livestock grown in an area are those which, in combina- tion, will return the most value from the available resources, in so far as individual farmers are able to determine such combinations. Thus while one area may hold a potential advantage over another area in the production of a certain commodity, it may not produce that com- modity because of the greater advantage it has in the production of other commodities ; or an area, because there is no product that will fit into its farming scheme and return a better income, may be forced into the production of some crops in direct competition with areas that have superior advantages for those crops. As agriculture has developed from a self-sufficing industry to a highly competitive commercial undertaking, the influence of economic and biological forces on the type of agricultural production in any given area has increased greatly in importance. This competition be- tween regions has led to specialization of products sold from the majority of Illinois farms. 116 BULLETIN No. 403 \_June, Economic Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture Some of the more important economic forces that have influenced the type of agriculture to be found in a region include size and prox- imity of markets, transportation facilities, supply of capital, avail- ability of labor, types of land tenure, technic of farming, legislation, and the characteristics of the people. Space will be given to a brief discussion of some of the most important of these forces as they have influenced Illinois agriculture. Markets. Among the states Illinois ranks fourth in the propor- tion of urban dwellers; hence few agricultural areas of the country have close at hand such extensive markets for agricultural products as has Illinois. The population of Illinois has grown from 55,211 in 1820 to 7,630,654 in 1930. Seventy- four percent of the population lives in cities and towns of 2,500 or more. There are 192 cities and towns with a population of 2,500 or more and 211 with 1,000 to 2,500 inhabitants. The proportion of people living on farms varies from less than 1 percent in Cook county to 72 percent in Pope county. Omit- ting four counties in the Chicago area, in which 56 percent of the total population of the state lives, 28.7 percent of all the inhabitants live on farms. The industrial centers in Illinois have developed, in a large meas- ure, because of the wealth of natural resources and the ready trans- portation facilities. No other part of the United States is better situated than Illinois with regard to the combined advantages of readily available supplies of food, fuel, iron, and certain other raw products. Illinois is therefore apparently destined to remain both an important industrial state and an important agricultural state, with advantages for both interests enjoyed by few other areas. As agriculture passed from the self-sufficing stage, industrial de- velopments in cities not only took over many of the processes formerly performed upon farms but also provided new markets for agricultural products. Milk condenseries, cheese factories, creameries, vegetable canning plants, soybean oil mills, and other such industries have created special markets for farm products. The development of these industries in certain localities was, no doubt, brought about partly by the type of farming existing in the vicinity; but the presence of these industries has also lent impetus to the production of the particu- lar raw products which they use. Such industries influence the organi- zation of the farms of an area so long as they provide a relatively profitable market for the farm products which they use. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 117 After supplying local market demands, Illinois farmers must look to more distant markets for the disposal of their surplus products. The ability to compete with other areas in the sale of products to distant markets is dependent to a large extent upon transportation facilities. Transportation Facilities. Farm products that are low in value in relation to bulk or weight and those of high perishability tend to be produced near consuming centers. The present extensive railroad sys- tem and the extensive construction of hard roads thruout the United States have, however, placed within easy reach of the farms both local and distant markets for large quantities of farm products. Further- more the position of Illinois with relation to population centers of the United States and the advantage which Illinois holds with regard to freight-rate classification make it possible for Illinois farmers to pro- duce many products for more distant markets. Transportation facili- ties have been developed in Illinois until they are seldom limiting factors in agricultural production, even in limited localities. Calhoun is the only county not crossed by one or more railroads. With the extensive system of hard roads, livestock and perishable products are now trucked in large quantities into terminal markets and consuming centers. The freight-rate structure in Illinois is such as to favor certain areas for some products. The part of Illinois north and west of a line drawn from Chicago down the Illinois river to East St. Louis is in the Western Classification Territory and south and east of this line is in the Official Classification Territory. Freight rates on livestock to either Chicago or St. Louis favor the former territory and on grains the latter. Hard roads have extended the area from which whole milk and fresh vegetables are hauled. In some localities this has changed the organization of farms along the roads tho the general type of farm- ing in the area has not greatly changed. Capital. Availability of capital and the rates which must be paid for its use have not been restraining factors in determining types of farming in Illinois. The large near-by industrial centers represent a ready source of capital for farming purposes in practically all parts of the state. Illinois has been regarded as a good farm loaning territory, as shown by the relatively large volume of loans made on farm prop- erty by insurance companies and the fact that the average farm- mortgage rate in Illinois prior to the passage of the Federal Farm Loan Act in 1916 was lower than in most other states. No doubt the 118 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, proximity of the large population centers was a factor partially re- sponsible for this situation since it assured close at hand a relatively stable demand for certain products. The amount of capital required to finance individual farms depends on the proximity of the farm to large cities, the character of the soil, and on the commodities produced. The capital investment is highest in CROP LAND PER PERSON 1929 FIG. 12. CROP LAND PER PERSON ENCAGED IN AGRICULTURE The crop land area per person ten years old and over gainfully employed in agriculture is greatest in the central part of the state, where grain and live- stock production are common, and is lowest in the fruit and truck farming areas in southern Illinois and near Chicago. areas near large cities, where land values are highest and the type of farming most intensive. The amount of capital for buildings and equipment is larger per acre of farm land in the intensive dairy areas usually found near cities than in the grain-farming areas. During recent years the need to increase farm incomes has in- fluenced the type of farming to some extent in nearly all parts of the state. Larger incomes have frequently been obtained by making more complete or efficient use of the labor already on the farms, and this in turn has required more operating capital. The introduction of dairying on many farms is an example of this change. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 119 Labor. Neither the supply of farm labor nor the kind of labor required has been a limiting factor in the development of different types of farming in Illinois. The density of population and the high proportion of the population living in cities and small towns make available an adequate supply of labor except in periods of marked industrial activity. There is, however, some competition between in- dustry and agriculture for labor, as is evidenced by the higher farm wages that are usually paid near the industrial centers. The fruit and truck enterprises in southern Illinois and the dairy and truck enterprises near the larger cities in the northern part of the state require relatively more agricultural workers than the less in- tensive systems of livestock and grain production in the central part (Fig. 12). In 1930 the crop land area per person ten years old and over gainfully employed in agriculture was less than 40 acres in the fruit and truck farming areas in southern Illinois and averaged about 50 acres near the larger industrial centers. In parts of central Illinois, where the land is fertile and nearly all tillable and there are no large industrial centers, there were more than 90 acres of crop land per person. Land Tenure. Forty percent of the farms in Illinois were owner- operated in 1930 ; 43 percent consisted entirely of rented land ; 16 per- cent were rented in part and owned in part by the operator; and 1 percent were operated by hired managers. While there is a definite relationship between the different systems of land tenure that have developed and types of farming, it is difficult to say which is the cause and which is the result. Land tenure, however, is now an important factor in determining changes in types of farming. The sale of land in large tracts by the Illinois Central railroad dur- ing the fifties seems to have been the beginning of tenancy in Illinois. Some of these large tracts were operated as single units for many years, but many were immediately broken up into smaller units and leased on shares. Prior to 1880 land was available at low prices and most farms were owner-operated, only 31.4 percent being operated by tenants. The increase in the amount of tenancy following 1880 was due to several causes: (1) the steady increase in the value of land made it possible for many farmers to retire and lease their farms; (2) many farms were purchased by business men as a permanent investment and leased; (3) with the prospective advance in land values, many speculators bought farms and leased them with the intention of selling as soon as a profit could be realized; and (4) the rapidly rising value 120 BULLETIN No. 403 [.June, of farm land acted as a growing barrier to ownership for many with limited capital. Since 1920, when land values reached their peak, there has been little change in the amount of tenancy in Illinois (Fig. 13). PERCENTAGE OF FARMS BY TENURE 1880-1930 FIG. 13. TENURE OF FARMS IN ILLINOIS, 1880-1930 The amount of tenancy in Illinois increased from 1880 until about 1920, when land values and prices of farm products reached their peak. Since 1920 there has been little change. The amount of tenancy is greatest in the east-central and northern parts of the state, where large farms, highly productive soil, and large equipment requirements call for large investments per farm (Fig. 14). Because of limited resources and uncertainty of tenure, a tenant farmer usually cannot make changes in the organization of a farm that require the outlay of much new capital or a period of years to complete. Except on farms where there is unusual cooperation be- tween the landowner and tenant, adjustments to meet changing eco- nomic conditions will be made more slowly on tenant farms than on owner-operated farms. Cash tenancy was most common on Illinois farms about 1910, since which time it has declined. It is most common at present in the live- stock areas, particularly on dairy farms in northern Illinois (Fig. 14). In Cook, Lake, and DuPage counties more than 80 percent of all tenant farms were leased for cash in 1929. Under a cash system of tenancy the landowner has a more constant income and the operator has greater freedom in the management of the farm. Cash tenure is more common on livestock farms than on grain farms for two reasons: (1) labor is a more important factor in live- stock farming, particularly dairying, than in grain farming, and cash tenure enables the operator to use available labor to the fullest extent 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 121 without dividing the proceeds with the landowner; (2) greater risk is involved in livestock production than in grain farming unless the operator is a superior farmer, and frequently the landlord is not will- ing to supply the additional capital necessary for the livestock enter- prises. In grain farming cash tenancy encourages extractive methods: hence a combination of the crop-share form of tenancy with a cash form is the most common arrangement in areas where grain farming FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS. 1929 TENANT FARMS RENTED FOR CASH FIG. 14. FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS AND TENANT FARMS RENTED FOR CASH, 1929 The largest percentage of tenant farms is found in the east-central part of the state, where the capital invested per farm is largest. Cash tenancy is most common in northern Illinois, where dairying is important and where on many farms other classes of livestock are produced in large numbers. prevails. Crop-share-cash leases provide for the payment by the tenant of a share of the grain crops as rent and the payment of a cash rental for all pasture and hay land. This arrangement has an advantage in that the main part of the rental is based upon the physical production of the farm, both tenant and landlord sharing in the uncertainty of crop production. It tends to discourage livestock production, however, since the landowner's share of the crops is usually sold from the farm. The livestock share lease, however, under which the landowner main- 122 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, tains a part interest in the livestock, is becoming more general in Illi- nois as the need for greater effort to maintain or improve the soil becomes more apparent. Technical and Scientific Developments. Level topography, ex- tensive areas of all-tillable land, and good physical conditions of the soil, which are characteristic of a large part of Illinois, favor the use of large-sized mechanical equipment. With the development of this new machinery, Illinois began to gain advantages in the production of many crops over areas having less favorable topography and soil con- ditions. The invention of machines adapted to specific operations, such as the rotary hoe for soybean cultivation and the combine for soybean harvesting, has done much to assure crop profits. Advancing scientific knowledge has led to the introduction into Illinois of many new crops, as well as to the continued profitable pro- duction of older crops in competition with new areas. The develop- ment of methods of controlling diseases and insect pests has been in part responsible for the successful competition with new areas, as has also the building up of the soils by the use of limestone and the pro- duction of legume crops, particularly alfalfa and sweet, red, and alsike clovers. Improved varieties of wheat, barley, oats, and soybeans have encouraged the extension of these crops into areas of Illinois not formerly so well adapted to them. Improved types of livestock, result- ing from careful breeding and better feeding practices, have en- couraged many farmers to expand their livestock production. The control of hog cholera thru vaccination and the control of various hog parasites thru sanitation have been important factors in encouraging a greater production of hogs thruout the state. Apple production would not flourish in many parts of Illinois where it is now an important industry were it not for the control of various insects and diseases thru spraying. Crop rotations have proved effective in wiping out or controlling many crop diseases and pests. Legislation. Restrictions upon the importation of agricultural products into the United States represents perhaps the chief form of legislation influencing the development of types of farming in Illinois. Tariffs on the importation of soybeans and wool are among the most important legislative measures at the present time directly affect- ing farming in Illinois. The tariff on soybeans has served to protect that industry from competition with soybeans grown in eastern Asia. Tariff protection for this crop was especially important during the experimental period, when varieties were being improved and farmers were attempting to determine the best method of handling the crop. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 123 In order to encourage sheep production in the United States, a tariff was placed on wool, this country having usually been a deficit area so far as wool production is concerned. This tariff has been an important factor in encouraging the raising of sheep, particularly in states like Illinois, where a farmer has considerable latitude in choice of products and type of farming. Restrictions placed by other countries on importations of products from this country are of as much importance to Illinois farmers as are tariff duties placed by this government on importations into this coun- try. The high tariffs recently adopted by certain foreign countries to restrict wheat importations from the United States have greatly re- duced the amount of this crop exported. The resulting decline in the price has led to a reduction of the wheat acreage on many farms. Legislation of any kind that tends to restrict or to expand either domestic or foreign demand for agricultural commodities produced in Illinois will have a direct influence on the types of farming followed in Illinois. Characteristics of the People. The characteristics of the people settling in different sections of Illinois and their customs have influ- enced, to some degree, the types of farming in areas where there is considerable choice as to the products that may be grown. A good example of this fact is found in Stephenson and Jo Daviess counties, which were early settled by many people from New York state, the Scandinavian countries and Switzerland. The dairy industry, particu- larly cheese production, was developed in these counties not only because the industry was better adapted than grain farming to that area but also because of the training and knowledge of these early settlers. The introduction of cotton in southern Illinois was due in part to the presence of some Negro farmers who, because of their experi- ence in growing the crop farther south, undertook its production in Illinois. Personal preferences influence many farmers to continue a certain type of farming rather than adopt some other type for which natural conditions are more favorable. The promptness with which new crops and new methods are adopted in an area is often determined mainly by the racial characteristics of the farm operators. Some adopt new enterprises quickly; others are slow to give up old practices. Biological Forces Affecting Illinois Agriculture Insects and diseases attacking plants and animals are the biological factors that may prohibit, temporarily or permanently, the production of certain crops or classes of livestock in some areas, or they may 124 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, dictate the crop sequence or method of handling and marketing a product that must be followed in order to obtain satisfactory returns. As the agriculture of an area becomes older, more diseases and insects are introduced that require adjustments in agricultural methods and practices. The introduction of corn diseases and insects, for ex- ample, has been an important influence leading to the adoption of definite crop rotations. In the less favorable localities for apple grow- ing, the San Jose scale has been a direct influence in reducing or elimi- nating apple production, even after the trees were well grown. Losses from animal diseases and parasites, while not severe enough actually to prohibit the production of livestock, have increased until many farm operators have adopted a more definite rotation of pastures and other control measures as a means of maintaining animal production on a profitable basis. UTILIZATION OF LAND IN ILLINOIS Of the total land area of Illinois 85.6 percent, or 30,695,339 acres, was classed as farm land in the 1930 federal Census. The remaining 14.4 percent, or 5,172,181 acres, was occupied by cities, railroads, roads, or public institutions ; was used for industrial purposes ; was too rough and unproductive to be used for farming; or was used for recreation. In Livingston county, where the soil is highly productive, where 94 percent of the land is tillable, where there are no large cities and only a small amount of manufacturing, 96.6 percent of the total land area was included in farms in 1930. In Cook county only 36 percent of the land was in farms, most of the remainder being in cities or used by industries, railroads, or roads, or devoted to recreational purposes. Much of the land area in the southern part of the state is rough and the soil is low in productivity. Less than 75 percent of the land in some of the southern counties was classed as farm land in the 1930 Census (Fig. 15). Of all Illinois land in farms in 1929, 82.2 percent was classed as tillable, either as crop land or tillable pasture; 11.5 percent as pasture land that could not be cultivated ; 2.4 percent as unpastured woodland ; and 3.9 percent as "other land," including waste land, building lots, and roadways. The proportion of farm land classed as tillable varied from less than 50 percent in the unglaciated areas and along rivers to more than 95 percent on the prairie land. The proportion of farm land classed as crop land in 1929 varied from 32.6 percent in Hardin county to 84.8 percent in Livingston 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 125 LAND IN FARMS 1930 CROP LAND isaa -5000 ACRES WOODLAND^ NOT PASTURED 1929 5000 ACRES FIG. 15. DISTRIBUTION OF ILLINOIS FARM LAND The land area in farms in 1930 varied from less than 75 percent in many counties in southern Illinois to more than 90 percent in most parts of central Illinois. Crop land, including harvested crops, idle or fallow, and crop failure, equaled 69 percent of all land in farms in 1929; pasture land, 25 percent; and woodland not pastured, less than 3 percent. 126 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, county, and averaged 69 percent for the entire state (Fig. 15). The total state areas so classed included 1,480,423 acres of idle or fallow land and 701,147 acres of land on which there was a crop failure. A large part of the land on which there was a crop failure in 1929 was in drainage districts, where good crops are normally raised. Most of the idle land was in the southern one-fourth of the state. Twenty-five percent of the farm land of the state, or 7,607,035 acres, was classed as pasture land in 1929. The proportion varied from 11.1 percent in Mason county to 49.4 percent in Brown county (Fig. 15). Over half the land in pasture was classed as tillable. On many farms in east-central Illinois there is no untillable land, altho some land is devoted to pasture. Along rivers and streams and in unglaciated sections most of the land used for pasture cannot be culti- vated. Some of it has timber growing on it and the rest is too rough to permit cultivation. The carrying capacity of pasture land varies greatly but is usually much higher in the central and northern parts of the state than in the southern part. The farm area in Illinois includes 731,936 acres of timber not used for pasture and 1,216,461 acres of "other land." Most of the area used for timber only is rough land or the less productive land. "Other land" amounts to less than 6 acres per farm and represents building sites, roadways, and waste land. FIELD CROPS GROWN IN ILLINOIS During the early period of settlement of Illinois, corn was the most important grain crop grown. It was easy to grow, readily stored, and produced large quantities of nourishing food for man and feed for animals. Before transportation facilities were available these were im- portant factors in determining types of agriculture. Since livestock, which could be driven to market, were easier to market than grain, cattle and hogs early became important agricultural products. Wheat was the most important crop grown directly for use as food and was hauled long distances overland to waterway markets. With the estab- lishment of mills for grinding the grain, flour entered commercial channels in large quantities. The acreages of corn, oats, wheat, and tame hay grown in Illinois annually from 1866 to 1930 are shown in Fig. 16 and Appendix Table 16. Following 1860 the greatest increases in farm land area were in the prairie sections. When drained, the rich soils in these areas were particularly well adapted to grain farming. Conditions were less 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD CROPS 127 favorable for livestock farming. Moreover, fencing and lumber for buildings had to be shipped in and were high in price. From 1860 to 1880, as the prairie areas were drained, the acreage of corn increased rapidly. From 1880 to 1900 the acreages of corn and oats increased, while there was some decline in the wheat acre- age. The most significant changes in agriculture in Illinois since 1900 S 5 4 S* 1 A/ WHEAT-*r^ TAME HAY ^A yv Vv ^: I866I870I874 I878 I882 I866 I890 I894 I898 I902 I906 I9IO I9I4 I9I8 I922 I926 I930I934 FIG. 16. ACREAGES OF CORN, OATS, WHEAT, AND HAY IN ILLINOIS, 1866-1931 During the past thirty years there has been little change in the acreages of the principal grain crops grown except for a marked increase in wheat pro- duction for a short time during the World War period. have been the addition of minor cash or feed crops to the cropping system and the tendency toward specialization, the various crops be- coming most highly concentrated in the areas best suited to their pro- duction. These changes have been prompted or necessitated by soil conditions, by the competition of these areas with other agricultural areas, and by changes in economic and biological conditions. Corn The area of corn grown in Illinois reached a peak of more than 10,500,000 acres during the period 1900-1905 (Fig. 16). During the next twenty years the annual acreage slowly declined until, during the five years 1926-1930, an average of only 8,862,000 acres was grown. A general decline in the acreage of farm land during this period ac- counted in part for the smaller corn acreage tho, with the exception of the northeastern part of the state, the proportion of tillable land in 128 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, corn was less in 1929 than in 1899. The decline in corn acreage has been greatest in areas where the natural fertility of the soil is lowest. In such areas a large acreage of legume crops is being grown for soil- improvement purposes or the land is being allowed to stay in grass. Corn was harvested from 8,574,608 acres in Illinois in 1929, an area equal to 45 percent of the total area from which crops were harvested and equal to 34 percent of all tillable land in the state. Corn is grown both as a feed and as a cash crop in Illinois. The farm value of the corn crop was equal to nearly half the value of all crops in 1929; the income from sales of corn amounted to over 40 percent of the income from sales of all crops. Nearly one-third of the crop was shipped out of the county where grown, chiefly to neighboring counties, to the New England and southern states, or for exportation. Much of the corn sold is sold to farms in the same county. The distribution of corn acreage in 1929 is shown in Fig. 17. The relative acreage of corn, its value in relation to the value of all crops, and the proportion which is sold vary widely in different parts of the state. A distinct relationship exists between the acreage of corn and the character of the soil. Highest yields of corn are obtained on the dark-colored prairie soils, which are high in humus and nitro- gen. Total rainfall is sufficient over the entire state for good corn yields, but periods of low rainfall occurring during the growing season often limit corn production. The ability of corn to withstand these periods of drouth depends to a large extent on soil conditions. The shorter growing season and the lower average temperature make the extreme northern part of the state less favorable for corn grow- ing than the central parts and necessitate the use of early maturing varieties in northern Illinois in order to lessen the damage from frost. The relative acreage of corn is greatest in the east-central part of the state, where 45 percent or more of the tillable land area was in corn in 1929. Corn is chiefly a cash crop in this area, from 60 to 70 percent of it being shipped out of the county where grown. From 40 to 45 percent of the tillable land in the north-central part of the state and west of the Illinois river is in corn, but the proportion of tillable land in these areas is lower than in east-central Illinois. From 25 to 30 percent of the tillable land in the extreme northern part is usually in corn. Corn is almost entirely a feed crop in this area, and large acre- ages are cut for silage and fodder. Late corn, which might otherwise be damaged by frost, is saved and utilized in these ways. From 25 to 35 percent of the tillable land in the south-central part of the state is normally in corn, nearly all of which is fed to livestock. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD CROPS 129 CORN ACREAGE WHEAT y: ACREAGE Jf^ 1929 FIG. 17. ACREAGES OF CORN, OATS, WHEAT, AND BARLEY Corn is grown thruout the state, with the heaviest production in the east and north-central parts. Oats are important in the northern two-thirds of the state. Wheat is an important crop in central Illinois, in several counties ad- jacent to St. Louis, and in the Ohio and Wabash river valleys. Barley is im- portant only in northern Illinois. 130 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, The light-colored poorly drained soils in the southern part of the state are not suitable for extensive corn growing. Only 15 to 20 per- cent of the tillable area is generally in corn, and the amount produced is sufficient only to provide feed for work stock, dairy cattle, poultry, and a few hogs. Corn is the most important crop on the bottom lands along the rivers in all parts of the state. Along the Wabash and Ohio rivers in southeastern Illinois are small areas where 25 to 35 percent of the tillable land is in corn and from which considerable amounts of corn are sold. Oats The acreage of oats in Illinois increased until about 1900, since which time it has remained nearly stationary at about 4 million acres (Fig. 16). Some decrease in oats acreage has taken place in the northern part of the state and some increase in the south-central part. A total of 3,998,589 acres, an area equal to 21.1 percent of the har- vested crop land in Illinois, or to 15.8 percent of all tillable land, was grown in 1929. The importance of oats is due more to their value as a small-grain crop in the rotation than to their value as a cash or feed crop. Oats are sown before work on corn is started and are harvested after most of the corn cultivation is completed. They are an excellent nurse crop for hay and pasture seedings, and follow corn better than does wheat. Oats are an excellent feed for work stock, dairy cattle, and for growing young stock, but the amount of feed produced by an acre of oats is less than half that realized from an acre of corn. The farm value of the oats crop was only 12 percent of the value of all crops during 1924-1928, and while one-third of the crop was shipped out of the county where grown, the value of oats sold made up only 12 per- cent of the income from all crop sales. The east-central and northern parts of the state have the greatest acreages of oats (Fig. 17). Grown in a cropping system with corn as the major crop, oats usually occupy 25 to 35 percent of the tillable land in east-central Illinois. Their value as a feed crop for dairy cattle makes them an important crop in northern Illinois. Since oats grow best in areas where the soil and climate are both cool and moist, they are not an important crop in southern Illinois. Wheat Crop land planted to wheat reached a peak of more than 3 million acres in Illinois about 1880, declined to about 2 million acres during r 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD CROPS 131 the period from 1890 to 1905, then increased gradually until the de- mand created by the World War brought it to a high peak of over 4 million acres in 1919 (Fig. 16). Since 1920 it has declined to about 2 million acres. The area harvested in 1929 totaled 2,093,399 acres, or 11 percent of the harvested crop land and 8 percent of the tillable land area of the state. Nearly 95 percent of the wheat grown was winter wheat. The value of all wheat harvested was only 9 percent of the value of all crops, but the income from sales of wheat made up 17 percent of the sales of all crops. Wheat is grown in all parts of the state but is especially important in three areas, as shown in Fig. 17. A wheat belt extends entirely across the central part of the state, with the heaviest production centering in Mason and Menard counties near the Illinois river. Wheat was grown on 80 percent of the farms in these counties in 1929 and occupied over 25 percent of the tillable land. From 20 to 25 percent of the tillable land in Cass, Morgan, and Scott counties was in wheat. In the second wheat area centering in Monroe, St. Clair, and Wash- ington counties in the western part of the state over 30 percent of the tillable land area in 1929 was in wheat, and 25 to 30 percent of the area in several other adjoining counties was in wheat. A smaller area is found along the Wabash and Ohio rivers in southeastern Illi- nois. The total acreage in this area is small compared with the acreage in the other two areas, but it ranks next to the corn acreage in this area and is an important crop in the cropping systems. The kind and amount of wheat grown are influenced by soil and climatic conditions as well as by competition with other crops. Pro- duction of winter wheat in the northern part of the state is hazardous because of winterkilling. The same risk is involved in central Illinois to some extent, particularly on the heavier types of soil. Where corn is grown on 50 percent or more of the harvested crop land, wheat does not fit readily into the rotation. Hard winter wheats are commonly grown in the northern part of the state and soft winter wheats in the southern part. The reaction following the general increase in wheat acreage during the war period has been different in different parts of the state. In northern Illinois the acreage has been reduced to about what it was before the war. In the east-central part of the state the acreage, tho still small, has increased about two and a half times; in the central wheat area it has increased about 15 percent; while in some of the southeastern counties it has been reduced to less than 50 percent of the pre-war acreage. 132 ' BULLETIN No. 403 {June, Barley Barley is a cool weather crop and for highest yields requires a porous, well-drained soil, conditions most nearly found in the northern part of the state. It is grown over the entire northern half of the state but reaches its greatest importance in the northeastern corner, where it is raised mainly as a feed crop for dairy cattle (Fig. 17). In this area it was grown on 10 to 15 percent of the harvested crop land in 1929. Prior to 1917 barley was grown on less than 60,000 acres in Illi- nois. The acreage increased steadily, 600,000 acres being harvested in 1928. This increase was due largely to the greater use of barley for feed and, in some localities, to the use of barley to replace oats in the rotation. The 1928 barley crop, however, was heavily infested with scab, which caused difficulties in feeding it. With this experience farmers reduced their acreages, and in 1929 barley was harvested from only 369,903 acres on 22,137 farms. Soybeans The acreage of soybeans grown alone increased from a few thousand acres prior to 1917 to 427,175 acres in 1929. In addition, soybeans are used extensively as an interplanted crop, particularly with corn for silage, or they are used for pasture. From 50 to 60 percent of the soybeans grown alone in Illinois are cut for hay, the proportion varying greatly in different parts of the state and from year to year, depending on the need for hay. Soybeans are widely used in many parts of Illinois as an emergency hay crop when the clover does not survive the winter. Soybean oil factories have been the principal market for the grain, tho the amount of grain fed has greatly increased during the last few years. Soybeans are grown thruout the central part of the state but are most important in a relatively small area including and extending from Macoupin and Bond counties to Vermilion county (Fig. 18). In this area the acreage planted to soybeans alone constitutes nearly 7.5 percent of the total harvested crop land, an average of 16 acres of beans being grown on 40 percent or more of the farms. The greatest acreages are in Macoupin and Christian counties, where about 11 per- cent of the harvested crop land was in beans in 1929. Certain characteristics of soybeans have influenced their acreage and distribution in recent years. Soybeans grow well on soils that are too acid to grow alfalfa or clovers and are therefore popular as a hay crop in the southern half of the state. The high nitrogen content of 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD CROPS 133 the grain and of the hay has led to the production of soybeans on many livestock farms in the central part of the state. Their adaptation to the poorer types of soil in south-central Illinois has made them a relatively profitable cash grain crop in that area. The high yield of SOYBEANS 1929 FIG. 18. ACREAGES OF SOYBEANS AND OF SWEET-CLOVER PASTURE Soybeans, a relatively new crop, are important thruout central Illinois, with the heaviest production in the region from Macoupin county to Cham- paign county where they are grown largely as a grain crop. Sweet clover, within the past fifteen years, has become an important pasture crop thruout the state. In addition a considerable acreage is grown for soil-improvement purposes. soybeans on the more fertile soils in east-central Illinois has made them a profitable grain crop, replacing oats and sometimes corn in the rotation. In this area three-fourths or more of the beans are harvested for grain, while in the southern third of the state a larger proportion is cut for hay. Hay and Pasture Crops One-third of the farm land in Illinois was in hay or pasture crops in 1929. About one-third of this hay and pasture area is timber land or land that is too rough for cultivation. Hay was harvested from 2,917,631 acres in 1929, and 4,091,718 acres of tillable land were used 134 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, for pasture, the total area occupied by these two crops making up 27.7 percent of all tillable land. The proportion of all pasture which is tillable is greatest in the east-central part of the state, where the relative acreage of all pasture is smallest (Fig. 15, page 125). Acreage in pasture gives little indi- cation of the amount of feed produced, the carrying capacity depend- ing on soil conditions, on type of pasture, and on methods of manage- ment. In the northern part of the state mixed timothy and clover pastures are most common, while timothy, redtop, or other native grasses are most common in the southern part. Sweet clover for pasture and for soil improvement has become popular during the last few years in areas where it can be grown. The total area of sweet clover used for pasture in 1929 was reported to be 135,310 acres, on 9,013 farms (Fig. 18). The Illinois State Department of Agriculture estimates that 748,000 acres of sweet clover were sown in 1929. The relative acreage of meadow harvested for hay varies from less than 5 percent of the tillable land area in east-central Illinois to more than 30 percent in the south-central part. Timothy and mixed hays made up 47 percent of the total hay acreage in 1929, clover 20 percent, annual legumes 11 percent, alfalfa 7 percent, and other tame grasses 14 percent. Small amounts of small grains and wild grasses made up the remainder. The average acre-yields reported in 1929 were: timothy and mixed hays, 1.22 tons; clover, 1.45 tons; alfalfa, 2.19 tons; annual legumes, 1.23 tons; and other tame grasses, .62 ton. Timothy and mixed hays were reported on 43 percent of the farms in the state in 1929. These kinds of hay are most important in the area west and north of the Illinois river and in a belt extending east across the south-central part of the state (Fig. 19). From 60 to 70 percent of all hay on most farms in these areas is of this type. Clover hays are grown over most of these same areas, but it is a common practice to sow a seed mixture to insure a stand of grass if the clover should not survive the winter (Fig. 19). Tho limestone is necessary to grow clover in the area adjoining St. Louis, the acreage of clover hay in this area is the highest of all hays. The reason for the high propor- tion of clover hay is that it meets the urgent demand on many farms for leguminous roughage for dairy cattle. Annual legumes harvested for hay consist of soybeans and cow- peas; the importance of these legumes for hay follows closely their distribution for all purposes. "Other tame grasses" harvested for hay in Illinois consist almost entirely of redtop. Redtop is grown in a relatively small area in south- 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD CROPS 135 TIMOTHY & MIXED HAY I9E9 FIG. 19. ACREAGES OF HAY AND GRASS SEEDS Timothy and mixed hay make up about 50 percent of the total hay acreage of Illinois and are found in all parts of the state ; clover hay makes up 20 percent, with the heaviest production in the western half and in the north; and alfalfa hay, 7 percent, with a distribution similar to clover hay. The heaviest production of grass seeds (redtop and timothy) is in southeastern Illinois. 136 BULLETIN No. 403 \_June, eastern Illinois where it is threshed for seed and the straw used for hay. Soil conditions make it difficult to grow most legumes in this area, tho some soybeans and cowpeas are grown for hay. Alfalfa is grown on less than 15 percent of the farms in Illinois. The total acreage is relatively small, but the higher yield per acre than other legumes and the greater feeding value make it an important crop on many farms. Distribution of the alfalfa acreage has been influenced by soil conditions as well as by demand. The greatest acreage is in the northern part of the state where there are many soils on which alfalfa can be grown successfully without the application of limestone or with very light applications (Fig. 19). Alfalfa is also an important hay crop in the St. Louis area altho here large quantities of limestone are necessary to grow it successfully. Grass and Legume Seeds Grass and legume seeds were harvested from 563,114 acres in Illi- nois in 1929, or from less than 3 percent of the harvested crop land. The clovers, principally red and alsike, together with some sweet clover, made up over 48 percent of the total acreage of harvested grass and legume seeds; timothy seed made up 11 percent; and "other grass seeds," almost entirely redtop, made up nearly 40 percent (Fig. 19). Clover seed was harvested, however, on less than 10 percent of the farms in the state, timothy seed on only 1.7 percent, and other grass seeds on 2.7 percent. The production of redtop is confined largely to Marion, Clay, Rich- land, and Wayne counties. Over 40 percent of the timothy seed was produced in Effingham, Jasper, and Clay counties, with the remainder produced in small areas over the state. Clover-seed production is fairly evenly distributed over the state except for the northeast corner and the southern part where little or no seed is produced. Other Field Crops The crops that have been discussed occupied over 98 percent of the harvested crop land in Illinois in 1929; their value was equal to 87 percent of the farm value of all crops during the five years 1924-1928; and the income from their sales equaled 83 percent of the cash income from all crops. Other field crops, which are grown on a relatively small total area in Illinois but which are important in small localities and on many individual farms, are broomcorn, cowpeas, sunflower seed, rye, cotton, buckwheat, sugar beets, and mixed grains. Broomcorn was grown in 1929 on a total of 21,403 acres on 772 farms, an average of 27.7 acres per farm. Its production is confined 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FIELD CROPS 137 BROOM CORN 1929 FIG. 20. ACREAGES OF BROOMCORN, COWPEAS, SUNFLOWER SEED, AND MIXED GRAINS Broomcorn production in Illinois, altho limited to a small area centering in Coles county, is second largest in the United States. Cowpeas are important chiefly in southern Illinois. Sunflower production is confined almost entirely to Moultrie county. Mixed grains, consisting largely of oats and barley, are im- portant as a feed crop in west-central and northwestern Illinois. 138 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, to a small locality in and about Coles county (Fig. 20). It was grown on 14 percent of the farms in this county in 1929 and on 5.2 percent of the harvested crop land, but the value of the crop equals a much greater proportion of the value of all crops in the county. It is an important cash crop. Cowpeas were grown on 11,812 farms in 1929. The total area occupied by cowpeas grown alone was 99,420 acres, while 6,939 acres were grown with other crops. Cowpeas grow well on soil of low productivity, and for this reason are most important in southern Illi- nois (Fig. 20). Mason, Cass, and Tazewell counties, however, form an important center of production in central Illinois, cowpeas being grown on the sandy soils in that area. Cowpeas are raised as a hay crop or as a grain crop. The proportion cut for hay is much larger in the southern part of the state than in the central area. Sunflower seed was reported as grown on 592 farms in 1929. The total area reported was 13,567 acres. Practically this entire area is in Moultrie and surrounding counties (Fig. 20). Rye was grown on 62,051 acres on 4,010 farms in 1929. As a grain crop it is most important in Mason and Cass counties and in northern Illinois. Generally rye is grown on the more sandy soils. It is often used as an early spring pasture crop on livestock farms. Cotton is grown only in the extreme southern part of Illinois. The total area in 1929 of 1,613 acres was grown on 136 farms. The acre- age in 1924 was nearly ten times as great as in 1929, but with the drop that occurred in the price of cotton, production declined. Buckwheat was harvested from 5,738 acres on 440 farms in 1929. It is grown mostly in the northern part of the state, tho some is found in the south-central part also. Mixed grains, not separated in threshing, were harvested from 95,220 acres on 4,387 farms in 1929. These grains in most cases are a mixture of oats and barley grown as a feed crop. Frequently some other grain is drilled in a thin stand of wheat. Mixtures are most common in the west-central part of the state and in the northwest corner (Fig. 20). FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION The orchard fruits apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and plums are produced in all parts of the state. Apples are most common, being reported on 44 percent of the farms in 1929. Peaches were grown on 27 percent of the farms, cherries on 21 percent, pears on 20 percent, 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 139 and plums on 17 percent. Many other farms having only a few fruit trees probably reported none. Commercial production of these fruits, however, is limited to a relatively few farms in selected areas. Less than 1 percent of the land in harvested crops in Illinois was in orchards in 1929, and the value of the fruit was less than 3 percent of the value of all crops. In the commercial fruit areas, however, the value of the fruit was equal to 40 to 60 percent of the value of all crops, and sales of fruit were the most important source of income on many farms. Apples The number of apple trees in Illinois has declined steadily during the past thirty years. The number of trees of bearing age reported in 1930 was less than one-third the number in 1900. Most of this de- crease was due to the abandonment of small farm orchards. The setting of new trees in commercial orchards was heavy during the years 1915 to 1925. A survey in 1928 indicated that 20 percent of all apple trees in commercial orchards that year were set during the four years 1915-1919 and that 45 percent had been set since 1919. Thirty- nine percent of the apple trees reported in the Agricultural Census of 1925 were under bearing age, compared with 32 percent in 1930. During the four years 1924-1927 an average of 5,362 carloads of apples were shipped annually by Illinois producers, the number vary- ing from 3,178 to 6,627 carloads. The three important commercial apple areas in the state are shown in Fig. 21. Sixty percent of the apples shipped during the four years 1924-1927 were grown in the western area, which includes Calhoun, Greene, Jersey, Pike, and Adams counties. Many new trees have been set in this area in the last ten years, particularly in Calhoun county, where the number of trees has more than doubled. Cumberland, Jasper, Richland, Clay, and Marion counties, to- gether with parts of Crawford and Effingham counties, make up the second most important commercial area in the state. Nineteen percent of all shipments made by Illinois growers in 1924-1927 were from those counties. This area was the first important apple-producing center in the state, but the industry here is now distinctly on the decline. The number of trees of bearing age in 1930 was less than 12 percent of the number in 1900. Many early apples are produced in the third area, which includes Union, Johnson, and parts of Jackson and Williamson counties. Car- load shipments from this area made up 13 percent of the state total from 1924 to 1927. The number of trees declined in this area between 140 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, APPLE SHIPMENTS AVERAGE I924-E7 FIG. 21. FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN ILLINOIS The areas of important commercial apple, peach, and vegetable production are shown in the above maps. Tho the heaviest vegetable shipments are from Union and Pulaski counties, vegetables grown for canning are important in east-central and northern Illinois, and for direct consumption near Chicago, St. Louis, and in the extreme southern part of the state. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: FRUITS AND VEGETABLES 141 1900 and 1924 but has increased nearly 30 percent since 1919, the greatest increase occurring in Union and Johnson counties. Peaches The total number of peach trees reported in Illinois in 1930 was 4,027,456, nearly three-fourths of which were trees of bearing age. The number declined more than 50 percent between 1910 and 1920, the greatest decline being in the small farm orchards. From 1920 to 1925 the total number increased from 1,851,037 to 4,139,100 trees. A survey conducted in 1925 indicated that 77 percent of all peach trees in commercial orchards at that time had been set in 1920 or later. From 1925 to 1930 the number of trees declined slightly, and only 25 percent of the trees were of nonbearing age in 1930, compared with 45 percent in 1920. The annual production of peaches in Illinois fluctuates greatly with climatic conditions. During the last ten years it has varied from prac- tically none to 4 million bushels. During the four years 1924-1927 an average of 1,509 carloads of peaches was shipped annually out of peach-producing areas. Shipments varied from 579 carloads in 1925 to 4,636 carloads in 1929. Commercial peach production is limited largely to the two areas shown in Fig. 21. Union county has always been the most important center of peach production in Illinois. Fifty-five percent of the total volume shipped during the four years 1924-1927 was from Union, Johnson, Pulaski, and Jackson counties. The number of trees in this area in 1930 was two and one-half times as large as in 1920. Thirty-eight percent of all carlot shipments of peaches from 1924 to 1927 were from Marion and the adjoining counties. In 1900 there were more peach trees in Marion county than in any other county in the state. The number declined until about 1920, when many new trees were set out. Peach growing in this area is subjected to a greater risk of frost damage than it is in the areas farther south. Crop fail- ures are common. This fact, coupled with low prices for peaches, has resulted in a rapid decline in the number of trees during the last few years. Pears One-third of the pear trees of bearing age in Illinois are in Marion county, and nearly 60 percent of the carlot shipments of pears during the four years 1924-1927 came from there. Pears are produced on farms in all parts of the state but the crop is of commercial im- portance on few farms. The number of trees in the state declined 142 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, rapidly from 1910 to 1920, increased somewhat immediately following the war, and then declined about 30 percent between 1925 and 1930. Plums and Cherries Plums and cherries are produced in all parts of Illinois but are of little commercial importance except in local trade. During the last twenty years the number of cherry trees has declined 70 percent and the number of plum trees 65 percent. Forty-one percent of the farms in the state reported cherry trees of bearing age in 1910 and only 21 percent reported them in 1930. Twenty-seven percent reported plums in 1910 and only 17 percent reported them in 1930. Grapes Grapevines of bearing age numbering 1,750,332, and 168,257 vines not of bearing age, were reported on 57,901 farms in 1930. The com- mercial crop of grapes is grown almost entirely in Hancock county, where an average of over 500 vines per farm was reported on 30 per- cent of the farms in 1930. An average of 17 carloads of grapes was shipped from this county annually during the four years 1924-1927. In 1900 there were over 3 million grapevines of bearing age re- ported in Illinois. At that time there were nearly as many vines in Pulaski county as in Hancock county, but the number declined rapidly from 1900 to 1910. The number of vine? per farm reported outside of Hancock was only 22 in 1930. Small Fruits Strawberries were reported on 7,800 acres in Illinois in 1929, raspberries on 1,508 acres, blackberries on 1,270 acres, and other small fruits on 201 acres. An average of 213 carloads of strawberries was shipped annually out of the counties where produced in 1924-1927. Sixty percent of all carlot shipments was from Union, Pulaski, and Massac counties, 25 percent from Fayette and Marion counties, and 12 percent from Adams county. From 1,000 to more than 3,000 quarts of strawberries were produced per farm in these areas in 1929. Vegetables Production of vegetables, including potatoes, may be divided into two classes: those grown only for home use and those grown for sale. The value of vegetables grown in farm gardens for home use was estimated at more than 7i/2 million dollars or $45 per farm in 1929. More than 14i/ million dollars' worth of vegetables and potatoes were harvested from 170,082 acres, and while this acreage is small compared 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: LIVESTOCK 143 with the total crop acreage, it is important in distinguishing the type of farming in some localities. The distribution of vegetables harvested for sale is shown in Fig. 21. In Cook, Peoria, Madison, and St. Clair counties, vegetables are produced largely for immediate consumption in near-by large popu- lation centers. In Union, Pulaski, and Alexander counties they are grown largely for immediate consumption in distant markets. In Iro- quois, Vermilion, Ford, Wood ford, and Tazewell counties in the cen- tral part of the state, and in Boone and DeKalb counties in the northern part, large acreages of vegetables are produced exclusively for canning purposes. An average of 1,628 carloads of fresh vegetables were shipped annually from Illinois producing areas during the four years 1924- 1927 (Fig. 21). Fifty-five percent of these were from the Union county area. The acreage of vegetables grown for sale was much greater in Cook county and in St. Clair and Madison counties, but most of the production in these counties is absorbed by local demand. Onions, cabbages, and carrots are the only vegetables shipped out of Cook county in appreciable amounts; asparagus is the only important vegetable crop shipped from Madison county; and mixed vegetables and spinach make up most of the shipments from St. Clair county. Sweet corn, green peas, and pumpkins are the principal vegetable crops grown in Illinois for canning purposes. The acreages of these crops are not large enough to affect the prevailing type of farming in the areas where grown, and yet they occupy important positions in the cropping systems on many farms and affect materially the farm income. White potatoes were reported as harvested from 46,721 acres on 128,459 Illinois farms in 1929. Most of this acreage represents pro- duction for home use only, tho some potatoes are grown for sale in the area adjacent to St. Louis and in northern Illinois. Sweet potatoes were reported as harvested from 4,764 acres on 19,341 farms in 1929. Nearly two-thirds of the total acreage was in the extreme southern part of the state, 1,147 acres being reported for Union county alone. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Livestock holds an important place in Illinois agriculture. Feed and pasture crops are grown on more than three-fourths of the farm land in the state and a large part of these crops is fed on the farms 144 BULLETIN No. 403 \_June f where produced or on other farms in the same locality. Sales of live- stock and livestock products make up nearly 60 percent of all agri- cultural sales, and the meat, dairy, and poultry products consumed in the farm home represent an appreciable part of the family living. The value of all livestock on farms on April 1, 1930, was estimated at $290,199,219, or $1,353 per farm. Sales of livestock and livestock products in 1929 amounted to $280,093,841, or $1,306 per farm. Few farms have less than two classes of livestock contributing to the cash income or providing food for the farm family. Livestock is not of the same importance in all parts of the state, nor does each class of livestock fill the same place in the livestock organization in all areas. The differences that exist are due chiefly to local conditions, such as soil type, topography, pasture and crop combinations, and to market influence. A study of the distribution of each class of livestock brings out more clearly the importance of these factors. Work Animals The number of horses and mules on farms in Illinois declined from an average of 1,486,000 during the five years 1911-1915 to an average of 887,000 during the five years 1926-1930. The number of colts born in 1929 was about 60 percent less than the annual average from 1911 to 1915. Horses and mules, however, are still the major source of farm power. On some of the truck farms and on many small farms at the edge of cities and towns, the necessary horse work is hired. Horses and mules are distributed over the entire state, the acres of farm land per horse depending on size of farm, proportion of land cropped, type of farming followed, and use made of motor power. The number of work animals two years old or over that were on farms in 1930 varied in different parts of the state from an average of less than 40 to more than 80 on each 1,000 acres of crop land harvested in 1929 (Fig. 22). The number was lowest in the east-central part of the state, where the acreage per farm is largest, nearly all the land is tillable, the number of tractors is highest, and where a more exten- sive type of farming is practiced. The relative number of work ani- mals is greatest in the southern part of the state, where farms are small, a large proportion of the land is rough, and intensive types of farming are common. Dairy Cattle Dairy cattle are the most common class of productive livestock, excepting poultry, kept on Illinois farms. Cows are kept mainly for 19341 TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: LIVESTOCK 145 0-999 E%] 000-3999 4000-7999 ^8000-12999 FIG. 22. DISTRIBUTION OF WORK ANIMALS, DAIRY Cows, AND MILK AND CREAM SOLD The number of horses two years old and older per 1,000 acres of crop land harvested in 1929 and the number of dairy cows in Illinois in 1930 are shown in the two upper maps. Gallons of whole milk and pounds of cream sold per 1,000 acres of crop and pasture land are shown in the two lower maps. 146 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, milk on more than 90 percent of all farms. The number of cows per farm, however, and the form and the quantities of dairy products sold vary greatly. On some farms dairy cows are kept only to supply milk, cream, and butter for the farm family. On many the dairy enterprise is relatively small but sales of dairy products, principally cream or butter, make up an appreciable part of the total farm in- come. In some parts of the state, and on a few farms in nearly all parts, dairying is a major enterprise and is the principal source of in- come. Whole milk usually is sold from these farms, either for daily consumption or to condenseries or cheese factories. The number of milk cows in the state has changed little during the past thirty years. There were 921,107 cows over two years of age and 166,385 two-year old heifers kept mainly for milk on April 1, 1930 (Fig. 22). More than three- fourths of the milk produced in the state is sold as whole milk or is separated and the cream sold as butterfat (Fig. 22). Less than 5 percent is sold as butter or sweet cream. Farms on which whole milk is sold are found near all cities. Cream is sold in varying quantities in all parts of the state. Sales of cream are of greatest importance in proportion to the total farm income in the southern part of the state, altho the greatest amounts are sold in the south-central and western parts. Sales of dairy products, generally, are lowest in east-central Illinois. Beef Cattle The beef-cattle enterprise is found in several different forms in Illinois, all of which must be considered in studying the distribution and importance of the industry. Beef cattle are most important in the area west of the Illinois river and extending north to the Wisconsin line. Topography in this region is such that a considerable part of the land can be used only for pasture. Most of the soils produce good yields if properly handled, but pasture and hay are usually necessary to maintain yields. The number of all cattle other than milk cows in Illinois declined from about 2 million head in 1900 to 1.5 million in 1910, then increased to over 1.7 million in 1920, and has since declined to about 1.3 million. All classes of beef cattle have declined in numbers but the greatest decline has been in beef cow herds. The type of feeding cattle has also changed, the number of yearling calves fattened for market being much greater now than in 1900. Beef breeding herds are most com- mon in the area west and north of the Illinois river and east of the river in the south-central part of the state (Fig. 23). Beef breeding 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: LIVESTOCK 147 FIG. 23. DISTRIBUTION OF BEEF Cows, FEEDER CATTLE, HOGS, AND SHEEP The distribution of beef cows two years old and over and of cattle shipped in for feeding purposes is shown in the upper two maps. The distribution of hogs and sheep in Illinois in 1930 is shown in the lower maps. 148 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, herds are usually found on farms with a large proportion of untillable land or land which, for other reasons, must be left in pasture or hay. A type of beef -cattle enterprise in which calves or steers are pur- chased, either locally or from distant markets, is most common thru the area extending from McDonough county to Henry and Bureau counties and up into DeKalb county. Some cattle feeding is scattered over all the heavy corn-producing areas of the state. Feeder cattle may be calves or heavy steers, and they may be fed only a short time or for a long period. Usually this type of cattle is found on farms where nearly all the land is in crops, but pasture may be utilized in carrying light feeders thru the summer and fall. The number of cars of cattle shipped into the different areas of the state in 1922 is shown in Fig. 23. Tho prepared from old data, this map indicates the chief cattle- feeding areas at present, as they have changed little since 1922. Hogs Sales of hogs made up over 40 percent of the cash income from livestock during the five years 1924-1928, and from this standpoint hogs are the most important class of livestock on Illinois farms. They are not found on as many farms as are dairy cattle, but they are a major enterprise and an important source of income on a much larger proportion of the farms. They are important only in areas where rela- tively large quantities of concentrated feeds, particularly corn, are raised. A supplementary relationship often exists between the hog enterprise and other classes of livestock. In the northwest part of the state, where large quantities of cream are sold, the skim milk is fed to hogs. On farms where beef cattle are fed, hogs salvage feed which otherwise would be wasted. The number of hogs has varied from year to year with changes in the relative price of corn, hogs, and beef cattle. From 1910 to 1923 there was a general tendency to increase hog production, but a general decline in numbers has taken place since that time. Pigs usually are raised and finished for market on the same farm, altho some feeder pigs, amounting to about one percent of the total number marketed, are shipped in. Brood sows bred to farrow in the spring of 1930 were reported on the majority of farms (Fig. 23). In McDonough county and in several counties farther north hogs were reported on 70 to 80 percent of the farms in 1930, and 8 to 12 sows were reported as farrowing in the spring on each farm. From Mc- Donough county south to Pike county and extending east to Sangamon county, an average of 6 or 7 brood sows bred to farrow in the spring of 1930 was reported on 60 to 70 percent of the farms. The number 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: LIVESTOCK 149 of sows bred to farrow in the spring does not indicate accurately the relative number of pigs raised in these two areas, however, since the proportion of farms on which two litters of pigs are raised each year is greater in the southern area than farther north. Sows were reported on 60 to 70 percent of the farms in east-central Illinois in 1930, but the average number per farm was less than 5 in most counties. In the southern part of the state an average of less than 2 sows was reported on about one-third of the farms in most counties ; in a few counties where corn is an important crop sows were reported on more than half the farms. Sheep Sheep are not an important class of livestock in Illinois. During the five years 1924-1928 the sales of sheep, lambs, and wool made up less than 2 percent of the sales of all livestock and livestock products. Sheep were reported on only IS percent of the farms in 1930, and on those farms there was an average of only 16 ewes per farm. On some farms sheep are an important source of income ; on others they are important chiefly as a means of marketing low-grade roughages and other unsalable feeds. In general the raising of sheep is most important in areas where there is a high percentage of untillable land and other low-grade pas- ture land and where the production of concentrated feeds in proportion to pasture crops is not great enough to feed beef cattle (Fig. 23). The feeding of lambs is important on a few farms thruout the heavy corn- and oat-producing areas. During the six years 1925-1930 the shipments of sheep and lambs into the state were equal to 36 per- cent of the stockyard receipts from Illinois. Most of these sheep and lambs were fed at a few large feeding stations in DeKalb and Kane counties. From ten to thirty thousand or more lambs are finished for market at some of these stations annually. Poultry Production of poultry and eggs is an important farm enterprise, whether considered from the standpoint of income or from number of farms on which produced. Chickens over three months of age were reported on nearly 95 percent of all farms in the state in 1930. During the five years 1924-1928 the sales of poultry and eggs made up 16 per- cent of the sales of all livestock and livestock products. In addition about one- fourth of the eggs produced and a large number of the chickens raised were consumed on the farms. During the past twenty 150 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, years the number of chickens raised annually has increased nearly 25 percent and the number of eggs has increased 45 percent. Poultry is most important in the south-central part of the state, where an average of more than a thousand hens is kept on each thousand acres of crop and pasture land (Fig. 24). There were more than 200 hens in 23 percent of the flocks in this area on April 1, 1930, EGGS SOLD 1939 <= 10.000 CHICKENSCss-? FIG. 24. DISTRIBUTION OF CHICKENS AND OF EGGS SOLD Altho chickens are found on practically every Illinois farm, they make up a larger proportion of the farm income in the southern fourth of the state. Farm sales of eggs in 1929 per 1,000 acres of crop and pasture land are shown on the map at the right. and in only 38 percent were there less than 100 hens. In the central and northern parts of the state poultry is a minor enterprise on most farms, eggs and chickens being produced primarily for consumption on the farms where produced. Fifty percent of the flocks in Illinois had less than 100 hens on April 1, 1930, and on only 11 percent of the farms were there more than 200 hens. The importance of the poultry enterprise in southern Illinois is even greater when the income from sales of poultry and eggs is con- sidered in relation to the total farm income (Fig. 24). Sales of poultry and eggs per farm are not only much larger in southern than in central 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: COMBINATIONS 151 and northern Illinois but they make up 25 percent or more of the total sales from the farm, compared with less than 10 percent in the central and northern parts of the state. Other Livestock The raising of turkeys, geese, ducks, and goats are minor farm enterprises in Illinois. Turkeys were reported on only 3 percent of the farms in 1930, geese on 14 percent, and ducks on 19 percent. On a few specialized farms these kinds of poultry are important, but in most cases they are found on large farms and contribute only a small part of the total farm income. Goats are found on a few farms. On some farms they are kept in order to utilize brush land which can be used for no other purpose, and on others, particularly on small farms near cities, they are used for milk production. Bees Bees were reported on 12 percent of the farms in Illinois in 1930. These farms were widely distributed over the entire state. An average of 165 pounds of honey, valued at about $25, was produced per farm. CROP AND LIVESTOCK COMBINATIONS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF ILLINOIS The distribution of the various crops and classes of livestock over the state and the relative importance of each in different parts of the state have been shown in the preceding discussion and charts. The next step in determining the principal types of farming and in delineating the areas in which the various types predominate is to ob- serve how these crops and classes of livestock are combined in the productive organization of farms in different parts of the state. The best means of ascertaining in a general way how crops are combined on farms in different parts of the state is to note the distribution of the crop and pasture areas. The relative importance of the various classes of livestock in the different areas is indicated by the number of each class in relation to the extent of the crop and pasture acreages. These relationships are shown in Fig. 25 by counties. In Fig. 25 winter wheat and rye are shown together as fall grain. Oats, barley, spring wheat, and mixed grains are included as spring grain. Fruits, vegetables, soybeans, broomcorn, etc., are classed as "other crops." Land on which the planted crop failed, or which was idle for other reasons in 1929, is also shown in order to account for 152 BULLETIN No. 403 {.June,. PERCENT OF CROP AND PASTURE LAND NUMBER PER 1.000 ACRES CROP AND PASTURE AREA COUNTY ORN FALL .MAIM jPRINC, ;RAIN HAY 3THER I* ir, *STURE yy DAIRY COWS BEEF COWS STEERS BROOD sows EWES CHICK- ENS 1 COOK LAKE MC MENRY DU PAGE KANE BOONE fV 1 asp mm''- mm mm mm mm mf* m i i m ~ f * mm m m XJOO IJO 10 ' 1 JO 40 tO I K 40 1 E- 2 VINNOMO STEPHENSON JO DAVIESS CARROLL OGLE ROCK ISLAND WHITESIDE LEE mm rm tmmm mm ma* mmm mm mm i mm mm mm mm m mmm i 1 mmmm mmm m mmmm mm m I i mma mmmm mmm mmm 3 DC KALB PUTNAM MARSHALL BUREAU HENRY MERCER HI '.!'! R30N WARREN KNOX STARK PEORIA MC DONOUGI HANCOCK FULTON mm mm mm mm mm I mm i i i 1 I i mmm* mm mm mm mm* mm i 1 1 ma mmm mm mm mm mmm mm mm mmm mm m mm mm mm mmm mrm mm 43 WILL KENDALL LA SALLE GRUNOY KANHAKEE IROOUOIS FORD LIVINGSTON WOODFORD MC LEAN DEWITT PIATT CHAMPAIGN VERMILION DOUGLAS MOULTRIE COLES EDGAR mm mmm mm mm* mm mmm, mmm mmm mmmm mmm mm mmmm mmm mmmm mmm mm i i i i mrm mmm mmm mmmm mmm mmm mt mm m | i i i i i i i i i I 1 m 1 1 mm I 1 1 1 mm 1 1 1 mm mm mm m m m 1 1 1 mmm mm mm* mm mmm mm mmm mmm mm mm mt *mm mm mm mm mm mm 4b MACON TAZEWELL MENARD LOGAN MASON CASS SANGAMON mmm mi mm mm mm mm mmm mm M m i i i i i l 1 i i I 1 m mm mmm 1 mm mt mm mm 5 ADAMS SCHUYLER BROWN PIKE MORGAN SCOTT GREENE SHELBY CHRISTIAN MACOUPIN JERSEY CALHOUN mm 1 1 i i i i i l i i i l i i l mmm mmm mmmmm mmm mmm mmm mmm mm mmm mmm mmm i i i 1 mm mm mmm mmm mm mm mmmmm mm mm m mm mmm 1 mom 1 mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mmm mm mm mm mmmm 6 MONTGOMERY EFFINGHAM FAYETTE BOND CLINTON MADISON ST CLAIR WASHINGTON RANDOLPH MONROE 1 1 1 1 ; i i i i i i l mm mm mmm mmmm mm mm i 1 | 1 1 1 1 mm mmm 1 1 mmm mmmm mmm, mmmmm mmmm mmm mmt 73 CUMBERLAND CLARK CRAWFORD JASPER : i r 1 mmm mmmm mmm mm 1 1 1 1 ma mmmm mmm mmm mmm 7b CLAY MARION RICHLAND WAYNE i i I i mm mm mm mm m , 1 mm mm mm wmm mmm mmmm mmmm mmmm 7C JEFFERSON PERRY FRANKLIN WILLIAMSON HAMILTON ' i : I . mm mm mm mm I t i mmm mmm' mmm ! flA'AMIV, LAWRENCE WABASH WHITE GALLATIN SALINE 1 1 1 i i i i 1 mmm mm mm ^i mmm m\^ mmm 1 I I I 1 mmm i 1 mmmm mm mm mmm mm 9 JACKSON UNION PULASKI JOHNSON MASSAC ALEXANDER HARDIN POPE f 1 i r I I 1 \ 1 1 1 l i i FIG. 25. CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN ILLINOIS BY COUNTIES The crop and pasture land data are for 1929; livestock numbers are for 1930. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: DEVELOPMENT 153 the entire crop and pasture area. The relative importance of each class of livestock is indicated by the number of mature animals. Corn, it will be noted, is grown on as large a part of the tillable land as is possible in nearly all parts of the state. Soil fertility definitely limits the acreage that can be grown and yields maintained. Available labor and equipment, the need for small grain and hay crops, and other fac- tors further limit the amount of corn that can profitably be included in a rotation. Where the acreage of wheat is greatest, the acreages of both corn and oats tend to be reduced. Since wheat does not follow corn well in the rotation unless the corn is cut for silage or fodder, a longer rotation that will give place to both oats and wheat is necessary, tho it reduces the acreage of corn that can be grown. In counties where the corn acreage is greatest, the amount of hay and pasture in the rotation and the numbers of livestock kept are lowest. Where the acreages of hay and pasture are largest, dairy cattle, beef cows, and sheep are found. In many counties where a rela- tively large amount of the land can be used only for pasture, the acre- ages both of corn and of hay and pasture are high and the feeding of steers and hogs are important enterprises. Hogs are not fed in large numbers in counties where the corn acreage is small. Neither are hogs always found where corn acreage is high, but they are almost always found in the less intensive dairy areas and where beef cattle, either steers or cow herds, occupy an important place. Poultry is produced over the entire state but is found in largest numbers where acreages of grain crops and numbers of other livestock are low. In such areas some enterprise such as poultry is necessary in order to absorb available labor and to increase the total farm income. DOMINANT TYPES OF FARMING IN DIFFERENT AREAS AND CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTING TO THEIR DEVELOPMENT In further analyzing the foregoing facts concerning crop and live- stock combinations in different parts of Illinois, we find that the state may be divided into nine major areas according to type of farming pursued (see frontispiece). These areas are drawn, it will be noted, without reference to county lines, having been determined by data, such as that concerning soil characteristics, which does not follow county lines and by other data available on a township basis. Infor- mation obtained from farmers living in the different areas and from 154 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, others intimately acquainted with a particular locality has also been used in delineating the areas. Areas 4 and 7 include some minor areas that have markedly different types of production from the prevailing type in the major areas. The general position of each area and the dominant type of farm- ing 1 in each are as follows: 1. Northeastern, Dairy and truck area 2. Northwestern, Mixed livestock area 3. Western, Livestock and grain area 4. East-central, Cash grain area (a) Corn and oats (b) Corn and wheat 5. West-central, General farming area 6. Southwestern, Wheat, dairy, and poultry area 7. South-central, Mixed-farming area (a) General farming (b) Redtop, fruit, and poultry (c) General and part-time farming 8. Southeast, Grain and livestock area 9. Southern, Fruit and vegetable area The marked differences that exist in the types of farming found in these different areas is indicated by the relative amounts of income re- ceived from different sources (Fig. 26 and Appendix Tables 12 and 13). The average income per farm, including the value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator's family, varied in 1929 from $842 in Area 7c to $3,321 in Area 4a. Crop sales varied from 58.3 percent of the total income in Area 4a to 11.6 percent in Area 7c. Sales of livestock made up 52.5 percent in Area 3 and 17.3 percent in Area 6. Sales of livestock products, including dairy products, poultry, eggs, and wool, equaled 51.1 percent of the total income in Area 1 but only 13.5 percent in Area 4a. Sales of forest products made up less than one percent of the total income in all areas except Areas 7c and 9, which are in the southern part of the state. The value of farm products used by the operator's family made up less than 10 percent of the total income in the northern half of the state but constituted nearly 20 percent of the total income in most of southern Illinois and as much as 29.7 percent in Area 7c in southern Illinois. 'Nine types of farms recognized by the U. S. Census of 1930 are important in Illinois on the basis of source of income in 1929, namely: cash-grain, animal- specialty, dairy, general, self-sufficing, poultry, crop-specialty, fruit, and truck. Another group included abnormal farms such as those connected with public institutions, country estates, and part-time farms. For a farm to be classed in a given group it was necessary that it should derive 40 percent or more of the total value of all products grown from the source indicated by the description. When 50 percent or more of the total value of all products was used by the operator's family, the farm was classed as a self-sufficing farm. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: DEVELOPMENT 155 While a dominant type of farm can be recognized in each area, practically all farms in Illinois receive income from more than one source and there are a good many farms in each area that are not of the dominant type. Distribution of farms by type is shown in Figs. 27 and 28. (See also Appendix Tables 14 and 15.) ^LIVESTOCK IVESTOCK PRODUCTS USED BY OPERATOR'S FAMILY FIG. 26. DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME BY FARMING-TYPE AREAS, 1929 The bars indicate the sources of income in the various farming-type areas and the relative amounts received from each source. It can be seen from these figures that livestock farms, which are typical of western Illinois, are found in the grain farming area in eastern Illinois, and that other variations occur in other areas. This does not mean that the off-type farms are not organized to the^ best advantage ; it may mean that their soil and topography are more like 156 BULLETIN No. 403 CASH GRAIN FARMS 1939 25 FARMS FIG. 27. DISTRIBUTION OF CASH GRAIN, LIVESTOCK, DAIRY, AND GENERAL FARMS On cash grain farms more than 40 percent of the gross income comes from the sale of grain crops; on livestock farms, more than 40 percent comes from the sale of beef cattle, hogs, and sheep; on dairy farms, more than 40 percent comes from the sale of dairy products and dairy cows and calves; and on general farms, not as much as 40 percent comes from any one source nor more than 40 percent from two main sources. 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: DEVELOPMENT 157 SELF- FIG. 28. DISTRIBUTION OF SELF-SUFFICING, POULTRY, CROP SPECIALTY, AND FRUIT AND TRUCK FARMS On self-sufficing farms 50 percent or more of the products are used by the operator's family ; on poultry farms more than 40 percent of the income is from sale of poultry and eggs; on crop specialty farms more than 40 percent is from a single crop; while fruit and truck farms receive more than 40 percent of their income from the sale of fruit and truck crops. 158 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, those of western Illinois or it may mean that the operator prefers, for personal reasons, the organization he has chosen. In general, however, the dominant type of farming in an area represents the conclusions of the greatest number of farmers as to the type of production that is best adapted to the area. Area 1, Northeastern, Dairy and Truck Types of Farms. Two types of farms, dairy and truck, predomi- nate in Area 1 in the northeastern part of Illinois, 53 percent of the farms being classed as dairy farms in 1929 and 12 percent as truck farms. Only 8 percent were classed as general farms, 7 percent as livestock farms, and 5 percent as poultry farms. FIG. 29. MODERN BUILDINGS ON A WELL-ORGANIZED DAIRY FARM Large, well-equipped dairy barns and silos are characteristic of a large proportion of the farms in Area 1. Approximately 51 percent of the gross farm income 1 in this area in 1929 was from sales of livestock products; 24 percent from sales of livestock including dairy animals ; 18 percent from sales of crops, with 60 percent of the crop sales made up of sales of vegetables. Produce used by the operator's family accounted for the remaining 7.5 percent. The capital investment per farm is larger in Area 1 than in most parts of the state because the types of production are more inten- sive; the amount of labor used is greater; and the gross farm income is higher than in any other section except the grain farming area (Fig. 30). *U. S. Bureau of Census. In the following discussion "gross farm income" will be used to include the value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator's family. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 1 159 Crops Grown. Since a large part of the crops of an area are usually fed to livestock, their relative importance is not reflected in a general statement of sources of farm income. It is therefore necessary to give them special mention. VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS PER FARM 1930 GROSS INCOME PER 1929 E^2* 2,000-; 181 J2.500-2.999 $3,000-3,499 B88I 1^500-3999 $4,000 OR MORE FIG. 30. VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS AND GROSS INCOME PER FARM Land values are influenced by location in respect to urban centers and by productivity of the soil. The average gross income per farm in 1929 varied from less than $1,000 in several southern Illinois counties having a large num- ber of self-sufficing farms to more than $4,000 in several central Illinois counties having large average-sized farms and highly productive soils. Corn was reported grown on 87 percent of all farms in Area 1 outside of Cook county in 1929, oats on 76 percent, and barley on 63 percent. Timothy and mixed hay made up 64 percent of the total acreage of hay; alfalfa made up 14 percent; and clover grown alone, 15 percent. Vegetables harvested for sale made up only 2.2 percent of the crop and pasture land, but in Cook county 41 percent of the farms were classed as truck farms. Feed crops, including corn, oats, barley, and hay and pasture, oc- cupied 89 percent of the crop and pasture land in 1929 (Fig. 31). The yields of corn are not high when compared with those in some other parts of the state. Nearly 30 percent of the corn crop was cut for silage in 1929 and 13 percent for fodder, which percentages are more 160 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, than twice those in any other farming-type area. This method of harvesting makes it possible to utilize corn which otherwise might be damaged by frost and provides the maximum amount of feed for dairy cattle. The acreage of oats was greatest in this area in about 1900. The acreage of corn continued to increase until about 1920. The acreage of barley was nearly five times as great in 1929 as in 1909. The de- PERCENT OF CROP AND PASTURE LAND THEI ROP PASTURE 20| 10 20 3O4O| NUMBER PER 1000 ACRES CROP AND PASTURE LAND CHICK- FIG. 31. CROP AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN ILLINOIS BY TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS Fall grain includes winter wheat and rye; spring grain includes oats, spring wheat, barley, and mixed grain. Brood sows include brood sows and gilts farrowing January 1 to June 1, 1930; chickens, those over 3 months. The crop data are for 1929; livestock numbers are for 1930. crease in acreage of hay and pasture was due in part to the greater use of legume crops. The use of alfalfa and sweet clover for hay and pasture has reduced the acreage necessary to produce the required amounts of roughage and has made it possible to produce more grain crops without lowering crop yields. Cash crops other than truck crops have never been important in this area except during the World War period, when wheat was grown on 10 percent of the farm land. The danger of winterkilling makes winter wheat a doubtful crop. Factors Influencing Type of Development. The urban population of over 4 million people in Area 1 provides a market for large quan- tities of whole milk and fresh vegetables. The consumption of whole milk in Chicago alone was 122,929,810 gallons in 1930. Soil and climatic conditions are especially favorable for the production of feed 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 1 161 crops for dairy cows. With proper care, the soils of this area produce good grain crops, but a relatively large proportion of hay and pasture in the cropping scheme is necessary to maintain grain yields. Alfalfa can be grown on some of the soils without the addition of limestone. Size and Number of Farms. During the past thirty years the amount of farm land in this area has decreased 23 percent and the number of farms 26 percent. Most of this decrease in farm land has FIG. 32. DISTRIBUTION OF FARMS IN ILLINOIS BY SIZE ACCORDING TO TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS been due to the growth of cities, to the building of new roads, and to the use of land for parks and other recreational purposes. The largest decrease in number of farms was among farms of 20 to 100 acres. Farms of 100 to 174 acres are most common, as is true of the state generally, but the number below 20 acres is much greater in Area 1 than in other areas (Fig. 32). Approximately 30 percent of all farms include less than 50 acres. The trend toward larger farms is less pronounced in this area than in most other parts of the state. Farm Tenure. Tenants operated 42 percent of the farms in Area 1, nearly three- fourths of which were rented on a cash basis in 1929 (Appendix Table 17). Cash tenancy is common on the dairy farms and truck farms, where labor makes up a large part of the expense of operation. Local Changes in Type of Farming. With changes in the demand for whole milk, in prices for it, and in the amount available, the limits of Area 1 have gradually shifted. The area from which whole milk is drawn for use in Chicago and its suburbs has tended, during the past few years, to become more and more restricted. In 1930, 57.3 percent of the milk used in Chicago was produced in Illinois, 30 per- 162 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, cent in Wisconsin, and 12.7 in Indiana. 1 High prices, improved trans- portation facilities, and the loss of many cattle condemned as tuber- cular extended the whole-milk area westward into the cheese and con- densary area of northwestern Illinois and northward into Wisconsin during the middle of the last decade. Lower prices, the rebuilding of herds following the test, and a more regulated milk supply have since tended to restrict the area. Dairy Farms. Dairy farms in Area 1 represent the most intensive type of dairying found in Illinois. These farms, averaging 141 acres in size, returned an average gross income of $3,939 in 1929, about two- TABLE 1. AREA 1: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Item Dairy farms Truck farms Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area Average size of farms, acres, 1929 53.3 141 1 12.3 30 8 Crop land, acres 92.8 23.4 Pasture, acres 27.5 2.2 Value of land and building per farm, 1930 $24 464 $25 971 Value of land per acre 123 759 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $ 3 939 $ 2 862 Value of crops sold or traded 181 2 602 Value of livestock sold or traded 607 23 Value of livestock products sold or traded 2 860 80 Value of forest products sold or traded 4 Value of products used by operator's family 287 157 'Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. Only the counties located entirely in the area were used in calculating the data for the area. This is true also of Tables 2-9, 10, 12, 18 ; see page 227. thirds of which was from dairy products (Table 1). An average of 17 to 18 cows were milked per farm, these cows producing an average of about 35 gallons of milk per farm per day, 96 percent of which was sold as whole milk. An average of 4.5 head of work stock was reported on 91 percent of these farms in 1930; 37 percent reported an average of 4.5 brood sows ; and beef cows were reported on less than 2 percent of the farms. The cropping system is designed to produce a maximum amount of grain and roughage for dairy cattle, but on many farms large quan- ties of mill feeds and some grain are purchased. An average of $423 was reported spent for feed on 83 percent of these farms in 1929. 'Annual Report, Department of Health, City of Chicago, 1930. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 2 163 Eighteen percent of the farms reported the purchase of $100 worth of fertilizer in 1929, much of which was ground limestone. Nearly 70 percent reported an average of $547^pent for labor. Truck Farms. Truck farms represent the most intensive type of farming in Illinois. They are found close to the population centers and the investment in land is usually high. Most of the truck farms in Area 1 are in Cook county, and in 1929 averaged 31 acres in size with 23 acres devoted to crops (Table 1). The land was valued at an average of $759 an acre, or $23,404 a farm. The average gross income was $2,862, 91 percent of which was from crop sales. Only crops of high value per acre are grown on these farms, and large quantities of labor and fertilizer are required. About three- fourths of the farms reported in 1929 an average of $748 spent for hired labor and $193 for fertilizer, consisting more largely of mixed fertilizer than on dairy farms. Practically no livestock other than one or two head of work stock is kept on these farms, altho a cow and chickens are found on some. Forty-one percent of the farms were operated by tenants in 1929; of these tenant farms 97 percent were rented on a cash basis. Area 2, Northwestern, Mixed Livestock Types of Farms. Farming in Area 2 in northwestern Illinois is best described as a mixed livestock type, with dairy cattle, beef cattle, hogs, and sheep as important sources of income. Fortnight percent of the gross farm income of the area in 1929 was from sales of livestock and 28 percent was from livestock products. Thirty-eight percent of the farms were classed as livestock farms, on which beef cattle, hogs, or sheep were the major sources of income. Dairy cattle provided most of the income on 22 percent. The relative importance of these different classes of livestock varies widely from farm to farm. Hogs are important on both dairy and beef-cattle farms in this area. On the dairy farms they utilize large quantities of skim milk or whey. On the beef-cattle farms they save much of the grain fed to steers that otherwise would be wasted. On farms where most of the land is tillable, hogs are often the only important class of livestock. Twenty-two percent of the farms in this area were classed in 1929 as general farms, the income from no one source amounting to more than 40 percent of the total income. Cash grain farming is found in the bottom lands of the Rock and Green rivers in Whiteside and Lee counties. Outside this small locality 164 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, sales of grains' amounted to only 15 percent of the gross income in 1929, tho some grain crops are sold on about 90 percent of the farms. Land values per acre are much lower in Area 2 than in Area 1, and with less dairying the value of improvements is less. Crops Grown. Corn is commonly grown on about one-third of the tillable land in Area 2, spring grains on one-fourth of the area, and hay or pasture on most of the remainder (Fig. 31, page 160). FIG. 33. LEGUME PASTURE PROVIDES ECONOMICAL FEED FOR HOGS Pasturing hogs on rotated legume pasture is becoming a common practice thruout Illinois. It is a means of securing cheap feed and of controlling dis- ease. Winter wheat was grown on a few farms in 1929, but the danger of winterkilling and the importance of livestock production leads to the raising of feed crops on most of the land. Winter wheat is im- portant chiefly in the southern part of the area, where cash grain farm- ing is more common and where the sandy type of soil lessens the danger of winterkilling. Some spring wheat is grown, but yields are not large enough to make this grain a highly profitable crop. Factors Influencing Type of Development. The proportion of un- tillable land in this area is relatively high. In some localities as much as 50 percent of the farm land cannot be cultivated. The soils are not naturally so productive as in some parts of the state but they are well drained and, when properly handled, produce good yields. The necessity of producing a relatively high proportion of grass crops has led to the development of a type of livestock farming in which large amounts of pasture and roughage can be utilized. The 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 2 165 choice between classes of livestock is dependent on the market for dairy products and on the proportion and quality of tillable land on the individual farm. In this area the operator may permit his personal likes and dislikes to play a more important part in choice of type of farming than in most areas of the state. A market for large quantities of whole milk and cream has been created by the condenseries, cheese factories, and creameries in this area, particularly in the northern part. During the middle of the last decade, the shortage of milk in the Chicago area, as explained in the discussion of Area 1, diverted a large amount of whole milk from the condenseries and cheese factories and caused a considerable increase in dairying in Area 2. The rebuilding of herds in the Chicago area, the lower prices paid for milk, and the transportation costs, however, have now practically closed the Chicago market to producers in Area 2. Low transportation costs are an important factor in the production of dairy products for condenseries and cheese factories. In localities where dairy markets are not readily available, meat animals become of more importance. They also become of more importance on many farms where the kind of feed produced is not suitable for dairy cattle. On farms that are more nearly all tillable and highly productive, more grain and less hay and pasture is produced ; hence the crops grown are especially adapted to beef-cattle feeding and hog production. Size and Number of Farms. The amount of land in farms in Area 2 has declined about 4 percent in the past thirty years, and the number of farms 10 percent. The proportion of small farms has tended to decline during the past thirty years and is now less than in Area 1. In proportion to the total number of farms, the number hav- ing 100 to 174 acres has increased 10 percent and the number having 175 to 259 acres 20 percent since 1900 (Fig. 32). Farm Tenure. The proportion of rented farms in Area 2 is 45.4 percent, and 44.1 percent of these are rented on a cash basis. This is more cash tenancy than is found in any other part of the state except Area 1. During the last twenty years the proportion of tenancy in this area has increased 15 percent, but the amount of cash tenancy has decreased nearly 25 percent. Livestock Farms. Except for the small group of cash grain farms, the livestock farms in Area 2 are larger, on the average, than any other type, averaging 184 acres in 1929 (Table 2). The gross income was 30 percent higher than from the cash grain farms, which stood second in amount of income. The average value of the land per farm was $19,088 ; and the average gross income was $3,769 per farm. 166 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, TABLE 2. AREA 2: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Item Livestock farms Dairy farms General farms Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area Average size of farm, acres, 1929 38.4 183.7 21.7 145.2 21.9 129.6 Crop land, acres 107.9 82.4 77.9 Pasture, acres 39.1 40.0 30.5 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 .... Value of land per acre $19 088 71 $16 004 72 $13 938 73 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $ 3 769 $ 2 899 $ 2 063 Value of crops sold or traded 256 177 384 Value of livestock sold or traded 2 540 928 656 Value of livestock products sold or traded. . . . Value of forest products sold or traded 667 8 1 522 5 714 8 Value of products used by operator's family. . 298 267 301 Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. Sales of livestock made up about two-thirds of the gross income on these farms. Hogs were the most common class of livestock, an average of 11.3 sows and gilts kept to farrow in the spring being re- ported on 90 percent of these farms in 1930. Beef cows and heifers to the extent of 11.9 head per farm were reported on 18.5 percent of the farms ; 16.7 head of "other cattle," which grouping includes steers and calves, were reported on 95.1 percent of the farms. No data are available on the number of livestock farms on which sheep were im- portant, but an average of 29 sheep and lambs were reported on 23.2 percent of all farms in the area. Milk cows were found on 87 percent of the livestock farms, an average of 8 cows being reported per farm. On many farms these milk cows were kept only to supply the opera- tor's family with dairy products, but on many other farms the sale of dairy products was an important source of income. Purchased feed and hired labor are important items of expense on the livestock farms of this area. An average of $412 was spent for feed on 74 percent of the farms, and $366 was paid for hired labor on 65 percent. Farms of 100 to 174 acres were most common; 42.6 percent were larger than this and only 17.2 percent were smaller. Forty-three per- cent of the farms were rented by the operator in 1929, and 41.2 per- cent of these were leased on a cash basis. General Farms. The sale of livestock products and livestock in 1929 made up about two-thirds of the gross income on general farms 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 2 167 in Area 2. The value of the products sold, traded, or used by the operator's family averaged $2,063 per farm. The farms averaged 130 acres in size, with 78 acres in crops and 30 acres in pasture. Thirty- seven percent were less than 100 acres in size, 41 percent varied from 100 to 174 acres, and 22 percent were more than 174 acres. FIG. 34. SMALL FLOCKS OF SHEEP ARE KEPT ON MANY ILLINOIS FARMS Sheep are of more importance in western Illinois than in other areas. Except on a few farms where western lambs are fed, sheep are kept chiefly to utilize waste feeds and to destroy weeds. Dairy cattle were the most common class of livestock on the gen- eral farms, an average of 7.5 cows being reported on 92.3 percent of the farms. Hogs were reported on 72.6 percent, with an average of 6.6 brood sows kept to farrow in the spring of 1930. The sale of cream is important on many of these farms and the skim milk is fed to the hogs. Beef cows were reported on only 5.2 percent of the farms in 1930. Dairy Farms. The organization of the dairy farms in this area is most clearly shown by comparison, not only with other farms in the same area, but with the dairy farms in Area 1. They are very different from those in Area 1 because an entirely different market exists for dairy products. While 80 percent of the milk produced in Area 2 is sold as whole milk, most of it goes to cheese factories and condenseries at a much lower price than is received in Area 1. The farms in Area 2 are slightly larger than in Area 1, but the gross income per farm in 1929 was 26 percent less, and a much smaller part of the total was from the sale of dairy products. 168 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, The dairy farms in Area 2 averaged 145 acres in size in 1929, which was 20 percent smaller than the livestock farms, and among the dairy farms the proportion having less than 100 acres was much greater. The land was valued at $72 an acre, or $10,390 a farm. Buildings were valued at $5,614, which was nearly 10 percent lower than buildings on the livestock farms, the lower valuation being due to the smaller size of the dairy farms ; and they were 20 percent lower than those on the dairy farms in Area 1 owing to the use of less in- tensive farming methods in Area 2. The average income on these farms was $2,899 in 1929, compared with incomes of $3,769 on the livestock farms in the same area and $3,939 on the dairy farms in Area 1. The sale of livestock products made up only 52.5 percent of the total income on these farms and live- stock sales 32.0 percent, compared with 72.6 percent and 15.4 percent respectively from these sources on the dairy farms in Area 1. An average of only 12 cows per farm was reported for these dairy farms in 1930, compared with 17 cows in Area 1. Other livestock is of greater importance than in Area 1. An average of 7.7 brood sows and gilts kept to farrow in the spring of 1930 was reported on nearly 80 percent of the farms. Beef cows are found on some farms, often being milked as well as used for the production of calves ; and sheep are quite common. Feed was purchased on three-fourths of these farms in 1929 but the amount purchased per farm averaged only $235, or 55.5 percent as much as was purchased on the dairy farms in Area 1. Labor was reported hired on 55 percent of the farms, an average of $307 being paid per farm for labor. Area 3, Western, Livestock and Grain Types of Farms. Beef cattle and hogs are the most important sources of income in Area 3, with sales of grain second in importance. Sales of livestock made up 52.5 percent and crop sales 25.2 percent of the gross farm income of the area in 1929. The sale of meat animals made up 40 percent or more of the total income on 44.5 percent of the farms, and grain sales were equally important on 25.8 percent. Many forms and combinations of the beef-cattle and hog enter- prises are found in the area. On farms where considerable land must be left in pasture, beef cow herds are common, altho steers are also fed on pasture. Hogs are the most common class of meat animal, being fed in combination with steers or by themselves. Eighteen percent of the farms were classed as general farms in 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 3 169 1929, but on these the sale of livestock and grain made up over half the total income. Livestock, grain, and general farms, which constitute over 88 percent of all farms in Area 3, are intermingled over the entire area, their location depending largely upon soil conditions. Together they occupy 92 percent of the total land area. Dairying was the principal enterprise on 4 percent of the farms in the area in 1929. Dairying has increased on all types of farms in this area particularly during the past ten years and is the major source of income on a small group of farms near Peoria and other larger cities in the area. On many farms other than the dairy farms the sale of dairy products is an important source of income. Crops Grown. Ninety-six percent of the farm land in this area was used for crop production or for pasture in 1929 (Fig. 31, page 160). Land which could not be successfully cultivated because of timber or rough topography constituted 14.4 percent of the total crop and pasture area. Corn was grown on 42.3 percent of the tillable land, spring grains on 21.4 percent, and hay or pasture crops on 27.3 percent. An average of 62 acres of corn was grown per farm on 91.6 percent of all farms. Oats are the principal small grain crop, an aver- age of 32 acres being reported on 74 percent of all farms, but barley is an important spring grain on many farms in the northern part of the area. Clovers and mixed timothy and clover are the principal kinds of hay grown. Alfalfa was grown on nearly 15 percent of the farms, while sweet clover for pasture was reported on less than 3 percent. Little change has taken place in the cropping systems in Area 3 during the past thirty years except in the kind of hay grown. The acreage of wheat was doubled during the war and corresponding re- ductions made in the acreages of corn and oats, but by 1929 the dis- tribution of crops was nearly the same as in 1909. Altho a considerable part of Area 3 is devoted largely to grain farming, the area as a whole does not produce a large surplus of grain feeds. Most of the feed grains and hay that are sold are purchased locally by farmers who do not raise enough of these crops to supply their own needs. Factors Influencing Type of Development. Soil and topography are the primary factors in determining the types of farming in this area. Most of the soils are dark prairie soils with noncalcareous sub- soils and potentially are as productive as any in the state. Many small rivers and streams flow thru this area, however, and along them a light-colored timber soil is common. Where tillable, the light-colored soils are productive if properly handled, but a greater proportion of 170 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, such soils than of the dark-colored soils must be kept in hay and pasture crops. On many farms both dark and light soils are found, making possible the production of large quantities of feed grain crops but also making livestock necessary in order that the hay and pasture land may be utilized. The personal preference of the operator is an important factor in the adoption of certain systems of farming in this area. Frequently FIG. 35. BEEF STEERS AND HOGS ARE OFTEN FED TOGETHER ON ILLINOIS FARMS The feeding of beef cattle with hogs following to save grain that other- wise would be wasted is a common practice on many Illinois farms. On farms where all the land is tillable and devoted mainly to the growing of grain crops, hogs are often the only important class of livestock. hog and steer feeding are important enterprises on highly tillable farms because of the operator's training or preference for that type of farming. The fact that freight rates both to Chicago and to St. Louis are lower in this area than in the area east of the Illinois river gives some advantage to this area in livestock production. Size and Number of Farms. Farms in Area 3 in general are larger than in Areas 1 and 2, averaging 165 acres. Twenty-seven percent were less than 100 acres in size, 36 percent were 100 to 174 acres, and 37 percent were more than 174 acres in 1929 (Fig. 32). In the past thirty years farm land in this area decreased only 3 percent, while the number of farms decreased 1 1 percent. The proportion of farms under 100 acres has declined nearly 25 percent, while the number with more than 174 acres has increased about 25 percent. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 3 171 Farm Tenure. The proportion of farms operated by tenants is higher in Area 3 than in Areas 1 or 2, and the number has increased steadily during the past thirty years. Fifty-one percent of all farms were rented in 1929. The proportion of cash tenants, however, is lower in this area than in Areas 1 or 2, only 27 percent of the tenant farms being leased for cash. Cash tenancy is most common on the dairy farms and least common on the livestock farms. Sixty-eight percent of the grain farms in this area were operated by tenants, while 45 percent of the livestock farms were so operated. Livestock Farms. Livestock farms in Area 3 averaged 192 acres in size in 1929, with 120 acres in harvested crops and 44 acres in pas- ture. These farms are only slightly larger than those in Area 2, but the value of land and building per farm was 33 percent higher and the gross income per farm was 16.3 percent larger (Table 3). The value TABLE 3. AREA 3: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Item Livestock farms Cash grain Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area Average size of farm, acres, 1929 44.5 191 6 25.8 190 5 Crop land, acres 119 8 140 9 Pasture, acres 43 8 28 4 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 $25 455 $27 046 Value of land per acre 102 116 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $ 4 386 $ 3 112 Value of crops sold or traded 491 1 898 Value of livestock sold or traded 3 158 626 Value of livestock products sold or traded 452 336 Value of forest products sold or traded 9 3 Value of products used by operator's family 276 249 'Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. of land was $19,551 per farm and buildings were valued at $5,904. The average income on these farms was $4,386, of which 72 percent was from the sale of livestock. Steer feeding and hog production are relatively more important on the livestock farms in this area than in Area 2, mainly because of the greater production of feed grains in relation to hay and pasture. An average of 13.8 brood sows was reported per farm on 90.6 per- cent of the farms in 1930, compared with 11.3 sows on about the same proportion of farms in Area 2. More farms, 23.2 percent com- 172 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, pared with 18.5 percent in Area 2, reported beef cows, but the average number of cows per farm (9.7) was lower than in Area 2. Milk cows were found on most farms but the income from dairy sales was low. The average gross income on livestock farms is higher than on any other type in the area, but many items of expense are also high. No data are available on the value of livestock purchased, but on farms where cattle are bought and fed this is an important item of expense. Tho the production of feed grains is relatively high in this area, an average of $601 having been spent for feed on 75 percent of the farms in 1929, the greater amount of livestock requires more labor thruout the year than most other types of farms, an average of $447 having been paid for hired labor on 71 percent of the farms. Cash Grain Farms. The cash grain farms of Area 3 are about the same average size, 190.5 acres, as the livestock farms, but they have a much larger proportion of land in harvested crops nearly 75 percent compared with 62.5 percent on the livestock farms in 1929, and the proportion of tillable pasture was only half as great on the cash grain farms. The better type of soil on the cash grain farms is indicated by the fact that the value put on the land in 1929, $116 an acre, was nearly 14 percent higher than the value put on the livestock farms. Sixty-one percent of the average total income of $3,112 per farm in 1929 came from the sale of crops, 20.1 percent from livestock sales, and 10.8 percent from livestock products. Hogs contributed a large share of the income from livestock. An average of only $129 was reported as spent for feed on 52 percent of these cash grain farms, but on more than two-thirds of them an average of $392 worth of labor was hired. The relative number of tenant-operated farms is high, constituting more than two- thirds the total number. General Farms. General farms in Area 3 averaged 133 acres in 1929 and a gross income of $1,942. Thirty-one percent of the income came from the sale of livestock, 26 percent from the sale of livestock products, and 27 percent from crop sales. The average income of the general farms in Area 3 was lower than for either the livestock or the cash grain farms, and consequently a greater part of the farm produce was used by the operator's family, 15 percent being consumed in this way. Area 4, East-Central, Cash Grain Area Types of Farms. The type of farming in Area 4 is best described as cash grain. Corn is the principal crop grown, altho oats or wheat, 1934"\ TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 4 173 or both, are important grain crops in the rotation. Sixty to 70 percent of the corn and 50 to 70 percent of the oats are shipped out of the county where grown. Fifty-seven percent of the gross farm income of the area was from the sale of crops in 1929. Sixty-seven percent of the farms were grain farms on which 40 percent or more of the gross income was from the FIG. 36. ALL-TILLABLE, FERTILE LAND WELL-ADAPTED to GRAIN FARMING Level, all-tillable land, such as predominates in Area 4, and extends to many other parts of the state, is utilized largely for grain farming. sale of crops. Thirteen percent of the farms were general farms on which both crop and livestock sales were important sources of income. Only 7 percent received most of their income from livestock sales. Before the development of transportation facilities for marketing grain crops, livestock farming was important in Area 4, but at present production of cattle and sheep is not common except where there is untillable land that can be used only for pasture or on dairy farms near cities. Beef cattle and hogs are fed to consume roughage and feed grains and to maintain soil fertility. Hogs are the most important kind of livestock, so far as contribution to the farm income is concerned. Brood sows were reported on about 60 percent of the farms in 1930, the average number being about five per farm. Beef cattle were re- ported on less than 10 percent of the farms. 174 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, With the growth that has occurred in the population of this area the amount of dairying has increased, but even with this increase the sale of livestock products was the major source of income on only 3 percent of all farms in 1929. Dairy cows are the most common class of livestock, but only a few are kept per farm and only small quan- tities of dairy products are sold from most farms. Crops Grown. Cropping systems in this area are planned to con- tain a maximum of high-value crops while providing for the efficient use of available labor, power, and equipment. In the area as a whole relatively little attention has been given to the maintenance of the soil. On the basis of crops grown, the area may be divided into two parts. Corn is grown on a major part of the crop land over the entire area (Fig. 31, page 160), with oats the principal small grain crop in the eastern and northern part (Area 4a) and wheat the most important in the southwestern part (4b). Differences in the crops grown in Areas 4a and 4b are due largely to soil and climatic conditions, altho the length of time during which the areas have been cultivated is also a factor. Reduction of available plant food in the soil is becoming especially apparent in Area 4b, with the result that a rotation in which winter wheat and legume crops are important has become more common in this area than in Area 4a. The danger of winterkilling is a serious hazard in the northern part of Area 4a, but on well-drained land this is no more a factor in the southern part of Area 4a than in Area 4b. Winter wheat usually gives a larger income per acre than oats but does not fit well into a rotation in which corn occupies a large proportion of the land. Under the cropping systems followed during the five years 1926-1930, the yields of corn, oats, and wheat were slightly higher in Area 4b than in Area 4a. Forty-five percent of the tillable land in Area 4a was in corn in 1929, 30 percent in spring grains, and 16 percent in hay or pasture. In Area 4b, 38 percent of the tillable area was in corn, 16 percent in spring grains, 20 percent in fall grains, and 17 percent in hay and pas- ture. Some barley, spring wheat, and rye are grown in the area but oats made up 94 percent of the acreage of spring-sown small grains and winter wheat 97 percent of the fall-sown grains in 1929. While corn and oats were grown on practically all farms in Areas 4a and 4b, a smaller acreage, of each was grown in Area 4b than in 4a. It is significant that in Area 4a an average of 30.3 acres of winter wheat was grown on only 21.4 percent of the farms in 1929, while 43.5 acres were grown on 70 percent of the farms in Area 4b. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 4 175 In Area 4a there has been little change in the acreages of corn and oats during the past thirty years, but there has been a distinct change in the cropping system in Area 4b. The acreage of corn grown in 1929 was equal to only 70 percent of the acreage grown in 1899; the acreage of oats was reduced to 73 percent of the 1899 acreage; and the acreage of wheat was increased to four and one-half times the acreage in 1899. Soybeans have become an important crop in the southern parts of both Areas 4a and 4b, but the acreage of beans grown alone, while large upon many farms in the heaviest producing section of the area, amounts to only a small part of the tillable land area. Cowpeas are grown on many farms near the Illinois river on sandy soil. Factors Influencing Type of Development. Area 4, tho embracing the most fertile part of the state, was the last part to be developed for agricultural purposes, as it was of little value until the railroads made possible a market for agricultural products. A large part of it could not then be successfully cropped until artificial drainage was pro- vided ; hence it was not until the latter part of the nineteenth century that the agricultural resources of this region were fully utilized. The topography of most of this area is level to slightly rolling. The soils are nearly all dark and highly productive and have been used for agricultural production only a relatively short time. Prior to settlement large quantities of organic matter and nitrogen had been stored in the soils as a result of the heavy growths of grass which topography and moisture conditions made possible. Ninety percent of the farm land in Area 4 was tillable in 1929, and over 80 percent was classed as crop land. Near the Illinois and Sanga- mon rivers and in parts of Vermilion county, where small bodies of unproductive timber soils are found, only 70 to 75 percent of the land was classed as tillable, but over 95 percent of the rest of the area can be cultivated. Size and Number of Farms. The amount of land in farms in this area has declined less than 4 percent in the last thirty years, while the number of farms has decreased about 17 percent. One-fourth of the farms in 1929 were less than 100 acres in size, 35 percent varied from 100 to 174 acres, 23 percent from 175 to 259 acres, and 17 percent consisted of 260 acres or more. Less than 1.5 percent of the farms, however, consisted of more than 500 acres. During the past thirty years the average size of farm has increased nearly 17 per- cent, largely by the combining of small farms. The number of farms consisting of 20 to 99 acres in 1929 was about half the number in 1900, 176 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, while the number consisting of 175 to 499 acres increased nearly 20 percent. This increase in the average size of farms can be attributed in part at least to the introduction of tractors and other equipment making possible the handling of more land with the same amount of labor. Farm Tenure. Fifty-eight percent of all the farms in the area were operated by tenants in 1929 ; in Ford county the number reached 69.5 percent. The amount of tenancy increased rapidly from 1900 to 1920, but has changed little since 1920. TABLE 4. AREAS 4A AND 4s: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Item Cash grain farms Area 4a Area 4b Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area Average size of farms, acres, 1929 68.7 200.6 166.2 18.8 $30 293 151 $ 3 663 2 542 440 399 4 278 63.1 205.0 161.1 16.6 $28 351 138 $ 3 432 2 337 439 357 4 295 Crop land, acres Pasture, acres Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 Value of land per acre Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 Value of crops sold or traded Value of livestock sold or traded Value of livestock products sold or traded Value of forest products sold or traded Value of products used by operator's family 'Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. The average tenant farm is larger than the owner-operated farm and the proportion of tillable land is greater, a total of 62 percent of the farm land in the area and 62 percent of the crop land being operated by tenants in 1929. The amount of cash tenancy is low, however, only 10 percent of the tenant farms being rented on a cash basis. The amount of this form of tenancy is less than one-fourth as great as it was thirty years ago. Cash Grain Farms. No other area of the state shows such a pre- dominance of a particular type of farming as does Area 4. The large amount of tenancy in this area is a factor tending to maintain a cash grain type of farming in which the investment in buildings and fences 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 4 177 is kept at a minimum and as large a proportion of the land as possible is kept in crops that have a high acre-value and that are readily salable. There is little difference in the organization of grain farms in Areas 4a and 4b other than the somewhat lower acreages of corn and oats and the larger acreage of winter wheat in Area 4b. Cash grain farms in Area 4a average smaller in size than those in Area 4b, but with land and buildings valued about 10 percent higher an acre in Area 4a the value per farm in 1929 was higher than in Area 4b. The value of all products sold, traded, and used by the operator's family in 1929 was $3,663 per farm in Area 4a and $3,432 per farm in Area 4b (Table 4). In both sections, however, about 69 percent of the gross income was from crops, 12 percent from livestock, 11 per- cent from livestock products, and the remaining 8 percent was made up of farm products used by the operator's family. Milk cows were reported on most of the cash grain farms, but there was an average of only 4 cows per farm. Sows and gilts kept to farrow in the spring of 1930 were reported on about two-thirds of the farms, but the average of only 4 per farm makes them relatively unimportant. Only a few farms reported beef cows. Labor is the most important item of expense on these farms, on 74 percent of them an average of $389 being spent for extra help in 1929. On 57 percent of the farms an average of $98 was spent for feed. Fertilizer was purchased on only 12.5 percent, at an average cost of $136 per farm. Other Farms. General farms constituted 12.7 percent of all farms in Area 4a and 15.9 percent of all farms in Area 4b. In 1929 these general farms averaged 122.5 acres and an income of $2,158 per farm. Differences in soil and topographic conditions on these farms and the cash grain farms are shown by the lower acreage of crops on the gen- eral farms, only 67 percent of the total farm land being in crops in 1929. Thirty-four percent of the total income in 1929 was from sale of crops, 26 percent from livestock, 26 percent from livestock products,, and 14 percent was made up of produce used by the operator's family. Livestock farms constituted 7.2 percent of all farms in Area 4 in 1929. These farms averaged 199.2 acres and returned an average income of $5,443 per farm, 69.2 percent of which came from sales of livestock. From 10 to 15 brood sows and gilts were reported per farm in the spring of 1930 on most farms, and beef cows were common. Steer feeding is very common and largely accounts for the high aver- age income. Higher expenses incurred by the purchase of feeder cattle, feed, and labor must be considered in comparing the gross in- comes from these farms with those from the cash grain farms. 178 BULLETIN No. 403 {.June, Area 5, West-Central, General Farming Types of Farms. The types of farming found in this area re- semble those in Area 3, the western livestock and grain area. Beef cattle and hogs are the most important sources of income, with grain sales second. In 1929, 49.6 percent of the gross farm income was from sales of livestock, 23.6 percent was from crop sales, 15.3 percent from livestock products, .5 percent was from sales of forest products, and the remaining 11 percent was made up of produce used by the operator's family. While the distribution of the gross income is quite similar in Areas 3 and 5, there are distinct differences in the organiza- tion of individual farms and in the conditions affecting types of farm- ing. Farms on which livestock sales and those on which crop sales make up ^percent or more of the total income are quite common in Area 5, but they are less common than in Area 3, and the proportion of farms on which livestock, livestock products, and crops are each important sources of income is much larger in Area 5. Livestock farms con- stituted nearly 40 percent of all farms, grain farms 17 percent, and general farms 26 percent in 1929. The number of small self-sufficing farms farms on which the produce used by the operator's family equaled 50 percent of the value of all produce is greater in this area than in any thus far studied and constitutes 6 percent of all farms. One-third of the commercial apple crop produced in Illinois is grown in Calhoun county (Appendix Table 11). Some livestock is kept, principally to supply meat and other livestock products for the farm home; and some grain and hay are produced, much of it by intercropping the apple orchards. Because of the highly specialized type of farming in Calhoun county, it is excluded from consideration in the following discussion except where specifically mentioned. Hogs are the most common class of livestock in all parts of Area 5. Beef cow herds and sheep are common in the western part, where the acreage of pasture is greatest, while steer feeding is more important in the eastern part. In general the area produces about the amount of feed necessary for the livestock raised. Crops Grown. Corn, oats, wheat, and hay are the principal crops grown in Area 5, occupying 67.4 percent of the tillable land (Fig. 31, page 160). In 1929 corn was grown on 30.7 percent of the tillable land, spring grains on 9.5 percent, fall grains on 15.9 percent, hay on 11.3 percent, and pasture on 18.9 percent. Larger proportions of the farm land are used for corn and wheat production in the eastern part of the area on the dark-colored soils, 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 5 179 while the acreages of oats, hay, and pasture are higher in the western part: Exceptions to this are the bottom lands along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers, where grain farming is common, with corn and wheat as the principal crops. Factors Influencing Type of Development. Less than three- fourths of the farm land in Area 5 is tillable. The proportion of un- tillable land is greatest in the western half of the area, where there are localities in which less than half the land is tillable. FIG. 37. ROLLING AND TIMBER LAND UTILIZED IN BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION Some limited areas of Illinois, especially in Area 5, have such a large pro- portion of untillable land that they are best suited for beef cattle herds. Area 5 might be divided into several smaller areas based largely on soil and topographic conditions. Along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers are large acreages of dark-colored bottom-land soils that are very productive when drained. These areas are mostly used for grain farming. In Calhoun county and in sections of the adjoining counties the land is too rough for successful cultivation of annual crops, but both soil and climatic conditions are ideal for the production of fruit. Light-colored timber soils are more common and a much greater pro- portion of the farm land is untillable in the area west of the Illinois river than in the eastern part, where dark-colored soils similar to those in Area 4b are found. Nearly two-thirds of the untillable pasture west of the Illinois river is classed as woodland, while less than half is classed as such in the eastern part. Over the entire area nearly all the farm land not in grain crops is used for pasture, except that needed for buildings, lots, and 180 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, roadways. In addition to this large area which is too rough for culti- vation, the type or condition of the soils is such that hay and pasture crops must occupy an important place in the cropping system. These conditions have led to a type of farming in which livestock is grown in order to utilize the roughage and pasture and help to maintain soil fertility. Size and Number of Farms. The acreage in farms in Area 5 has declined only 4 percent in the last thirty years, while the number of TABLE 5. AREA 5: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Item Live- stock farms General farms Cash grain farms Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area Average size of farm, acres, 1929 39.8 189.7 26.4 126.6 16.5 199.3 Crop land, acres 90.2 61.3 128.7 Pasture, acres 51.8 27.5 25.8 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 $15 586 $9 524 $19 732 Value of land per acre 62 55 83 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $ 3 482 $1 470 $ 2 538 Value of crops sold or traded 387 351 1 640 Value of livestock sold or traded 2 430 423 429 Value of livestock products sold or traded. . . . Value of forest products sold or traded 373 10 393 15 218 5 Value of products used by operator's family. . 282 288 246 Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. farms has declined 20 percent. During the same period farms have increased 22 percent in average size. The number of farms occupying less than 100 acres has decreased 43 percent since 1900, while the number occupying 175 acres or more has increased 16 percent. Farm Tenure. Forty percent of the farms in Area 5 were oper- ated by tenants in 1929, the ratio being slightly higher in the eastern part than in the western. Tenancy is most common on the grain farms, 62 percent of them being operated by tenants, compared with 40 percent of the general farms and 34 percent of the livestock farms. The amount of cash tenancy is low, only 13.4 percent of all tenant farms being rented on a cash basis. Livestock Farms. The livestock farms in Area 5 averaged 190 acres in size in 1929, with 90 acres in crops and 52 acres in pasture, 1934~\ TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 5 181 58.7 percent of the pasture being plowable. The average value of the land in these farms was nearly 40 percent less per acre than in the same type of farm in Area 3. The value of all farm products sold, traded, or used by the opera- tor's family was $3,482 per farm, 70 percent of which was from sales of livestock. Crop sales accounted for 11 percent of the total; live- stock products, 11 percent; and 8 percent was produce used by the operator's family. An average of 8 brood sows was reported as kept to farrow in the spring of 1930 on 85.7 percent of the farms. This number of brood sows is more than 40 percent less than the number on the livestock farms in Area 3, but this fact does not represent accurately the relative numbers of pigs raised in Area 5 since the two-litter system is more common in this area than in Area 3. An average of 10.5 beef cows was reported on about one-fourth of the farms in 1929, 11.6 "other cattle" on one- third, and 4.5 dairy cows on 86 percent. On many farms dairy cows are of the dual-purpose type, being of beef or mixed breeding, and the calves are fed for market. The purchase of feed is an important item on many of these farms, an average of $570 having been spent for feed on 76 percent of the farms in 1929. In proportion to total farming area the production of feed grains is much higher east of the Illinois river than west of it, but the number of steers fed is also higher, resulting in more feed being purchased in the eastern area than in the western. Only small quantities of fertilizer were purchased in Area 5 in 1929, while an average of $339 was paid for labor on about two-thirds of the farms. General Farms. The general farms in Area 5 derive their income about equally from the sale of crops, livestock, and livestock products, these sources contributing 24 percent, 29 percent, and 27 percent re- spectively to the gross income in 1929. These farms are small; in 1929 they averaged only 127 acres, with 61 acres in crops and 27 acres in pasture. The estimated value of land and buildings was $9,524 per farm, and the gross income only $1,470 per farm. Farm products valued at 20 percent of the total income were used by the operator's family. On most of these farms sufficient livestock is produced to consume the feed raised. An average of 3.9 brood sows kept to farrow in the spring of 1930 was reported on 70 percent of the farms, and 4 milk cows were reported on 89 percent. 182 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, Cash Grain Farms. The cash grain farms in Area 5 are found mostly on the bottom land along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. More than 300,000 acres of this bottom land is in organized drainage districts, and grain farming is common on this land. The soil is dark and highly productive and much of it is rented for grain production by operators who live on the upland. Tho the danger of overflow on some of these bottom lands has made crop production on them hazard- ous, they frequently have afforded an opportunity, when operated with the less fertile higher land, for the production of cash or feed crops. The farms averaged 199 acres in size, with 129 acres in harvested crops in 1929. The higher productivity of this soil is indicated by the $83 an acre value placed upon it in 1929, a value more than a third higher than that of the livestock farms. The average gross income on these farms was $2,538 in 1929, 65 percent of which was from crop sales. Livestock and livestock prod- ucts accounted for 25 percent of the income; 10 percent was made up of produce used by the operator's family. Hogs are the only class of livestock that produced a large income on these farms. An average of 5.4 brood sows and gilts was reported on 61 percent of the farms in the spring of 1930. An average of 3 milk cows was reported on 79 percent of the farms. Hired labor is the most important item of expense on these farms, an average of $380 having been spent for it on more than two-thirds of the farms in 1929. On about half the farms an average of $138 was spent for feed, while on only 6 percent was any fertilizer purchased. Area 6, Southwestern, Wheat, Dairy, and Poultry Types of Farms. Nearly two-thirds of the income from farming in Area 6 is derived from sales of wheat, dairy products, and poultry. The most common type of farm is one on which crop sales, livestock products, and livestock are all important sources of income. Over 44 percent of the farms are classed as general farms, 22 percent as dairy farms, 9 percent as cash grain farms, and 7 percent as poultry farms. Forty-one percent of the agricultural income in this area was from sales of livestock products in 1929, 24 percent from crops, 17 percent from livestock, and 18 percent consisted of produce used by the operator's family. Fruit and truck crops were the principal sources of income on only 3 percent of the farms, tho the combined sale of these products was nearly equal to that of wheat. Dairying is common thruout Area 6 but is most intensive in the five counties nearest St. Louis. The average production of milk in 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 6 183 these counties in 1929 was 2,762 gallons per farm, 82 percent of which was sold as whole milk. In the more distant parts of the area the average production of milk per farm was only about 1,975 gallons, and only 56 percent was sold as whole milk. Cream production has for years been important in Effingham county, but during the past ten years the amount of milk produced in this county and Fayette county FIG. 38. POULTRY FARM IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS On some farms, especially in Areas 6 and 7, the sales of poultry and eggs make up the largest source of farm income. In Area 9 poultry production is frequently combined with orcharding. has increased 55 percent and the proportion sold as whole milk has increased from 46 percent to 58 percent. Sales of dairy products made up about 59 percent of the sales of all livestock products and 26 percent of the total farm income in 1929. Poultry production is important in Area 6, the sales of poultry and eggs making up 40 percent of all livestock product sales. The propor- tion of farms on which poultry is the most important source of income is greatest in Effingham and Fayette counties, but the flocks are largest and the income from poultry per farm is greatest in Clinton county. Hogs are the most important class of meat animal, tho an average of only 2 brood sows was reported on less than two-fifths of the farms in 1930. An average of 27 head of sheep and lambs was reported on 10 percent of the farms. Crops Grown. Wheat is the most profitable grain crop grown in Area 6 and in 1929 was harvested on 21 percent of the tillable land. The corn acreage was slightly higher than that of wheat; oats were grown on 9 percent of the tillable land ; and hay on 14 percent (Fig. 31, 184 BULLETIN No. 403 \_June, page 160). Yields of feed grain crops in this area are low compared with yields in the northern two-thirds of the state, and more complete use is made of low-grade roughages as feed for dairy cattle. A large part of the corn is harvested for silage or fodder, and straw is often used for feed. Neither soil nor climate is favorable for oat production, tho oats are grown on many farms in order to provide feed. Truck crops are most important in Madison and St. Clair counties, particularly on the well-drained bottom or deep loessial upland soils. About 5 percent of the farms in these counties received most of their income from truck crops in 1929 (Appendix Table 11). Factors Influencing Type of Development. Soil and climatic con- ditions, available markets, and transportation facilities are the primary factors which have influenced the types of farming that have developed in this area. Variations in these factors within the area have also re- sulted in great differences in the relative importance of the different products. Many of the soils will produce fair crops if drainage facilities are provided and limestone is applied, but they do not compare favorably with soils in the areas which have thus far been described. The pro- portion of land in Area 6 that cannot be cultivated is high, and much of the tillable land is of such poor quality that only 54 percent of it was in harvested crops in 1929. The population of St. Louis and East St. Louis, almost one million, provides a market for large quantities of dairy and poultry products and for fresh vegetables. Most of the fresh vegetables are produced in Missouri, while 80 percent of the whole milk consumed is produced in Illinois. The kind of soil found over a large part of Area 6 necessitates a type of farming that makes productive use of a great deal of labor. The low productivity of the soil, which prevents the intensive type of dairying found in the Chicago area (Area 1), and the absence of any other equally profitable enterprise, has led to the extension of the dairy area a long distance from the consuming center. Production of feed per farm is much lower in this area than in the Chicago area, and the dairy enterprise is so small on most farms that only the concentrates necessary to balance the ration are purchased. The tank car and the truck have reduced the cost of transporting milk, and with increased demand for milk the limits of the St. Louis milk area have been ex- tended. On bottom-land soils along the Mississippi river and smaller inland rivers, grain farming is the most important type, high yields of corn 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 6 185 and wheat being obtained. The poor drainage on many of the bottom- land farms is unfavorable to livestock production, as it frequently leads to insanitary conditions around barns and hog houses. On the upland over most of the western two-thirds of Area 6 are found dark soils with impervious noncalcareous subsoils and yellow- gray soils with noncalcareous subsoils. Drainage is an important prob- lem on these soils, and rather large quantities of limestone are neces- sary before alfalfa or sweet clover can be grown. Experience has shown that the expense of growing these legumes is fully justified by the increased yields of the grain crops that follow. The acreage of wheat in this part of Area 6 exceeds the acreage of corn. In the eastern part of Area 6 gray soils with impervious noncal- careous subsoils are most common. On these soils drainage is limited to surface run-off, and productivity is low. Corn is the principal grain crop, but yields are low and crop failures common. Small grain crops are sensitive to weather conditions because of the shallow rooting sys- tem caused by the closeness of the tight subsoil to the surface. Size and Number of Farms. The farms in Area 6 are small, averaging only 127 acres in 1929, with 86 acres in crops. In the past thirty years the average size of farms in this area has increased more than 15 percent. The acreage of farm land has decreased 8 percent and the number of farms nearly 20 percent. Little change has taken place in the number of farms of less than 20 acres or in those of 260 acres or more. The number having 20 to 99 acres, however, declined 23 percent, those having 100 to 174 acres increased 10 percent, and those having 175 to 259 acres increased 27 percent in the past thirty years. Farm Tenure. The lower production per farm is largely respon- sible for the higher proportion of owner-operated farms. Thirty- seven percent of all farms were operated by tenants in 1929 and only 15 percent of these were rented for cash. General Farms. General farms are typical of Area 6. The pro- portion varied from 31.9 percent in Madison county, where truck and dairy farms are more common, to 54.3 percent in Washington county, in 1929. On these farms the average income in 1929 was $1,540 per farm, 39 percent of which was from sales of livestock products, 25 percent from crop sales, and 16 percent from sales of livestock. Farm produce used by the operator's family made up the remaining 20 per- cent (Table 6). The average size of farm in 1929 was 139 acres, with 79 acres in crops and 22 acres in pasture. The value of land was estimated at 186 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, $35 an acre, or $4,922 per farm, while the buildings were valued at $2,189 per farm. Dairy cattle are the most important class of livestock on the general farms, an average of 5 milk cows being reported on 93 percent of them in 1929. Whole milk is sold on some farms, but cream sales make up a greater part of the income from dairy products. An average of less than 2 brood sows was reported on 43 percent of the farms, and beef cows were found on only 3 percent. TABLE 6. AREA 6: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Item General farms Dairy farms Cash grain farms Poultry farms Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area 44.2 21.9 9.1 7.5 Average size of farm, acres, 1929 138.9 140.4 163.9 85.4 Crop land, acres 79.0 79.6 99.0 41.4 Pasture, acres 22.4 27.4 17.8 15.8 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 . . Value of land per acre $7 111 35 $8 052 39 $11 030 52 $4 203 30 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $1 540 $1 942 $ 1 612 $1 100 Value of crops sold or traded 377 254 822 95 Value of livestock sold or traded 246 272 148 101 Value of livestock products sold or traded . . Value of forest products sold or traded Value of products used by operator's family 597 14 306 1 140 8 268 366 5 271 695 3 206 Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. An average of $143 was spent for feed on 81 percent of the farms in 1929, and $129 was paid for hired labor on 53 percent.' Dairy Farms. The dairy farms in this area differ in many respects from the dairy farms in Area 1, the Chicago area. The average size of farms is practically the same in both areas, but the greater proportion of untillable land in Area 6 and the much lower productivity of the soil reduce the amount of feed which can be produced. The dairy farms in this area are a more self-sustaining type, less concentrated feed being purchased, relatively more calves being raised for herd replace- ments, and the work being done by family labor to a greater extent. Except for more dairying, many of these farms are only slightly different in their productive organization from the general farms in the area. The scarcity of alternative enterprises and the proximity of the area to the St. Louis milk market has resulted in the development 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 6 187 of dairy farms over a large part of the area and keen competition be- tween farms for the sale of their dairy products. The keenness of the competition accounts for the comparatively few farms on which in- tensive dairying is practiced. Dairy farms in Area 6 in 1929 averaged 140 acres in size. The land was valued at $39 an acre, or $5,445 per farm, and the buildings were valued at $2,607. The average gross income in 1929 was $1,942 per farm, nearly 60 percent of which was from sales of livestock products. Whole-milk sales made up about 84 percent of the total sales of livestock products. An average of 8 milk cows was reported per farm in 1930, which was less than half the number kept on dairy farms in Area 1, and the amount of milk sold per farm was less than 40 percent as large. In the western half of Area 6 most of the dairy sales are from whole milk, while in the more distant parts cream sales represent a greater proportion of the total. Brood sows were reported on only 38 percent of these farms, and only 2 brood sows were kept on most of them. Poultry and poultry products are important. Poultry Farms. While 7 percent of the farms in this area are classed as poultry farms, some of them, where the flocks are small, might more accurately be classed as self-sufficing. Flocks of more than 400 hens were reported on 405 farms in 1929, but many of these farms were general or dairy farms. The average income on the poultry farms in 1929 was $1,100. On 58 percent of the farms it was less than $1,000, and on only 20 percent was it greater than $1,500. Sixty-three percent of the total income was from sales of livestock products, and nearly 60 percent of the in- come from this source was from egg sales. The farms averaged 85 acres in size, with 41 acres in crops. Some wheat and on many farms fruit or vegetables are raised and sold, but crop sales made up only 9 percent of the gross income in 1929. An average of $210 was spent for feed on 86 percent of these farms in 1929; fertilizer was purchased on only a few; and $75 to $100 was paid for labor on about one-third of them. Other Farms. The cash grain farms in Area 6 are common on the bottom land along the Mississippi river. These farms usually are larger than the farms of other types, averaging 164 acres in 1929. Their average gross income was $1,612. Most of the truck farms are in St. Clair and Madison counties, where more than 2,600 acres of white potatoes and over 6,000 acres of other vegetables were grown for sale in 1929. Truck farms in these 188 BULLETIN No. 403 \_June, counties averaged 52 acres in 1929, and had an average income of $1,870 per farm, over 80 percent of which was from sales of crops. The land was valued at $150 an acre, much higher than other land in this area but much lower than truck farming land in Area 1, the Chi- cago area. Area 7, South-Central, Mixed Farming Types of Farms. Agriculture in Area 7 is characterized by small farms with low capital investment and small income. The value of the products used by the operator's family is relatively of much greater importance than in the northern three- fourths of the state. Three di- visions of the area need to be made in order to describe its agriculture. General farming, quite similar to that in Area 5 but on a smaller scale, is typical of Area 7a. Corn, oats, wheat, and hay are the princi- pal crops grown, while pasture occupies nearly 35 percent of the farm land. Beef cattle, dairy cattle, and hogs all are important, but on only a few farms are either meat animals or dairy cattle sufficiently im- portant to characterize the farms as of either type. Altho the number of chickens per farm is not large, the relative numbers are much greater than in the northern two-thirds of the state and the income from poultry is of greater relative importance. Forty-one percent of all farms in Area 7a in 1929 were general farms, sales of livestock, livestock products, and crops being of about equal importance; 15 percent were livestock farms; 12jircent poultry farms ; and 5 percent dairy farms. Thirty-five percent of the totaT farm income was from livestock sales in 1929, 31 percent .from livestock products, 13 percent from crop sales, 1 percent from forest products, and 20 percent was made up of produce used by the operator's family. General farming is the most common type found in Area 7b, but the much greater importance of poultry, fruit, and redtop seed makes this area stand out as distinctly different from the areas surrounding it. Forty-two percent of the farms in Area 7b are general farms, 22 percent poultry farms, and 3 percent fruit farms. Twenty-six percent of the income from agriculture in this area was from sales~~ol-crops in 1929, 20 percent from sales of livestock, 34 percent from livestock products, and 1 percent from forest products. Farm produce used by the operator's family made up 19 percent of the total income. This is one of the important centers of commercial fruit production in the state. During the four years 1924-1927 an average of over 600 car- loads of apples, nearly 500 carloads of peaches, and 400 carloads of pears were shipped out of this area annually. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 7 189 Area 7b is the most important center of redtop seed production in the United States. Redtop seed was harvested on two-fifths of the farms in 1929, an average of 40 acres per farm being harvested. The total acreage made up 17.6 percent of the tillable land. Redtop is both a cash crop and a feed crop, the threshed straw being used for feed. Twice as many chickens are kept on the same amount of land in Area 7b as in the northern part of the state, and the income from poultry is of even greater relative importance because of the lower gross farm incomes. A large proportion of the commercial poultry flocks of the state are in this small area. The farms in Area 7c are smaller than in either Area 7a or 7b, and the investment in land and buildings and the average income are lower. These farms are distinguished from those of other areas by the large proportion of their total income that consists of farm pro- duce used directly by the operator's family. This is the most important coal mining section of the state, and farms that are operated by miners and their families principally as a source of food and shelter are im- portant. Forty percent of the farms are general farms, tho on 26 per- cent of them more than half the total income consisted of products used by the operator and his family. Eleven percent were classed as part-time farms on which the operator was engaged in another occu- pation and the value of all products was less than $750 per farm. Poultry farms made up 8 percent of all farms, and dairy farms 6 per- cent. Thirty-four percent of the income in this area was from sales of livestock products, farm produce used by the operator and his family made up 30 percent of the farm income, 23 percent was from livestock, 12 percent from crop sales, and 1 percent from sales of forest products. The amount of livestock in all parts of Area 7 is low owing to the small amount of feed produced per acre. Dairy cattle are the most common class of livestock. The number per farm, however, is only 3 or 4 cows, and they are kept largely to supply the family with dairy products. No large market for whole milk exists, but cream stations are numerous and the sale of surplus cream is an important part of the cash income. Beef cows were reported on less than 10 percent of the farms in 1930, and on many farms were used primarily for milking. On about one-third of the farms less than 3 brood sows were reported kept to farrow in the spring of 1930. Crops Grown. From 80 to 85 percent of the farm land in Area 7 is tillable; but less than half of it is used in growing grain and hay crops (Fig. 31, page 160). Twenty-five to 30 percent is in pasture, and 190 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, 15 to 20 percent frequently lies idle. Corn was grown on about 20 percent of the tillable area in 1929, spring grains on 4 to 5 percent, and fall grains on 2 to 5 percent. The acreage of hay varied from 15.6 percent of the tillable land in Area 7a to 25.8 percent in Area 7b. The acreage in corn and small grains is proportionately higher and the acreage of hay proportionately lower in Area 7a than in 7b or 7c, while the smallest acreage of grain and the most hay is found in Area 7b. The relatively large acreage of hay in Area 7b is accounted for by the fact that the hay grown in Area 7b includes redtop, from which the seed is first threshed. Redtop has been an important money crop for many years, owing to its resistance to drouth, its adaptation to poor soil, and its low cost per acre. Before the World War a large part of the redtop seed crop was exported for use in making dyes, at prices that were profitable. The crop is now used largely for pasture mixtures and lawns, and prices are much lower. The almost total lack of any crop to take its place, however, has enabled redtop to maintain an important place in the cropping system of this area. The central part of Area 7 has been an important commercial fruit area since 1880. In 1900 no other area in the state equaled it in num- ber of apple trees. During the last thirty years, however, a great change has taken place in the fruit production areas in Illinois. The number of apple trees in Area 7b has declined steadily since 1900, until there were only 15.4 percent as many trees in 1929 as in 1900. The number of peach trees was 55 percent greater in 1929 than in 1900. Competition with other areas more favorably situated has been the principal reason for the decline in apple production. Most of the increase in number of peach trees took place between 1919 and 1924, when the number was nearly tripled. Area 7 is so situated that peaches can be marketed during a short period following the bulk of the marketings from the extreme southern part of Illinois and preceding the marketings from Michigan. The relatively high prices paid for peaches during this period have made them profitable when a crop was obtained. Increased production, however, has re- duced the price advantage. With lessened price advantage and the further fact that a good crop is obtained less frequently than farther south in the state, production is tending to decline. The number of trees in 1929 was nearly 8 percent less than in 1924. Factors Influencing Type of Development. Area 7 is quite uni- form in availability of markets and transportation facilities. Differ- ences exist in the characteristics of the soil, but the productivity of all 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 7 191 soils is relatively low. On the more level areas drainage is a big prob- lem, as the subsoil is too tight to permit underdrainage. On the rolling land, particularly near the streams, erosion is difficult to control. Under both conditions the soils are light-colored, have noncalcareous subsoils, and are strongly acid. With the addition of sufficient lime- stone, however, they will grow sweet clover and following this treat- ment will grow relatively good crops of grain. FIG. 39. SWEET CLOVER Is AN IMPORTANT PASTURE CROP IN DAIRY REGIONS Sweet clover as a soil-building and pasture crop has gained a place in the cropping systems on many Illinois farms. Its use as a pasture crop is particu- larly important where there is little untillable land. The low yields of grain crops on untreated land in Area 7 and the cost of liming has led to the replacement of grain crops with redtop, which can be grown at little cost, and with special crops such as fruit. More reliance is also placed on poultry, which requires little grain but provides productive work. Wheat was at one time an important crop thru the northern part of this area, but soil depletion forced its abandonment to a large extent after 1880. Size and Number of Farms. The total area of land in farms in Area 7 has decreased about one-eighth during the past thirty years, while the number of farms has decreased about 25 percent. Land Tenure. Tenancy has not been important in the agriculture of this area. More than three-fourths of the farms have been owner- operated during the past thirty years, and less than one-fifth of the tenant farms are rented on a cash basis. Small farms and relatively low-priced land are conducive to the owner operation. General Farms. General farms comprized about 40 percent of all farms in Area 7 in 1929 (Table 7). They averaged 120 acres in size, 192 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, with land and buildings valued at $4,285 per farm. The average gross income per farm was $1,049, 35 percent of which was derived from sales of livestock products, 23 percent from livestock sales, 16 percent from crop sales, 1 percent from forest products, and 25 percent of which was in the form of produce used by the operator. TABLE 7. AREAS 7 A, ?B, and 7c: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS 1 Are; i 7* Are< i7b Are i7c Item Gen- eral farms Animal spe- cialty farms Gen- eral farms Poul- try farms Gen- eral farms Self- suffic- ing farms Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area 40.8 14.9 42.3 22.2 40.1 25.6 Average size of farm, acres, 1929 Crop land, acres 116.9 49.5 173.7 72.5 132.2 66.1 91.6 41.4 102.3 45.3 66.7 23.9 Pasture, acres 29.9 53.6 28.8 22.3 25.1 16.5 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 $5 188 $9 212 $4 214 $3 295 $3 576 $2 441 Value of land per acre 30 37 21 22 23 23 Total value per farm of all prod- ucts sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $1 087 $2 570 $1 116 $1 001 $ 911 $ 467 Value of crops sold or traded. . Value of livestock sold or traded Value of livestock products sold or traded 142 283 383 203 1 681 411 218 238 393 89 116 595 115 198 317 20 42 111 Value of forest products sold or traded 13 13 12 3 13 3 Value of products used by oper- ator's family 263 262 255 198 268 291 'Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. There is considerable variation in the organization of the general farms in the different parts of Area 7, as shown in Table 7. Farms were largest in the central part, where they averaged 132 acres, but the value of land and buildings per farm was highest in the northern part, where the farms averaged 116 acres in size and were valued at $5,188. Incomes per farm were highest in the central part, where they averaged $1,116, and lowest in the southern part, where they averaged $911. Crop sales are most important in the central part, where redtop seed and some fruit are sold. Twenty percent of the income in the central part in 1929 was from crop sales, compared with 13 percent in 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 7 193 both the northern and southern parts. Livestock sales made up 26 percent of the gross income in the northern part, compared with 21 percent in the remainder of Area 7. For the entire area sales of live- stock products made up 35 percent of the total income per farm in 1929, eggs being relatively more important in the central part and cream sales in the northern and southern parts. Self-Sufficing Farms. This group of farms, on which more than half the products grown are used by the operator's family, made up 14.3 percent of all farms in Area 7 in 1929. A quite similar group of part-time farms, on which the operator worked less than half the year, constituted 8.9 percent of all farms. These types of farms are most common in the southern part of Area 7. In Franklin and Williamson counties 40 percent of all farms were classed as self-sufficing or as part-time farms in 1929. Most of these farms are small, averaging about 65 acres in size, and are operated by men employed primarily in other gainful occupations. They are usually on the poorer soils, the land being valued at about $1,500 per farm in 1929. The gross value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator's family on the self-sufficing farms was about $380 per farm in Areas 7a and 7b and $467 in Area 7c in 1929. Nearly two-thirds of the total was used by the operator and his family. Sales of livestock products made up nearly 25 percent of the gross income, but the total amount sold per farm was only about $100. Cream, poultry, and eggs are the important products sold. Poultry Farms. Twelve percent of the farms in Area 7a, 22 per- cent in Area 7b, and 9 percent in Area 7c are classed as poultry farms. Many are commercial poultry farms, while others are typical small farms on which the income is low and most of it comes from the poul- try enterprise. The average gross income on all poultry farms in 1929 was $986. On one-third of the farms the income was between $600 and $1,000, on 28 percent it was less than $600, on 22.6 percent it ranged from $1,500 to $2,500, and on 3.2 percent it was more than $2,500. The poultry farms in Area 7 in 1929 averaged 88 acres in size, with 38 acres in crops. Land and buildings were valued at $4,023 per farm in the northern part of the area and $2,866 in the southern part, where farms were slightly smaller and land was valued at less per acre. Fifty-nine percent of the gross income of these poultry farms in 1929 was from sales of livestock products, 13 percent from sales of livestock, 7 percent from crop sales, and 21 percent of the total produce was used by the operator's family. 194 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, An average of 187 hens was reported per farm in April, 1930. The average production of eggs per farm in 1929 was 1,573 dozen. In- cluding the value of the eggs used in the household and for hatching, eggs alone made up more than 60 percent of the value of livestock products and about half the value of all products sold from the farms in 1929. Feed is an important item of expense on these farms, $255 having been spent per farm for feed in the northern part in 1929 on 85 per- cent of the farms and $215 in the central and .southern parts on 90 percent of the farms. Fruit Farms. Fruit production is an important farm enterprise on farms in most parts of Area 7, tho only 3 percent of the farms in Area 7b were classed as fruit farms in 1929, and a smaller number in the remainder of Area 7 were so classed. The income on these fruit farms, however, made up 12.2 percent of the gross agricultural income of the area, and the crop sales on this small group of farms made up 40 percent of all crop sales in the area. These farms averaged 121 acres in size in 1929, with 68 acres in crops. Land and buildings were valued at $8,457 per farm in 1929; land, including the orchards, being valued at $50 an acre. The average income per fruit farm was $4,803, 84 percent of which was from sales of crops. Relatively large quantities of feed, labor, and fertilizer are pur- chased on these farms. Feed valued at $205 per farm was purchased on 73 percent of the farms in 1929; on 46 percent fertilizer valued at $305 per farm was bought; and an average of $1,246 was spent for labor on 75.6 percent of the farms. Area 8, Southeastern, Grain and Livestock Types of Farms. A combination of cash grain and livestock is the type of farming most common in Area 8. Thirty-six percent of the gross income from agriculture in 1929 was from crop sales, 23 percent was from livestock sales, livestock products made up 21 percent, and 20 percent consisted of products raised and used by the operator's family. Specialized grain and livestock farms are common, but the more typical farm is one on which sales of grain, livestock, and livestock products are about equally important. Grain farms constituted 24 per- cent of the farms in 1929, 14 percent of all farms were self-sufficing, 9 percent were livestock farms, and 40 percent were general farms. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 8 195 Hogs are the most important class of livestock in the area, tho there are some beef cow herds, particularly in Edwards county, and some steer feeding. The number of farms on which beef cattle are important, however, is small and, when compared with livestock farms in the northern part of the state, the number of cows or brood sows per farm is small. Crof>s Grown. Eighty-six percent of the farm land in Area 8 is tillable. Corn was grown on 30 percent of the tillable area in 1929, wheat on 13 percent, hay on 10 percent, oats on 5 percent, and 20 percent was in pasture (Fig. 31, page 160). Land which was not used in 1929 or which was left fallow constituted 13 percent of the total tillable area, and land on which there was a crop failure made up 5 percent. Little change has taken place in the cropping system during the past thirty years. With an increase in hay and pasture acreages some decrease has occurred in the proportion of land in wheat. Watermelons and cantaloupes have become important crops on the sandy loam soils, 30 percent of the carlot shipments of watermelons and cantaloupes in the state having come from this area during the four years 1924-1927. Factors Influencing Type of Development. Area 8 lies along the Ohio and Wabash rivers in southeastern Illinois. It is made up of the bottom lands and the adjoining uplands along these rivers and along the lower ends of the Saline, Skillet Fork, Little Wabash, and Em- barrass rivers. Three types of soil are found in this area: (1) bottom-land soils, (2) second-bottom sandy loam and sands, and (3) yellowish gray up- land soils. The bottom-land soils are found along the rivers and are subject to overflow where adequate drainage facilities have not been provided. They are relatively rich soils and when protected from overflow produce good crops of grain. Approximately 25 percent of the farm land in Lawrence, Wabash, Edwards, White, Gallatin, and Saline counties is included in organized drainage districts, and an addi- tional 15 percent should be drained to protect it from overflow. Sandy loams and sands are found next to the bottom lands along the rivers. These soils vary greatly in productivity, but they are not generally so good as the bottom land and a greater share of them must be kept in hay and pasture if fertility is to be maintained. The topography of the yellowish gray upland soils varies from level to rolling, and erosion is a serious problem. These soils are not na- turally so highly productive as the bottom lands but they are poten- tially good soils if properly handled. 1% BULLETIN No. 403 [June, Practically all the grain farms in this area are in the bottom lands, and on most farms on the bottom lands grain crops occupy a large proportion of the crop land. A great many of the general farms and of the livestock farms, however, include some bottom land and some upland soil. Hay and pasture must occupy an important place in the rotation on the light-colored soils, but sufficient grain can be produced on the bottom land to feed considerable livestock. About a third of the corn produced in the southern part of Area 8 is shipped out of the county where grown and about a fourth of that in the northern part is shipped out. Size and Number of Farms. The farms in this area averaged 132 acres in 1929, with 91 acres in crop land. The total acreage of farm land has declined less than 7 percent since 1900, but the number of farms has been reduced nearly 30 percent. The proportion of farms of less than 100 acres has declined 25 percent, the proportion of farms of 100 to 174 acres has increased 15 percent, and the proportion having more than 175 acres has nearly doubled. Farm Tenure. More tenancy exists in this area than in any other part of southern Illinois, but the amount here is not great compared with many parts of northern Illinois. Thirty-seven percent of the farms were operated by tenants in 1929, but less than 5 percent of the tenant-operated farms were leased on a cash basis. Tenancy is most common on the cash grain farms, 58 percent being operated by tenants in 1929. General Farms. The general farms in Area 8 averaged 125 acres in 1929, with 65 acres in crops and 27 acres in pasture. The average valuation placed on land was $4,799 per farm, or $38 an acre, and buildings were valued at $1,904 per farm. The gross income per farm was $1,405; crop sales, sales of livestock, livestock products, and products consumed by the family making up about equal proportions of it. Nearly 90 percent of the farms reported dairy cows in 1930, and 61 percent reported brood sows kept to farrow in the spring of 1930. An average of only 3 cows was reported on these farms, however, and only 2 or 3 brood sows. No data are available showing the number of chickens, but sales of poultry and poultry products are as important as sales of dairy products. Sales of hogs are an important source of income on many farms. In general these farms are operated by family labor, and enough livestock is kept to consume the feed produced on the farm. Some feed, mostly protein supplements, is purchased. In 1929 an average of 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 8 197 $126 was spent for feed on 72 percent of the farms, and $129 was spent for hired labor on 45 percent. Cash Grain Farms. The cash grain farms in Area 8 averaged 187 acres in 1929, with 124 acres in crops. They are located mostly along the rivers. Seventy-five percent of the farm land was classed as harvested crop land or as plowable pasture in 1929. The land was valued at $10,219 per farm, or $55 an acre, a valuation 40 percent higher than the valuation placed on the general or livestock farms. TABLE 8. AREA 8: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS' Item General farms Cash grain farms Self- sufficing farms Percentage indicated'farms are of all farms in area Average size of farm, acres, 1929 39.8 125.1 23.8 187.2 14.3 74.1 Crop land, acres 64 8 123 9 24 7 Pasture, acres 26.6 20.9 20.2 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 $6 703 $12 349 $2 704 Value of land per acre 38 55 24 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 $1 405 $ 2 283 $ 553 Value of crops sold or traded 340 1 450 33 Value of livestock sold or traded 376 296 52 Value of livestock products sold or traded. . . . Value of forest products sold or traded 323 8 251 2 126 3 Value of products used by operator's family. . 358 284 339 'Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. The gross income on the cash grain farms averaged $2,283 in 1929, and 64 percent of it was from the sale of crops. Sales of livestock accounted for 13 percent of the total, and sales of livestock products for 11 percent, while produce used by the operator's family made up 12 percent of the total income. Corn and wheat sales make up a large proportion of the crop sales on these farms. Altho sales of livestock and livestock products are relatively of less importance than on the general farms, owing to the larger size of the cash grain farms, the actual value of the sales of livestock and livestock products per farm in 1929 was about three- fourths as great. Less feed is purchased on these farms than on the general farms but a greater amount of extra labor is hired. An average of $263 was paid for labor on 61 percent of these farms in 1929. Fertilizer is an important item of expense on a smaller number of farms. 198 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, Nearly 60 percent of these grain farms are operated by tenants, but almost all are rented on a crop-share basis. Other Farms. Farms on which sales of livestock are the important source of income made up only a small group in 1929 (8.4 percent of all farms), but they are important since they provide a market for a considerable proportion of the grain produced on the cash grain farms. They averaged 209 acres, with 99 acres in crops and 53 acres in pas- ture. The land in this group of farms was valued at $8,398 per farm in 1929, or $40 an acre, while the value of buildings was placed at $2,823 per farm. The gross income in 1929 averaged $2,924 per farm, which was nearly 30 percent higher than that on the grain farms. Receipts from sales of livestock made up 59 percent of the total income, or $1,725 per farm. Crop sales, of which wheat is most important, made up 17 percent of the income; sales of livestock products, 13 percent; and farm products used by the operator's family, 11 percent. A larger group of farms, but one of little importance from the standpoint either of income or total amount of land used, is the group of self-sufficing farms, which made up 14.3 percent of all farms in 1929. These farms are usually on the poorer soil and the income is low, averaging in 1929 $553 per farm. The value of products con- sumed made up nearly two-thirds of the gross income from these farms in 1929. Many farmers, however, added to their income -by labor done away from the farm. Area 9, Southern, Fruit and Vegetables Types of Farms. General farms are the most common type found in Area 9 and include 39 percent of all farms in the area. Twenty percent are self-sufficing or part-time farms. The fruit and vegetable farms, which typify the area, include only 10 percent of all farms. This small group of farms, however, in 1929 was responsible for 25 percent of the total agricultural income in the area. In addition, many other farms received part of their income from these sources. Thirty-seven percent of the gross farm income in Area 9 was from sales of crops in 1929, 22 percent from livestock sales, 19 per- cent from sales of livestock products, and 2 percent from sales of forest products. Farm products used by the operator's family made up the remaining 20 percent. Dairy cattle are the most important class of livestock in the area, an average of 3 cows per farm being reported in 1930 on 77 percent of all farms. Poultry is kept on nearly 90 percent of the farms, but 1934} TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 9 199 except on the few commercial poultry farms the number of hens averaged less than 60 per farm in 1929. The general farms are scattered over the entire area, in most cases on the poorer soil, where a large part of the land is untillable and not suited to the growing of fruit or vegetables. Most of the cash grain farms are in Alexander, Union, and Jackson counties on the bottom- land soil, where corn and wheat are the important crops (Appendix Table 11). Over 90 percent of the specialized fruit and vegetable TABLE 9. AREA 9: FACTS REGARDING PRINCIPAL TYPES OF FARMS> Item General farms Self- sufficing farms Fruit farms Truck farms Percentage indicated farms are of all farms in area 39.1 19.6 6.4 3.8 Average size of farm, acres, 1929 120.3 83.1 125.8 71.6 Crop land, acres 36.6 20.9 59.0 26 1 Pasture, acres 27 4 20 16 2 8 9 Value of land and buildings per farm, 1930 . . Value of land per acre $3 640 19 $1 967 15 $8 780 49 $3 575 31 Total value per farm of all products sold, traded, or used by operator's family, 1929 Value of crops sold or traded $ 955 215 $ 383 29 $3 694 3 203 $1 366 993 Value of livestock sold or traded 208 36 111 82 Value of livestock products sold or traded . . Value of forest products sold or traded. . . . Value of products used by operator's family 247 24 261 69 10 239 151 7 222 100 9 182 'Additional data for this area are shown in Appendix Table 10. farms are in Union, Pulaski, Johnson, and Jackson counties. Live- stock farms are common in the Cache river territory in Johnson, Pope, and Massac counties, where feed grains can be grown on the bottom land and the untillable upland used for pasture. Self-sufficing and part-time farms are found over the entire area but are most common in Hardin and Pope counties, where only 26 percent of the farm land was in harvested crops in 1929. Crops Grown. Corn, hay, and pasture are the principal crops grown in Area 9 from the standpoint of acreage. Corn was grown on 21.7 percent of the tillable land, hay on 14.4 percent, and 28 percent was in pasture in 1929 (Fig. 31, page 160). Thirty-one percent of the tillable land in Alexander county was in corn, and 26 percent of that in Pulaski county, while in the remainder of the area 20 percent or 200 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, less was in corn. Less than 10 percent of the tillable land in Alex- ander county was in hay, while 15 to 20 percent of most other parts of Area 9 was in hay. About 15 percent of the tillable land in the western part of the area and 30 to 50 percent of that in the eastern part was in pasture. Wheat is no longer an important crop in this area, occupying only 1.6 percent of the tillable land in 1929. In 1919 wheat was grown on 9 percent of the farm land and corn on 16.6 percent. The decline in wheat production since 1900 has been due mainly to competition with other areas and the reduced productivity of the land. Corn acreage, however, has increased with the reclamation of bottom lands, par- ticularly in Union, Jackson, Alexander, and Pulaski counties. The acreage in hay during the last thirty years has nearly doubled. In the past crop failure has been common, particularly in the river bottoms, but the development of levees and drainage projects has lessened the risk in the bottom lands. Commercial fruit and vegetable production have been important industries in Area 9 for many years. During the past thirty years production has shifted until it is concentrated in those localities where soil conditions, transportation facilities, and other factors are most favorable. From 1899 to 1919 the number of bearing apple trees decreased nearly 50 percent and bearing peach trees decreased 13 percent. Many new apple orchards, however, were set out after 1915, and in 1919 nearly 60 percent of the apple trees were classed as non- bearing. This increase in apple trees took place largely in the best apple-producing localities. After 1919 the planting of new trees rapidly declined, and by 1929 the percentage of nonbearing trees had declined to 32 percent. It has been estimated that 69 percent of the apple trees in this area on January 1, 1928, were planted during the period from 1915 to 1924. Heavy plantings of peach trees were made following 1922. A sur- vey made in the fall of 1925 showed that 40 percent of the peach trees in commercial orchards were two and three years old and only 15 percent were eight years old or older. The number of bearing peach trees in 1929 was three and one-half times as great as in 1919. The number increased greatly in the principal peach areas, but the greatest percentage increases, and perhaps overexpansion, took place in Pu- laski and Massac counties, where peaches had not previously been important. The value of fruit alone made up 42 percent of the value of all crops in Union and Jackson counties in 1929, and fruit was grown TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 9 201 on 11 percent of the total crop land. During the four years 1924-1927 the average annual shipments of apples, peaches, and pears totaled FIG. 40. TYPICAL SCENE IN UNION COUNTY, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS Altho confined to a small portion of the land area, fruit and vegetable production are the chief sources of income on the rolling land of Area 9. 1,378 carloads from these counties. During this same period an average of 940 carloads of vegetables, melons, and strawberries was shipped out of these two counties each year. Vegetables are almost equally as important in some parts of Alexander county. 202 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, Factors Influencing Type of Development. Area 9 includes the unglaciated section of southern Illinois. With the exception of small areas of bottom land along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers and a nar- row strip of lowland extending across the northern parts of Pulaski and Massac counties, the topography is quite rolling and in many parts too rough for agricultural purposes. The character of the soil and topography of Area 9 prohibit an extensive type of farming in which grains and livestock are important, and the lack of large local population centers makes intensive produc- tion of highly perishable products such as milk impossible. Fruit and vegetable crops, however, are favored by soil and climatic conditions, and adequate transportation facilities have made it economically pos- sible to grow these products in most parts of the area. The vegetable industry was originally developed along the Illinois Central lines, which gave quick transportation to large cities to the north. Six important railroad systems now have lines going thru the area. Intensive farming is further favored by the abundance of available labor. Forty-three percent of the total population lives on farms, and 47 percent of the male population gainfully employed in 1929 was employed in agriculture. Local variations in soil and topography have resulted in the forma- tion of small localities within which a type of farming quite different from that in the area as a whole is common. Size and Number of Farms. Agriculture is the only important industry in Area 9, but only about three-fourths of the total land area is in farms and less than one-third of the farm land is normally in harvested crops. The number of farms in this area declined 22 per- cent between 1900 and 1930, while the land in farms declined only 6 percent. Twenty-six percent of the farms in 1929 were less than 50 acres in size, 29 percent consisted of 50 to 99 acres, 28 percent of 100 to 175 acres, and only 17 percent were larger than 175 acres. The average size has increased more than 20 percent in the last thirty years, largely thru a reduction in the number of 20-to-49-acre farms and an increase in the number of farms of 100 to 174 acres. Farm Tenure. The only sections of the area where tenancy is important are on the bottom lands where grain farming predominates. General Farms. The average size of the general farms in Area 9 was 120 acres in 1929. Gross incomes averaged $955 per farm. The organization is quite similar to that of the same type of farm in Areas 7 and 8. Twenty-two percent of the gross income in 1929 was from crop sales, 22 percent from sales of livestock, and 26 percent from 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: AREA 9 203 sales of livestock products. The value of the products used by the operator's family totaled 27 percent of the gross income. Small or- chards and truck gardens are common on these farms and often con- tribute most of the value of the crop sales. Self -Sufficing Farms. The self -sufficing farms, or those on which half or more of the products raised are consumed in the home, are second in importance in Area 9 when number of farms is considered. Averaging 83 acres in size, their gross income was only $383 per farm in 1929 and 62 percent of the total consisted of products used in the home. These farms are most common in the eastern part of the Area 9 in what is probably the poorest section of the state so far as agri- culture is concerned. Fruit Farms. The gross income from fruit farms in Area 9 in 1929 constituted 20.5 percent of the total agricultural income from the entire area, altho only 6 percent of all farms in the area were included in this group and their total acreage was only 6.5 percent of the farm land in this area. Fruit farms in Area 9 averaged 126 acres in 1929, with 59 acres in crop land. Land was valued per farm at $6,171. The average gross income in 1929 was $3,694 per farm, 87 percent of which was from crop sales. Eighteen percent of the farms were less than 50 acres in size, and 8.5 percent were 260 acres or larger. The gross income was less than $600 on 15 percent of the farms and more than $6,000 per farm on 14 percent. Thirty-four percent, however, were from 50 to 99 acres in size, and 27 percent were from 100 to 174 acres. Livestock is unimportant on the fruit farms in Area 9, in so far as sales are concerned, tho on most farms dairy cows, hogs, and poultry are raised in order to provide food for the operator and his family. More labor is hired on these farms, and more fertilizer is pur- chased, than on any other group of farms in the state. An average of $228 was spent for fertilizer in 1929 on 53 percent of the farms, and an average of $1,142 was spent for labor on 72 percent. The cost of purchased feed is important, an average of $189 having been spent on two-thirds of the farms in 1929. Truck Farms. Truck farms in 1929 constituted 3.8 percent of all farms in Area 9, 2.2 percent of the farm land, and accounted for 4.4 percent of the total agricultural income of the area. They averaged 72 acres in size, with 26 acres in crops, and the land was valued at $2,237 per farm. The average income in 1929 was $1,366 per farm, 73 percent of which was from crop sales. The acreage of crop land per farm is 204 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, slightly higher than in the truck farms in Area 1, the Chicago area, but the income per farm is less than half as great. In the Chicago district the value of land is much higher and larger amounts of ferti- lizer and labor are used. It is difficult to compare the two groups of truck farms because of their different soil conditions and transporta- tion facilities. Some livestock is kept on these truck farms, as on the fruit farms, in order to provide livestock products for the household. Less money is spent for feed, fertilizer, and labor on the truck farms than on the fruit farms, but on both they are important items of cost. SUMMARY Illinois lies almost entirely in the region known as the "corn belt." Corn, oats, wheat, and hay or pasture are the main crops, being grown on 86 percent of the tillable farm land in 1929. With the exception of wheat, these crops are used mainly in the production of meat animals and animal products. In comparison with the variety of types and kinds of farming in the United States as a whole, Illinois agriculture is relatively uniform. Viewed from a local standpoint, however, distinct differences are to be noted in different parts of the state in kinds and acreages of crops grown and kinds and numbers of livestock kept. These differences, in their larger aspects, are not due to personal preferences, but to the efforts of farmers to develop those combinations of crop and livestock enterprises that are best suited to the natural resources of the area and its economic and biological conditions. Characteristics of State as a Whole. Few agricultural areas of the country have close at hand such extensive markets for agricultural products. The density of population and the high proportion of the population living in cities and small towns, in addition to affording markets for farm products, results in adequate supplies of farm labor except in periods of marked industrial activity. Large industrial centers are ready sources of capital for farming purposes in practically all parts of the state. Tariff policies have, to some extent, influenced the development of certain types of farming in Illinois. The tariff on wool has been an important factor in encouraging the raising of sheep. On the other hand the high tariffs on wheat adopted by some foreign countries have led to a reduction of the acreage of that crop on many Illinois farms. Since 1920, when land values reached their peak, little change has occurred in the amount of tenancy in Illinois. In 1930, 40 percent of 1934~\ TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: SUMMARY 205 the farms in the state were owner-operated; 43 percent consisted en- tirely of rented land; 16 percent were rented in part and owned in part by the operator ; and 1 percent were operated by hired managers. The land surface of Illinois varies from level prairie to rough, hilly areas not suited to cultivation. Sixteen different major groups of soils, varying widely in productivity, are recognized by students of soil con- ditions. In the northern two-thirds of the state most of the soils are dark colored, younger, and more productive than those in the southern part of the state. The great length of the state from north to south 385 miles creates a difference of four and one-half weeks in average length of growing season between one end of the state and the other and wide differences in the mean and extremes of temperature. Nine Farming-Type Areas. Nine major areas may be outlined in Illinois within each of which one or more dominant types of farming are easily recognizable. Many types of farms are found, however, in each area, for soil and other conditions may on individual farms vary greatly from those that are typical of the area as a whole. At the margins of the different areas, also, conditions are more varied than in the main body of the area, and in those sections operators have a greater choice in the type of farming they will adopt than operators have in the area as a whole. Area 1, Northeastern Dairy and Truck. Two types of farms, dairy and truck, predominate in Area 1, 53 percent of all farms being classed as dairy and 12 percent as truck farms in this area in 1929. Approximately half the gross income from agriculture in Area 1 in 1929 was from sales of livestock products, principally whole milk, and 18 percent was from sales of crops, nearly two-thirds of which was from vegetable crops. An urban population of more than 4 million people is the important reason for the development of dairy and truck farms in this area. Soil and climatic conditions, however, are also favorable for these types of farming. Corn, oats, barley, and hay or pasture occupied 89 percent of the crop and pasture land in 1929. Truck farms occupy only a small part of the total farm area and are found near the cities, while dairy farms are found thruout the area. Area 2, Northwestern, Mixed Livestock. Mixed livestock farming best describes the agriculture in Area 2. More than three- fourths of the gross income in 1929 was from sales of livestock or livestock products. Dairy farms, found over the entire area, are most common in the northern part, where condenseries, cheese factories, and creameries 206 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, provide a market for their product. These farms constituted 22 per- cent of all farms in the area in 1929, while livestock farms, which are the most numerous kind, constituted 38 percent. Beef cow herds, cattle feeding, hogs, and sheep are common livestock enterprises. Some cash grain farming is found on the bottom lands along the Rock and Green rivers. A relatively high proportion of untillable land and soil conditions that make it necessary to include a large proportion of hay and pasture crops in the rotation systems are the important natural factors influenc- ing the type of farming that has been developed in this area. The crops grown and the near-by markets for cream and whole milk en- courage dairying, tho prices for dairy products are lower than in Area 1. The lower net prices for dairy products and favorable con- ditions for the production of meat animals leaves the choice of live- stock enterprises to the operator to a greater extent than in Area 1. Hogs are important on both dairy and livestock farms. Area 3, Western Livestock and Grain. Hogs and beef cattle are the most important sources of farm income in Area 3, with sales of grain of secondary importance. Approximately half the gross income from agriculture in 1929 was from livestock sales and approximately one-fourth from crop sales. Forty-four percent of the farms were classed as livestock and 25.6 percent as cash grain farms. Soil and topography are the factors primarily responsible for the types of farming that have been developed in this area. Dark-colored soils predominate, but less productive light-colored soils are found along the many small rivers and streams that flow thru the area. Un- tillable pasture land is common on the light-colored soils, and hay and pasture crops must occupy an important place in the rotation in order to maintain crop yields on the tillable land. Thus cash grain farms, on which the dark soils predominate and where there is little untillable land, are frequently interspersed among the livestock farms. Freight rates on livestock from this area are more favorable than from areas east of the Illinois river. Area 4, East-Central, Cash Grain Area. The rich soils and level topography of Area 4 are favorable to grain farming. Two-thirds of all farms in this area were classed as grain farms in 1929. Fifty-seven percent of the gross income from agriculture came from the sale of crops. While corn is the important crop over the entire area, oats are the principal secondary crop in the eastern and northern parts and winter wheat is the important secondary crop in the southwestern part. 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS: SUMMARY 207 Some livestock, mainly hogs and beef cattle, are found thruout the area, principally near the rivers and streams, where the proportion of untillable land is higher than in other parts. Some dairy farms are found, mainly near cities of the area, but on the whole livestock are less important than in the areas already mentioned. Area 5, West-Central, General Farming. Beef cattle and hogs are the most important sources of income in Area 5, with grain second. Sales of livestock in 1929 made up almost half the total gross income from farming, and crop sales about one- fourth. Livestock farms and grain farms are both common, but the general farm, on which crops, livestock, and livestock products are about equally important from the standpoint of income, is the most typical. Less than three-fourths of the farm land of the area is tillable, a fact that has been important in determining the place of livestock in the farming systems developed in the area. The soils are not so pro- ductive as in Area 3, and consequently a longer rotation, with less feed grain and more hay and pasture, is common. This explains why in this area farming is of a more general type than in Area 3. Grain farming is common along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. Fruit is the most important source of income in Calhoun county, which is the leading apple-producing county of the state. Area 6, Southwestern, Wheat, Dairy, and Poultry. Nearly two- thirds of the gross farm income in Area 6 in 1929 was from sales of wheat, dairy products, and poultry. The most common type of farm is the general farm, on which crop sales, livestock, and livestock prod- ucts are all important. General farms in 1929 made up 44 percent of the total farms, dairy farms 22 percent, cash grain farms 9 percent, and poultry farms 7 percent. The availability of markets and good transportation facilities have been important factors influencing the types of farming that have been developed in this area. With almost a million people in St. Louis and East St. Louis a good market is provided for fresh vegetables and dairy and poultry products. In addition to the above economic factors, soil conditions favor a type of farming in which labor is more impor- tant than in the areas with a larger proportion of tillable land and more productive soils. Some cash grain farming is found along the Mississippi river and the smaller rivers within the state. Wheat is the most profitable grain crop and in some localities occupies a greater acreage than corn. Area 7, South Central, Mixed Farming. Small general farms, with low capital investment and small gross income, are characteristic 208 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, of Area 7, constituting more than 40 percent of the farms in 1929. In this area a much larger share of the income from farming consists of products used by the operator's family than in the northern two-thirds of the state. Three sub-areas are recognized within Area 7. In the northern part general farming, similar to that in Area 5 but on a smaller scale, is common. In the central part fruit, redtop seed, dairy products, poultry, and eggs are the more important sources of income. Self- sufficing and part-time farming is common over the entire area but is especially important in the southern part, where coal mining is an im- portant industry. A large part 80 to 85 percent of the farm land in Area 7 is tillable but because of its low productive level hay and pasture crops must be given important places in the cropping system and frequently large acreages are left idle. Area 8, Southeastern, Grain and Livestock. While grain farms and livestock farms are common in Area 8, general farms, on which sales of grain, livestock, and livestock products are of about equal im- portance, are the most common. Forty percent of the farms in 1929 were general farms, 24 percent grain farms, and 9 percent livestock farms. The gross farm income was 36 percent from crop sales, 22 percent from livestock sales, and 21 percent from sales of livestock products. Farming in this area is largely confined to the more productive land found near the rivers. Cash grain farming is most common on the areas of bottom land along the Ohio and Wabash rivers and the smaller rivers emptying into them, while livestock is an important source of income on the adjacent upland. Corn and wheat are the principal grain crops produced in the area. Some corn is shipped out of the area, tho most of it is fed on the farms where it is produced or on adjoining farms. Area 9, Southern, Fruit and Vegetables. Area 9 is the most im- portant fruit and vegetable area in the state, altho only 10 percent of the farms were of this type in 1929. General farms from which much fruit and vegetables are sold were the most common, constituting 39 percent of all farms. Thirty-seven percent of the gross farm income of the area was from crop sales in 1929, 22 percent from livestock, and 19 percent from livestock products. This area includes the unglaciated section of southern Illinois. The topography is rolling to rough, with much untillable land. The char- acter of the soil and the rough topography prevent the development of 1934] TYPES OF FARMING IN ILLINOIS 209 types of farming in which cash grain or livestock are important. Soils and climate are favorable to fruit and vegetable production, and ade- quate transportation facilities have added to this advantage. Many local variations in natural and economic conditions cause local variations in types of farming. Fruit and vegetables are most important in Union, Pulaski, Johnson, and Jackson counties. Grain and livestock are more common along the rivers, where a greater supply of feed grains can be grown. APPENDIX 210 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, 10 f>-0p 2 83 -f co co >o co co h- CM CMCOCM 00 I- -I .r SS! coco IOO>CMIO t--coio os o -r SS8S CO CO O> CO CM t- t - O T I 00 CO CO ^- CO IO ON cMt-ccoc ^ oa ^ t-* 10 o co *^,~*^^ ^^ O> OO t- O i tO CO CM O CO OO to O C * t* * - O O CO U} N O u? OO d oo C-HOO i^cr v C s C N C^O oo r r - - - CO * O3 T I r. 'oo COOOOO CO<3> -r 7 I t-t-^oi ScO CO o o S S2 c,^- CM"*- o co i co e>> i I CN 1 1-. lOOcMTrt-ieroco 00^ CO CO OO r -i 3 OO i* ' - y - S oo to O C CO Ot t>.oo t- * i o a> co IN ^ n a ^ H Q M i 9B OOOO el oa ^ cs O COOOOO 5 O> CO O>I-H^* il" 2 O os CM-W OOCOIQOOOCNCM CMIOOO^ COCOOO OOS'9'COCNt-tOOO ^>OOO>OCOOiOCO O OO O CO CO l ^. OO CM O> O ro CO PJOCOCQCO CJ CM ! CM O CO IO COO f O^^-^ t * CO ^H -^ C> OO CO 3 *~". 1OO ^CO COCO'* 010 O> CO9>IO ^^ o> r o oor co cooc O CO CO U9 (M 00 CO CO ^^ -^ e^ r- 10 >OM co oa os t- >* coioasoco O IO CM CM OO i coio r-co t COOOCOfCO CO t>. S-f.~r -^ lOt ^TC ^H co co i- co no t ,0 ^-^ CO OOOCO t- CO C5 " ^^ 00 * t- CM OO co r^ t^ t ^r CM oo t- CM CO CM CM oo CM - - co-^ _ coco * 1 OO OO IO O CM OCOCM COCM CO 001O O 5-OSCM OOCMOb 1 O CO o^o^eo t^- eo , -r . - - 1 t^ c^ecooo eo ^ b* co w * o OO CM 00 3 |g i : : i *o ess ' ' a s gi ill s l? a*!* I 8 ||i Ml lS||e||ll= I |Je OwV 8 g g3 2,2,3.2. o > S a a a a a ft, -- _ - ill j I 8 s Ck rx S TSC -e II |I Ip iSi lei! as c ac ac o.a -*- 1934} APPENDIX 211 CO ~* eo ^ M" oa *- k oo -H -^ ^* us < -* ~* ooe^eoc oo o&t^oci 06 06 - t-*o ^ co oo e* 95 co o -- co o --OG - cc *o * CO i- i O 00 - O ^" O ' 2I5 O cs 5 o r--oeooo ococ ^ o -^ es o *- e$ os c i eoc^e* ~ m i - r ~ < o op c oo ^COCO CO CO COt*- to to CO 1 ** COh-.OOTTU5 IQ 00 > . >HC4^HO> COCO 00 C4 O 1 IMCO co r^co to -w'cOCO CO CO -H e* to^t> co S S5S o eo t^lO^O CO CO h- CO CO CO 1- -H Z^in^S* iTS^ OU500-J. -- OO CO CO CO I-* ^H f ^ *^ O^^ OO CO U500-J. -; OCJICO O Cg CO - 5 ^ oo oo GO r co oo co '"'SPfSS S^iS^ ^S 1 1 C l C x iT'C s . 1 1 oo es oo oo ^H c*< N^- N^N^-S.X cso^rcooo M oo o COM* co co oo ~ '^ i- --'.'- CO COtOOO -HfOOOrt lOCOOCOCO^as^ C^C S S S S S C^C^ ^- ccoco wi^ioco oi o> - co OOOO OO us co co *-< os tOO-OO-nCO -WCaiOCB i^coco co ooiSi>o o co oco tocstoio *eoto COCOCO-H irc- eooooco t t>- eo OO too enocotoooocoo) co room o oococo o * cococo o>co "^ eooiio eo eo o TT *C Oi CD CD CO -^ OO O COCO*OOO 5 10 "5 ^^ r- co co - ia o oo 10 o O ^ O kO 09 M ^ >t-O5O O 5OI S < CD^H i^ oo *n - c t^- ^H oo o ^H co co co 10 -^r o> eo ^^ ^< r^ co -npeoiaeo o> op COtOlO^^"^ CO OS CO * 3 COCO CM COt^ 00 cp >- *-4^rf IOCS ill ^"- u 1 I iff w o ^ > II ^ T3 -g S 2: O if c -- HIS Jl 3-!l>= K 3 o >^.: c ' o; 1111 212 BULLETIN No. 403 \_Jw\e, t~eOcM O3: co " S OiCM O OO O> CO CM ^- IO IO CM CO CM O CO H eoo QQ CM to i-HO CM 00 -r - ~* eooo t OOOCM i I COcOi t^Ot~CO O ^H M "**. - T i - - i - co -.-- ~.~< v r . -H 5O001-50 IOV W t-.O CMO O - O> *< 000 CO 8 5 00 10 00 Sco oa to 10 1-1 oo ** OCOCN O OO M O* i 00 01 1 I CO H< ' O CN 1 et O CN CM O> CO O CO O rt ' 00 CM OO> CS O OO lO I a 3 a 5 ^ _ CO CMCOOJ 02OOCC O O> OO t- - I-. IO US ifCNQ^H^H^i|-t 00 t~ CO CO^OOCO-^VSCN- ~- 1C O CM OO ^H CM -* OO co 5oo 10 co CO CO CM *-l CM IO CO CM CO Q CO t^ OO tO -" ^^ ~H ift O> - " CM COCO IQ ' S 8 8 CMt^ocoia o -H o a>co U5 <* CO CO to (MCOCMC3 to OS OS CM OOOOO O CO O5 l^- co oa ^H CM^OTCMCOOCM O 00 CO >co o a> -*jasr~ co oo ^H CM C O * OOO1CM CMOStOtO o-^-^oocotor COCMCOCOt^ CO 00 t~- * rt OOOO1CO OO toO^t^ i w^ -N CM S CD oo coo cor- CMCM OCMt-COOO CO OO OO O ^^ to CM *H CO O CM O CO O> KO . O t~ 00 CM CM - O CM icou-oo eo r-ioco i coop ooc- * ~+ -" to i OO CM CO O> tOCO CO -< o >} co oo o cocoo c->c r-o - a > a > SHIte !l|| ij 1 ; ; ;1|1 jsi 1 S *-dJ4 S ^? t? ** O> fl |lj^al i sl|| II |-| ill im H U gjj|ig^jii 2 w. *w-2 Pia te S ~* 3 O f. 0-" B O ^ == S ^s |]|i 1 fc^fa*: (<; t5 1934} APPENDIX 213 TABLE 11. PERCENTAGE OF FARMS OF SPECIFIED TYPES IN EACH COUNTY IN ILLINOIS, 1929 Gen- Cash Crop Animal Poul- Self- Part- County eral grain specialty Fruit Truck Dairy specialty try sufficing time Others' Adams . 26.0 10.1 .7 1.0 1.3 6.1 44.6 2.3 4.2 3.2 .5 Alexander 26.5 23.8 11.3 1.7 3.9 3.9 5.5 1.0 16.6 4.6 1.2 Bond 39.4 2.6 .4 .3 .3 38.3 4.2 6.6 4.5 3.2 .2 Boone 9.8 3.8 .6 .2 70.9 10.2 2.4 1.0 1.1 Brown 26.6 5.8 .1 .5 .3 2.1 51.9 2.7 6.4 3.0 .6 Bureau 18.0 35.4 .2 .3 .4 3.4 36.9 1.5 1.6 2.0 .3 Calhoun 32.6 3.8 .1 34.4 .4 12.3 4.0 8.1 4.0 .3 Carroll 25.2 3.2 .3 .2 1.0 10.6 51.6 1.9 2.0 4.0 Cass 18.9 55.3 .9 2.9 16.2 .8 2.0 2.6 .4 Champaign 7.1 81.3 .2 .1 .5 2.3 4.7 .9 1.2 1.5 .2 Christian 33.4 32.8 4.3 .2 4.6 17.5 1.1 3.5 2.1 .5 Clark 41.8 2.6 1.2 .2 .6 5.7 13.1 14.2 8.4 12.0 .2 Clay 43.3 .8 6.1 1.5 .2 2.1 4.5 27.2 7.8 6.2 .3 Clinton 46.0 6.6 .6 1.3 .2 33.2 1.7 3.9 4.4 2.0 .1 Coles 20.7 24.1 6.7 .6 6.6 25.6 2.3 7.7 4.9 .8 Cook 10.0 4.7 1.7 .1 41.0 25.0 2.1 5.2 2.0 7.4 .8 Crawford 36.9 4.0 .5 .4 .1 4.0 20.4 8.8 14.7 9.9 .3 Cumberland 44.0 3.8 5.6 1.3 6.4 11.4 12.0 8.4 7.0 .1 DeKalb 14.6 19.8 .1 1.0 22.0 36.6 2.9 .7 2.0 .3 DeWitt 14.4 64.8 .3 2.8 11.2 .8 2.7 2.7 .3 Douglas. 18.0 61.3 2.6 2.6 10.6 .9 2.3 1.6 .1 DuPage 8.8 4.2 1.4 4.9 55.1 6.5 6.1 4.4 7.0 1.6 Edgar 19.9 38.4 .6 .9 .2 4.4 21.1 3.4 4.1 6.8 .2 Edwards 49.6 3.0 .6 3.4 15.4 18.5 5.8 2.8 .9 Effingham. . . 43.4 .5 .7 .7 .1 19.9 3.7 17.0 7.8 5.6 .6 Fayette 44.2 2.3 1.5 .9 16.8 . 5.7 14.2 9.8 4.2 .4 Ford 6.5 85.2 .1 .5 1.4 3.7 1.2 .3 1.0 .1 Franklin 36.7 1.2 .7 1.5 .1 6.2 5.7 7.6 21.3 18.6 .4 Fulton 28.9 13.9 .4 .3 .1 2.1 43.5 1.8 4.3 4.6 .1 Gallatin 36.5 27.7 .1 .4 .6 11.0 6.6 14.9 2.0 .2 Greene 29.7 17.1 .4 .8 .1 6.9 34.0 2.7 4.9 2.9 .5 Grundy 8.9 78.1 .3 .4 1.9 4.8 3.1 .6 1.5 .4 Hamilton 47.2 1.9 .1 .2 2.3 5.4 15.5 22.7 4.4 .3 Hancock 30.2 15.1 1.2 2.7 6.0 34.4 2.9 3.1 3.9 .5 Hardin 39.4 4.5 .1 .1 .1 2.3 13.0 1.9 27.3 10.6 .7 Henderson 16.0 26.2 .3 .4 1.5 1.2 49.3 .8 2.9 1.3 .1 Henry 16.1 21.0 .1 .2 .2 3.9 52.4 1.7 1.8 2.4 .2 Iroquois 14.9 71.7 .1 .1 .2 1.5 4.6 2.3 2.1 2.3 .2 Jackson 47.5 9.4 .2 5.0 .8 8.7 4.4 2.0 16.0 5.7 .3 Jasper 49.9 1.0 2.7 1.3 2.4 9.5 20.1 9.2 3.6 .3 Jefferson 44.5 1.6 2.0 2.5 .5 8.2 3.1 11.3 13.4 12.7 .2 Jersey 30.7 10.8 .8 1.9 .2 8.5 29.6 4.6 10.5 1.9 .5 JoDaviess 21.0 1.0 6 .1 29.3 43.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 .2 Johnson 36.6 2.4 1.3 8.2 6.9 9.3 3.3 21.2 10.3 .5 Kane 8.8 6.9 .4 2.0 54.4 17.2 4.3 1.4 3.5 1.0 Kankakee 14.0 60.4 .3 .2 4.4 11.0 5.1 1.8 1.1 1.5 .2 Kendall 13.9 51.4 .1 .3 9.5 19.2 3.5 .5 1.5 .1 Knox 19.5 25.6 .2 .4 5.5 41.9 1.7 1.7 3.0 .5 Lake 7.6 1.5 3.3 .3 2.4 57.9 3.9 7.9 2.4 10.0 2.8 LaSalle 11.0 70.0 .1 .2 1.2 3.2 7.7 2.3 1.1 2.9 .3 Lawrence 39.3 14.1 1.3 .5 .6 4.5 13.8 9.4 11.1 5.1 .3 Note. Where no data are given, the percentage of farms totaled less than one-tenth of 1 percent. 'Includes stock ranch, institutional or country astute, boarding and lodging, forest product, horse farm, feed lot, or livestock dealer. (Concluded on page 214) 214 BULLETIN No. 403 TABLE 11. Concluded [June, Gen- Cash Crop Animal Poul- Self- Part- County eral grain specialty Fruit Truck Dairy specialty try sufficing time Others' Lee . 16.1 45.3 .3 .2 13 12.3 20.3 2 .7 1.4 .1 Livingston ... 5.1 87.3 .1 1.1 3.1 1.2 .6 1.3 .2 Logan .... 11.2 78.7 .2 .2 1.7 5.1 1.2 1.4 .3 M cDonough . .... 21.7 25.2 .1 3 .1 3.2 41.4 1 ft 2.7 3.6 .4 McHenry ... 5.7 2.8 1.0 .2 .4 75.0 4.4 3 7 2.0 4.6 .2 McLean .... 11.3 68 6 .1 .1 .8 4.2 8.9 1.3 1.2 3.2 .3 Maoon. ... 15.4 54 2 1.1 6 1.1 5.8 7.2 1 3 2.1 10.8 .4 Maeoupin .... 38.5 4.4 .9 .4 13.3 27.6 45 5.1 4.7 .6 Madison ... 31.9 9.1 .4 .9 3.8 36.3 2.3 3 5 4.3 7.2 .3 Marion, ... 38.3 .5 3.4 8.0 .4 8.3 3.2 12.7 13.3 11.4 .5 Marshall .... 15.1 59.1 .3 .1 1.8 19.9 1.1 .8 1.3 .5 Mason .... 11.4 78.4 .6 .1 .6 .8 4.1 9 1.3 1.4 .4 Maseac .... 50.0 2.8 1.1 1.7 6.1 11.1 4.8 14.8 7.0 6 Menard .... 20 9 43.0 .2 .1 1.4 26.3 1 4 2.9 3.4 .4 .... 16.5 12.6 .1 .5 3.5 62.1 1.3 1.5 1.3 .6 Monroe ... 58.1 22.4 .2 4.1 1.9 4.3 7.6 1.2 .2 Montgomery . .. 44.0 5.4 1.2 .2 .1 20.6 11.1 4.7 7.2 5.0 .5 Morgan Moultrie .... 23.7 ... 28.6 31.8 43.6 .6 5.3 .1 .6 4.4 3.3 30.3 7.4 1 7 2.7 3.6 4.2 2.7 4.4 5 .5 Ogle ... 20.8 16.0 .1 .5 15.1 42.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 .3 Peoria ... 28.3 22.0 .3 .9 2.7 7.6 26.3 2.3 2.9 62 .5 Perry ... 60.6 2.4 .2 .5 .2 5.2 2.1 67 11.4 10.5 .2 Piatt ... 8.2 78.1 1.0 .2 .2 2.3 6.8 1.5 1.5 .2 Pike ... 23.6 14.0 .1 1.3 .1 2.0 43.8 1 9 9.4 3 y. .6 Pope ,... 37.7 3.7 .2 .8 1.5 9.9 6.7 35.4 3.3 .8 Pulaski ... 36.9 4.4 4.6 13.3 7.6 2.6 6.8 1 1 14.2 8.2 .3 Putnam .... 17.1 52.8 5 2.5 21.7 .2 2.5 2.1 .6 Randolph .... 47.3 18.8 .1 .6 13.1 3.8 5.5 6.3 4.1 .4 Richland , . 46.3 1.3 3.8 1.5 3.9 9.0 23.3 7.0 3.9 Rock Island ... 21.3 7.7 1.1 1.5 2.8 12.2 42.4 ?, ?, 2.6 5 7 .5 St. Clair ... 50.2 17.1 .5 .5 6.8 8.5 2.3 4.3 4.7 4.9 .2 Saline ... 34.0 7.9 .7 1 8 4.3 5.7 3.9 22.9 18.2 .6 Sangamon , ... 18.3 37.6 .4 7 .9 5.5 20.9 1 7 5.4 8.0 6 Schuyler ... 34.2 15.1 .1 .2 2.5 36.2 2.7 5.8 2.9 .3 Scott ... 22.9 27.8 .9 .8 1.0 31.6 1.3 12.0 1.3 .4 Shelby .... 40.4 14.7 2.4 .2 .2 7.4 17.2 6 9 6.3 4.1 .2 Stark .... 12.0 38.2 .1 2.0 45.1 .7 1.8 .1 Stephenson .... 21.7 1.8 .7 .1 .7 42.5 27.6 1 6 1.6 1.4 .3 Tatewell .... 21.4 58.1 .2 8 1.3 5.2 8.7 1 .9 2.1 .3 Union ... 41.4 5.3 3.1 12.3 11.0 7.1 3.7 .7 11.5 3.4 .5 Vermilion , ... 18.0 44.1 .1 .1 1.2 4 6 10.2 2.1 5.1 13.9 .6 Wabash ... 49.9 22.5 1.4 .4 .9 2.4 5.0 5 1 8.4 3 9 .1 Warren ... 13.3 30.4 .2 .2 3.5 47.6 .8 1.7 1.9 .4 Washington , ... 54.3 13.3 3.1 14.9 .7 5.3 5.2 3.0 .2 Wayne ... 43.3 .9 9.9 .1 1.7 6.2 27.2 6.8 3.6 .3 White ... 36.7 22.3 .8 .9 .4 2.6 9.1 7.2 16.7 2.9 .4 Whiteside ... 22.3 23.4 1.0 .2 2.1 15.0 30.7 2.1 .9 2.1 .2 Will .... 14.4 42.7 .2 2.3 26.8 5.5 2.6 3.1 2.0 .4 Williamson , ... 36.8 1.0 .7 2.5 .1 9.3 3.5 2.6 31.6 11.4 .5 Winnebago , ... 15.1 3.9 .7 .2 2.9 32.1 33.2 3.7 .9 6.7 .6 Woodford 18.5 59.8 .1 .5 1.8 2.7 11.8 1.2 1.8 1.5 .3 Note. Where no data are given, the percentage of farms totaled less than one-tenth of 1 percent. 'Includes stock ranch, institutional or country estate, boarding and lodging, forest product, horse farm, feed lot, or livestock dealer. 19341 APPENDIX 215 TABLE 12. AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF FARM INCOME I PER FARM IN THE DIFFERENT TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS OF ILLINOIS, 1929 Tntnl Income from income Crops Livestock Livestock products Forest products Products used by operator's family Areal Income per farm $3186 $567 $750 $1 629 $2 $238 Percent 100 17.8 23.5 51.1 .1 7.5 Ami Income per farm Percent 2 805 100 414 14.8 1 336 47.6 782 27.9 8 .3 265 9.4 AreaS Income per farm Percent 3 189 100 805 25.2 1 675 52.5 449 14.1 7 .2 253 8.0 Area 4a Income per farm Percent 3 321 100 1 935 58.3 663 20.0 449 13.5 5 .1 269 8.1 Area4b Income per farm Percent 3 140 100 1 702 54.2 714 22 8 436 13.9 7 .2 281 8.9 AreaS Income per farm 2 313 545 1 147 354 12 255 Percent 100 23.6 49.6 15.3 .5 11.0 Arra 6 Income per farm Percent 1 516 100 362 23.8 262 17.3 616 40.7 10 .6 266 17.6 Area 7a Income per farm 1 181 155 413 367 11 235 100 13.1 35.0 31.1 .9 19.9 Armn Income per farm Percent 1 133 100 295 26.0 231 20.4 385 33.9 9 .8 213 18.9 Area 7c Income per farm 842 98 199 285 10 250 Percent 100 11.6 23.6 33.9 1.2 29.7 AreaS Income per farm .... 1 569 560 369 324 7 309 Percent 100 35.7 23.5 20.7 .5 19.6 Area 9 Income per farm 1 097 408 241 210 19 219 Percent 100 37.2 21.9 19.2 1.8 19.9 'Value of farm products sold, traded, or used by operator's family. 216 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, TABLE 13. PERCENTAGE OF FARM INCOME* DERIVED FROM SPECIFIED SOURCES IN EACH COUNTY OF ILLINOIS, 1929 (Total of all sources indicated = 100) County Cropa Livestock Livestock products Forest products Products used by operator's family Adams 20.5 48.3 19.1 .7 11.4 Alexander 43.7 17.5 19.4 1.9 17.5 Bond 13.6 22.9 46.0 .9 16.6 Boons 9.5 34.8 49.5 .1 6.1 Brown 12.8 57.3 17.3 .7 11.9 Bureau 30.8 47.2 14.1 .2 7.7 Calhoun 47.9 22.4 12.8 1.1 15.8 Carroll 7.9 59.2 22.7 .3 9.9 Cass 44.6 37.8 9.4 .4 7.8 Champaign. 64.8 15.8 11.8 .1 7.5 Chriatian 42.9 32.6 14.8 .0 9.7 Clark 11.4 35.6 33.0 .6 19.4 Clay 29.4 17.4 34.3 1.1 17.8 Clinton 23.1 12.2 48.6 .4 15.7 Coles 35.7 38.2 15.1 .4 10.6 Cook 52.2 9.4 30.7 .0 7.7 Crawford 12.1 39.0 27.4 1.0 20.5 Cumberland 17.3 28.9 32.6 1.2 20.0 DeKalb 21.9 49.8 22.2 .2 5.9 DeWitt 53.8 25.6 11.7 .1 8.8 Douglas 586 232 11.2 .1 6.9 DuPage. 11.8 19.5 584 .1 10.2 Edgar 40.3 38.4 12.5 .2 8.6 Edwards 12.5 34.4 32.4 1.1 19.6 Effingham 11.2 20.1 46.4 1.6 20.7 Fayette 12.8 27.7 39.1 .6 19.8 Ford 63.6 17.7 12.1 .0 6.6 Franklin 11.3 21.6 35.5 1.2 30.4 Fulton 30.9 60.9 145 .4 11.2 Gallatin 37.8 24.2 17.7 .4 19.9 Greene 19.4 56.4 15.3 .2 8.7 Grundy 59.8 18.3 14.9 .2 6.8 Hamilton 10.1 26.4 35.3 1.1 27.1 Hancock 23.1 48.0 18.8 .3 9.8 Hardin 11.5 33.7 21.8 2.5 30.5 Henderson 23.6 60.0 9.1 .2 71 Henry 20.8 56.3 14.6 .1 8.2 Iroquois 57.3 17.1 15.2 .1 10.3 Jackson 30.2 17.1 27.7 1.3 237 Jasper 14.1 31.9 33.5 .7 19.8 Jefferson 18.1 21.8 35.7 .6 23.8 Jersey 21.4 40.3 22.8 .9 14.6 JoDaviess 3.8 49.4 34.4 .3 12.1 Johnson. 32.3 25.0 21.1 1.0 20.6 Kane 10.4 37.5 45.8 .1 6.2 Kankakee 51.8 16.8 22.8 .1 8.5 Kendall 38.7 32.0 22.5 .1 6.7 Knox 27.1 48.3 15.4 .2 9.0 Lake... 8.1 21.2 61.5 .1 9.1 'Value of all products sold, traded, or used by the operator's family. 1934] APPENDIX TABLE 13. Concluded 217 County Crops Livestock Livestock products Forest products Products used by operator's family LaSalle 55.7 20.7 15.4 .1 Lawrence 27.9 27.9 256 .8 Lee. 40.1 32.3 19.9 .2 Livingston 66.2 13.2 12.9 Logan 60.2 18.9 122 McDonough 27.9 50.2 13.3 McHenry 4.7 202 67.9 McLean 553 24.8 12.7 Macon 54.4 21.1 16.0 Macoupin 15.7 47.5 24.3 .4 Madison 25.4 15.5 428 .5 Marion 34.3 17.2 293 .9 Marshall 43.2 36.2 12.6 .2 Mason 64.2 14.9 106 .6 Massac 11.0 39.2 26.7 2.5 Menard 35.7 44.4 10.9 .3 Mercer 13.9 63.9 14.1 .3 Monroe 32.3 13.8 30.0 .8 Montgomery 18.6 33.3 32.6 .5 Morgan 35.7 42.2 13.1 .1 Moultrie 53.2 23.4 145 .3 Ogle 169 50.1 23.9 .3 Peoria 30.9 36.4 21 5 .4 Perry 173 18.8 376 1.3 Putt 65.7 17.7 9.8 .1 Pike 185 54.9 13.2 .6 Pope 10.4 27.7 264 4.7 Pulaski 42.0 21.0 17.2 1.0 Putnam 37.5 43.3 12.5 .2 Randolph 24.0 18.3 360 1.3 Richland 19.8 24.2 37.7 .8 Rock Island 17.2 47.9 23.6 .5 St. Clair 36.7 13.8 31.7 .3 Saline 21.4 294 24.1 .6 Sangamon 35.7 460 108 .1 Schuyler 241 46.2 16.5 .8 Scott 35.0 40.1 11.0 .3 Shelby 27.4 33.2 24.9 .3 Stark 34.8 47.3 110 .2 Stephenson 8.2 43.4 38.8 .4 Twewell 51.9 21.4 169 .3 Union 603 11.0 130 .9 Vermilion 49.4 27.4 13.1 .3 Wabash 375 208 218 .8 Warren 23.8 483 10.6 .2 Washington 32.3 11.3 407 .4 Wayne. 19.4 23.3 36.1 .5 White 33.5 24.8 216 .3 Whiteside 28.0 41.1 233 .1 Will 38.5 19.6 31 6 .1 Williamson 13.1 23.1 31.3 1.1 Winnehago 10.8 46.9 34 1 .2 Woodford 51.7 24.3 14.8 .2 8.1 17.8 75 7.6 86 8.4 7.1 7.1 8.4 12.1 15 8 18 3 7.8 9.7 20.6 8.7 7.8 23.1 15.0 8.9 8.6 8.9 10.6 25.0 6.7 12.8 30.8 18.8 6.5 20.4 17.5 10.8 17.5 24.5 7.4 12 4 13.6 14.2 6.7 9.2 9.5 14.8 9.8 19.1 6.0 15 3 20.7 19 8 7.5 10.2 31 4 8.0 9.0 218 BULLETIN No. 403 [ TABLE 14. UTILIZATION OF FARM LAND IN ILLINOIS BY COUNTIES, 1929 Percent Percent Percentage of crop and pasture land in of farm of farm land used for crops land used p for pasture Corn Fall grains Spring grains Hay Other crops Pasture fallow, failure Adams 66.6 36.1 19.6 9.3 10.4 10.3 2.4 39.0 9.0 Alexander 57.6 21.2 27.0 2.7 .7 7.4 4.5 27.0 30.7 Bond 61.2 32.0 20.7 8.6 6.2 14.4 2.7 34.3 13.1 Boone 70.0 25.6 25.9 .4 27.0 14.3 3.8 26.7 1.9 Brown 45.6 49.4 19.1 5.1 7.2 9.5 1.7 52.0 5.4 Bureau 71.4 24.7 37.9 3.7 21.3 8.6 .7 25.7 2.1 Calhoun 49.5 24.8 16.3 5.9 1.1 7.0 17.6 33.4 18.7 Carroll 60.0 35.0 25.0 .7 19.0 14.6 1.5 36.9 3.3 Cass 71.6 20.9 27.6 21.7 8.6 5.0 2.6 22.6 11.9 Champaign 84.5 13.1 46.2 4.6 27.2 4.0 3.6 13.4 1.0 Christian 78.3 18.8 35.2 12.8 10.3 7.9 8.7 19.4 5.7 Clark 55.9 37.0 17.4 4.1 4.0 14.0 1.6 39.8 19.1 Clay 65.8 24.7 17.7 1.1 4.1 25.6 6.6 27.3 17.6 Clinton 72.9 18.6 19.5 21.8 12.8 10.6 5.2 20.3 9.8 Coles 72.3 23.0 35.5 9.3 13.2 7.7 6.1 24.1 4.1 Cook 76.6 15.5 20.6 .5 24.3 18.4 12.0 16.8 7.4 Crawford 55.3 35.5 20.3 5.8 3.9 10.5 2.2 39.1 18.2 Cumberland 62.1 0.4 19.8 2.5 5.7 17.6 6.1 32.9 15.4 IMtJh - 80.5 15.7 38.4 .8 29.7 10.7 3.2 16.3 1.9 DeVVitt 77.8 19.9 40.9 6.1 22.7 5.6 1.1 20.3 3.3 Douglas 83.3 13.6 41.9 9.3 21.7 5.8 5.8 14.0 1.5 DuPage 73.0 22.0 24.6 1.3 27.0 14.2 2.2 23.2 7.5 Edgar 74.0 22.1 35.3 8.5 20.9 7.3 2.6 22.9 2.5 Edwards 65.1 25.3 22.5 8.1 6.7 11.4 8.4 28.0 14.9 Effingham 62.5 28.4 20.3 5.1 7.8 16.9 5.6 31.3 13.0 Fayette 61.5 31.3 20.4 4.3 5.6 15.2 3.6 33.7 17.2 Ford 84.1 12.8 44.3 .9 33.0 4.6 2.6 13.2 1.4 Franklin 62.0 26.8 19.5 4.5 2.6 16.1 4.6 30.2 22.5 Fulton 59.6 36.3 24.9 10.7 10.0 10.3 1.3 37.9 4.9 Gallatin 65.4 24.7 32.1 10.5 4.5 7.1 1.4 27.4 17.0 Greene 59.7 35.4 26.8 12.3 3.8 8.8 3:0 37.2 9.1 Grundy 78.9 17.3 41.8 2.9 28.4 3.3 1.0 18.0 4.6 Hamilton 60.9 29.8 19.2 4.4 2.9 17.9 2.0 32.8 20.8 Hancock 61.7 34.5 25.7 6.1 14.2 11.0 2.9 35.9 4.2 Hardin 32.6 48.1 18.1 .1 .2 11.4 .7 59.6 9.9 Henderson 66.8 28.7 33.6 3.8 13.5 6.4 1.5 30.0 11.3 Henry 70.9 24.6 37.4 2.8 20.3 10.7 .5 25.7 2.6 Iroquois 82.1 15.0 40.4 1.6 32.5 4.3 2.9 15.4 2.9 Jackson 57.5 25.0 16.6 8.7 4.0 9.6 4.8 30.4 25.9 Jasper 66.2 25.8 19.5 1.8 4.3 19.2 6.7 28.1 20.4 Jefferson 56.9 30.8 17.1 1.9 4.6 18.9 4.0 35.0 18.5 Jersey 56.2 32.1 21.9 12.2 3.8 7.8 4.9 36.4 13.0 JoDaviess 45.0 48.1 16.1 .2 12.8 16.9 .3 51.7 2.0 Johnson 42.9 35.9 16 6 .1 .5 15.1 6.5 45.6 15.6 Kane 74.5 20.9 29.9 1.5 28.9 13.3 .8 21.9 3.7 Kankakee 79.0 16.2 36.9 5.1 29.2 7.1 .3 17.0 4.4 Kendall 79.2 16.1 39.3 2.5 32.0 8.1 16.8 1.3 Knox 65.5 30.8 33.3 3.4 17.3 11.1 .9 32.0 2.0 Lake 62.0 28.7 17.5 .7 21.4 19.2 2.0 31.6 7.6 LaSalle 78.1 18.7 41.6 3.3 27.2 6.0 .6 19.3 2.0 Lawrence 65.1 22.9 22.6 13.5 4.9 12.2 3.0 26.0 17.8 Lee. 74.5 21.2 35.7 2.7 25.3 8.6 1.9 22.1 3.7 1934-] APPENDIX 219 TABLE 14. Concluded Percent Percent Percentage of crop and pasture land in of farm of farm land used land used Q for crops for pasture Fall grains Spring grains Hay Other crops Pasture fallow, failure Livingston .... 84.8 12.3 45.2 .7 36.7 3.1 .7 12.7 .9 Logan .... 82.4 14.8 35.6 18.3 16.7 6.1 1.6 15.2 6.5 McDonough .... 66.3 29.8 33.1 8.3 15.6 7.7 .5 31.0 2.8 McHenry .... 64.7 30.4 23.8 .3 22.6 15.8 .3 31.9 4.3 McLean .... 81.7 15.5 45.6 3.8 26.3 5.3 .5 15.9 1.6 Macon .... 80.1 16 6 42.3 11.5 16.1 6.4 .1 17.2 2.4 Macoupin .... 58.6 36.2 24.3 11.0 3.6 10.7 .0 38.1 8.3 Madison .... 71.3 22.0 18.8 23.7 5.2 12.6 3.3 23 6 12.8 Marion .... 61.6 28.0 15.9 1.7 3.2 19.0 11.1 31.3 17.8 Marshall 72.3 23.9 37.4 3.5 25.8 6.9 .4 24.8 1.2 Mason .... 78.3 11.1 32.8 28.9 9.3 5.7 3.1 12.4 7.8 Massac .... 61.1 30.0 19.2 3.0 3.2 12.7 6.6 37 18.3 Menard .... 74.8 21.3 30.2 22.5 11.0 6.5 1.9 22.2 5.7 Mercer .... 63.5 32.2 35.2 2.0 12.6 11.2 .8 33.7 4.5 Monroe .... 64.6 16.3 14.1 31.5 6.1 6.4 .4 20.1 21.4 Montgomery .... 65.5 29.9 24.1 9.9 5.7 12.1 3.7 31.4 13.1 Morgan Moultrie 67.7 .... 78.5 28.1 17.5 30.5 39.7 9.4 7.8 17.9 14.1 6.9 6.2 2.7 10.8 29.3 18.0 3.3 3.4 Ogle .... 69.7 26.1 29.8 .6 27.3 12.3 1.0 27.2 1.8 Peoria .... 65.0 30.1 29.8 5.9 16.2 10.8 2.5 31.6 3.2 Perry .... 64.5 22.4 16.3 11.1 8.1 11.9 3.9 25.8 22.9 Piatt .... 82.1 15.0 43.0 9.6 20.5 4.4 5.6 15.5 1.4 Pike .... 55.1 37.9 21.1 10.0 5.7 8.0 1.9 40.7 12. & Pope .... 41.5 31.5 17.9 .5 2.3 13.7 2.5 43.2 19.9 Pulwki .... 63.7 20.6 24.2 3.5 3.0 10.3 8.0 24.5 26.5 Putnam .... 66.7 28.2 34.9 7.2 18.2 8.3 .2 29.7 1.5 Randolph .... 65.0 19.6 14.4 22.5 7.4 8.4 1.1 23.2 23.0 Richland .... 66.7 24.6 19.0 2.2 5.4 23.7 8.4 27.0 14.3 Rock Island .... 59.1 35.5 29.7 2.4 12.1 12.4 1.9 37.5 4.0 St. Clair .... 74.2 16.4 17.8 29.1 7.9 10.4 3.6 18.0 13.2 Saline .... 61.7 27.9 23.7 6.1 4.3 14.0 2.7 31.1 18.1 Sangamon .... 73.1 23.8 34.8 15.0 12.8 6.5 2.3 24.6 4.0 Schuyler .... 55.6 39.1 19.0 13.6 6.9 9.2 2.2 41.3 7.8 Scott .... 64.3 29.6 31.5 19.8 3.6 5.5 1.3 31.5 6.8 Shelby .... 67.2 27.6 29.2 3.5 10.6 14.1 4.2 29.1 9. a Stark .... 73.1 24.2 39.8 1.0 22.4 7.6 1.0 24.8 3.4 Stephenson .... 64.6 31.4 23.5 .3 22.1 17.3 1.9 32.7 2.2 Tawwell .... 78.7 17.1 34.1 17.3 16.5 7.3 2.8 17.8 4.1 Union .... 52.5 22.1 14.2 4.8 1.9 12.3 13.0 29.6 24.7 Vermilion .... 77.9 18.8 37.6 6.1 24.9 5.8 3.8 19.5 2.3 Wabash .... 76.2 16.5 26.4 15.3 7.5 9.7 6.4 17.8 16.9 Warren .... 68.6 28.2 38.8 1.9 18.5 8.3 1.2 29.1 2.2 Washington .... 70.5 19.4 14.1 27.6 11.2 8.8 4.1 21.6 12. & Wayne. .... 61.6 29.3 16.3 .9 2.1 27.0 1.8 32.8 19.7 White .... 67.9 24.6 26.4 12 4 4.5 10.1 2.7 26.6 17.3 Whiteside .... 70.6 24.4 34.0 65 18.4 9.7 1.6 25.7 4.2 Will .... 76.5 19.3 33.2 2.4 32.2 9.1 .8 20.1 2.2 Williamson .... 54.4 30.2 18.8 1.4 1.7 17.9 5.4 35.8 19.0 Winnebago .... 68.5 26 8 25.6 1.8 24 4 15.4 1.1 28.1 3.6 Woodford .... 75.5 19.7 38.4 2.6 25.0 6.6 6.6 20.7 1.1 220 TABLE 15. BULLETIN No. 403 [June, -NUMBERS OF LIVESTOCK ON ILLINOIS FARMS APRIL 1, 1930, BY COUNTIES, AND QUANTITIES OF SPECIFIED PRODUCTS SOLD IN 1929 PER 1,000 ACRES OF CROP AND PASTURE LAND Work animals Milk rrM , cows Whole ^f 2 yrs. milk ?*" oldand sold ** over ?** Steers Steers 9 2 yrs. and bulls L oldand born in Ol o d ver nd 1929 Sows and gilts far- Ewes rowing 1 yr. Jan. 1- old and June 1, over 1929 thickens over 3 months 32 gali. Ibt. 34 6 2 409 2 223 12.6 2.7 7.0 30.5 23.6 682 29 2 18 3 1 850 870 2.6 .8 2.5 13.0 4.1 456 Bond 32 7 50.5 22 003 55 2.9 .8 4.0 5.6 28.1 1 038 Boone 31.7 94.4 57 246 399 1.8 6.1 8.3 25.6 28.3 765 30.1 27.4 208 2 215 13.1 3.2 7.5 28.2 48.4 706 31.8 35.1 492 2 369 10.9 6.2 11.8 46.6 20.6 671 33 20 5 238 835 5.3 2.2 4.5 15.2 17.5 1 075 Carroll 27.9 54 5 9 367 3 312 13.3 9.6 16.8 54.0 27.0 780 Cass 29.2 18.7 1 089 1 016 6.2 4.9 5.4 18.7 10.8 536 33 7 28 1 2 995 1 822 2.5 2.7 6.7 12.2 14.4 547 35 28 1 2 043 2 158 3.6 3.1 6.7 20.6 18.2 624 Clark 29.3 34.0 3 940 1 643 3.9 1.9 5.1 11.2 27.5 1 138 Clay 26 5 26 5 925 1 570 10.6 1.3 3.8 4.2 21.1 1 346 Clinton 33 5 50.9 25 239 100 .7 .7 2.4 5.1 7.7 1 384 Coles 31.4 28.2 2 995 1 426 4.8 3.9 8.4 20.8 13.4 728 Cook 37.8 78.9 43 271 40 1.8 2.2 4.0 8.7 5.0 1 323 27 8 29 6 1 278 2 148 5.1 2.5 5.1 14.8 42.3 879 Cumberland 32.6 34.6 3 963 1 552 5.8 1.7 5.9 7.4 14.4 1 183 DeKalb 34 2 45 5 19 275 910 6.7 13.2 10.2 43.6 35.3 786 DeWitt 33 8 28 4 1 199 2 454 5.6 2.3 ' 6.9 18.8 28.3 526 ' 33.5 25 9 1 555 1 980 2.5 2.3 7.1 18.7 10.9 596 DuPage 31.0 93.7 59 084 27 .9 5.3 6.3 16.6 10.5 1 121 Edgar 28 1 25 3 2 738 1 525 4.0 6.6 9.5 23.0 18.0 605 Edwards 32.0 27.0 457 2 206 9.7 2.1 5.8 12.2 32.0 1 410 Fffinghfttn ..... 32.3 44.6 10 380 1 306 4.7 .9 3.1 4.1 12.8 1 311 Fayette 33 4 39 9 8 293 1 334 4.3 2.6 3.9 5.2 22.3 1 133 Ford 32.9 25 3 942 1 860 4.1 2.1 5.6 13.2 11.8 614 35 7 35 2 3 219 1 446 2 6 1.8 4.5 6.8 10.0 936 Fulton 29 7 32 7 1 143 2 245 9.1 5.4 12.9 40.2 21.1 596 Gallatin 35 5 16.0 220 783 3.0 2.0 2.5 13.4 10.2 913 32.7 28.3 6 397 950 9.4 10.5 7.4 26.9 23.3 675 28 6 26 8 2 398 1 283 3.6 2.0 3.4 9.9 5.4 564 Hamilton 33 3 31 2 959 1 882 4.7 1.1 3.7 5.9 14.6 1 145 Hancock. 33.1 37.0 1 592 3 128 10.4 4.9 9.0 31.1 25.2 731 Hardin 28.4 25.6 238 1 184 5.3 3.0 10.4 5.5 5.4 718 Henderson 28 24 4 288 1 904 9.7 8.3 11.5 44.6 17.3 511 Henrv. . . . 35.0 39.9 1 843 2 969 11.6 10.3 16.5 65.2 19.7 691 Iroquois 32.3 29.8 2 013 2 194 2.9 1.4 5.1 11.6 9.6 612 31 3 35 4 2 034 2 423 2.8 .8 ' 5.9 7.0 8.6 649 Jasper 33.1 29.4 596 2 074 6.6 1.4 4.2 6.1 37.3 1 217 Jefferson 32.6 42.5 2 048 291 3.4 1.1 2.4 4.0 16.9 1 107 31 31 7 5 970 1 661 5.3 2.4 3.3 22.8 11.5 693 JoDaviess 25 7 74.5 14 899 5 185 12.5 9.5 13.8 39.0 34.6 725 Johnson 30.1 31.0 200 2 373 10.3 5.4 5.4 5.8 10.4 592 Kane 29 5 93 64 111 182 4.8 9.4 7.0 20.9 19.1 861 Kankakee 29.6 36.0 10 457 819 2.8 2.2 4.5 9.2 6.0 612 Kendall 29.9 35.1 11 243 179 3.4 5.9 6.1 26.2 20.0 751 31 3 37 9 2 691 2 749 10.3 7.0 12.3 45.7 20.2 578 Lake .. 32 3 108.5 63 018 297 2.7 3.8 6.3 7.5 14.6 1 155 LaSalle 32.2 35.2 4 027 1 743 6.1 2.6 6.4 16.6 19.3 660 28 9 24 1 269 1 623 4.9 1.8 4.9 8.5 22.4 840 1934~\ APPENDIX 221 TABLE 15. Concluded Work animals Milk r , M cow. Whole Cream ja. a ST over ?** Steers Steers 2 2 7 rs - andbulls f j^Tj old and born in ^ OTer 1929 Sows and gilts far- Ewes rowing 1 yr. Jan. 1- old and June 1, over 1929 Chickens over 3 months Lee 30.8 gals. Ibs. 39.5 10 426 1 416 8 8 5.7 9.2 25 20 7 659 Livingston 32.3 26.9 1 480 1 999 4.0 .9 4.2 11.8 8.7 638 Logan 33 8 24.8 1 172 2 107 42 21 54 18 2 14 1 617 McDonough 33.2 31.5 1 590 2 664 9.0 4.9 11.9 45 5 22.4 708 McHenry 28.8 130.1 84 897 272 1.7 1.6 4.3 10.9 11.1 898 M <*l *an .,.,...... 32 5 29 7 3 894 1 905 47 3.7 62 21.2 15 558 Macon 34.0 32.1 5 497 1 989 3.5 4.2 8.9 14.4 13 3 580 Macoupin 33 36 7 192 1 713 79 83 98 18 1 36 3 775 Madison 34 7 53 7 26 033 216 1.0 1.0 2 8 80 12 5 1 077 Marion 30.9 36.8 3 072 1 756 5.4 .9 3.7 3.1 29 5 1 041 Marshall 30 8 29 964 2 272 84 45 81 30 5 18 4 606 Mason.. 30 2 18 9 610 1 434 21 5 31 11 6 43 460 Massac 33.4 36.3 1 911 2 466 5.7 4.1 8.8 9.5 6.5 758 Menard 32 4 24 6 1 076 2 016 56 61 87 31 12 1 589 \1. -, ,.- 31.2 32.6 2 472 2 722 15 91 13.7 58.9 23 7 624 33 3 29 7 6 558 701 20 3 14 91 65 1 286 Montgomery 33 8 38 6 9 526 1 621 41 21 51 12 3 25 1 897 Morgan 33.7 27.2 2 469 1 872 9 3 3.2 9.4 30 6 24 4 719 35 4 28 8 1 960 2 275 34 14 56 12 8 14 5 676 Ogle 31 8 49 6 13 370 1 595 10 2 92 13 3 39 1 26 4 708 Peoria 31.9 38.5 7 328 1 709 7 9 2.0 5.7 36.5 16 3 683 Perry 32 1 39 4 2 944 2 582 59 .7 32 50 67 875 Piatt 34 1 26 4 2 037 1 923 41 30 68 18 8 13 1 457 Pike 29 1 24 358 1 836 10 5 62 12.1 27 26 8 607 Pope 29 7 25 8 102 1 433 44 21 58 57 88 700 Pulaski 40 7 30 4 3 084 1 195 41 49 4.2 93 30 599 Putnam 29 9 31 1 1 150 2 565 17 5 74 10.0 32.2 24.1 583 32 6 41 6 9 856 1 311 22 20 35 79 86 956 Richland 28 4 35 4 1 226 2 398 72 19 48 6.1 23 2 1 221 Rock Island 32.1 50.5 9 929 1 976 12.6 5.1 9.9 48.2 13.4 880 St. Clair 38 39 9 10 946 321 22 9 21 80 45 1 143 Saline 36 5 29 4 1 891 1 327 37 1.5 44 7.7 7.7 877 Sangamon 30 1 25.3 4 161 1 320 5 11.2 8.6 27.9 17.2 547 Schuyler 28 29 3 397 2 434 90 24 89 24 6 19 1 661 Scott 28 6 21 8 456 1 416 73 25 7.6 32 15 4 721 Shelby... 33.7 35.9 2 628 2 452 6.4 2.9 6.8 12.5 30.3 905 Stark 33 9 28 580 287 10 35 94 49 7 25 2 542 Stephenson 33 7 90 1 39 159 1 964 67 60 10 9 53 7 37 7 1 076 Taiewell 33.3 32 2 6 403 1 721 4 5 1.8 4.9 18.6 13.0 616 Union 34.3 34.0 788 2 771 9.9 .8 4.3 8.1 7.4 546 Vermilion. 28 4 26 6 2 650 1 620 30 31 7.2 15.2 15.5 542 Wabash 30 2 23 5 1 468 1 662 4.2 1.1 3.4 12.0 11.5 868 Warren. 26 6 30 1 1 505 2 605 90 10 12 5 54 3 16 8 571 Washington 32 9 41 3 14 105 375 12 7 2.3 3.7 4.7 1 015 Wayne... 28 4 28 5 489 1 361 11.4 4.1 8.6 4.4 30.7 1 266 White 32.2 23.1 1 652 1 284 4.1 1.0 3.4 11.1 19.8 816 Whiteside. . 32 6 54 4 18 446 1 564 5 3 3.6 8.4 48.1 12 7 832 Will 29.2 48.5 19 101 454 1.9 2.4 5.1 8.2 7.0 754 Williamson 36.2 41.0 2 657 2 503 5.9 1.3 4.3 6.6 5.4 863 Winnebago 30 58 3 29 585 938 63 65 8.2 40.4 31.4 713 Woodford. State 32.4 31.8 34.1 3751 2346 37.8 8 289 1 761 6.9 2.7 6.7 6 1 4.0 7.2 23.6 12.1 22.0 18.3 728 768 222 BULLETIN No. 403 [June, TABLE 16. UTILIZATION OF FARM LAND IN ILLINOIS BY TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS, 1879 TO 1929 Crop 1879 1889 1899 1909 1919 1924 1929 Artal Corn 13.8 14.8 21.1 21.3 25.6 23.5 22.8 Gate 10.7 14.6 16.9 14.5 13.0 15.8 13.9 Wheat 1.4 1.4 .4 .7 10.0 2.0 2.2 Barley .1 .8 .2 1.3 3.9 5.2 7.8 Hay 19.1 21.6 18.3 18.2 15.0 17.6 14.8 Area t Corn 26.9 24.0 27.9 25.4 25.9 26.3 25.4 Oats 9.9 14.0 18.8 15.7 14.4 16.5 14.8 Wheat 4.5 1.5 .4 .6 4.4 2.0 1.7 Barley 1.7 .8 .7 1.2 2.1 1.4 2.6 Hay 10.6 14.5 11.2 14.4 12.4 13.6 13.0 AreaS Corn 37.7 29.9 35.0 34.2 30.9 33.9 34.3 Oats 6.7 13.9 14.5 14.3 13.9 14.7 14.5 Wheat 3.6 1.6 .1 3.2 6.6 5.2 3.0 Barley .1 .2 .2 .7 .9 2.0 Hay 7.9 12.7 9.6 10.1 9.4 8.6 9.2 Area 4a Corn 40.4 35.1 43.5 43.5 39.6 41.6 40.8 Oats 6.2 18.2 24.8 25.9 25.3 26.0 25.5 Wheat 2.6 1.5 .4 1.6 8.3 4.3 4.4 Barley .1 .1 .7 Hay 8.9 11.2 6.7 6.1 5.1 5.9 4.8 Area 4b Corn .39.5 35.2 45.6 40.7 32.5 33.2 33.9 Oats 6.1 12.9 17.0 14.3 11.6 12.1 13.0 Wheat 5.8 12.2 3.1 12.3 19.8 17.5 15.0 Barley .1 .6 Hay 4.7 6.9 5.5 6.1 5.8 7.1 6.1 Area 5 Corn 22.5 21.3 27.3 25.9 25.9 25.4 21.9 Data 2.8 5.1 4.1 4.1 6.0 6.6 6.4 Wheat 17.1 16.8 8.0 12.9 18.9 12.1 11.2 Barley .1 Hay 4.5 8.5 8.6 8.5 6.5 9.2 8.0 AreaS Corn 17.9 18.7 20.5 20.4 16.8 15.4 16.6 Oats 5.0 12.9 8.3 6.5 9.3 9.3 7.1 Wheat 28.6 19.8 18.3 20.1 25.4 17.8 16.2 Barley Hay 3.8 8.6 10.2 9.2 10.0 14.3 11.1 Area 7 a Corn 16.0 20.4 24.1 23.5 23.0 20.9 17.5 Oats 3.5 9.7 7.3 5.5 8.5 4.3 3.3 Wheat 15.8 6.7 8.9 5.2 8.5 3.2 3.7 Barley .1 .1 Hay. 6.5 11.8 14.9 14.4 14.2 21.1 12.7 Area 76 Corn 16.9 18.9 21.7 23.9 16.3 16.7 15.3 Oats 4.0 13.7 4.6 3.3 8.3 4.8 3.1 Wheat 15.0 2.1 4.8 3.2 7.6 1.4 1.2 Barley Hay 6.4 13-.5 15.2 13.5 ig'.e 27.4 2i.7 Area 7c Corn 18.8 22.5 23.3 26.1 16.4 15.7 16.9 Oate 3.0 10.1 2.2 1.7 4.9 2.2 3.1 Wheat 19.3 9.2 11.9 3.6 9.2 1.7 2.0 Barley Hay 2.6 7.7 10.4 14.2 16.8 20.0 15.3 Area 8 Corn 22.1 24.3 26.8 30.4 24.5 29.3 25.7 Oate 1.3 5.8 2.0 2.7 5.5 3.5 46 Wheat 23.1 16.4 25.7 16.8 20.4 13.5 11.5 Barley Hay.' 3.3 7.6 6.8 7.5 8.8 11.0 8.5 Area 9 Corn 17.4 15.3 16.5 19.0 16.6 14.3 14.5 Gate. 2.1 4.7 1.8 .9 1.6 1.0 1.2 Wheat 14.4 12.3 15.0 6.7 9.0 2.4 1.6 Barley Hay 2.1 6.1 5.9 8.0 11.6 is.i 9.6 1934] APPENDIX 223 TABLE 17. DISTRIBUTION OF FARMS AND FARM LAND IN ILLINOIS COUNTIES BY TENURE, AND PROPORTION OF TENANTS RELATED TO LANDLORDS, 1930 (Figures indicate percentages) Farms operated by Farm land operated by Tenant Tenant County Full owner Part owner Man- ager Tenant Owner Man- ager Tenant rented for cash 1 to land- lord Adama . 45.7 17.2 .6 36.5 48.4 .7 50 9 13.9 36.2 Alexander .... 36.0 7.8 1.5 55.7 39.2 3.3 57.5 4.8 10 5 Bond .... 43.2 22.7 .5 33.6 53.2 1.4 45.4 14.2 29.8 Boone .... 42.1 9.8 .9 47.2 40.7 4.4 54.9 39.4 22.1 Brown .... 47.6 15.5 .8 36.1 50.7 1.1 48 2 6.7 32.5 Bureau .... 34.9 10.6 .6 53.9 35.3 .7 64.0 20.9 29.8 Calhoun .... 49.8 21.4 .9 27.9 62.0 1.0 37.0 6.9 52.4 Carroll .... 43.6 7.9 2.3 46.2 41.1 4.7 54.2 29.2 38.3 Case .... 38.7 14.1 .7 46.5 42.4 1.6 56.0 4.1 29.3 Champaign .... 21.1 17.9 .9 60.1 23.9 1.1 75.0 2.5 32.0 Christian .... 27.6 17.6 .9 53.9 28.0 1.5 70.5 4.5 24.2 Clark .... 56.0 16.9 .3 26.8 59.4 .4 40.2 6.8 24.2 Clay .... 44.9 29.4 .7 25.0 55.4 1.2 43.4 4.4 27.8 Clinton .... 31.5 20.0 .2 48.3 40.9 .2 58.9 6.9 39.4 Coles .... S6.-7 19.3 .8 43.2 36.0 .8 63.2 7.0 26.4 Cook .... 50.6 10.5 3.0 35.9 45.5 7.0 47.5 89.0 29.0 Crawford .... 51.8 24.1 .4 23.7 61.9 2.2 35.9 10.2 24.2 Cumberland .... 42.6 28.5 .5 28.4 54.8 .7 44.5 6.5 25.2 DeKalb .... 34.2 7.7 >2.3 55.8 32.6 2.6 64.8 33.8 34 9 DeWitt .... 25.7 14.9 .6 58.8 24.2 .7 75.1 4.1 19.8 Douglas. .... 26.0 17.8 .5 55.7 28.1 .6 71.3 1.7 25.9 DuPage .... 45.1 7.3 3.0 44.6 37.2 5.7 57.1 81.8 28.1 Edgar .... 36.6 16.3 1.7 45.4 31.9 2.6 65.5 2.7 21.4 Edwards .... 44.7 33.5 .1 21.7 61.0 .2 38.8 2.7 32.6 Effingham .... 43.8 29.3 .3 26.6 60.4 .2 39.4 12.7 38.1 Fayette .... 38.7 28.1 .6 32.6 49.6 1.3 49.1 6.7 25.8 Ford .... 17.5 11.2 1.8 69.5 18.5 1.8 79.7 1.9 28.2 Franklin .... 53.3 24.3 .5 21.9 64.9 .9 34.2 18.6 17.7 Fulton .... 41.5 12.2 .6 45.7 38.3 1.0 60.7 10.1 30.1 Gallatin .... 35.6 24.6 .3 39.5 46.1 .4 53.5 3.1 21.3 Greene .... 35.8 16.5 1.3 46.4 38.8 2.9 58.3 13.1 22.2 Grundy .... 23.3 10.5 .5 65.7 26.0 .5 73 5 5.4 23.0 Hamilton .... 50.4 23.5 .3 25.8 58.3 .6 41.1 4.0 18.0 Hancock .... 41.5 18.3 .5 39.7 43.9 .8 55.3 11.5 33.3 Hardin .... 66.3 13.5 .6 19.6 71.5 1.6 26.9 6.9 23.4 Henderson .... 34.9 13.4 2.0 49.7 35.1 3.6 61.3 19.3 29.3 Henry .... 34.8 10.4 .9 53.9 32.5 1.1 66.4 37.0 31.5 Iroquois .... 23.5 14.1 1.6 60.8 24.1 3.1 72.8 4.3 29.5 Jackson .... 49.9 16 2 .7 33.2 53.9 2.0 44.1 5.6 25.1 Jasper Jefferson 43.5 .... 54.7 33.0 21.3 .3 .2 23.2 23.8 58.0 64.2 .3 .5 41.7 35.3 5.8 9.6 26 3 20.7 Jersey .... 45.1 15.9 2.1 36.9 46.1 2.9 51.0 8.4 27.2 JoDaviess .... 58.0 9.4 .5 32.1 59.9 .5 39.6 52.0 45.2 Johnson .... 63.0 11.3 .6 25.1 66.5 3.4 30.1 3.9 22.5 Kane .... 43.8 6.1 3.4 46.7 37.7 6.6 55.7 48.1 27.6 Kankakee , .... 32.1 15.0 1.1 51.8 33.7 2.6 63.7 18.7 33.5 Kendall .... 34.2 9.3 1.1 55.4 33.4 1.3 65.3 19.2 34.7 Knox .... 34.4 15.0 .5 50.1 35.4 .7 63.9 15.8 27.5 Lake .... 47.6 11.3 8.2 32.9 40 9 16.5 42.6 86.8 23.1 LaSalle 30.4 13.8 .6 55.2 31.4 .5 68.1 14.1 31.5 'Does not include land in part-owned farms. (Concluded on page 224) 224 BULLETIN No. 403 TABLE 17. Concluded [June, Farms operated by Farm land operated by Tenant land Tenant related County Full owner Part owner Man- ager Tenant Owner Man- ager Tenant rented for cash 1 to land- lord Lawrence . 44 7 24.4 .8 30.1 49.6 1.5 48.9 2.8 18 4 Lee. .... 31.5 10.6 .8 57.1 32.6 1.2 66.2 17.6 34.6 Livingston .... 20.8 13.8 .7 64.7 22.6 1.0 76.4 2.3 33.2 Logan .... 21.0 12.7 .3 66.0 20.4 .8 78.8 14.0 21.5 McDonough .... 34.2 14.3 1.7 49.8 34.8 2.0 63.2 7.9 28.2 McHenry .... 42.8 6.7 3.0 47.5 38.1 4.6 57.3 54.9 23.7 McLean .... 23.7 13.4 1.4 61.5 22.4 2.3 75.3 6.5 27.0 Macon .... 30.6 13 1 1.3 55.0 22.5 1.5 76.0 5.1 23.3 Macoupin .... 39.8 15.2 1.1 43.9 41.8 1.3 56.9 11.8 22.1 Madison .... 49.2 12.4 .6 37.8 47.9 1.9 50.2 20.8 36.1 Marion .... 51.5 23.1 .9 24.5 59.8 1.1 39.1 . 8.3 19.0 Marshall .... 24.3 15.7 .9 59.1 28.1 1.3 70.6 11.1 22.8 Mason .... 23.8 16.1 1.4 58.7 28.2 1.5 70.3 1.6 32.2 Massac .... 61.8 12.4 .7 25.1 68.8 2.1 29.1 9.3 31.1 Menard .... 32.0 17.2 1.3 49.5 33.7 1.3 65.0 5.6 33.2 Mercer .... 38.5 13.7 1.4 46.4 42.9 1.7 55.4 16.9 28.0 Monroe .... 34.3 17.2 .3 48.2 1 41.7 .6 57.7 2.2 34.9 Montgomery .... 40.6 16.5 .6 42.3 43.9 .8 55.3 8.1 27.5 Morgan .... 39.9 16.2 .8 43.1 41.0 i:4 57.6 7.3 29.1 Moultrie .... 31.0 18.6 .9 49.5 31.2 1.1 67.7 1.6 27 6 Ogle .... 38.5 9.6 1.6 50.3 36.9 2.4 60.7 24.8 35.0 Peoria .... 42.3 13.3 1.1 43.3 40.2 1.6 58.2 23.6 34.3 Perry .... 50.7 22.0 .3 27.0 61.9 .6 37.5 7.4 22.4 Piatt .... 20.8 15.0 .9 63.3 23.9 1.6 74.5 1.8 25.7 Pike .... 42.9 16.6 1.0 39.5 44.4 1.7 53.9 3.3 23.9 Pope Pulaski 58.1 .... 46.6 15.1 18.4 .6 1.2 26.2 33.8 62.1 58.2 1.5 3.7 36.4 38.1 3.9 9.3 17.4 13.6 Putnam .... 35.4 14.1 1.2 49.3 38.1 2.0 59.9 21.9 30.3 Randolph .... 44.3 20.5 .5 34.7 52.9 1.2 45.9 3.1 32.9 Richland .... 50.0 30.4 .2 19.4 60.5 .3 39.2 5.3 25.0 Rock Island .... 48.8 11.6 .9 38.7 48.2 1.8 50.0 48.7 31.2 St. Clair .... 42.0 15.2 .4 42.4 44.6 .5 54.9 10.5 36.4 Saline .... 53.9 20.3 .2 25.6 58.1 .5 41.4 7.0 19.2 Sangamon .... 36.7 15.2 .6 47.5 31.6 .6 67.8 9.1 19.3 Schuyler 41.8 16.2 .2 41.8 41.3 1.3 57.4 5.0 29.7 Scott .... 37.9 14.7 .2 47.2 40.0 .8 59.2 8.8 33.1 Shelby .... 39.5 18.4 1.1 41.0 41.8 1.7 56.5 5.4 26.3 Stark 31.5 16.3 1.0 51.2 35.5 1.2 63.3 7.6 32.0 Stephenson 48.6 9.0 .5 41.9 47.5 1.0 51.5 46.8 43.9 Tazewell 29.3 15.0 .4 55.3 32.0 .4 67.6 9.8 30.4 Union 58.2 8.6 2.0 31.2 58.2 3.5 38.3 3.7 22.0 Vermilion 36.1 17.5 1.3 45.1 28.4 3.9 67.7 4.8 19.8 Wabash .... 37.3 27.1 .5 35.1 45.4 .6 54.0 1.2 25.4 Warren 30.0 13.7 1.0 55.3 33.0 .9 66.1 17.0 24.6 Washington .... 39.2 20.1 .4 40.3 48.4 .3 51.3 4.1 41.7 Wayne 47.4 28.4 .5 23.7 57.3 1.7 41.0 4.1 24.4 White 38.8 24.3 .2 36.7 44.7 .2 55.1 1.7 17.8 Whiteaide , 33.3 7.9 1.1 57.7 29.4 1.7 68.9 38.0 30.8 Will 37.8 13.3 1.4 47.5 39.6 2.3 58.1 56.7 33.9 Williamson 62.8 15.6 .9 20.7 66.5 2.3 31.2 15.4 22.6 Winnebago , 45.7 9.4 1.2 43.7 40.9 1.7 57.4 25.4 30 3 Woodford 27.8 17.1 1.3 53.8 32.0 1.4 66.6 15.6 45.4 State 39.7 16.2 1.0 43.1 40.1 1.7 58.2 14.8 28.7 >Doee not include land in part-owned farms. 1934] APPENDIX 225 TABLE 18. TRENDS IN FARM TENURE IN ILLINOIS BY TYPE-OF-FARMING AREAS, 1900 TO 1930 1000 1910 1920 1925 1930 Area 1 Percent of farms operated by tenants 50.5 43.3 42.7 39.9 41.9 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 89.5 79.1 77.7 67.8 72.2 Area 1 Percent of farms operated by tenants 35.7 39.4 43.0 43.3 45.4 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 57.4 58.2 54.0 44.7 44.1 Area! Percent of farms operated by tenants 41.0 45.7 48 8 48.7 50.8 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 52.5 46.2 34.4 28.2 27.2 Area 4a Percent of farms operated by tenants 50.0 54.8 59.0 59.0 58.3 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 43.1 31.1 15.3 7.8 9.4 Area 4k Percent of farms operated by tenants 51.7 55.8 56.2 56.4 57 5 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 36.1 27.5 17.1 12.8 13.5 Area S Percent of farms operated by tenants 38.3 38.0 40.1 38.9 40.6 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 24.2 23.5 17.5 13.1 13.4 AreaB Percent of farms operated by tenants 34.1 38.5 40.3 38.3 37.0 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 18.4 17.8 19.2 14.3 15.2 Area 7 a Percent of farms operated by tenants 29.7 30.4 29.3 25.4 26.3 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 16.3 10.5 13.1 10.8 17.1 4m 71 Percent of farms operated by tenants Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 23.3 10.0 24.8 10.6 25.0 16.3 24.5 11.4 23.5 12.5 Arealc Percent of farms operated by tenants 27.0 29.0 22.4 21.3 22.7 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 9.7 9.3 20.3 20.5 17.0 AreaS Percent of farms operated by tenants 37.9 40.0 37.5 36.3 37.1 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 6.5 6.0 5.6 3.3 4.3 Area 9 Percent of farms operated by tenants 29.8 29.4 26.5 29.9 30.0 Percent of tenant farms rented for cash 16.3 15.2 10.4 6.7 8.0 226 BULLETIN No. 403 TABLE 19. ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN ILLINOIS, BY DIVISIONS Year Northern division Central division Southern division 1914 27.88 1015 35.42 1916 35.35 1917 27. 23 1918 32.94 1919 34 . 86 1920 27.27 1921 39 . 10 1922 28.27 1923 30.43 1924 35.31 1925 29.63 1926 41.82 1927 41.00 1928 34 . 73 1929 35 . 54 1930 27.41 Average 33.17 Average deviation 4 .06 26.99 43.13 34.69 33.40 38.56 35 26 32.42 40.20 35.20 37.56 36.98 32.34 46.39 51.07 36.10 43.28 26.62 37.07 4.79 33.90 48.61 43.59 37.04 43.07 44.80 40.07 43.66 39.25 47.71 34.64 37.10 39.14 57.33 42.76 47.89 30.34 41.82 5 65 TABLE 20. SEASONAL RAINFALL IN ILLINOIS (Sixty-year average, 1856-1915) District Winter Spring Summer Autumn inchet perct. inches perct. inchet perct. inchet veret. Extreme northern 5.44 16.0 9.34 27.4 11.22 33.0 7.99 23.6 Central-northern 5.80 16.8 9.61 27.9 10.75 31.6 8.11 23.7 Central 6.82 18.0 10.43 27.9 11.04 30.7 8.60 23.4 Central-southern 8.80 21.2 11.75 28.3 11.75 28.3 9.18 22.2 Extreme southern 10.66 24.8 12.38 28.5 10.70 24.7 9.54 22.0 Sources of Data in Tables, Maps, and Graphs Tables Tables 1 to 18 arc based on U. S. Census data. Tables 19 and 20 are com- pilations from U. S. Weather Bureau records. In Tables 1 to 9, 10, 12, 16, and 18, giving analyses of certain Census data by areas, only the counties entirely in an area were used in calculating the data for the area, viz.: Area 1: Boone, Cook, DuPage, Kane, Lake, Me Henry. Area 2: Carroll, JoDaviess, Ogle, Rock Island, Stephenson, Whiteside. Area 3: Bureau, Henderson, Henry, Knox, Mercer, Peoria, Stark, Warren. Area 4: Champaign, DeWitt, Douglas, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, Livingston, McLean, Moultrie, Piatt, Vermilion, Woodford. Area 4b: Logan, Macon, Mason, Menard, Tazewell. Area 5: Adams, Brown, Greene, Morgan, Pike, Schuyler, Scott. Area 6: Bond, Clinton, Effingham, Fayette, Madison, Randolph, St. Clair, Washington. Area 7a: Clark, Crawford, Cumberland. Area 7b: Clay, Marion, Richland, Wayne. Area 7c: Frankjin, Hamilton, Williamson. Area 8: Gallatin, Wabash, White. Area 9: Alexander, Hardin, Johnson, Massac, Pope, Pulaski, Union. Maps and Graphs Figs. 1, 3, and 4 were supplied by the Agronomy Department of this Station. Fig. 3 was prepared by R. S. Smith and E. A. Norton of that department and has appeared previously in several publications of this Station. Fig. 4 was pre- pared by R. S. Smith and E. A. Norton. Fig. 2 is reproduced from the Fifteenth Census (1930), Drainage of Agri- cultural Lands, p. 103. Figs. 5 and 6 are based on U. S. Weather Bureau records. Fig. 6 was furnished by the Agronomy Department. Figs. 7 and 8 are from Bulletin 15 of the Illinois Geological Survey. Fig. 9 is from Bulletin 399, this Station, by C. L. Stewart, and is based on U. S. Census data. Figs. 10 to 15, Figs. 17 to 20, the lower left-hand map in Fig. 21, Fig. 22, Fig. 23 except the upper right-hand map, Figs. 24 to 28, Figs. 30 to 32, are based on U. S. Census data. Fig. 16 is based on data from the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fig. 21, except lower left-hand map, and Fig. 23, upper right-hand map, are based on data from the Illinois Crop Reporting Service, a joint enterprise of the Illinois State Department of Agriculture and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Photographs Figs. 29 and 39 were furnished by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Fig. 34 was supplied by W. G. Kammlade, Fig. 35 by H. P. Rusk and R. R. Snapp, and Fig. 38 by H. H. Alp, of the Animal Husbandry Department ; Fig. 40 by M. J. Dorsey of the Horticultural Department. Fig. 36 was obtained thru courtesy of the Bloomington Panto- graph. Figs. 33 and 37 were supplied by the authors. 6-34 10,000 4190 6-35 5,0507841 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA