973.7L63 
 
 B7P834w 
 
 1930 
 
 Porter, Albert. 
 
 "Wet" slanders of 
 Abraham Lincoln 
 refuted. 
 
LINCOLN ROOM 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 LIBRARY 
 

 ■MHHMBBHBHMHHHHI 
 
 WET SLANDERS OF 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN REFUTED 
 
 Albert Porter, D. Lit. 
 

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 A/l.tV 
 
 "WET" SLANDERS OF 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 REFUTED 
 
 By ALBERT PORTER, D. Lit. 
 
 Managing Editor of the Standard Encyclopdia 
 of the Alcohol Problem 
 
 Reprinted April, 1930 
 
 AMERICAN ISSUE PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 WESTERVILLE, OHIO 
 
"WET" SLANDERS 
 
 OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 REFUTED 
 
 QERHAPS the lowest type of meanness 
 is the slander of a man who is no 
 longer living to defend himself. One 
 would have thought that of all the 
 presidents of the United States the 
 last to be maligned would be Abraham Lincoln, 
 yet for many years the liquor interests in 
 America have persistently circulated statements 
 to the effect (1) that LINCOLN DRANK; (2) 
 that LINCOLN WAS A SALOON-KEEPER; 
 and (3) that LINCOLN OPPOSED PROHIBI- 
 TION. 
 
 1. I suppose that none of the liquor people 
 would have the hardihood to declare in any 
 body of sober Americans that Abraham Lincoln 
 was A LIAR; yet this is precisely what they 
 do when stating that he used any intoxicating 
 liquor as a beverage. What are Lincoln's otvn 
 utterances concerning the matter? 
 
 Lincoln, as is well known, was six feet four 
 inches tall, and a giant in strength. A friend of 
 his, William G. Greene, wagered that Lincoln 
 could lift a forty-gallon cask of whisky high 
 enough to drink out the bung-hole. Lincoln 
 squatted down and lifted the cask to his knees, 
 rolling it over till his mouth was opposite the 
 bung. His friend cried out "I have won my bet, 
 but that is the first dram of whisky I ever saw 
 you swallow, Abe." Lincoln spurted the liquor 
 out of his mouth and replied "And I haven't 
 swallowed that, you see." (Whitney, "Life of 
 Lincoln," p. 85.) 
 
 The Hon. SheHry M. Cullom (Governor and 
 United States Senator) of Springfield, 111., has 
 testified (Chicago "Record-Herald," March 16, 
 1908) that when he and other members of a 
 committee of Springfield citizens called at Lin- 
 coln's home, after he had been nominated for 
 2 
 
1 3 a 
 
 President, to discuss arrangements for receiv- 
 ing the committee on notification, Lincoln said: 
 "Boys, I never Jtad a drop of liquor in my tvhole 
 life, and I don't want to begin noio." Dr. J. G. 
 Holland, in his "Life of Lincoln" (1866, pp. 
 228-229) states that Lincoln even returned sun- 
 dry hampers of liquors and wines which certain 
 friends, knowing Lincoln's abstinent habits, had 
 sent for the notification meeting. 
 
 Carpenter, the pa inter of the picture of Lin- 
 coln and his Cabinet, relates in "Six Months in 
 the White House," p. 125, that after the noti- 
 fication ceremony, tumblers and a large pitcher 
 were placed upon the center table. Lincoln then 
 arose and addressed the company as follows: 
 "Gentlemen, we must pledge our mutual healths 
 in the most healthy beverage which God has 
 given to men. IT IS THE ONLY BEVERAGE 
 I HAVE EVER USED, or allowed in my 
 family, and I cannot consistently depart from 
 it on the present occasion. It is pure Adam's 
 ale from the spring." He then pledged the com- 
 pany in a glass of water, and all the guests fol- 
 lowed his example, while admiring his consis- 
 tency. 
 
 Frederick Trevor Hill states ( "Lincoln the 
 Lawyer," p. 33) that once Stephen A. Douglas 
 chaffed Lincoln about his abstinence from intox- 
 icants and asked sneeringly "What! Are you a 
 temperance man?" Lincoln replied: "No, I'm 
 not a temperance man, but I'm temperate in 
 this—/ DON'T DRINK." 
 
 On the occasion of Lincoln's visit to General 
 Grant at City Point (1865), w 7 hen Lincoln com- 
 plained of having been shaken up on the steam- 
 boat by which he had traveled, a staff officer 
 suggested that he send for a bottle of champagne 
 for the President. Lincoln stopped him with 
 the remark, "No, no my young friend. I've seen 
 many a man seasick ashore from drinking that 
 very article." 
 
 If any further testimony to Lincoln's absti- 
 nence were needed it is found in the promise he 
 made to his mother only a few days before her 
 death, at which time Lincoln was not quite 
 
eight years old. In 1847, when lie was a mem- 
 ber of Congress, a fellow member remonstrated 
 with him for declining to taste some rare wines 
 wlii eh their common host had provided. Lin- 
 coln replied that he meant no disrespect to his 
 host, hut that he had made a solemn promise 
 to his mother that he would never use as a bev- 
 erage anything that was intoxicating and that 
 he considered that pledge as binding now. as it 
 was the day he gave it. It was suggested to 
 him that the promise was made in childhood 
 and that he was now in mature manhood, en- 
 vironed by different conditions. He replied 
 "But a promise made is a promise forever, and 
 when made to a mother is doubly binding." 
 
 As I have said above, EITHER THE LIQUOR 
 PEOPLE MUST ACCEPT LINCOLN'S OWN 
 STATEMENTS ON THIS MATTER OR BRAND 
 HIM A LIAR. 
 
 2. The slander which the liquor people and 
 their friends publish with the greatest gusto 
 is the one which converts Lincoln with the sa- 
 loon business. As I write, I have before me a 
 California paper which, under the heading 
 "ABRAHAM LINCOLN IN THE SALOON BUS- 
 INESS," prints a cut of "Abraham Lincoln's Sa- 
 loon in 1833" together with a copy of the license 
 under which, it is alleged, Lincoln sold liquor. 
 The text of the article contains the following 
 passage: "It cannot longer be said that Lincoln 
 was a dry man, and that he was against the 
 saloons. It lias recently come out that Lincoln, 
 in 1833, was in the saloon business. 9 ' 
 
 In 1008 the German-American Alliance, a 
 pro-liquor organization, published a facsimile 
 of the license, the opening words of which read 
 "ORDERED, That William F. Berry, in the 
 name of Berry and Lincoln, have a license to 
 keep a tavern in New Salem, to continue twelve 
 months from this date." The bond attached to 
 the license purported to be signed by Abraham 
 Lincoln, William F. Berry, and Bowling Greene. 
 These publications caused great glee in the liq- 
 uor camp, and copies of the Lincoln saloon li- 
 cense, and bond were publicly displayed in many 
 4 
 
a liquor-shop. NOW WHAT ARE THE FACTS? 
 Lincoln and Berry, the latter a son of a Pres- 
 byterian minister, but unfortunately a heavy 
 drinker, bought the groceries of the village and 
 consolidated them; and having no money, gave 
 their notes for $1,500. When Berry suggested 
 that, on the principle that honey catches flies, 
 a barrel of whisky would attract customers, 
 Loncoln opposed this innovation (see A. T. Rice, 
 "Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln," etc., New 
 York, 1909). Miss Ida M. Tarbell, than whom 
 there is no more impartial and veracious writer 
 among American authors, wrote her "Life of 
 Lincoln" in 1900. She saw the original bond 
 in the official records and declared that 
 LINCOLN'S NAME WAS NOT ATTACHED TO 
 IT BY HIS OWN HAND ("Life of Abraham 
 Lincoln," New York, 1900, vol. i, p. 96); and 
 the publication of the facsimile of the bond 
 fully corroborated Miss TarbelPs statement. 
 Lincoln was absent for several months in the 
 Black Hawk War; and on his return he found 
 that his partner had sold all the goods but had 
 failed to pay the debts, leaving Lincoln respon- 
 sible for $1,100. He declared that that debt 
 was the greatest obstacle he had ever met. He 
 however, went to his creditors and told them 
 he would give them all the money he could spare 
 as soon as he could earn some; and, as a matter 
 of fact, the whole of the notes, together with 
 interest, were finally paid while Lincoln was a 
 member of Congress (see Rice, p. 4). When Lin- 
 coln was saddled with these debts he was a 
 young man of twenty-four. 
 
 Then there is LINCOLN'S OWN STATE- 
 MENT about the matter. In the first of the 
 seven joint debates between Stephen A. Douglas 
 and Lincoln, which took place at Ottawa, 111., 
 Aug. 21, 1858, Douglas banteringly alluded to 
 Lincoln as he was when he (Douglas) first 
 became acuqainted with him and said among 
 other things: "I was a school-teacher in the 
 town of Winchester, and he a flourishing gro- 
 cery-keeper in the town of Salem." Now it 
 should be remembered that in those times "gro- 
 5 
 
eery" was synonymous with "groggery." Lin- 
 coln's reply was as follows : 
 
 "The Judge [Douglas] is wofully at fault 
 about his early friend Lincoln being a 'grocery 
 keeper.' I don't know as it would be a great sin if 
 I had been; but he is mistaken. Lincoln never 
 kept a grocery anywhere in the world" The 
 foregoing is copied from the published official 
 volume of the speeches, the proofs of which were 
 revised by Lincoln and Douglas. Congressman 
 Robert Hitt of Illinois was Lincoln's official 
 stenographer. 
 
 Nicolay and Hay, in "Abraham Lincoln — A 
 History," say (vol. i, p. Ill) that the tavern 
 for which the license was granted was never 
 opened, as Lincoln and Berry about this time 
 sold out to a pair of vagrant brothers named 
 Trent, who paid for the concern in notes that 
 proved worthless. 
 
 The statement that "Lincoln was in the sa- 
 loon business," implying that he was volunta- 
 rily a seller of liquor, is a BASE SLANDER: 
 in support of it the liquor interests, though they 
 still continue to repeat it, are unable to produce 
 any reliable evidence whatever. 
 
 3. Recently the pro-liquorites have been very 
 active in proclaiming to the world that LIN- 
 COLN WAS OPPOSED TO PROHIBITION 
 For instance, Mr. Robert D. Wardell, secretary 
 of the National Association Against the Prohi- 
 bition Amendment, writing in the Detroit "Free 
 Press" of March 3, 1922, says: 
 
 Permit me to set G. L. Conley right regarding the 
 authenticity of Abraham Lincoln's statement on pro- 
 hibition. It was made in a speech in opposition to the 
 state-wide prohibition bill introduced in the Illinois 
 state legislature, of which he was a member, in 1840. 
 The bill was defeated in the House by a vote of 78 
 to 8. These are Lincoln's actual words : 
 
 "Prohibition will work a great injury to the cause 
 of temperance. It is a species of intemperance within 
 itself, for it goes beyond the bounds of reason, in that 
 it attempts to control a man's appetite by legislation 
 and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. 
 A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles 
 on which our government was founded. I have always 
 been found laboring to protect the weaker from the 
 stronger and I can never give my consent to such a 
 law as you propose to enact." 
 6 
 
Now on the face of it this seems quite con- 
 vincing; but, as the old saying goes, "one side 
 is good until the other is told." This is what 
 Duncan C. Milner says in "Lincoln and Liquor" 
 (New York, 1920, pp. 73-74) : 
 
 The liquor advocates have given extensive publicity 
 to Lincoln's vote in the Illinois legislature of 1840 on 
 "An Act to regulate tavern and grocery licenses." In 
 the House Journal of December 19, 1840, it is re- 
 corded that Mr. Murphy, of Chicago, moved to strike 
 out all after the enacting clause and insert the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 "That after the passage of this act no person shall 
 be licensed to sell vinous or spirituous liquors in this 
 State and that any person who violates this act by 
 selling such liquors shall be fined in the sum of one 
 thousand dollars, to be recovered before any court 
 having competent jurisdiction." 
 
 It was an apparent effort by a friend of the liquor 
 business to make the bill an object of ridicule. Lin- 
 coln moved to lay the Murphy amendment on the 
 taole, and this was carried by a vote of seventy-five 
 Yeas to eight Nays. This action has been widely 
 paraded as evidence that Mr. Lincoln voted against 
 Prohibition. 
 
 Mr. Wardell seems to have forgotten, if he ever 
 knew, that this alleged statement by Lincoln 
 was printed in 1887 in Atlanta, Georgia, during 
 an exciting campaign to close the saloons. Hand- 
 bills were headed in large letters : 
 
 FOR LIBERTY! ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S 
 PROCLAMATION 
 
 Underneath was a picture of a negro kissing 
 Lincoln's hand which was striking off the ne- 
 gro's shackles. Then followed the quotation 
 Mr. Wardell attributes to the Great Emancipa- 
 tor. Mr. Wardell does not seem to be aware 
 that a copy of this handbill was sent to Nicolay 
 and Hay, Lincoln's biographers, and that both 
 of them declared they were unable to trace the 
 quotation in any of Lincoln's letters, speeches, 
 or documents. Does he know that the president 
 of the Model License League admitted that he 
 could not tell where the original of the quota- 
 tion could be found and that prominent liquor 
 journals have failed, on challenge, to produce 
 any verification whatever of the alleged utter- 
 ance? 
 
 Mr. Wardell, as mentioned above, says that 
 7 
 
this statement of Lincoln's was made "in a 
 speech in opposition to the state-wide Prohibi- 
 tion bill introduced in the Illinois state legis- 
 lature, of which he was a member, in 1840." 
 Well, if this were so, there would be a record of 
 it in the Journal of the Illinois House of Rep- 
 resentatives. I, accordingly, wrote to the Clerk 
 of the House, asking him if he would be good 
 enough to have the Journal searched for the 
 speech referred to by Mr. Wardell. I have re- 
 ceived the following reply through the Illinois 
 State Historical Library: 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE HISTORICAL LIBRARY 
 
 SPRINGFIELD 
 
 June 30, 1922. 
 Dr. Albert Porter, 
 
 Westerville, Ohio. 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 Your letter addressed to the Clerk of the House of 
 Representatives was by him referred to this Depart- 
 ment for reply. I beg to advise we can find no record 
 of the quotation "prohibition will work a great injury, 
 etc." in any of the newspapers or published speeches 
 of Abraham Lincoln. In the House Journal of 1839-40 
 there is a mere record of the vote on the Murphy bill, 
 NO SPEECHES BEING GIVEN, nor is there anything 
 published in the Springfield papers of that date. 
 
 The Anti-Saloon League and others have had repre- 
 sentatives go over the files in this office and also the 
 House Journals of that date, but as above stated in 
 none of the material in this Library that we have gone 
 over do we find any record of this quotation. 
 Yours very truly, 
 (Signed) (Miss) Georgia L. Osborne, 
 Assistant Librarian, Illinois State Historical Library. 
 
 IF, after reading this letter, Mr. Wardell and 
 his friends continue to attribute the statement 
 in question to Lincoln, they will be guilty of 
 deliberate misrepresentation. 
 
 Mr. Wardell quotes what he terms "another 
 anti-prohibition statement by Lincoln:" 
 
 Too much denunciation against dram sellers and 
 dram drinkers is indulged in. It is impolitic, because 
 it is not in the nature of man to be driven to any- 
 thing ; still less to be driven about that which is ex- 
 clusively his own business; and least of all, wehn he 
 is told, not in the accents of entreaty or persuasion, 
 diffidently addressed by erring men to an erring 
 brother, but in the thundering tones of anathema and 
 denunciation. 
 
 He says it is to be found in Lincoln's address 
 8 
 
before the Springfield Temperance Society, Feb. 
 22, 1842. 
 
 This is a fine example of Mr. WardelPs dis- 
 ingenuousness. He has given the truth, but 
 not the whole truth. He might as well, in 
 quoting the scriptural passage "Let him that 
 stole steal no more/' stop after the word "steal." 
 Lincoln was talking about the new class of 
 temperance champions, and he endeavored to 
 show what he considered to be the unwisdom of 
 the tactics of the old-school reformers. What 
 he did say was this (the italics show misquo- 
 tations) : 
 
 But, had the old-school champions themselves been 
 of the most wise selecting, was their system of tactics 
 the most judicious? It seems to me it was not. Too 
 much denunciation against dram-sellers and dram- 
 drinkers ivas indulged in. This, I think, was both 
 impolitic and unjust. It ivas impolitic, because it is 
 not much in the nature of man to be driven to any- 
 thing ; still less to be driven about that which is ex- 
 clusively his own business; and least of all, where 
 such driving is to be submitted to, at the expense of 
 pecuniary interest, or burning appetite. When the 
 (Irani-seller and drinker were incessantly told, not in 
 the accents of entreaty arid persuasion, diffidently 
 addressed by erring man to an erring brother, but in 
 the thundering tones of anathema and denunciation 
 with which the lordly judge often groups together all 
 the crimes of the felon's life, and thrusts them in his 
 face just ere he passes sentence of death upon him, 
 that they were the authors of all the vice and misery 
 and crime in the land ; that they were the manufac- 
 turers and material of all the thieves and robbers and 
 murderers that infest the earth ; that their houses 
 were the workshops of the devil ; and that their per- 
 sons should be shunned by all the good and virtuous, 
 as moral pestilences— I say, when they are told all 
 this, and in this way, it is not wonderful that they 
 were slow, very slow, to acknowledge the truth of such 
 denunciations, and to join the ranks of their denounc- 
 ers, in a hue and cry against themselves. 
 
 To have expected them to do otherwise than they 
 did — -to have expected them not to meet denunciation 
 with denunciation, crimination with crimination, and 
 anathema with anathema — was to expect a reversal of 
 human nature, which is God's decree and can never 
 be reversed. 
 
 When the conduct of men is designed to be in- 
 fluenced, persuasion, kind, unassuming persuasion, 
 should ever be adopted. It is an old and a true 
 maxim, "that a drop of honey catches more flies than 
 a gallon of gall." So with men. If you would win a 
 man to your cause, first convince him that you are his 
 sincere friend. 
 
 9 
 
Mr. Wardell says that "Lincoln may have 
 been an abstainer, but he never was for prohi- 
 bition * * * Could he have lived longer, were 
 he alive today, prohibition as we have it would 
 not exist." Really! Has Mr. Wardell read the 
 following, which occurs in the same address 
 which he has misquoted? 
 
 Whether or not the world would be vastly benefited 
 by a total and final banishment from it of all intoxi- 
 cating drinks, seems to me not now an open question. 
 Three-fourths of mankind confess the affirmative with 
 their tongues, and, I believe, all the rest acknowledge 
 it in their hearts. 
 
 On the last day of his life Lincoln said to 
 Mr. J. B. Merwin, who was associated with 
 him in a confidential capacity: 
 
 Merwin, we have cleaned up a colossal job. Slavery 
 is abolished. After reconstruction the next great ques- 
 tion will be the overthrow and suppression of the 
 legalized liquor traffic, and you know that my head 
 and my heart, my hand and my purse will go into the 
 contest for victory. In 1842, less than a quarter of a 
 century ago, I predicted that the day would come 
 when there would be neither a slave nor a drunkard 
 in the land. I have lived to see- one prediction ful- 
 filled. I hope to live to see the other realized. 
 
 Mr. Wardell does not like this quotation. He 
 says: 
 
 "The reputed statement never passed Lincoln's 
 lips. It was manufactured, I am told, in the 
 offices of the Anti-Saloon League at Westerville, 
 Ohio. Lincoln, master of English and expression, 
 never would have employed the flamboyant man- 
 ner Merwin quotes him in." 
 
 So far from there being anything flamboyant 
 in the statement, the simple language employed 
 in it seems to be quite in harmony with Lincoln's 
 usual style. Mr. Wardell only shows the weak- 
 ness of his case by charging the Anti-Saloon 
 League with fabrication of this passage. 
 
 TO SUGGEST, AS THE LIQUOR INTERESTS 
 DO, THAT LINCOLN FAVORED THE TRAFFIC 
 IN INTOXICATING BEVERAGES, IN ANY 
 FORM, IS TO UTTER A BASE SLANDER 
 OF THE MARTYR PRESIDENT. His whole 
 life furnishes overwhelming testimony to his 
 consistent attitude on the alcohol question. In 
 1853 he was one of those who signed a request 
 10 
 
that a lecture on "The Bottle — Its Evils and the 
 Remedy," delivered at Springfield, 111., by the 
 Rev. James Smith, should be printed and put 
 into general circulation. This lecture contained 
 the following passage : 
 
 The liquor traffic is a cancer in society, eating out 
 its vitals and threatening destruction ; and all at- 
 tempts to regulate it will not only prove abortive, but 
 aggravate the evil. No, there must be no more at- 
 tempts to regulate the cancer ; it must be eradicated ; 
 not a root must be left behind, for, until this be done, 
 all classes must continue exposed to become the vic- 
 tims of strong drink. . . . The most effectual remedy 
 would be the passage of a law altogether abolishing 
 the liquor traffic, except for mechanical, chemical, 
 medicinal, and sacramental purposes, and so framed 
 that no principle of the Constitution of the State or 
 of the United States should be violated . 
 
 In 1861 Lincoln signed the Act of Congress 
 providing: 
 
 That it shall not be lawful for any person in the 
 District of Columbia to sell, give, or administer to 
 any soldier or volunteer in the service of the United 
 States, or any person wearing the uniform of such 
 soldier or volunteer, any spirituous liquor or intoxi- 
 cating drink, etc. 
 
 In 1862 he signed another Act, which pro- 
 vided: 
 
 That from and after the 1st day of September, 
 1862, the spirit ration in the navy of the United 
 States shall forever cease, and thereafter no distilled 
 spirituous liquors shall be admitted on board of ves- 
 sels of war except as medical stores, etc. 
 
 The same year, when, yielding to the en- 
 treaties of the Secretary of the Treasury (Hon. 
 S. P. Chase), he signed the Internal Revenue 
 Bill, he said: "I would rather lose my right 
 hand than to sign a document that will tend 
 to perpetuate the liquor traffic; and as soon as 
 the exigencies pass away / will turn my whole 
 attention to the repeal of that document. 
 
 On Sept. 29, 1863, in replying to a deputa- 
 tion that waited upon him, he said: "When I 
 was a young man — long ago, before the Sons of 
 Temperance as an organization had an exist- 
 ence, I in an humble way made temperance 
 speeches; and I think I may say that I have 
 never by my example belied what I then said." 
 
 Mr. James B. Merwin, founder of "The Amer- 
 ican Journal of Education," and one who had 
 11 
 
the entire confidence of Lincoln, relates that 
 Lincoln said: "The saloon has proved itself to 
 be the greatest foe, the most blighting curse 
 of our modern civilization, and this is why I 
 am a practical prohibitionist" (Milner, p. 83.) 
 The whole career of Lincoln presents no evi- 
 dence whatsoever that he favored the liquor 
 traffic; and those are poor patriots who seek 
 support for their cause in BASE SLANDERS 
 of the Great Emancipator, who sought to rid 
 America of liquor slavery as well as of human 
 slavery. 
 
 Since the foregoing was written, unexpected 
 and conclusive evidence of the falsity of Mr. 
 Wardell's statement, that Lincoln said "Prohibi- 
 tion will work a great injury," etc., has come 
 to light. The Rev. Duncan Milner, Associate 
 minister of Ravenswood Presbyterian Church, 
 Chicago, writing to Editor Samuel J. Fickel of 
 ''The American Issue" under date of July Jf, 
 1922, says that not long ago he met Colonel Sam 
 W. Small, the noted editor, evangelist, and lec- 
 turer, and asked him if he could not furnish 
 information relating to the speech attributed to 
 Lincoln. Colonel Small thereupon made an affi- 
 davit to the effect that Colonel John B. Good- 
 ivin, who had been the director of the Anti-pro- 
 hibition forces at Atlanta, Ga., in 1887, had 
 told him that HE (COLONEL GOODWIN) 
 HIMSELF DEVISED THE CIRCULAR IN 
 QUESTION, and composed the alleged words of 
 Lincoln, so as to attract the adhesion of the 
 colored votes, and had done so because to win 
 them was the forlorn hope of the "wets," the 
 county at the time being under a Prohibition 
 law. The affidavit, signed by Sam W. Small, 
 was made before Notary Allan B. Prosire m the 
 County of Arlington, Va., June 6, 1922. 
 
 Goodwin was mayor of Atlanta in 1883-84 
 and again in 1893-94- He held high office in Odd 
 Fellowship for more than forty years, and from 
 May, 1905, until his death was Grand Secretary 
 of the Sovereign Grand Lodge, with headquarters 
 at Baltimore, Md. 
 
 12 
 

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