UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANACHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS itmmm i 1 1 i i LIHHARY OF THE NIVERSITV chuiNO. Jniversity of Cincinnati BuUctin-NQ, 14 JULY 1902. Publications of the University of Cincinnati^ Series II. Voi,. II. BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS WILLIAM OSBURN, A.M. ^ iA: _::::.^^^^^?>^'^ ^ ^?^'"~J^^^<-^,^ A False Conception, The University Bulletins are Issued Monthly Entered at the Post Office at Cincinnati, Ohio, as second-class matter Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Cincinnati FIEUD NOTES in ^A TURE STUD Y A CHAPTER FROM THE INSECT WORLD I. BUTTERFLIES and MOTHS WILLIAM OSBURN, A.M. A False Conception, See Fig, 7^ p. J 8. Issued b}^ the Cincinnati Teachers' Universit}^ Club of Natural Histor}' in the Biological Department of the University of Cincinnati. JULY, 1902. To Thk Tkachkr : It is the purpose of the Cincinnati Teachers^ University Club of Natural History to issue under the title of fie:i,d notes in nature study a series of pamphlets in- tended primarily to aid the teachers of the Cincinnati public schools in interesting- children in nature study. These pub- lications are not designed to stock the teacher with series of handy bits of knowledg-e for exploitation in the class room; it is not their purpose to supph^ facts around which the teacher may weave thrilling romances of Lilh" Poh^wog" or of Tootsie Cocklebur, but they are intended for such teachers as desire help in acquiring- familiarity with nature at first hand. The purpose of nature stud}' is to cultivate habits of ac- curate observation in the child, to lead it to see, and to com- prehend what it sees. Such ability is of fundamental impor- tance, for it constitutes the ver}^ essence of success in business or professional life. To accomplish this end the child must come into direct contact with natural objects. No amount of ecstatic sentimentalism, no number of stories about plants or animals or rocks will suf&ce. The child 7nust see; its own eyes, ecu's, fingers, all its senses, not those of the teacher, must tell it what the facts of nature are. Teachers are g-uides and they are successful in nature study onh^ in such deg-ree as they know nature rather than books. It is hoped that the present series of pamphlets will aid in direct- ing some to the proper source. To employ these pages as texts from which to make recitations, or as a means of fun- nelling information into students is a grave abuse and a per- version of their purpose. A fee sufficient to cover the cost of paper and printing is charged for each number. Correspondence is invited from all persons interested. Address, Department of Biology, Universit}' of Cincinnati. EDITOR. A CHAPTER FROM THE INSECT WORLD. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, WILLIAM OSBURN, A.M. I. NATURE STUDY. The value of nature study is being- appreciated more and more as an efficient means of educating the mind throug-h the senses. It is an encouraging sig^n that in the larg-e cities considerable attention is given in the elementarA^ schools to observational work. The citv boy and the cit}' girl are in some respects at a disadvantag'e in the race of life and need all the help and encourag-ement that can be given them. Their countrv brothers and sisters sometimes outstrip them, not alone because a vigorous outdoor life has developed a strong ph3'sical manhood, but because the}' have been under the tutelage of that benign teacher. Nature. Communion with nature is ennobling. It broadens the mental and spirit- ual horizon. It begets hig-h ideals. It iires the soul with lofty ambitions. It kindles a pleasure like that experienced b}' ever}' discoverer of truth. It dispels gloom when the shadows of life multiply, and fortifies with hope and courage. How sugg-estive the words of Bryant : " To him who, in the love of Nature, holds Communion with her visible forms, she speaks A various languag^e : for his g-ayer hours She has a voice of gladness, and a smile And eloquence of beauty ; and she g^lides Into his darker musing-s with a mild And healing- sympathy, that steals away Their sharpness ere he is aware." He who studies nature and correctl}" interprets her lan- guage reads a book that is free from error ; for he reads the thoughts of the Great Thinker. For, what is nature but the expression of His thought ? If he reads unaided, he discovers truth ; if he follows the interpretation of another, he demon- strates the truth. To discover or demonstrate truth is an exercise of high disciplinary^ value. A well recognized value of nature stud3" is the cultivation it affords to the observational powers. To make close and accurate distinctions is a task of no mean significance. Its necessit3^ is recognized in ever}^ field of labor. Herbert Spencer has well said : " Exhaustive observation is an element of all great success. It is not to artists, nat- uralists, and men of science only that it is needful ; it is not onh" true that the skillful ph)"sician depends on it for the correctness of his diagnosis, and that to the good engineer it is so important that some 3^ears in the workshop are pre- scribed for him ; but we ma}^ see that the philosopher also is fundament all}^ one who observes relationships of things which others had overlooked, and that the poet is one who sees the fine facts in nature which all recognize when pointed out, but did not before remark. Nothing requires more to be in- sisted on than that vivid and complete impressions are all- essential." More than a score of 3^ears ago, Chancellor F. H. Snow, of the University of Kansas, wrote: "It is because the power of observation is not properh^ trained at the time of its greatest activity that so many of our 'most highl}^ ' educated college graduates find themselves far inferior to self-educated artisans in knowledge of the common things of life. The activit}^ of the observing facult}^ begins in infancy, and should continue through the entire period of childhood and youth. The common methods of training the youthful mind bear too much resemblance to the Chinese method, which trains no faculty but memory. The mistake of the elemen- tary schools is too often repeated and intensified in the high- er institutions of learning. Many a young man who can ac- curately distinguish the niceties of the Oreek accentuation has never been tauglit to observe the commonest ol)jects of nature .iround him. Whenever he walks abroad, the 1)eauti- ful and curious flowers along- his pathwa}^ make no impres- sion upon his slumbering- vision. His ear is deaf to the deli- cate harmonies of the notes of the birds. Life for him is di- vested of man}^ of its most satisf^ying enjoyments. Not hav- ing- been taught to observe well, he finds himself ignorant of facts and principles which have become self-evident truths to common men." There is a deal of truth in the words of an English writer : '' It is wonderful how little a young- man may know when he has taken his universit}^ degree, especiall}^ if he has stuck to his studies. He ma3^ really spend a long- time look- ing for some one more ig-norant than himself, if he talks with the driver of the stagfecoach that lands him at his father's door, he finds he knows nothing- about horses. If he falls into conversation with a gardener, he knows nothing- about plants or flowers. If he walks into the fields, he does not know the difference between barle}^ r3'e and oats, be- tween cabbag-es and turnips, between natural and artificial grass. If he goes into a carpenter's yard he does not know one wood from another. The same experience awaits him wherever he goes and whenever he has the audacity to open his mouth. At sea he is a land lubber, in the country a cockney, in town a gfreenhorn, in science an ig-noramus, in business a simpleton, in pleasure a milksop — everywhere out of his element, everywhere at sea, in the clouds, adrift, or b3^ whatever word ig-norance and incapacity are to be de- scribed. In society and in the work of life he finds himself beaten b}^ the 3^outli whom at college he despised as frivo- lous or abhorred as profligate." Since these words were written, more than two decades ag-o, man3' chang-es for the better have been made in the curricula of our educational institutions. In man3^ cases the observational studies have been admitted to equal rank with the dead lang:uages, but in some quarters there is still a thoughtless apath3% or an inexcusable stupidit3" has pre- vented the recog-nition which their value in an educational system demands. Even when scheduled in the reg-ular courses the3^ are taug-ht b3^ rote, little or no provision being- made for laborator3^. conveniences and adequate equipment. To cultivate the power of observation, therefore, means not onl3^ subjective development, but the acquisition throug-h- out life of valuable knowledg-e. Ever}^ da^^'s contact with nature adds to the common fund. The knowledge of facts makes the discover}^ and demonstration of truth possible. Truth, possessed, insures abiding- knowledge. Knowledge is power. Shakespeare has said : " Ignorance is the Curse of God ; Knowledg-e is the wing wherewith we fly to heaven." All knowledge is practical. There come times in the exper- ience of ever3^ man when he finds it necessar^^ to enter the storehouse of memor}" and bring forth for practical use things obscure, which had been thought of no value. But knowledge obtained throug-h personal contact with nature is in the hig-hest sense practical, because it concerns thing's that are met at ever}^ turn in life ; it is more abiding- than that ac- quired second hand because the impressions are more vivid and therefore more easil}^ remembered. Our plea is in behalf of the 5'outh of the great cit}^ It is not to be thoug-ht a strange thing that a larg-e proportion of the leaders in thoug-ht, business, finance, literature, and national affairs come from the countr3\ Farmers' sons gravi- tate toward the cit}^ and their splendid equipments enable them to wag-e a winning contest. Statistics along this line would be a revelation. There are no doubt marked exceptions to the above statement. Often the cit}^ 3^outh is able to win, notwithstanding unfavorable environment, but a little investi- gation would show that he has not been confined to the smok}^ and sometimes moralh^ vitiating- atmosphere of the crowded city. Suburban residence, frequent visits to the countr}', occasion for nature study in the public schools and the universit}^ summer outings, frequent opportunity for travel, and fondness for outdoor sports have brought him into a pure atmosphere and in contact with expanding influ- ences. Otherwise he would have gone down in the strugfgle. Let us g:ive the boys and gfirls in the city a fair chance. Kvery inviting door of nature should be thrown open to them. Much of their enthusiasm ma}' be misdirected, but, under the g-uidance of competent teachers, much of it can he turned to gfood account. Nature studv in the ekMuentarv schools should be emphasized despite the erratic notions of educational cranks. High school laboratories should be well equipped that their pupils ma}^ be able to climb at least half way up the ladder of a sj^mmetrical education. The univer- sity should find them at this point and, with its adequate endowment and splendid facilities, be able to lead them up the other half. In nature study much emphasis should be given to life relations. It is important to stud3' the plant or animal in action. The problems of its life histor}' should be worked out. In botany, interesting- fields which ma}^ be entered are the alg^e. fungi, mosses, ferns, flowering herbs, weeds, trees, parasites and s^mibionts. In zoolog}^ the aquatic forms, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals will furnish abundant material for study. With classes, field excursions under the direction of instructors will be found ver}^ helpful. Individual work should also be encouraged. Field work is ver)' essential. It will be found helpful even when carried on at random. But the student should set for himself special tasks ; he should seek interesting problems to be worked out and direct his energies toward their solution. His work should be with purpose, not aimless ; systematic, not desultory; steadfast, not fitful. Thus the pleasure and profit of his investigations will be enhanced, and he will be able to add something to the accumulating store of the world's knowledge. The reader's attention is now invited to a phase of na- ture stud}^ at once interesting and profitable, the stud}' of the Lepidoptera — butterflies and moths. II. LEPIDOPTERA. Butterflies and moths are representatives of the great subkingdom, or phylum, Arthropoda, whose species include at least four-fifths of the known species of the animal king- dom. Their position in the natural S3'stem of classification is given in the following table : CLASSIFICATION, Kingdom, Animal. Series, Metazoa, man3'-celled animals. -9- Phyluni, Arthropoda, jointed-foot animals. C/ass, Insecta, insected animals, insects. Ordei'^ Lepidoptera, scale-winged insects. Sub-orde7's : Rhopalocera, Butterflies. Heterocera, Moths. Moths differ from butterflies in several respects. The moths, when at rest, fold their wing-s in a horizontal posi- tion ; their antennas are thread-like or feather-like andrareh^ enlarged toward the tip ; the}" usuall)" fl^^ at night ; and their larvae in entering- the pupa state usualh^ form a cocoon either above or beneath the surface of the ground. Butterflies, when at rest, hold the wings in a vertical position ; their antennae are enlarged toward the extremit^^ forming a club ; the}" fl}" in the da3"time ; and the larvae form naked chr3"salids, never spinning cocoons. Consult Fig. 2. NUMBERS, The number of species of moths in the United States is about six thousand, w^hile the number of species of butter- flies is less than seven hundred. These numbers represent approximateU" the number of known species, and while new species are being added to the list from time to time, it is not likel}" that these numbers w411 be |>-reatly in- creased. In number of in- dividuals, the lepidoptera are countless. Nature stu- dents need have no fears that the supply will ever become exhausted. Allowing that the average number of eggs laid by each female is five hundred, if only one hun- dred of these reached the imago (adult) state, this Jj alone would account for FiR. 2. their vast numbers. Many YHhMriJ'lr'Nl.?.!;. species, howcvcr, have from two to several broods in a season. This accounts for the fact that individuals of many species ma}^ be very scarce in the spring-time, but exceeding-l}^ abundant in the autumn, and sug-- g-ests that the best time to collect manj^ forms is in August and September. There are natural causes, however, which materialh" lessen the number of individuals. Many are de- stroyed b}^ birds and beetles ; an incredible number succumb, especial!}^ in the larval state, to insect parasites and f ung-ous diseases; btit, probably, the most serious agenc}^ in decima- ting their numbers is climatic conditions. A drouth causes a scarcit}^ of food plant and is unfavorable to the man}' trans- formations required to accomplish their metamorphoses. These considerations afford an explanation of the strange phenomenon that a species ma}' be exceedingh^ abundant in one 3"ear, but unusualh^ scarce in another. Man}' species seem to g-o throug-h a cycle of increase and decrease. There is a g-radual increase in numbers under favorable conditions until a climax of abundance is reached, and then there is a sudden decrease and positive scarcity of individuals. M}' own obser- vations favor the view that a marked falling" off in numbers g-enerally follows a drouth. At Nashville, Tennessee, a species of butterfly, known as the Gulf Pritillary, Diouc van- iliac, L., reaches its period of greatest abundance once every four or five years. In the fall of 1893 this species was noted for its abundance. Then followed a g"reat paucity of num- bers with a gradual increase until the fall of 1897, when it was ag-ain very abundant. The winter following- was unusu- ally mild until late in January. It was so mild that imag-oes of this species emerged from the chrysalids on the 15th of January in a breeding cage that was kept in an open shed. Then followed several weeks of severely cold weather. The following- summer was one of great scarcity for this species. In this case it would seem that their decimation was due to unfavorable winter conditions, a period of warm dry weather followed by severe cold. Migration, northward, or south- ward, may also throw light on this problem. A practical lesson is sugg-ested, that the time to gather material for study is during the period of abundance. A species may be abundant to-day but scarce to-morrow. Neg-lect now may mean a lost opportunity for several years. -11- Many species, however, do not seem to be subj.ect to this fluctuation in numbers. The}^ are in usual abundance ever}^ 3^ear. This ma^^ be accounted for b^^ the absence of natural enemies and b3^ the fact that the food-plant is of a succulent nature and is not affected seriously by dr^-^ condi- tions. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE, The stud}^ of lepidoptera presents a practical side of no little importance. Nearh^ all species are destructive to veg-- etation. The annual loss to ag-riculture, horticulture, and forestr}^ amounts to millions of dollars. The injur^^ caused each A^ear b}^ the caterpillar of the Cabbag-e Butterfly, Picris rafae, is estimated at several hundred thousand dollars. The Common Sulphur Butterfl3% CoUas p/iilodice, is said, in some localities, to destro}" one-third of the clover crop. The larva of the Turnus Butterfl}^ Papilio tiirniis^ feeds upon cherry and apple ; Papilio asterias is destructive to parsnip, celer}^ carrot, and parsle}^ ; and the Giant Swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes^ causes serious damage to the orange g-roves of Florida. The Gips^^ Moth, Poi'thetria dispar, has wrought such devastation to forests and fruit trees in Massa- chusetts that hundreds of thousands of dollars have been appropriated b}" the state legislature to check or, if possible, to exterminate it. The Arm}" Worm, Leticania uiiipuncta^ occasionalh" appears in larg-e numbers, moving- through fields of grain, sweeping- everything- before it. Cut-worms, of which there are man}^ species, occasion untold damag-e to vegetables. I have known them to cut down ten thousand cabbage plants in a sing-le night. The Boll-worm, HcliotJiis arniiger, which infests the ears of Indian corn, green and ripe tomatoes, and the boll of the cotton-plant, causes an an- nual destruction which is estimated to reach into the millions. The Fall Web-worm, Ifypliaiitria cinica, and the Basket Moth, lliyridoptcryx cp/iacjiicrac/orniis, cause a vast amount of damage to the foliage of trees. These are l^ut a few of the destructive species. On the other hand, many species are beneficial, the imagoes assisting in the cross-fertilization of plants, the caterpillars feeding upon noxious weeds. The larva of the Harvester, Fniiscra /arcjuiiiiiis, is carnivorous, feeding on plant lice. The product of Silk-worms has no -12- little commercial importance. The student will do well to keep in view the economic phase of the subject that he may be able to contribute something- of real benefit toward the solution of the vexed problems which beset the ag^riculturist and horticulturist. HABITS, What are the habits of lepidoptera ? Where can they be found ? They ma^^ be sought wherever vegetation is found suited as food for the larvae. Some species are to be found upon loft}" mountains ; others in low and miasmatic places. Some onh^ in the shades of dense forests, others in open fields. The}" are to be sought upon flowers, where they feed on nectar; upon fruits, veg^etables, and trees, whose juices and sap they greatl}' relish; upon damp places by streams and ponds or along* public hig-hways, where they sip moisture from the soil and feed upon microscopic plants and animals; on fresh manure; upon fences, building's, and the bark of trees, where they often bask in the sunshine ; hang-- ing from leaves, where they seek shelter from the storms or a place for repose during the night ; in tall g-rass, or hover- ing" over plants upon which the females deposit their egg-s ; upon hilltops or in open fields, where they often resort for courting or sport ; in the air, where they sometimes pursue a relentless, undeviating course. In the daytime many moths maybe found under loose bark, in old buildings, underboards, and in hollow trees; at twilight they may be seen hovering- over flowers ; and at night many species are attracted by light. Some species of butterflies are greg-arious, collecting- in large numbers upon moist and sandy places. This habit is illustrated in Catopsilia ciihulc, Terias iiicippc, Aiuca au- dria, Colias philodice, Papilio aja\\ Papilio troilus^ Papilio turniis^ Lyccrua coinyutas, Lycceiia pseiidargiolus^ and several other species. Usually the individuals of each species keep together, but occasionally three or four species may be found congregated at the same feeding place. The Monarch Butterfly has the habit of collecting in larg-e numbers in localities favorable for obtaining- food. Several species are known to have migrated. This is true of the Monarch But- terfly, Aiiosia picxippiis, the Snout Butterfly, Lihythca hach- Diauui, and the Thistle Butterfly, Pyrauicis cardiii. The -13- question of food supph^ is, undoubtedh^ an important factor in determining- both the g-reg-arious habit and the habit of mig-ration. Other interesting- habits can onh^ be mentioned, such as fl34ng- vertically upwards, feig-ning- death when cap- tured, falling- into the g-rass when pursued b}^ an enem^^ chasing- other insects, fl3dng in procession over a chosen pathway, and the remarkable instinct which the females in- fallibly exhibit in la5^ing- their eg-gs upon the proper food- plant, a habit probabh^ due to the sense of smell, for which the sense organ has not yet been found. HOW TO COLLECT, In order properh^ to carr}^ forward study in this field, it is quite necessary to secure material. Destruction is often the price of knowledge ; but the collection of specimens is onU^ a means to an end, to afford opportunit}" for working out the g-reat problems of form, function, classification, economic value, and evolution. Without the specimens in hand, it is useless to undertake either to prosecute the stud}' of structure and adaptation or to determine questions of classi- fication and nomenclature. Knowledge is the g-oal of the student of nature, not a desire to collect the greatest pos- sible number of specimens. Any other motive would lead to the abuse of nature. There alwa3's should be an honest purpose to make a worthj^ use of ever}' creature destroyed, even thoug-h it be the humblest insect. To destroy- for food or to save propert)' are worth}" uses, but the highest use is the intellectual and moral end which impels the true natur- alist as he delves into the arcana of nature. These words are not intended to discourage the true collector, whose of ten poorly requited labor is devoted to the good of others. He may be a trvie observer, and the light which he is able to throw upon problems of life history, habit, and distribution may make him as worthy of the name of natviralist as is the man who closets himself with dead forms and works chiefly on problems of morphology and taxonomy. No manufactured sentimentalism, therefore, should deter one from collecting- all the material he needs for the prosecution of the work he has undertaken. To be a good collector reiiuires no ordinary skill ; to ])repare, label, and arrange material in the proi)er -14 order after it is collected is an art possessed by few. Some simple drections are here g-iven as a guide to beg-inners. Other methods are g-iven in the books ; nothing- new is here pre- sented ; but these are the methods adopted by the writer after several 3'ears of experience. 1. The Collector's outfit. — A hunting jacket or collector's coat will be found a ver}" useful possession. It should be well provided with pockets of suitable sizes. The net ma}^ be a simple affair, a brass ring- fastened to a broom handle with mosquito bar for netting-, or it may be a folding- frame with jointed bamboo handle and fine bob- inet or silk g-auze netting-. The latter, of course, is to be preferred. Frames for folding- nets can be secured from dealers at moderate prices. The net ring- should be about one foot in diameter. The material for the net should be strong-, with close meshes. Shovild the meshes be larg-e, the tails of such butterflies as Papilio ajax will be forced throug-h and frequentl)^ broken off. The net shotild not taper to a point, but, for lepidoptera, shoukl be simply rounded at the bottom; and its lengfth should be about twice the diameter of the ring-. It may be sewed to a casing- of strong- muslin, throug-h which the wire is to be run. This will save the netting- from wear and tear, and make it last much long-er than it otherwise would. Several large killing bottles should be pro- vided. The larg-e morphine bottle is very well suited to this purpose. It is sufficientl}^ largfc for the Cecropia Moth and other larg-e specimens. The cyanide bottle ma}^ be made by putting- into it a moderate quantit}^ of C3'a- nide of potassivim and adding enoug-h plaster of Paris to cover. The plaster is then moist- ened and left to harden. Another method, one considered better because it prevents moisture (resulting- from the deliquescence of the cyanide) from injuring- the specimens, is as follows : Place some small pieces of paper in the bottom of the bottle ; upon themla}^ the cyanide and add more paper ; cover all with a Fig-. 3. a. Cardboard prepared for bottle. /'. Cyanide bottle. Sketch bv T. K. Bagley. -15- wad of cotton so as to present a smooth surface above; now cut a circle of Manila cardboard as shown in Fig-. 3 ^"x6/^", and 4"x 7", will be found convenient, These envelopes may be used to receive any kind of insect, but are especiall}^ adapted to lepidoptera. Very small and delicate moths ma}^ be placed in quinine capsules, adding- a small piece of cotton to prevent shaking- about, or they may be placed between laj^ers of cotton in small pasteboard boxes. One or two metal boxes, tin or g-alvanized iron, will be found indispensable. These boxes should have tightly fit- ting- covers and should be prepared with cyanide of potas- sium in a manner similar to the killing--bottle. The}" are to be used in the field to receive the papered specimens. Many specimens will recover if re- moved too soon from the kill- ing--bottle to envelopes and, therefore, should be placed in ^ — — a box containing- the poison- Fig-. 5. Metal box for receiving papered specimens. OUS fumCS. If thlS prCCaUtlOU is not taken, valuable specimens will be ruined by their struggles in the envelopes. See Fig-. 5. To complete the out- fit, there should be pro- vided a few insect pins, or fine needles, two or three tin boxes (baking powder cans will do) for caterpillars and pupae, and a note book for recording data. 2. CapUiriiig Speci- mens. — Moths, except on rare occasions, should never be netted. Even then, unless transferred to the kill- ing-bottle very quickly, they will be damaged b}" their struggfles in the net, the most Se- Fig. 6. sugaring for moths. Sketch bj^ T. K. Bagley. -17- rious damag-e being- the rubbing- off of the scales from the thorax. , As a rule, moths ma}" be captured by simpl}^ pla- cing- the mouth of the bottle over the specimen while at rest. Many specimens ma}" be taken in this way by lig-hts at nig-ht ; others ma}' be taken by a process called "sugaring-." Molas- ses, thinned with vineg-ar, is used and applied with a brush to fences and boards nailed to trees. These places are then visited with a lantern, and the specimens that have been at- tracted to the bait are easily bottled, Many rare catocolas and other noctuids may be taken in this way that otherwise would escape observation. Examine Fig-. 6. Butterflies, except a few of the Theclas, must be netted. This may be done while they are at rest or hovering- over flowers. It is folly to chase a butterfly. See frontispiece. Ninety-nine such esca- pades will result in ig-nominious defeat, and the one successful effort usually will yield a damag-ed specimen. A more r at ional method is to approach the butterfly from be- hind with a slow and g-lidingf motion, avoid any sudden motion un- til the flnal stroke is made, and your effort will probably result If unsuccessful, follow it until it lig-hts When netting-, a (luick turn of A more rational Motliod T. K. Baglkv. Skotch by favorably. Pig. 7. again, and repeat the effort, the handle will make a fold in the net and prevent the es- cape of the specimen. Capture Init one at a time. When captured, it should be removed from the net to the bottle as (juickly as ])Ossible. This may be done by laying the net, mouth downward, upon the ground and inserting the bottle with a (jtiick motion toward the specimen. But one specimen should be killed at a time, and never when others are in the bottle. This sliould be made a cast-iron rule, if perfect specimens are desired. If it is not followed, much beautiful IH material will be ruined by the strugfg-les of those most recently bottled. One perfect specimen is worth a hundred damag-ed ones. For this reason all faded, worn, and rag"g"ed material should be rejected as soon as captured. As a rule, when the delicate fringe upon the marg-ins of the wings is intact, the specimen will be found to be in perfect condition. 3. Papering. — This is a very important step. As soon as rigor sets in, the butterfly or moth should be removed from the bottle. This is important to prevent any unneces- sary rubbing of the scales and to facilitate the process of re- versing the wings, should this be necessary. It very often happens that the wings, instead of folding upward as they are held in life, turn downward. The specimen should never be papered with the wings in this position. They may be readil}^ reversed if removed from the bottle before the muscles of the wings become set. This may be accom- plished by inserting a line needle into the^thorax between the legs and gent- .1}^ blowing upon the under surface or carefully lifting them with a pin. The needle should not be inserted in- to the upper surface of the thorax, for the escaping fluid will damage the specimen. When the wings have been reversed, if this be necessary, it ma}' be seized by the thorax at the base of the wings, and dropi)ed into the en- velope in such a way that the bod_v will lie toward the long side of the same. See Fig. 8. Never seize a butterfly or moth b_v the wings as the scales are easilN' detached. It ma}' be lifted up by the tarsus or antenna and then caught by the thorax, as suggested, between the thumb and forelinger. 4. Data. — When the day's collecting is over, the mate- rial ma}' be sorted and placed in clean envelopes, unless the insects are to be mounted at once. Kach envelope should bear the following data, either stamped or written upon one side before the specimen has been committed to it, viz. : {a) A number corresponding with the number of some approved checklist or, better 3'et, the full specific name ; (/;.) the name of the collector ; (<^) the locality; and (fvvd\uir catrc (Riley). uot usually f avorablc for them. When the foliage of any plant has been eaten, it should be carefully searched. Some species, such as (h'apta iii/crroi^a- /ioiiis, prefer the under surface of the leaf ; others, as I\ipiIio tioinis, are to be found on the upper surface. Some may be located by their webs, others by their ejectemenla on the ground. Some are borers in stems, as M(\i:(i//iyiii!i> yiirnu' ; ^^^ others are to be soug"ht in fruit, nuts, g-rains, rotten wood, carpets and clothing-, beehives, under bark, crawling- upon the ground, and even in insect collections. Feniseca tcij'quiuius is carnivorous and should be soug-ht where plant lice are abundant. Man3^ species hibernate in the larval state, and may be found in winter suspended upon trees in their hiber- nating cases, in old log's, under leaves, or even beneath the surface of the g-round. When captured, larvae ma}' be put into tin vessels with tig-ht covers. Some of the food plant should be taken at the same time, and, if it is unknown, dried specimens should be prepared and kept for determina- tion. Upon returning- from the field the caterpillar of each species should be placed in a separate cagfe. It is sometimes permissible to keep more than one species in the same cag'e, especially if the}' differ greatly in size, or if one is a moth and the other a butterfly, or if the identit}' of one has been determined though the other be unknown. At all events, careful records should be kept, that there may be no uncer- tainty in associating- the imag-o, as it emerg-es, with its proper larva. The food-plant may be kept fresh by keeping the stems in a vessel of water (a largfe-mouthed bottle an- swers well for this purpose). Care should be taken to pre- vent any of the leaves from getting into the water. The water and food-plant should lie chang-ed every day, and the bottle should be cleaned carefully two or three times each week. To prevent the ejectementa from falling intothe ves- sel, the mouth of the bottle may be filled up with a piece of cloth or a small sponge. These precautions are necessar}- to avoid contamination of the water and thus prevent desease and death among the caterpillars. Careful records should be made of the various transfor- mations, noting- especially the number and date of moults, the date of pupation, and the date of emerging. A full de- scription should be written of each stag-e, especially of the full g-rown larva, the pupa, and the imago. Accompan34ng each cag-e should be a label bearing- the followingf data: NAME BREEDING NO. OF DATE OF DATE OF NUMBER SPECIMENS FOOD ^viqULTING PUPATION EMERGING ' NO. TAKEN -27- When specimens emerge, the}^ should not be bottled un- til the wing's have expanded thoroug-hh^ ; if allowed to re- main too long-, however, the}^ will be damaged in the cage, and much patient labor be brought to naught. In bottling specimens, the door of the cage, for obvious reasons, should be on the side farthest from the source of light. The note book is of supreme importance. Observations should be written up daih^ Too much emphasis cannot be given this point. The following order will suggest a fair method of arranging the material pertaining to each species : 1. The breeding number; 2. Name of species; 3. Table of data as given above; 4. Description and drawing of egg; 5. Description and drawing of larva after each moult ; also when full grown 6. Description and drawing of pupa ; 7. Description and drawing of imago ; 8. Observations on habits, food, and life relations, including notes on parasitism, variation and diseases. Work of this character, carried on as directed, will 3'ield much valuable information. It will throw light upon the character of the food plant, the identit}^ of the larva and pupa, the number of moults in the larval state, the time re- quired for the larva to reach maturit}', and the length of the period of pupation, the method of pupation, the number of broods in a season, the stage and method of hibernation, the length of individual life, parasitic enemies, diseases, the effect of light, heat, cold, moisture in producing variation and in retarding or hastening development, seasonal and sexual di- morphism, and man3^ other interesting problems pertaining to the life histor}^ of the species. There is opportunity here for much original work, as the life histories of comparatively few species are known full3^ MOULTING, The process of moulting occurs from three to six times in the life of a caterpillra*. As the larva grows, the old skin becomes distended and linall_v splits open on the dorsum in the region of the thoracic segments. The head is then drawn out, and the old skin gradually worked backward and cast off at the anal segment. Before moulting, the larva usually retires to some (juiet i)lace, refusing to eat until a new and roomier skin is acijuired. -28- PUPATING* The process of pupating- is accompanied b}^ a moulting- of the larval skin. Some butterflies form their chr3"salids at the surface of the ground; some, as Grapta iiiterrogationis and Pyrameis cardui\ suspend the chr3"salis b}" means of a cre- master (spine at anal end) hooked into a button of silk ; (See Fig-. 14) others, such as the Pierinae and the Papilioninae, Fig-. 14. Showing- methods of suspendingr chrysalids. Sketch by Miss Blanche Stuckey. not onl}' attach the pupa at the tip of the abdomen, but have a silken thread thrown over the the bod_v in the reg^ion of the thoracic seg-ments and attached on either side to the supporting- object. Manv moths spin a silken cocoon (Fig. 15) in which the pupa is formed. This is usualh' attached FiK. 15. Cecropia cocoon. Sketch by Miss Blanche Stuckey. to some tree or other object, or made in leaves at the surface of the ground. Some larvae burrow in the ground and form an earthen cocoon. Where much moisture is present, man}^ burrowing larvae may be induced to form pupae at the surface of the g-round. This sug-gests that when the earth was warmer and the atmosphere more highh' charged with vapor this was the usual habit with such species. As climatic con- ditions changed, in order to escape the increasing cold of re- curring- winters, the burrowing habit was acquired and, after long- continuance, became an inherited tendencv. -29- EMERGING. Butterflies and moths usualh^ emerge from the pupa b}' splitting- the pupa case in the region of the thorax. The head, antennae, wings, and abdomen are drawn out of their respective cases, and the newh^ emerged imago, clinging to the pupa case or climbing upon some object, hangs suspend- ed until the wing-s have expanded. No longer a "repulsive worm," or seeminglj^ lifeless pupa, but an imago, beautiful be3"ond description, it wings its flight over woodland and meadow, ever and anon sipping the nectar from fragrant flowers. But in the caterpillar that went crawling in the dust were concealed in embr3^o all the adaptations of structure, the incipient wings and e3^es and antennae, the beautiful colors and wonderful possibilities of flight and instinct that now characterize the imago. PARASITISM. This subject furnishes a field for original work. Nearl}' ever}^ species of butterfl}'^ or moth has its parasitic enem}^ an opinion based upon observations concerning the life his- tories of the more common species. As the life histories of comparatively few species have been worked out, the stud}' of parasitism is evidenth^ in its infancy-. Parasites consti- tute aver}' important factor in reducing the number of lepi- doptera. The}' may be vegetable or animal. The former give rise to bacterial and fungous diseases; the latter feed upon the tissues of the bod}-, some (the worms) infesting the alimentary tract, others (dipterous or hymenopterous larvae) living in the body walls. Among flies, the Tachinidae furnish many parasitic species. The female lays her egg upon the skin of the caterpillar. Upon hatching, the larva bores into the body and there lives until full grown. It then leaves the body of the dead or dying caterpillar and pupates in the ground. Among hymenoptera, the species of Ichncu- monidae and allied families are among the most important checks upon the increase of other insects. Some are external parasites, sucking the life-blood of the host; others infest the body of the caterpillar. The larvae of some of those that infest the body of the caterpillarl)()re their way out, when full-grown, and si)in a cocoon upon the surface of the host. -30- An example is Apau teles cou^regaiiis, ( Fig-. 16. ) which infests the tomato worm. Others, again, pupate within the bod}" of the host, which, in some cases, also has entered the pupa state. Examples of this kind are to be found in the ichneu- mon which infests the larva I of the Thistle Butterfl3% ^ , Pyranieiscardi(i,-aL\\A-a.no\.\\^x J ichneumon whose host is the A caterpillar of Papilio ajax. '^^ , , ^ Careful notes should be ^ -x'^ made of all parasites ob- •'^, '-"^^ served — of their habits of life, method of pupation, and effect upon the host. And Fijr. 15. Parasitism: Tomato worm determinations should be covered with cocoons of Apantefca coiisTc.iratia;. Sketch by Will C. Collins. date. made at the earliest possible DISTRIBUTION. Ever}' species has its life zone. Some, e. g., the Anos/'n plexippiis and Pynnneis cardin\ are well-nigh universal, while others have a very narrow life-zone. The rang-e of any species is determined by climatic conditions as well as by the distribution of its food plant. Locality lists are ver}' help- ful in determining the question of distribution. Every ob- server should make the list for his locality as large and com- plete as possible. NUMBER OF BROODS. The number of broods of any species is influenced b}" latitude. In the southern states, where the warm season is lengthened out, the number exceeds that (tf a colder climate. In Florida, for example, Papilio cresphontes has a succession of broods throug"hout the ^^ear ; in the vicinit}' of Cincinnati there are but two broods in a season. Ag"ain, the number varies with the species. Argyuiiis diana^ Telea polyphenuis^ and man}" others have but one brood ; Papilio ajax, Datana perspiciia, and others have two broods; while Pieris rapae, Grapta interrogationis, and others have several broods. To determine the exact number of broods in a season, the breed- -31- ing cage may be used, or observations may be made upon the occurrence of fresh specimens during- the season. As a rule imagoes from an}^ brood of larvae become worn and faded and often entirely die out before the appearance of fresh imagoes from the succeeding brood. Therefore, careful notes on the appearance of fresh material through the 3^ear will give a clue to the number of broods. It must be borne in mind, however, that individuals from the same brood may emerge at wideh^ different periods. For example, I have known pupae ot Papilio aj'ax to be formed late in June. About half of these produced imagoes in Jul)^ August and September, while the others hibernated and emerged in the following spring. In this case, evidenth^ some individuals are one- brooded while others are two-brooded. LIFE PERIOD. The length of individual life varies from a few weeks to several months. With summer broods, the whole period of existence may be crowded into one month or less. The Cab- bage Butterfl}^, Picris rapae, for example, I have known to Fig-. 17. Goatwoecl ButU-rfly. Sketch by Will C. Collins. lay eggs late in June. Caterpillars hatched from these eggs on June 20th, were full grown on July <)th. Pupae formed on July 9th, emerged on July 17th. The imagoes thus formed would undoubtly have lived not more than ten days or two weeks. The average life of an imago, summer ])rood, is al)()Ut two weeks In this case, the life period, from the -32- hatching- of the egg to the death of the imag-o, does not exceed five weeks. Take another illustration. I have ob- tained caterpillars of theGoatweed Butterfl}^ A/nsa andr/a, (Fig-. 18) from eg-gs laid late in August. These pupated late in September; and the imag-oes emerg-ed earh^ in October. It is well known that the imago hibernates. At Nashville, Tennessee, imagoes which had wintered over were found to survive as late as June. Here the life period is nearh^ a 3^ear. That of the summer brood, however, is only about six weeks. This problem of the difference in duration of the life periods can be solved only from data based upon accurate observations. HIBERNATION. How does the butterfly or moth spend the winter? Bach species has its own peculiar habit in this matter. The Basket Moth hibernates in the egg* state. The habits of those wintering- in the larval state are illustrated b}" the Viceroy Butterfly, Basihirchia disippiis, the Great Spang-led Fritillar3% Argyuuis cybcJc, and other Argynnids, the cut- worms, and the Isabella Tiger Moth, Ardia isabcUa. With out doubt the majorit}^ of species hibernate in the pupa state. Kxamples are found in the Papilionidae, Sphingidae, etc. A few hibernate in the imago state, as, for example, Anosia plexippus, Grapta intcrrogatioiiis, Vanessa antiopa, Pyranieis cardu /, and Ju ii o ;/ ia co c ii ia . VARIATION. Lepidoptera furnish man}' striking- illustrations of vari- ation. Departure from the normal size is noticeable after a period of unfavorable conditions, especiall}^ after a drouth, when undersized specimens are not uncommon. Spring exam- ples of imagoes are as a rule smaller than those appearing- in summer. The size varies also with the localit}-. For example, specimens of Argyuuis cyhch are much larg-er in Tennessee than in Ohio. Color variation is often exhibited in a striking- manner between spring and fall broods. This is sonietimes so marked that technical names are given to distinguish examples which appear in the spring- from sum- mer and fall specimens. The forms marcia and morpheus of the Pearl Crescent Butterfl}^ Phyciodes thai'os. and forms -33- telamouides and marcellus of the AjaxButterfl}^ Pap ilia aja.\\ are illustrations in point. Fall specimens of Terias iiicippe^ the Nicippe Butterfl}^, usualh^ have the under surfaces of the wing's brown instead of orange, whereas the variet}^ ,//«!•« is sulphur 3^ellow throug-hout, instead of orange. Fall exam- ples of the Dog-face Butterfl}^, Meganostoma caesouia^ are often roseate beneath instead of 3'ellow, as with Earlier speci- mens. Albinism and melanism* are not frequent. I have captured albinos of CatopsiUa eubule, Meganostoma cacsouia^ Terias lisa, Co/ias p/iilodice, and Colias euryiheme. Melan- ism is illustrated in the dark dimorphic females of certain species. These variations are due in larg^e measure to cli- matic influences. Extreme cold is known to have a pro- nounced effect on color marking's. Pyrameis atalanta has been subjected to extreme cold b}^ artificial means, and, after- wards, when the imag'o enierged, it had the markings of Van- essa antiopa. Reared specimens lack that brillianc}- of color marking's which characterize those developed under normal conditions. I have noticed especiall}^ that bred specimens of Papilio philenor \dick that brig'ht metallic sheen so character- istic of the hind wings, even when larg-e numbers have been obtained from the breeding cag-e. DIMORPHISM. Dimorphism is the qualit}^ of existing- in two forms. Reference has been made to dimorphism in the discussion of variation. Sexual dimorphism is as evident among lepidop- tera as among- other types of animals. The brig-ht yellow male and the black and blue female of the Diana Butterfly furnish a good illustration. Female dimorphism occasionally occurs. A very striking- illustration is seen in the two females of Papilio turnus, the yellow form resemblingr the male. The black form is termed glaucus. The latter does not occur in Canada. Undoubted'ly the dark form of Pieris frotodice is always female; but I have observed the light form depositing- eggs upon Shepherd's Purse. There is a well-known black female form of the Hobomok Skipper, At)y- tone zabulon, which has been named />r;r<'///r>'//^^s. Mr. Charles * 1, Albinism Abiionnal absence of colorinj;- matter. 2. Melanism Abnormal (levelojjment of dark coloring;- matter. -34- Dury of Cincinnati has in his collection several 3^ellow females resembling- the male. During- a period of ten 3^ears I was unable to obtain in Tennessee any of the lig-hter females. The black dimorphic forms are supposed to be re- versions to an ancestral t3"pe. LIFE RELATIONS, The ecolog-y of lepidoptera is a subject of much interest. Many species are especiall}^ susceptible to external influences. Heat, cold, lig-ht, darknes, moisture, drouth, electricit}^ and food supply have a marked effect upon size, coloration, num- bers, distribution, life period and metamorphosis. The dis- cussion of this subject must be limited to the effects of heat and food supply. Heat, other thing-s being- equal, favors an increase of size and numbers, promotes g-rowth, hastens metamorphosis, and shortens the life period. At the Universit}^ of Cincin- nati, during- the past winter, several cag-es with pupae were kept in the vivarium where room-temperature was maintained throug-hout the cold months. The unnatural environment resulted in hastening- the metamorphosis of several species. Acronycta obliiiita emerg-ed on Januar}^ 31; Papilio ajax on February 15 ; Papilio Listerias on Februar}^ 25 ; Papilio troiliis on March 1 ; Papilio tiiruiis on March 5 ; Spilosoma vir^^iuica and Leticarctia acraea on March 7 ; and Hyphaiitria cuuca on March 10. The food supply has an influence in determing- size, num- ber, distribution, and metamorphosis. Nearly every species has a chosen food. Frequenth^ it will prefer starvation to a chang-e of diet. Some, however, have a varied diet. In Hamil- ton Count)% Ohio, I have found the Spring- Canker Worm, Paleacrita vcnuita, feeding- upon hone^' locust, elm, hack- berr}', apple, and haw. The Cecropia Moth is known to feed in the larval state upon fift}^ species of plants, the more common being- apple, cherr}^ willow, maple, and hazel. Such lepidoptera appear to have an advantag-e in the com- mon strug-g-le for the maintenance of the species. THE SOCIAL INSTINCT, Reference has been made on pag-e 13 to the g-reg-arious habit. The habit is striking-ly illustrated in the larval state -35- of man}^ species. Among- butterflies, the larvae of J^a/^cssa antiopa, Apatiira clyton. and Phyciodes tharos, as well as other species, are greg-arious. Among- moths, the larvae of the Fall Web-worm, the Handmaid Moths (Datana>, the Carpenter Moth, and the Gips3^ Moth furnish a few of the many illustrations of the social habit. In Aug-ust, 1901, I found at Colleg-e Hill, Ohio, a colon}^ of caterpillars of the lo-moth, Aiitomeris io^ feeding- on cherr)^ This species has a remarkable habit. During the earh^ period of its larval existence it is g-reg-arious. This habit is propabh' for mutu- al protection, as the bod}^ is covered with stinging- spines. When the caterpillars have occasion to change their feeding place, the3" move to another part of the tree in single file ; and so closely does the head of the one join the posterior end of the one in front that the procession appears as one long g-reen worm. Thus they are able to keep together until each can shift for itself. When about half-grown, thej^ separate, and each works out alone the problem of its destin3^ PROTECTION. In order to maintain itself against enemies, nearh^ ever^' species is provided with certain means of protection. These ma5" be classified as protective devices, protective resem- blance, and mimicr5^ Fig-. 18. Protective device of Basket Moth. Sketch by Miss Blanche Stuckey. Protective devices. — These include any adaptation of structure or anj^ contrivances by which protection is assured. The nettling spines of the lo-moth, the scent organs of the Pa])ilios, and the hair of many caterpillars are protective adap- tations of structure. The webs of certain larvae, such as that of the Kail Web-worm and that of the Carpenter Moth, are -36- devices to secure protection. Consult Fig-. 18. The larva of Papilio troilus draws the Sassafras leaf over it and fastens it down with silken threads. Some feig^n death when disturbed, while others wrig-gle and fall into the g-rass. The Spring Canker Worm, when disturbed, falls into mid-air sus- pended by a silken thread. Few^ birds could capture it in that position. Protective reseintjiauce. — This is illustrated when any species imitates the form or color of any adjacent natural ob- ject for the sake of protection. The Leaf -butterflies of India resemble the form and even the venation of leaves. The Goatweed Butterfly (Fig-. 18) and the Semicolon Butterfl}^ resemble the brown leaves among- which thej" hibernate. Many g-reen and brown larvae resemble so closely the vegfeta- tion upon which they feed that they are detected with difficult v. Manv Geometrids often Fig-. IQ. Larva of Geonietr id- Protective resemblance. Sketch by Will C. Collix.s. Fig-. 20. The Viceroy Butterfly : a. Imago; b. Sketch by Will C. Collins. Larva. assume protective positions in which they resemble dead twigs or the petioles of leaves. Fig-. 19. Dataua integerrima is g-reg-arious and the larvae crawl to the trunk of the tree when not engag-ed in feeding- or when preparing- to moult. -37- Here position and the wood-brown color of their bodies afford them decided protection against the attacks of birds. Pupae, in no less degree, illustrate the same characteristic. They are g-eneralh^ formed in places and upon objects where the greatest pretective resemblance is afforded. It is not believed that protective resemblance arises through any volition on the part of the individual, but that it is rather the result of natural selection operating through long periods of time. It illustrates the great law of compensation so manifest ever3^where in the natural world. Mimicry. — Mimicr}" differs from protective resemblance. The one is a resemblance between two animals, the other between an animal and a plant, or some inani- mate object. A well known but striking exam- ple of mimicr}^ occurs in the Vicero3% Basilarchia disippKs. Compare Fig. 20 with Fig. 12. This spe- cies mimics in color and marking the Monarch Butterfl}', All OS id plexip- pus. I have taken speci- mens in which even the the transverse bar of the hind wings had disap- peared. The Monarch, on account of the dis- Fig- 21. Sutrgesting protective resemblance. agreeable JUlCeS OI itS body, escapes the attacks of birds and other enemies. The Viceroy, by mimicking it, secures immunity from the attacks of the same enemies. This resemblance and protection do not apply to the larvae, for the larvae of Anosia plcxippiis are destroyed in large numbers by a species of Tachina, while that of Basilarchia disippus is apparently free from the attacks of parasites. The two larvae are widely dif- ferent in form and color. See Figs. 20 Ik and 12 h. Here, again, the resemblance is to be accounted for on the ground of natural selection rather than on that of any choice on the ]);irl of the indix-idu.'il. -38- THE STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE, The law of natural selection, that is, the natural survi- val of the fittest for the conditions of life, prevails here as well as elsewhere in the animate world. There is a con- stant warfare of life upon life. Birds, beetles, and thousands of diptera, hemiptera, and hymenoptera carry on a war ag-ainst butterflies and moths which would result in exter- mination, were it not for the kind provisions of creative wis- dom. Nature is full of compensations. For weakness there is an added cunning-. For exposure, there is a protective resemblance that deceives the keenest vision. Even enemies ma}^ be blessings to the species, — blessings in disguise. Were a species to multiply unchecked it would soon work out its own extinction. I have seen elm trees completely stripped of foliage by the larvae of the Spring- Canker Worm long- before they had reached maturity. Thousands had dropped to the ground and were crawling: about in search of of food. Without doubt the majority of them perished; the}^ perished because their natural enemies, the birds and other insects, were unable to cheek their rapid increase; the}' perished because the food became exhausted in the presence of vast numbers. We have given a meager reference to a few of the prob- lems that challenge the observation and thought of the student of nature. Others will present themselves as he prosecutes his study. Indeed, these problems are of wide application. The human species is not an exception, for, with men life is a strugg-le upon which all must enter. Many must go down in the conflict, but out of it all will come a nobler manhood, a higher civilization. -39- BOOKS OF REFERENCE: Holland's Butterfly Book, Doubleda}- & McClure Co., New York. Comstock's Manual for the Study of Insects, Comstock Publishing- Co., Ithaca, N. Y. French's Butterflies of the Eastern United States, J. B. L/ippincott Co., Phila., Pa. The Entomological News, Phila., Pa. The Canadian Entomologist, London, Ontario, Canada. DEALERS IN ENTOMOLOGICAL SUPPLIES: The American Entomological Co., Georg-e Franck, Mgr., 1040 DeKalb Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. The Kny — ScHEERER Co., Department of Natural Science, Dr. G. Lagai, 225 Fourth Ave., N. Y. The Bausch & LoMB Optical Co., Rochester, N. Y. Page 9, 9, 9, 9, 12. 14, 15, 16, 17, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22 23, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 35, 37, line 28, " 30, '* 30, " 37, " 33, " 2, '* 28, " 8, " 25, " 37, " 28, " 33, - 19, - 19, "20-21, " 37, " 14, " 10, '' 37, " 27, " 37, " 16, ERRATA. for uno read uno (1. verno) " viderit. read viderit, * ' Eaque read eaque " suctransennas, read suci transenna^ " magnate read magnete. Latinus" canis occanum am Neptune amor invisu tiarent cader-ent aliena conlatus physioligi Sst. Latinus ' ' . canis (ocnlos) oceanum an Neptuno Amor invisus tiaret cade-rent dfia X(')xXn\/ alieno consolatns 7:d}.Xetv physiologi Hpp. CINCINNATI TEACHERS' UNIVERSITY CLUB OF NATURAL HISTORY. Organization. Maximilian Bkaam, Principal of McKinley School, Pies. Amelia Albert, Kirb)^ Road School, First Vice-Pi-es. Nkllie W. Kellky, Linwood School, Second Vice-Pres. Rose Thomasmeyer, 30th. District School, Recording Sec. Edith Donnelly, Kirby Road School, Corresponding Sec. Catherine Flick, 12th Dist. School, Treasurer, Leon Tedesche, Curator. Michael F. Guyer, University of Cincinnati, Editor. The following Pamphlets for Teachers have been issued: DARWINISM AND EVOLUTION. A Syllabus of Lectures, by Michael F. Guyer, Ph. D. Price 15c. FIELD NOTES IN NATURE STUDY. I. A CHAPTER FROM THE INSECT WORLD; BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS, by William Osburn, A. M. Address all business communications to the Universit)^ of Cincinnati; University Press. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 3 0112 111534019