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Cui'jTlslit, 1878, 1/ Tlioniu Kelly, >"«w York. 
 
 ■u 
 
A CATECHISM ^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HISTORY OF IRELAND. 
 
 Ancient-i Mediceval^ and Modern^ 
 
 BY 
 
 THE REV. JAMES J. BRENNAN, 
 
 OP THK DIOCESE OF NEWARK. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 THOMAS KELLY, PUBLISHER, 
 
 17 Barclay Street. 
 
 1878. 
 
 .i&Sfl^.v. . .•:. ' " h. 
 
Copyright, 1878, by 
 JAMES JOSEPH BRENNAN. 
 
 Press of 
 THOMAS KELLY, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
575-c 
 
 i 
 
 ^ CONTENTS. 
 
 "ns 
 ft 
 
 r4 .. I 
 
 «^ 
 
 3 
 
 PACK 
 
 ^ Preface. 9 
 
 Introduction 11 
 
 Explanatory Chapter. 13 
 
 PART^I. 
 
 THE PRIMITIVE PERIODS. 
 
 First Period. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 I. From Partholan to the Milesians 21 
 
 II. Heremon and Heber 24 
 
 III. From the Death of Heremon to Ollave Fola. 27 
 
 rl IV. From Ollave Fola to Sedna II 30 
 
 ^ V. From Sedna II. to Kimbaeth 34 
 
 r 
 
 Second Period. 
 
 I. From Kimbaeth to Aengus III 38 
 
 II. From Aengus III. to Conafari M^. 41 
 
 ■<5M^.. 
 
 71214:4 
 
6 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER PACK 
 
 III. • From Conair^ M6r to Tuathal Tectmar 45 
 
 IV. Tuathal Tectmar 48 
 
 V. From Feilim II. to Connac Ulfada 52 
 
 VI, Cormac Ulfada 55 
 
 VII. From Carbr6 II. to Eocha XII 58 
 
 VIII, From Eocha XII. to Laegaire II 61 
 
 » 
 
 PART II. 
 
 THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 First Period, 
 
 I. Laegaire II 67 
 
 II. From Olioll IV. to Dermid 1 71 
 
 III. From Dermid I. to Hugh II 75 
 
 IV. Hughll 78 
 
 V. From Hugh III. to Domnall II 81 
 
 VI. From Domnall II. to Finnacta II 84 
 
 VII. From Finnacta II. to Domnall III 89 
 
 Vin, From Domnall in. to Hugh VI 93 
 
 Second Period. 
 
 I. From Hugh VI. to Malachy 1 97 
 
 II, From Malachy I, to Flann lOO 
 
 III. From Flann to Congall III 104 
 
 IV. From Congall III, to Malachy II 107 
 
CONTENTS, 7 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 V. Malachy II. and Brian Bom Iio 
 
 VI. From Donncad III. to Murthogh II 114 
 
 VII. From Murthogh II, to Thurlogh II 117 
 
 Villi From Thurlogh II. to Roderick II 120 
 
 * ♦' PART III. 
 
 THE MODERN PERIODS. 
 
 1 
 
 First Period. 
 
 I. Roderick II 127 
 
 II. Domestic War, 133 
 
 III. Feilim O'Connor and his Contemporaries 137 
 
 IV. The Era of Richard de Burgh, " the Red Earl ". 141 
 
 V. From King Edward Bruce to Art McMurrogh. 145 
 
 VI. Art McMurrogh /. . . ^ 150 
 
 VII. Richard, Duke of York 156 
 
 VIII. Unchristian Laws 160 
 
 IX. The Earls of Kildare , 164 
 
 Second Period. 
 
 I. JohnO'NeiU 169 
 
 II. The Geraldine League 175 
 
 IIL Hugh O'Neill ...., i8i 
 
 IV. Confiscation and Extortion - 188 
 
 V. The Catholic Confederation 194 
 
 -J^ 
 
8 CONTENT^. 
 
 CHAPTRR MGB 
 
 VI. Protestant Ascendency. 204 
 
 VII. The Civil War 208 
 
 VIII. Penal Laws ' 21$ 
 
 IX. At Home and Abroad , . . . 221 
 
 X. The Era of Independence 225 
 
 XI. Tyranny and Rebellion 231 
 
 XII. Catholic Emancipation 239 
 
 XIII. Recent Events. 244 
 
 y 
 
■Si : 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 |HE history of each nation has its useful and 
 instructive lessons. This is true especially 
 of that of Ireland, on account of her ancient 
 renown, her unshaken faith, and the part 
 she has taken in the affairs of the world. Yet, perhaps, 
 there is no other country of equal importance, about 
 which men in general know so little. Even her own 
 children are actuated mostly by sentiment in regard to 
 her, and are almost wholly destitute of that accurate 
 knowledge which inspires true patriotism. 
 
 The objeftt of this little book, therefore, is to give the 
 outlines of Ireland's history — to tell of her traditions and 
 her heroes, her glories and her sorrows — and thus, if possi- 
 ble, to lead us to admire this long afflicted land. 
 
 The plan of the work is simple and partly new. It 
 embraces three parts : the Ancient, the Mediaeval, and 
 the Moderi^. Each of these is subdivided into two 
 periods : the first, into the Traditionary and the Heroic 
 Eras ; the second, into the Ages of Literature and of the 
 Danish Wars ; and the third, into the epochs of Ireland's 
 struggle against the English Catholic kings, and finally, 
 
 I* 
 
lo PREFACE. 
 
 against English Protestant rule. These divisions enable 
 us at once to take a clear view of the whole history. 
 
 Most writers on this subject have confined themselves 
 almost entirely to the more recent events, but this is an 
 oversight, for, as Dr. Johnson remarks, they begin too 
 late. " The ages," says he, " which deserve an exact 
 inquiry are those — for such there were — when Ireland 
 was the school of the West, the quiet habitation of sanc- 
 tity and literature." 
 
 In the beginning of the book there is a separate chap- 
 ter explaining the plan of the work, and before each of 
 the three parts there is another to prepare the way for 
 what follows it. The chapters indeed are brief, but, on an 
 average, each of them includes the events of a generation. 
 In the third part, they have been grouped according to 
 events, because the reigns of the English sovereigns mark 
 no epochs in our history. 
 
 The form into which the work has been put, seems 
 best adapted for the object in view, as we see from the 
 practice of the Church, which always makes use of the 
 Catechism in imparting elementary instruction. 
 
 In conclusion I may add, that my best wishes for the 
 success of this little venture, are that its pages may 
 spread as far and wide as the Irish race itself, and that 
 they will be read with the same care, and in the same 
 spirit with which they were compiled. 
 
 Newark, N, J., March 7th, 1878. 
 
,;«iS^.' 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 |1TH her cliffs beating back the waters that 
 threaten her on every side, Ireland presents a 
 striking image of the contest which her chil- 
 dren have waged for ages, against the bigotry 
 and the brute force that would rob them of their faith, 
 their liberty and lives. Yet, despite her long sad story, 
 this famous sea-girt island is singularly blessed by the hand 
 of the Creator. 
 
 Though little more than three hundred miles long, and 
 one hundred and fifty broad, she has elements of greatness 
 that give her much more influence than her size and 
 population would lead us to suppose. Thus, her site is 
 unrivalled, her climate mild and healthful, her bright ver- 
 dure perennial. Her coast abounds in rich fisheries, and 
 her bosom in precious and useful minerals. Large rivers 
 give easy access through all the land, and numerous har- 
 bors invite the commerce of the world. She possesses 
 also every variety of surface. Hill and dale, lough and 
 plain, mountain and valley lie close together, and to the 
 charms of delightful scenery, add the blessing of wonder- 
 
 k" 
 
13 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 ful fertility. With all these advantages, Ireland would 
 seem destined by Providence to be the seat of a great 
 empire. But how different has been her lot I After 
 having known glory of old and learned to love it ; after 
 having been the home of sanctity and science, she was 
 made the victim of an impious policy, and was despoiled 
 for ages, that she might become a dependent on English 
 bounty. 
 
 Yet, even in her desolation, Ireland is still a wonder- 
 land of sweet and pleasant memories. At every step we 
 meet some noted relic of the past. At one time it is a 
 little ivy-clad chapel nestling in a valley, or a spacious 
 monastery in an island-retreat^ or a ruined castle that 
 seems like a guardian spectre seated on a hill ; at another, 
 it is some ancient rath, or cairn, or cromlech, or round 
 tower whose origin and history are now so strangely 
 mingled and confused. 
 
 The places remarkable for beauty are numerous through- 
 out the country, but the most famous are the Lakes of 
 Killarney in Kerry, the vicinity of Glendalough in Wick- 
 low, and the Giant's Causeway on the coast of Antrim, 
 This last is a splendid work of nature, and is reckoned 
 among the wonders of the world. It is composed of 
 thousands of massive pillars standing close together, and 
 the whole mass of columns rising to a height of two hun- 
 dred feet, slopes down gradually six hundred feet to the • 
 sea, and presents one of those rare, sublime spectacles, in 
 which God centres and manifests His power. 
 
■■f??^> 
 
 r V- 
 
 EXPLANATORY CJEiAPTER. 
 
 HAT is the real signification of the word " His- 
 tory ? " 
 
 A. It means inquiry . 
 Q. In what sense is the term commonly 
 employed ? 
 
 A. It has come to mean a written narrative of past 
 events; an account of the rise, progress, and fail of 
 nations. 
 
 Q. Into how many parts is history sometimes divided ? 
 
 A. Into three parts ; Ancient, Mediaeval, and Modem 
 History. 
 
 Q. What is meant by the term " Ancient History ? " 
 
 A. By Ancient History is meant the narrative of events 
 which took place before the introduction of Christianity. 
 
 Q. What is the duration of Ancient Irish History ? 
 
 A. It begins at the colonization of Ireland about two 
 thousand years B.C., and ends with its conversion to Chris- 
 tianity, A.D. 432 — a space of more than two thousand four 
 hundred years. 
 
 Q. Into how many periods is this part divided? 
 
14 EXPLANATORY CHAPTER. 
 
 A. Into two ; the first called the Traditionary Era, 
 extends from the settlement of the country, B.C. 2035, to 
 the building of the Palace of Emania, B.C. 350 ; the sec- 
 ond, known as the Heroic Era, embraces all the years 
 from this last event to the mission of St. Patrick, a.d. 432. 
 
 Q. What do you understand by the phrase " Mediaeval 
 History ? " 
 
 A. By Mediaeval History is "liuderstood the relation of 
 facts that occurred in the country between her conver- 
 sion, A.D. 432, and the invasion of the Anglo-Normans, 
 A.D. 1 169. 
 
 Q. What is the length of this second part ? 
 
 A. Seven hundred and thirty-seven years. 
 
 Q. How is it divided ? 
 
 A. Like the preceding, this part is also divided into 
 two periods, the first of which extends from the year of 
 grace, 432 to a.d. 795, when the Danes appeared in the 
 island ; the second, from the arrival of these invaders to 
 that of the Anglo-Normans, a.d. 1169. 
 
 Q, What was the character of these two eras ? 
 
 A. The latter was one of incessant war ; whereas the 
 former won for Ireland the glorious title of " Isle of 
 Saints," on account of the number and extent of her 
 schools, and the piety and learning of great multitudes 
 of her children. 
 
 Q. What is the third and last grand division of Irish 
 History ? 
 
 A. The last great division includes all the events that 
 
^ 
 
 
 EXPLANATORY CHAPTER. 15 
 
 befell the land from the Anglo-Norman Invasion to the 
 present time. 
 
 Q. How many years does this embrace ? 
 
 A. About seven hundred. 
 
 Q. Is this part divided ? 
 
 A. Yes ; it is separated into two periods by the Protes- 
 tant Reformation which was introduced into Ireland in 
 the year 1537. 
 
 Q. Are these periods specially noted ? 
 
 A. Yes ; like each of the others, they have their dis- 
 tinguishing characteristics- The first is the era of Ire- 
 land's visitation by English Catholic kings ; the second, 
 that of her martyrdom under English Protestant rule. 
 
t' 
 
 -V I 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 |)art Imt 
 
 ANCIENT HISTORY. 
 
 From the Colonization of Ireland, b.c. 2035, to 
 ITS Conversion to Christianity, a.d. 432. 
 
 THE PRIMITIVE PERIODS. 
 
 I O W is Ancient Irish History divided ? 
 A. Into two periods. 
 Q. What are they ? 
 
 A. The Traditionary and the Heroic Eras. 
 Q. What is the extent of the former ? 
 A. It extends from the settlement of the country to 
 the building of Emania — a period of about one thousand 
 six hundred and eighty-five years. t 
 
 Q. What space of time does the latter include ? 
 A. About seven hundred and eighty-two years — from 
 the end of the first period to St. Patrick, a.d. 432. 
 Q. Is the history of these periods generally received ? 
 A. The history of Ireland goes back so much farther 
 than that of most modern nations, and the events re- 
 
l8 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 corded of early times are often so remarkable, that, after 
 a cursory glance, many persons have doubted its credi- 
 bility altogether. 
 
 Q. Is this reasonable ? 
 
 A. No ; for although those remote ages are compara- 
 tively unknown to us, still, the facts recorded of them 
 must not be wholly disregarded, since many of them are 
 not without testimony and probability. 
 
 Q. On what subject is there just ground for doubting ? 
 
 A. On the subject of dates, especially with regard to 
 those in this first part, where they are mostly hypotheti- 
 cal. 
 
 Q. Does this militate against the truth of the narra- 
 tive itself? 
 
 A. No ; because this uncertainty does not destroy the 
 facts, but only leaves us ignorant of the precise time of 
 their occurrence. 
 
 Q. Can you demonstrate this in the case of the periods 
 in question ? 
 
 A. Yes ; for instance, though uncertain as to the date, 
 still, all well-informed men acknowledge that Ireland was 
 colonized long before the Birth of Christ, and that its 
 early inhabitants had their own language, manners, cus- 
 toms, laws, traditions, rulers, and great men. 
 
 Q. What does Father Th6baud, the learned Jesuit, say 
 on this subject ? 
 
 A. "There can be doubt," says he, spiking of Ire- 
 land, "that this nation has preceded in time all those 
 which have flourished on the earth, with the exception, 
 perhaps, of the Chinese, and that it remains the same to- 
 day." 
 
 Q. What testimony is there to prove the early settle- 
 ment and civilization of Ireland ? 
 
:'^W?C- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 19 
 
 A. " The ruins which are now explored, the relics of 
 antiquity which are often exhumed, the very implements 
 and utensils preserved by the careful hand of the anti- 
 quarian—everything, so different from the lude flint 
 arrows and barbarous weapons of our North American 
 Indians and of the European savages of the Stone Period^ 
 denotes a state of civilization, astonishing indeed, when 
 we reflect that real objects of art embellished the dwell- 
 ings of Irishmen probably before the foundation of Rome, 
 and perhaps when Greece was yet in a slate of heroic 
 barbarism." — Preface to Th'ebaud's Irish Race in the Past 
 and the Present. 
 
 Q. Are there any written documents to support this 
 view ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the same author adds : " In no nation in the 
 world are there found so many old histories, annals, 
 chronicles, etc., as among the Irish ; and that fact alone 
 suffices to prove that in periods most ancient they were 
 truly a civilized nation, since they attached such impor- 
 tance to the records of events then taking place among 
 them." 
 
 Q. Mention a few of these existing authorities. 
 
 A. The Synchronisms of Flann of Monasterboice, a.d. 
 1056 J the Chronicon Universale, or Universal Chronicle 
 of Marianus Scotus, 1086 ; The Annals of Tighemach, 
 Abbot of Clonmacnoise, 1088 ; the Annals of Ulster by 
 Cathal MacGuire, 1498 ; the Annals of the Four Mas- 
 ters, so cdled from the number of their compilers, 1636 ; 
 the Chronicum Scotorum by Donald Mac Ferbis, 1670 ; 
 etc., etc. 
 
 Q. What works preceded these ? 
 
 A. T'ie great national register called the " Saltair of 
 Tara," compiled in the time of Cormac Ulfada, a.d. 26/ 
 
20 CATECim^M OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 the " Senchus M6r," a vast collection of Brehon Laws, 
 compiled a. d. 438, the " Saltair of Cashel," by Cormac 
 Mac CuUenan, King of Munster and Bishop of Cashel, 
 903 ; and more than thirty other works whose titles are 
 known to us. 
 
 Q. From what other sources did the annalists obtain 
 their information ? 
 
 A. From historic poems, tales, monuments, and re- 
 mains ; and from the books of genealogies and pedigrees 
 which the Milesians were always careful to preserve. 
 
 Q. Why did" they take special care to preserve these 
 documents ? 
 
 A. Because, as one of their historians remarks, " Their 
 whole system of society — every question as to right of 
 property — turned upon the descent of families and the 
 principle of clanship ; so that it cannot be supposed that 
 mere fables would be tolerated* instead of facts, where 
 every social claim was to be- decided on their authority. 
 A man's name is scarcely mentioned in our annals with- 
 out the addition of his forefathers' for several generations 
 — a thing which rarely occurs in those of other countries." 
 — Haverifs Hist, of Ireland. 
 
 Q. Is their truth proved in any other way ? 
 
 A. It is ; for, says the same authority, " When we 
 arrive at the era of Christianity in Ireland, we find that 
 our ancient annals stand the test of verification by science 
 with a success which not only establishes their character 
 for truthfulness at that period, but vindicates the records 
 of preceding dates involved in it." 
 
FIRST PERIOD, 
 
 m 
 
 OK 
 
 TRADITIONARY ERA. 
 
 From the Colonization of Ireland, b.c. 2035, to the 
 Building of the Palace of Emania, b.c. 350. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From Farlholan, B.C. 2035, to the Jfilesians^ B.C. 
 
 1234. ^•' 
 
 jHEN and by whom was Ireland first colonized ? 
 A. Tradition informs us that about two 
 thousand years before Christ, Ireland was 
 settled for the first time, by a colony under 
 the command of a chief called Partholan. 
 Q. What w^ the fate of this colony ? 
 A. After a residence of two hundred and seventy-eight 
 years in the country, all the inhabitants to the number of 
 nine thousand perished miserably by a plague. The 
 island then remained uninhabited for thirty years. 
 Q. Who succeeded Partholan ? 
 
 A. About the year b.c, 1727, a chief named Nemedius, 
 and his four sons led a thousand colonists into Ireland, 
 from the shores of the Euxine Sea. The Nemedians lived 
 undisturbed for two hundred and sixteen years, when 
 
22 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 another band of adventurers appeared to dispute the soil 
 with them. 
 
 Q. What is said of these new-comers ? 
 
 A. They are known as Fomorians, but they are gener- 
 ally supposed to have been Carthaginian pirates who 
 harassed the country but made no permanent settlement. 
 
 Q. Who were the next invaders ? 
 
 A. A tribe called Firbolgs, whose origin is not accu- 
 rately known, next took possession of the island under the 
 command of the five sons of Dela. They divided it into 
 five provinces, and are said to have founded Tara ; but 
 their dominion lasted only eighty years, when they were 
 driven by a new enemy into that part of the country called 
 Con naught. 
 
 Q. What was the character of these last ? 
 
 A. The people that dispossessed the Firbolgs are 
 thought to have come originally from Greece, and are 
 known as Tuatha de Danains. They were idolaters, skilled 
 in magic, and in all the superstitious arts practiced in the 
 East. Their sway over Banba, as Ireland was then called, 
 lasted one hundred and ninety-seven years. 
 
 Q. What did they bring with them to Ireland? 
 
 A. The Lia-fail, or " Stone of Destiny," which served 
 for ages as the coronation seat of the Irish monarchs. 
 
 Q. What virtue was supposed to be aftached to this 
 stone ? 
 
 A. This is shown by the Latin inscription upon it, 
 which is thus translated, 
 
 " Or fate is false, or prophecy is vain. 
 Or where this stone is found, a Scotic* king shall reign. " 
 
 * In ancient times Ireland was called Scotia, and its inhabitants, 
 Scots. 
 
mrr 
 
 CATECniSM OF IRISH 112 STORY. 2$ 
 
 Q, Were there any traces left on the institutions of 
 Ireland by these various colonies ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the Tuatha de Danains had some influence on 
 the religion of the country in after ages. They likewise 
 established annual national games, which were celebrated 
 at Tailten in Meath, during thirty days, from the fifteenth 
 of August till the middle of September. 
 
 Q. In what did these games consist ? 
 
 A. The exercises consisted in feats of skill and prowess, 
 horse-racing, hunting-matches, wrestling, foot-racing, mili- 
 tary exercises, games at chess, and contests in music and 
 poetry. In after times, also, parents were wont to 
 "match-make," or negotiate marriages for their children. 
 
 Q. How were the victors in these games rewarded ? 
 
 A. Besides receiving valuable prizes, their fame was 
 sung by the bards, and thus their names and exploits were 
 echoed throughout the land. 
 
 Q. What is to be said of the influence of these games ? 
 
 A. To them, in great measure, must be attributed the 
 excellence in literature and arms which afterwards sig- 
 nalized the Irish race. 
 
 Q. When did these peaceful contests decline ? 
 
 A. Towards the end of the eighth century ; and, on 
 the invasion of the Anglo-Normans, they were discontin- 
 ued entirely. However, vestiges of them may still be 
 traced in the pastimes common to the various districts of 
 Ireland, and, even now, though there is no bard to cele- 
 brate their praise, the victors in these rural sports gener- 
 ally receive some prize in token of their skill. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE MILESIANS. 
 
 Heremon and Heber, B. C. 1234- 
 
 I HO were the Milesians ? 
 
 A. The Milesians were a nomadic colony 
 which fifially established itself in the north- 
 western part of Spain, under the leadership 
 of a famous chief called Milesius. 
 
 Q. What origin do they claim ? 
 
 A. Their annals claim for them a very high antiquity, 
 and even trace them to Fenius Farsa. a Scythian prince, 
 who invented the first alphabet, and was the fourth in de- 
 scent from Japheth, one of the three sons of Noah. 
 
 Q. What is their history as recorded in their annals ? 
 
 A. These state that, after leaving Asia under the name 
 of Gedalians, they wandered for many years among the 
 isles, and along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and 
 that they at last settled in Spain, where they took tlie name 
 of Milesians. 
 
 Q. By whom were they led into Ireland ? 
 
 A. After the death of Milesius in Spain, his wife Scota, 
 accompanied by her sons, led the colony into Ireland, 
 and subdued the Tuatha de Danains, B.C. 1234. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the Milesians on their 
 arrival in Ireland ? 
 
 A. They were completely civilized, and possessed of a 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 2$ 
 
 knowledge of navigation, husbandry, and manufactures. 
 They were also skilled in the arts of weaving and dyeing, 
 and in working metals. _ 
 
 Q. Who were the first rulers of the island after the Con- 
 quest ? 
 
 A. Scota was killed while directing her troops in the 
 first battle with the inhabitants, and was succeeded by her 
 two sons, Heremon and Heber, who divided the country 
 and reigned conjointly. 
 
 Q. Were these the only children of Milesius ? 
 
 A. No ; there was a third brother, Amergin, who seems 
 to have taken no active part in the invasion. To him 
 was assigned the office of supreme bard and druid of the 
 island. From Ir, who perished in a storm on the coast, 
 with four of his brothers, while attempting to land, there 
 descended another branch of the family, and at various 
 times its members also obtained the sovereignty. From 
 tWs Ir, the country received its name of Ireland, because, 
 as it is said, he was the first Milesian interred therein. 
 
 Q. What dissensions arose between the two brothers ? 
 
 A. The wife of Heber coveted a rich and beautiful 
 valley near by in the territory of Heremon, and not being 
 able to obtain it in any other way, she incited her husband 
 to a war in which he was defeated and slain. Heremon 
 then extended his sway over the whole island. 
 
 Q. What occurred during the reign of Heremon ? 
 
 A. A colony of strangers arrived in Ireland ; but not 
 being allowed to make a settlement there, they betook 
 themselves to Albania, as Scotland was then called. 
 Though originally from Thrace, they had dwelt for some 
 time in Gaul, where they founded the city of Poitiers be- 
 fore going to Ireland. 
 
 Q. What is recorded of them ? 
 
a6 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. It is said that they had no women among them, and 
 that the Milesians suppUed them with wives on condition 
 of their paying an annual tribute, and of vesting the sover- 
 eignty in the female line forever. 
 
 Q. What was the fortune of these needy adventurers ? 
 
 A. They took possession of Albania or Scotland, and 
 under the name of Picts, afterwards became formidable to 
 the Roman power in Britain. 
 
 Q. How were the Milesians occupied at this time ? 
 
 A. They were chiefly employed in hunting and fishing 
 for a sustenance, and in building roads and cutting down 
 the vast forests which covered the island. 
 
 Q. What animals then abounded in Ireland ? 
 f' A. The wolf, the red deer, the wild boar, the wolf-dog, 
 the greyhound, and the gigantic Irish elk. 
 
 Q. Name some species of fish frequenting its waters. 
 
 A. Herring, pike, salmon, trout, sunfish, and some- 
 times, seals and whales. 
 
CHAPTER HI. 
 
 From the Death of Heremon, B.C. 1220, to Ollave Fola^ 
 
 B.C. 918. 
 
 HAT is to be said of the age following the 
 reign of Heremon ? 
 
 A. The accounts that have reached us 
 concerning this epoch are very meagre, and 
 relate chiefly to battles, the enactment of laws, the clear- 
 ing of forests, to phenomena in nature, and to the succes- 
 sion and death of various princes. 
 
 Q. What was the general character of the Milesians ? 
 
 A. They were brave, religious, hospitable, and impul- 
 sive. 
 
 Q. To what did they principally devote themselves ? 
 
 A. They devoted themselves almost exclusively to 
 arms, and the vanquished tribes were compelled to labor 
 and to provide them with the necessaries of life. 
 
 Q. How were these necessaries procured ? 
 
 A. By fishing and hunting, pasturage and agriculture. 
 The chief articles of food were fish, flesh, milk, butter, 
 honey, hesbs, and bread baked in ashes. As stimulants 
 they had mead, and later on, usquebaugh^ or whiskey. 
 
 Q. What was the Milesian dress ? 
 
 A. At first they used pelt, but afterwards their clothing 
 was generally made of wool and dyed in a varie»^y of 
 colors with saffron predominating. Up to the sixteenth 
 
28 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 century the men wore a yellow cota or shirt ; a irttis or 
 tight-fitting garment, covering from the waist to the 
 ankles ; a geochal or vest, sometimes embroidered with 
 silk ; a haradh or conical cap ; also sandals or shoes, and 
 a falluinn or purple toga with a fringed border and a 
 large collar of a different color. This cloak reached al- 
 most to the knees, and was fastened on the breast by a 
 clasp, buckle, or brooch, which was often of silver or of 
 gold. They wore their hair long, and suffered it to grow 
 on the upper lip, but not on the rest of the face. 
 
 Q. Describe the dress of the women ? 
 
 A. The dress of the women differed somewhat from 
 that of the men. Kfileadh or linen cap was their glory ; 
 but their chief garment was a cloth mantle reaching to 
 the knee and variously fringed and ornamented. The 
 maidens wore their hair braided and interwoven with 
 ribbons. 
 
 Q. What is said of the habitations of the Milesians ? 
 
 A. When they first landed in the island they dwelt 
 mostly in tents ; but, when well secured in their posses- 
 sions, they erected dwellings of wood. These were in- 
 geniously constructed of timber and wicker work, and 
 were furnished with utensils of the same materials. 
 
 Q. Were the Milesians remarkable for enterprise ? 
 
 A. Yes ; this is proved by their daring invasion of Ire- 
 land, and by the exploits and enactments of various 
 kings. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of their acts. 
 
 A. Among other things, it is related that gold was dis- 
 covered and worked in the reign of Tigemmas ; that 
 Eocha I. distinguished the different grades of society by 
 prescribing a fixed number of colors for the dress of each ; 
 that Eocha II. invaded Albania and forced the Picts to 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 2g 
 
 —^- - 
 
 pay tFJbute, and that Aengus I. brought them entirely 
 under his authority. 
 
 Q. What other facts are recorded of this era? 
 
 A. Wonderful as it may appear, it is also affirmed that 
 Enna I. caused shields ornamented with silver to be 
 made for his military officers ; that Munemon distributed 
 gold chains among his favorites ; and, finally, that Alder- 
 goid directed the ollamhs^ or learned men of the realm, to 
 wear finger-rings of the same precious metaL 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From Oltave Fola, B.C. 918, to Sedna JI., B.C. 650. 
 
 |0W many reigns are included in this section of 
 Irish histpi7 ? 
 
 A. There are sixteen Ardrighs or Su- 
 preme Monarchs, with an average reign of 
 sixteen years. 
 
 Q. Which of these effected a great improvement in 
 the general legislation of the country ? " 
 
 A. OUave Pola, the famous legislator, who organized 
 the system by which Ireland was governed for many cen- 
 turies. 
 
 Q. By what means did he accomplish this improve- 
 ment ? 
 
 A. By establishing a Feis, or national assembly, to meet 
 at Tara every third year about the feast of Samhain^ the 
 first of November, to regulate the affairs of the whole 
 kingdom. ' 
 
 Q. Of whom was this assembly composed ? 
 
 A. It was composed of the most exalted of the nobles, 
 the druids and the chiefs, together with the four provin- 
 cial kings, and was presided over by the Ardrigh in 
 person. 
 
 Q. What regulations governed its meetings ? 
 
 A. It met in a religious season, and was opened with 
 great solemnity. The members took seats according to 
 their rank and descent, and during the session were 
 
»WB?-'^'': 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 31 
 
 secured from violence by a law inflicting the penalty of 
 death on disturbers of the peace. Even the monarch 
 could not pardon a person guilty in this respect. 
 
 Q. What were the chief duties of the Feis ? 
 
 A. It decreed and annulled the laws ; examined and 
 certified the genealogies of families; compared" the 
 annals of the different provinces ; and, if found authentic, 
 approved them, and entered the portions of general inter- 
 est in the National Register called the Saltair of Tara. It 
 also dedased peace and war, regulated the offices and 
 occupations of the people, and attended to the general 
 welfare of the nation. 
 
 Q. What other wise acts are recorded of OUave Fola ? 
 
 A. He assigned lands to the professors of the various 
 arts then known ;' founded a school at Tara, which was 
 afterwards celebrated as the " house of the learned," and 
 instituted coats of arms for all the great chiefs of the 
 realm. Hjs reign lasted thirty-eight years. 
 
 Q. What is said of the progress of the country after the 
 death of OUave Fola ? 
 
 A. After his death many of his enactments fell into 
 disuse, and no great progress was made for some years. 
 
 Q. Kame a few of his more noted successors ? 
 
 A. Fiacha III., who built the city of Kells in Mealh, 
 and caused wells to be dug ; Rotheacta II., who was the 
 first in Ireland to use horse-chariots both in war and in 
 travelling ; and Art I., who erected seven large ratfis or 
 forts in his dominions. 
 
 Q. What was the residence of the Ardrigh ? 
 
 A. The Ardrigh usually resided at Tara, in the prov- 
 ince of Meath, over which he had sole rule. His palace, 
 or national house, is described as being five hundred feet 
 long, sixty feet wide, and one hundred high. It had four- 
 
32 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 teen entrances, accommodated one thousand persons, 
 and was provided with courts, banqueting rooms, and a 
 library. 
 
 Q. What was the authority of the Ardrigh ? 
 
 A. Besides possessing many extensive local rights 
 throughout the island, he exercised supremacy over the 
 four provincial kings. 
 
 Q. What attendants were considered necessary to his 
 dignity ? 
 
 A. Namely : a druid to offer sacrifice ; a doctor to 
 guard his health ; a gentleman companion to give him 
 wise counsel ; a bard to sing his glory ; a brehon to 
 administer justice in his name ; an oUamh to preserve his 
 genealogies, alliances, and noble deeds ; and three stew- 
 ards to superintend the affairs of his royal household. 
 
 Q. What law regulated the succession to all dignities 
 in Ireland ? 
 
 A. The law of Tanistry. Though the eldest son or 
 nephew of each prince usually succeeded him, this law 
 provided that the candidate for power should be elected 
 by the clansmen ; after which he might assume the name 
 of Tanist or successor, during the life-time of the actual 
 ruler. If, however, as was frequently the case, the heir 
 apparent was not acceptable to the people, any one of his 
 kindred might be chosen in his place. Thus the dignity 
 was hereditary' as to the family, but elective as to the 
 person. The successor to the Ardrigh was styled Roy- 
 damna or King Successor. 
 
 Q. What was the general effect of this law ? 
 
 A. It was a fruitful source of frequent strife in the 
 supreme government, and in the provincial kingdoms, 
 as well as in the smallest principality in the land. 
 
 Q. Who were the provincial kings ? 
 
 i 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 33 
 
 A. They were the rulers of Leinster, Ulster, Munster, 
 and Connaught Although independent of each other, 
 and possessing the title of Righ or King, nevertheless 
 they owed submission to the Ardrigh or High King, and 
 were chosen in accordance with the law of Tanistry. 
 
 Q. Mention the ancient capitals of these rulers. 
 
 A. Leighlin for the province of Leinster ; Emania for 
 that of Ulster ; Cashel for Munster ; and Cruchain for 
 Connaught. 
 
 Q. Were these provinces subdivided ? 
 
 A. Yes ; these were again, divided into districts, and 
 ruled by a multitude of princes who acknowledged the 
 authority of their respective provincial kings. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 From Sedna II., B. C. 650, to Kimbaeth, B. C. 350. 
 
 HAT is the average duration of the reigns of 
 this epoch ? 
 
 A. From Sedna II. to Kimbaeth twenty 
 supreme rulers held the sceptre during an 
 average reign of fifteen years each. 
 
 Q. Couple the names and deeds of a few of them. 
 
 A. Sedna II. was the author of a military code^and the 
 first to compensate soldiers for their services. Enna II. 
 had silver money coined, some of which is still preserved. 
 On one side they have an impression of that monarch's 
 head ; on the other the figure of Erin bearing in her hand 
 a wand entwined with a serpent. There are also other 
 ancient coins, some in the form of rings, and others flat, 
 with a horse on one side and a head encircled with a hel- 
 met on the obverse. Eocha VI. is likewise worthy of 
 mention as the inventor of the curragh, a species of 
 wicker-boat. 
 
 Q. What was the religion of the Milesians ? 
 
 A. It was a system of druidism, probably the same as 
 prevailed at Tyre and her colonies, but without its revolt- 
 ing sacrifices. 
 
 Q. Mention their chief deities. 
 
 A. Baal or Beal was the god of the sun, and R6, the 
 goddess of the moon. The former was honored espe- 
 cially on the eve of the first of May, the great feast of 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 35 
 
 Beltain6 (the fires of Beal), the latter on that of the first 
 of November, the festival of Samhain (peace-fires). The 
 only artificial object of devotion was an idol called 
 Crom, which they venerated for a time as the symbol of 
 the Creator. 
 
 Q. Were there any other gods honored in Ireland ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the Tuatha de Danains had their own divini- 
 ties. They worshipped Danaan as the mother of all the 
 gods, Buanann as the queen of warlike heroes, and Man- 
 a-nan as the god of the waters. The latter was also 
 called MacLir, that is, son of the sea. Bridh or Bride was 
 honored by the learned as the goddess of wisdom and 
 poetry. ' 
 
 Q. Besides the gods, in what did the people firmly be- 
 lieve ? 
 
 A. They believed that besides the great deities, nume- 
 rous other spirits dwelt in the heavens, the earth, and the 
 sea. and in the fire, the air, and the clouds. Their 
 favorite haunts, however, were supposed to be wells, 
 fountains, streams, rivers, lakes, groves, woods, and 
 mountains. 
 
 Q. Which are the best known of these spirits ? 
 
 A. The Phooka, a malignant sprite, who assumed 
 various shapes, and delighted to lure people to destruc- 
 tion ; and the Banshee, a female spirit, that came to an- 
 nounce some approaching death by sobs and other signs 
 of grief, 
 
 Q. What sacrifices were offered by the Milesians ? 
 
 A. In peace they offered the fruits of the earth ; in 
 war, the spoils of their enemies ; and in times of special 
 <langer, domestic animals. 
 
 Q. Had they priests among them ? 
 
 A. Yes ; there was a class called Druids, and these har* 
 
36 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 the exclusive right to officiate in the worship offered to 
 the deities. 
 
 Q. What influence was possessed by the druids ? 
 
 A. Their power was unbounded. They had a special 
 insignia, and their persons were considered sacred. 
 Neither peace nor war was made without their sanction. 
 They practiced magic and were often employed as heralds 
 by the princes. The choice things of the land were theirs. 
 All the orders of the state, the old and the young, the 
 women and the warriors, were equally respectful in their 
 presence. 
 
 Q. Who were the OUamhs so often mentioned in our 
 history ? 
 
 A. This term was applied to those who were considered 
 perfect in the joint domain of literature and philosophy, 
 which sciences were usually blended under the common 
 name of Wisdom (Filedecht) in which there were seven 
 grades (gradha), namely : law, history, metaphysics, gram- 
 mar, music, druidism, and poetry. 
 
 Q. Mention the other acquirements of an ollamh. 
 
 A. Before being ordained or made an ollamh, each 
 candidate was required to be master of three hundred 
 and fifty historic tales, and to be proficient in the gen- 
 ealogies of the Milesian tribes. He should also be versed 
 in scanning, criticism, and versification, and be able to 
 improvise in the seven kinds of poetry. But with all his 
 knowledge, he was to be civil in tongue, free from crime, 
 and pure in morals. 
 
 Q. What were the duties of an ollamh ? 
 
 A. .To solve difficulties in history and genealogy, to 
 settle disputes concerning boundaries, to instruct chil- 
 dren in wisdom, and to recite his stories for the pleasure 
 and information of princes and people. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISl ORY. 37 
 
 Q, What were the privileges of his order ? 
 
 A. Their privileges were numerous. The head of the 
 order ranked next to the king, and each member was 
 allowed an income of " twenty-one cows and their grass," 
 with six horses, two hounds, and refections for his pupils, 
 assistant tutors, and twenty-four attendants. Besides, he 
 had the right of asylum or of giving temporary protection 
 against injury and arrest. The other grades in wisdom 
 enjoyed like privileges according to their rank and 
 acquirements. 
 
 Q. What were the other orders ? 
 
 A. The Shanachy^ or historian ; the Brehon, or judge ; 
 the Feinigh, or story-teller ; the File^ or poet, and the 
 Bard, or musician. 
 
 Q. Which of these excelled in numbers ? 
 
 A. The bards, who were so numerous that each chief 
 had one or more of them in his service. The duty of 
 these was to sing the praises of their patron, and the glo- 
 ries of his race and clan. 
 
 Q. What was their usual instrument ? 
 
 A. The harp was their favorite instrument, but many 
 of them were also skilled in the use of the pipes, the 
 violin, the trumpet, and the clarion. 
 
 Q. What kind of writing was often employed by the 
 literary orders ? 
 
 A, They used a species of mysterious writing called 
 Ogham, which is best illustrated by the names in which 
 physicians write their prescriptions at the present day. 
 
SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 THE HEROIC ERA. 
 
 From the Buildin-g of Emania, b.c. 350, to thk 
 Mission of St. Patrick, a.d. 432. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From Kimbaeth, B.C. 350, to Aengus III., B.C. 130. 
 
 I AS Ireland known to the Carthaginians ? 
 
 A. Yes; it is quite certain that it was 
 known to them at least 500 years before 
 Christ, when Hamilcar was sent by tlie Car- 
 thaginian Senate to explore the coast of Europe beyond 
 the Pillars of Hercules. Though the account of their 
 expedition is lost, copious extracts from it are preserved 
 in the poem entitled " Ora Maritima," written by Festus 
 Avienius. After describing vaiious places, Avienius 
 goes on to say in a passage literally translated from the 
 Latin, 
 
 " Thence in two days, a good ship in sailing 
 Reaches the Holy Isle — so was she called of old — 
 That in the sea nestles, whose turf exuberant 
 The race of Hibernians tills." 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 39 
 
 Q. Was the country also known to the ancient Greeks ? 
 
 A. Yes; it was also mentioned about this same time 
 by the two Greek writers, Hecataeus and Onamacritus , 
 and, not to quote others, some years later the philosopher 
 Aristotle designated it by the name of lerne. 
 
 Q. What idea did the ancients have of the country and 
 its inhabitants? 
 
 A. According to them it was a fertile land, situated in 
 the remote regions of the North, beyond the domain of 
 Boreas, or North Wind. Its inhabitants were a sacred 
 peoi)le, abstaining from the flesh of animals, dwelling in 
 perpetual sunshine, living a thousand years in innocence 
 and peace, and spending their time amidst the delights of 
 music and dancing. 
 
 Q. From whom did they obtain a fuller knowledge of 
 the country ? 
 
 A. From the adventurous Phoenician, Etruscan, and 
 Carthaginian tiaders who frequented the ports of Ireland 
 for the sake of traffic and commerce. 
 
 Q. Why is this period called the Heroic Era ? 
 
 A. It is so called on account of the warlike exploits 
 enacted in the land ; but principally because of the great 
 military expeditions sent into other countries. 
 
 Q. What ceremony shows the martial character of the 
 Milesians ? 
 
 . A. It is said that in their eagerness to rear up a warlike 
 race, mothers used to give the first morsel of food to their 
 male children on the point of a sword. 
 
 Q. How many monarchs occupied the throne from 
 Kimbaeth to Aengus III. ? 
 
 A. Sixteen mouarchs are said to have held sway during 
 that period — each with an average reign of thirteen 
 years. 
 
4© CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What great work was executed under Kimbaeth ? 
 
 A. The building of the large and sumptuous palace of 
 Emania, the residence of the provincial kings of Ulster, 
 B. c. 350. 
 
 Q. What is said of this edifice ? 
 
 A. It was the most elaborate structure of its time, and 
 was erected principally by the energy of Macha, the wife 
 of the monarch. It afterwards became the headquarters 
 of the Red Branch Knights, and remained in their pos- 
 session until its destruction, A.D. 331. 
 
 Q. How is this palace otherwise noteworthy ? 
 
 A. Its erection marks an epoch in our history, because, 
 henceforth, the records of the country become more re- 
 liable and satisfactory. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the monarchs of this epoch. 
 
 A. Eoghan Mor who invaded Albania and divided Ire- 
 land into twenty-five districts, which he apportioned 
 among his sons ; Laurad, who fled to Gaul, and returned 
 in triumph at the head of two thousand adventurers ; and 
 Aengus II. "who," says the annalist, **led his victorious 
 armies against the Greeks, and was saluted conqueror of 
 Greece." ( 
 
 Q. What means had the Milesians for carrying on 
 expeditions ? 
 
 A. Besides their " curraghs," or light trading vessels, 
 in which they ventured into the most tempestuous seas, 
 tliey possessed large war-ships impelled by as many as 
 seventy oars. 
 
1 CHAPTER II. 
 
 From Aengus III., B.C. 130, to Conaire Mor, B.C. 2. 
 
 jY what names was Ireland known among the 
 Milesians ? 
 
 A. They usually called it Inis-fail, the 
 "Isle of Destiny;" Inis-ealga, the "Noble 
 Island." and Eire, after a celebrated queen of that name. 
 The last term is still used under the modified form Erin. 
 . Q. What name was employed at a later date ? 
 
 A. About the beginning of the Christian Era it was 
 frequently called Scotia, in honor of the Milesian heroine 
 of that name. After the invasion of Albania by the de- 
 scendant of Aengus III., that country was also called 
 Scotia by the conquerors, in honor of their native land, 
 but with the addition of Minor, signifying the Lesser, to 
 distinguish it from the mother country, which, from that 
 time down to the eleventh century, was known as Scotia 
 Major ^ or the Greater Scotia. 
 
 Q. What was the character of this epoch ? 
 A. The country was kept in a ferment by the dissen- 
 sions of its princes, and by the extensive foreign expedi- 
 tions that took place from time to time. 
 
 Q. How many nionarchs were there between Aengus 
 III. and Conaire Mor.? 
 A. Fifteen. 
 
4a CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. Mention the most noted among them ? 
 
 A. Roderick I., a famous warrior; Jodnmar, who de- 
 feated the Picts ; Congall II., in whose time Julius Caesar, 
 the Roman general, invaded Britain; Eocha IX., who 
 effected great pohtical changes in the country; and 
 Nuada II., the progenitor of the Fiann, or military order 
 of Leinster. 
 
 Q. What princess of this age is famous in our day ? 
 
 A. Meave, or Maud, a celebrated queen of Connaught, • 
 who has been metamorphosed by the poet Spenser into 
 Mab, the '* Faery Queen " of English mythology. 
 
 Q. When did regular military orders arise^in Ireland ? 
 
 A. From the time of Sedna 11.^ b»C 650, there existed a 
 kind of militia, but it was not until about the year B.C. 
 100 that each province had a separate military organi- 
 zation. 
 
 Q. Give their names ? 
 
 A, In Leinster the Fiann Erin ; in Munster, the Clan- 
 Degaid ; in Ulster, the Knights of the Red Branch ; and 
 in Connaught, the Clanna Morna, or Gamanraide. 
 
 Q. What was the character of these organizations ? 
 
 A. They were composed of picked men, who were 
 trained to the use of arms from childhood, but they were 
 under little or no discipline, and instead of a blessing, they 
 proved a great curse to the country at large. 
 
 Q. How were they organized ? 
 
 A. The organization of all was much the same. There 
 was an officer for each group of nine, another over fifty, 
 a captain over a hundred, a leader over a thousand, a 
 commander over three thousand, and a chief or king of 
 the Fiann over the whole body, which is supposed to 
 have numbered about nine thousand. 
 
 Q. How were they maintained ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 43 
 
 A. From the feast of Samhain, on the first of Novem- 
 ber, till that of Beltain^, on the first of May, they had the 
 ])rivilege of bonaght, or free quarters among the people. 
 During the remaining six months of the year they lived 
 by hunting, and on the stipend received from the kings 
 whom they served in exacting fines and tributes, and in 
 putting down robbers, enemies, and disturbers of the pub- 
 lic peace. 
 
 Q. What weapons did they use ? 
 
 A. They used a short lance, the bow and arrow, a 
 long javelin, a sword or skene about fifteen inches long, 
 and a lia or stone-axe, which was hurled at the enemy. 
 Even at das^arly day some of the chiefs fought in chari- 
 ots. 
 
 Q. What is said of their uniform ? 
 
 A. Their uniform resembled the ordinary dress of the 
 people, except that private soldiers wore two colors, offi- 
 cers, three, and chiefs, five. Their most serviceable gar- 
 ment was a large cloak {cochal) which they used at night 1 
 as a blanket, and, in battle, as a protection to the left 
 arm. As was a universal custom amongst the Milesians, 
 they wore a moustache {crommeal) and flowing hair 
 {coolun). 
 
 Q. What was their war-cry ? 
 
 A. Like the Romans they had a regular battle-cry, 
 which was Farrah I Farrah I — meaning Fall on ! Fall 
 on ! 
 
 Q. Mention a few of their leaders. 
 
 A. A long list of these military champions has come 
 down to us, but the most celebrated at this era were Cu- 
 chuUin, Conall Cearnach, Fergus MacRoigh, Connor 
 MacNessa, King of Ulster, and his son Cormac, surnamed 
 Conloingeas, or the exile. 
 
44 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What is said of their exploits ? 
 
 A. According to the bards, they were the heroes of 
 numberless raids, battles, sieges, and expeditions. Their 
 greatest fame, however, was won in a war carried on bj 
 Meav, Queen of Connaught, against Connor, King of 
 Ulster. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Fri/m Conaire Mdr, B. C. 2, to Tuathal Tectmar^ A. 1), 
 
 95- 
 
 BAS Ireland known to the Romans ? 
 
 A. Yes ; it is mentioned by Diodorus Sic- 
 nlus who calls it Iris^ and by the geographer 
 Strabo, who designated it as the farthest 
 point north for commerce. Moreover, Pomponius Mela 
 speaks of it under the name Iverna ; Pliny styles it 
 Hybernia^ Solinus calls it Hibernia, while Ptolemy de- 
 scribes it with much general accuracy. 
 
 Q. What idea did these writers form of it ? 
 
 A. They agree as to its fertility, the richness of its pas- 
 tures, and its many naturiil advantages. 
 
 Q. How was this opinion verified under Conaire Mor ? 
 
 A. The harvests were abundant, and peace, plenty, 
 and contentment were throughout the land. 
 
 Q. What great event took place at this time ? 
 
 A. Amid profound and universal peace, Jesus Christ, 
 the Saviour of the world and Prince of Peace, came upon 
 the earth and inaugurated His wonderful mission. The 
 place of His birth was Bethlehem, a town in the Province 
 of Judea. 
 
 Q. How many monarchs reigned between Conair6 and 
 Tuathal ? 
 
 A. Between these two there were eight monarchs with 
 an average reign of twelve years ; the most noted of them 
 
 ^*. 
 
46 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 was Crimthan II., who went on an expedition, piobably to 
 Gaul, from which he returned loaded with booty. 
 
 Q. What took place at the death of Crimthan II. ? 
 
 A. After his death the descendants of the Firbolgs in 
 Connaught conspired against the dominant race, and, at 
 a feast given by them pn the eve of electing a new mon- 
 arch, they treacherously fell upon the Milesian nobles, 
 and, murdering most of them, raised to the throne Carbr6 
 I., one of their own race, a. d. 56, 
 
 Q. Did the Milesian line regain the throne ? 
 
 A. .Yes ; after an unprosperous reign of five years the 
 usurper died of a plague, and through the unparalleled 
 generosity of Moran, his son and' Heir, the sceptre 
 was restored to the rightful line in the person of Ferar 
 dach I. 
 
 Q. What occurred soon afterwards ? 
 
 A. Under the reign of Fiacha VI. the Roman general 
 Plaulius attacked the isle of Anglesey, and the event is 
 memorable from the fact that then, for the first time, the 
 conquerors of the world encountered a section of that 
 Irish militia, which, under the name of Scots, was yet to 
 give them so much annoyance in Britain. 
 
 Q. What new disturbance took place ? 
 
 A. The ever restless Firbolgs revolted a second time, 
 and were joined by several princes against the ruling 
 monarch. The head of this insurrection was Elim, King 
 of Ulster, and so successful was he that he assumed su- 
 preme power, while Tuathal, the lawful heir, had to flee 
 for his life. 
 
 Q. Did the people suffer from these frequent wars ? 
 
 A. They did, but not so much as might be expected. 
 
 Q. Why was this ?^ 
 
 A. Because all over the land there were houses of 
 
•y^-iv; 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 47 
 
 hospitality belonging to the state, and there the poor and 
 needy could obtain food and shelter free of charge. 
 
 Q. How were these houses maintained ? 
 
 A. Each of them had a superintendent (betagh), who 
 procured the necessary supplies from a large and well 
 stocked farm under his charge. 
 
 Q. When did these houses cease to exist ? 
 
 A. ARei" the iiitroduction of Christianity they were 
 transferred to the clergy, who continued the ancient cus- 
 tom till the time of James I., when the betagh lands were 
 all confiscated. 
 
 Q. What other custom was anciently in vogue ? 
 
 A. That oi fostering — a very ancient usage by which 
 the children of the chiefs were suckled and reared in the 
 families of their followers. 
 
 Q. What is to be said of this practice ? 
 
 A. It formed a bond of union between princes and peo- 
 ple, and its ties were held as sacred as those of actual re- 
 lationship. This is fully shown by the extreme devotion 
 which children continued to cherish for their foster-par- 
 ents, and for those who had been brought up with theni- 
 selves. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 Tuathal l^ectmar, A.D. 95 to 125. 
 
 I OW long did Tuathal Tectmar reign ? 
 A. During thirty years. 
 ^ Q. Why is he called Tectmar^ which signi- 
 fies welcome ? 
 
 A. Because, when he sought to gain the throne, the 
 people hailed him as the legitimate monarch, who was to 
 deliver them from the yoke of Elim, the usurper. 
 
 Q. Will you relate how this was accomplished ? 
 
 A. Tuathal was the only son of Fiacha VI., who was 
 slain by the rebellious Firbolgs. Having escaped death 
 by fleeing into Britain, he returned after twenty years, and, 
 with the assistance of the Milesian nobles, defeated the 
 rebels and ascended the throne of his ancestors. 
 
 Q. What act secured his power ? 
 
 A. He convened the Feis or National Assembly of 
 Tara, and had himself elected by the members ; then he 
 exacted a promise from them, to which they swore by 
 all the elements, that the sovereignty of Ireland should 
 remain in his family for ever. 
 
 Q. What marks of esteem did Tuathal receive from the 
 provinces ? 
 
 A. Each of them granted him a portion of land con- 
 tiguous to Meath, and, thus enlarged, this province was 
 ever afterwards the special domain of the Ardrigh. 
 
 Q. How did he requite this generosity? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 49 
 
 A. In each of the new portions of Meath he built or 
 embellished a royal residence. The first of these was 
 Tara, which he enlarged and beautified ; the second, at 
 Tlachta, where, on the eve of Samhain, the first of 
 November, was held the festival of the Fires of Tlachta, 
 at which the druids assembled to sacrifice to all the gods. 
 During this feast other fires were to be extinguished under 
 penalty of death, and new ones being lighted from the 
 sacred fire, the king of Munster received a tax of three 
 pence for every new fire, because, as the annalist says, 
 the land on which Tlachta stood had been given up by 
 Munster. 
 
 Q. Where was his third residence ? 
 
 A. At Usinach in Connaught. On the eve of Beltain^, 
 the first of May, it was the custom to light two fires in 
 every district in honor of the idol Baal, and to drive a 
 pair of each kind of cattle between them, as a remedy 
 against disease. This ceremonj^was unusually attractive 
 at Usinach, hence, Tuathal ordered that every chieftain 
 who attended the celebration, should present a horse and 
 an outfit to the king of Connaught, because, again, the 
 ground on which Usinach stood, had been taken from 
 Connaught. 
 
 Q. What was the fourth residence of Tuathal ? 
 
 A. At Tailten, where, in August of each year, the 
 national games had been held from time immemorial. 
 During these exercises, youths and maidens came from all 
 parts of the kingdom to be mated by their parents ; and, 
 from each couple that got married there, the king of 
 Ulster received a small silver coin, because, in fine, the 
 ground on which Tailten stood, had belonged to Ulster. I 
 
 Q. Describe the marriage ceremonies as here con- 
 ducted. 
 
 3 
 
 
50 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. After the parents or guardians had "made the 
 match," and settled the dowry of the bride, the bride- 
 groom presented a garland of flowers to his affianced, and 
 led her to the public altar, whefe a druid performed the 
 marriage rite. 
 
 Q. What has since been discovered at Tailten ? 
 
 A. There have been found several caves which Edward 
 Llhwyd, the Welsh antiquary says, '* are equal to any time- 
 honored remnants of architecture, of which a Palmyra or 
 a Babylon could boast." The most remarkable is that at 
 New Grange, which is eighty feet high, four hundred paces 
 in circumference, and is said to contain one hundred and 
 eighty thousand stones. 
 
 Q. What unfortunate occurrence took place under 
 Tuathal? 
 
 A. Eocha Anchean, King of Leinster espoused Daring, 
 one of the daughters of Tuathal, and, after some time, , 
 pretended that she had died. Then he obtained the hand 
 of Fithir, the monarch's other daughter ; but, when the 
 two sisters understood how they had been deceived, both 
 of them, it is said, died of grief. To revenge the outrage, 
 Tuathal overran Leinster and condemned its inhabitants 
 to pay a heavy fine every second year. 
 
 Q. What was the name of this fine ? 
 
 A. It was called the boru {boroimhe), or tribute. 
 
 Q. In what did it consist ? 
 
 A. It consisted of one hundred and fifty ounces of 
 silver, and the same number of cows, swine, coverlets 
 and cauldrons, together with an equal number of men, 
 women, and maidens, who were to be held in perpetual 
 bondage. 
 
 Q. To whom was the tribute paid ? 
 
 A. To insure its enforcement Tuathal decreed that a 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 51 
 
 third part of it should be paid to the king of Ulster, an- 
 other third to the ruler of Connaught, and the remainder 
 to the monarch of Tara and the king of Munster. 
 
 Q. What is to be said of this tribute ? 
 
 A. It continued to be exacted during forty reigns — a 
 period of five hundred years — till St. Moling procured 
 its abolition in the time of Finnacta II. Though often 
 paid, it was also frequently resisted, and hence there arose 
 numerous wars in which countless multitudes fell on both 
 sides. 
 
 Q. In what foreign warfare did the Scots now take 
 part ? 
 
 A. Thousands of Scots or Irish joined the Picts in their 
 attacks upon Britain, and so successful were they, that 
 Hadrian, the Roman emperor, sought to stop their rava- 
 ges, by erecting a fortification sixty miles long, from the 
 Solway Frith to the mouth of the Tyne, a.d. 120. 
 
 Q. How was the reign of Tuathal brought to a close? 
 
 A, He was slain in battle by Mai, King of Connaught, 
 who thereupon succeeded to the supreme power, which 
 he exercised for four years. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 From Feilim II., A.D. 129, to Cormac Ulfada, A.D. 244. 
 
 jOW did Feiliui II. render his reign nieruora- 
 ble? 
 
 A. By introducing into the Brehon Code 
 the lex ialionis, or law of retaliation, whose 
 spirit is well explained "by the aphorism, " An eye for an 
 eye and a tooth for a tooth." 
 
 Q. What other law. existed for the punishment of crim- 
 inals ? 
 
 A. The law of eric which punished crimes by the im- 
 position of fine. In cases of murder, however, the eric 
 or fine might be refused, and then, according to the lex 
 talionis, death was inflicted. 
 
 Q. How were criminals put to death ? 
 
 A. They were always put to death either by the arrow 
 or the sword, or by drowning ; hanging was not in vogue 
 till the English invasion. 
 
 Q. What is said of the tenure of land in Ireland ? 
 
 A. On the continent the feudal system held sway, and 
 it debased the people by keeping them dependent on a 
 few nobles who claimed to own all the land. In Ireland, 
 on the contrary, each clansman had an equal right to a 
 proportionate share of the tract occupied by his tribe. 
 
 Q. What law regulated the transmission of property ? 
 
 A. The law of gavel-kind, by which lands descended 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 53 
 
 equally to all the sons to the exclusion of all the daughters. 
 If there were no sons, then the property was equally divided 
 among the next male heirs. 
 
 Q. How many monarchs reigned from Feilim II. to 
 Cormac Ulfada ? 
 
 A. Six. 
 
 Q. What was the average duration of their reigns ? 
 
 A. Seventeen years. 
 
 Q. What does this prove ? 
 
 A. It shows that despite the disorders and the warlike 
 spirit of the times, the monarchs were reasonably secure 
 in their high stations. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Feilim ? 
 
 A. He was succeeded by Cathaire Mor, during whose 
 reign Dublin, the present capital of Ireland, was founded, 
 A.D. 140. 
 
 Q. Who was the most warlike monarch of the epoch ? 
 
 A. This was Conn, the renowned hero of a hundred 
 battles. 
 
 Q. What event took place during the reign of Conn ? 
 
 A. The Scots and their allies were continually in arms 
 against the Romans in Britain ; hence, as a protection, 
 the emperor Antoninus erected another fortification from 
 the Forth to the Clyde, a.d. 146. 
 
 Q. What successor of Conn is worthy of mention ? 
 
 A. Conair6 II., who is noteworthy as the father of 
 Carbry Riada, who led a Milesian colony from Ireland to 
 Albania or Scotland about the year 212. 
 
 Q. Did the Milesians or Scots continue their warfare 
 on Britain ? 
 
 A. Yes ; and although often forced to chastise the Picts, 
 still, they frequently assisted them against the Romans 
 and Br tons. 
 
54 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What did these incessant attacks induce the Romans 
 to do ? 
 
 A. Being unable to subdue the Scots and their allies, 
 the emperor Severus resolved, at last, to protect Britain 
 effectually from their inroads ; and, for this purpose, he 
 built a solid stone wall nine feet wide, twelve in height, 
 and sixty miles long, a.d. 207. 
 
 Q. Was he successful in his design ? 
 
 A. No ; the invaders still broke in from time to time, 
 and committed great depradations among the poor Bri- 
 tons. 
 
 Q. Who were the most renowned military heroes of the 
 time ? 
 
 A. Eogan, King of Munster ; Goll, son of Morna, gen- 
 eral of Connaught ; and Cuall, father of the celebrated 
 Finn or Fingal, the leader of the Fiann of Leinster. 
 
CHAPTER VI., 
 
 Cormac Ulfada, AD. 244 /£> 267. 
 
 HAT is said of the reign of Cormac Ulfada? 
 A. His reign is generally regarded as one 
 of the brightest eras in the history of Pagan 
 Ireland. 
 
 Q. What was his first care ? 
 
 A. His first act was to establish his authority firmly 
 over the whole island by reducing some refractory princes. 
 
 Q. What did he then do ? 
 
 A. He invited several learned chroniclers to Tara, and 
 directed them to write the annals of the kingdom from the 
 earliest period. Their work, called the *' Saltair of Tara," 
 is now lost, but much of its contents is known to us. 
 
 Q. How did he encourage learning ? 
 
 A. By establishing a military school, and two colleges, 
 one for history, and another for law. 
 
 Q. Give another proof of his enlightenment ? 
 
 A. He collected the laws of the kingdom, and published 
 the code which was in use till after the English invasion. 
 
 Q. What is said of the splendor of his court ? 
 
 A. Instead of the old palace he erected a grand edi- 
 fice, three hundred feet long, one hundred broad, and 
 sixty in height. This new building had fourteen large en- 
 trances, and was illuminated by lamps at night. It be- 
 came the centre of all the wealth, splendor, and enlighten- 
 ment of the kingdom, ani the poets tell with rapture how 
 
 N;. 
 
 -^2J^,Vi3f 
 
56 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Cormac sat in regal state surrounded by his wise men and 
 warriors. 
 
 Q. Was Cormac engaged in a foreign war ? 
 
 A. Yes ; but he only continued the operations begun 
 in Albania by his predecessor. 
 
 Q. What was the duration of his reign ? 
 
 A. He reigned during twenty- three years, and then, 
 having lost an eye, resigned the throne. 
 
 Q. Why did he give up his sceptre ? 
 
 A. He did it in obedience to a law which declared 
 that the monarch should have no personal blemish. 
 ' Q. What manner of life did he lead after his abdica- 
 tion? 
 
 A. He retired to a pleasant retreat where he gave him- 
 self up to study and contemplation. Here he wrote a 
 tract called *' Advice to a Prince," for the instruction of 
 his son, Carbr6 H. This work is still extant. 
 
 Q. What is said of his religious belief? 
 
 A. Before his death he is said to have renounced druid- 
 ism, and to have had a knowledge of the true God^ whom 
 he worshipped despite the druids. 
 
 Q. State the manner of his death. 
 
 A. He was choked at table by a salmon bone, and, 
 according to the druids, this was his punishment for hav- 
 ing forsaken their deities. 
 
 Q. Describe the funeral ceremonies of the Milesians. 
 
 A. After being washed and clothed, the body was laid 
 in state for a few days, and, during this interval, all the 
 friends and neighbors assembled to do honor to the de- 
 parted. The bards sang his pedigree and exploits ; the 
 druids recited prayers ; and the mourners raised the keen 
 {caoine) or funeral song,- which was kept up till the re- 
 mains were consigned to the earth. The grave usually 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 57 
 
 faced towards the East, and was lined with smooth stones. 
 No coffin was used ; but a cloak was wrapped around the 
 body. Over the grave was placed a mound or slab with 
 the name of the deceased. The most famous burial 
 place in ancient times was Relignaree, near Cruachan, in 
 Connaught, where the kings were usually interred. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 From Carbri II., A.D. 268, to Eocha XII., A.D. 350. 
 
 HO was Carbrg II. ? 
 
 A. He was the son of Cormac Ulfada. 
 Q. How long did he rule ? 
 A. During sixteen 3'ears. 
 
 Q. What is said of him ? 
 
 A. He was a patron of letters, and the author of a 
 history of the kings, his predecessors. 
 
 Q. What celebrated men flourished in his reign ? 
 
 A. Ossian, the great bard of Ireland, and his son Os- 
 car, both descendants of the warrior Fingal and leaders 
 of the Fiann of I.einster. 
 
 Q, What war did Carbr^ carry on ? 
 
 A. He went to war with Leana, King of Munster, for 
 receiving the Fiann of Leinster, whom he had disbanded 
 and outlawed on account of their crimes. 
 
 Q. Who supported Carbr6 and his cause ? 
 
 A. The P'iann, or military order of Connaught. 
 
 Q. Where was the contest decided ? 
 
 A. At the battle of Gabra, a.d. 284. 
 
 Q. What is said of this battle ? 
 
 A, The slaughter was so great that the two rival mili- 
 tary orders were almost exterminated. Among the slain 
 were Carbre, and Oscar, the son of Ossian. 
 
 Q. How many monarchs held sway between Carbrd 
 and Eocha XII. ? 
 
CA TECHISM OF IRISH HISTOR Y. 59 
 
 A. Five, with an average reign of twelve years. 
 
 Q. Were these rulers remarkable in any way ? 
 
 A. No ; at least there is no evidence that they were. 
 However, it must not be imagined that they led indolent 
 or sensual lives like their contemporaries, the Roman 
 emperors. Such a course was impossible under the Irish 
 system, which demanded the election of the ruler, and 
 recognized merit rather than hereditary right. Por this 
 reason the monarchs were always active and energetic, 
 and they never became mere effeminate figure-heads, like 
 some of the kings of France and England in after ages. 
 
 Q. What event now took place in Ireland ? 
 
 A. The destruction of the Palace of Emania, in Ulster, 
 by the men of Connaught, in the reign of Muredach II., 
 
 A.D. 331. 
 
 Q. Why is this noteworthy ? 
 
 A. Because, as has been remarked, after this event the 
 annals of the kingdom become much more clear and reli- 
 able. 
 
 Q. Was the country prosperous at this time ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the people were enterprising, and as a conse- 
 quence the country increased rapidly, both in wealth and 
 power. 
 
 Q. What is said of the literary orders ? 
 
 A. We are told, even by English writers, that they were 
 " the most learned body of men in Europe ; " that " they 
 M'ere eminently versed in astronomy and Grecian litera- 
 ture," and that " they stood unrivalled in the cultivation 
 of letters."— See Camden and Stillingfleet. 
 
 Q. What else is asserted of them ? 
 
 A. They are also said to have been the masters or *n- 
 structors of the other European bards. 
 
 A. Is this true ? 
 
 "^^^ 
 
6o CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. Yes; "at this era," says another British author, 
 " the Irish were the most enlightened cultivators of letters 
 in Europe ; and so great was the respect in which their 
 learning was held, that the druids of Britain were initiated 
 for ages into their arts, knowledge, and mysteries by the 
 Irish druids. — Toland Hist. Brit. Druids. 
 
 Q. Who confirms this ? 
 
 A. The English historian Whitacker, who remarks of 
 the following age : " In the reign of the celebrated mon- 
 arch Niall, the arch-druid of Ireland was acknowledged 
 the sovereign pontiff of the order of the druids of Gaul, 
 Britain, and Scotland." Surely no better testimony can 
 be demanded. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 From Eocha XII., A.D. 350, to Laegaire II,, A.D. 428. 
 
 I HAT is said of Eocha XII. ? 
 
 A. He was the progenitor of nearly all the 
 Ardrighs who flourished during the Chris- 
 tian era. 
 
 Q. Was his own career a prosperous one ? 
 
 A. No ; on the contrary, during the ten years of his 
 reign he was repeatedly defeated by Eana, King of Lein- 
 ster. 
 
 Q. How many nionarchs ruled between Eocha XII. 
 and Laegaire 1 1. ? 
 
 A. Three, with an average reign of twenty-two years. 
 
 Q. What was the character of these rulers ? 
 
 A. They were remarkable for valor and enterprise. 
 
 Q. What other governments existed in Europe at this 
 time ? 
 
 A. There was none but the Roman Empire. Britain 
 was still a province of Rome, and, with the exception of 
 Ireland, all the other European countries were under the 
 same despotic sway. 
 
 Q. How many emperors governed the Roman Empire 
 during this same era ? 
 
 A. There were as many as nine, 
 
 Q. What does this show ? 
 
 A. It proves that, compared to them, our old warrior- 
 nionarchs were also m6n of wonderful endurance. 
 
62 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Eocha XII. ? 
 
 A. Crimthan III., who during a reign of seventeen 
 years led expeditions to Albania, Britain, and Gaul, 
 whence he returned with much treasure. 
 
 Q. Who was the next monarch ? 
 
 A. Niall I., sur named of the Nine Hostages. 
 
 Q. What is said of Niall ? 
 
 A. About ten years after his accession he sailed from 
 Ireland with a large army and landed in Albania. Then, 
 after ravaging Britain and Wales, he seized the Isle of 
 Man and crossed into Gaul, from which he returned with 
 glory. 
 
 Q. What did these attacks force the Romans to do ? 
 
 A. We learn from a passage of the poet Claudian, that 
 Stilico, the general of Theodosius the Great, was forced 
 to send additional troops to protect Britain : 
 
 " When Scots came thundering from the Irish shores. 
 And the ocean trembled, struck with hostile oars." 
 
 Q. What was the fate of Niall ? 
 
 A. Having undertaken a new expedition to Gaul, he was 
 killed near the river Loire by Eocha, King of Leinster, 
 whom he had deposed on account of his crimes, a.d. 403. 
 
 Q. How is this last expedition rendered memorable ? 
 
 A. Among the captives taken on this occasion, there 
 was a young Christian called Succat, who was destined, 
 under the name of Patrick, to introduce the light of faith 
 into the land of his captivity. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Niall IV. ? 
 
 A. King Dathy, who reigned twenty -three years, and 
 was the last monarch of pagan Ireland. 
 
 Q. What is said of him ? 
 
 A. He was brave and warlike, and led a victorious army 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. (t^ 
 
 to the extremity of Gaul, where, at the height of his suc- 
 cess, he was killed by lightning at the foot of the Alps, 
 A.D. 428. His troops carried his body back to Ireland, 
 where it was interred at Cruachan in the ancient cemetery 
 of the kings. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of these expeditions ? 
 
 A. Besides deterring the Romans from invading Ire- 
 land, these frequent incursions had no little influence in 
 causing them to abandon Britain, which they did entirely, 
 A.D. 428. I 
 
 Q. Have we any remains of the civilization of this 
 period ? 
 
 A. Yes; for, exclusive of historic testimony, several 
 ancient reliques of this period have been dug up from time 
 to time. These consist chiefly of clay sepulchral urns ; 
 bronze swords, spear-heads, and javelins; and rings, gob- 
 lets, bits, brooches, torques, circlets and crowns of solid 
 gold. 
 
MEDIEVAL HISTORY. 
 
 From the Introduciton of CHRisTiANixy, a.d. 432, 
 TO THE Anglo-Norman Invasion, a.d. 1169. 
 
 THE MIDDLE AGES. 
 
 JHAT is generally meant by the term " Middle 
 Ages ? " 
 
 A. It means that period of history inter- 
 vening between the fall of the Western 
 Empire, a.d. 476, and the discovery of America, a.d. 
 1492. 
 
 Q. What was the general character of this period 
 throughout Europe ? . 
 
 A. It was an era in which ignorance, violence, disor- 
 ders, invasions, and revolutions were mixed up in endless . 
 confusion with noble deeds, religious devotion, and the 
 conversion and civilization of nations. 
 
 Q. By what system were most nations governed during 
 this time ? 
 
 A. By the feudal system, which gave arbitrary power 
 to a multitude of petty princes, and kept the mass of the 
 people in the vilest slavery. So universal was this state 
 of things throughout Europe, that no man was suffered 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 65 
 
 to be his own master. All but property-holders had to 
 become serfs, and to do homage to some " lord," whom 
 they were bound to serve and obey. 
 
 Q. Did this iniquitous system exist in Ireland ? 
 
 A. No ; it was radically opposed to the Irish Consti- 
 tution, which recognized each clansman as free and inde- 
 pendent in both person and property. 
 
 Q. What trait, therefore, distinguishes the Irish clans- 
 men from the European serfs ? 
 
 A. The spirit of freedom or personal independence 
 which they evinced in dealing with their rulers. 
 
 Q. In what else did the Irish differ from the rest of 
 Europe ? 
 
 A. Elsewhere the identity of the individual was lost 
 amid pompous titles taken from the land ; and, secondly, 
 his personal freedom was wholly destroyed because he 
 was a mere chattel, from the fact that he was absolutely 
 dependent on his superiors ; whereas, in Ireland, both 
 the liberty and the individuality of the clansmen were 
 l)reserved, for the contrary reason, that the chiefs were 
 dependent on the people, and the family name was pre- 
 served with pride. 
 
 Q. What is the duration of this part of Irish historj' ? 
 
 A. Seven hundred and thirty-nine years. 
 
 Q. Into how many periods is it divided ? 
 
 A. Into two : the first, from the mission of St. Pat- 
 rick, A.D. 432, to the arrival of the Danes, a.d. 795 ; 
 the second, from the Danes to the Anglo-Normans, a.d. 
 1 169. 
 
 Q. What was the character of the first period ? 
 
 A. During this period the renown of Ireland for sanc- 
 tity and learning was such, that, by common consent, she 
 received the glorious title of " Island of Saints" " For- 
 
66 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 eigners flocked to her shores to be instructed in religion 
 and letters, and a residence in Ireland was considered as 
 almost essential to establish a literary character. Not 
 content with affording an asylum to those strangers at 
 home, the sons of Hibernia crossed the seas to diffuse 
 the same blessings abroad ; all the neighboring nations — 
 England, France, Germany, and Switzerland, profited by 
 the zeal and learning of Irish missionaries, and the most 
 celebrated nurseries of science in those remote ages were 
 founded or improved by Irish scholars."— Fredet. Mod. 
 Hist., p. 22. 
 
 Q. What is to be said of the second period of mediajval 
 history ? 
 
 A. The second period is marked by the attacks of the 
 Danes, " those terrible Northmen who, for above two 
 hundred years, proved so formidable to several nations of 
 Europe. In Ireland, as elsewhere, ruin and desolation 
 marked the progress of the invaders ; the country was 
 ravaged ; churches, monasteries and universities were 
 plundered and destroyed. From time to time, it is true, 
 the Danes were bravely attacked and defeated, but fresh 
 swarms succeeded, and committed new outrages and dep- 
 redations throughout the island," till they were finally 
 driven out by a crushing defeat, a.d. 1014. — Id. 
 
FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 IRELAND THE ISLE OF SAINTS. 
 
 From her Conversion, a.d. 432, to the Arrival or 
 THE Danes, a.d. 795. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Laegaire II., A.D. 428 to 463. 
 
 HO occupied the throne of Ireland at the in- 
 troduction of Christianity into the counT^y ? 
 A. I.aegaire II., son of Niall of the Nine 
 Hostages, who reigned thirty-five years. 
 Q. Were there Christians in the country before his 
 time ? I 
 
 A..,^es;^there is a tradition that St. James the Great 
 labored there ; Ditt however this may be, it is certain that 
 many of the Irish were Christians long before the final 
 conversion of the country. The most noted among these 
 early converts were Mansuetus, afterwards first Bishop of 
 Toul in Gaul, a.d. 375 ; Caslestius, the great champion 
 of the Pelagian heresy, a.d. 412 ; and the four young men, 
 Ailbe, Declan, Ibar, and Kiaran, who were baptized 
 abroad and afterwards made bishops under St. Patrick. 
 Q. What is said of Caelestius ? 
 A. He was a law-advocate of vast learning and great 
 
 A 
 
68 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 abilities. Having crossed over to Gaul, he became a 
 Christian, but his love of speculation led him into diffi- 
 culties, and, though still a layman, he was soon looked 
 upon as the main supporter of Pelagianism throughout 
 Europe and Africa. Before his death he became a priest, 
 but he never retracted his errors, and, as he had proved 
 a match for every opponent, the fame of his name lingered 
 long in the field of his labors. Pelagius himself, also, the 
 prime author of this heresy, is thought to have been born 
 in Ireland, but this is disputed. 
 
 Q. What is said of the first mission to Ireland ? 
 
 A. In the year 431, Pope Celestine I. sent St. Palla- 
 dius to Ireland as bishop "to the Scots believing in 
 Christ," a proof that there were already many Christians 
 in the island. This mission, however, was unsuccessful, 
 and Palladius retired to Albania, where he died in the 
 sanie year. 
 
 Qr Who had the glory of converting Ireland ? 
 
 A. The great Apostle St. Patrick. 
 
 Q. Give an account of his early life. 
 
 A. This glorious missionary was born near Boulogne, 
 in Armorica, a province of Gaul, in the year 387. At 
 the age of sixteen, he was made captive with many of his 
 countrymen, by the troops of Niall of the Nine Hostages, 
 and taken to Ireland, where he was sold into slavery, a.d. 
 
 403- 
 
 Q. Sketch his career up to the time of his mission. 
 
 A. After six years of servitude, he escaped to his own 
 
 country, and entering the monastery of St. Martin at 
 
 Tours, began to prepare himself for the sacred ministry. 
 
 In the course of time he jiroceeded to Rome, where 
 
 he studied for three years. Then he returned to Gaul 
 
 and placed himself under the direction of St. Germain 
 
CA'IECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 69 
 
 at Auxerre, a.d. 418. By the advice of this holy master 
 he retired to the monastery of Lerins, where he lived 
 in prayer and contemplation during nine years. On 
 leaving Lerins, he again returned to St. Germain, whom 
 he accompanied into Britain in order to check the Pela- 
 gian heresy, a.d. 429, Finally he proceeded to Rome a 
 second time to consult Pope St. Celestine I. about the 
 mission to Ireland, which was always uppermost in his 
 mind. 
 
 Q. What was done for him by this holy pontiff? 
 
 A. Recognizing his merit and zeal, Celestine approved 
 his design, and, as a mark of esteem, raised him to the 
 rank of a Roman prince, and gave him the name of Patri- 
 cius, signifying patrician, a.d. 431. 
 
 Q. When did St. Patricius or Patrick arrive in Ire- 
 land ? 
 
 A. After being consecrated bishop at Evreux, in Nor- 
 mandy, in the forty-fifth year of his 9%*t, he set out for Ire- 
 land, where he arrived in the year 4.^2. 
 
 Q. Give an account of his missionary labors. 
 
 A. When he arrived in the island, the National Assem- 
 bly was in session at Tara, and St. Patrick, presenting 
 himself before it, briefly set forth his mission and the 
 principal truths he came to teach. On this occasion he 
 converted the arch-druid Dubtach, and gained the admira- 
 tion of the whole assembly by his simple and earnest elo- 
 quence. Then, entering heartily on his work, he went on 
 foot through all the cities of the different provinces, and 
 preached with so much unction, that vast multitudes were 
 everywhere converted and baptized. 
 
 Q. What great work did he soon afterwards accom- 
 plish ? 
 
 A. Under the patronage of the monarch Laegaire, he 
 
 -:>,$: 
 
7o CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 had the statutes of the kingdom revised, and entered on 
 the "Senchus M6r," or great book of laws, a.d. 438. 
 
 Q. What happened soon afterwards in the neighboring 
 island of Britain ? 
 
 A. In the same year in which St. Patrick established 
 the Metropohtan see of Armagh, a.d. 455, the natives of 
 Britain were forced to call in the Saxons to assist them 
 against the Scots and the Picts, who continued to keep 
 them in a deplorable state by frequent incvirsions. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 From Olioll IV., A.D. 463, to Dermid /., A.D. 544. 
 
 |0W many sovereigns ruled between Olioll IV. 
 and Dermid I. ? 
 
 A. Three, with an average reign of nine- 
 teen years. 
 
 Q. What honors did the Christian clergy receive under 
 Olioll ? 
 
 A. They took the place of the druids in the National 
 Assembly, and in all other offices held by them. 
 
 Q. How did OHoU IV. die ? 
 
 A. After reigning twenty years, he was slain at the bat- 
 tle of Ocha by his successor, Lugaid VII,, a,d. 483. 
 
 Q. What great poet did Ireland produce at this time ? 
 
 A. Sedulius the Elder, who travelled through France, 
 Italy, and parts of Asia, and then lectured at Rome, where 
 he was greatly esteemed for his learning, a.d. 490. He 
 became a priest, and wrote several works, among which 
 is a Latin poem called " Carmen Paschale" on the life 
 of Christ. From this the Church takes some of her most 
 beautiful hymns, as, '* A solis ortus cardine" for the feast 
 of the Nativity, '^ Jlostis Herodes itnpie,^' for the Epi- 
 phany, and *' Salve, sancie parens," which is used in 
 masses of the Blessed Virgin, etc., etc. 
 
 Q. What notable event took place under Lugaid VII. ? 
 
72 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. The death of the great Apostle St. Patrick, which 
 occurred at Saul on the 17th of March, a.d. 493. 
 Q. Give a summary of his labors. 
 A. During the sixty years of his missionary career, he 
 founded three hundred and fifty churches, consecrated 
 over three hundred bishops, and raised up three thousand 
 priests, who directed immense multitudes of the faithful, 
 of both sexes, in the practice of Christian perfection. 
 (J. What was the character of St. Patrick ? 
 A. His most prominent traits were meekness, dignity, 
 great faith, and a love for prayer and mortification. So 
 intense was the devotion enkindled by his preaching and 
 example, that all his disciples and attendants, and nearly 
 all who received ordination at his hands, became remark- 
 able for the holiness of their lives. 
 Q. Mention a few of his disciples. 
 A. St. Secundinus, first Bishop of Dunseglin, a.d. 447 ; 
 St. Asicus, first Bishop of Elphin, 450 ; St. Benignus, his 
 first successor in the see of Armagh, 468 ; St. Jarlath, 
 of the same church, 481 ; St. Mael, first Bishop of Ardagh, 
 488 ; St. Maccartin, first Bishop of Clogher, 506 ; and St. 
 , Conlaeth, first Bishop of Kildare, 519, etc., etc. 
 
 Q. What new species of literature now made its ap- 
 pearance in Ireland ? 
 
 A. There appeared little works called penance books, 
 which were compiled by different saints for the instruc- 
 tion and guidance of the clergy. As these were the first 
 attempts towards establishing enlightened rules for the 
 treatment of penitents, they may be said to mark the be- 
 ginning of the science of Moral Theology. 
 
 Q. Were there also dogmatic or controversial treatises ? 
 A. No ; because there existed no diversity of creed* 
 and such expositions were not required. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 73 
 
 Q. Was the faith of Ireland the same as that of 
 Rome ? 
 
 A. Yes ; it was the same in every particular, except 
 that afterwards, during a brief space, a difference arose 
 as to the time of celebrating Easter. 
 
 Q. What important colony was sent out from Ireland ? 
 
 A. In the year 503 Fergus, Prince of Dalradia, emi- 
 grated from Ulster, and settled with numerous colonists 
 on the west coast of Albania. In the course of time this 
 colony increased, and gradually obtained possession of 
 all that country. 
 
 Q. Who is the principal female saint of Ireland ? 
 
 A- The Virgin St. Brigid, " the Mary of Ireland," who 
 is venerated as the patroness of the whole island. 
 
 Q. What is said of her ? 
 
 A. She was born during the lifetime of St. Patrick, and 
 in the year 480 founded the celebrated monastery of Kil- 
 dare, where she died in her seventieth year after innumer- 
 able miracles and good works, a.d. 525. 
 
 Q. For what is this age remarkable ? 
 
 A. For the numerous monastic schools which were 
 founded throughout the country. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of these. 
 
 A. Besides the school of Armagh, which existed since 
 St. Benignus, a.d. 468, the principal ones were Mayo, 
 founded by St. Ailbe in 515; Clones, by St. Tigernach 
 in 520; Arran "of the Saints," by Sl Enda in 525 ; Clo- 
 nard, by St. Finian, the wise " tutor of the saints of Ire- 
 land," in 530 ; and Louth, by St. Mochta in 534. 
 
 Q. Were there many diier saints and founders besides 
 those mentioned ? 
 
 A. Yes ; between the years 432 and 534 there flourish- 
 ed as many as three hundred and fifty saintly bishops, 
 4 
 
74 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 "wdrofounded churches, and excited the admiration of the 
 faithful, by the eminent holiness of their lives. 
 
 Q. What was the chief aim of these founders ? 
 
 A. Their main object was to establish holy retreats 
 where men might give themselves to prayer and medi- 
 tation, to labor and study, to penance and works of 
 sanctification. 
 
 Q. What else may be said of these pious abodes ? 
 
 A. " There, also, were trained an entire population of 
 philosophers, of writers, of architects, of carvers, of paint- 
 ers, of caligraphers, of musicians, poets, and historians; 
 but, above all, of missionaries and preachers, destined to 
 spread the light of the Gospel and of Christian education, 
 not only in all the Celtic countries, of which Ireland was 
 always the nursing mother, but throughout Europe, among 
 all the Teutonic races — among the Franks and Burgundi- 
 ans, who were already masters of Gaul, as well as amid 
 the dwellers by the Rhine and Danube, and up to the 
 frontiers of Italy." — Montalembert's Monks of the -West^ 
 vol. iii., lib. viii., p. 68. 
 
 m 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 From Dertnid I.y A.D. 544, to Hugh II., A.D. 572. 
 
 HAT was the character of Derniid I. ? 
 
 A. He was remarkably able and brave, 
 but his great love of justice led him into dif- 
 ficulties with the clergy on account of his 
 excessive rigor. 
 
 Q. What afflicted the country soon after his accession ? 
 
 A. A terrible pestilence called the Yellow Plague, which 
 carried off nearly one-third of the people. 
 
 Q. What celebrated schools were founded during his 
 reign ? 
 
 A. Clonmacnoise, by St. Kiaran in 548 ; Bangor, by St. 
 Comgall in 549 ; and Glendalough, by St. Kevin in 560. 
 
 Q. What is said of these institutions ? 
 
 A. The buildings composing them were generally small, 
 but numerous, and were usually made of timber, wattles, 
 and clay, though stone and cement were sometimes used. 
 In this case the cells of the monks were circular, with 
 arched stone roofs without mortar. Each monastery cover- 
 ed a large extent of ground, and was surrounded by a walL 
 
 Q. Wliat were the usual occupations of the monks ? 
 
 A. While some worked in wood, in bronze, and in 
 leather, others were employed as copyists, or in studying 
 or teaching Latin, Gaelic, Greek, Hebrew, and Sacred 
 Scripture. Music, poetry, logic, history, philosophy, and 
 astronomy were also taught by them. 
 
76 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. How were they supported ? 
 
 A. By ofTerings, collections, endowments, and the 
 labor of their hands. 
 
 Q. What great man flourished at tliis epoch ? 
 
 A. St. Columba, the Apostle of the Picts. 
 
 Q. Sketch his early career. 
 
 A. This celebrated missionary was born at Garten, 
 Kilmacrenan, in Ulster, on the 7th of December, a.d. 
 521. After completing his studies at Clonard and other 
 schools, he gave himself to the service of God, and in 
 quick succession, founded monasteries at Derry in 545 ; 
 at Kells in 550, at Duleek in 551, at Swords in 553, and 
 at Durrow in the same year. 
 
 Q. What course did he then pursue ? 
 
 A. In consequence of a breach between himself and 
 the monarch Dermid I., he left Ireland with twelve disci- 
 ples, and landed at lona, an isle on the west coast of 
 Scotland, where he built a monastery, and entered on his 
 missionary labors among the Picts, a.d. 564. 
 
 Q. How did Dermid violate the rights of the clergy ? 
 
 A. At the National Assembly held at Tara, a certain 
 prince drew upon himself the penalty of death by an act 
 of violence which he committed during the session. The 
 guilty man fled for safety to a church near by, but even 
 this sacred asylum did not save him, and being brought 
 out, he was put to death by order of Dermid, 
 
 Q. What resulted from this ? 
 
 A. To punish this violation of the right of sanctuary 
 claimed by the clergy, St. Ruadan went in solemn proces- 
 sion with his clergy around the hill of Tara, the home of 
 the monarch, and invoked the malediction of God upon 
 the place. "From that day," says the annalist, "no king 
 ever sat at Tara." 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 77 
 
 Q. What chastisement overtook Dermid himself? 
 
 A. He was killed in battle two years after the desertion 
 of Tara, after reigning twenty years. 
 
 Q. How did the abandonment of Tara affect the 
 country ? 
 
 A. After that event the nionarchs usually dwelt at 
 Aileach in Ulster ; but their influence was weakened by 
 the gradual estrangement of the other provinces, each of 
 which contended for the honor of having the chief capital 
 within its own borders. 
 
 Q. Was the right of asylum better observed after this ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the fate of Tara caused this custom to be re- 
 spected, and it was soon afterwards introduced by Irish 
 missionaries into various countries of Europe, where it 
 did good service during the middle ages. 
 
 Q. What noted foreigner studied in Ireland during this 
 age? 
 
 A. St. Gildas, the first British writer, 494-570. Hav- 
 ing gone to Ireland " to drink from its pure streams of 
 sacred learning," he at length became professor at Ar- 
 magh. After some years he made a pilgrimage to Rome, 
 and presented Pope Agapetus with a beautiful Irish bell, 
 but he soon returned to his adopted country, where he is 
 said to have ended his life. 
 
 Q. What native saints are worthy of mention ? 
 
 A. St. Kieran, first Bishop of Ossory, a.d. 550 ; and 
 St. Colraan, first Bishop of Cloyne, 570. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Hugh II., A.D. 572 to 599. 
 
 HAT National Assembly was held by Hugh 
 II.? 
 
 A. The great Convention of Drumceit, 
 
 A.D. 577. 
 
 Q. For what purpose was it called ? 
 
 A. First, to take measures for the suppression or banish- 
 ment of the bards, who of late years had become trouble- 
 some by their numbers and insolence ; second, to lay a 
 larger tribute on the Irish colony in Albania ; and thirdly, 
 to depose the prince of Ossory for refusing to pay tribute 
 to the supreme monarch. 
 
 Q. Of whom was the assembly composed ? 
 
 A. It was composed of bishops and abbots, of princes 
 and provincial kings, and was presided over by the su- 
 preme monarch in person. The great St. Columba and 
 Aidan, King of Dalradia, were also present to plead the 
 cause of the Albanian colony. 
 
 Q. What resulted from the deliberations of this assem- 
 bly ? 
 
 A. Through the influence of St. Columba the bards 
 were spared, though subjected to certain useful restrictions. 
 Thus, land was assigned to them on which they were to 
 reside permanently, and they were required to give free 
 instruction to all who sought it ; secondly, the colony of 
 Dalradia was declared free, independent and exempt 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 79 
 
 from all tribute to the monarch of Ireland. The third 
 question remained unsettled. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the labors of St. Columba in Al- 
 bania. 
 
 A. Besides transcribing several copies of tRe Sacred 
 Scriptures, he founded many churches and monasteries, 
 and ruled his principal foundation at lona with so much 
 wisdom during thirty years, that, in a short time, the fame 
 of this new institute spread far and wide. Crowds flock- 
 ed from Ireland to join the community, and St. Columba 
 set them an example of zeal by carrying the light of the 
 Gospel to the Picts whose apostle he became. 
 
 Q. When did St. Columba die ? 
 
 A. On Sunday evening the 9th of June, a.d. 597, in the 
 seventy-sixth year of his age. 
 
 Q. What fame was acquired by lona ? 
 
 A. During more than three hundred years it continued 
 to be the abode of sanctity and letters, and a light to all 
 the northern regions. It acquired especial fame, how- 
 ever, for the number of remarkable missionaries which it 
 sent forth to convert the different Saxon kingdoms of 
 Britain. 
 
 Q. What caused lona to decline ? 
 
 A. It began to decline on account of the invasion of 
 the Danes, who at different times massacred several of its 
 inmates. Finally, it was deserted altogether. Then dur- 
 ing several centuries its name and its greatness were alike 
 forgotten. At length, however, it is again remembered 
 and revered. Dr. Johnson, who had the honor of calling 
 attention to it, speaks of it thus : " That man is little to 
 be envied whose patriotism would not gain force upon 
 the plain, of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow 
 warmer upon the niins of lona." 
 
8o CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the saints of this era in Ireland. 
 
 A. St. Ida, abbess, 569; St. Brendan of Birr, 571; 
 St. Brendan of Clonfert, 577 ; St. Fachnan of Ross, 580 ; 
 St. Fergus of Down, 583, and St. Canice of Kilkenny, 
 
 527-598. 
 
 Q. What is related of St. Brendan of Clonfert ? 
 
 A. It is said that in his zeal for souls he sailed forth in 
 quest of pagan lands and discovered America, which he 
 penetrated as far as the Ohio River. 
 
 Q. What do antiquarians say of America ? 
 
 A. They assert that North America was known to the 
 Irish a thousand years ago, and that the country was 
 then called Irland it Mikla, or Greater Ireland. 
 
 Q. What Irish saints sojourned in other lands at this 
 time ? 
 
 A. St. Fridolin, " the Traveller," who founded several 
 monasteries in France and Switzerland, and that of Sekin- 
 gen on an isle in the Rhine ; St. Fregidian, Bishop of 
 Lucca in Italy, a.d. 587 ; and many others less known. 
 
 Q. What was a noted trait of the Irish saints in gen- 
 eral? 
 
 A. Their love of pilgrimages. 
 
 Q. What else was still more remarkable in them ? 
 
 A. They were remarkable for the rigor of their mortifi- 
 cations and penances, and for the zeal with which they 
 sought to bring heathen nations to a knowledge of 
 Christ. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of this twofold character ? 
 
 A. They spread over Europe and founded more than one 
 hundred monasteries outside of Ireland ; but the extreme 
 severity of their discipline afterwards induced their suc- 
 cessors to adopt the milder rule introduced by St. Bene- 
 dict. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 From Hugh III., A.D. 599, to Domnall II., A.D. 628. 
 
 I HAT is noticeable in the history of this era ? 
 A. But little of the political history of the 
 country is recorded. In accordance with 
 the spirit of the times, the annalists, who 
 were generally monks, gave more importance to ecclesi- 
 astical than to civil matters. 
 
 Q. Is this to be regretted ? 
 
 A. Yes ; for leaving other considerations aside, it would 
 have been extremely interesting to note the effect pro- 
 duced on the princes and people of the countr)' by the 
 hosts of saints that flourished at this time ? 
 
 Q. What event now took place in Britain ? 
 
 A. In the year 596, Pope St. Gregorj' the Great sent 
 St. Augustine with a body of monks to preach the Gospel 
 to the Saxons. These missionaries succeeded in convert- 
 ing Ethelbert, King of Kent, the smallest of the eight 
 kingdoms into which the country was divided. 
 
 Q. What was the final result of this mission ? 
 
 A. After the death of St. Augustine, a.d. 607, the 
 greater part of the newly-baptized relapsed into their old 
 superstitions, and the country became almost entirely 
 pagan once more. 
 
 Q. By whom was Britain finally drawn from the dark- 
 ness of paganism ? 
 
 A. Mostly by zealous monks from Ireland and lona. 
 4* 
 
82 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 These traversed the country, built numerous monasteries, 
 and, finally, after great labors, succeeded in imparting a 
 knowledge of the true God to the inhabitants. 
 
 Q. What does Camden, an English historian, say of 
 these missionaries ? . 
 
 A. He says that " the disciples of St. Patrick made 
 such great progress in Christianity, that in the following 
 age Ireland was called the "Island of Saints," and none 
 could be more learned and holy than the Irish monks in 
 their own country, in Britain, and on the continent of 
 FAirope." 
 
 Q. What is the testimony of Venerable Bede, the 
 Father of English history ? 
 
 A. He declares that, during this age, Ireland supplied 
 all Europe with multitudes of zealous missionaries, who 
 announced the name of Jesus Christ among some nations, 
 and revived it among others. 
 
 Q. Who is the most celebrated of these missionaries ? 
 A. St. Columban, who was born in Leinster, a.d. 543, 
 and trained at Bangor, where, under St. Comgall, he drank 
 in piety and knowledge as from a holy well. The scenes 
 of his labors were Gaul and Italy. 
 
 Q. Give a sketch of his career in Gaul. 
 A. About the year 585, St. Columban left Ireland with 
 twelve companions and passed into Gaul. On account 
 of the invasions of the barbarians and the negligence of 
 the bishops, many abuses existed in that country, and the 
 discipline of the Church was entirely neglected. Mortifi- 
 cation and penance were wholly unknown, though the 
 people still thought themselves good Christians ; but St. 
 Columban preached wherever he went, and the sanctity 
 of his life added weight to his instructions, and induced 
 many persons to lead true Christian lives. His reputa- 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 83 
 
 tion at length reached the court of King Gontran, of 
 Burgundy, who gave him land, on which he built the 
 famous monastery of Luxeuil, and afterwards that of 
 Fontaine. His labors in this province have caused hira 
 to be looked upon as the Apostle of Eastern France. 
 
 Q. Why did St. Columban leave Gaul ? 
 
 A. After laboring twenty-five years in Gaul, he was 
 forced to go elsewhere on account of the persecutions of 
 Theodric, King of Burgimdy, whom he reproved severely 
 on account of his scandalous life. 
 
 Q. What did Columban then do ? 
 
 A. He went to preach to the pagans of Switzerland, 
 and then to Italy, where he was well r£ceived by King 
 Agilulph of Lombardy. Here he founded the great mon- 
 astery of Bobbio, where he died on the 21st of November, 
 A.D. 615. 
 
 Q. What is said of his character and abilities } 
 
 A. He was just the man for the age. Firm, bold, and 
 zealous, he admonished pope and king as readily as he 
 did the poorest peasant. He is the author of commenta- 
 ries on the Psalter, several small poems, some letters, six- 
 teen homilies, and a work against the Arians. 
 
 Q. Mention other saints of this age. 
 
 A. In Ireland, St. Comgall, abbot, 601 ; St. Colman, 
 Bishop of Dromore, 616 ; St, Eugenius, Bishop of Deny, 
 618, St. Builhe, founder of the great school of Monaster- 
 boice, 621 ; and St. Luanus, who built several monaster- 
 ies, 622 ; in France, there flourished St. Maxentia, virgin 
 and martyr ; and St. Osmanna, virgin and recluse. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 From Domnall II., A.D. 628, io Finnacta 11, A.D. Oj^. 
 
 HAT controversy arose under Domnall II.? 
 A. In his reign a dispute arose as to the 
 proper time for celebrating Easter. The 
 custom prevailing in Ireland was introduced 
 by St. Patrick, and had long been followed at Rome, but 
 as it was faulty, a more perfect calculation was adopted 
 by the popes. The new system used the Alexandrian 
 cycle of nineteen years, to ascertain the age of the moon, 
 and made Easter fall on the Sunday following the four- 
 teenth day of the moon ; whereas the old method employed 
 the Jewish cycle of eighty-four years, and often celebrated 
 Easter on the fourteenth day itself. 
 
 Q. What did Pope Honorius do ? 
 
 A. In the year 630 he addressed a letter to the Scots 
 or Irish, exhorting them " not to continue to celebrate an 
 Easter contrary to the Paschal calculation, and to the 
 synodal decrees of all the bishops on earth." 
 
 Q. Did this letter produce a good effect ? 
 
 A. Yes; a synod was held near Leighlin, and it was 
 agreed to send a deputation to Rome to examine the 
 practices of" the mother of all the churches." The prin- 
 cipal opponent of the new system was St. Fintan, Abbot 
 of Taigmon ; and its strenuous advocates were St. Lase- 
 rian and St. Cummian. The latter defended the Roman 
 custom in a learned treatise addressed to Segenius, Abbot 
 of I on a. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 8$ 
 
 Q. What was the result of the controversy ? 
 
 A. On the return of the deputation, the Roman prac- 
 tice was adopted throughout the southern half of Ireland, 
 A.D. dT,^ ; but the north continued to adhere to the 
 ancient usage for a few years more. 
 
 Q. How was the peace of the country disturbed for a 
 moment ? 
 
 A. Congall, Prince of Ulidia, coveted the kingdom of 
 Ulster, and, to satisfy his ambition, called to his standard 
 several bands of Picts, Britons, Saxons, and Albanian 
 Scots ; but the monarch, Domnall II., marched against 
 this horde and defeated them with great slaughter. 
 
 Q. What great nurseries of learning were founded 
 under Domnall II. ? 
 
 A. The monastery of Devenish was established by St. 
 Laserian, who died a.d. 638, and the celebrated, school 
 of Lismore in Munster, by St. Carthagh, who also went to 
 his reward in that year. 
 
 Q. Give the number of students in some of the monas- 
 tic schools at this time. 
 
 A. Lothra had 150 students j Taghmon, 152 ; Foure, 
 300 ; Cong, 300 ; Balysadare'^ 300 ; Louth, 480 ; I^is- 
 more, 800; Rathin, 860; Clonfert, 900; Leighlin, 1,500; 
 Arran, 1,500; Devenish, 1,500; Bangor, 3,000; Clonard, 
 3,000 ; Annadown, 3,000 ; and Armagh, 4,000. Later 
 on, the last mentioned had as many as 7,000, with one 
 hundred lecturers. 
 
 Q.' By whom was Switzerland converted ? 
 
 A. By St. Gall, who accompanied St. Columban to 
 that country and remained there after him. After estab- 
 lishing a monastery, and bringing the inhabitants to the 
 faith, he died in the year 646. 
 
 Q. What natives of Ireland were laboring in Britain ? 
 
86 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. The most noted is St. Aidan, who came from lona 
 with twelve monks, and preached to the pagans of North- 
 umbria at the request of Oswald, their king. The saint 
 built a monastery at Mailross, and another on the Isle of 
 Lindisfarne, a.d. 635. After a laborious life of seventeen 
 years as bishop, he died in 651, and was succeeded by 
 St. Finian, another monk of lona. This new apostle 
 had the happiness to baptize Penda, King of Mercia. 
 and Sigebert, of East Anglia, together with many of their 
 courtiers and subjects, a.d. 660. 
 
 Q. What affliction visited Ireland meanwhile ? 
 
 A. In May, 656, a remarkable solar eclipse took place, 
 and in August of the same year a pestilence, called the 
 Yellow Plague, broke out ; and, continuing its ravages 
 for several years, swept away two-thirds of the inhabi- 
 tants. 
 
 Q. What important conference took place in Britain ? 
 
 A. That of Whitby, held a.d. 664, to decide, as in 
 Ireland, as to the proper time of celebrating Easter. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. The monks of lona upheld their ancient custom, 
 and the great body of the Saxons favored their old mas- 
 ters ; but, the influence of Rome was too great, and the 
 assembly, or rather the king, decided against them in 
 favor of St. Peter. 
 
 Q. What did St. Colman, the successor of Finian, 
 do? ■ 
 
 A. Rather than give up the custom of his forefathers, 
 he resigned his see, and withdraw with thirty Saxon and 
 all his Irish monks to the Isle of Inisboffin on the west 
 coast of Ireland, a.d. 667. Here he built a monastery 
 for his countrymen, and afterwards another in Mayo for 
 his Saxon followers. The latter soon became known as 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 87 
 
 " Mayo of the Saxons," and had as many as three thou- 
 sand students. St. Colman died in 676. 
 
 Q. Did many other strangers go to reside in Ireland ? 
 
 A. Yes ; Bede tells us that in the time of Finian and 
 Colman, many nobles and others of the English nation 
 were living in Ireland, whither they had gone either to 
 cultivate the sacred studies or to lead more chaste lives. 
 Some became monks, and others merely attended the 
 monasteries to hear the lectures of the professors. But 
 all were cheerfully received by the Irish, who supplied 
 them gratis with books and teachers. — Eccl. Hist., Hi., 27. 
 
 Q. How does Camden, the English historian, confirm 
 this ? 
 
 A. He tells us that anciently the English Saxons 
 flocked to Ireland as to the mart of sacred learning, and 
 that this fact is frequently mentioned in the lives of the 
 eminent men among them. Thus, of a certain Salgenius 
 we read that, 
 
 " With love of learning and examples fired. 
 To Ireland, famed for wisdom, he retired." 
 
 Brit, de Hibern., p. 730. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of those who studied in Ireland. 
 
 A, Eanfrid, King of Bernicia, a section of Northum- 
 bria, a.d. 6^^ ; Oswald, King of Northumbria, 635-642 ; 
 and Alcfrid, King of the same realm, 685-705, were in 
 Ireland during sixteen years, from a.d. 617 10633; Dago- 
 bert II., King of Austrasia, 673-679, resided there from 
 the year 655 to 670. 
 
 Q. What missionaries did Ireland send to Gaul ? 
 
 A. St. Eustasius, Abbot of Luxeuil, a.d. 625 ; St. Psal- 
 modius, hermit, near Limoges, 630 ; St. Deicola, Ab- 
 bot of Lure, St. Plechelm, Apostle of Guelderland, 632 ; 
 
 r*- 
 
88 CATECHISM OF IRISff HISTORY. 
 
 St. Wiro, confessor of Pepin of Herstal, and St. Farsey, 
 who first labored in Britain under Sigebert, King of East 
 Anglia, and then went to Gaul, where he died after found- 
 ing the monastery of Lagney, near Paris, 650 ; St. Folian, 
 martyr, 655 ; St. Caidoc, priest, "to whom Ireland gave 
 birth and the Gallic land a grave ; " and St. Fiaker, an- 
 choret and confessor, near Paris, 670. To these must be 
 added St. Livin, who suffered martyrdom in Flanders in 
 the year 6^^. 
 
 Q. What is said of the saints that died in Ireland dur- 
 ing this era ? 
 
 A. They are so num&rous that it is impossible to name 
 them all ; and what is truly surprising is, that nearly all 
 were remarkable for their literary acquirements. Among 
 those best known are St. Finbar, first Bishop of Cork, 
 A.D. 570-630; St. Edan, first Bishop of Ferns, 560-632 ; 
 St. Pulcherius, founder of the monastery of Leathmore, 
 550-656 ; and St. Aileran, Regent of the school of Ar- 
 magh, 665. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 From Finnada II., A.£>.6J5, to Domnall III, A.D. 743. 
 
 |0W long did Finnacta II. reign? 
 A. During twenty years. 
 Q. What was his character ? 
 A. He was a pious and hospitable mon- 
 arch, and is honored as a saint in the Irish calendar. 
 
 Q. What was the first important occurrence of his 
 reign ? 
 
 A. In the year 680 the Picts made a descent upon Ire- 
 land, but they were totally defeated at Rathmore in An- 
 trim and obliged to leave the country. 
 
 Q. What other incursion soon took place ? 
 
 A. Egfrid, King of Northumbria, sent Berctus, his gen- 
 eral, to ravage the coast of I^einster. After slaying sev- 
 eral of the clergy and the people, the invaders made 
 good their escape with numerous captives and considera- 
 ble booty, A.D, 684. 
 
 Q. What is the principal event in the reign of Fin- 
 nacta II. ? 
 
 A. The abolition of the Boru or Leinster tribute, by 
 this good monarch, at the request of St. Moling of Ferns, 
 A.D. 687. 
 
 Q. What other act shows the influence of the clergy ? 
 
 A. Through the influence of St. Adamnan, Abbot of 
 lona, in the following reign a law was passed for the pro- 
 
90 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 tection of women and children in time of war and civil 
 strife. 
 
 Q. Mention a few other occurrences of this time. 
 
 A. In 700 and 712 bands of adventurers from Britain 
 made descents on Ireland in quest of plunder, but they 
 were driven oflf before inflicting serious injury. 
 
 Q. Did the country then enjoy peace ? 
 
 A. No ; the monarch Hugh V. carried on a war against 
 Leinster, and, in a battle fought at Emania, nine thousand 
 men were left on the field, a.d. 733. 
 
 Q. What is said of the religious state of the country ? 
 
 A. It was in a very flourishing condition. Marianus 
 Scotus, the annalist, tells us that at this period Ireland was 
 full of learned men. 
 
 Q. Did many of them go into other countries ? 
 
 A. Yes ; Venerable Bede informs us that in his time 
 they were daily coming into Britain, preaching the word 
 of God with great devotion. — Eccl. Hist.^ Lib. JIT., 
 Cap. 3. 
 
 Q. Did any repair to France ? 
 
 A. Yes ; as we learn from Eric of Auxerre, who cries 
 out, "What shall I say of Ireland, which, despising the 
 dangers of the deep, is migrating with almost her whole 
 train of philosophers to our shores." — Letter to Charles the 
 Bald. 
 
 Q. Give the testimony of Thierry. 
 
 A. This author declares that Ireland counted a host of 
 saints and learned men venerated in England and Gaul ; 
 for no country had furnished more Christian missionaries 
 uninfluenced by other motives than pure zeal to commu- 
 nicate to foreign nations the opinions and faith of their 
 own land. — Hist, de la Conqnete de l Angleterre, Lib. X, 
 
 Q. Mention some of those who labored in England. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 9I 
 
 A. The most famous are St. Maildulf, pLv>. 675, and St 
 Cuthbert, a.d. 687. The latter was Bishop of Lindis- 
 farne, and the former, founder of the monastery of Maild-- 
 ulfsbury, from which the city of Malmesbury takes its 
 name. Maildulf was also master of St. Aldhelm, and the 
 first to introduce Latin rhyme into England. 
 
 Q. What learned Irish monk flourished in Albania ? 
 
 A. St. Adamnan, ninth abbot of Jona, and author of a 
 work on the Holy Land, and a life of St. Columba, which 
 is said to be the best piece of Latii^ writing of the middle 
 ages, A.D. 704. 
 
 Q. Name some Irish saints honored on the continent. 
 
 A. At. Strasburg, St. Arbogast, bishop, 646-679; in 
 Austrasia, St. Rouin, founder of the abbey of Beaulieu, 
 594-680 ; in Picardy, St. Maguil, recluse, 685; at Fosse 
 iu Gaul, St. Ultan, abbol> 686 ; also at Strasburg, St. 
 Florence, bishop, 687 ; iu Franconia, St. Kilian, bishop, 
 St. Colnian, priest, and St. Totnan, deacon, martyrs, 
 688 ; at Disenberg, in Germany, St. Disen, apostle and 
 abbot, 715; and, in the same country, St. Albuin, Bishop 
 of Buraburg and Apostle of Thuringia, a.d. 742. 
 
 Q. Are these all that are known to us ? 
 
 A. No ; there were numerous others ; but these fiew 
 will show with what zeal the Irish sought to spread the 
 Gospel throughout Northern Europe. Nor did they confine 
 themselves to the North, for we also find them in Catho- 
 lic Spain and Italy. Thus St. Cataldus became second 
 Bishop of Tarentum. His image at Rome had an in- 
 scription which is thus translated : 
 
 ?' Hibernia gave me birth ; thence wafted o'er 
 I sought the sacred Solymean shore. 
 To thee, Tarentum, holy rites I gave. 
 Precepts divine; and thou to me a grave." 
 
9« CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What native of Ireland acquired honor in Spain ? 
 
 A. Sedulius the Younger, who travelled to Rome, and 
 took an active part in a council held by Gregory II., a.d. 
 721. He then became Bishop of Oreto in Spain, and 
 acquired fame by his " Commentary on the Epistles of St. 
 Paul," and other learned works. 
 
 Q. What custom had now come into use in Ireland ? 
 
 A. That of gossipred, which means that the different 
 chiefs were wont to stand as sponsors at the baptism of 
 the children of their clansmen. 
 
 Q. What is to be said of this custom ? 
 
 A. It gratified the people and served to knit still more 
 closely the affectionate ties which bound them to their 
 chiefs. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 From Domnall III., A.D. 743, to Hugh VL, A.D. 797. 
 
 HAT gives us an insight into the character ot 
 this new era ? 
 
 A. The fact that several monarchs and 
 princes resigned their crown and retired to 
 monasteries, where they gave themselves up to prayer and 
 mortification. Among these were Domnall III., who 
 after reigning twenty years, closed his life at lona, and 
 Niall II., who died a monk at the same place, a.d. 778. 
 
 Q. Did many of the people imitate these good mon- 
 archs ? 
 
 A. Yes ; it is calculated that about one-third of the in- 
 habitants of the island gave themselves to the service of 
 God in religion. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Niall II. ? 
 
 A. Donncad I., who ruled for twenty-seven years, a.d. 
 770-797. 
 
 Q. What new religious order sprang up about this 
 time ? 
 
 A. The Culdees, who were a species of lay monks. At 
 first they had no fixed rule or habitations, but about the 
 middle of this century they were formed into regular 
 communities. They were celebites, and lived on the 
 charity of the faithful and by the labor of their own hands. 
 
 Q. Did learning continue to flourish ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the different monastic schools were now 
 filled to overflowing, and the extent and profundity of 
 
94 CATECHISM OF IRISH HIS TOR Y. 
 
 their course of instruction is best shown in the many 
 learned men they sent forth into other countries. 
 
 Q. What new work was now brought out ? 
 
 A. The first prayer book was compiled by St. Colgu, 
 who died a.d. 791. 
 
 Q. What native of Ireland is classed with the heretics 
 of this era ? 
 
 A. Clement, who opposed St. Boniface in Germany, 
 and rejected the canons or ecclesiastical laws. He also 
 erred concerning predestination, and taught that Christ, in 
 his descent into hell, delivered all the souls of the 
 damned, a.d. 745. 
 
 Q. Who was St. Boniface ? 
 
 A. The apostle of Germany. According to some au- 
 thors he was a native of Ireland, but however that may 
 be, it is certain he spent several years in its schools. — See 
 Pertz, Marianus, and Trithemhis. 
 
 Q. What other great man studied in Ireland ? 
 
 A. St. Willibrord, who converted the inhabitants of 
 Friesland. This saint lived in Ireland for twelve years, 
 during which he prepared himself for his future labors by 
 prayer and the study of the Sacred Scriptures. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the native saints of this era.* 
 
 A. St. Cuchumne, author of a Latin hymn in honor of 
 the Mother of God, a.d. 746 ; St. Rumold, bishop, mar- 
 tyr, and Patron of Mechlin in Brabant, 775 ; and St. Vir- 
 gilius. Patron of Carinthia and Bishop of Salsburg. 
 
 Q. What fame was acquired by the latter ? 
 
 A. After leaving Ireland about the year 746, he so- 
 journed in France for two years, and then went to Bava- 
 ria, where he won a great reputation in controversy with 
 St. BonifacCj by his superior knowledge in astronomy and 
 theology. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 95 
 
 Q. What was the result of this dispute ? 
 
 A. Having been accused of heresy to Pope Zachary, 
 for maintaining first that the earth was a sphere and in- 
 habited on the other side, and secondly for teaching that 
 'n baptism an ungrammatical form is valid, provided there 
 IS an intention of baptizing, the pope approved of the lat- 
 ter proposition, but advised that a council be held, and, 
 should the first charge prove true, the offender was to be 
 expelled from the Church. It is probable, however, that 
 Virgilius gave a satisfactory explanation of his doctrine, 
 for, instead of suffering excommunication, he was made 
 Bishop of Salsburg, a.d. 766. 
 
 Q. Give the subsequent life of this learned man, 
 . A. After his elevation to the episcopate, he built a 
 magnificent basilica at Salsburg in honor of St. Rupert ; 
 but the greatest service he rendered to religion was the 
 part he took in the conversion of Carinthia. Having 
 educated and baptized two princes of that province, he 
 was thus enabled to bring its inhabitants to the faith. He 
 died about the year 785, and was canonized by Gregory 
 IX., A.D. 1233. He is honored as Apostle of Carinthia. 
 
 Q. What great universities did Irish scholars found on 
 the Cohtinent? 
 
 A. Those of Paris and Pavia. 
 
 Q. When were they established ? 
 
 A. In the time of the Emperor Charlemagne. 
 
 Q. Give the names of the founders. 
 
 A. They are known as Clement and Albin. 
 
 Q. What do the annalists say of them ? 
 
 A. They tell us that in the year 792, when learning was 
 almost everywhere lost, two men from Ireland landed in 
 France. Seeing the people busy buying and selling, they 
 cried aloud, " If anybody wants wisdom, let him come to 
 
96 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 I 
 
 US and receive it, for we have it to sell." On hearing 
 these words frequently repeated, the crowds were aston- 
 ished and thought them mad. But the strangers knew 
 what they were about, for Charlemagne, hearing of the 
 affair, sent for them, and finding them in truth very 
 learned, received them in his palace. After a time, Cle- 
 ment began to teach at Paris under the patronage of the 
 emperor, and Albin was sent into Italy, where he organ- 
 ized a school near Pavia for the instruction of the young 
 nobility. Such are the circumstances connected with the 
 origin of the first universities of the world. 
 
 Q. What other foundations were made by Irishmen 
 outside their own country ? 
 
 A. It has been calculated that about this time the Irish 
 monks had established twelve monasteries in England, 
 thirteen in Scotland, nine in Belgium, nineteen in France, 
 ten in Alsace, seven in Lorraine, sixteen in Bavaria, six in 
 Italy, and more than fifteen in Switzerland and Thuringia. 
 
 Q. Mention the most famous of these. 
 
 A. lona in Scotland, Glastonbury, Malmesbury and 
 I.indisfarne in England ; Luxeuil and Fontaine in France ; 
 St. Gall in Switzerland ; Ratisbon in Germany ; and 
 Bobbio in Italy. 
 
 Q. Give the number of Irish saints honored throughout 
 Europe. 
 
 A. There were forty-four venerated in England ; forty- 
 five, in France, of whom six were martyrs ; thirty in Bel- 
 gium ; one hundred and fifty in Germany, of whom 
 thirty-six were martyrs ; thirteen in Italy ; and eight, all 
 martyrs, in Norway and Iceland ; besides several in 
 Scotland and elsewhere. 
 
SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 THE DANISH -WARS. 
 
 From the Arrival of the Danes, a.d. 795, to that 
 OF THE Anglo-Normans, a.d, 1169. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 From Hugh VI., A.D. 797, to Malachy /, A.D. 845. 
 
 HO occupied the throne at the opening of this 
 period ? 
 
 A. Hugh VI., who ruled for twenty-four 
 years. 
 
 Q. How was the country disturbed in his reign ? 
 A. It was disturbed by the attacks of the Northmen or 
 Danes. 
 
 Q. Who were the Danes ? 
 
 A. The Danes were natives of Norway and Denmark, 
 who lived by piracy and by plundering the coast of 
 Europe, under the guidance of sea-kings. 
 Q. Describe their religion and character. 
 A. They were pagans of the most bitter and supersti- 
 tious type, and, as they believed that future happiness 
 depended on valor in battle, they were also extremely 
 venturesojne and brave. 
 S 
 
98 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. How were they armed. 
 
 A. They carried either a heavy battle-axe and a twc»- 
 edged sword, or a long bow and javelin, together with a 
 large leather or wooden shield. 
 
 Q. What was their career in other lands ? 
 
 A. After ravaging France for several years, many of 
 them at length settled in that part known as Normandy, 
 A.D. 912. They subdued England and gave several kings to 
 the throne, a.d. ioi 6-1066. In distant Italy they estab- 
 lished another kingdom, a.d. 1018 ; but in Spain and Ire- 
 land they were stopped in their conquering career. 
 
 Q. When did they appear in Ireland ? 
 
 A. At the close of the reign of Donncad I., a.d. 795, 
 they made their first descent on the Isle of Rathlin, upon 
 the northern coast. 
 
 Q. What took place soon after this ? 
 
 A. As if anticipating approaching danger, the clergy 
 sought and obtained exemption from military service 
 from the monarch Hugh VI. about the year 800. 
 
 Q. When did the Danes arrive in force ? 
 
 A. In the year 812 they began to ravage the South of 
 Ireland, but, on this occasion, four hundred of them were 
 slain as they retired to their ships. 
 
 Q. What able chief took command of the invaders ? 
 
 A. Turgesius, the Tyrant, who arrived in Ireland about 
 the year 818. 
 
 Q. What took place in that year ? 
 A. They surprised the monastery of Bangor and put 
 nine hundred monks to the sword. 
 
 Q. What other excesses did they commit ? 
 A. During the next twenty-five years the island was in- 
 fested by the invaders, and all who fell into their hands 
 had to pay a tax called airgiod srone, or nose money^ 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 99 
 
 if they would save their noses. Ruin and desolation fol- 
 lowed their track ; and churches, sacred shrines, and mo- 
 nastic schools were everywhere destroyed by them. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the places thus ravaged. 
 
 A. They plundered lona, a.d. 798 ; Bangor, 824 ; 
 Down, 825 ; Armagh, 832 ; Lismore, ^t^t, ; Kildare, 837 ; 
 Dublin, 838 ; Ferns, 838 ; Cork, 840 ; and Clonfert, 842. 
 
 Q. What was the fate of Turgesius ? 
 
 A. Having been captured by Malachy, King of Meath, 
 he was drowned in punishment of his crimes, a.d. 843. 
 His followers were then attacked on all sides, and after 
 great numbers of them had been slain, the rest thought it 
 prudent to leave the island. 
 
 Q. K[ow did their invasions affect the country ? 
 
 A. They were the source of manifold evils. Libraries 
 were destroyed, piety declined, and many learned men 
 took refuge on the continent. 
 
 Q, Mention a few of these. 
 
 A. Dicuil, author of a geographical treatise styled Dg 
 Mensura Orbis TerrcB ; Dongal, who wrote in defense of 
 sacred images, and addressed an epistle to Charlemagne i 
 on the solar eclipse of the year 810. After residing at 
 St. Denis, near Paris, this learned man became a professor 
 of the University of Pavia in Italy, where he died ; St. 
 Findan, founder of the monastery of Richnaw in Germany, 
 A.D. 82 7 ; and Claude Clement, who went to France, 
 where he wrote an accordance of the Evangelists, and 
 commentaries on the Pentateuch, the Books of Josue, 
 Judges, Ruth, and the Psalms ; and on the Gospel of 
 St. Matthew, and the Epistles of St. Paul. Some homilies 
 and historical memoirs are also attributed to him. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 From Malachy L, A.D. 845, to Flann, A.D. 879, 
 
 I OW long did Malachy I. reign ? 
 
 A. Like his successor, Hugh VII., he 
 reigned sixteen years. 
 
 Q. What marked his accession ? 
 
 A. The beginning of his reign was signalized by as 
 many as seven victories, in which more than five thousand 
 of the Danes were slain. 
 
 Q. What favored the success of the natives ? 
 
 A. The dissensions that arose among the invaders. 
 The adventurers from Denmark attacked and dispersed 
 those from Norway, and the consequence was that as 
 long as they remained divided, they ceased to be really 
 formidable to the country. On one occasion both parties 
 lost one thousand men, and on another, a still greater 
 number. 
 
 Q. What means were adopted by the natives to protect 
 their lives and treasures ? 
 
 A. Massive stone round-towers were everywhere erect- 
 ed, and in these, women, children, and other noncom- 
 batants found the needed security. 
 
 Q VVhat transpired in Albania ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. loi 
 
 A. Keneth MacAlpine subdued the Picts, and, fixing 
 the seat of power at Scone, became the first king of all 
 Albania, or Scotland, a.d. 850. 
 
 Q. State the relations held with France. 
 
 A. Malachy I. sent an embassy to Charles the Bald, 
 King of France, and the friendship then mutually pledged 
 has been cherished by the two nations even to recent 
 times. 
 
 Q. How did Hugh VH. illustrate his reign ? 
 
 A» By a decisive victory which he won over a force of 
 five thousand Danes. 
 
 Q. How did the invaders avenge this defeat ? 
 
 A. They burned Armagh, and put one thousand per- 
 sons to the sword. I 
 
 Q. What was now the general condition of the coun- 
 try ? i 
 
 A. On account of home-feuds and the ravages of the 
 Northmen, the former happiness and prosperity of the 
 country were fast disappearing ; but, despite the ravages 
 of war, we often meet with men and deeds that are wor- 
 thy of the highest praise. 
 
 Q. What great man flourished in this age ? 
 
 A. John Scotus Erigena, the first scholastic philosopher 
 of the middle ages. 
 
 Q. Sketch his life. 
 
 A. This learned doctor and extraordinary thinker passed 
 from Ireland into France, some time before the year 847. 
 Charles the Bald welcomed him to his court, and placed 
 him at the head of the school of the palace. After a most 
 brilliant career, he died about the year 873. Some few, 
 however, maintain that he retired to England, where he 
 lived till 884. 
 
 Q. Why is he especially remarkable ? 
 
I02 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. After the barbarous ages which followed the north- 
 ern invasions in Europe, Erigena rose suddenly to the 
 heights of metaphysics, reduced the Christian faith to a 
 scientific system, and acquired special fame as the founder 
 of the system of scholastic philosophy, which prevailed in 
 the middle ages. He was also, it is said, the first to hold 
 heretical opinions concerning the August Sacrament of the 
 Altar. 
 
 Q. Mention some of his works. 
 
 A. Besides translating into Latin the Greek works of 
 the pseudo Denis the Areopagite, he composed tracts 
 "On Predestination,"' *' On the Vision of God," "On the 
 Body and Blood of Christ," and philosophical treatises 
 "On the Division of Nature," and " On the Creation of 
 the Soul and its Return to God." 
 
 Q. What other philosopher was a contemporary of 
 Erigena ? 
 
 A. Macarius, who also lived in France, where he pub- 
 lished a treatise, De Anima, " On the Soul," maintaining 
 the singular doctrine that one soul animated all man- 
 kind. I 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the saints who flourished at this 
 era. 
 
 A. Among the most noted are St. Donatus, St. 
 Andrew, and St. Modvvina, virgin, who built several mon- 
 asteries in England and Scotland ; St. Moengal, who 
 taught at St. Gall, in Switzerland ; St. Patrick, Abbot of 
 Glastonbury, in England, and St. Helias, Bishop of An- 
 goulome, in France, a.d. 876. 
 
 Q. What is related of St. Donatus and St. Andrew ? 
 
 A. These two saints made a pilgrimage to Rome, and 
 St. Donatus was made Bishop of Fiesole in Italy, and St. 
 Andrew, Archdeacon in the same church. The former 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. laj 
 
 died about the year Zd^t-) ^'^^ left several tracts, of which 
 the following is a sample : 
 
 " Far westward lies an isle of ancient fame. 
 By nature blessed, and Scotia is her name ; 
 An island rich, exhaustless is her store 
 Of veiny silver and of golden ore. 
 Her fruitful soil forever teems with wealth. 
 With gems her waters, and her air with health. 
 Her verdant fields with milk and honey flow. 
 Her woolly fleeces vie with virgin snow. 
 
 Her waving furrows float with bearded com. 
 
 And arms and arts her envied sons adorn. 
 
 No savage bear with lawless fury roves. 
 
 No rav'ning lion through her sacred groves ; 
 
 No poison there infects ; no scaly snake 
 
 Creeps through the grass, nor frog annoys the lake. 
 
 An island worthy of its pious race, 
 
 In war triumphant, and unmatched in peace." 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 From Flann, A.D. 879, to Congall III., A.D. 919. 
 
 I OW long did Flann reign ? 
 
 A. During a term of thirty-seven years, 
 A.D, 879-916. 
 
 Q. Who occupied the throne of England ? 
 
 A. Alfred the Great, a.d. 871-900. 
 
 Q. What is said of the reign of Flann ? 
 
 A. Though the Danes continued their dissensions, and 
 the monarch gained several victories over them, still this 
 did not prevent them from plundering Clonard, a.d. 887, 
 Armagh, 888, Cork, 913, and Lismore in the same year. 
 However, notwithstanding all this, the reign of Flann was 
 comparatively prosperous and tranquil. 
 
 Q. How is this fact explained ? 
 
 A. At this time Harrold, who ruled Norway (885-934), 
 turned his arms against the sea-kings, and, attacking them 
 in their northern strongholds, pursued them with so much 
 vigor during fifty years, that these pirates were unable to 
 give much attention to foreign expeditions. 
 
 Q. What is recorded of one of the historians of Ice- 
 land? 
 
 A. A historian of Iceland relates that in the reign of 
 Harrold a body of his enemies fled for safety to that 
 island. Here, says he, they found Christian men who, 
 " being unwilling to remain with heathens, went away 
 forthwith, leaving behind them Irish books, small bells 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. XOS 
 
 and staffs ; whence it was easy to perceive that they were 
 of the Irish nation." Moreover, the names of Buo, John 
 and Ernulph are given as those of Irish missionaries who 
 labored in Iceland. — Vide Ara Multiscius in Scheda de 
 Jslandia, Cap. II. ^ 
 
 Q. Did the love of virtue and knowledge still prevail 
 in Ireland ? 
 
 A. Yes ; and despite the disorders of the times, many 
 monasteries on the continent continued to be regularly 
 supplied with abbots and monks from Ireland. Thus, 
 among those who went to France, we may mention St. 
 Anatolius, bishop and confessor, who died at Salins about 
 the middle of the tenth century. 
 
 Q. What was done by Alfred the Great ? 
 A. In his projects for the advancement of literature, 
 Alfred sought the advice and direction of three natives of 
 Ireland, who were remarkable by their piety and learning, 
 A.D. 891. 
 
 Q. Who occupied the throne of Munster at this time ? 
 A. Cormac Mac Cullenan, Bishop of Cashel, who was 
 crowned king of that province, a.d. 900. 
 Q. What work is ascribed to him ? 
 A. The historical compilation known as the •' Saltair of 
 Cashel," a.d. 903. 
 
 Q. Describe his character and fate. 
 A, Cormac was a lover of learning and a man of peace, 
 but, at the instigation of others, he undertook an expedi- 
 tion into Leinster, and there at Ballaghmoon, in a battle 
 foiisht against the forces of the rest of Ireland under 
 Flann, he was defeated and slain with six thousand men, 
 A.D. 907. 
 
 Q. What is related of Flann on this occasion ? 
 A. When the head of his adversary was brought to him 
 I* 
 
lo6 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 after the victory, Flann rebuked the bearer, and, rever- 
 ently kissing the lips of the dead, ordered the remains to 
 be decently interred. 
 
 Q. What is said of his own death ? 
 
 A. As became his virtue, and the peaceful tenor of his 
 reign, Flann ended his life in a religions house in the 
 sixty-eighth year of his age, June 8th, a.d. 916. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded to the throne ? 
 
 A. Niall IV., a brave monarch, whose short reign of 
 three years is memorable only by his heroic death in an 
 assault on Dublin, then held by the Danes, a.d. 919. 
 
 Q. What class of saints was most numerous at this pe- 
 riod? 
 
 A, They were mostly martyred ecclesiastics. 
 
 Q. Why was this the case ? 
 
 A. Because the Danes hated Christianity, and hence 
 they took special delight in putting to death bishops, 
 priests, and monks. 
 
J 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 From Donne ad II., A.D. 919, to Malachy II., A.D. 979. 
 
 I HAT was the condition of Ireland in the tenth 
 century ? 
 
 A. Like the rest of Europe, Ireland was 
 
 at this period still harassed by the Danes, 
 
 Hjwho inflicted the greatest miseries on the inhabitants. 
 
 The most crying evils of all, however, were due to the 
 
 jealousy and broils of the native princes struggling for 
 
 supremacy. 
 
 Q. What lias been deduced from this state, of things ? 
 
 A. It is sometimes said by the enemies of Ireland that 
 her history is but a catalogue of brief and bloody reigns. 
 
 Q. Is this charge true ? 
 
 A. No, it is not. Such a charge springs from igno- 
 rance, and its falsity will appear if we compare the annals 
 of Ireland with the contemporary history of other coun- 
 tries. For instance, during this era, embracing sixty 
 years of the tenth century — one of the most turbulent in 
 Irish history — only three monarchs occupied the throne, 
 so that each reigned on an average fully twenty years ; 
 whereas, at the same epoch, in a shorter space of time, 
 there died seven English kings, and as many as thirteen 
 popes, who had not to battle against fierce Danes, as had 
 the Irish monarchs. 
 
 Q. How did Donncad II. signalize his accession? 
 
 A. In the first year of his reign he attacked and slew a 
 
lo8 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 large body of Danes who were returning from the plunder 
 of Kells. 
 
 Q. What other victory took place soon afterwards ? 
 
 A. Several Irish vessels united under Faile Finn, and 
 attacked the Danish fleet under Sitrick, in the harbor of 
 Dundalk. After a desperate struggle, in which both parties 
 lost their principal leaders, the enemy was dispersed with 
 great loss. 
 
 Q. Who, above all others, was the hero of this age ? 
 
 A. Murkertach, the roydamna, or heir apparent of the 
 throne, who is styled the *' Hector of the West " by the 
 annalists, on account of his valor. 
 
 Q. Mention some of his exploits. 
 
 A. In the year 926 he slew eight hundred Danes, and 
 afterwards, by other victories, kept them in check for a 
 time. In 936 he stormed Dublin, expelled its garrison, 
 and levelled its walls. In 940 he attacked the Northmen 
 in their strongholds in the Hebrides, and returned to Ire- 
 land loaded with spoils. Then after making a progress 
 through the island and receiving hostages, he hastened to 
 Ardee to oppose a new force of Danes under Earl Blacair, 
 and there fell in battle, March 4, 943. 
 
 Q. How was his death avenged ? 
 
 A. In the year 944 Congall III. succeeded Donncad 
 II. as monarch, and, three years later, he avenged Mur- 
 kertach by slaying the victor of Ardee and one thousand 
 of his followers. 
 
 Q. For what is Congall's reign noted ? 
 
 A. It is noted for the conversion of many Danes to 
 Christianity, and for the breaking up of the clans into 
 families which adopted separate names in order that they 
 might be more easily distinguished. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Congall III. ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 109 
 
 A. Domnall IV. who was hailed Ardrigh in the year 
 955. He was the first to employ armed boats on the 
 inland lakes, and by this means he did good service 
 against the common enemy. 
 
 Q. What princes reigned in Munster ? 
 
 A. Kellachan, the hero of bardic tales, a.d. 942-960 ; 
 Mahon, the victor in many battles, a.d. 960-976,, and 
 Brian, who was destined for more general fame, a.d. 976. 
 
 Q. What ambition swayed these rulers ? 
 
 A. They all adopted the one policy and had the same 
 end in view — to grasp the sovereignty of the whole island 
 and fix it in their own Southern dominions. 
 
 Q. What battle was fought in the reign of Domnall 
 IV.? 
 
 A. In his last year, a.d. 979, the Danes of Dublin en- 
 tered Meath, but they were met and defeated at Tara, by 
 Malachy, king of that province, who slew five thousand 
 of them, and thereby gained such renown that he was 
 chosen Ardrigh. 
 
 Q. Name a few of the literary men of this era. . 
 
 A. Cormacan Eigeas, poet of Ulster, a.d. 948 ; Probus, 
 biographer of St. Patrick, a.d. 948 ; and Keneth O'Hart- 
 igan, poet, a.d. 975. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 Malachy II. and Brian Boru, A.D. 980 to 1022. 
 
 ^OW did Malachy II. begin his reign ? 
 
 A. Immediately on his accession he cap- 
 tured Dublin, and liberated two thousand 
 persons held in bondage there by the Danes ; 
 but this stroke did not intimidate the invaders, and in a 
 few years he was again obliged to attack them in their 
 stronghold, a.d 994. An exploit performed on the latter 
 occasion is the subject of the stanza, 
 
 '* 
 Let Erin remember the days of old, 
 Ere her faithless sons betrayed her ; 
 ^ When Malachy wore the collar of gold, 
 
 Which he won from the proud invader. — MoORE. 
 
 Q. What provincial ruler held sway in the South ? 
 
 A. Brian Boru, King of Munster, a.d. 976 to looi. 
 
 Q. Give a sketch of this prince. 
 
 A. Brian was born in the year 941, and at the death of 
 his brother Mahon in 976, he succeeded to his crown. But 
 this did not satisfy him. His passion was for war, and 
 such was his ability, that in ten years, despite the opposi- 
 tion of Malachy, he extended his authority over half the 
 island. 
 
 Q. How did he assist the monarch against the Danes ? 
 
 A. Seeing the growing power of the invaders, Malachy 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. Hi 
 
 induced his rival to conclude an alliance for three years. 
 Both accordingly united their forces, and compelled the 
 Banes of Dublin to give them hostages and jewels. In 
 the following year, at Glen-Mama, in Wicklow, they won 
 a substantial victory, and slew six thousand of their ene- 
 mies. 
 
 Q. What served to arouse the ambition of Brian ? 
 
 A. The foreign garrison of Dublin refused to pay trib- 
 ute to the lawful monarch, and then intimated that, if 
 Brian were willing, they would give hostages to him, and 
 submit to his authority. 
 
 Q. What step did Brian take ? 
 
 A. He immediately joined the Danes a!gainst Malachy, 
 and soon after, at a conference held at Athlone, a.d. iooo, 
 he gave that monarch the alternative of battle or of abdi-^ 
 eating within a year. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. Malachy was unsupported by his subjects, and at the 
 expiration of a year, he met his rival at Tara, and quietly 
 acknowledged him as Ardrigh. 
 
 Q. How did Brian establish his authority ? 
 
 A. He caused his authority to be respected throughout 
 the island by making frequent circuits or visitations of the 
 provinces during the first seven years of his reign. 
 
 Q. What custom did he establish ? 
 
 A. He enacted a law concerning surnames, which he 
 brought into general use, by obliging the clans to^ take the 
 name of softie ancestor, with the prefix " Mac " or " O," 
 which signify respectively son and grandson. 
 
 Q- What improvements w^ere carried out ? 
 
 A. Roads and bridges were repaired ; fortresses and 
 towers were erected ; and schools, churches, and monas- 
 teries were rebuilt. 
 
112 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 Q. What is said of Brian's court ? 
 
 A. He held court at Kincora, in his native province, 
 and there he was surrounded and flattered by poets an(i, 
 ])rinces, and by the learned and the great, who flocked 
 from all sides to enjoy his generous hospitality. All 
 things promised well for the future, and festivities were 
 the order of the day, till a taunt offered over a game of 
 chess to Maelmurra, Prince of Leinster, changed the scene 
 to one of warlike preparation. 
 
 Q. What league was now formed ? 
 
 A. Maelmurra opened negotiations with the Danes, and 
 sending his agents to England, Denmark, and the Isle of 
 Man; to the Orkneys, the Hebrides, and the coast of 
 Scotland, a grand league was organized for the invasion 
 and conquest of Ireland. 
 
 Q. How did Brian act in this emergency ? 
 
 A. He set to work with his usual energy, and being 
 nobly seconded by Malachy, the ex-monarch, and by 
 nearly all the other native princes, he was soon ready to 
 meet the invaders with twenty thousand men. 
 
 Q. Describe the battle that followed?. 
 
 A. The forces of the enemy numbered twenty-one 
 thousand, including fourteen hundred in chain armor, and 
 were under such brave warriors as Anrud, Brodar, Sigurd, 
 and Canuteson ; the Irish hosts were led by Murrogh, Ma- 
 lachy, and the princes of Munster, Meath, and Connaught. 
 The conflict took place at Clontarf near Dublin, about 
 dawn on Good Friday, April 23d, a.d. 1014 ; and a most 
 sanguinary one it proved to be. Nearly all the leaders 
 on both sides were slain. At length, at eventide, the 
 Danes were routed, and thirteen thousand of their num- 
 ber were left upon the field. The victors lost seven thou- 
 sand, but they would have good reason to rejoice at the 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. IIJ 
 
 lesult, were it not for the death of th? aged Brian, who 
 was slain by a fugitive Dane while kneeling at prayer in 
 -his tent. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of the battle ? 
 
 A. It crushed the power of the Danes, destroyed their 
 hope of conquest, and gave prestige to the arms of Ireland 
 throughout Europe. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Brian ? 
 
 A. After the death of Brian at Clontarf, Malachy II, 
 reascended the throne, and during eight years rivalled his 
 early fame by his success in rooting out the last remnants 
 of the Danes. One month before his decease he gave them 
 a severe blow at Athboy, a.d. 1022. 
 
 Q. What noted men flourished at this time ? 
 
 A. Eocha, rhyming chronicler, aJd. 984 ; St. Donncad 
 Abbot of Clonmacnoise, a.d. 988 ; SL Fingen, Abbot at 
 Metz, on the continent, a.d. 991 ; St. Hugh, Lector of 
 Armagh, a.d. 1004 ; St. Cohnan, Patron of Austria, mar- 
 tyr, A.D. 1012 ; and Mac Laig, chief poet and physician 
 of Brian Boru, a, d. 10 15. "^ 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 From Donncad III., A.D. 1022, to Murthogh IL, A.D, 
 
 1086. 
 
 OW did the successful ambition of Brian Boru 
 affect Ireland? 
 
 A. His success in seizing the throne broke 
 the spell investing ancient usages, and made 
 the monarchy the prize of the most successful in arms. 
 After him every ambitious prince had a hope that one 
 day, if fortune favored, he too might grace the chair of 
 state. 
 
 Q. What was the consequence ? 
 
 A. The land was pestered with rival candidates for 
 national supremacy, and the consequence was civil war. 
 As no one of these claimants held undisputed sway, all of 
 them might justly be excluded from the list of monarchs. 
 
 Q. How are such princes designated by the annalists ? 
 
 A. The annalists style them very properly Ardrighs 
 " with opposition." 
 
 Q. Who was the first of these ? 
 
 A. Donncad IH., son of Brian Boru, a.d. 1022-1063. 
 
 Q. What events took place at this time ? 
 
 A. In his reign Christ Church was erected in Dublin, 
 by Sitrick, chief of the Danes, a.d. 1038, and an impor- 
 tant synod was held, to take measures for the protection of 
 life and property. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of religion ? 
 
■.-js---.'. 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. IIS 
 
 A. Many abuses existed, as was natural, after two hun- 
 dred years of warfare against the Danes. Laymen held 
 benefices, simony prevailed, and the morals of both 
 clergy and people were much relaxed. In fact religion 
 was almost in as bad a state as it was on the continent. 
 
 Q. Did this state of things continue ? 
 
 A. No ; a decided improvement took place immedi- 
 ately after the close of the war. 
 
 Q. How is this revival proved ? 
 
 A. It is shown by the many fine religious edifices which 
 were now erected. Thus, the great church at Killala was 
 built in 1060 ; St. Patrick's, Dublin, in 1070 ; Holy Cross 
 Abbey, in 1080 ; and the Cathedrals of Cork, Limerick, 
 and Waterford about the same time. 
 
 Q. What species of punishment had now come in use ? 
 
 A. Criminals, and sometimes even aspiring princes, 
 were punished by the loss of sight, and in this way hinder- 
 ed from doing much harm. 
 
 Q. What was the end of Donncad III. ? 
 
 A. After a supremacy of forty years he was defeated 
 in battle, a.d. 1063. He then went to Rome, where he 
 died in the following year. 
 
 Q. Who was the next Ardrigh with opposition ? 
 
 A. Dermid III., who reigned in Leinster, a.d. 1063- 
 1072. 
 
 Q. What is said of this prince ? 
 
 A. Little is recorded of him, except that he was a wise 
 and valiant ruler, and that he died in battle while defending 
 his title against the men of Meath, under Connor, son of 
 Malachy II. 
 
 Q. What fate did England now experience ? 
 
 A. England was invaded by the Normans, and was en- 
 tirely subdued by them in a single battle fought at Has- 
 
Il6 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 tings under William, surnamed the Conqueror, a.d. 1066 
 This was the fourth time that Britain fell an easy prey 
 to foreign invaders. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Dermid J 1 1. ? 
 
 A. Dermid was succeeded in his disputed sovereignty 
 by Thurlogh I., King of Munster, who ruled at Cashel, 
 A.D. 1072-1086. 
 
 Q. What were the events of his reign ? 
 
 A. The descendants of the Danes did homage to the 
 new monarch, in 1073, ^"^ henceforth, followed the lead 
 of the native princes. In the year 1075, Thurlogh re- 
 ceived a check at Ardee, from Domnall, Prince of Aileach 
 in Ulster ; but, four years later, he was more successful 
 against Roderick, King of Connaught. He died a.d. 
 1086, one year after Pope St. Gregory VII., who had ad- 
 dressed him in a letter as " the Illustrious King of Ireland." 
 
 Q, Name some of the writers of this time. 
 
 A. Cuan, chief poet, a.d. 1024, Corcran, anchorite and 
 civil administrator, 1040 ; Flann of Monasterboice, chron- 
 icler, 1056, and Gilla Keevin, metrical annalist. 
 
 Q. What noted men flourished on the continent ? 
 
 A. Helias, who introduced the Gregorian chant into 
 France, a.d. 1022, and died Abbot of St. Martins, at 
 Cologne, in 1042 ; St. John, Bishop of Mecklenburg, and 
 Apostle of Sclavonia, 1065 ; and Marianus Scotus, annal- 
 ist and commentator on the Sacred Scriptures, 1018-1086. 
 
Wy^~r^-.^ ' - i"^' ?KT.'T»^'^ ■ '^'?;:^«"je5F7?5*JWW>*jw^^5a*^5wr7?W'Tr^ TtTT*^^ "^rr?^'- ^,y (I'^HcwTi 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 i^r<7;w Murthogh II., A.D. 1086, /<» Thurlogh 11, A.D. 
 
 1 136. 
 
 |0W long did Murthogh II. reign ? 
 
 A. He reigned during thirty-three years, 
 from A.D. 1086 to 1 1 19. 
 
 Q. Where did he hold his court ? 
 
 A. At Cashel, in Munster. 
 
 Q. Who braved his authority ? 
 
 A. Domnall, Prince of Aileach, in Ulster, a.d. 1082 
 to 1121. 
 
 Q. What is said of these two rulers ? 
 
 A. Both were remarkable for talent and ambition, and 
 peace was preserved between them only by the most 
 strenuous efforts on the part of the clergy. 
 
 Q. What act of munificence is recorded of Murthogh 
 11. ? 
 
 A. In the year iioi he presented to the Church the 
 entire city of Cashel, with all its revenues. 
 
 Q. Was this gift well deserved ? 
 
 A. Yes ; for although there were yet some abuses un- 
 corrected, still, as a class, the clergy were, exemplary and 
 faithful to God and their country. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the religious orders ? 
 
 A. Owing to a variety of causes, but especially to the 
 extreme severity of their rule, the Columban, or native 
 monks, had dwindled down in numbers, and we are soon 
 
■II 8 CATECHISM OF IRISH history: 
 
 I 
 
 I 
 
 to see them disappear forever — absorbed in the new and 
 less severe orders introduced from the continent. 
 
 Q. When did the Danes make their last descent upon 
 Ireland ? 
 
 A. About this time Magnus, King of Norway, subdued 
 the Orkneys, the Hebrides, the Isle of Man, and parts of 
 Scotland and Wales. He then landed in Ireland, which 
 he proceeded to ravage ; but he was speedily attacked 
 and slain with many of his followers, a.d. 1103. This is 
 the last scene in the Danish wars — now waged for three 
 hundred years — and the result must be ever glorious for 
 Ireland, since, of all Europe, she alone battled success- 
 fully against the hordes of the North. 
 
 Q. Did the Danes disappear altogether from Ireland 
 after their defeat ? 
 
 A. No J many of their descendants settled in the coun- 
 try and quietly submitted to the native princes. 
 
 Q. What claim did they make ? 
 
 A. While acknowledging the authority of the native 
 princes, their bishops claimed to be under the jurisdiction 
 of the See of Canterbury, in England. And this claim 
 being allowed by the Irish, may have afterwards served to 
 suggest the reduction of Ireland to the authority of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 Q. What Welsh prince held friendly relations with his 
 Irish neighbors at this time ? 
 
 A. Griffith ap Conan, who introduced the music and 
 instruments of Ireland into North Wales about the year 
 1 100. 
 
 Q. What synods were now held by the Irish clergy ? 
 
 A. At Usny, a.d. iiii, and at Rath-Brazil, in 11 18, 
 the clergy held synods for the correction of morals and 
 discipline. The former assembly was attended by fifty 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 119 
 
 bishops and three hundred priests ; the latter, by twenty- 
 seven bishops and numerous other ecclesiastics. 
 
 Q. How did Murthogh and his rival end their lives ? 
 
 A. Each of them died in a religious house while on re- 
 treat in actual preparation for their last hour. 
 
 Q. What troubles then arose ? 
 
 A. Every one of the five provincial kings claimed the 
 throne, and during fifteen years, a war of succession was 
 carried on between them. 
 
 Q. Give some of the events of this epoch. 
 
 A. In the year 1121, Thurlogh, King of Connaughl, 
 celebrated the national games at Tailten, in assertion of 
 his claim to sovereignty. Some years later he obtained a 
 decided advantage over Connor O'Brien, of Munster, who 
 was his most formidable rival. This latter prince is noted 
 for having made large gifts to the abbey of St. Peter, at 
 Ratisbon, and to the Emperor Lothaire in aid of the Second 
 Crusade. 
 
 Q. What other synod was convened at this epoch ? 
 
 A. That of Cashel, held at Cormac's chapel in the year 
 1 1 34, when Cormac McCarthy was king of Desmond, 
 A.D. 1118-1138. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the eminent men of this era. 
 
 A. Tigernach, Abbot of Clonmacnoise, annalist, 1028- 
 1 088 ; Gilbert, Bishop of Limerick, author of a treatise 
 on the ritual, and of another on the state of the Church, 
 1090; and St. Celsus, Archbishop of Armagh, a.d. 1130. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 From Thurlogh 11.^ A.D. 1136, to Roderick II., A.D. 
 
 1 1 66. 
 
 lOW long did Thurlogh II. reign ? 
 
 A. After a struggle of fifteen years, Thur- 
 logh of Connaught at length gained the 
 throne, and reigned during twenty years, 
 from A.D. 1 136 to 1 1 56. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the country in his time ? 
 
 A. All the land was under the authority of native 
 princes, and though the descendants of the Danes still 
 dwelt by themselves in the seaport towns, they were thor- 
 oughly identified with the country, and they contributed 
 to its prosperity by the commerce which they carried on. 
 
 Q. What distinguished ecclesiastic did much good by 
 his labors ? 
 
 A. St. Malachy, Archbishop of Armagh, a.d. 1148. 
 
 Q. What else is said of him ? 
 
 A. He was the bosom friend of the great St. Bernard, 
 and introduced the Cistercian rule into Ireland, a.d. 1139. 
 
 Q. For what is Thurlogh II. noted ? 
 
 A. He was the first monarch of Ireland who maintained 
 a regular navy. 
 
 Q. What powerful rival did he subdue ? 
 
 A. In the year 1151 he encountered Thurlogh of Mun- 
 ster, successor of Connor O'Brien, and defeated him at 
 Moanmore with the loss of seven thousand men. 
 
:"-T^55«!iP'- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. I2I 
 
 Q. Mention other events of this reign. 
 
 A. In 1 153 Devirgail, wife of O'Ruark, Prince of 
 Breffni, eloped with Dermid MacMurrogh, King of Lein- 
 ster, an act which was to entail much misery on Ireland. 
 In the following year the monarch won a naval victory 
 over Murthogh of Aileach. About this time also, numer- 
 ous synods were held by the clergy. 
 
 Q. Which was the most important of these ? 
 
 A. That held at Kells, a.d. 1152. This assembly, com- 
 posed of twenty-seven bishops and several abbots, was 
 presided over by John Cardinal Paparo, Legate of the 
 Holy See. In it the bishops of Dublin and Tuani were 
 raised to the dignity of Metropolitans, and received the 
 pallium, as did likewise the archbishops of Armagh and 
 Cashel. 
 
 Q. What was the last and most important occurrence 
 in the reign of Thurlogh ? 
 
 A. In 1 154 Henry II. succeeded to the English 
 throne, and in the same year, Nicholas Breakspere, an 
 Englishman, was elected Pope, under the title of Adrian 
 IV. Seeing his opportunity, Henry is said toliave asked 
 and obtained permission from the liew pontiff to invade 
 and conquer Ireland. A bull, giving the requisite au- 
 thority, is indeed attributed to Adrian, but historians are 
 about equally divided as to its authenticity. If the pope 
 did issue the document, he had no right whatever to do 
 so, as Ireland never belonged to Rome, and such^ an 
 action on his part would be wholly unjust. Adrian IV., 
 however, was a man of piety, and, as long as we are 
 wi-thout positive proof of his guilt, it is wrong to blacken 
 his character by attributing to him the lies and the base 
 motives contained in the bull in question. After stating 
 falsely '* that the kingdom of Ireland, and every island upon 
 
122 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 which Christ the Sun of Justice shone, belong of right to 
 St. Peter and the Holy Roman Church," the pretended 
 bull adds, that in consideration of " an annual tribute to St. 
 Peter of one penny from each house in Ireland," Henry 
 might enter that country, and, for his own glory and the 
 honor of God, eradicate vice, implant virtue, promote 
 religion, and extend the Church. 
 
 Q. What was the character of the reformer, ? 
 
 A. He was like most of the English kings, without 
 piety, honor, or common honesty ; but he excelled them 
 all in vice by his superstition, his unnatural lust, and his 
 fierce ungovernable rage when in a passion. This is the 
 man that was to reform Ireland — the murderer of St. 
 Thomas a Becket. 
 
 Q. Did Ireland need reforming ? 
 
 A. By no means ; Gerald Barry, a contemporary Nor- 
 man historian bears this testimony : " The clergy of that 
 country are highly to be praised for their religion ; and 
 among the other virtues with which they are endowed, 
 chastity forms a peculiar feature. Those who are intrust- 
 ed with the divine service do not leave the church, but 
 apply themselves wholly to the reciting of psalms and 
 prayers and to reading. They are extremely temperate in 
 food, and never eat till towards evening, when their office 
 is ended." 
 
 Witli such masters and models the great body of the 
 faithful must have been all that could be desired, according 
 to the proverb : As the priests are, so will the people be. . 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Thurlogh II. on the throne ? 
 
 A. At the death of Thurlogh, Murthogh of Aileach 
 obtained the sceptre, but his arbitrary acts aroused oppo- 
 sition from his subjects, and he was attacked and slain 
 after a reign of ten years, a.d. ii66. 
 
. - i^^l^rw- 
 
 CATECHJSM OF IRISH HISTORY. 1 23 
 
 Q. What was the general character of the monarchs 
 who held sway during the eventful period marked by the 
 Danish wars ? 
 
 A. During this entire period there Were only eighteen 
 monarchs, and every one of them, without exception, 
 showed himself a remarkably able and valiant ruler. What 
 is surprising in such troublous times is the fact that each 
 of the eighteen ruled on an average during twenty years. 
 This is truly gratifying, especially when we bear in mind 
 that within the same space of time, there were eighteen 
 kings in peaceful France, twenty-three in Germany, 
 twenty-five in England, and more than seventy popes in 
 Italy. 
 
MODERN HISTORY. 
 
 From the Anglo-Norman Invasion, a.d. 1169, to 
 THE Present Time, a.d. 1878. 
 
 THE MODERN PERIODS. 
 
 1 
 
 jHAT is the duration of Modern Irish History ? 
 
 A. About seven hundred years. 
 
 Q. How is it divided ? 
 
 A. It is divided into two periods, the first 
 embracing three hundred and sixty-eight years, from the 
 Norman Invasion, a.d. 1169, to the introduction of the 
 Protestant Reformation, a.d. 1537 ; the second from the 
 Reformation to the present time — a space of about three 
 hundred and fifty years. 
 
 Q. What is the character of these periods ? 
 A. The first is distinguished for the sanguinary warfare 
 waged by Catholics against Irish nationality ; the second 
 has equal celebrity from the religious phase which the 
 contest assumed. The one is the era of the Penal Code ; 
 the other, of the exterminating sword ; of the two, per- 
 haps the latter is the more creditable to religion, because 
 then, when the invaders became heretics, the sympathies 
 of the papal court were on the side of right and justice. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 12$ 
 
 Q. Who were the first invaders of Ireland after the 
 Danes were driven out ? 
 
 A. TTie first invaders came from Wales, but these were 
 soon after followed by a still greater number from England. 
 
 Q. By what name are they known ? 
 
 A. They are styled Anglo-Normans. 
 
 Q. Why are they termed Anglo-Normans ? 
 
 A. They are called Normans because they were de- 
 scendants of the Northmen who settled in France under 
 RoUo, a Danish sea-king, a.d. 912. After their conquest 
 of England under William, surnamed the Conqueror, a.d. 
 1066, the word Anglo was prefixed to their name, to de- 
 note their residence in England. 
 
 Q. How long did they rule over that country before 
 invading Ireland ? 
 
 A. During one hundred and three years. 
 
 Q. What fact is worthy of note (Concerning them ? 
 
 A. We must remember that the Normans were not 
 Englishmen, but the late conquerors of England. They 
 heartily despised that people — whom they had reduced to 
 serfdom by a single battle ; and the greatest term of 
 reproach among them was to be called an Englishman. 
 Hence it is not surprising that they did not unite and 
 form one people with the poor despised Saxons, till more 
 than two hundred years had passed away. 
 
 Q. What was the character of the Anglo-Normans ? 
 
 A. They were very brave and warlike, but equally 
 cruel and grasping. However, if they coveted gain and 
 glory, they fought for them ; and in this they differed from 
 their English successors, who compassed their ends by 
 penal laws and foreign mercenaries. 
 
 Q. How were they prepared for the invasion of Ire- 
 land? 
 
126 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. They were well prepared for that undertaking. 
 Their natural genius was for war, and in their campaigns 
 in France, Italy, England, and Palestine, they had learned- 
 all the secrets of the art, as then practised. 
 
 Q. What weapons did they use ? 
 
 A. Their ordinary weapons were the sword, the lance, 
 the knife, and the destructive long-bow. As means of 
 defense, they carried shields, erected castles, and envel- 
 oped themselves in coats of mail. For purposes of attack 
 they used scaling ladders, battering rams, movable towers, 
 and other devices. 
 
 Q. Were the Irish equally prepared ? 
 
 A. No ; religion had greatly modified their ancient 
 warlike spirit. Besides, they were divided among them- 
 selves, and they had no standing army, and no experience 
 in war save that acquired at home. 
 
 Q. What kinds of arms did they have ? 
 
 A. They used the sword, the lance, the javelin, and the 
 battle-axe, which last was their principal weapon. They 
 despised armor, and in assaults employed only the scaling 
 ladder. 
 
 Q. What was the policy of the Anglo-Normans ? 
 
 A. Their motto was " Divide and conquer," and hence 
 their policy was to foment strife among the natives, to pa- 
 cify one prince while they subdued another. 
 
 Q. Was the contest softened in the first period by iden- 
 tity of religion on the part of the combatants ? • 
 
 A. No ; but this circumstance seems rather to have im- 
 bittered the struggle. The Irish were indignant at the 
 policy of the popes, while on the other hand the invaders 
 felt authorized to commit all sorts of excesses in the hal- 
 lowed name of religion. 
 
FIRST PERIOD. 
 
 IRELAND AND THE ENGLISH CATHOLIC 
 
 KINGS. 
 
 From the Anglo-Norman Invasion, "a.d. 1169, to 
 THE Introduction of Protestantism, a.d. 1537. 
 
 :? 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Roderick II., A.D. 1166 to 1186. 
 
 I HAT gave occasion to the Anglo-Norman in- 
 vasion ? 
 
 A. As has been stated, Derniid, King of 
 Leinster, seduced the wife of the Prince of 
 Meath, and then, to be revenged for the punishment which 
 his crime drew upon him, he fled across the sea,, and 
 sought the assistance of Henry II., who ruled England 
 from A.D. 1 154 to 1 189. 
 
 Q. What resulted from his flight ? 
 
 A. The renegade met a favorable reception and was 
 authorized to raise troops to reestablish his authority in 
 Leinster, on condition ofrecognizing the authority of Henry. 
 By large promises, Dermid induced some impoverished 
 Welsh noblemen to join his fortunes, and then, after or- 
 ganizing an expedition, he returned to Ireland. 
 Q. When did the first invaders arrive ? 
 
laS CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. On the nth of May, 1169, Robert Fitzstephen 
 landed near Wexford, with thirty knights, sixty men in 
 armor, and three hundred men at arms. Next day he 
 was joined by ten knights and sixty archers under Mau- 
 rice de Pendergast. 
 
 Q. What was done by the invader ? 
 
 A. Being joined by five hundred natives under Don- 
 ald, son of Dermid, the combined force appeared be- 
 fore Wexford, which surrendered to them. Ossory was 
 next reduced, and then the progress of the invaders be- 
 gan to alarm the Ardrigh. 
 
 Q. What agreement was now drawn up ? 
 
 A. A treaty was signed at Ferns by which ^Roderick 
 acknowledged the sovereignty of Dermid over Leinster ; 
 and Dermid, on his part, promised to dismiss his Anglo- 
 Norman allies. 
 
 Q. Did this treaty bring peace ? 
 
 A. No ; for in the same year, in violation of his oath, 
 the traitor welcomed to his standard Maurice Fitzgerald 
 with ten knights, thirty esquires, and one hundred foot- 
 men ; and, afterwards, another force of ten knights and 
 seventy archers, under Raymond le Gros. 
 
 Q. What was next done by them ? 
 
 A. Having intrenched themselves near Waterford, 
 they repulsed an undisciplined multitude of its inhabi- 
 tants, and slew five hundred of them. 
 
 Q. How did the victors mar their triumph ? 
 
 A. " In order to strike terror into the natives " they 
 broke the legs of seventy, captive citizens of Waterford, 
 and hurled their mutilated victims to death down the 
 rocks into the sea. 
 
 Q. What famous leader now arrived to take command 
 of the invaders? 
 
•Vv:- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. X29 
 
 A. On the 23d of August, 11 70, Richard de Clare, 
 Earl of Pembroke, surnamed Strongbow, landed at Dun- 
 donolf with two hundred knights and one thousand two 
 hundred infantry, and assumed the leadership of the in- 
 vaders. 
 
 Q. How did he begin his career ? 
 
 A. Having taken Waterford by assault and put to 
 death many of its inhabitants, he immediately esppused 
 Eva, daughter of the recreant Leinster king, in accordance 
 with a previous agreement. 
 
 Q. What ambition did the traitor Dermid cherish ? 
 
 A. He aspired to the sovereignty of the island. 
 Hence, with about ten thousand native troops and nearly 
 all his foreign allies, numbering one thousand eight hun- 
 dred, he proceeded to lay siege to Dublin. The citizens 
 repelled two assaults, but though the Ardrigh was close 
 at hand with an army, they were at last obliged to surren- 
 der ; but, while the conditions were being drawn up, the 
 Anglo-Normans suddenly broke into the city and slew 
 many of the inhabitants, September 2 1, a.d. i i 70. 
 
 Q. How did the clergy look upon the invasion ? 
 
 A. These pious men regarded it as a visitation from 
 heaven on account of the occasional traffic carried on in 
 slaves, and, therefore, in a synod held at Armagh, in this 
 year, they declared that all the English slaves in the land 
 were free to return to their homes. 
 
 Q. Did Dermid reap the fruits of his treason ? 
 
 A. No ; in less than a year from his success at Dublin 
 he died miserably. May 4th, 1171. Most of his followers 
 then took sides with their countr3rmen against their late 
 allies. 
 
 Q. What attacks were made on the inVaders ? 
 
 A. Three attempts were made to expel them from 
 6* 
 
13© CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Dublin in the course of the year, but the invaders were 
 successful in every case. 
 
 Q. What was the next event of importance ? 
 
 A. The next event was the visit of Henry II. Saihng 
 from Milford Haven with a fleet of four hundred vessels 
 and an army of five hundred knights and four thousand 
 men-at-anns, he landed at Crook, near Waterford, Octo- 
 ber i8th, A.D. 1 1 71. In his train were Hugh de Lacy, 
 Theobald Walters, the first of the Butlers, William Fitzal- 
 delm, ancestor of the Burkes, and many others of equal 
 fame. 
 
 Q. How long did Henry remain in Ireland ? 
 
 A. The period of his sojourn was seven months, till 
 April 17th, 1 1 72. 
 
 Q. Give a summary of his transactions during this 
 time. 
 
 A. Some chiefs did homage ; Cork, Wexford, Water- 
 ford, and Limerick surrendered ; a council was held at 
 Cashel to advance his interests ; Dublin was generously 
 granted by him to the surplus population of Bristol ; cas- 
 tles were erected to protect the country already in his 
 power ; and, finally, all Ireland was apportioned by the 
 tyrant among ten of the English nation, *' and though the 
 invaders had not gained possession of one-third of the 
 kingdom, yet, in title, they were owners and lords of 
 all, so that nothing w^ae left to the natives. — Davies' His- 
 torical Relations. 
 
 Q. What was done to win over some of the native 
 princes ? 
 
 A. Through motives of policy, protection was extended 
 to five Irish families, who were styled in law, de quinque 
 sanguinibus, persons "of the five bloods." These were 
 the MacMurroghs, of Leinster; the O'Neills, of Ulster; 
 
">' , W'llfip'j-" 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 13X 
 
 the O'Briens, of Thomond ; the O'Connors, of Con- 
 naught; and the O'Malachys, of Meath. The mere Irish, 
 as the mass of the people were termed, could expect no 
 favors from a despot who sought only their possessions. 
 
 Q. What defeat did the invaders suffer ? 
 
 A. They entered Munster in 11 74, but they were met 
 at Thurles, and seven hundred of them slain by Donald 
 O'Brien, of Thomond. This loss, however, was partly 
 remedied by the arrival of four hundred and thirty new 
 adventurers under Raymond le Gros. 
 
 Q. What use was now made of the Bull of Adrian 
 IV.? 
 
 A. At a synod held at Waterford, a.d. 1175, the Bull 
 of Pope Adrian was made public for the first time. The 
 influence of this document must have been great, as is 
 seen from the fact that before the close of the year, Rode- 
 rick sent his chancellor, St. Lawrence, at the head of an 
 embassy to Henry II. The result was the Treaty of 
 Windsor, in which the Ardrigh yields precedence to the 
 king, while retaining both the emblems and the substance 
 of his former power. 
 
 Q. Which of the invaders was among the first to die? 
 
 A. Strongbow, who was carried off by an ulcer in the 
 foot, A.D. 1 1 76, after founding a priory for the Knights 
 Templars at Kilmainham, near t)ublin. 
 
 Q. What other leaders in the struggle were carried off 
 by death ? 
 
 A. On the side of the Irish, Tiernan O'Ruark died in 
 1 1 73, Donald Kavenagh, son of MacMurrogh, in 1175 ; 
 whilst the invaders lost Maurice Fitzgerald, the ancestor 
 of the Earls of Desmond and Kildare, in 1177, Hervy de 
 Montmorency in 11 79, and Milo de Cogan and Robert 
 Fitzstephen in 1182. 
 
132 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. Mention the events of the next few years. 
 
 A. Dissensions sprung up among the Irish leaders ; 
 John de Courcy led a band of adventurers into Ulster, 
 where they committed great depredations ; and in a synod 
 at Dublin, a.d. 1177, the officious Cardinal Vivian ex- 
 horted the natives to obey Henry II., who had lately in- 
 sulted him. 
 
 Q. What other occurrences took place ? 
 
 A. In 1 184 Pope Lucius III. released Dublin, already 
 an Anglo-Norman see, from the authority of Armagh, which 
 was still Irish. In the following year, John, the son of 
 Henry II., arrived at Waterford with the title of Lord of 
 Ireland. During eight months this prince indulged his 
 royal nature by levying taxes, insulting the native princes, 
 and disregarding the original invaders, of whom he was 
 jealous. 
 
 Q. What was the fate of Roderick II. ? 
 
 A. In the year n86 he was deposed by his sons, and 
 forced to retire to the monastery of Cong, where he died 
 November 9th, 1198. 
 
 Q. What saints flourished at this era ? 
 
 A. St. Gelasius, Archbishop of Armagh, a.d. 1173; 
 Blessed Cornelius of the same See, 1 1 76 ; St. Lawrence, 
 Archbishop of Dublin, 1 180. 
 
^j-: j»v?^FHysvT(Sr^^;T~.*^v "-"^^ -v ■■- ■ ■^*. 7«n«6^ ■ »"r ri -, ,yH,fi.j| ' w "^ 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Domestic War, A.D. 1186 /^ 1230. 
 
 I HO ruled Ireland after Roderick II. ? 
 
 A. After Roderick, Ireland had no Ard- 
 righ. The provincial kings carried on the 
 struggle against the Anglo-Normans, but, as 
 they acted separately and were often at variance, their 
 efforts were unsuccessful, and they themselves were 
 finally swept away one by one. 
 
 Q. What is to be remarked concerning this epoch ? 
 
 A. The history of this age is but the record of the 
 ambition and sway of a few great families who fought for 
 power and plunder, rather than for the welfare of the 
 nation. 
 
 Q. What change took place among the invaders ? 
 
 A. Henry II. died miserably, a.d. 1189, and was suc- 
 ceeded by Richard I., surnamed Coeur de Lion. Dissen- 
 sions sprang up among the invaders, and this would have 
 been their destruction, were it not for the wars raging 
 among the princes of Connaught. 
 
 Q. What was the character of these wars ? 
 
 A. They were a series of petty fratricidal contests^ 
 "for which," says McGee, "history has no memory and no 
 heart." At length, by his great ability, after great waste 
 of life and property, Cathal Crovderg, son of a younger 
 brother of Roderick, assumed the sovereignty of Con- 
 naught, A.D. 1200. 
 
134 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What losses did the invaders suffer ? 
 
 A. In 1 20 1, seven hundred of them were slain in Con- 
 naught, and later on three hundred more near Dublin. 
 
 Q. Who were the most noted among the native princes ? 
 
 A. Donald O'Brien, the last king of Limerick, 1194, 
 Connor Moiimioy of Connaught, 1189, and Cathal Crov- 
 derg, also of Connaught, a.d. 1224. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the rival leaders ? 
 
 A. Hugh de Lacy, Lord of Meath, 1186, and John de 
 Courcy, " Conqueror of Ulidia," or Down, 1205. 
 
 Q. What great armament now arrived in Ireland? 
 
 A. In 1 199, John succeeded his brother Richard on 
 the throne of England. In Ireland his authority was 
 hardly recognized. Therefore, in the year 12 10 he col- 
 lected seven hundred ships, and crossed the channel with 
 a large army. His visit lasted about two months, from 
 the 20th of June until the 25th of August. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this expedition ? 
 
 A. It accomplished little or nothing. The king did not 
 march against his enemies, but he mapped out twelve 
 counties, namely : Dublin, Meath, Louth, Kildare, Car- 
 low, Wexford, and Kilkenny, in the province of Leinster; 
 and Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Tipperary, in 
 that of Munster. Then he rested from his labors, and in 
 due time returned to England. 
 
 Q. Were these counties entirely subject to the Anglo- 
 Normans ? 
 
 A. No ; only the portion of them that were garrisoned. 
 The districts still held by the Irish constituted at least two- 
 thirds of the whole island. 
 
 Q. Who held the highest authority among the colon- 
 ists ? 
 
 A. It was exercised by lords-justices, or lords-deputies, 
 
■ ■Wt^Et ■ 
 
 W 7-;?Jp.T7I-W»?r»np^ •^ 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH history: 135 
 
 lords-lieutenants, etc., etc., who represented the king of 
 England, and ruled in his name. 
 
 Q. What was the character of these representatives ? 
 A. With few exceptions, they were unprincipled royal 
 favorites, worthy of their mission, which was to plunder 
 and oppress the natives. Their usual residence was Dub- 
 lin Castle, erected a.d, 1205. 
 
 Q. When were English laws introduced ? 
 A. In the first year of Henry III., who succeeded 
 John, A.D. 12 16, the Magna Charta, or Great Charter of 
 Liberties, was introduced among the Anglo-Norman set- 
 tlers. 
 
 Q. Wh.at was this charter ? 
 
 A. It was an act extorted from King John by the barons 
 of England at Runnyniede, June 15th, 1215. It is called 
 " the keyston^ of liberty," because it is said to protect 
 every freeman from the loss of life, liberty, or property, 
 except by the judgment of his peers, or the law of the 
 land. It also declared that right or justice should not be 
 sold, denied, or delayed to any man. In Ireland, how- 
 ever, it was a dead letter as far as the natives were con- 
 cerned ; for these were considered without the pale of the 
 law. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of religion at this time ? 
 A. Religion seems to have made some progi'ess outward- 
 ly, in the foundation of religious houses, but its spirit and 
 principles seem to have been forgotten amid the strife that 
 filled the land. 
 
 Q. What religious orders were introduced into the 
 country ? 
 
 A. In the year 1224 the Dominicans established their 
 first foundation at Dublin, under the patronage of the 
 Anglo-Normans. The Franciscans, on the other hand, 
 
136 CATECHISM'JOF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 were in favor with the natives, and founded their first 
 home at Cork, through the liberaUty of Florence Mc 
 Carthy, a.d. 1229. "• 
 
 Q. What change took place in the religious houses, 
 founded by the Irish, in Europe ? 
 
 A. Owing partly to jealousy, and partly to a want of 
 subjects, the Irish monasteries in England and France 
 passed gradually into the hands of natives of those coun- 
 tries. Those in Germany fell under the control of the 
 Scotch, who now flocked to that country and claimed to 
 be the original Scoti referred to in the monastic grants. 
 
 Q. Did any Irish monks still remain on the continent ? 
 
 A. Yes ; a few of them still survived, among whom 
 was St. Marron, who suffered martyrdom in Flanders, 
 A.D. 1202. f. 
 
^.I'ffflii^jrr'" 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Feilim O Connor and his Contemporaries, A.D. 1230 to 
 
 1274. 
 
 I HAT was the character of this era ? 
 
 A. It was one of ceaseless war. The 
 Anglo-Normans were at open strife among 
 themselves, and, while some of the native 
 princes imitated their example, others seized the opportu- 
 nity to vindicate their rights, to battle against the common 
 enemy. 
 
 Q. Is this age otherwise remarkable ? 
 
 A. Yes ; it is also noted for the immense number of 
 religious houses founded everywhere throughout the 
 country. On this subject it is curious to contrast the 
 zeal of the invaders in destroying native monasteries, and 
 the pious munificence with which they used the spoils to 
 found others for the good monks of their own race. 
 
 Q. Who was Feilim O'Connor? 
 
 A. Feilim was the son of Cathal Crovderg, and reigned 
 as king of Connaught, a.d. 1230 to 1265. 
 
 Q. How did he begin his career ? 
 
 A. In the early part of his reign he was made prisoner 
 by his enemies, but he soon regained his liberty, and at 
 once took the field against them. In 1233 he defeated 
 an aspirant to his throne, and demolished several Anglo- 
 Norman castles. 
 
138 CATECHISM OF IRISH fflSTORY. 
 
 Q. What experience did he reap from his enemies ? 
 
 A. In 1235 he learned by experience that the most 
 dauntless valor was not a match for the wiles of an insa- 
 tiable enemy. Next year he received the same lesson, 
 and barely saved himself by flight, from the lord-justice 
 and Richard de Burgh. 
 
 Q. Did Feilim recover his patrimony ? 
 
 A. Yes; he reentered his kingdom and defeated the 
 lord-justice in the following year ; but, the victory was 
 fruitless, for, in 1238, several Anglo-Norman barons 
 entered Connaught, sword in hand, and took possession 
 of a large portion of his dominions. Then to secure 
 their plunder they erected castles at various points. 
 
 Q. How did Feilim get rid of the intruders ? 
 
 A. Knowing that it would be difficult to expel them by 
 force, he had recourse to policy, and went to England to 
 lay his case before Henry III. Strange to say, his mis- 
 sion was successful, and his enemies were forced to quit 
 his territory and leave him in peace. 
 
 Q. How did Feilim requite this kindness of the king ? 
 
 A. He assisted Henry in a war against Wales, and 
 thus he was enabled to take parital vengeance on that 
 country for the part it had taken in the invasion of Ire- 
 land, A.D. 1245. 
 
 Q. What princes were contemporary with Feilim ? 
 
 A. Brian O'Neill, Lord of Tyrone, and Godfrey O'Don- 
 nell, Lord of Tyrconnell. 
 
 Q. What is said of them ? 
 
 A. In 1252 O'Neill submitted to Maurice Fitzgerald, 
 the lord justice ; but Godfrey, on the contrary, attacked 
 and defeated that nobleman with great loss at Credran. 
 Both leaders were mortally wounded in the battle, and 
 died within a few months. 
 
'I'^^^giPf-' 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 139 
 
 Q. What incidenfshows the usual policy of the native 
 princes ? 
 
 A. Hearing that O'Donnell was wounded unto death, 
 O'Neill sent to him for hostages, as a token of submission ; 
 but the answer of the dying chieftain was an order for a 
 general muster of his forces. 
 
 Q. What was the result ? 
 
 A. O'Donnell caused himself to be placed in a litter 
 and carried at the head of his army. In this condition he 
 was borne to battle, and thus, while encouraging his sol- 
 diers, he expired in the very hour of victory, on the 
 banks of Lough Swilly, a.d. 1258. 
 
 Q. How did O'Neill atone for his conduct ? 
 
 A. Having been elected Monarch of Ireland by native 
 princes assembled at Beleek, a.d. 1259, he died like a 
 true king while defending his title in battle against the 
 lord-justice Stephen de Longespay, a.d. 1260. 
 
 Q. What losses did the Anglo-Normans suffer in Mun- 
 ster? 
 
 A. In less than a year after the death of O'Neill, the 
 Geraldines, or retainers of the Fitzgeralds, were defeated 
 at Kilbarran in Thomond by Connor O'Brien, and again 
 at Ca.llan-Glen with great loss by Florence McCarthy, 
 Prince of Carbery. 
 
 Q. What defeat did they suffer in Meath ? 
 
 A. In Meath the invaders received a severe check 
 from Art, the lord of that province, a.d. 1264. This 
 prince likewise repulsed Walter de Burgh at Shannon 
 harbor in 1268, and still later, he acquired fame as the 
 destroyer of not less than twenty-seven Anglo-Norman 
 castles. 
 
 Q. What other events may be noted ? 
 
 A. In 1272 Henry III. of England was succeeded by 
 
I40 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 Edward I., and in the following yeafthe colonists in Ire- 
 land petitioned that king for English law. About this 
 time, according to Galleli, the Italians first began to use 
 the Irish harp, which had been introduced among them 
 in 1073. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the literary men of this time. 
 
 A. Peter Hibernicus, professor in the University of 
 Naples, and master of St. Thomas of Aquin, 1 240 ; 
 John, surnamed De Sacro Boscho, mathematician in the 
 schools of Paris, 1256 ; and Thomas Palmerian of Naas, 
 professor in the University of Paris, and author of several 
 ascetic works. 
 
 ^ 
 
>"* fbf. ■ *^j^wt^'^ii!.yi-«w^ v'i" ■"^'■^'•'T^y^^ '^"^^'wmR^fi^ltVV 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 77ig Era of Richard de Burgh, " the Red Earl," A.D. 
 
 i274/<7i3i5. 
 
 I HAT was the state of Ireland at the beginning 
 of this epoch ? 
 
 A, One hundred years had now elapsed 
 since the invasion of the Anglo-Normans, and 
 Ireland was still unconquered. Only about one-third of 
 the country was in the hands of the invaders, whereas, all 
 the rest remained subject to the native princes and laws. 
 
 Q, Did any of the Irish submit to English laws ? 
 
 A. In the year 1280 some of the natives near the 
 Anglo-Norman settlements petitioned for English law ; 
 and they even oflfered eight thousand marks for the favor, 
 because, being outside the law, they were plundered at 
 will by every English adventurer. Their petition was not 
 granted. 
 
 Q. Who was the most potent lord in Ireland at this 
 time? 
 
 A. Richard de Burgh, " the Red Earl " of Ulster. 
 
 Q. What is said of his power ? 
 
 A. In Ulster and Connaught he was all but supreme. 
 His home at Trim was a veritable court enlivened by 
 sumptuous entertainments. He imposed taxes, levied 
 men, conferred knighthood, and exercised nearly all the 
 prerogatives of royalty. He was also commander-io- 
 
14a CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 chief of the army, and the writs of the English king were 
 addressed to him and not to the lord-justice. 
 
 Q. Give the result of the first twenty years of his 
 career ? } 
 
 A. By the year 1291 he had humbled the house of 
 O'Connor in Connaught, and crushed O'Neill and O'Don- 
 nell in Ulster ; but in 1294 he was made prisoner by the 
 Fitzgeralds, whose possessions in Meath he had invaded. 
 In the following year,' however, he was set at liberty by 
 order of an Anglo-Norman parliament, and he became 
 more powerful than ever. 
 
 Q. -For what is this parliament noted? 
 
 A. It is noted as the first assembly of the kind held in 
 Ireland by the Anglo-Normans. The place of meeting 
 was Kilkenny, and, among the regulations, provision was 
 made for a body of militia to defend the colony. 
 
 Q. What events occupied the Red Earl for the next 
 few years ? 
 
 A. In 1296 he joined Edward I. of England in a suc- 
 cessful expedition against Scotland ; and, three years 
 later, he accompanied the same king, when, at the head 
 of eight thousand horse and eighty thousand infantry, 
 chiefly Irish and Welsh, he defeated William Wallace at 
 Falkirk. Four years after this event, de Burgh was again 
 an ally of King Edward, against the same enemy. 
 
 Q. Was Ireland neglected by the Anglo-Normans dur- 
 ing the Scotch wars ? 
 
 A. It appears not. On Trinity Sunday, 1305, about 
 thirty native chiefs were massacred at a banquet to which 
 they had been invited in Kildare by Piers Bermingham, 
 an Anglo-Norman lord. Hence, very naturally, the 
 sympathies of the Irish were with the Scotch in their 
 struggle against Edward L, and as many as seven hun- 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 143 
 
 dred of them went in a body to the assistance of Robert 
 Bruce, and lost their lives in his cause, a.d. 1306. 
 
 Q. What fate befell the Knights Templars ? 
 
 A. The Knights Templars was a religious military order 
 instituted at Jerusalem in 11 18, to defend the Holy 
 Places. It was introduced into Ireland by Sfrongbow, 
 and, from the first, was ever ready to assist in the work 
 of murder and spoliation. In 1308, the second year of 
 Edward \l., it was discovered that the order had become 
 grossly corrupt throughout Europe, and it was publicly 
 charged with impiety, intemperance, profligacy, and 
 apostasy. Pope Clement V. abolished it in 13 12, and 
 its priory castle of Kilmainham and other benefices 
 passed to the order of St. John of Jerusalem. 
 
 Q. Were the Templars alone in their wickedness ? 
 
 A. They were not. The Norman leaders and law- 
 makers were equally guilty, as appears from the records 
 of the time. Thus, Sir John Davies, Attorney General 
 to James I., bears witness that in the fourth year of 
 Edward II, " the mere Irish were not only accounted 
 aliens, but enemies, and altogether out of the protection 
 of the law ; so that it was no capital offense to kill them ; 
 which was frequently done without cause, and this is 
 manifest by many records," which he cites. — Hist. Tracts^ 
 J>. 82. 
 
 Q. What part did the Irish take in securing the inde- 
 pendence of Scotland ? 
 
 A. In 13 14 Edward II. invaded Scotland with seventy 
 thousand men ; and many Anglo-Norman lords from Ire- 
 land accompanied him. The native Irish, on the contrary, 
 favored the cause of Robert Bruce, who could muster but 
 tfiirty thousand, including a body of Irish archers sent to 
 him by Donald O'Neill, King of Ulster. The two armies 
 
144 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 met at Bannockburn, and, afler a short struggle, the 
 invading host was driven from the field with great loss. 
 Concerning this battle Chaucer says curtly : 
 
 " To Albion Scots we ne'er would yield. 
 The Irish bowmen won the field." 
 
 Q. What became of the Earl of Ulster ? 
 
 A. The eail saw his power gradually undermined by 
 the lord-justice, and, though he lived to take part in the 
 war against Edward Bruce, his rank was rather subordi- 
 nate. His death occurred in the year 1326. 
 
 Q. What other noted men lived at this era ? 
 
 A. Nicholas McMelissa, the patriot-primate of Armagh, 
 A.D. 1303; John Duns Scotus, a ^Franciscan monk who 
 taught with applause at Paris and Cologne, and who is 
 styled the " subtle doctor," on account of the acuteness of 
 his intellect, a.d. 1308 ; and Malachy of Ireland, also a 
 Franciscan, who was professor at Oxford, and chaplain to 
 Edward II. 
 
S'-'JUB?'- 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 From King Edward Bruce, A.D. 1315, /t; Art McMur' 
 rogh, A.D. 1367. 
 
 HAT influence did the battle of Bannockbum 
 have in Ireland ? 
 
 A. It created a spirit of union among the 
 native princes. Hence, Donald O'Neill of 
 Ulster immediately organized a confederacy of native 
 chiefs, and invited Edward Bruce, brother of the hero of 
 Bannockbum, to undertake the deliverance of the coun- 
 
 try. 
 
 Q. Did Bruce accept the invitation ? 
 
 A. Yes ; on the 25th May, a.d. 13 15, he landed near 
 Glenarm in Antrim, with six thousand men, and was at 
 once joined by O'Neill and the allied chiefs. 
 
 Q. What was the result of his first campaign in Ire- 
 land? 
 
 A. His first campaign was remarkably successful. 
 Dundalk, Ardee, and other towns were taken ; the 
 famous Red Earl was defeated at Castle Connor, and, 
 except Carrickfergus, all Ulster fell into his hands. 
 
 Q. What assembly was held by the Irish ? 
 
 A. A large assembly of native chiefs was convened at 
 Dundalk, and Bruce was elected King of Ireland, and 
 crowned amid great pomp and rejoicings. 
 
 Q. Did this step alarm his enemies ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the king of England appealed to the Pope, 
 7 
 
146 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 and extraordinary exertions were made to meet the crisis. 
 Kichard Berniingham and de Burgh levied a large army, 
 and at Athenry, on the loth of August, they fell upon an 
 Irish division and slew eight thousand of them, together 
 with their leader, P^eilim O'Connor, King of Connaught, 
 in the twenty-third year of his age. 
 
 Q. What was done by Donald O'Neill ? 
 A. This talented and patriotic prince addressed an 
 able letter to Pope John XXII. After speaking of the 
 early history of Ireland and the invasion of Henry II. he 
 described the sad condition of his country, and the cruel 
 rapacity of the Anglo-Norman invaders. " They obliged 
 us," says he, "to give up to them our houses and lands, 
 and to seek shelter like wild beasts upon the mountains, 
 in woods, marshes, and caves. Even there we are not 
 secure against their fury ; they even envy us those dreary 
 and terrible abodes ; they are incessant and unremitting 
 in their pursuit after us, endeavoring to chase us from 
 among them ; with unwarranted audacity and injustice 
 they lay claim to every place in which they can discover 
 us ; they allege that the whole kingdom belongs to them 
 of right, and that an Irishman has no longer a right to re- 
 main in his own country." 
 
 Q. How was the war of Bruce brought to a close ? 
 A. Having taken Carrickfergus in 131 7 and next year 
 made a " progress " through the island in imitation of the 
 ancient monarchs, he alienated the natives by his ex- 
 cesses, and his army was speedily reduced to about three 
 thousand men. Without waiting for reinforcements, he 
 engaged at Faughard with a superior army under John 
 Bermingham, and being slain at the outset of the battle, 
 his followers were put to flight, October 14, a.d. 1318. 
 The death of the gallant Bruce put an end to the war. 
 
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 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 147 
 
 Q. How were the Anglo-Norman lords rewarded for 
 their services ? 
 
 A. Richard Bermingham was made Baron of Athen- 
 ry and John, the conqueror of Bruce, was created Earl 
 of Louth. After the accession of Henry HI., in 1527, 
 James Butler became Earl of Ormond, a. d. 1328, and 
 Thomas Fitzgerald, Earl of Desmond, 1330. 
 
 Q. Did the country enjoy peace after this war ? 
 
 A. No ; dissensions continued to multiply among both 
 natives and Anglo-Normans. Thus at Ardnocher, in 
 West Meath, a.d. 1328, William McGeoghan defeated 
 Lord Butler with a loss of three thousand five hundred men, 
 and in 1329 the Earl of Louth was slain at Bally beagan 
 with two hundred of his adherents. But battles are not 
 the worst feature of the times, for we read that eighty 
 persons were burned in a church in Leinster in 133 1, and 
 three years later, two priests and one hundred and eighty 
 worshippers met the same fate in Thomond ; finally, in 
 1339, about twelve hundred natives were slain in Kerry 
 by the Earl of Desmond, 
 
 Q. Is there nothing cheering in the annals of this 
 time ? 
 
 A. Yes ; a few noble acts on the part of the Irish 
 princes have come down to us. Thus, because Thurlogh 
 O'Connor of Connaught sent away his wife, and took up 
 with another woman, the Irish chieftains deposed him after 
 a three years' struggle. Later on, Brian McMahon of 
 Ulster was guilty of a like crime, and was punished in the 
 same manner by his indignant clansmen, a.d. 1365. 
 Q. What change had taken place in England ? 
 A. The Saxons and the Normans had now become one 
 people with a common language, and from this time forth 
 they are known to us as Englishmen. 
 
148 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. How did Edward III. incense the Anglo-Norman 
 lords in Ireland ? 
 
 A. These lords had gradually adopted the language of 
 the Irish, and now they began to act as if they were in- 
 dependent of the royal authority. Hence, to punish 
 them, Edward revoked all the privileges and grants of 
 land made to them by himself or his ancestors, and 
 ordered that all debts due by them to the crown should 
 be paid, even if they had been formerly remitted, a.d. 
 
 1341. 
 
 Q. What other enactment was made by the king ? 
 
 A. In the following year he issued an ordinance pro- 
 hibiting the public employment of men born, married, or 
 possessing property in Ireland, and declared that all offices 
 of state should be filled by fit Englishmen, having estates 
 in England. 
 
 Q. Were these laws enforced ? 
 
 A. No ; because the lords met together at Kilkenny 
 and set forth their just rights in a spirited remonstrance, 
 and Edward, being on the eve of war with France, found 
 it necessary to yield for a time. 
 
 Q. Did the policy of the king have any effect ? 
 
 A. Yes ; it excited the apprehension of the Irish -born 
 Normans, and induced them to seek the friendship and 
 alliance of the native princes. 
 
 Q. What other occurrence took place ? 
 
 A. An Irish force won distinction at Cregy in 1347, 
 and also at Calais, twelve months later ; at which time a 
 frightful pestilence broke out on the continent, and ex- 
 tended to Ireland, where it carried off thousands of the 
 English settlers. 
 
 Q. How did the king seek to destroy the harmony 
 existing between the natives and the old Norman settlers ? 
 
'-■f-ifi^mS&f"' 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 149 
 
 A. In 1357 it was declared treason to intermarry or 
 hold relations of fosterage with the natives ; and, two 
 years later it was enacted that " no mere Irishman could 
 be a mayor, or bailiff, or officer of any town within the 
 English districts;" nor could he <* hereafter, under pre- 
 tence of kindred or other cause, be received into holy 
 orders or advanced to any ecclesiastical benefice." 
 
 Q. What learned men flourished at this time ? 
 
 A. Maurice Gibellan, poet and philosopher, 1327; 
 Adam of Ireland, philosopher and theologian ; David 
 O'Bugey, author of a treatise on law ; John Clynn, annal- 
 ist, 1349; William of Drogheda, author of the "Golden 
 Summary " and a treatise on civil law ; Ralph Kclley, 
 Archbishop of Cashel, canonist, a.d. 1361. 
 
 *- 
 
 %■ 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Art McMurroghy A.D. 1367 to 1417; 
 
 I HO was lord-deputy at the beginning of this 
 era? 
 
 A. Lionel, the second son of Edward ni., 
 was created deputy and sent over with a 
 force of fifteen hundred men in 1361. Like a tnie 
 princeling, he despised the troublesome natives, and pro- 
 ceeded into Clare to exterminate them ; but, to his great 
 surprise, his army was routed with considerable loss. 
 Soon after this he took the title of Duke of Clarence, as 
 a reward probably for having saved his life in Clare by 
 the fleetness of his horse. 
 
 Q. What law was enacted under Lionel ? 
 
 A. The statute of Kilkenny, A.D.1367. 
 
 Q. What were the provisions of this act ? 
 
 A. It declared that *' whereas many English of the land 
 of Ireland, forsaking the English language, manners, 
 mode of riding, and usages, live and govern themselves 
 according to the manners, fashion, and language of the 
 Irish enemies, and, also, have made divers marriages and 
 alliances between themselves and the Irish enemies 
 aforesaid, it is therefore enacted," among other provi- 
 sions, " that all intermarriages, fosterings, gossipred, buy- 
 ing or selling with the * enemie ' shall be accounted treason ; 
 that English names, fashions, and manners shall be re- 
 sumed under the penalty of the confiscation of the delin- 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. ISt 
 
 > 
 quent's lands ;* that March-law and Brehon law are illegal, 
 and that there shall be no law but English law ; that the 
 Irish shall not pasture their cattle on English lands ; that 
 the English shall not entertain Irish rhymers, minstrels, 
 or newsmen ; and, moreover, that no * mere Irishman ' 
 shall be admitted to any ecclesiastical benefice or re- 
 ligious house situated" within the English districts." 
 
 Q. What was the effect of this act ? 
 
 A. It showed the Irish that they were to be utterly ex- 
 terminated, 'and forced them to unite against the common 
 enemy. 
 
 Q. What was their success ? 
 
 A. In 1369, O'Brien, Prince of Thomond, defeated 
 Garret, Earl of Desmond, near Adare, and slew many of 
 his followers. Limerick was then captured, and Carrick- 
 fergus shared the same fate. In 1375 Burke and Talbot, 
 two English commanders, were defeated and slain at 
 Downpatrick by Niall O'Neill of Ulster. It was at this 
 time also that Art McMurrogh entered on his long con- 
 test with the English spoilers, and became the great cham- 
 pion of national independence. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of the English settlements ? 
 
 A. The condition of the English was so desperate that 
 William de Windsor, who was appointed lord-lieutenant 
 in 1374, would consent to accept the office only on con- 
 dition that he be allowed to act on the defensive, and not 
 be forced to undertake new expeditions. As compensa- 
 tion for his services, he was to be paid annually eleven 
 thousand two hundred and thirteen pounds, six shillings 
 and eight pence, a sum exceeding the whole revenue of 
 the " Pale," as the English districts in Dublin, Louth, 
 Kildare, and Meath began to be termed. 
 
 Q. Who was Art McMurrogh ? 
 
152 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. Art was born in 1357, and at the death of his father 
 he became the lawful king of Leinster. In 1377 he com- 
 l)elled the English colonists to pay him tribute, or ** black 
 mail," as they termed it ; and his successors continued to 
 receive the* same down to the year 1603. 
 
 Q. Who was his contemporary in Connaught ? 
 
 A. Roderick, the last sole king of that province, a.d. 
 1384. 
 
 Q. What ill fortune overtook Art McMurrogh ? 
 
 A. In 1392, James, the third Earl of Ormond, slew six 
 hundred of his followers at Tiscoffin. 
 
 Q. Who undertook the task of entirely exterminating 
 the Leinster king ? 
 
 A. Richard II., who was king of England since 1377. 
 Feeling the burden of the tributes paid to the Irish by his 
 subjects, he determined to put an end to them forever by 
 exterminating McMurrogh. 
 
 Q. Did Richard proceed to Ireland in person ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he crossed into Ireland with four thousand 
 men-at-arms and thirty thousand archers, and many native 
 chiefs, overawed by this force, came to terms with him, 
 A.D. 1394. 
 
 Q. What offer did Richard make to McMurrogh ? 
 
 A. On condition that Art would deliver up all his pos- 
 sessions in Leinster, Richard was kind enough to offer 
 him the right to all the land he could conquer from the 
 other Irish princes throughout the kingdom. 
 
 Q. Did Art accept the offer ? 
 
 A. No ; he did not entertain it for a moment. He 
 preferred to ^eep his own and to fight his enemies. 
 
 Q. What followed his refusal? ,^-. 
 
 A. Richard advanced against him ; but McMurrogh and 
 his little army retired before him. After a weary march 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 153 
 
 the royal army returned to Dublin for refreshments, and 
 Richard, already tired of his war, adopted another policy 
 and invited Art to a conference. 
 Q. Was the invitation accepted ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the two kings met at Dublin, an3 Richard 
 showed himself more successful at wiles than at war. 
 Though Art protested that he had already been knighted 
 at the age of seven, he was constrained to receive that 
 honor at the hands of his royal brother. This appearance 
 of friendship, however, was feigned on the part of Richard, 
 and the Irish king was virtually, a prisoner till he made 
 good his escape from the city, a.d. 1394. 
 Q. What did Richard then do ? 
 
 A. He intrusted the government to his kinsman and 
 heir, Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, and returned to 
 England. 
 Q. Did peace continue ? 
 
 A. No ; soon after his departure, McMurrogh was 
 again in arms. In 1397 he captured Carlow, and next 
 year at Kenlis he put Lord Mortimer and his whole army 
 to the sword, a.d. 1398. 
 Q. How did this news affect Richard ? 
 A. He was filled with anger, and proceeded once more 
 to Ireland with twenty-four thousand men, to chastise 
 McMurrogh, who now called himself "most excellent 
 King and Lord of great Ireland," a.d. 1399. 
 Q. What course did Richard first pursue ? 
 A. He offered terms to McMurrogh, who sent back 
 word that " he would neither submit to nor obey him in 
 any way ; that he himself was the rightful king of Ireland, 
 and that he would never cease from war and the defence 
 of his country, until death." 
 
 Q. Did Richard then take the field ? 
 
 >.* 
 
154 CATECHISM OP IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. Yes ; but his rival retired before him, and laid 
 waste the country, so that hunger and fatigue forced the 
 royal invader to return to his supplies on the coast. In 
 his anger at this failure, and to save further trouble, he 
 offered "one hundred marks in pure gold" for McMur- 
 rogh dead or alive. 
 
 Q. What obliged Richard to return hastily to Eng- 
 land ? 
 
 A. He was forced to hasten to England to oppose 
 Henry, Duke of Lancaster, who had landed in that 
 country to claim the crown. The adventurer was suc- 
 cessful and was crowned as Henry IV., a.d. 1399. 
 
 Q. Did the late expedition improve the English inter- 
 ests ? 
 
 A. No ; the Irish chiefs' continued to encroach on the 
 possessions of the English, and to exact tribute from them 
 to the amount of seven hundred pounds, a vast sum in 
 those days. Even the Irish lords of English descent be- 
 came more national in thought and action, though, as a 
 body, they never verified the phrase, Ipsis Hibernis Hi- 
 berniores, "more Irish than the Irish themselves." Some 
 of the old leaven always remained in them, and they could 
 never be depended upon in a crisis. 
 
 Q. Mention the closing events of this epoch. 
 
 A. In the year 1407 the Irish suffered a loss of eight 
 hundred men at Callan in Munster ; but this defeat was 
 more than counterbalanced in the following year by a 
 great victory which Art gained at Kilmainham over an 
 English army numbering ten thousand men. On the loth 
 of May, 1414, O'Connor of Connaught defeated the 
 enemy at Killucan, and three years later the aged Mc- 
 Murrogh died after forty years of warfare against the 
 enemies of his country. - - -' 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 155 
 
 Q. What literary men were contemporary with Art Mc- 
 
 Murrogh ? 
 
 A. Hugh of Ireland, author of a book of travels ; 
 Geoffrey O'Hogan, annalist, 1370 ; Henry Crump, a 
 learned divine, 1390 ,; and Augustin Magradan, hagiog- 
 rapher. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Richard, Duke of York, A.D. 1417 to 1460. 
 
 IN what condition was Ireland after the death 
 of McMurrogh ? 
 
 A. It was without a leader and at the 
 mercy of a horde of needy adventurers, both 
 lay and clerical. 
 
 Q. What was a common spectacle at this time ? 
 
 A. It was a common thing for English ecclesiastics to 
 hold civil office, and for priors, bishops, and archbishops 
 to march with armed bands to rob and plunder the hap- 
 less Irish. 
 
 Q. Did they sanction any other policy ? 
 
 A. Yes ; they heartily approved of the laws and penal 
 enactments made in parliament against the Irish people. 
 
 Q. Mention one of these statutes. 
 
 A. In the fourth year of Henry V., a.d. 141 7, the 
 English parliament forbade " all Irish adventurers what- 
 ever " to remain in England ; at the same time, the as- 
 sembly of the Pale decreed that no one should depart 
 from Ireland without special permission. 
 
 Q. Were these enactments really necessary ? 
 
 A. No ; for instead of leaving their country in despair, 
 the natives were now in a fair way of obtaining entire 
 possession of it. Thus we read in a municipal petition 
 to Henry VI., who obtained the throne in 1422, "that 
 the enemies and rebels, aided by the Scotch, had con- 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. IS 7 
 
 quered or rendered tributary almost every part of the 
 country except the County of Dublin" a.d. 1430. 
 
 Q. Did this state of things discourage the English ? 
 
 A. No ; they resolved to regain by " laws " what they 
 could not retain by arms ; hence, two years later, the par- 
 liament passed a statute entitled, " An act that no person, 
 liege or alien, shall take merchandise, or things to be 
 sold, to faire, market, or other place, amongst the Irish 
 enemies, etc., under pain of imprisonment, confiscation of 
 goods, and felony." 
 
 Q. Were the natives secure from the violence of the 
 English in time of peace ? 
 
 A. No ; as is evident from a statute whereby it was en- 
 acted, A.D. 1442, " That it should be lawful for every liege 
 man to take all manner of Irish enemies, which, in time 
 of peace and truce, should come and converse amongst 
 the English lieges " (mark the excuse), *' to spy their secre- 
 cies, force, ways, and subtilties, and to make 0/ them as of 
 the king's enemies" that is, put them to death immediately 
 without judge or jury. 
 
 Q. What enactments show the petty spirit of the Eng- 
 lish laws ? 
 
 A. In 1447 a law was enacted declaring that men should 
 shave the upper lip, or be treated as Irish enemies ; and 
 another, that the sons of artisans should follow the occupa- 
 tions of their fathers. 
 
 Q. Mention a crying abuse of the time ? 
 
 A. Under the name of Coyn and livery, a practice anal- 
 ogous to the Irish bonaght, the English, when able, were 
 accustomed to quarter themselves upon the natives, and 
 to exact food, forage, money, and entertainment, free of 
 all charge. 
 
 Q. Who was now made lord-lieutenant ? 
 
1S8 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. Richard, Duke of York, a descendant of Edward 
 III., was appointed to that office for the term of ten years, 
 A.D. 1449. As he aspired to the English throne, his ene- 
 mies wished to place him in honorable exile in Ireland, 
 and hence, they granted him the full revenues of the island, 
 together with an annual salary from England. 
 
 Q. What was the character of this prince ? 
 
 A. He was able and affable, and easily won the affec- 
 tions of the people by his justice and munificence. On 
 this account, Ireland afterwards favored the house of York 
 in its struggle against the Lancaster dynasty. 
 
 Q. What disturbance arose in England ? 
 
 A. In England, an Irishman, named John Cade, col- 
 lected twenty thousand nlen, and defeated the king's arm}'. 
 Then he took possession of London, but after a brief 
 career, he was deserted by his followers and put 'to death. 
 
 Q. What resolution did the Duke of York take ? 
 
 A. He returned to England with the design of seizing 
 the crown, but, owing to adverse circumstances, he did 
 not openly make the attack until five years later. 
 
 Q. What happened at the expiration of that term ? 
 
 A. The duke then proceeded to England, where he 
 levied an army, and defeated the royal troops at St. 
 Albans, a.d. 1455. This battle inaugurated the long and 
 bloody struggle known as the "War of the Roses." 
 
 Q. Was the duke entirely successful ? 
 
 A. No ; the supporters of the house of Lancaster soon 
 forced him to fiee to Ireland for safety, and the English 
 Parliament, always sure to favor the uppermost party, pro- 
 claimed him a traitor. 
 
 Q. How was he received in Ireland ? 
 
 A. Though the term of his commission as lord-lieuten- 
 ant had expired, the people received him with joy, and 
 
• ^^p?;- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 159 
 
 the Anglo-Irish parliament made it treason to seek or im- 
 agine his death, ad. 1460. 
 
 Q. What declaration did this parliament make ? 
 
 A. It declared that " Ireland is and always has been 
 incorporated within itself by ancient laws and customs ; 
 and is only to be governed by such laws as, by the lords 
 and commons of the land in parliament assembled, have 
 been advised, accei^ted, affirmed, and proclaimed :" more- 
 over, " that by custom, privilege, and franchise, there has 
 ever been a royal seal peculiar to Ireland, to which alone 
 the king's subjects are to pay obedience." 
 
 Q. What became of the Duke of York ? 
 
 A. He again went to England with many Anglo-Irish 
 adherents, and, though at first successful, he was finally 
 defeated and slain at the battle of Wakefield, a.d. 1560. 
 
 Q. What men of this era are worthy of mention ? 
 
 A. William of Waterford, writer, 1433; Richard O'He- 
 dian, the patriotic Archbishop of Armagh, 1440 ; and Philip 
 Norris, the author of seveaal learned works, 1458. 
 
 ■ ;*■:*' 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Unchristian Zaivs, A.D. 1460 to 1500. 
 
 HAT side did the Irish take in the War of the 
 Roses ? 
 
 A. With few exceptions, they adhered to 
 the house of York. 
 
 Q. How long did the struggle continue ? 
 
 A. From the battle of St. Albans, a.d. 1455, to that of 
 Tewkesbury, a.d. 1485. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded to the claim of Richard Duke of 
 York? 
 
 A. His son Edward, who afterwards reigned as the 
 Fourth of the name, a.d. 1461. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish princes take advantage of the dis- 
 sensions in England? 
 
 A. They did to some degree, and, though acting with- 
 out concert, they reduced the English possessions to 
 very narrow limits. The old Anglo-Norman families, 
 however, were left undisturbed, because looked upon as 
 friends and equals, since they had adopted the manners 
 and the language of the country. 
 
 Q. How did the government try to make up for this 
 defection of the colonists? 
 
 A. In the third year of Edward IV. an act was passed, 
 which forced every Irishman within the Pale " to take to 
 him an English surname of one town ; as, Sutton, Chester, 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. l6l 
 
 Trim, Skyrne, Corke, Kinsale; or color; as, White, 
 Blacke, Browne ; or art or science ; as, Smith, or Car- 
 penter ; or office j as, Cooke, or Butler ; and that he and 
 his issue shall use this name under penalty of forfeiture 
 of his goods yearly." 
 
 Q. Did many natives settle within the Pale, and change 
 Iheir names ? • 
 
 A. It would seem not ; for, in such a case, they would 
 be in constant danger of being put to death at any mo- 
 ment, because, in 1465, a law was made, entitled, *'An 
 act, that it shall be lawful to kill any Irishman that is 
 found robbing by day or night, or going or coming to rob 
 or steal, having no faithful man of good name or fame in 
 their company in English apparel." Thus, in truth, the 
 only fact necessary to be ascertained, was that a person 
 was an Irishman ; for, if he were not robbing, or coming 
 from robbing, who could say but that he might be going 
 to rob. Therefore, he might always be put to death. 
 
 Q. What encouragement was offered to secure the 
 execution of this act ? © 
 
 A. It was afterwards enacted that after the Englishman 
 had murdered his man " going to rob," he might levy a 
 tax on every household in the barony where the said 
 thief was taken. 
 
 Q. Give another sample of English laws. 
 
 A. In a parliament held in Dublin by William Sher- 
 wood, Lord-lieutenant, and Bishop of Meath, it was de- 
 creed that any Englishman injured by a native beyond the 
 Pale, might take vengeance on the entire sept of the ag- 
 gressor, A.D. 1475. 
 
 Q. What order did merchants receive ? 
 
 A. The significant order was issued that every mer- 
 chant trading in Ireland, should bring twenty shillings' 
 
l62 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 worth of bows and arrows into the country, for every twenty 
 pounds' worth of goods he imported from England. 
 
 Q. What law only was favorable to the Irish ? 
 
 A. The one declaring that the inhabitants of the Pale 
 should hold no intercourse with them. 
 
 Q. How was England again disturbed by civil strife ? 
 
 A. Edward IV. died in 1483, and was succeeded by 
 his eldest son, styled Edward V. ; but this young king 
 reigned only two months, when he was dethroned by 
 Richard III., who after two years was slain in battle by 
 Henry VII., a.d. 1485. 
 
 Q. What caused a gradual change in the ancient mode 
 of Irish warfare ? 
 
 A. The introduction of hand-guns which were invented 
 about 1430. They were first used in Ireland by Hugh 
 Roe O'Donnell in 1487, and great guns, or cannon, were 
 used in sieges about ten years later. 
 
 Q. What occurred at this time ? 
 
 A. In i486 the Earl of Kildare, then lord-lieutenant, 
 and othrf great lords of the Pale embraced the cause of 
 an impostor named Lambert Simnel, who passed himself 
 off as Edward, Earl of Warwick, whom Henry VII. held 
 in confinement because, as son of the Duke of Clarence, 
 he was the reputed heir of the house of York. 
 
 Q. What steps did the adherents of the pretender 
 take? 
 
 A. They led six thousand Irish and two thousand Ger- 
 man auxiliaries to invade England ; but they were defeated 
 at Stoke by a more numerous force under King Henry. 
 
 Q. What other impostor appeared in Ireland soon after 
 this ? 
 
 A. Perkin Warbeck, who called himself the Duke of 
 York, the second son of Edward IV., a.d. 1492. After 
 

 i^ATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 163 
 
 a few weeks spent at Cork, he went to France, whence he 
 afterwards returned to meet defeat at Waterford. 
 
 Q. What famous act was now passed ? 
 ' A. In 1494 Edward Poynings was lord -lieutenant, and, 
 having assembled a parliament at Drogheda in the follow- 
 ing year, an act was passed, which provided among other 
 things, that thereafter no legislation whatever should be 
 enacted in Ireland, until the bills proposed were first sub- 
 mitted to the king and council in England, and returned 
 approved under the great seal of the realm. This meas- 
 ure is known as " Poyning's Act." 
 
 Q. DesO-ibe the general condition of the country ? 
 
 A. The authority of the Earl of Kildare was paramount 
 within the Pale ; the native chiefs were wasting their 
 energies in frequent strifes, and the condition of affairs 
 was, on the whole, far from encouraging. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the prominent men ? 
 
 A. Thaddeus O'Brien, Prince of Thomond, a.d. 1466 ; 
 Philip Higgins, poet, 1487 ; Charles McGuire, annalist, 
 1495 ; and James Keating, prior of the Knights of St. 
 John at Kilmainham, 1461-1491. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Earls of Kildare, A.D. 1500 to 1537. 
 
 |ID Henry VII. give much attention to his 
 Irish possessions ? 
 
 A. No ; he merely appointed the deputies 
 and occasionally settled the dissensions aris- 
 ing among his subjects within the Pale. 
 
 Q. Who was lord-lieutenant at the beginning of the 
 sixteenth century ? 
 
 A. Gerald, the eighth Earl of Kildare, a.d. 1513. 
 
 Q. How did this nobleman use his power ? 
 
 A. Having quarrelled with his son-in-law, Ulick de 
 Burgh, Lord of Clanricarde, Kildare called to his aid all 
 the Geraldines, together with many lords of the Pale, 
 and several native chieftains of the north. 
 
 Q. Who assisted de Burgh ? 
 
 A. O'Brien of Thomond, and many other chiefs of 
 Munster. 
 
 Q. Which party was victorious ? 
 
 A. A battle was fought at Knocktow near Galway, 
 where Kildare routed his enemies, who lost two thousand 
 men. 
 
 Q. What incident shows the undying hatred cherished 
 towards the natives by the Anglo-Irish ? 
 
 A. After the battle William Preston, Viscount of Gor- 
 manstown, said to the Earl of Kildare, "We have 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 165 
 
 slaughtered our enemies, but to complete the good deed, 
 we must proceed still further — cut the throats of those 
 Irish of our party." — See Leland, vol. ii., p. 120. 
 
 Q. Was this advice followed ? 
 
 A. No ; to do so would undoubtedly have given them 
 great pleasure, but, knowing that the Irish had arms in 
 their hands, they thought better of it, especially as the 
 Irish were not inclined to die just then. 
 
 Q. What happened within the next few years ? 
 
 A. In 1509 Henry VII. was succeeded by Henry VIII., 
 and in the following year, Kildare, the lord-lieutenant, 
 was defeated at Monetrar in Munster by O'Brien of Tho- 
 mond, assisted by the Earl of Desmond. Three years 
 later Carrickfergus was taken, and its garrison put to the 
 sword by Hugh O'Donnell of Tyrconnell. At this time 
 also, the Earl of Kildare died and was succeeded by his 
 son Gerald, the ninth and last Catholic earl of the name. 
 
 Q. How much of Ireland was held by the EngUsh at 
 the accession of Henry VIII. ? 
 
 A. Only half of the five counties of Dublin, Meath, 
 Louth, Wexford, and Kildare. Even the bulk of the in- 
 habitants of these districts were Irish in birth, habits, and 
 language. 
 
 Q. What is said of the Geraldines or Fitzgeralds of 
 Munster? 
 
 A. The Geraldines of Munster were gradually extend- 
 ing their possessions by encroaching upon the native 
 chiefs, but at last Mac Carthy of Carbery, and O'Brien of 
 Thomond, united their forces and defeated them with a 
 loss of two thousand men, a.d. 1520. A less pleasing 
 victory was that at Knockavoe in Ulster, where O'Neill 
 lost nine hundred of his clansmen in a contest against his 
 rival O'Donnell. 
 
l66 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What foreign alliance was made by the Earl of 
 Desmond, the chief of the Geraldines ? 
 
 A. Desmond assimied the dignity of a sovereign prince, 
 and in 1523 formed an alliance with Francis I., of France, 
 who promised to land in Ireland with fifteen thousand 
 men to expel the English from the Pale. 
 
 Q. Was the project carried out ? 
 
 A. No ; Francis was taken prisoner at Pavia by his rival 
 Charles V. of Spain, and Desmond had to moderate his 
 ambition. 
 
 Q. Was Desmond punished for his conduct ? 
 
 A. The Earl of Kildare was ordered to chastise him, 
 but, disliking the office, he proceeded to Ulster under pre- 
 text of restoring order in that province. 
 
 Q. Was the king satisfied with the conduct of his 
 deputy ? 
 
 A. No ; he called Kildare to England to account for 
 his disobedience. Before his departure, the earl placed the 
 government in the hands of his son, liOrd Thomas Fitz- 
 gerald, surnamed Silken Thomas, who was but twenty 
 years of age. 
 
 Q. \Vhat happened to the earl in England ? 
 
 A. On his arrival in London he was imprisoned in the 
 Tower on a charge of treason. 
 
 Q. What did his enemies then do ? 
 
 A. In order that his son, the young Lord Thomas, 
 might bring ruin on all his house by some rash act, they 
 forged despatches to Ireland, reporting that the earl had 
 been executed by order of the king. 
 
 Q. What action did Lord Thomas take upon hearing 
 this report ? 
 
 A. He proceeded at once to the privy-council chamber 
 with one hundred and forty of his followers, and flinging 
 
■••-j.jjJMf",;' • ■ ■ - '■:,-- ■■-■-■-'■-■■:■■■ ■ -■~:--,-y-_- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. .167 
 
 the sword of state on the council-table, he indignantly re- 
 nounced his allegiance to Henry VIII. 
 
 Q. What was his next step ? 
 
 A. He took up arms against the royal authority. Hav- 
 ing fixed his headquarters at Maynooth, he overran the 
 neighborhood of Dublin ; but after some time he lost this 
 stronghold by treachery, and his followers, becoming dis- 
 couraged, dispersed. 
 
 Q. Did Lord Thomas surrender ? 
 
 A. After a formidable resistance among the woods and 
 defiles of Leinster, the youthful rebel was induced to sub- 
 mit, on the promise of pardon by Lord Grey, the king's 
 deputy. 
 
 Q. Did Grey keep his promise ? 
 
 A. No ; he sent his prisoner to England, and then, 
 having invited the five uncles of his victim to dine with 
 him, he treacherously seized them all, and, though three 
 of them had taken no part in the rising, all were sent to 
 England, where they were hanged together at Tyburn, by 
 order of Henry, February 3d, 1537. 
 
 Q. What fate befell the treacherous Grey ? 
 
 A. He lost the favor of his sovereign, and, by a just 
 retribution, was himself hanged at Tyburn. 
 
 Q. What important event took place meanwhile ? 
 
 A. In consequence of being refus^ a divorce from his 
 lawftil wife, Henry VIII. broke with the Pope, and, re- 
 jecting his authority, set up his own claims as head of the 
 Church, A.D. 1537. 
 
 Q. What speaks well for the Iiish gentlemen of this age ? 
 
 A. The fact that the English had to have recourse to 
 law to prevent their maidens from espousing Irishmen, as 
 appears from a law entitled, " An act against marrying 
 ■with or fostering to Irishmen." 
 
x68 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What writers flourished in this age ? 
 
 A. ManusO'Donnell, biographer of St. Columba, 1520, 
 and Maurice O'Fihely, also called Maurice a Portu, who 
 was Archbishop of Tuam, and one of the most learned 
 men of his age. Among other works, he wrote the life of 
 Scotus, and commentaries on the latter' s works, together 
 with an " P^nchiridion of the Faith," a dictionary of the 
 Sacred Scriptures, &c., &c., a.d. 15 13. 
 
;-'TO!W 
 
 SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 Ireland and Her English Protestant Rulers, a.d, 
 1537 TO A.D, 1878. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 John O'Neill, A.D. 1537 to 1567. 
 
 HAT is the last division of Irish History ? 
 
 A. The last section of Irish History is from 
 the Reformation to the present time, a period 
 of about three hundred and fifty years. 
 Q. What do you mean by the Reformation ? 
 A. By the Reformation is meant the great rebellion 
 which took place in the sixteenth century against the doc- 
 trine and authority of the Catholic Church. 
 Q. Who were its leaders ? 
 
 A. In Germany the principal leader was Martin Luther, 
 a Saxon friar ; in Switzerland, John Calvin, a rigid fana- 
 tic ; in Scotland, John Knox, an apostate monk ; and, in 
 England, Henry VIH., a voluptuous tyrant. All these 
 rejected the pope's authority over the Church, and as- 
 serted their own supremacy in place of it. 
 
 Q. When was the Reformation introduced into Ire- 
 land ? 
 
 A. In 1535 George Brown, an apostate priest, was 
 
17© CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 made first Protestant archbishop of Dublin by Henry 
 VIII. ; but it was not till the parliament of Dublin was 
 convened two years later, that the reformed religion was 
 introduced by law. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish people embrace the new doctrines ? 
 
 A. No ; with the exception of five bishops, three priests, 
 and a few laymen, all continued to adhere to the ancient 
 faith. 
 
 Q. How did the reformers begin their work ? 
 
 A. They seized several abbeys, convents, and monas- 
 teries, and confiscated them for the benefit of the crown, 
 or granted them as bribes to those who were willing to. re- 
 form. 
 
 Q. What did the Catholics do to prevent this spolia- 
 tion ? 
 
 A. Those in Ulster took up arms, but were defeated 
 with great loss. Then they sent a deputation to James 
 V. of Scotland, with an offer of submission from all the 
 great men of Ireland, if he would aid them against the 
 spoilers. The king consented and organized an expedi- 
 tion consisting of fifteen vessels and two thousand men, 
 but, unfortunately, it never landed in Ireland. 
 
 Q. What followed this failure ? 
 
 A. Henry VIII. assembled a parliament at Dublin 
 and had himself elected *' King of Ireland." As there 
 were but few natives present, the act, of course, was of no 
 force. By the native annalists Henry would be classed 
 among the kings '.'with opposition," a.d. 1541. 
 
 Q. What chiefs acknowledged the new title ? 
 
 A. Conn O'Neill of Ulster, who was rewarded with the 
 title of Earl of Tyrone ; Murrogh O'Brien, who was made 
 Earl of Thomond ; and Ulick Mac William Burke, who 
 was dubbed Earl of Clanricarde. Brian Fitzpatrick and 
 
-;^ x:atechism of irish history. 171 
 
 Matthew the son of O'Neill. obtained each the dignity of 
 Baron. 
 
 Q. How were the new lords regarded by the people ? 
 
 A. They were universally despised for their servility, 
 and, on their return to Ireland, they were deposed or driven 
 into exile as unworthy to command a free people. 
 
 Q. What took place in Meath ? 
 
 A. The ancient province of Meath was divided into 
 the counties of Meath and West Meath. Henry VIII. 
 died soon afterwards and was succeeded by his son Eki- 
 ward VI., a boy of nine years, a.d. 1547. 
 
 Q. What did the new government do ? 
 
 A. Several septs that rebelled were crushed and their 
 territory confiscated. Divine service began to be held in 
 the English language, and the ancient church of Clon- 
 macnoise was plundered of its books and sacred vessels. 
 
 Q. What brought hope to the Catholics ? 
 
 A. Edward VI. died in 1553, and wa^ succeeded by 
 his sister, Mary Tudor, who was a Catholic. 
 
 Q, What are the principal events of her reign ? 
 
 A. In England the parliament and most of the refor- 
 mers renounced the Reformation and returned to the 
 Church. Many who refused to do so were put to death. 
 Others sought refuge on the continent or in Ireland, 
 where the Catholic corporation of Dublin generously 
 provided them with houses. 
 
 Q. What wrong was perpetrated under Mary ? 
 
 A. The districts of Leix and O'Faily, which had been 
 confiscate^d under Edward VI., were again pillaged and 
 many of the inhabitants massacred. This territory was 
 henceforth called "King's County" and " Queen's Coun- 
 ty," and the chief towns were named " Maryborough " 
 and '* Philipstown," in honor of Queen Mary and her 
 
172 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 husband Philip II. of Spain, whom she had lately es- 
 poused. 
 
 Q. How long did Mary occupy the throne ? 
 
 A. She held it but five years, and was then succeeded 
 by her sister Elizabeth, a.d. 1558. 
 
 Q. Who was the most noted Irish chieftain of this 
 period. 
 
 A. John the Proud, better known as Shane O'Neill, 
 who took the title of " King of Ulster." 
 
 Q. How did O'Neill first attract attention ? 
 
 A. By deposing his father, who had accepted from 
 Henry VIII. the English title of Earl of Tyrone. 
 
 Q. What were the first acts of Elizabeth's reign ? 
 
 A. On her accession she immediately rejected the 
 authority of the pope, and had herself declared governess 
 of the English Church. A new liturgy or prayer-book, 
 called the *' Book of Common Prayer," was compiled, and 
 all her subjects were forced to use it under severe penalties. 
 Then the mass was abolished, the sacraments were re- 
 duced to two, the clergy were expelled, and the images were 
 removed from the churches. This was the fifth time that 
 the religion of England was changed within thirty years. 
 
 Q. What was done in Ireland by the queen's deputy ? 
 
 A. The Earl of Sussex, the queen's deputy, introduced 
 all the Protestant innovations into Ireland. Then he 
 proceeded to reconstruct the country. He changed the 
 territory of Annaly into the County of Longford ; and, six 
 other counties, Clare, Galway, Sligo, Mayo, Leitrim, and 
 Roscommon were formed within the province of Con- 
 naught, A.D. 1562. 
 
 Q. Was John O'Neill idle in the meanwhile ? 
 
 A. No ; he was busy extending his authority over the 
 whole of Ulster. 
 
■ 't:^!^'-: : 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. I73 
 
 Q. How did he avoid hostilities with the government ? 
 
 A. Being suspected of plotting against Elizabeth, and 
 not being fully prepared to take up arms, he went to Lon- 
 don to clear himself. So successful was he, that the queen 
 received him among her favorites, and on his departure 
 gave him rich presents. 
 
 Q. Did this visit change his policy ? 
 
 A. No ; he continued to assert his sovereignty over 
 Ulster, which he defended valiantly against the attacks of 
 both the English and the Scotch. 
 
 Q. Did the English authorities fear him ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he was greatly distrusted and feared by Sussex, 
 who frequently reported his conduct to the queen. 
 
 Q. What answer did she make ? 
 
 A. She said, *' I^et not your suspicions of O'Neill give 
 you uneasiness. Tell my troops to take courage, and 
 that this rebellion may turn to their advantage, as there 
 will be lands to bestow on those who have need of them." 
 
 Q. Was O'Neill intimidated by this hint ? 
 
 A. Far from it ; assembling his forces he assailed 
 Maguire and O'Donnell, who were on friendly terms with 
 the deputy. He then overran the English districts, and 
 routed a body of Scotch, who had landed in Ulster. 
 
 Q. What offer did Elizabeth make to O'Neill? 
 
 A. In order to obtain peace, she offered him the title 
 of Earl of Tyrone, and Baron of Dungannon, with a 
 promise to annul the patents of Henry VIII., which 
 secured to his brother, Matthew O'Neill, the right of suc- 
 cession to the estates and honors of Tyrone. 
 
 Q. What answer did O'Neill give the commissioners 
 who brought this offer ? 
 
 A. " If," said he, " your mistress, Elizabeth, be Queen 
 of England, I am O'Neill, King of Ulster ; I never made 
 
174 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 peace with her, without having been previously solicited 
 to it by her. I am not ambitious of the abject title of 
 Earl ; both my family and birth raise me above it ; I will 
 not yield precedence to any one ; my ancestors have been 
 Kings of Ulster ; I have gained that kingdom by my 
 sword, and by my sword I will preserve it." 
 
 Q. What resolution did the government adopt ? 
 
 A. They resolved to undermine his influence and then 
 destroy him. With this object in view, they planted a 
 garrison of one thousand five hundred men at Derry, 
 which was within his territory. But O'Neill attacked the 
 town, and during the assault the powder magazine blew 
 up accidentally, and seven hundred of the English were 
 killed. The rest left the place. 
 
 Q. How did the war end ? 
 
 A. O'Neill slew four hundred men at the battle of 
 Sagums, which was his last success, for meanwhile, Sussex 
 succeeded in detaching his allies from him by bribes. 
 Then he was defeated at Lough Swilly, and being with- 
 out resources, he sought shelter with a Scotch force at 
 Clanbuoy, where he was treacherously slain at the insti- 
 gation of an English officer named Piers. This man 
 received a reward of one thousand marks from the gov- 
 ernment for his services. 
 
 Q. What did this war cost Elizabeth ? 
 
 A. In two years it cost her three thousand five hundred 
 of her troops and the sum of one hundred and forty-seven 
 thousand four hundred and seven pounds, which is equal 
 to about eight million dollars of our money at the present 
 valuation. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 Tlie Geraldine League, A.D. x^d"] to 1588. 
 
 I HAT was the condition of Ireland at the death 
 of John O'Neill ? 
 
 A. Within the English Pale things were 
 somewhat better under Elizabeth than under 
 her predecessors. The greatest evils were excessive tax- 
 ation and a debased silver currency, of which three- 
 fourths was brass. The rest of the country was still dis- 
 turbed by frequent strife and civiLwars. 
 
 Q. Who were the chief promoters of discord ? 
 
 A. The cutthroats and scum of England, who flocked 
 into Ireland under pretence of loyalty, where, under the 
 sanction of the government, they had ample liberty to rob 
 and ravish to their heart's content. The cruelty they 
 practised was fiendish and truly heartrending ; nor is this 
 to be wondered at, since the very source of public justice 
 was corrupt, and the crime of wholesale assassination was 
 sanctioned by law. 
 
 Q. What other class of adventurers now appeared in 
 Ireland for the first time ? 
 
 A. About this time a new band of fortune-hunters from 
 England appeared in the country. They came with all 
 sorts of rights and privileges from the queen, to dispossess 
 the natives and establish English colonies. They were 
 termed " Undertakers " by the people, and were akm to the 
 " carpet baggers" who overran the Southern States after the 
 
176 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Civil War. The first of these, bearing the name of Smith, 
 landed in Ulster, but he was killed by the inhabitants, 
 and his followers dispersed, a.d. 1570. Smith, however, 
 had numerous successors who were much more fortu- 
 nate. The most famous was Walter Devereux, Earl of 
 Essex, who in 1573 arrived with six hundred men to seize 
 vast tracts of land which had been granted to him in 
 Ulster by the queen. 
 
 Q. What crime did this nobleman commit ? 
 
 A. " On the conclusion of peace," says a manu- 
 script in Trinity College, he " invited Brian O'Neill of 
 Clanbuoy, with a great number of his relations, to an en- 
 tertainment, where they lived together in great harmony, 
 making good cheer for three days and nights ; when, on 
 a sudden, O'Neill was surprised with an arrest, together 
 with his brother and his wife, by the earl's orders. His 
 friends were put to the sword before his face, nof were 
 the women or children spared. He himself, with his 
 brother and wife, was sent to Dublin, where they were 
 cut into quarters." 
 
 Q. What trouble arose in Munster ? 
 
 A. For several generations the houses of Ormond and 
 Desmond, the Butlers, and the Fitzgeralds, struggled for 
 supremacy in Munster. At length a dispute arose be- 
 tween them about boundaries, and the question was re- 
 ferred to Sidney, the lord-deputy. The Ormondists, al- 
 ways noted for their diplomacy, obtained a decision in 
 their favor. To this, Desmond, who was undoubtedly 
 in the right, refused to submit, whereupon he was seized 
 by Sidney, and sent to England to be confined in the 
 Tower. 
 
 Q. What league was then organized ? 
 
 A. The princes of Munster formed a league, and then 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 1 77 
 
 took the field to defend their religion and possessions 
 against the tyranny of the government. They also sent 
 a deputation to solicit assistance from Pius V. and Philip 
 II. of Spain ; but meanwhile, Sir Peter Carew, President 
 . of Munster, acted with so much vigor that several chiefs 
 were forced to submit. 
 
 Q. Did the war then cease ? 
 
 A. It did not. A cousin oi the Earl of Desmond, 
 James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald, the soul of the league, con- 
 tinued the struggle, and obtained several victories over 
 the royal troops under Sir John Perrott. 
 
 Q. What effect did this have upon the queen ? 
 
 A. Elizabeth, anxious to preserve her authority in Ire- 
 land, released the Earl of Desmond from the Tower, and 
 bound him to put an end to the rebellion of Fitzmaurice. 
 
 Q. Did the earl keep his promise ? 
 
 A. He could not be expected to do so ; for when he 
 reached Dublin, he was forced to flee into his own 
 country to escape the treachery of Fitzwilliam, the queen's 
 deputy. 
 
 Q. What added new bitterness to the struggle ? 
 
 A. In 1577, with the approval of the deputy, Francis 
 Cosby, President of Leinster, invited all the powerful na- 
 tive families to MuUaghmast, in King's County, to confer 
 with the English settlers. Then, as the Irish came to the 
 place of meeting, four hundred of them were massacred 
 by the government troops. On the following day the 
 woods were scoured, and four hundred more were butch- 
 ered by the same cutthroats. 
 
 Q. How did Fitzmaurice seek to strengthen his cause ? 
 
 A. Leaving Roderick O' Moore, and James Eustace, Vis- 
 cuunt Baltinglass, to carry on the war, Fitzmaurice proceed- 
 ed to the continent to obtain assistance from the Catholic 
 
1 78 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 powers. Hosts of English spies watched his movements, 
 but at length, with the assistance of Gregory XIIL, he or- 
 ganized an expedition for the deliverance of his country. 
 
 Q. How were his efforts frustrated ? 
 
 A. The expedition was diverted from its object by 
 Thomas Stiickely, an English adventurer, who had obtain- 
 ed command of the fleet. Meanwhile, the brave GeraU 
 dine hastened back to Ireland with eighty companions. 
 
 Q. What became of Fitzmaurice ? 
 
 A. On his arrival his little band was dispersed by the 
 impolitic Earl of Desmond, and, a few days later, himself 
 was mortally wounded in a skirmish with some of his own 
 kindred, who were as base as he was noble. August i8th, 
 A.D. 1579. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Fitzmaurice ? 
 
 A. John, the brother of the Earl of Desmond, was 
 made head of the League. After gaining several victories 
 over his enemies, he was slain in the following year. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish have other brave leaders ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the Earl of Desmond himself, was now forced 
 into the war, by the excesses of the English leaders, who 
 desired to have an excuse for dividing his vast estates 
 among themselves. About this time also Fiach Mac 
 Hugh O' Byrne defeated the army of the deputy. Lord 
 Grey, and slew eight hundred of his men at Glenmalure, 
 in Wicklow. Among the dead were Sir Peter Carew and 
 Col. Francis Cosby, who richly deserved their end. August 
 15th, 1580. 
 
 Q. Did Desmond receive any foreign aid ? 
 
 A. Yes ; in September, a Spanish force of eight hundred 
 men landed at Smerwick, in Kerry. 
 
 Q. What was their fate ? 
 
 A. The place was invested by Lord Grey, and after 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. I79 
 
 forty days the garrison surrendered on condition of their 
 lives being spared. When all were disarmed, Sir Walter 
 Raleigh entered the fort with a body of troops, and order- 
 ed these eight hundred prisoners of war to be massacred, 
 and flung down the rocks into the sea. Among the apol- 
 ogists of this crime is the English poet Spenser, who was 
 present at the bloody scene. 
 
 Q. What became of the Earl of Desmond ? 
 
 A. After making a gallant struggle against overwhelm- 
 ing numbers, he was forced to seek safety by concealing 
 himself in a wood, where he was soon afterwards discov- 
 ered and murdered in cold blood. His head was sent to 
 England by his rival Ormond, for the gratification of Eliza- 
 beth, who ordered it to be exposed on London bridge. 
 His vast estates, amounting to five hundred and seventy- 
 four thousand six hundred and twenty-eight acres, were 
 confiscated by the queen, and divided among the enemies 
 ■who had brought him to ruin by goading him into rebel- 
 lion, A.D. 1584. 
 
 Q. What was the condition of Munster after the war ? 
 
 A. In the language of Edmund Spenser, that " most 
 populous and plentiful country" was reduced to "a heap 
 of carcasses and ashes." 
 
 Q. By whom was this state of things brought about ? 
 
 A. By the English authorities, who encouraged their 
 soldiers to kill, burn, and destroy without restraint ; and 
 so eager were these minions for slaughter, that "they 
 spared neither man, woman, nor child, but all were com- 
 mitted to the sword." — Hollinshed, iv., 430. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the practices of these Evangelical 
 Christians. 
 
 A. After Desmond's death, and the entire suppression 
 of his rebellion, unheard-of cruelties were committed ou 
 
i8o CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 the inhabitants of Munster by the English commanders. 
 Great companies of these provincials, men, women, and 
 children, were often forced into castles and other houses, 
 whidh were then set on fire. And. if any of them at- 
 tempted to escape from the flames, they were shot or 
 stabbed by the soldiers who stood guard outside. It was 
 a diversion to these monsters of men to take up infants 
 on the points of the spear, and whirl them about in their 
 agony, apologizing for their cruelty by saying, that "if 
 they suffered them to live to grow up, they would become 
 popish rebels." ** Many women were found hanging on 
 trees, with their children at their breasts, strangled by the 
 mother's hair." — Lombard. Comment, de Hibern., p. 535, 
 in note apud Curry, Hist. Review, p. 2 7. 
 
 Q. What illustrious personages were put to death on 
 account of their religion ? 
 
 A. Patrick Healy, Bishop of Mayo, racked and stran- 
 gled, 1578; Dr. Hurley, Archbishop of Cashel, hanged, 
 1584; and Richard Creagh, Archbishop of Armagh, Pri- 
 mate of all Ireland, poisoned in the Tower of London, 
 1585. Besides these, scores of bishops and priests were 
 barbarously hanged, drawn, and quartered for the faith," 
 in different parts of the country. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 Hugh ONeilly A.D. 1588 to 1615. 
 
 jHAT revived the hopes of the Irish after the 
 Geraldine war ? 
 
 A. No sooner had the Geraldine League 
 been washed out with the blood of its chiefs, 
 than a new source of hope presented itself to poor bleed- 
 ing Ireland. A vast naval expedition, known as the 
 Spanish or invincible armada, was fitted out against 
 England by Philip II., of Spain. It consisted of one 
 hundred and thirty-five vessels of war, ten thousand 
 sailors, and nineteen thousand soldiers, together with 
 immense stores, 
 
 Q. What was the fate of this expedition ? 
 
 A. Soon after leaving Spain, the fleet encountered a 
 violent storm, lost its admiral, and was partly defeated 
 by the enemy. Then, on approaching England, it was 
 dispersed in a great storm, and nineteen large vessels 
 and several thousand men were lost on the coast of 
 Ireland. y 
 
 Q. What celebrated man flourished at this time ? 
 
 A. Hugh O'Neill, nephew of Conn, the late Earl of 
 Ulster. 
 
 A. What was his character ? 
 
 A. He was brave, able, and accomplished, and was the 
 first Irish leader who knew how to use "policy" in his 
 dealings with the crafty English. 
 
 -.^ 
 
l8a CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What caused him to be suspected by the govern- 
 ment ? 
 
 A. He was mistrusted because he gave shelter and 
 assistance to the Spaniards, who had been shipwrecked 
 on the coast of Ulster during the late expedition. 
 
 Q. What led him to prepare for war ? 
 
 A. He saw how English adventurers were plundering 
 and executing one native chief after another ; and know- 
 ing that his own estates were eagerly coveted by them, he 
 determined to arm and be prepared for every emergency. 
 
 Q. Did he rely solely on his own resources ? 
 
 A. No ; he organized a confederacy which - included 
 nearly all the Irish princes ; but his principal allies were 
 Maguire of Fermanagh, and Hugh Roe O'Donnell of 
 Tyrconnell. 
 
 Q. How did the war begin ? 
 
 A. O'Neill surprised a fort on the Blackwater, and es- 
 tablished an entrenched camp; while O'Donnell over- 
 ran Longford, and, entering Connaught, drove out the 
 undertakers, a.d. 1594. 
 
 Q. Who won the first battle in the war thus inaugurated ? 
 
 A. The first engagement took place at Clontibret, 
 where O'Neill routed the army of Sir John Norris. The 
 Irish were likewise successful at Stradbally Bridge, and at 
 Armagh, a.d., 1595. 
 
 Q. Did success continue to crown their efforts ? 
 
 A. Yes ; they were victorious at Drumflinch, where 
 Lord Borough, the deputy, and his chief officers lost their 
 lives ; and in West Meath, where Captain Richard Tyrrell 
 slew one thousand Anglo-Irish in the pass which still 
 bears his name. In 1598 Ormond, the lord-lieutenant, 
 was routed at Leix, and lost four hundred men ; but the 
 greatest defeat suffered by the English was at Yellow 
 
-if''«f:-'5! 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 183 
 
 Ford, near Armagh, where Marshal Bagnal was slain with 
 one thousand seven hundred of his men. The Irish on 
 this occasion lost but eight hundred in killed and wounded. 
 Aug. 15, 1598. 
 
 Q. Who was now appointed to command the queen's 
 troops ? 
 
 A. Robert, Earl of Essex, son of the famous under- 
 taker, was next sent against O'Neill. Besides two thou- 
 sand horse and twenty thousand foot soldiers, he received 
 the immense siim of three hundred and forty thousand 
 pounds yearly with which to carry on the war. 
 
 Q. Were the Irish able to oppose this force? • 
 
 A. They were not ; but Essex divided his army, and 
 the Irish, avoiding a general engagement, obtained several 
 successes by cutting off his detachments. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the triumphs. 
 
 A. In a skirmish with the O'Moores of Leix, Essex lost 
 five hundred men, and, to this day, the place of the en- 
 gagement is called "The Pass of the Plumes," from the 
 number of feathers left there by his cavalrymen ; in 
 Wicklow the O' Byrnes overthrew another detachment ; 
 and in the Carlow mountains. Sir Conyers Clifford, gover- 
 nor of Connaught, was killed with one thousand four hun- 
 dred of his men, by O'Ruark and O'Donnell, whose loss 
 was but one hundred and forty. 
 
 Q. What did Essex do after these reverses ? 
 
 A. He made a tnice with O'Neill, and then hastened to 
 England to appease the queen ; but on his arrival he tvas 
 sent to the Tower, where he was soon afterwards be- 
 headed. 
 
 Q. Who was the next lord-deputy ? 
 
 A. Charles Blount, better known as Lord Mpantjoy, a. 
 D. 1600. -i^; :;: 
 
l84 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What course did this man pursue ? 
 
 A. He made a freer use of " art and cunning" than of 
 arms, thus carrying out Lord Bacon's advice, viz. : first, 
 to divide his enemies, and then to conquer them. To 
 accomph'sh this, various base means were used ; " sham 
 and counterfeit letters," written by Sir George Carew ; 
 bribes offered to the lesser princes ; prices placed on the 
 heads of the leaders, and assassination when all else failed. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of such wicked policy ? 
 
 A. The result was most deplorable. Thus a " Queen's 
 O'Reilly " was raised up in Cavan ; a " Queen's Maguire," 
 in P'ermanagh ; and so on throughout the land. Among 
 those lured by promises of reward was the able but impe- 
 rious Niall Garve O'Donnell, who had up to this time done 
 good service for his country. 
 
 Q. What brave leader did the Irish lose ? 
 
 A. The gallant Maguire, who was mortally wounded in 
 single combat with Marshal St. Leger, whom he slew. 
 
 Q. What assistance did O'Neill receive ? 
 
 A. In 1 60 1, about three thousand Spaniards landed in 
 Munster, and took possession of Kinsale. 
 
 Q. How did the rival commanders act. 
 
 A. Mountjoy hastened to invest the place with a large 
 fleet, and an army of fifteen thousand men, while O'Neill 
 and O'Donnell came to its aid with a force numbering 
 about seven thousand. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish risk a battle ? 
 
 A. Yes ; urged by tee repeated entreaties of Don Joan, 
 the Spanish general, O'Neill reluctantly consented to 
 attack the superior force of Mountjoy, and, had not his 
 plans been betrayed to the enemy, the result jnight have 
 been successful. 
 
 Q. Was O'Neill defeated ? 
 
':/'?-w"''" 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. ' 185 
 
 A. He was, with the loss of one thousand two hundred 
 men, besides several prisoners whom the English slew in 
 cold blood. O'Neill then withdrew to Ulster, and Kin- 
 sale was surrendered by the Spaniards. 
 
 Q. How was O'Neill deprived of his principal ally? 
 
 A. O'Donnell was dispatched to implore the king of 
 Spain for further assistance, but he was stricken with fever 
 at Simancas, and died on the loth of September, 1602, in 
 the twenty-ninth year of his age ? 
 
 Q. What took place at Dunboy ? 
 
 A. At the castle of Dunboy one hundred and forty-three 
 men under Richard Mac Geoghegan held four thousand 
 English veterans in check during eleven days. In vain 
 did Carew swear and offer his bribes; the brave defenders 
 died one by one at their post till but fifty-eight survived, 
 and these, overpowered by numbers, were haHged in the 
 English camp, so that not one of that heroic band escaped 
 alive. 
 
 Q. To what condition had the war reduced the coun- 
 try ? 
 
 A. The whole island was in a frightful state of desola- 
 tion ; and death, either by famine, or the sword, was the 
 usual fate of the inhabitants. 
 
 Q. Give an instance showing the perfidy of the English 
 queen ? 
 
 A.- Jn «6o2, she issued a proclamation that all priests 
 should leave the country, and, to enable them to do so, she 
 promised them a free passage. Fifty-one monks accepted 
 this offer, but when they were in mid-ocean, all were 
 flung into the sea, in accordance with private instnictions 
 received from Elizabeth. 
 
 Q. Were these ihe only ones put to death for the faith 
 by this wicked queen ? 
 
1 86 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. No ; all through her reign bishops and priests were 
 slaughtered in great numbers. 
 
 Q. Did Catholic education suffer much under Eliza- 
 beth ? 
 
 A. Yes ; Catholics were not permitted to have their 
 own schools, or to educate their own children. They 
 remedied this, however, by founding seminaries at Sala- 
 manca, in 1582, at Lisbon, in 1595, at Douay, in 1596, 
 and at Bordeaux, in 1603. 
 
 Q. What institution did the Protestants found to pro- 
 mote their views ? 
 
 A. They established Trinity College, on the site of the 
 ancient Monastery of All Hallows, a.d. 1601. 
 
 Q. Did O'Neill continue the war ? 
 
 A. He did for some time longer, but at length, being 
 unwilling to increase the sufferings of his country by pro- 
 longing the contest, he accepted honorable terms from 
 Mountjoy, and submitted to Elizabeth, who died before 
 the good news reached her. 
 
 Q. Who succeeded Elizabeth ? "^ 
 
 A. James VI. of Scotland, who took the title of 
 "James the First, King of Great Britain and Ireland." 
 
 Q. What measures did he carry into effect in Ireland ? 
 
 A. He enforced the penal laws, abolished Tanistry and 
 Gavelkind, and divided the whole kingdom into judicial 
 circuits, presided over by English judges. 
 
 Q, How did O'Neill become the victim of artifice ? 
 
 A. An anonymous letter was dropped in the Council 
 Chamber at Dublin Castle, containing charges of high 
 treason against him and O'Donnell, Earl of Tyrconnell, on 
 the ground that they had attended a meeting of Catholic 
 gentlemen. 
 
 Q. What course did the accused pursue ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 187 
 
 A. Although innocent of the charge of treason, they 
 knew that the government had resolved on their destruc- 
 tion, and that a jury could easily be packed fo convict 
 them, and hence they fled to the continent, a.d. 1607. 
 
 Q. What other event marks this year ? 
 
 A. O'Doherty, Prince of Innishowen, received a gross 
 insult from Paulett, Governor of Derry, and at once flew 
 to arms, and, putting the garrison of Derry to the sword, 
 wiped out the affront in the blood of its author. This 
 outbreak lasted but a few months, and the young chief, 
 who was scarcely twenty-one, atoned for his rashness with 
 his life. 
 
 Q. What was the fate of O'Neill and his companions ? 
 
 A. The year made memorable by the "flight of the 
 earls," is also noted for that of the death of most of them. 
 In July, O'Donnell died at Rome ; in August, Maguire ex- 
 pired at Genoa ; and in September, another was laid in his 
 grave. O'Neill himself lingered on eight weary years at 
 Rome, and died an exile among strangers, leaving only &i 
 imperishable name, a.d. 16 16. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Confiscation and Extortion, A.Z>.,i6oS to 1641. 
 
 I HAT occurred in Ulster after the "flight of 
 the earls ? " 
 
 A. All the six counties of Ulster were con- 
 fiscated by a royal commission under Sir Wil- 
 liam Parsons. L 
 
 Q. How did the government dispose of them ? 
 
 A. Certain regulations were drawn up under the title of 
 " Orders and Conditions of Planters," by which the six 
 counties were to be settled by " colonies of civil men well 
 affected in religion." 
 
 Q. Who obtained grants ? 
 
 A. The Protestant bishops of Ulster got forty-three 
 thousand acres ; Trinity College, thirty thousand acres ; 
 the trades-union associations of London, two hundred and 
 nine thousand eight hundred acres, including the city of 
 Derry, which they rebuilt and called Londonderry. Pri- 
 vate individuals received the remainder in sections of one 
 thousand, one thousand five hundred, and two thousand 
 acres each — in all, about three hundred and eighty-five 
 thousand acres. 
 
 Q. What was one of the conditions under which the 
 land was given ? 
 
 A. The main condition was, that no one refusing to 
 
CATECHISM OF tklSIt HISTORY. 189 
 
 take the oath of supremacy, should be suflFeied to reside 
 thereon, thereby excluding all Catholics. 
 
 Q. Was the confiscation just and lawful? 
 
 A. No ; but contrary to all law and justice. To give 
 some appearance of legality to his robbery, King James 
 sought the sanction of his parliament in 1613. 
 
 Q. Did this assembly approve of the king's conduct ? 
 
 A. Not until he had packed it by the creation of forty 
 new boroughs in one day. The new members, being his 
 creatures, supported the king. 
 
 Q. What new scheme for plunder did James concoct ? 
 
 A. He formed " The Commission for the Discovery of 
 Defective Titles," to detect pretended flaws in the deeds 
 of property holders, in order that he might seize the land, 
 or compel the owners to pay heavily for new titles. 
 
 Q. Who presided over this commission ? 
 
 A. Sir William Parsons, a great bigot, who had come to 
 Ireland in a menial condition. 
 
 Q. By what means did Parsons procure evidence ? 
 
 A. By taking a horde of spies and "discoverers" into 
 his pay, and by torturing witnesses in the most cruel man- 
 ner. Thus, in the case of the O' Byrnes of Wicklow, one 
 gentleman, named Archer, was placed on a gridiron over 
 a charcoal fire, and had his body burned with hot irons till 
 he testified whatever Parsons wanted. 
 
 Q. What was the fruit of this barbarity ? 
 
 A. The king obtained four hundred and fifty-one thou- 
 sand acres in Leinster. 
 
 Q. Did James meditate other confiscations ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he had the Scotch itch for money, and it was 
 his intention to confiscate Connaught also ; but before he 
 could effect his purpose, he was cut off by death, and suc- 
 ceeded by his son Charles I., a.d. 1625. 
 
190 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. How did the new king treat his Irish subjects ? 
 
 A. Like his father, he never ceased to rob and perse- 
 cute them. 
 
 Q. What step did some Catholic gentlemen take at this 
 time ? 
 
 A. They held a meeting in Dublin, and being joined by 
 several Protestants of rank, they sent a petition to the 
 king, requesting him to grant the people certain rights, 
 mildly called "graces." 
 
 Q. Enumerate these graces. 
 
 A. Free trade ; equal justice ; security of property ; the 
 prevention of military excesses ; a mitigation of the ex- 
 cesses practised by the parsons ; the abolition of ecclesi- 
 astical prisons, and a general free pardon for past of- 
 fences. 
 
 Q. What did the petitioners offer for these conces- 
 sions ? 
 
 A. They agreed to give the king the sum of one hun- 
 dred thousand pounds, then equal to ten times that 
 amount at present. 
 
 Q. Did Charles take the money ? 
 
 A. He did, and several thousand pounds sterling in ad- 
 dition. 
 
 Q. Did he grant the graces ? 
 
 A. He did not ; for the reason that he feared the en- 
 mity of the Protestant clergy. 
 
 Q. How did the Protestant bishops meddle in this af- 
 fair ? 
 
 A. They declared with great bigotry and ill manners 
 that •' to grant papists a toleration, or to consent that 
 they may freely exercise their religion, and profess their 
 faith and doctrines, was a grievous sin," therefore, they 
 prayed God *• to make those in authority zealous, reso- 
 
.'■y^f^'^- ■_.- - ■•----'■■ ' ^\~-~ 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 191 
 
 lute, and courageous, against all popery, superstition, 
 and idolatry," which terms they applied to the Catholic 
 religion. 
 
 Q. By whom was Charles guided ? 
 
 A. By Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, who advised 
 him not to grant the graces, and promised to take the 
 blame upon himself. 
 
 Q. How was this man rewarded ? 
 
 A. He was made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, and was 
 thus enabled to render other vile services to his master, 
 which he did by remitting him several hundred thousand 
 pounds sterling, which he had extorted from the Irish 
 parliament under the title of " Voluntary Contributions." 
 
 Q. In what other way did he obtain money ? 
 
 A. He sent the "Commission on Defective Titles" 
 into Connaught, and the result was that several counties 
 were declared forfeited to the crown. 
 
 Q. How was this brought about ? 
 
 A. The judges were bribed with four shillings in the 
 pound, on the first year's rental of all estates, if a verdict 
 were found for the king ; the juries were packed, bribed, 
 and intimidated, and, if conscientious in their decisions, 
 they were fined, pilloried, and even mutilated ; the people, 
 meanwhile, were overawed by a strong military force which 
 surrounded these courts of injustice. 
 
 Q. Did these measures always secure a favorable ver- 
 dict? 
 
 A. With few exceptions they did. On one occasion, in 
 Galway, when the decision was against the government, 
 the opposing lawyers were degraded, the juries fined four 
 thousand- pounds each, and the sheriff, after being sen- 
 tenced to pay one thousand pounds, was left to die in 
 prison. 
 
192 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. How could proprietors save their estates ? 
 
 A. By redeeming them. 
 
 Q. What new injustice did Strafford invent? 
 
 A. He instituted a tribunal called "The Court of 
 Wards," which had authority to take Catholic children, and 
 bring them up in the Protestant religion. 
 . Q. Wliat became of this tyrant ? 
 
 A. After harassing Ireland for seven years, he was at 
 length recalled to England, where he was soon afterwards 
 impeached, and executed by order of the Puritan parlia- 
 ment, for favoring the king, a.d. 1640. 
 
 Q. What declaration was made by the Irish parlia- 
 ment ? 
 
 A. The parliament of Ireland, wrought into despera- 
 tion by Strafford, at length resolved unanimously, in 1641, 
 that the subjects of Ireland "were a free people, to be 
 governed only by the common law of England, and the 
 sta*ules made and established in the kingdom of Ireland, 
 and according to the lawful customs used in the same." 
 
 Q. What nobleman left his country to enjoy religious 
 freedom in America ? 
 
 A. Lord Baltimore, an Irish Catholic peer, who estab- 
 lished a settlement on the Potomac, in Maryland, Febru- 
 ary 24fh, A.D. 1634. Though Virginia had been settled 
 by the Episcopalians, New York by the Dutch, and Mas- 
 sachusetts by the Puritans, still the Catholic colony of 
 Maryland was the only one, at that time, which granted 
 religious liberty to all classes of Christians. 
 
 Q. What Irishmen deserve honor for the part they took 
 in preserving the history of their country ? 
 
 A. Rev. Hugh Ward, of St. Anthony's, Louvain, who 
 sent the Rev. Michael O'Cleary to Ireland, to collect ma- 
 terials for a work on the Irish saints, a.d. 1655 ; Fergal 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 193 
 
 O'Gara, Prince of Cooloviun, and patron of Michael 
 O'Cleary, chief of the Four Masters. 
 
 Q. Who were the Four Masters ? 
 
 A. They were the compilers of an immense work on 
 the sacred and profane " AnnaU of the Ancient Kingdom 
 of Ireland." Their names are Cucogry O'Cleary, Perfeasa 
 O'Mulconry, Cucogry O'Duigenan, and Michael O'Cleary, 
 1580-1643. 
 
 Q. When did they complete their labors ? 
 
 A. They began in the Convent of Donegal, on the 22d 
 of January, 1632, and finished on the loth of August, 1636. 
 In memory of them, their great work is commonly called 
 the "Annals of the Four Masters." 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Catholic Confederation, A.D. 1641 to 1660. 
 
 I HO were the Puritans ? 
 
 A. The Puritans were a set of fanatics 
 who rose to power in England and Scotland 
 in the reign of Charles I. They were fol- 
 lowers of Calvin, and so intolerant that they enforced 
 their views by penal laws and the free use of the sword. 
 
 Q. How did their success affect Ireland ? 
 
 A. Having obtained control of the government, their 
 leaders declared that •' they would not leave a priest in 
 Ireland," and that " their conversion would be effected 
 with the sword in one hand and the Bible in the other." 
 
 Q. Were these threats made by those in authority ? 
 
 A. Yes ; Lord Clarendon says that the Puritan leaders 
 " had sworn to extirpate the whole Irish nation," and 
 Carte affirms that " the lords-justices had set their hearts 
 on the extirpation, not only of the mere Irish, but like- 
 wise of all the English families that were Roman Catho- 
 lics." 
 
 Q. What measures did the Catholics take for their 
 safety ? 
 
 A. A gentleman named Roger Moore induced the 
 native Catholics to unite for mutual defence. Accord- 
 ingly, on the 23d of October, 1641, they anticipated their 
 enemies, and took the field under Sir Phelim O'Neill. 
 
 Q. What did O'Neill do on that day ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 1 95 
 
 A. He declared by proclamation that the object of the 
 Catholics was not hostiUty " to any subjects, either Eng- 
 lish or Scotch, but only the defence and liberties of the 
 Irish natives of this kingdom." 
 
 Q. Was this declaration true ? 
 
 A. It was, most undoubtedly ; but, as a set-off to the 
 wholesale slaughter committed by themselves during the 
 war, the Puritans afterwards pretended that a great 
 slaughter of Englishmen took place on the day of the 
 rising. 
 
 Q. Were there any grounds for this charge ? 
 
 A. No ; there were none whatever, as is proved from 
 the testimony of respectable Protestant historians, and 
 from the contradictory and irreconcilable statements of 
 those who afterwards made the charge. Besides, there 
 is no mention of any such massacre in the despatches of 
 the lords-lieutenants of the time, and these functionaries, 
 certainly, would not miss the opportunity of exciting hate 
 against the rebels, as they styled the Catholics, if the 
 charges were true. 
 
 Q. Where was the first massacre committed ? 
 
 A. At Island Magee, where three thousand men, 
 women, and children were put to death in one night by 
 the Scotch garrison of Carrickfergus, which came upon 
 them suddenly, November, 1641. 
 
 Q. Who was the chief author of butcheries like this ? 
 
 A. Sir Charles Coote, who declared that he would not 
 spare even a babe, though " it were but a span long." 
 This child-slayer kept his word faithfully ; but, as might 
 be expected, he extended his hate to adults also. Thus, 
 by his orders, nineteen persons were massacred near 
 Dublin, and fifty -six drowned in the bay of that city. 
 
 Q. What was the effect of these atrocities ? 
 
196 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 A. The Catholic lords of the Pale met the native 
 leaders at the hill of Crofty on December 8th, and, on. 
 being assured that their object was " to maintain the 
 royal prerogative, and make the subjects of Ireland as 
 free as those of England," they, too, joined the national 
 cause. 
 
 Q. How did the English parliament raise money ? 
 
 A. It confiscated two million five hundred thousand 
 acres of land from Catholics, and then, having sold them 
 to Protestants for one million pounds, it was thus enabled 
 to put a large army in the field. 
 
 Q. Who took command of the government forces ? 
 
 A. James Butler, Duke of Ormond, one of the most 
 crafty and treacherous characters that ever appeared in 
 Irish history. 
 
 Q. What orders did he receive for the conduct of the 
 war? 
 
 A. The Council at Dublin Castle sent him the following 
 instruction : — " It is resolved that it is fit that his lordship 
 do endeavor with his majesty's forces to wound, kill, slay, 
 and destroy, by all the ways and means he may, all the 
 said rebels, their adherents and relievers ; and burn, waste, 
 spoil, consume, destroy, and demolish all the places, towns, 
 and houses where the said rebels are or have been re- 
 lieved or harbored, and all the hay and corn there ; and 
 kill and destroy all the men there inhabiting, capable to 
 bear arms." Given at the Castle of Dublin, on the 23d 
 of February, 1642. 
 
 Q. What encouragement did the native leaders receive 
 from the clergy ? 
 
 A. On the 22d of March, 1642, the bishops of the 
 Synod of Kells pronounced the war "just and lawful," 
 and forbade all unnecessary violence. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 197 
 
 Q. What convention was held by the Catholics ? 
 
 A. On the loth of May following, the bishops, lords, 
 and commons of Ireland held a convention, at Kilkenny, 
 and organized a regular form of government, called " The 
 Catholic Confederation." The supreme power was vested 
 in a council composed of three archbishops, two bishops, 
 four lords, and fifteen commoners. Lord Mountgarret was 
 made president of this council. 
 
 Q. To what did the Confederates bind, themselves ? 
 
 A. They took an oath by which they bound themselves 
 to maintain the fundamental laws of Ireland, the free ex- 
 ercise of the Catholic religion, and never to accept any 
 peace without the consent of the General Assembly of the 
 Catholics of Ireland. 
 
 Q. What accessions were made to the national army ? 
 
 A. Hundreds of soldiers serving in France and Spain 
 now hastened to the assistance of their struggling country. 
 Thus, on July. 6th, Colonel Owen Roe O'Neill landed in 
 Donegal with one hundred officers and a supply of ammu- 
 nition ; and in September, Colonel Thomas Preston 
 arrived at Wexford with five hundred officers, a number 
 of engineers, and a quantity of military stores. 
 
 Q. Who were flie prmcipal leaders on the Catholic 
 side ? 
 
 A. At a meeting of the General Assembly, held October 
 23d, Owen Roe O'Neill was appointed to carry on the 
 war in Ulster ; Thomas Preston, in Leinster ; Gerald 
 Barry, in Munster ; and John Burke, in Connaught. 
 
 Q. Give a summary of the war for the first two years. 
 
 A. Besides obtaining possession of the greater portion 
 of the island, the Confederates were successful at Portles- 
 ter, Kilworth, and Galway ; but they were defeated at 
 Kilrush, Liscarroll, Ballynakill, Rathconnell, and Ard- 
 
 I 
 
1^ i CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 more, where one hundred and forty persons were massa- 
 cred in cold blood. 
 
 Q. What put an end to hostilities- for a time? 
 
 A. On the 13th of September, 1643, the Anglo-Irish 
 majority of the Supreme Council signed a twelve months' 
 truce with Ormond at Castlemartin, and, in gratitude for 
 this supposed favor, they agreed to supply King Charles 
 with thirty thousand pounds in money, and provisions to 
 assist him against the Puritans, who were up in arms. 
 By the diplomacy of Ormond the truce was prolonged foi 
 half a year. 
 
 Q. How did the Puritans act in the meanwhile ? 
 
 A. They protested loudly against making peace with 
 papists, and ordered Gen. Monroe to break the truce, 
 which he did by taking Newry, and putting to death sixty 
 men, eighteen women, and two ecclesiastics. After this 
 he enriched his own country by the immense booty he 
 sent from Antrim to Scotland, one item alone being nine 
 thousand head of cattle. * 
 
 Q. Did the Catholics desire peace ? 
 
 A. The native Irish did not, but those of English or 
 Anglo-Norman descent desired ardently to be reconciled 
 with their kin. Hence, by their influence, deputies were 
 sent to the king to inform him that his dutiful Catholic 
 subjects would lay down their arms if the penal laws were 
 repealed. Charles would probably have promised this, 
 had he not feared the Puritans, who demanded that all 
 these enactments be strictly enforced. 
 
 Q. What order did the English parliament issue to its 
 officers carrying on the war ? 
 
 A. It issued the " No Quarter Act," which is as follows : 
 " The lords and commons, assembled in the parliament 
 of England, do declare that no quarter shall be given to 
 
:tS^'-- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 199 
 
 any Irishman, or to any papist born in Ireland, which shall 
 be taken in hostility against the parliament, either upon 
 sea, or within the kingdom or dominion of Wales ; and, 
 therefore, do order that the lord-general, the lord-admi- 
 ral, and all other officers and commanders, both by sea 
 and land, shall except all Irishmen and all papists born in 
 Ireland, out of all capitulation hereafter to be made with 
 the enemy, and shall, upon the taking of every such Irish- 
 man and papist born in Ireland, as aforesaid, forthwith put 
 every such person to death." a.d. 1644. 
 
 Q. Did this infamous order open the eyes of the Catho- 
 lics ? 
 
 A. No ; despite this bloody edict of parliament, Or- 
 n^ond, the king's representative, still managed to mis- 
 lead the majority of the Confederates by his promises. 
 
 Q. Were any Irish in the service of the king ? 
 
 A. Yes ; at this time fifteen hundred of them were serv- 
 ing in Scotland, where they won a succession of victories 
 over the king's enemies. 
 
 Q. Were the Confederates in Ireland equally fortu- 
 nate? 
 
 A. No ; the strong fort of Duncannon was surrendered 
 to the Puritans, by an Englishman, and the town of Sligo 
 was carried by assault, October 26th, 1645. Despite 
 these losses, however, the Catholics were much encour- 
 aged by the arrival of John Baptist Rinuccini, Archbishop 
 of Fermo, who landed in Munster as nuncio of Innocent 
 X., with a supi^ly of arms and money. 
 
 Q. What took place within the next few months ? 
 
 A. There arose two parties in the Supreme Council — 
 the Anglo-Irish, who wished to deal gently with the govern- 
 ment ; and the native Irish, headed by the nuncio, who 
 advocated the vigorous prosecution of the war. The 
 
zoo CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 former had been deceived by Ormond ; but, nevertheless, 
 like penitent children, they longed for a reconciliation. 
 When, therefore, the king sent them Herbert, Earl of 
 Glamorgan, they concluded a treaty with him which 
 secured to them equal rights, civil and religious, March 
 28th, 1646. Then to show their loyalty, they voted six 
 thousand troops to assist Charles against his enemies ; 
 but to their astonishment, when the treaty was made pub- 
 lic, the king disavowed it. 
 
 Q. What misfortune overtook the faithless Charles ? 
 
 A. His subjects rose in rebellion, and defeated his 
 troops in several battles; at last he was forced to seek 
 refuge among the Scotch, who sold him to his own parlia- 
 ment for the sum of four hundred thousand pounds. 
 
 Q. Which was the greatest battle fought during this 
 war? 
 
 A. That of Benburb, where Owen Roe O'Neill, with five 
 thousand native troops, defeated General Monroe, at the 
 head of eight thousand Puritans. In this battle the loss 
 on the Catholic side was but seventy killed and two hun- 
 dred wounded, whereas on that of the enemy it was three 
 thousand two hundred and forty-three, with several pris- 
 oners, thirty- two standards, and an immense quantity of 
 guns, tents, ammunition, etc., June 4th, 1646. 
 
 Q. Did the Confederates continue to prosper ? 
 
 A. They did for a time ; but, at length, the rival par- 
 ties in the Supreme Council came to an open rupture, 
 and to this alone must be attributed their subsequent 
 failure at Dublin and elsewhere. Then, owing to the 
 influence of the Anglo-Catholics, the war languished for 
 two years, when Rinuccini left the country in disgust, 
 February, 1649. Six months later, the Puritans defeated 
 Ormond at Rathmines, and then Oliver Cromwell, the 
 
■^TsTi^f-' •"■ - " '--.f.-'-v-: ""«-.'-■ "/-.-' -^ .-7.:<-::;;ir:-|^--:?jiC--,- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 201 
 
 famous Puritan general, landed at Dublin with fovuleen 
 thousand»men, to put an end to the struggle. 
 
 Q. For what is Cromwell's career in Ireland noted ? 
 
 A. It is remarkable for the amount of blood which he 
 shed in a few months. Thus, at Drogheda, although 
 quarter had been promised, the work of slaughter lasted 
 five days, and the three thousand men comprising the 
 garrison were put to the sword, together with one thou- 
 sand unresisting victims, who had sought refuge in the 
 great church. The few who escaped death were sent as 
 slaves to the Barbadoes, September nth. At Wexford 
 the enemy broke into the town during a truce, and " no 
 distinction," says Lingard, "was made between the de- 
 fenceless inhabitants and the armed soldiers ; nor could 
 the shrieks of three hundred females, who had gathered 
 round the great cross, preserve them from the swords of 
 these ruthless barbarians." By Cromwell himself the 
 number slaughtered here is put down at two thousand, 
 including men, women, and children, October i6th. 
 
 Q. Did parliament sanction the conduct of Cromwell ? 
 
 A. Yes ; on the 2d of October it declared " that the 
 house doth approve of the execution at Drogheda, both as 
 an act of. justice to them and mercy to others who may 
 be warned by it." 
 
 Q. What great leader did the Irish lose at this crisis ? 
 
 A. Owen Roe O'Neill, who was suddenly struck down 
 by death at Clough- Oughter Castle, as he was marching 
 to meet Cromwell ; and thus perished the only hope of 
 his country, a victim, it is supposed, to the fear and mal- 
 ice of his enemies, November 6th, 1645. 
 
 Q. Did the* Irish endeavor to protract the struggle ? 
 
 A. Yes ; after Charles I. had been beheaded by his 
 subjects in 1649, the Royalists proclaimed the Prince of 
 
202 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Wales king, under the title of Charles II. The Irish 
 leaders, however, withdrew their support from him for 
 having violated his promises to them, when he found it 
 necessary to court the favor of their Scotch enemies, and, 
 as a last resource, they invited the Duke of Loraine to 
 Ireland as protector ; but Ormond and Prince Charles 
 found means to defeat this new move. 
 
 Q. What acts of tyranny were now committed ? 
 
 A. Cromwell was installed as lord-protector in 1653, 
 whereupon he confiscated three million acres of land in 
 Ireland, and drove the native owners into Con naught, 
 where they were pent up in bondage for seven years, 
 May ist, 1654. "All of them who after that time should 
 be found in any other part of the kingdom, man, woman, 
 or child, might be killed by anybody who saw or met 
 them." The total amount of land confiscated from the 
 Catholics under the Commonwealth was seven million 
 seven hundred and eight thousand two hundred and 
 thirty-seven acres. 
 
 Q. What other events are worthy of note ? 
 
 A. Forty thousand fighting men were forced to seek 
 shelter in foreign lands ; and at least sixty thousand boys 
 and girls, men and women, were sent as slaves to Vir- 
 ginia, New England, and the West India Islands, a.d. 
 1655. In this year also regular posts were first estab- 
 lished in Ireland. 
 
 Q. When did Cromwell die ? 
 
 A. Cromwell died in 1658, after having put to death 
 three bishops, three hundred priests, and many thousands 
 of people, besides those slain in battle. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of those who were especially con- 
 spicuous during this epoch. 
 
 A. Among the Puritans were Ireton, Jones, and 
 
-''^TJP'P^- 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 203 
 
 O'Brien or Inchiquin, "the church-burner;" and on the 
 side of the Catholics, Sir Richard Belling, David Rothe, 
 Bishop of Ossory, Heber McMahon, Bishop of Clogher, 
 Rev. Geoffry Keating, the historian, and Father Luke 
 Warding, one of the most learned men of his age. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Protestant Ascendency^ A.D. 1660 to 1685. 
 
 I HAT is meant by " the Restoration " ? 
 
 A. This term implies that the Stuart line 
 was restored to tne throne in the person of 
 Charles H., a.d. 1660. 
 
 Q. What was the policy of the new king ? 
 
 A. He sought to promote Protestant interests by every 
 means in his power. 
 
 Q. How did he treat the Puritans, who had beheaded 
 his father, and fought against himself? 
 
 A. In England they received little favor ; but in Ire- 
 land, strange to say, ihey were entrusted with the govern- 
 ment, and confirmed in the possession of the lands they 
 had seized, in order, it was pretended, that they might 
 maintain Protestant ascendency in the country. 
 
 Q. Who was the author of this policy ? 
 
 A. The chancellor, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon. 
 
 Q. Was Charles II. under obligations to the Irish ? 
 
 A. Yes ; and his treatment of them was the more base, 
 because, with few exceptions, they had always been loyal 
 to him, and had died by thousands in the service of his 
 father. 
 
 Q. Whom did he make lord-lieutenant ? 
 
 A. Ormond, the wily enemy of the Catholics. 
 
 Q. What occurred under his administration ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY: 205 
 
 A. A parliament was held in Ireland for the first time 
 in twenty years ; but the members were chiefly adventur- 
 ers who had acquired estates from Cromwell. After 
 securing the good-will of Ormond by a grant of thirty thou- 
 sand pounds, they proceeded to legislate in their own favor, 
 concerning the lands confiscated from the Catholics, A.D. 
 1661. 
 
 Q. Did the Catholics try to recover their estates ? 
 
 A. Yes ; under the leadership of such men as Sir 
 Richard Nagle, Sir Nicholas Plunket, Sir Richard Talbot, 
 and the Earl of Kildare, they sought to obtain their just 
 rights; but the king, the deputy, and the Puritan majority 
 were against them, and, of course, they did not succeed. 
 
 Q. How did parliament mask its injustice ? 
 
 A. It passed a *• Bill of Settlement," which provided 
 that a special tribunal should decide all land claims ; but 
 after settling eight hundred cases, the tribunal was abol- 
 ished, leaving three thousand cases undecided, because 
 the claims of the Catholics proved too strong, a.d. 1663. 
 
 Q. How did the Protestants prevent these claims from 
 being paid? ^ . 
 
 A. They formed associations for mutual protection, 
 and they even conspired to seize Dublin Castle, and the 
 person of the lord-lieutenant, if their estates should be 
 given back to the original Catholic owners. 
 
 Q. In what new wickedness did the enemies of Ireland 
 in the meanwhile engage ? 
 
 A. In both England and Ireland the enemies of the 
 Catholics were busy spreading reports of terrible popish 
 plots, conspiracies, and intended massacres. 
 
 Q^ Wh|3,t action did the Catholics think it prudent to 
 take ? 
 
 A. In order to vindicate their loyalty and explain their 
 
2o6 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 relations with the Pope, some of them drew up a remon- 
 strance ; but, as it was tainted with Gallicanism, it was 
 condemned at Rome. 
 
 Q. Mention an incident which shows the bigotry of the 
 time ? 
 
 A. Before the year 1666 the Irish annually exported 
 into England sixty thousand beeves, and a proportionate 
 number of sheep. In that year, however, in response to 
 a petition, the English parliament passed a law to prevent 
 the importation of Irish cattle, dead or alive, into Eng- 
 land. Just then, also, the great fire occurred in London, 
 and the Irish sent fifteen thousand bullocks for the relief 
 of the sufferers. But even this act of generosity was mis- 
 interpreted, and, though they kept the beeves, the English 
 authorities represented the act as an attempt to evade the 
 cattle law. 
 
 Q. Did Ormond confer any benefit on Ireland ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he introduced several establishments for the 
 manufacture of woollen goods. Though his motives were 
 selfish, his enterprise was beneficial to the whole country, 
 A.D. 1667. 
 
 Q. Did other industries^lso increase ? 
 
 A. No ; for the government discouraged enterprise on 
 the pretence that it would interfere with English interests. 
 They thought that if Ireland were permitted to prosper, 
 she would soon become independent. 
 
 Q. What was the result of this policy ? 
 
 A. Trade and manufactures never developed to any ex- 
 tent. Even the mines and the fisheries were shamefully 
 neglected, though they were sources of untold wealth, and 
 might have given employment to several hundred thou- 
 sand men. 
 
 Q. In what condition was religion ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 207 
 
 A. During the last few years the Catholics had gained 
 rapidly both in wealth and numbers. The ratio between 
 them and the sectaries was as four to one in their favor. 
 The government evidently feared for its army in Ireland, 
 as we see from the following penalties : P'or hearing 
 mass officers were fined ten pounds, troopers, five pounds, 
 and private soldiers, four shillings. 
 
 Q. What new plot was gotten up against the Catholics ? 
 
 A. In 1678 great excitement was caused in England 
 by Titus Oates, an infamous perjurer, who charged the 
 Catholics of the kingdom with conspiring against the king 
 and the Protestant religion. • 
 
 Q. How did these false charges affect Ireland ? 
 
 A. Although knowing them to be innocent, Ormond at 
 once disarmed the Catholics, closed their chapels, sup- 
 pressed their schools, and commanded all priests to quit 
 the island by a certain day. 
 
 Q. What illustrious man was executed on false 
 charges ? 
 
 A. Oliver Plunket, Archbishop of Armagh. Under 
 pretence that he was an enemy to the state, he was taken 
 to England, where he was hanged, drawn, and quartered, 
 A.D. 168 1. 
 
 Q. When did Charles II. die ? 
 
 A. On the 6th of February, a.d. 1685. 
 
CHAPTER VII.' 
 
 The Civil War, A.D. 1685 to 1702. 
 
 |H0 succeeded Charles II. on the throne? 
 
 A. His brother, James II., who was a 
 Catholic. 
 
 Q, What policy did the new king adopt ? 
 
 A. He declared that all his subjects should have equal 
 rights in matters of religion. 
 
 Q. How did he excite the enmity of his people ? 
 
 A. By his zeal in favor of his own religion. Though 
 his motives were good, his measures were undoubtedly 
 rash. 
 
 Q. What did he do in Ireland ? 
 
 A. He substituted for Ormond his own kinsman, the 
 Earl of Clarendon, and admitted Catholics to the bench 
 and to the privy council. Then, sifter the space of a 
 year, Richard Talbot, Earl of Tyrconnell, who was a 
 Catholic, was made lord-lieutenant. 
 
 Q. What treason were the EngUsh Protestants guilty of? 
 
 A. They offered the crown to William, Prince of 
 Orange, who soon arrived in England with thirteen thou- 
 sand men, to uphold Protestant supremacy, a.d. 1688. 
 
 Q. How did James act in this emergency ? 
 
 A. He fled to France without striking a blow in de- 
 fence of his throne. In Ireland, however, his friends pre- 
 pared to maintain his cause. 
 
 Q. How did the English settlers in Ulster act ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 209 
 
 A. They formed an association " for the maintenance 
 of the Protestant religion, and the dependence of Ireland 
 upon England." 
 
 Q. Did James endeavor to regain his crown ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he landed at Kinsale, in Ireland, with one 
 thousand three hundred men, and was received with great 
 rejoicings by the inhabitants, both Catholic and Protes- 
 tant, March 12th, 1689. 
 
 Q. What was the first important event after his re- 
 turn ? 
 
 A. In May, a parliament composed of Protestants and 
 Catholics was held in Dublin. In the house of lords the 
 Protestants predominated ; but in the commons the 
 Catholics were in the majority. 
 
 Q. What did this assembly do ? 
 
 A. It granted the king twenty thousand pounds per 
 month, repealed the iniquitous "Act of Settlement," and 
 enacted that tithes should be paid by each person to the 
 pastors of his own communion. Besides, it passed an 
 " Act establishing Liberty of Conscience," and another 
 declaring the judicial independence of Ireland. Thus, as 
 Grattan says, " Though papists, they were not slaves ; t 
 they wrung a constitution from King James before they] 
 accompanied him to the field." / 
 
 Q. What absurdity was James guilty of ? 
 
 A. He issued a proclamation doubling the value of 
 money ; but the traders and merchants were not to be 
 deluded, and they immediately doubled the prices of their 
 goods. 
 
 Q. Mention the first important occurrences in the 
 field. 
 
 A. The raw levies of the king were defeated with loss, 
 by the disciplined and well-armed garrison of Enniskillen ; 
 
''^^ir*9ry-^ 
 
 «'''»<"T'»?!W"!WBWP'"'WPW!IP?pili»^ 
 
 2IO CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 and at Deny, the rebels made so gallant a defence that 
 the royalists were forced to retire, after losing six thou- 
 sand men, a.d. 1689. 
 
 Q. What did the Prince of Orange do for his adherents 
 in Ireland ? 
 
 A. He sent Gen. Kirke with six thousand men to their 
 assistance, and afterwards an army of ten thousand men, 
 under Marshal Schomberg, who signalized his arrival by 
 taking Carrickfergus, which was gallantly defended by 
 McCarthy More, August 28th. 
 
 Q. How did King James show his incapacity ? 
 
 A. At Dundalk he had an excellent chance to crush 
 his enemies, suffering as they were from disease and fam- 
 ine ; but his timid and vacillating spirit would not permit 
 him to attack them, although his men were eager for battle. 
 
 Q. What language did Marshal Rosen use to the king 
 on this occasion ? 
 
 A. "Sire," said he, "if your majesty had a hundred 
 kingdoms, you would lose them." 
 
 Q. How did the first campaign terminate ? 
 
 A. It ended with the surrender of Charlemont, after 
 desperate resistance by O' Regan, who was knighted by 
 James for his valor. 
 
 Q. Did William take part in the war ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he landed at Carrickfergus with additional 
 troops on the 14th June, i6po. 
 
 Q. What was the character of his army ? 
 
 A. It was composed of a medley of many nations, 
 English, Scotch, Dutch, Swiss, Prussians, Danes, Hugue- 
 nots, and Anglo- Irish. Though excellent soldiers, and 
 well trained, the Rev. Dr. Gorge, who was chaplain to 
 Schomberg, describes them as profligate and licentious, 
 and wallowing in vices too odious to mention. 
 
•?-':5MBp.-. 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 211 
 
 Q. What force had James ? 
 
 A. They numbered twenty-three thousand, and were 
 all Irish, except a body of French cavalry, for whom the 
 king had exchanged forty-eight hundred native troops 
 under Justin MacCarthy, Lord Mountcashel. 
 
 Q. Describe the battle that followed. 
 
 A. On tlje 1 2th of July the two armies met at the 
 Boyne. The Irish had but six cannon, while the enemy, 
 forty-five thousand strong, had fifty, and four mortars. 
 William led his hosts in person, while James, surrounded 
 by his French allies, viewed the contest from the hill of 
 Donore, two miles away. " With admirable courage and 
 gallantry," says the Duke of Berwick, " the Irish troops 
 charged the English ten times after they had crossed the 
 river." Seeing the enemy give way, the miserable James 
 cried aloud, •' Spare, oh, spare my English subjects ! " 
 
 Q. How did the contest terminate ? 
 
 A. After fighting for seven hours, the Irish left about 
 one thousand men on the field. The enemy lost Schom- 
 berg, and four hundred killed, besides the wounded. Be- 
 fore the battle was fairly over, James fled to Dublin, 
 where he attributed his ruin to the Irish, " who," he said, 
 " had run away," To this Lady Tyrconnell replied with 
 spirit, ■' Your majesty, I see, has won the race." All 
 now despised the coward, and the cry of his army was, 
 " Change kings, and we will fight the battle over ! " 
 
 Q. What transpired after the battle of the Boyne ? 
 
 A. Drogheda surrendered with its garrison thirteen 
 hundred strong ; Dublin and several other places fol- 
 lowed this example, and then the terrified James fled to 
 France, where he expired in merited obscurity, a.d. 1701. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish continue the war ? 
 
 A. Yes; the brave Col. Richard Grace repulsed the 
 
212 CAT£ CHISM OF IRISH HIS TOR Y. 
 
 enemy at Athlone ; the gallant Sarsfield blew their siege 
 train to atoms at Ballanedy, and the garrison of Limerick, 
 assisted by the women, forced William to retreat from 
 before that city with a loss of eight hundred killed and 
 twelve hundred wounded. 
 
 Q. Where did the next operations take place ? 
 
 A. At Cork, which yielded to tire renowned Marlbor- 
 ough after a brave defence, and at Athlone, which Gen- 
 eral Ginckle besieged with twenty-five thousand men, on 
 the iSthof June, 1691. ,. 
 
 Q. Describe this siege. 
 
 A. During twelve days the incessant attacks of the 
 enemy were met with heroic resistance. The great strug- 
 gle, however, was at the town bridge, which the Irish 
 endeavored to destroy. The enterprise was a desperate 
 one. Nevertheless, a sergeant named Custume and ten 
 companions volunteered to make the attempt, but they 
 were all quickly slain. Then eleven others rushed forth 
 to take their places, and of these but two returned alive 
 after accomplishing their task. 
 
 Q. What happened soon after this ? 
 
 A. It is said that the enemy were retiring from the 
 town, when, by chance, they heard that the place was 
 intrusted to an ordinary garrison. Then, suddenly, they 
 made another assault, and thus Athlone was taken, and 
 its one thousand three hundred defenders were sacrificed 
 in vain by the vanity of St. Ruth, the French commander, 
 who imagined that the enemy would not dare renew the 
 attack. 
 
 Q. Which was the greatest battle of the war ? 
 
 A. That fought at Aughrim, in Galway, on the 23d of 
 July, 1 691. 
 
 Q. Whom did victory favor ? 
 
■-■=^;s?s!f^ 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 213 
 
 A. At first, the battle went in favor of the Irish, till, by 
 some fatalitj', St. Ruth, their general, was killed, and then 
 victory gave place to confusion and rout. The enemy 
 lost three thousand men, or about one thousand less than 
 the vanquished. 
 
 Q. Was Limerick again besieged ? 
 
 A. Yes ; and this time, after sixty days, for want of 
 food and ammunition, the city agreed to surrender on con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Q. Did the garrison obtain conditions ? 
 
 A. Yes ; a treaty was drawn up which provided, among 
 other articles, that the garrison might march out with all 
 their arms, guns, and baggage, " drums beating, matches 
 lighting, colors flying," October 3d, 169 1. The soldiers 
 were then to be free to leave the country, or to serve in 
 the English army. 
 
 Q. What were the other provisions of the treaty ? 
 
 A. It guaranteed free trade, liberty of worship, the 
 right to bear arms, exception from the oath of supremacy, 
 and the privilege of sitting in parliament. 
 
 Q. What choice did the soldiers make ? 
 
 A. About one thousand of them enlisted under Wil- 
 liam ; two thousand emigrated to foreign countries, and 
 twelve thousand two hundred entered the service of 
 France, thus increasing the number of Irish soldiers in 
 that country to nineteen thousand and fifty-nine. 
 
 Q. Who were the most noted leaders of their troops ? 
 
 A. Major-General Patrick Sarsfield, Earl of Lucan, 
 1693 ; and Lieutenant-General Justin MacCarthy, Lord 
 Mountcashel, 1694. 
 
 Q. What course did William pursue after the war ? 
 
 A. He confiscated one million sixty thousand seven 
 hundred and ninety-two acres of land from the Irish, and 
 
214 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 discouraged their woollen trade, at the prayer of parlia- 
 ment, because, forsooth, it interfered with the interests of 
 England. 
 
 Q. Did the English observe the treaty of Limerick ? 
 
 A. No ; they violated almost every one of its articles. 
 Thus in 1 792 they passed an act to disarm the Catholics ; 
 another, to banish all priests and prelates ; and a third, to 
 prevent parents from educating their children at home or 
 abroad, and to render them incapable of being guardians 
 of any child whatever. Finally, in 1 795, the English par- 
 liament struck out several articles altogether from the 
 treaty. 
 
 Q. What penal laws were passed ? 
 
 A. In the seventh year of William III, it was enacted 
 that no papist could own a horse worth more than five 
 pounds ; no Protestant could instruct any papist ; and no 
 papist should be permitted to go out of Ireland to receive 
 instruction. 
 
 Q. What eminent man wrote in defence of Ireland ? 
 
 A. William Molyneux, author of the " Case of Ireland 
 Stated," 1 6 14-1699. This work contained some plain 
 truths, and the English parliament ordered it to be burned 
 by the common hangman. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Penal Laws, A.D. 1 702 to 1 740. 
 
 |NDER what sovereign did Ireland suffer most 
 from wicked and unchristian laws ? 
 
 A. Under Anne Stuart, who succeeded 
 William, a.d. 1702. 
 
 Q. What does Edmund Burke say of the code known 
 as the penal laws ? 
 
 A. "It had," said he, "a vicious perfection — it was a 
 complete system — full of coherence and consistency ; well 
 digested and well disposed in all its parts. It was a ma- 
 chine of wise and elaborate contrivance, and as well fitted 
 for the oppression, impoverishment and degradation of 
 the people, and the debasement in them, of human nature 
 itself, as ever proceeded from the perverted ingenuity of 
 man." 
 
 Q. How does Montesquieu brand these same laws ? 
 
 A, "This horrid code," says he, "was conceived by 
 devils, written in human gore, and registered in hell." 
 
 Q. Give a few extracts from them. 
 
 A. In the first year of Queen Anne a bill was passed 
 '* for discouraging the further growth of popery." Among 
 other clauses it provided that if a Catholic child conformed 
 to the Protestant religion, his father should be unable to 
 sell or mortgage his estate, or dispose of any portion of 
 
2l6 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 it by will. All was reserved for the young convert, to 
 the exclusion of other heirs. By this act, also, no Catholic 
 could be guardian to his own child ; and if such child, 
 however young, pretended to be a Protestant, it was 
 taken from its parents, and assigned to the care of the 
 nearest Protestant relation. 
 
 Q. What law was enacted in the second year of Anne ? 
 
 A. In this year it was decreed that any priest coming 
 to Ireland, and performing religious services, should be 
 hanged. 
 
 Q. How were Catholics hampered in regard to prop- 
 erty? 
 
 A. They were incapable of purchasing manors, tene- 
 ments, etc., or of receiving rents or profits from the same, 
 or of holding a lease for life interest, or any other lease 
 whatever, for any term exceeding thirty-one years. More- 
 over, if any Catholic held a farm producing greater net 
 profit than one-third of the amount of the rent, his right 
 to such ceased immediately, and passed to the first Prot- 
 estant who discovered the rate of profit. 
 
 Q. Were Catholics allowed to vote or to hold ofllice ? 
 
 A. As a qualification for office and for voting at elec- 
 tions, they should first take an oath renouncing the Pope, 
 and another against the Blessed Sacrament. 
 
 Q. Did the Catholics protest against these laws ? 
 
 A. Yes; Counsellor Malone, Sir Theobold Butler, and 
 Sir Stephen Rice, three of their ablest men, jDetitioned 
 against them in vain. 
 
 Q. How did the government cause the penal laws to 
 be enforced ? 
 
 A. In 1705 the Irish commons resolved that "inform- 
 ing against papists was an honorable service to the gov- 
 ernment," and that magistrates and others who failed to 
 
y^w^ 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HTSTORY. 217 
 
 execute the laws " were betrayers of the liberties of the 
 kingdom." 
 
 Q. Were any other penal laws enacted under Anne ? 
 
 A. Yes ; in 1 709 another act was passed declaring thai 
 no Catholic could hold an annuity for life, and that the 
 child of a Catholic, on becoming a Protestant, shauld at 
 once receive an annuity from the father. 
 
 Q. What other enactments were passed in the same 
 spirit ? 
 
 A, Catholics were forbidden to teach ; priests were 
 offered a bribe of thirty pounds sterling a year to become 
 Protestants ; rewards were given for the discovery of 
 prelates, priests, and teachers ; and priests were ordered 
 to take the oath of objurgation, under penalty of death 
 for treason. ^ 
 
 Q. What punishment was inflicted on those who re- 
 fused to take the oath ? 
 
 A. They were put to death, hanged, drawn, and quar- 
 tered, in the following manner : After hanging till half 
 dead, the victim was cut down and disembowelled while 
 still alive. His entrails were burned before his face, and 
 his head was then chopped off, and his body, being cut 
 into quarters, was exposed in some public place as a 
 warning to others. 
 
 Q. Did many priests suffer death ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the large rewards offered by the government 
 gave existence to an infamous class called priest-hunters, 
 who supplied the gallows and the knife with many a 
 victim. 
 
 Q. Did the condition of the Catholics improve in the 
 next reign ? 
 
 A. Queen Anne died in 1714, andwas succeeded by 
 George I., but the condition of the Catholics remained 
 10 
 
2l8 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 the same. They still continued to be spoken of as the 
 "common enemy," and those who sympathized with them 
 were looke4 upon as enemies of the state. 
 
 Q. Were any new penal laws enacted ? 
 
 A. Yes ; any Catholic clergyman marrying a Protestant 
 to a Catholic was to be hanged. 
 
 Q. What did the English parliament do in this reign ? 
 
 A, It usurped the judicial authority of the Irish legisla- 
 ture, and declared that it had full power and authority to 
 make laws and statutes for the kingdom of Ireland. 
 
 Q. Did it enforce this clain^ ? 
 
 A. It was enabled to do so till the year 1782, when the 
 Irish parliament once more asserted its rights. 
 
 Q. For what else is this reign remarkable ? 
 
 A. It is noted for the'^evival and growth of a patriotic 
 national spirit among the people, and for the beginning 
 of emigration to the shores of the New World. 
 
 Q. Did many emigrate to America at this early day ? 
 
 A. Yes ; they went to escape the penal laws and to 
 otherwise better their condition. Thus, in a single year, 
 as many as five thousand six hundred Irish emigrants, 
 landed at the port of Philadelphia alone, a.d. 1729, and 
 during the next ten years Ihey formed a majority of the 
 settlers in Georgia, and in North and South Carolina. 
 
 Q. What other effect had the penal laws ? 
 
 A. They caused thousands of young men to flee from 
 Ireland, and join their coimtrymen in the service of 
 France, Spain, Austria, and other European nations. 
 
 Q. Did these exiles meet with a cordial reception ? 
 
 A. Yes ; they were everywhere eagerly welcomed 
 Louis XIV. spoke of them as " my brave Irish," and 
 Francis I. of Germany wrote concerning them : " The 
 more Irish officers in the Austrian army the better; our 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 219 
 
 troops will always be disciplined ; an Irish coward is an 
 uncommon character ; and what the natives of Ireland 
 even dislike from principle they generally perform through 
 a desire of glory." 
 
 Q. Did they merit this praise ? 
 
 A. Yes ; this is proved by the fact that when Maria 
 Theresa instituted fifty crosses of the Legion of Honor, 
 forty-six of them were awarled to Irish officers on ac- 
 count of their bravery and military skill. 
 
 Q. In what battles did the Irish distinguish them- 
 selves ? 
 
 A. At Landen in Flanders, and at Massiglia in Savoy, 
 1 693 ; at Cremona, in Italy, 1 702 ; at Ramilles, in Flanders, 
 1 706 ; and at Almanza, in Spain, 1 707 ; at Viletry, in Italy, 
 1 713, and at Oran, in Sicily, 1733. 
 
 Q. When did George I. die ? 
 
 A. In 1627, when he was succeeded by George II. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the laws enacted during the new 
 reign. 
 
 A. By a law of the 7th of George II. any barrister or 
 attorney marrying a Catholic was to be discarded. By 
 another in his 9th, papists residing in Ireland should 
 make good to Protestants all losses sustained by the 
 privateers of any Catholic king ravaging the coasts of 
 Ireland ; and in his 29th, barristers and attorneys were 
 obliged to waive their privileges and betray their clients, 
 if the latter were papists. 
 
 Q. Who rendered signal service to Ireland at this 
 time ? 
 
 A. The celebrated Jonathan Swift, Protestant Dean 
 of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, 1667-1745. During 
 eighteen years (i 724-1 742) this able man made himself 
 the champion of his countrymen against the tyranny and 
 
' 1 
 
 2 20 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 exactions of the government, and to him is due the honor 
 of preventing the establishment of a national bank, and 
 the introduction of a debased copper coinage into the 
 country. 
 
 Q. What was the Agistment Act ? 
 
 A. This was a law passed in 1735, by which pastures 
 were exempted from paying taxes to the Protestanr 
 clergy, who henceforth could claim tithes only from vil 
 lage and meadow lands. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the eminent men of this epoch. 
 
 A. George B'arquhar, comic writer^ 1678-1708 ; Thomas 
 Parnell, who wrote The Hermit^ 1679-1718; Count An- 
 thony de Hamilton, author of Memoires de Grammont, 
 1646-1720; Sir Richard Steele, essayist, 1675-1729; 
 Carolan, the last minstrel, 16 70-1.73 1 ; and John Aberne- 
 thy, divine, 1680— 1740. Among the military exiles the 
 most noted were : Lieutenant-General Count Arthur 
 Dillon, in France, 1733 ; and Lieutenant-General Pierce 
 Butler, Third Viscount Galmoy, 1652-1740. 
 
. "!«^"- 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 At Home and Abroad^ A.D. 1740 /^ 1772. 
 
 I HO continued the work of Swift? 
 
 A. Anthony Malone and Charles Lucas, 
 
 1713, 1771- 
 Q. Who was lord-lieutenant at this time ? 
 
 A. Philip Dormer Stanhope, the famous Earl of Ches- 
 terfield. 
 
 Q. Was he a successful viceroy ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he discouraged informers, and won popularity 
 by mitigating the rigors of the penal code as much as 
 possible. 
 
 Q. Did the government enact new penal laws? 
 
 A. Yes ; one dissolving marriages between Protestants 
 and Catholics, and another inflicting death on any priest 
 who should marry together two Protestants, or a Catholic 
 to a Protestant. 
 
 Q. What glory was won by the Irish in the service of 
 France ? 
 
 A. They saved the French army from the English, and 
 turned defeat into a glorious victory at Fontenoy, May 
 nth, 1745. 
 
 Q. Were there many Irishmen in the armies of Eu- 
 rope ? 
 
 A. Yes ; but there were more in the service of France 
 than in that of any other nation. From researches made 
 in the French war office, it has been ascertained that 
 
aaa CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 from the arrival of the Irish troops in Franjce in 1691, to 
 1745, the year of the battle of Fontenoy, four hundred and 
 fifty thousand Irishmen died in the service of France ; 
 and between this period and the French revolution, thirty 
 thousand more sacrificed their lives for the interests of the 
 same country. 
 
 Q. What does Fornman say of these troops ? 
 
 A. " Wherever they served," says he, *' they always had 
 the good fortune to distinguish themselves ; and it may 
 be said to their eternal honor, that from the time they 
 entered the service of France, they never had the least 
 blot on their escutcheon." 
 
 Q. What was the sum total of Irish emigration to 
 France ? 
 
 A. It amounted to about one million persons. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the Irish soldiers that won distinc- 
 tion abroad ? 
 
 A. Lieutenant-General, Matthew Cooke, 1740; Major- 
 General William O'Shaughnessy, 1744; Field Marshal 
 Count Peter Lacy of Russia, 1678, 1751 ; Major-Gen- 
 eral Richard Francis Talbot, Thiid Earl of Tyrconnell, 
 and Ambassador from France to Prussia, 17 10-1752; 
 Major-General John Nugent, Fifth Earl of Westmeath, 
 1754; Lieutenant-General Daniel O'Connor of Austria, 
 1664-1756; and Lieutenant-General Charles O'Brien, 
 Sixth Lord Clare, Ninth Earl of Thomond, and Marshal 
 of France, 1761. The most famous of all, however, was 
 a man of Irish descent, Count Thomas Arthur Lally, who 
 commanded the French army in India, 1 698-1 766. 
 
 Q. What did the English government do after the battle 
 of Fontenoy ? 
 
 A. It decreed the penalty of death against any Irish' 
 man who should enlist in the service of France. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 223 
 
 Q. What other reverse did the English suflfer ? 
 
 A. They were defeated at Wandiwash by the French 
 under General MacGeoghegan, a.d. 1759. 
 
 Q. Who was the pest of Ireland at this time ? 
 
 A. The Protestant primate, Dr. Stone, an Englishman, 
 who sought to proselytize Catholic children by means of 
 the " Charter Schools " which he established. 
 
 Q. What new measure was contemplated by the govern- 
 ment ? 
 
 A. The destruction of the Irish parliament, by uniting 
 it with that of England. 
 
 Q. Did this project succeed ? 
 
 A. Not then ; the citizens of Dublin prevented it for 
 a time by forcing the members of their parliament to 
 take an oath against such a measure. 
 
 Q. Give an instance illustrating the life and fate of 
 many an Irish refugee who sought to serve his native 
 land? 
 
 A. In 1760 Carrickfergus was surprised by a small 
 French force under Commodore Thurot, whose real 
 name was O'Farrell. Like many more of his countrymen 
 at that time, this brave leader sought preferment in 
 France, only for the sake of Ireland-, and, like them, he 
 was fate<l to ^ie without accomplishing his designs. 
 
 Q. What else occurred in the same year ? 
 
 A. George III., the typical English king, succeeded to 
 the throne on the death of his father. 
 
 Q. What disturbances took place in the new reign ? 
 
 A. About the year 1763 the tyranny of the landlords 
 and of the government drove the peasantry in- parts of 
 Munster to form secret oath-bound associations, and 
 their example was soon followed throughout the rest of 
 Ireland. Many outrages and crimes were committed 
 
224 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 by them, and the " Whiteboys," the " Defenders," the 
 "Rightboys," the "Hearts of Steel," the "Peep o' Day 
 Boys," etc., are still a tradition among the people. 
 
 Q. What change was made in the constitution of par- 
 liament ? 
 
 A. Through the efforts of Charles Lucas, a law <vas 
 passed, in 1767, which limited the duration of parliament 
 to eight years. Up to this time, when once elected, the 
 members held office during the lifetime of the king. 
 
 Q. What eminent leader now headed the popular 
 party ? 
 
 A. Henry Flood the celebrated orator and statesman. 
 
 Q. Mention some of the other prominent men. 
 
 A. Abb6 MacGeoghegan, historian, 1698-1750; Sir 
 Hans Sloan, physician and naturalist, 1660-1752 ; George 
 Berkeley, philosopher and divine, 1684-1753; Thomas 
 Sheridan, lexicographer, 1 724-1 766; James Quinn, the 
 great personator of " FalstafF," 1693-1766; Laurence 
 Sterne, novelist and miscellaneous writer, 1713-1768; 
 and Charles Macklin, the tragedian, of whose personation 
 of Shylock, Alexander Pope wrote : 
 
 " This is the Jew 
 That Shakspeare drew." — A.D. 1690-1770. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Era of Independence^ A.D. 1772 to 1795. 
 
 I HAT was the state of Ireland at the beginning 
 of this epoch ? 
 
 A. It was in the worst possible condition, 
 and thousands of her children departed for 
 foreign lands every year to escape the tyranny of the 
 penal laws. Thus, at Philadelphia alone, there arrived 
 three thousand five hundred refugees within the space 
 of a month, A.D. 1773. 
 
 Q. What was taking place in America ? 
 
 A. The American colonists were at variance with the 
 English government, which sought to tax them without 
 their consent. At length, after useless protests, they 
 took up arms in defence of their rights. 
 
 Q. How did the Irish in the English and Irish parlia- 
 ments act in this emergency ? 
 
 A. They encouraged the Americans to resist. " If 
 the Americans yield," cried Barre, " they are cowards." 
 *' The war is fruitless, hopeless, and unnatural," exclaimed 
 Edmund Burke in the interest of the insurgents. Such 
 also were the sentiments of Grattan, ^eridan, and a host 
 of eminent Irishmen. 
 
 Q. What did the Irish house of commons do ? 
 
 A. It refused to send troops to America. " If we 
 give our consent," cried Ponsonby, '• we shall take part 
 against America contrary to justice, to prudence, and hu- 
 
226 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 manity." " The war is unjust," said others, " and if men 
 must be sent to America, send the foreign mercenaries, 
 not the brave sons of Ireland." 
 
 Q. Did the government send the mercenaries ? 
 
 A. Yes; it hired twenty-nine thousand one hundred 
 and sixty-six Hessians to fight against the Americans, 
 and afterwards, in denying the Irish their rights, it gave 
 as a reason, that sixteen thousand of them had fought on 
 the side of the Americans. 
 
 Q. Was this true ? 
 
 A. Yes ; about that number of Irish soldiers were in 
 the American army from North Carolina, South Carolina, 
 Georgia, Maryland, New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania. 
 The last State furnished the *' Irish Brigade," known as 
 the " Pennsylvania Line." 
 
 Q. What did the American congress do in 1776 ? 
 
 A. It declared that the colonies were free and indepen- 
 dent of Great Britain. 
 
 Q. How many Irishmen were members of this congress 
 and signers of this declaration ? 
 
 A. There were nine besides Charles Thompson, who 
 was secretary to the Congress. Their names are George 
 Read, Thomas Lynch, George Taylor, James Wilson, 
 Edward Rutledge, Matthew Thornton, James Smith, 
 Thomas McKean, and Charles Carroll of CarroUton. 
 
 Q. How did the Irish of Philadelphia assist the Conti- 
 nental army? 
 
 A. When Washington's army was suffering from hunger 
 and want at Valley Forge, several Irish firms at Philadel- 
 phia subscribed four hundred and forty-two thousand five 
 hundred dollars for its relief. 
 
 Q. What leaders in the Revolution were Irish ? 
 
 A. Montgomery, Moylan, Sullivan, Wayne, Clintor, 
 
^^vr 
 
 CAIECIIISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 227 
 
 Stark, Knox, Hand, Dillon, Rutledge, O'Brien, Patrick 
 Henry, and Commodore John Barry, the *' Father of the 
 American Navy." 
 
 Q. Mention some others who are less known. 
 
 A. Colonels Butler, Clinton, Fitzgerald, Gordan, 
 Divine, Kennedy, McAllister, Nixon, Shea, Stewart, 
 Thompson, and many others. Col. Nixon first read the 
 Declaration of Independence to the people. 
 
 Q. What influence did the war have on Ireland ? 
 
 A. After the surrender of General Burgoyne to the 
 Americans at Saratoga, the English government thought 
 it prudent to appease the Catholics by relaxing the penal 
 laws. Hence, in 1778, the Irish parliament enacted that 
 henceforth Catholics might loan money on mortgage, or 
 lease lands for any period not exceeding a thousand years. 
 
 Q. State another result brought about indirectly by the 
 war. 
 
 A. Fearing a French invasion, the people of Belfast re- 
 quested the government to send them a garrison ; owing, 
 however, to the American war, no troops could be spared 
 just then. Therefore the citizens formed military compa- 
 nies of their own, and their example was speedily followed 
 by other towns, so that in a few months Ireland had fi 
 national army eighty-eight thousand strong. 
 
 Q. Who caused these volunteers to be recognized by 
 the state ? 
 
 A. Flood, Perry, Grattan, and Charleraont, who were 
 prominent members of the Irish parliament. 
 
 Q. What was the next move? 
 
 A. Henry Grattan inspired parliament to demand " free 
 trade " for Ireland, and, after much opposition, the gov- 
 ernment granted it to escape revolution, a,d. i 780. 
 
 Q. What other step did Grattan take ? 
 
228 CATECHISM QF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 A. On the 19th of April, 1780, he rose in parliament 
 and moved that the "king, lords, and commons of Ire- 
 land are the only powers competent to enact laws to bind 
 Ireland." This resolution was substantially carried, though 
 in another form. 
 
 Q. What course did the volunteers pursue ? 
 
 A. They assembled in convention at Dungannon, Cork, 
 and Dublin, and by their determined tone greatly encour- 
 aged the patriots in parliament. 
 
 Q. Did Grattan follow up these measures ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he drew up resolutions establishing the judi- 
 cial and legislative independence of Ireland, and, owing 
 to his eloquence and devotion, they were apptoved by 
 parliament and became laws on receiving the sanction of 
 the king, May 27th, 1782. i 
 
 Q. Give the words of the patriot on the occasion of this 
 success. 
 
 A. " I found Ireland on her knees ; I watched over her 
 with paternal solicitude ; I have traced her progress from 
 injury to arms, and from arms to liberty. Spirit of Swift ! 
 Spirit of Molyneux ! your genius has prevailed ! Ireland 
 is now a nation ! In that new character I hail her ! and, 
 bowing to her august presence, I say, Esto .perpetua ! " 
 
 Q. What were the first acts of the free parliament ? 
 
 A. In gratitude to Grattan, parliament voted him 
 fifty thousand pounds ; and as a pledge of its loyalty to 
 the crown, it granted the king twice that sum to raise sea- 
 men for the service of England. 
 
 Q. For what else is the year 1782 noted ? 
 
 A. In that year more penal laws were repealed, and 
 Catholics obtained the same rights as Protestants in re- 
 gard to the holding of property. 
 
 Q. What act did the English parliament pass ? 
 
■■V'"'*S«!Bf'W 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 229 
 
 A. In deference to a sentiment raised in Ireland by 
 Henry Flood, the English parliament passed the "Act' of 
 Renunciation," conceding " the exclusive rights of the 
 parliament and courts of Ireland in matters of legislature 
 and judicature," A.D. 1783. 
 
 Q. Was Ireland prosperous under its free parliament ? 
 
 A. Yes ; few countries ever made such progress within 
 so short a time. Peace reigned, trade revived, the reve- 
 nue increased, various industries were encouraged, the 
 Bank of Ireland was established, and the future promised 
 well, but for one old-time abuse. 
 
 Q. What was this abuse ? 
 
 A. The boroughs or districts sending members to par- 
 liament were often very small, and wholly under the in- 
 fluence of wealthy individuals, who disregarded the inter- 
 ests of the nation. Fully two-thirds of the members were 
 therefore beyond the control of the people, and the result 
 was that their interests were often betrayed by their sup- 
 posed representatives. 
 
 Q. Who endeavored to remedy this crjnng evil ? 
 
 A. Henry Flood introduced a bill for that purpose, but 
 it was defeated by the influence of the court, always on 
 the side of corruption. 
 
 Q. Give the name and character of the prime minister 
 of England ? 
 
 A. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, a most insidious 
 enemy of Ireland, who sought by every means to deprive 
 her of her liberty and parliament. 
 
 Q. What Irishmen in America took part at this time in 
 forming the Constitution of the United States ? 
 
 A. They were six in number, namely, George Read, 
 James Wilson, John Rutledge, Pierce Butler, Daniel Car- 
 roll, and Thomas Fitzsimons. 
 
230 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. When was the elective franchise conceded to the 
 Catholics of Ireland ? 
 
 A. In 1793, mainly through the efforts of John Keogh, 
 who was himself a Catholic. 
 
 Q. What other measures did parliament enact ? 
 
 A. It passed an " Arms Act " against the use and im- 
 portation of arms, and a "Convention Act" against hold- 
 ing assemblies purporting to represent the people. 
 
 Q. What was the result of these narrow measures ? 
 
 A. The surviving volunteer corps were forced to dis- 
 band. 
 
 Q. What institution of learning was now established ? 
 
 A. The College of Maynooth, for ecclesiastical students, 
 A.D. 1795. 
 
 Q, What noted men died meanwhile ? 
 
 A. Oliver Goldsmith, poet, historian, etc., 1 728-1 774; 
 Father Edmund Sheehy, hanged in 1776; Hugh Kelly, 
 miscellaneous writer, 1739-177 7; Henry Brooke, poet, 
 1 706-1 783 ; George Barrett, landscape artist, and foundei 
 of the Royal Academy of England, 1 784 ; Henry Flood, 
 orator and statesman, 1 732-1 791 ; and General Alexander 
 O'Reilly, of Spain, 1 735-1 794. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Tyranny and Rebellion, A.D. 1795 to 1820. 
 
 I HAT political organization arose in Ireland at 
 the close of the eighteenth century ? 
 
 A. The Society of United Irishmen, found- 
 ed at Belfast by Theobald Wolfe Tone in Oc- 
 tober, 1791. 
 
 Q. Who were its original leaders ? 
 
 A. Lord Edward Fitzgerald, James Napper Tandy, 
 Archibald Hamilton Rowan, Arthur O'Connor, Dr. Mc- 
 Nevin, and the two brothers Henry and John Sheares, 
 with some others. 
 
 Q. What was the object of the society ? 
 
 A. Its members held that English influence threatened 
 Irish liberty ; that only a reformed parliament would save 
 the country ; and that such reform, to be just, should em- 
 brace all religious denominations. Hence, their object 
 was to secure the lawful rights and liberties of all Irish- 
 men. 
 
 Q. What oath did they take ? 
 
 A. They bound themselves to forward a brotherhood 
 of affection, an identity of interests, a community of 
 rights, and a union of power among Irishmen of all reli- 
 gious persuasions. 
 
 Q. Of what religion were the leaders of the United 
 Irishmen ? 
 
 A. Like those who won parliamentary independence in 
 
aja CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 1782, they were Protestants; but from their souls they 
 despised all the narrow-minded bigots who favored Eng- 
 lish misrule for the sake of Protestant ascendency. 
 
 Q. Were there many of the latter kind ? 
 
 A. Yes, they were very numerous ; and being incapable 
 of a spark of patriotism, they took the alarm, and began 
 to organize Orange lodges in the interest of England, 
 
 1795- 
 Q. What brought about a change in the character of the 
 
 Society of United Irishmen ? 
 
 A. Its papers were seized by. the government in 1794, 
 and therefore it became a secret association in the follow- 
 ing year. ^^ 
 
 Q. How did William Pitt, the English prime minister, 
 deceive Ireland ? 
 
 A. He sent over Lord Fitzwilliam as viceroy, and this 
 new deputy proved so acceptable that in a burst of grati- 
 tude the Irish parliament voted the extraordinary subsidy 
 of twenty thousand men for the navy, and one million 
 eight hundred thousand pounds towards the expenses of 
 the war with France. Then, to the great regret of the 
 people, the popular viceroy was recalled. 
 
 Q. How did the Irish parliament betray its trust ? 
 
 A. It refused to correct the evils attending the choice 
 of members, and when the people agitated for reform in 
 the matter, it punished them with hostile legislation. 
 
 Q. Mention some of its measures. 
 
 A. It passed the " Insurrection Act," permitting magis- 
 trates to proclaim martial law ; the " Indemnity Act," pro- 
 tecting the local authorities for exercising a " rigor beyond 
 the law ; " and the " Riot Act," giving them the right to 
 disperse any assembly by force. Finally, it suspended the 
 Habeas Corpus. 
 
'^^^f^ffS^^i * . 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 233 
 
 Q. What is meant by this last expression ? 
 
 A. It means an act declaring that no one shall be sent 
 to prison beyond sea; that the accused must be brought 
 into court when called for, and be told the reason of his 
 imprisonment ; that every person must be indicted at the 
 first term after commitment, and that no one can be com- 
 mitted again for the same offence, after having once been 
 discharged therefrom. 
 
 Q. Did Grattan support the parliament ? 
 
 A. No ; after endeavoring in vain to accomplish reform 
 in that body, Grattan, Curran, Fitzgerald, and several other 
 patriots seceded from it, a.d. 1797. 
 
 Q. What were the United Irishmen doing meanwhile? 
 
 A. They were preparing for rebellion, and this was gen- 
 erally known ; but the government was^careful not to dis- 
 courage them, in order that when the country would be 
 crushed after the struggle, it might then easily unite it to 
 England. 
 
 Q. Who were the authors of this scheme ? 
 
 A. William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, and two infamous 
 Irishmen, John Fitzgibbon, Lord Clare, the chancellor 
 (1802), and Robert Stewart, Lord Castlereagh, the chief 
 secretary for Ireland (1820). 
 
 Q. How were the people goaded to rebellion ? 
 
 A. Martial law was proclaimed ; thousands of soldiers, 
 English, German, Scotch, and Welsh, were brought into 
 the country and allowed to live at free-quarters. People 
 ^were insulted and ill-treated by these minions of the gov- 
 ernment, and there was no redress. The pitch-cap, whip- 
 ping, half-hanging, picketing, burning off the hair, and like 
 barbarities, were sanctioned by the authorities. No man 
 was sure of his life, and many were taken without warrant 
 and hanged without trial in the streets and market-places. 
 
234 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 At Carnew twenty-eight persons were murdered by Orange- 
 men and militia ; and at Dunlevin thirty-four more were 
 shot without judge or jury. 
 
 Q. Where was Wolfe Tone in the meanwhile ? 
 
 A. He was laboring zealously to procure assistance 
 from France and Holland for the coming struggle, and 
 he was eminently successful. In each country he organ- 
 ized a vast expedition ; but, unfortunately, owing to the 
 elements, neither reached its destination. 
 
 Q. What other misfortunes befell the United Irishmen ? 
 
 A. Their principal leader, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, was 
 seized three days before the rising. 
 
 Q. When did this take place ? 
 
 A. On the 23d of May, 1798. 
 
 Q. How were the insurgents prepared for their desperate 
 enterprise ? 
 
 A. They were undisciplined, unpaid, badly armed, and 
 poorly clothed. They had no money, no tents, no sup- 
 plies, no cavalry, scarcely any artillery, no ammunition, 
 and, worse than all, their leaders were incapable. 
 
 Q. What was the character of the contest ? 
 
 A. The rebellion lasted only four months, but it was a 
 fierce and bloody struggle. Quarter was seldom given, 
 and many excesses were committed by both parties. 
 
 Q. Did the insurgents hiake a brave resistance ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the peasantry fought with astonishing bravery, 
 and, in the beginning, often put the royal troops to flight. 
 Their greatest successes were gained at Gorey, Oulart 
 Hill, Enniscorthy, Three Rocks, Cloch, and Castlebar. 
 Arklow was a drawn battle, and Ross was won, but lost 
 again through want of discipline. 
 
 Q. Where were the royal troops victorious ? 
 . A. At ^oss, Naas, Carlow, Kilcullen, Tara, and Vine- 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 235 
 
 gar Hill, which last victory may be said to have ended the 
 war. 
 
 Q. What was the fate of the leading patriots ? 
 
 A. Many were executed, and the rest banished from 
 the country. Among the former were Henry Joy Mc- 
 Cracken, Beauchamp Bagenal Harvey, Matthew Tone, 
 and Bartholomew Teeling. Of the latter, the most noted 
 are MacNevin, Dr. Samson, and Thomas Addis Emmet, 
 who settled in New York, 1764. 
 
 Q. Who distinguished himself at the bar by his tireless 
 eloquence in defence of the accused ? 
 
 A. John Philpot Curran, the great forensic orator of 
 modern times, 1 750-181 7. 
 
 Q. What course did the English ministers pursue after 
 the rebellion ? 
 
 A. They resolved to accomplish the union of England 
 and Ireland at once, and for this purpose, proceeded to 
 pack the Irish parliament, and to corrupt its members 
 by means of peerages, bishoprics, and offices of state. 
 More than one miUion four hundred thousand pounds 
 were spent by them in money-bribes to members. 
 
 Q. Who was the chief advocate of the Union in Eng- 
 land ? 
 
 A. Excepting Pitt, the prime minister, its greatest sup- 
 porter was the talented Channing, a man of Irish descent ; 
 and its ablest opponent, the celebrated Richard Brinsley 
 Sheridan, 1751-1816. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish people make an effort to preserve their 
 parliament ? 
 
 A. Yes ; seven hundred and seven thousand of them 
 petitioned against the Union ; and all the orders in the 
 state were opposed to it, except, perhaps, the Catholic 
 hierarchy, which observed neutrality. 
 
236 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. Why did the government insist in carrying the 
 Union ? 
 
 A. Because it was intolerant of Irish prosperity. 
 
 Q. Who distinguished themselves by their opposition 
 to the measure ? 
 
 A. Grattan, Plunket, Ponsonby, Foster, Saurin, Bar- 
 rington, Burke, Burrows, Egan, O'Donnell, Parnell, and 
 Fitzgerald. 
 
 Q. Did the Union receive the sanction of the bribed 
 parliament ? 
 
 A. Yes; on the 7th of June, a.d. 1800, the infamous 
 measure was carried by a majority of sixty-five in the com- 
 mons, and fifty-nine in the lords. On the 2d of August 
 following it received the approbation of the king, and the 
 parliament of Ireland ceased to exist. 
 
 Q. What have been the effects of the Union ? 
 
 A. It has degraded Ireland to the condition of a prov- 
 ince, and made her a despised suppliant in a foreign par- 
 liament. 
 
 Q. What disturbance took place after the Union ? 
 
 A. A ^ew rebellion was attempted, July 23d, T803 ; 
 but the movement was a failure, and its authors, Thomas 
 Russel and the youthful Robert Emmet, paid for it with 
 their lives, September 20th. 
 
 Q. What question now began to occupy the attention 
 of the British parliament ? 
 
 A. That of Catholic emancipation. 
 
 Q. What part did Irishmen take in the European wars 
 of this period ? 
 
 A. Many of them entered the armies of all the contend- 
 ing powers, but by far the greatest number were in the 
 service of England, and by sea and land, at Badajos, Sala- 
 manca, Vimeira, .Toulouse, Trafalgar, and last of all, at 
 
f^^mif 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 237 
 
 Waterloo, under their countryman, Arthur Wellesley, Duke 
 of Wellington, they won the highest praise by their fidel- 
 ity and valor. 
 
 Q. Did any of them serve in America ? 
 
 A. Yes ; several of them took an active part against 
 England in the war of 18 12. 
 
 Q. Name a few of them. 
 
 A. The most noted are Commodore McDonough, who 
 defeated the British on Lake Champlain, and Andrew 
 Jackson, the " Hero of New Orleans," who was afterwards 
 president of the United States. Commodores Shaw and 
 Stewart ; and Generals Coffee, Carroll) Morgan, and 
 Butler were also Irish either by birth or descent. 
 
 Q. Of what other noted men may the same be said ? 
 
 A. Of George Clinton, the first governor of New York, 
 and afterwards vice-president of the United States; of 
 Robert Fulton, the inventor of the steamboat ; of Chris- 
 topher CoUes, the projector of the Erie Canal ; and of De 
 Witt Clinton, the chief promoter of that great work, etc. 
 
 Q. Did the Irish continue to emigrate to America ? 
 
 A. Yes ; they now began to arrive in great numbers, 
 as we see from the fact that in 18 16, when the Irish ex- 
 chequer was united with that of England, seven thousand 
 one hundred and twenty-two of them landed in New 
 York. When steamships began to ply between Ireland 
 and America in 18 19, the number was greatly increased. 
 
 Q. What eminent persons flourished in this age ? 
 
 A. Edmund Burke, statesman and orator, 1 730-1 797; 
 Father O'Leary, controversialist,' 1802 ; Dr. William 
 Gahan, divine, 1 732-1804; Arthur Murphy, dramatist 
 and translator of Tacitus^ 1 730-1805 ; James Barry, the 
 great historical painter, 1741-1806; Sir Guy Carleton, 
 general, 1742-1808; Mrs. Mary Tighe, poetess, 1773- 
 
238 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 1810; Richard Brinsley Sheridan, author, statesman, and 
 orator, 1751-1816; Edmund Malone, author and critic, 
 1741-1818 ; Sir PhiUp Francis, the reputed Junius, 1740- 
 1818 ; WiUiam Drennan, the patriot-poet, 1820 ; and last 
 of all, the good, the noble, the immortal Grattan, 1820. 
 
 Q. What were the last acts of this great man ? 
 
 A. Although sick unto death, he resolved to make his 
 way to London, to present a petition in favor of the 
 Catholics. But on the 6th of June, knowing that he was 
 dying, he called for a paper containing his political opin- 
 ions. " Add to it," said he, addressing his son, " that I 
 die with a love of liberty in my heart, and this declara- 
 tion in favor of my country in my hand." Truly might 
 Byron say of him : 
 
 " Grattan — ever glorious Grattan, 
 With more than Demosthenean powers endowed ; 
 And his rival or victor in all he possessed." 
 
'■■^r?W5"T*-" . ■ • .■-..■..-•;---;-.— ...,-.■—„...-■--—■ -,- ■ ■--~^~~-rr!r^rwffP- 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Calholic Emancipation, 1820 /<? 1847. 
 
 HAT celebrated man now began to take the 
 leading part in all the afifairs of Ireland ? 
 
 A. Daniel O'Connell, the most successful 
 popular leader of modern times, 1 775-1847. 
 
 Q. What measures did he advocate ? 
 
 A. The emancipation of the Catholics, and the repeal 
 of the Union. 
 
 Q. What did he do to effect the former ? 
 
 A. In order to obtain allies and assistance, he estab- 
 lished the Catholic Association, which by his efforts ulti- 
 mately included all the liberal men in the kingdom, a.d. 
 1823. 
 
 Q. What bold step did he then take ? 
 
 A. In 1828 he had himself elected to the British parlia- 
 ment, and then, on presenting himself before that body, 
 refused to take the usual anti-Catholic oath, because, as 
 he said, " Part of it I know to be false ; another part I 
 do not believe to be true." 
 
 Q. What was the consequence ? 
 
 A. A bill for the emancipation of the Catholics was 
 passed in the commons on the 30th of March, and by the 
 lords on the loth of April, after which it was approved 
 by George IV., and became law April 13th, 1829. 
 
 Q. What did emancipation do for the Catholics ? 
 
 A. It threw open to them all offices in the state, except 
 
240 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 the throne, the vice-royalty of Ireland, and the chancel- 
 lorship in either country. 
 
 Q. What occurred during the next few years ? 
 
 A. The decease of George IV., and the accession of 
 William IV. in 1830; the introduction of the National 
 Schools, 1831 ; the reduction made in the tithes paid to 
 Protestant preachers, and the addition of five members 
 to the one hundred Irish representatives in parliament, 
 1837; and the great storm known as the "big wind,' 
 occurred January 6th, 1839. 
 
 Q. In what condition was the mass of the people ? 
 
 A. The poor-law commission of 1839 reported that 
 two million three hundred thousand of the agricultural 
 laborers of Ireland were paupers ; that those immediately 
 above the lowest rank were the worst-clad, worst-fed, and 
 worst-lodged peasantry in Europe. 
 
 Q. How was this state of things brought about ? 
 
 A. It was caused by English tyranny and misrule. 
 
 Q. What great man now began his eventful career ? 
 
 A. Father Mathew, the Apostle of Temperance, who 
 in ten years administered the total abstinence pledge to 
 more than five millions of persons, a.d. 1848-1858. 
 
 Q. Did O'Connell rest satisfied with Catholic emanci- 
 pation ? 
 
 A. No ; and in 1840 he organized the Repeal Associa- 
 tion, for the purpose of obtaining a severance of the Union 
 between England and Ireland. 
 
 Q. Who was his ablest ally ? 
 
 A. Richard I^alor Sheil, orator and writer, 1 793-1851. 
 
 Q. Who were his other associates? 
 
 A. John O'Connell, O'Gorman Mahon, Thomas Steele, 
 Charles Gavan Duffy, and others. 
 
 Q. What was O'Connell's plan ? " 
 
-..■-♦ 
 
 Catechism of irish history. 241 
 
 A. To win the support of the people by agitation, and 
 then, it was supposed, government would not dare resist 
 the force of public opinion. 
 
 Q. How was this opinion manifested ? 
 
 A. Through the press and the pulpit, but especially by 
 several great monster meetings held during 1843. • 
 
 Q. Did O'Connell have any resources in money ? 
 
 A. Yes ; he had the repeal rent, raised by penny sub- 
 scription among the poor, which amounted on an average 
 to eight hundred pounds a week. 
 
 Q. Give some idea of the multitudes attending his 
 mass-meetings. 
 
 A. From the first the crowds were immense, and they 
 kept increasing till their numbers became truly incredi- 
 ble. Men flocked from England, Scotland, and all parts 
 of Ireland, to hear the great Liberator. Thus, to mention 
 a few instances : at Clones there were fifty thousand ; at 
 Ballinglass, one hundred and fifty thousand ; at Carleville, 
 three hundred thousand ; at Kilkenny, three hundred thou- 
 sand ; at Loughrea, four hundred thousand ; at Cork, five 
 hundred thousand ; at Lismore, six hundred thousand ; at 
 MuUagraast, eight hundred thousand, and at Tara, one 
 million. 
 
 Q. What violent means did the government now take ? 
 
 A. It dismissed all repealers from office, poured troops 
 into the country, forbade the meeting to be held at Clon- 
 tarf, and prosecuted O'Connell and eight of his associates 
 on^the charge of attempting to overthrow the government. 
 
 Q. Who were the English ministers that did this ? 
 
 A. Sir Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington. 
 
 Q. Was O'Connell found guilty ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the government minions packed a jury, and 
 obtained a favorable verdict 
 
 ^■^- 
 
243 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 Q. What was his sentence ? 
 
 A. To pay a fine of two thousand pounds, and to be 
 imprisoned for one year; bnt after three months, the 
 unjust sentence was reversed by the house of lords, and 
 O'Connell was released. 
 
 Q. What did Lord Denman, one of the judges, say on 
 this occasion ? 
 
 A. " If such practices as have taken place in the 
 present instance in Ireland shall continue, trial by jury 
 will become a mockery, a delusion, and a snare." 
 
 Q. What occurred after this ? 
 
 A. Peel brought forward certain concessions, which 
 lessened the ardor of the people for repeal ; then the 
 Young Ireland Party divided tliem on the question of the 
 measures to be adopted in the future ; finally, famine be- 
 gan its ravages in the country, and O'Connell, broken 
 down by labors, went for recreation to the continent, 
 where he died at Genoa, on the 15th of May, 1847. 
 
 Q. What number of emigrants left Ireland during the 
 agitation ? 
 
 A. From the year 181 5 to 1839 as many as three hun- 
 dred and seventy-five thousand Irishmen emigrated to 
 Canada. By the official census of 1841 there were four 
 hundred and nineteen thousand two hundred and fifty-six 
 in England and Scotland, and, within the ten years from 
 1839 to 1849, as many as four hundred and twenty-eight 
 thousand more arrived in Canada. Many of these, how- 
 ever, passed on to the United States, where in addition 
 there settled four hundred and ninety thousand five hun- 
 dred and fifty-six, between the years 1820 and 1847. 
 Besides these, many thousands also went from Ireland to 
 settle in France, Belgium, Australia, and the distant colO' 
 nies of the British Empire. 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 24.3 
 
 Q. What good influence did these emigrants exercise ? 
 
 A. Wherever they went, they carried deep religious 
 convictions and planted the seeds of faith. In England 
 and Scotland, in Australia and America, they have been 
 the great church-builders of the century, and to them 
 more than to all others combined is due the wonderful 
 spread of the Catholic Church in these countries. 
 
 Q. Did emigration have also a bad effect ? 
 
 A. Yes ; the emigrants were generally poor, and neces- 
 sarily exposed to many temptations, and, as a conse- 
 quence, many of them and their children ceased to be 
 Catholics. Bishop England ^pUs us that, in his day, thou- 
 sands of them were to be found in the various sects of 
 the United States; and Cardinal Manning adds that 
 there are not less than two hundred thousand Irish people 
 — at least by blood and name — 'in London, who have no 
 knowledge of their religion, who never go into a Catholic 
 church. 
 
 Q. What eminent men passed away at this time ? 
 
 A. Rev. Charles Wolfe, author of The Burial of Sir 
 John Moore, and other poems, 1 791-1823; Michael 
 Kelly, composer, 1 762-1826 ; Jeremiah Joseph Callenan, 
 poet, 1 795-1829; Bishop Doyle, 1 786-1 834; George 
 Pepper, historian, 1792-1837 ; Gerald Griffin, novelist, 
 1 803-1 840; Bishop England, of Charleston, 1 789-1842 ; 
 William Maginn, journalist, 1 794-1842 ; John Banim, 
 novelist, 1800-1842 ; Thomas Davis, poet, 18 14-1849 ; 
 and Aubrey de Vere, poet, 1 786-1846. 
 
 ^.1*; 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Recent Events ^ A.D. 1847 to 1878. 
 
 I HAT has ever been the great curse of Ire- 
 land? 
 
 A. Disunion among her leaders. 
 Q. What memorable instance of this oc- 
 curred in recent times ? 
 
 A. During the last years of O'Connell his agitation 
 policy was bitterly opposed by a host of ardent young 
 patriots, who maintained that Ireland's freedom would be 
 secured only by armed force. 
 
 Q. What course did these pursue ? 
 
 A. They organized " The Young Ireland Party," and 
 then established the Nation to promote its views. The 
 principal writers of this able newspaper were John 
 Mitchel, Thomas Davis, and Charles Gavan Duffy. 
 
 Q. Did Ireland improve since the last generation.? 
 
 A. No ; owing to cruel oppressive laws, her condition 
 grew worse every year, till finally in August, 1846, a 
 dreadful scourge began to afflict the country. " Then," 
 says McGee, " Ireland, the hospitable among the nations, 
 smitten with famine, deserted by her imperial masters, 
 lifted up her voice, and uttered that cry of awful anguish 
 which shook the ends of the earth." 
 
 Q. Was the famine caused by scarcity of food in the 
 country ? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 245 
 
 A. It was not ; tlie food was there, but it was extorted 
 from the famished people by grasping landlords, who ex- 
 ported it to England for greater profit. 
 
 Q. How long did the famine last ? 
 
 A. For two years ; during which time about one 
 million persons, men, women, and children, died of star- 
 vation. 
 
 Q. Was anything done to relieve the distressed ? 
 
 A. Yes ; but not by the English, " whose ships, laden to 
 the gunwales, sailed out of Irish ports, while the charity 
 of the world was coming in." In 1846 food to the value 
 of fifteen million pounds was shipped to England, and, in 
 1847, the " famine year," the produce of the country 
 amounted to forty-four miUion nine hundred and fifty-eight 
 thousand one hundred and twenty pounds, an amount 
 sufficient to feed twice the population of Ireland. — Per- 
 raud, p. 115. 
 
 Q. Who did send assistance to Ireland ? 
 
 A. " The Czar, the Sultan, and the Pope sent their 
 rubles and their pauls. The Pacha of Egypt, the Shah 
 of Persia, the Emperor of China, the Rajahs of India, 
 conspired to do for Ireland what her so-styled rulers re- 
 fused to do — to keep her young and old people living in 
 the land. America did more in this work of mercy than 
 all the rest of the world."— -Af^r (?(?<?. 
 
 Q. What effect did the famine produce ? 
 
 A. It caused thousands to flee in horror from the coun- 
 try. Thus, at the port of Liverpool alone, between the 
 13th of January, 1847, and the 13th of December, 1848, 
 there landed 296,231 persons from Ireland. Of this vast 
 number about 130,000 emigrated to the United States. 
 Hence, in this way, emigration from Ireland was sud- 
 denly increased to 105,000 in 1846, to 215,000 ia 1847, 
 
9^6 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 to 254^000 in 1849, ^^ 249,000 in 1850, and to 289,000 
 in 1 85 1. In Canada alone, between the 8th of May 
 and the first week in June, 1847, as many as 84 
 plague-stricken ships entered the St. Lawrence, with car- 
 goes of poor Irish emigrants. After the famine in 1851, 
 there were 733,866 Irish in England and Scotland, and 
 within the ten years from 1847 to 1857, as many as 
 1,298,603 landed in the United States. The whole emigra- 
 tion from Iceland for this epoch amounted to 1,873,533 
 souls. 
 
 Q. What events mark the year " forty-eight " ? 
 
 A. The foundation of the I)ublin Catholic University ; 
 and the wild attempt at insurrection by the leaders of the 
 Young Ireland party. 
 
 Q. Mention a few of the Young Ireland leaders. 
 
 A. Richard O' Gorman, Thomas Darcy McGee, William 
 Smith O'Brien, and Thomas Francis Meagher, are among 
 those best known ; but nearly all acquired eminence in 
 the various professions which they embraced. 
 
 Q. In what foreign wars did the Irish distinguish them- 
 selves ? 
 
 A. In the Crimean War, the East Indian mutiny, and 
 in defence of the Papal States. 
 
 Q. \Vhat noted persons died in the meanwhile ? ^ 
 
 A. James Clarence Mangan, poet, 1803-1849 ; John 
 C. Calhoun, statesman, 1782-1850; James Finton La- 
 lor, 1850; Thomas Moore, the "poet of all circles," 
 1 779-1852; William Thompson, naturalist, 1805-1852 ; 
 Lord Plunket, orator, 1 764-1854; Gen. John Nicholson, 
 preserver of British India, 1821-1857; Father Mathew, 
 the Apostle of Temperance, 1795-1858; John Hogan, 
 sculptor, 1800-1858; Lady Morgan, novelist, 1 786-1859; 
 and Rev. Geo. Croly, poet and writer, 1 780-1860. 
 
^^^!rW^^^r'!''T9'^'''''^'W'^f!!!:sr''''-rrf''^''V^^^ 
 
 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 247 
 
 Q. What service did the Irish in America render their 
 adopted country ? 
 
 A. In the war between the States, thousands of them 
 fought in the Union armies, and, as Gen. Butler remarks, 
 "In every company, regiment, battalion, and division of 
 both armies, there were to be found Irish soldiers in large 
 proportions." 
 
 Q. What was noted at the time concerning them? 
 
 A. It was noticed that " they showed a marked desire 
 to fight the J>attles of their adopted country in such or- 
 ganizations as could rightly bear to the front, by the side 
 of the Stars and Stripes, the green flag and golden harp 
 of Erin. "—/^. 
 
 Q. Were there many such organizations ? 
 
 A. Yes ; there were Irish regiments from Massachu- 
 setts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. New York also 
 sent out the Corcoran Legion and Meagher's Brigade, 
 both exclusively Irish. 
 
 Q. What was the total number of Irish soldiers in the 
 Union armies ? 
 
 A. Of Irish birth there were about one hundred and 
 fifty-five thousand, and nearly double that number who 
 were of Irish descent. 
 
 Q. What generals in the war were Irish ? 
 
 A. Butler, Corcoran, Guiney, Kearney, Logan,. 
 Meade, Meagher, Patterson, Mulligan, Smyth, Sheridan, 
 Shields, etc. ; on the Confederate side, besides a bri- 
 gade, there were Cleburne, Mahone. Shield, Carroll, and 
 McBride, 
 
 Q. AVhat civilians rendered great service to the country 
 during the war crisis ? 
 
 A. Archbishop Hughes, of New York ; A. T. Stewart, 
 
/■ T'" 
 
 248 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY, 
 
 the leading merchant of his day; and Charles O'Conor, 
 the head of the American Bar. 
 
 Q. What occurred after the Civil War ? 
 
 A. In 1866 considerable excitement was caused by the 
 Fenian Brotherhood, an Irish national association, which 
 sent about a thousand men to invade Canada, a depen- 
 dency of the British Empire. Though successful, as far 
 as it went, the movement came to nothing owing to the 
 course pursued by the president of the United States. 
 
 Q. Did the state of Ireland improve meanwhile ? 
 
 A. Yes ; ejjperience and public opinion began to influ- 
 ence her rulers, and they were induced to mete out to her 
 some little favors. But it is too much to expect that she 
 will ever obtain full justice, except by some means other 
 than that of moral suasion. 
 
 Q. Which was the principal of these measures ? 
 
 A. The disestablishment of the Protestant Church, 
 July 26th, A.D. 1869. 
 
 Q. What eminent men died during this past decade ? 
 
 A. John O'Donovan, Gaelic scholar and translator, 
 1809-1861 ; James Sheridan Knowles, dramatist, 1784- 
 1862 ; Eugene O'Curry, antiquarian, 1 794-1862 ; Francis 
 Patrick Kenrick, archbishop and theologian, 1 797-1863; 
 Very Rev. Daniel W. Cahill, preacher and astronomer, 
 1 799-1864; Sir William Rowan Hamilton, mathemati- 
 cian, 1805-1865; Rev. Francis Mahony (Father Prout), 
 1800-1866 ; Nicholas Wiseman, Cardinal Archbishop of 
 Westminster, 1802-1865 ; Leopold O'Donnell, Duke of 
 Tetuan, and Marshal of Spain, 1809-1867 ; Samuel Lov- 
 er, novelist, 1797-1868; and William Carleton, novelist, 
 1798-1869. 
 
 Q. On what occasion was the influence of the Irish 
 strikingly manifested ? 
 
jj»-ri»:- -rjjim^™™™— r!.Tfr--'-r T.,.- ,—.■:. ,--^'-^rWI%r'.V^'.\m;ff'.^^^^im^W';i'f>U-jr"im-Vy'lW!^ft"^- — !^ "• ■^IV^^If^JJSf^yt^"'. J- JPj'^irfJ* 
 
 CATECHISM OP IRISH HISTORY. 249 
 
 A. At the Council of the Vatican, held on the 8th of 
 December, 1869. Of the seven hundred and seventy-nine 
 bishops present at this great assembly, about one hundred 
 — hailing from all parts of the world — were Irish, either by 
 birth or descent. 
 
 Q. What recent events are worthy of note ? 
 
 A. The visit of Father Burke to the United States, and 
 his successful controversy with Froude, the eulogist of 
 English misrule in Ireland. 
 
 Q. Does emigration from Ireland still continue ? 
 
 A. Yes ; thousands continue to depart every year for 
 difiFerent countries. From 1857 to 1878, there arrived 
 one million sixty-five thousand four hundred and twenty- 
 nine at the port of New York alone. During the last 
 thirty years about two millions seven hundred thousand 
 Irish emigrants came to the United States. For the one 
 hundred years just past, the total number that arrived 
 in America amounted to about five millions. 
 
 Q. In general, how are the interests of emigrants to the 
 United States best promoted ? 
 
 A. By settling in the great Western States or Territo- 
 ries, where they will be clear of all corrupt influences, and 
 can easily establish flourishing communities. 
 
 Q. What is now to be saM of the condition of Ire- 
 land? 
 
 A. Despite the oppressive laws, the country is beginning 
 to grow in wealth and population, and it is to be hoped 
 that ere long there will be no need of her people emi- 
 grating, and wandering homeless over the face of the 
 earth. 
 
 Q. How is this to be brought about ? 
 
 A. By a definitive policy, by earnestness and union 
 among all classes, and by carefully watching her repre- 
 
25° CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 sentatives in the Imperial parliament, where they have 
 often proved themselves so unworthy. 
 
 Q. What is to be thought of the ''Home Rule" 
 policy ? 
 
 A. It is probably the best at present ; for, when Home 
 Rule is once obtained, all else will follow if desirable. 
 
 Q. Name some of the noted Irishmen that have died 
 recently. 
 
 A. Michael William Balfe, musical composer, 1808- 
 1870; Daniel Maclise, painter, 1811-1870; Charles 
 Lever, novelist, 1806-1872 ; Sir Robert J. McClure, dis- 
 coverer of the Northwest passage, 1807-1873; John 
 Mitchel, historian and agitator, 1815-1875 ; John O'Ma- 
 hony, revolutionist, 1816-1876. 
 
 Q. Mention a few other personages of Irish birth or 
 descent. 
 
 A. Isaac Butt, statesman ; Barry Sullivan, tragedian ; 
 Dion Boucicault, dramatic author ; Bishop Conroy, Papal 
 Delegate to America ; James Gibbons, Primate of the 
 United States ; John MacHale, Archbishop of Tuani ; 
 John McCloskey, Cardinal Archbishop of New York ; 
 Lord Dufferin, Governor-General of Canada; and 
 Marshal Patrick McMahon^^resident of the French 
 Republic. ^ 
 
 Q. Besides these, are there others of almost equal emi- 
 nence i* , 
 
 A. Yes ; there are many others, filling with honor the 
 highest departments of social and political life— ^men of 
 worth, soldiers, heroes, poets, patriots, and divines, of 
 whom Ireland may well be proud. But in a work like 
 this it is impossible to mention them all. 
 
 Q. What is to be thought of the future prospects of Ire- 
 land? 
 
CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 251 
 
 ' A. The future of Ireland is cheering. She possesses 
 the same vitality, intellect, and resources that have dis- 
 tinguished her in the past. She has learned much by 
 experience, and her children were never so numerous as at 
 present. Moreover, right is on her side, her history is 
 being studied, and the sympathies of the world are with 
 her. If, therefore, the generation rising up be as patriotic 
 as their sires, no power on earth can keep the " old land " 
 in slavery, and she will soon again become prosperous and 
 great, if not entirely free. 
 
 Q. What thought comes naturally to mind as we close 
 this last page of our history ? 
 
 A. Truly, we must say, after all, Ireland has been fortu- 
 nate in her woe. Six hundred years of the bloodiest per- 
 secutions in history have not been able to rob her of in- 
 dividuality, faith, or nationality. Like the Church whose 
 most faithful child she is, she has come forth victorious 
 from her conflicts, and though bearing on her body tne 
 scars of battle and bigotry, and in her hand the broken 
 wand of national power, still, some rays of her ancient 
 glory and the attraction of defeated right linger even now 
 upon her majestic brow. Her sword is broken and her 
 ancient trophies lie mouldering in the dust, but for all that 
 she is yet a nation — a distinct nation. You may ca'l her 
 subjected, but I deny that she is conquered. You may 
 call her tranquil, but I deny that she is pacified. She still 
 possesses her own characteristics, her own poetry and 
 literature, her own patriotism and eloquence, and, above 
 all, she cherishes still her panting aspirations for freedom, 
 and her old, eternal, implacable hostility towards her arch- 
 enemy, England. 
 
 Ah ! Ireland — beautiful land of my own, even strangers 
 have grieved at thy sorrows, and how then shall I forget 
 

 252 CATECHISM OF IRISH HISTORY. 
 
 thee ? Forget thee ? Never ! Ever while there is life will 
 I remember thee. 
 
 Remember thee ? yes, while there's love in this heart, 
 It shall never forget thee, all lone as thou art. 
 More dear in thy sorrows, thy gloom and thy showers, 
 Than the rest of the world in their sunniest hours. 
 
 Were thou all that I wish thee — great, glorious, and free. 
 First flower of the earth and first gem of the sea — 
 I might hail thee with prouder, with happier brow. 
 But O, could I love thee more deeply than now ? 
 
 No ; thy chains as they rankle, thy Hood as it runs. 
 But make thee more painfully dear to thy sons, 
 " Whose hearts, like the young of the desert-bird's nest, 
 
 Drink love in each life-drop that flqwsfrom thy breast. — MuORE. 
 
 THE END. 
 
 
■^^Jjpr 
 
 :-'^3?fT?j'^.^r*?*^'rt:^=^|u*^^5*^^ 
 
 •^^ 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Table showing the number of Irish Emigrants who arrived at 
 New York from May 5, 1847, to January i, 1878. 
 
 Years. 
 
 No, of Emigrants. 
 
 Years. 
 
 No. of Emigrants. 
 
 1847 
 
 52,946 
 
 1863 
 
 91.157 
 
 1848 
 
 98,061 
 
 1864 
 
 89.399 
 
 1849 
 
 "2,591 
 
 1865 
 
 70,462 
 
 1850 
 
 117,038 
 
 1866 
 
 68,047 
 
 1851 
 
 163,306 
 
 1867 
 
 65.134 
 
 1852 
 
 118,131 
 
 1868 
 
 47,571 
 
 1853 
 
 113,164 
 
 1869 
 
 66,204 
 
 1854 
 
 82,302 
 
 1870 
 
 65,168 
 
 1855 
 
 43.043 
 
 1871 
 
 65,506 
 
 1856 
 
 44,276 
 
 1872 
 
 68,747 
 
 1857 
 
 57. "9 
 
 1873 
 
 68,612 
 
 1858 
 
 25,075 
 
 1874 
 
 37,447 ? 
 
 1859 
 
 32,652 
 
 1875 
 
 19,924 
 
 i860 
 
 47,330 
 
 1876 
 
 13.253 
 
 1861 
 
 25,784 
 32,217 
 
 1877 
 Total. . . . . . 
 
 8,221 
 
 1862 
 
 . . 2,009,887 
 
 » 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
254 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Table showing the number of Irish Emigrants who arrived at the 
 Ports of the United States from Jan. i, 1820, to Jan.^ 1878. 
 
 Ytmrs. 
 
 No. of EntigraHts. 
 
 1 
 
 Years. 
 
 No. of Emigrants. 
 
 1820 
 
 3,614 
 
 1849 
 
 151,398 
 
 1821 
 
 1,518 
 
 1850 
 
 164,004 
 
 1822 
 
 2,267 
 
 1851 
 
 - 221,213 
 
 1823 
 
 1,908 
 
 1852 
 
 V 159,548 
 
 1824 
 
 2.345 
 
 1853 
 
 '162,649 
 
 1825 
 
 4,888 
 
 1854 
 
 105,931 
 
 1826 
 
 5.408 
 
 1855 
 
 56,382 
 
 1827 
 
 9,766 
 
 1856 
 
 59, 008 
 
 1828 
 
 12,488 
 
 1857 
 
 7o,2H 
 
 1829 
 
 7.415 
 
 1858 
 
 34,4i<? 
 
 1830 
 
 2,721 
 
 1859 
 
 43.709 
 
 183 1 
 
 5.772 
 
 i860 
 
 60,692 
 
 1832 
 
 12,436 
 
 1861 
 
 33.274 
 
 " 1833 
 
 8,648 
 
 1862 
 
 35.859 
 
 1834 
 
 24.474 
 
 1863 
 
 '.■ 96,088 
 
 183s 
 
 20,927 
 
 1864 
 
 89,442 
 
 1836 
 
 30,578 
 
 1865 
 
 77,370 
 
 1837 
 
 28,508 
 
 1866 
 
 83,894 
 
 1838 
 
 12,645 
 
 1867 
 
 108,857 
 
 1839 
 
 23,963 
 
 1868 
 
 59,957 
 
 1840 
 
 29.430 
 
 1869 
 
 79.030 
 
 184I 
 
 37.772 
 
 1870 
 
 ^75.544 
 
 1842 
 
 51,342 
 
 1871 
 
 65,591 
 
 1843 
 
 19,670 
 
 1872 
 
 69,761 
 
 1844 
 
 33.490 
 
 1873 , 
 
 75.848 
 
 184s 
 
 44.821 
 
 1874 
 
 47,688 
 
 1846 
 
 51.752 
 
 1875 
 
 29,969 
 
 1847 
 
 105,536 
 
 1876 
 
 16,506 
 
 1848 
 
 "2.934 
 Total 
 
 1877 
 
 13.791 
 
 
 ^,o';6,66o 
 
 
 
 
 • ■ jj^'j^'j *'*'*' 
 
i^^^'^lWv'r 
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 255 
 
 Table showing the number of Emigrants who left Ireland from 
 January i, 1846, to January, 1878. 
 
 Years. 
 
 No. of Emigrants. 
 
 Years. 
 
 No. of Emigrants, 
 
 1846 
 
 105,955 
 
 1862 
 
 70,117 
 
 1847 
 
 215.444 
 
 1863 
 
 117,229 
 
 1848 
 
 178,159 
 
 1864 
 
 114,169 
 
 1849 
 
 254.425 
 
 1865 
 
 101,497 
 
 1850 
 
 249,054 
 
 1866 
 
 99,467 
 
 1851 
 
 289,721 
 
 1867 
 
 80,624 
 
 1852 
 
 190,322 
 
 1868 
 
 64,018 
 
 1853 
 
 1 73.148 
 
 1869 
 
 66,568 
 
 1854 
 
 140,155 
 
 1870 • 
 
 74,855 
 
 1855 
 
 91,914 
 
 1871 
 
 71,240 
 
 1856 
 
 90,781 
 
 1872 
 
 77,102 
 
 .1857 
 
 95,081 
 
 1873 
 
 90,149 
 
 1858 
 
 64,337 
 
 1874 
 
 73.184 
 
 1859 
 
 80, 599 
 
 I875 
 
 51,462 
 
 i860 
 
 84,621 
 
 1876 
 
 37.587 
 
 1861 
 
 64,292 
 
 1877 
 
 38,503 
 
 Total 3,592, 779