LI E> RAHY OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 031 v.3£ / i Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/unitededitorsenc32unse UNITED EDITORS' ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY A Library of Universal Knowledge and an Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language FORTY VOLUMES ILLUSTRATED NEW YORK UNITED EDITORS' ASSOCIATION 1907 Copyright, 1906, BY WILLIAM S. BRYAN. 091 V. 3Z SCHEME OE SOUND SYMBOLS FOB THE PRONUNCIATION OF WORDS. Note.— (-) is the mark dividing words respelt phonetically into syl- lables; ('), the accent indicating on which syllable or syllables the accent or stress of the voice is to be placed. S °bo I ls'e S ui m "Representing the Sounds as sound°™hrfl! andMarks ^ exemplified in the Words. ^"^Cnunclatlon^ a. . .mate, fate, fail, aye mat, fat, fal, a. d. . .mat, fat mat, fat. d. . .far, calm, father .far, Mm, fa titer, a. .. care, fair car, far. aw. .fall, laud, law fawl, lawd, law. e. . .mete, meat, feet, free met, met, fit, f re. e. . .met, bed met, bed. e. . .her, stir, heard, cur .her, ster, herd, ker 0 I . . .pine, ply, height pin, pll, hit. %. . .pin, nymph, ability pin, nimf, d-bil'i-tk d. . .note, toll, soul not, tul, sol. d. . .not, plot .not, plot. 6. . .move, smooth mov, smoth. d. . .Goethe (similar to e in her). . .goteh. ow. .noun, bough, cow nown, bow, how. oy . .boy, boil boy, boy I. u. . .pure, dew, few pur, du,fu. u. . .bud, come, tough bud, hum, tuf u. . .full, push, good ful, push, gud u. . .French plume, Scotch guid. .plum, gild. ch.. .chair, match char, mdch. ch. . . German buch , Heidelberg, Scotch loch (guttural) buch, hi ' del-be rch, loch. g game, go, gun .gam, go, gun. j judge, gem, gin .juj, jem, jhi. k. . .king, cat, cot, cut king, kdt, kbt, kut. s sit, scene, cell, city, cypress, .sit, sen, set, sit'i, si' pres. sA...shun, ambition shun, dm bish'un. th.. .thing, breath thing, breth. tfft... though, breathe thd, breth. z — zeal, maze muse zel, mdz, muz. zh... azure, vision dzh'er, mzh'un. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK. a., or adj.. ..adjective a.b Bachelor of Arts abbr abbreviation, abbre- viated abl. or abla.ablative Abp Archbishop abt about Acad Academy acc. or ac. .accusative accom accommodated, ac- commodation act active a.d in the year of our Lord [Anno Dom- ini] Adjt Adjutant Adm Admiral adv. or ad.. adverb A. F Anglo-French Ag Silver [Argentum] agri agriculture A. L Anglo-Latin Al Aluminium Ala Alabama Alb Albanian alg algebra a.m before noon [ante meridiem] a.m Master of Arts Am Amos Amer America, -n anat anatomy, anatomical anc ancient, anciently an. m in the year of the world [Anno Mun- di] anon anonymous antiq antiquity, antiqui- ties aor aorist, -ic app appendix appar apparently Apr April Ar Arabic arch architecture archseol .... archaeology arith arithmetic Ark Arkansas art article artil artillery AS Anglo-Saxon As Arsenic Assoc Association asst assistant astrol astrology astron astronomy attrib attributive atty attorney at. wt atomic weight Au Gold [Auruni] a. u.c in the year of the building of the city (Rome) [A nnourbis condiice] Aug August aug augmentative Aust Austrian A. V authorized version [of Bible, 1611] avoir avoirdupois B Boron B Britannic b born Ba Barium Bart Baronet Bav Bavarian bl.; bbl barrel; barrels b.c before Christ b.c.l Bachelor of Civil Law b.d Bachelor of Divinity bef before Belg Belgic Beng .Bengali Bi Bismuth biog biography,biograph« ical biol biology b. l Bachelor of Laws Bohem Bohemian bot botany, botanical Bp Bishop Br Bromine Braz Brazilian Bret Breton Brig Brigadier Brit British, Britannica bro brother Bulg Bulgarian bush busbel, bushels C Carbon c century Ca Calcium Cal California Camb Cambridge Can Canada Cant Canterbury cap capital Capt Captain Card Cardinal carp carpentry Cath Catholic caus causative cav .cavalry Cd Cadmium Ce Cerium Celt Celtic cent central cf compare [confer] ch or chh... church ABBREVIATIONS. Chal Chaldee chap ..chapter chem chemistry, chemical Chin Chinese Chron Chronicles chron chronology CI Chlorine Class Classical [ = Greek and Latin] Co Cobalt Co Company Co.... county cog ..cognate [with] Col Colonel Col Colossians Coll College oolloq colloquial Colo Colorado Com Commodore com commerce, commer- cial com common comp compare comp composition, com- pound compar comparative conch conchology cong congress Congl Congregational conj conjunction Conn or Ct. Connecticut contr contraction, con- tracted Cop Coptic Cor Corinthians Corn Cornish corr corresponding Cr Chromium crystal crystallography Cs Caesium ct cent Ct. or Conn.Connecticut Cu Copper [Cuprum] cwt a hundred weight Cyc Cyclopedia D Didymium D. or But.. Dutch d died d. [1. s. d.].. penny, pence Dan Daniel Dan Danish dat dative dau daughter D. C District of Columbia D.c.L Doctor of Civil [or Common] Law D.D Doctor of Divinity Dec December dec declension def .....definite, definition deg ....degree, degrees Del o . ..Delaware del delegate, delegates dem democratic dep deputy dep deponent dept department deriv derivation, deriva- tive Deut Deuteronomy dial dialect, dialectal diam diameter Die Dictionary diff different, difference dim diminutive dist... district distrib distributive div division doz dozen Dr Doctor dr dram, drams dram dramatic Dut. or D... Dutch dwt pennyweight dynam or dyn dynamics E Erbium E. ore East, -era, -ward E. or Eng. .English Eccl Ecclesiastes eccl. or j ecclesiastical [af» eccles i fairs] ed edited, edition, edi- tor e. g for example [ex gratia] E. Ind. or j East Indies, East E. I "j Indian elect electricity Emp Emperor Encyc Encyclopedia Eng. orE. .English engin engineering en torn... ..entomology env. ext envoy extraordinary ep epistle Eph Ephesians Episc Episcopal eq. 01 =.. .equal, equals equiv equivalent esp especially Est Esther estab established Esthon Esthonian etc and others like [et cetera] Eth Ethiopic ethnog ethnography ethnol ethnology etseq and the following [et sequential etym etymology Eur European Ex Exodus exclam exclamation Ezek Ezekiel Ezr Ezra F Fluorine F. or Fahr. Fahrenheit f . or fern . . . feminine F. or Fr French fa . .father Fahr. or F.Fahrenheit far farriery Fe Iron [Ferrum] Feb February fern or f. ..feminine fig figure, figuratively Fin Finnish F.— L French from Latin Fla Florida Flem Flemish for foreign fort fortification Fr. or F. . .French tK***x±* t .....from ABBREVIATIONS. freq frequentative Fris Frisian ft foot, feet f ut future G. or Ger... German G Glucinium Ga Gallium Ga Georgia Gael Gaelic Gal Galatians gal gallon galv galvanism, galvanic gard gardening gen gender Gen General Gen Genesis gen genitive Geno Genoese geog geography geol geology geom .... ...geometry Ger German, Germany Goth Gothic Gov Governor govt government Gr Grand, Great Gr Greek gr grain, grains gram grammar Gr. Brit. . ..Great Britain Gris Grisons gun gunnery h Hegira H Hydrogen h hour, hours Hab Habakkuk Hag Haggai H. B. M His [or Her] Britan- nic Majesty Heb Hebrew, Hebrews her heraldry herpet herpetology Hg Mercury [Hydrar- gyrum] hhd hogshead, hogsheads Hind Hindustani, Hindu, or Hindi hist history, historical Hon Honorable hort horticulture Hos Hosea Hung Hungarian Hydros Hydrostatics I Iodine I.; Is Island ; Islands Icel Icelandic ichth ichthyology Ida Idaho i. e that is [id est] 111 Illinois illus illustration impera or impr imperative impers impersonal impf or imp. imperfect impf. p. or imp imperfect participle Improp improperly In Indium in inch, inches incept inceptive Ind India, Indian Ind Indiana ind. indicative indef indefinite Indo-Eur . . .ludo-Europeab. inf infantry inf or infin. infinitive instr. instrument, -al int interest intens intensive inter j. or int interjection interrog .... interrogative pro- noun intr. or in tran s . . . i nt ran si ti ve Io Iowa Ir Iridium Ir Irish Iran Iranian irr irregular, -ly Is Isaiah It Italian Jan .January Jap Japanese Jas James Jer ...Jeremiah Jn John Josh Joshua Jr Junior Judg Judges K Potassium [Kalium] K ...Kings [in Bible] K king Kan Kansas Kt Knight Ky Kentucky L Latin L Lithium 1. [1. s. d.], J pound, pounds or £ ) [sterling] La Lanthanium La Louisiana Lam Lamentations Lan g Languedoc lang language Lap Lapland lat latitude lb.; lib. or J pound; pounds lbs ) [weight] Let Lettish Lev Leviticus LG Low German I. h.d Doctor of Polite Lit- erature Lieut Lieutenant Lim Limousin Lin Linnseus, Linneean lit literal, -ly lit literature Lith.. Lithuanian lithog lithograph, -y LL Late Latin, Low Latin II. d Doctor of Laws long longitude Luth Lutheran M Middle M Monsieur m mile, miles m.crr masc. masculine m.a Master of Arts Mace Maccabees mach machinery Mag Magazine ABBREVIATIONS, Mai Major Mai Malachi Mai Malay, MarCiyan manuf . . . . .manufacturing, manufacturers Mar March masc or m. masculine Mass Massachusetts math mathematics, math- ematical Matt Matthew m.d Doctor of Medicine MD .Middle Dutch Md Maryland ME Middle English, or Old English Me Maine mech mechanics, mechani- cal med medicine, medical mem member mensur mensuration Messrs. or MM .... .Gentlemen, Sin metal metallurgy metaph — metaphysics, meta- physical meteor meteorology Meth Methodist Mex Mexican Mg Magnesium M.Gr Middle Greek MHG Middle High Ger- man Mic Micah Mich Michigan mid middle [voice] Milan Milanese mid. L. or j Middle Latin, Me- ML ( diaeval Latin milit. or mil military [affairs] min minute, minutes mineral mineralogy Minn Minnesota Min. Plen. .Minister Plenipoten- tiary Miss Mississippi ML. or J Middle Latin, Me- mid. L. . . | diaeval Latin MLG Middle Low German. Mile Mademoiselle Mme Madam Mn Manganese Mo Missouri Mo Molybdenum mod modern Mont Montana Mr Master [Mister] Mrs .Mistress [Missis] MS.; MSS.. manuscript; manu- scripts Mt Mount, mountain mus music mus. doc... .Doctor of Music myth mythology, mytho- logical N Nitrogen N. or n North, -ern, -ward n noun n or neut... neuter Na Sodium [Natrium] Nan « ..Nahum N. A., or N. Amer.North America, -n nat natural naut nautical nav navigation. navftjaf* fairs Nb Niobium N. C. or N. Car. . .North Carolina- N. D North Dakota Neb Nebraska neg negative Neh Nehemiah N. Eng New England neut or n... neuter Nev Nevada N.Gr New Greek, Modern Greek N. H New Hampshire NHG New High German [German] Ni Nickel N. J New Jersey NL New Latin, Modern Latin N. Mex New Mexico N. T.. or N. Test.. .New Testament N. Y New York [State] nom nominative Norm. F . . Norman French North. E ..Northern English Norw Norwegian, Norsa Nov November Num Numbers numis numismatics O Ohio O Old O Oxygen Obad Obadiah obj — objective obs. or t . . .obsolete obsoles obsolescent O.Bulg Old Bulgarian or Old Slavic Oct October Odontog. . .odontography OE Old English OF or O. Fr....01d French OHG Old High German Ont Ontario opt. optics, optical Or Oregon ord order ord ordnance org organic orig original. -ly ornith ..... .ornithology Os Osmium OS Old Saxon O. T., or O. Test... Old Testament Oxf Oxford oz ounce, ounces P Phosphorus p.; PP page; pages p., or part.. participle Pa. or Penn.Pennsylvania paint painting pa I aeon palaeontology pari parliament pass passive ABBREVIATIONS. pathol or path pathology Pb Lead [Plumbum] Pd Palladium Penn or Pa.Pennsylvania perf perfect pern perhaps Fers Persian, Persic pers person persp perspective pert pertaining [to] Pet Peter Pg. or Port. Portuguese phar pharmacy ph.d Doctor of Philoso- phy Phen Phenician Phil Philippians Philem Philemon philol philology, philologi- cal philos. ^ j philosophy, philo- or phil...") sophical phonog phonography photog photography phren phrenology phys physics, physical physiol physiology, physi- ological Pied Piedmontese PI Plate pi. or plu... plural PI. D Piatt Deutsch plupf pluperfect p.M afternoon [post meri- diem] pneum pneumatics P. O Post-office poet poetical Pol Polish pol econ . . .political economy polit politics, political pop population Port, or Pg.Portuguese poss possessive PP pages pp past participle, per- fect participle p. pr present participle Fr. or Prov. Provencal pref prefix prep preposition Pres President pres present Presb Presbyterian pret preterit prim primitive priv privative prob probably, probable Prof Professor - pron pronoun pron pronunciation, pro- nounced prop properly pros prosody Prot Protestant Prov. or Pr. Provencal Prov Proverbs prov province, provincial Prov. Eng. .Provincial English Prus Prussia, -n Ps Psalm, Psalms psychol. . . .psychology pt past tense pt pint Pt Platinum pub published, publisher, publication pwt pennyweight Q Quebec qt quart qtr quarter [weight] qu query q.v which see [quod vide] R Rhodium R River Rb Rubidium R. Cath Roman Catholic rec. sec recording secretary Ref Reformed refl reflex reg regular, -ly regt regiment rel. pro. or vet relative pronoun repr representing repub republican Rev Revelation Rev The Reverend Rev. V Revised Version rhet rhetoric, -al R. I Rhode Island R. N Royal Navy Rom Roman, Romans Rom Romanic or Rcw mance r.r railroad Rt. Rev ...Right Reverend Ru. Ruthenium Russ Russian r.w railway S Saxon S Sulphur s second, seconds s. [1. s. d.] . .shilling, shillings S. or s South, -era, -ward S. A. or S. Amer.. South America, »n Sam Samaritan Sam Samuel Sans, or Skr Sanskrit Sb Antimony [Stibium] s.C understand, supply, namely [scilicet] S. C. or S. Car.. . .South Carolina Scand Scandinavian Scot Scotland, Scotch scr scrupJe, scruples Scrip Scripture [sj, Scrip tural sculp sculpture S. D South Dakota Se Selenium sec secretary sec section Sem Semitic Sep September Serv Servian Shaks Shakespeare Si — Silicon ABBREVIATIONS. Sic Sicilian sing singular sis sister Skr. or Sans Sanskirt Slav Slavonic, Slavic Sn Tin [Stannum] Soc Society Song Sol. . .Song of Solomon Sp Spanish sp.gr specific gravity sq square Sr Senior Sr. Strontium Saint street stat statute s.t.d Doctor of Sacred Theology sub j subjunctive suf suffix Su. Goth . . .Suo-Gothic superl superlative Supp Supplement Supt Superintendent surg surgery , surgical Surv surveying Sw Swedish Swab Swabian sym symbol syn synonym, -y Syr Syriac, Syrian t town Ta Tantalum Tart Tartar Te Tellurium technol technology teleg telegraphy Tenn Tennessee term termination terr .territory Teut Teutonic Tex Texas Th Thorium theat theatrical theol theology, theological tLarap therapeutics Thess Thessalonians Ti Titanium Tim Timothy Tit./ Titus Tl Thallium toxicoL toxicology tp township tv. or trans. transitive Uansl translation, transt lated trigon trigonometry Turk Turkish typog typography, type graphical II Uranium ult ultimate, -ly Unit Unitarian Univ Universalist Univ University U. Presb . . .United Presbyterian U. S United States U. S. A United States Army U. S. N United States Navy Ut Utah V Vanadium v verb Va Virginia var variant [word] var .variety of [species] Ven , . , . Venerable Venet Venetian vet veterinary v. i. or v. intr. ...verb intransitive vil viliage viz namely, to-wit [vide- licet] v. n verb neuter voc vocative vol volume vols volunteers Vt .Vermont v. tr .verb transitive W Tungsten [Wolfram] W Welsh W. or w....West, -ern, -ward Wal Walachian Wall Walloon Wash Washington Westph Westphalia, -n W. Ind. jWest Indies, West or W.I...") Indian Wis Wisconsin wt weight W. Va oWest Virginia Wyo Wyoming Y Yttrium yd yard yr year Zech Zechariah Zeph . Zephaniah Zn Zinc zool zoology, zoological Zr Zirconium See also ABBREVIATIONS- in VoL L UNITED EDITORS' ENCYCLOPEDIA AND DICTIONARY. REPOLISH, v. re-pol'ish [re, again, and polish] : to polish again. REPONE, v. re-pon f [L. reporter e, to replace, to re- store — from re, back or again; ponere, to put or place] : in Scotch law, to restore to a situation formerly held. Repo'ning, imp. Reponed', pp. -pond". REPORT, v. re'port\ [L. reportare, to bring back; to report — from re, back or again; porto, I carry: It. ripor- tare; F. rapport er, to relate] : to bear or bring back, as an answer; to give an account of; to relate; to circulate by popular rumor: to announce or make a statement of facts; to give an official statement; to follow the busi- ness of a reporter; in mil., to announce or inform of one's presence; to state officially to a superior the breach or neglect of duty on the part of another : N. an account or statement circulated; that which is noised about re- specting a thing; common fame; noise, as of a gun; an official statement of facts; a statement of proceedings, etc. ; an account of a law case. Reporting, imp. : N. the act of giving an account of anything orally or in writing: the art or profession of a reporter. Report'ed, pp. Report'er, n. -er, one who writes down in short- hand the proceedings of legislatures, of courts of law, and of public meetings, etc., with a view to publication. Reportable, a. -a-bl, fit to be reported. To be re- ported or To be reported of, to be well or ill spoken of; to be mentioned with respect or reproach. To report one's self, to present one's self before a superior, or at headquarters, for inspection or orders. Confidential report, a private and secret statement of the results of an inspection or inquiry to a superior authority. — Syn. of 'report, v.': to narrate; recite; tell; relate; describe; detail; — of 'report, n.': narration; detail; relation; ac- count; description; narrative; recital; hearsay; story; rumor; fame; renown; repute. REPORTING, British Parliamentary, public re- ports of speeches, debates, and proceedings in the British legislature. The voluminous work Parliamentary Bis- tory of England, is considered in England the most val- Vol, 32—1 REPORTING. . uable historical work in the language. In the reign of Queen Anne, a monthly pamphlet, the Political State, gave an outline of the debates in parliament. In the reign of George I., the Historical Register, published an- nually, professed to give reports of parliamentary speeches. The Gentleman's Magazine began a monthly publication of the debates, the number for 1735, Aug., containing a report of the debate in the house of lords on the previous Jan. 3. Cave, the publisher, continued the practice in succeeding numbers; procuring for a friend or two with himself, admission into the gallery of the house of commons, or to some concealed station in the other house, where they privately took notes, which they compared and adjusted in a neighboring tavern. An abler hand, Guthrie the historian, was employed to reduce this crude matter to form; but no publication of it was made till after the session had ended. Cave, at length growing bolder, printed in full the names of speakers. Both houses took alarm, and passed resolu- tions forbidding reports of debates. The publication of the debates of either house had been repeatedly declared a high breach of privilege. In 1738 Speaker Onslow called the attention of the house of commons to the breach of its standing orders by Cave and others. The result was another resolution against the publication of debates 'either while parliament is sitting or during the recess/ and a threat to proceed against offenders with the 'utmost severity.' The reports, notwithstanding, still appeared, but under the disguise of 'Debates in the Senate of Lilliput/ in the Gentleman's Magazine; and 'Debates in the Political Club/ in the London Magazine. the celebrated Dr. Johnson was employed by Cave in the composition of his parliamentary debates, and the reports 1740-43 are held to have been entirely prepared by him; sometimes with the assistance of the above- mentioned Guthrie, who had a good memory, and used to bring home as much as he could recollect from the house; and sometimes, according to Boswell, with no other aid than the names of the orators and the side on which they spoke. When it was observed to Johnson that he dealt out reason and eloquence equally to both parties, he remarked: 'I took care that the whig dogs should not have the best of it.' It was not till 30 years later that the parliamentary debates descended from the magazines to the newspapers. The latter had, however, for some time resolved to report the debates (Woodf all's Junius, iii. 345), and they took advantage of the popu- lar excitement concerning the Luttrell-Wilkes election for Middlesex, to try the right of the house to interdict the publication of its proceedings. The contest between parliament and the press be- gan at the close of 1770. Some printers of London daily papers were ordered under arrest, 1771, Mar., for REPORTING. printing the proceedings of the house of commons. Some surrendered, and asking pardon on their knees at the bar of the house, were discharged. One, Miller, not surren- dering, was ordered into the custody of the sergeant-at- arms, whose messenger arrested Miller within the city of London, and was immediately given into custody by Miller for assault, and carried before the lord mayor, who declared the speaker's warrant illegal, discharged Miller, and committed the messenger for assault. Two other printers, Wheble and Thompson, had been carried re- spectively before Aldermen Wilkes and Oliver, who im- mediately discharged them, and bound them over to prosecute, and the speaker's messenger to answer, t_ charge of assault and false imprisonment. - The house of commons was furious. It ordered the attendance of the iord mayor (a member of the house), and of Alderman Oliver. The aldermen of London attended the house, and pleaded their own cause, alleging that their charters exempted the citizens from any law process being served on them except by their own officers. The house com- mitted the lord mayor and Alderman Oliver to the Tower. The city of London loudly protested, and the whole country responded to the appeal. Tne power of parlia- ment to imprison ceases at the end of the current session, and on the day of prorogation, 1771, July 23, the lord mayor and Alderman Oliver marched out of the Tower in triumph; and at night tbe city was illuminated. A few days afterward, the speaker's messenger who had arrested Wheble was tried at Guildhall for the assault, found guilty, fined Is., and imprisoned for two months. Next session, tbe house of -commons tacitly acknowledged itself beaten. The printers defied the house and continued to publish their proceedings. In a short time , the house of lords also conceded the point. The victory was complete, and no attempt has since been made to prevent publication of the debates and proceedings of parliament. The reso- lution affirming that it is a high indignity to, and 'notor- ious breach of, the privileges of the house to publish the debates/ still remains unrevoked on the Journals; yet gal- leries have been constructed for accommodation of re- porters. It is still in the power of any member, who may call the speaker's attention to the fact that 'strangers are E resent/ to exclude the public and the reporters from the ouse; and this power has been exercised during living memory; but on such occasions one or more members who have dissented from this course have taken notes of the speeches, and have avowedly sent them to the newspapers. The old machinery of newspaper reporting was exceed- ingly defective till 1815. At that time the public interest in domestic affairs made the publication of parliamentary debates an object of national importance; and in a few years parliamentary reporting assumed its present full, detailed, and accurate character. Increased facilities for the discharge of their important and arduous duties were from time to time ojiven to the reporters. In the splendid REPORTING. new Palace of Westminster, in which the two houses now hold their deliberations, exclusive galleries are provided for accommodation of reporters: in the house of lords, their gallery faces the throne and the woolsack; in the house of commons, it is behind the chair. The organiza- tion of parliamentary reporters for the Times newspaper and other great English journals is admirably complete; and arrangements of all kinds have been brought to a perfect system for securing expedition and accuracy. A long speech may be said to extend from the mouth of the speaker to Printing House Square. Relays of reporters make their notes, each in turn reading from them to an operator on a telephone wire in the office of the paper, who transmits -the matter to the composing room where the first portions of the speech are frequently in type before the orator finishes his speech in Parliament. A few years ago the object desired by newspaper pro- prietors was not a literal report, but what may be called the spirit of a speech — a faithful abridgment of the sen- timent, matter, and style of the speaker. Parliamen- tary reports subsequently became more diffuse, the debates of a single evening not unfrequently occupying between 20 and 30 columns of small type. This, how- ever, has not been maintained; and though much might be said against reporting at great length of important speeches, there can be nothing said in favor of such ex- cessive condensation of all speeches as prevails in most of the London newspapers — the Times and the Standard being exceptions. The only publication since the Mirror of Parliament which professes to give all the speeches fully and accurately is Hansard's Parliamentary Debates (see Hansard). Publicity is now recognized as one of the most impor- tant instruments of parliamentary government. Long before a measure can be adopted by the legislature, it has been approved or condemned by the public voice; and, living and acting in public, parliament under a free representation has become as sensitive to public opinion as a barometer to atmospheric pressure. See May's Con- stitutional History of England; Knight Hunt's Fourth Estate; Andrews's History of British Journalism; Pen- dleton's Newspaper Reporting in Olden Times and To- day (1890); also article Newspaper, — See Wilkes, John. REPORTING, Congressional and Other Legisla- tive: act of taking down for preservation or publica- tion the speeches and proceedings in legislative bodies. Tn the United States it is done by two kinds of report- ers, official and newspaper. The duties of an official reporter are wholly distinct from those of the clerk or sec. of the body who keeps the official record and Heidelberg Castle, erected 1556-1559, REPOSE— REPOUR. the movement of bills and resolutions. Formerly rapid long-hand writers were employed to report legislative speeches and debates; but they are now generally superseded by stenographers. All official reporters in the U. S. con- gress are stenographers. In the senate there are a chief and four assistants; in the house a chief and five assistants. In both branches nearly all the clerks of committees are stenographers. The same customs prevail in the principal state legislatures.— Each house of congress has a special gallery for the exclusive use of newspaper reporters, under the control of the senate committee on rules and of a standing committee of the newspaper correspondents on duty at Washington. These reporters do not pretend to take down speeches and debates verbatim, but rather apply themselves to running notes of a speech or debate and to composing word pictures of scenes in the halls below during important or exciting movements. Strict rules govern the issue of tickets for the privilege of the press galleries, and no reporter holding one can be personally interested in any legislation before congress or in any claim before its com- mittees. More than two hundred reporters, representing newspapers in every part of the country, hold tickets to the press galleries. REPOSE, v. re-pdz' [F. repos, rest; reposer, to rest, to repose — from L. repositus, placed back again — from re, back or again ; pono, I p?ace: It. ripdsare: Sp. xeposar\. to lay or be at rest; to rest mentally; to place or rest in, as confidence; to sleep; to recline; to rely, with in or on: N. state of sleep; rest; quiet; rest of mind; in paint., cer- tain parts in the composition of a picture w T hich seem to tranquillize its aspect. Repo sing, imp. Reposed', pp. -pozd' . Repo sal, n -zdl, the act of reposing or resting. Repo'sedly, ad. -zed-li. Repo'sebness, n. -zed-nes, state A being at rest. Reposer, n. -zer, one who reposes. Reposit, v. -poz'tt, to lay up; to lodge, as for safety or preservation. Repos iting, imp Repos'ited, pp. Re- position, n. repd-zish'un, the act of replacing; the act of laying up in safety. Repository, n. re-poz'i ter'l [L. re- positorium, a cupboard]: a place where things are deposited for safety or preservation; a place where articles are kept for sale. — Syn. of 'repose, v.': to rest; recline; sleep; lodge; abide; settle; deposit; reposit; couch; — of ' repose, n.': rest; ease; quiet; quietness; peace; tranquillity; recum- bency; reclination. REPOSSESS, v. re'poz-zes' [re, again, and possess]: to possess again. Re posses sion, n. the ac^ of possessing again. REPOUR, v. repbr' [re, again, and pour}: tc poitf again. REPOUSSfi— REPREHEND. REPOUSSE, u. re-pos'd [F. — from repousse?*, to thrusi back; re, again, and pousser; L. pulsar 'e, to push]: orna- mented metal-work formed in relief; and the method of producing it. The ornamentation resembles embossing; but the effect is produced by hammering up the metal, which is generally thin, from the back; aud when a rude resemblance of the figure to be produced is thus formed, it is worked up by pressing and chasing the front surface. The finest specimens of tiiis art are of the cinque-cento or 16th c. period, by Benvenuto Cellini. Cellini carried the art to France, where it has of late been much developed. Much common R. work is done in various countries in the soft white metals, such as pewter and Britannia metal; and as these are easily worked, and can afterward be electroplated, so as to hide the quality of the material, they are in considerable demand. After they are hammered up from the inside, they are filled with liquid pitch, and set by until it becomes solid. Then they are modelled and chased on the surface, the pitch forming a support, which prevents the tools from pressing down more than is required. The pitch is afterward melted and drained out, and a subsequent boiling in an alkaline lye completely cleans the work. Tea and coffee pots are among the chief articles made in this manner. REPPLIER, Agnes : essayist ; b. Philadelphia. She is of French extraction, and a member of the Rom. Cath. ch. She is largely self educated, not having learned to read until nine years of age, but having been an eager listener to the best reading. Her method still is to read and to write what interests her. She began writing at an early age, and showed a combined force of thought and charm of expression which soon secured place in the At- lantic Monthly and other leading periodicals. She visited England 1894, and was received with welcome in literary circles. Her published works include Books and Men, 1888; Points of View, 1891 ; Essays in Miniature, 1892; Essays in Idleness, 1893 ; In the Dozy Hours, 1894 ; and Varia (Essays) 1897. Miss R. has also edited a Volume of Famous Verse in Riverside Library for Young People. REPREHEND, v. rep're-hend' [L. reprehen' dere, to check, to censure; reprehen' sus f checked, restrained — from re, again; prehendere y to lay hold of: It. riprendere: F. reprendre]: to administer reproof or censure to; to chide; to rebuke; to censure. Rep rehending, imp. Rep re- hended, pp. Rep rehend'er, n. -er, one who repre- hends. Rep'rehen sible, a. -re-hen' si-bl [F. — L.]: deserv- ing reproof or censure; blamable; culpable. Rep rehen - sibly, ad. -Mi. Rep'rehen'sibleness, n.-bl nes, the quality of being reprehensible; culpableness. Rep rehen sion, n. -hen 1 shun [F. — L.]: reproof; censure. Rep'rehen'sive, a. -sw, or Rkp'rehen sory, a. -ser-%, containing reproof or censure. — Syn. of 'reprehension': reproof; blame; censure* admonition; caution; reprimand; warning. REPRESENT— REPRESENTATION , REPRESENT, v. rep're-zeni [F. representer— from u reprmsentdre, to represent — from re, again; prcesentdre, to place before — from prcesens or prcesentem, present: It. rap- presentare]: to show or exhibit by resemblance; to describe; to show by words and actions; to personate; to act the character of another, as in a play; to appear in an assembly tor others; to act as a substitute for; to show by arguments or a statement of facts. Represent jng imp. Rep re- sented, pp. Rep'resent er, n. -er, one who represents. Represent able, a. -ci-bl, that may be represented. Rep'resent'ment, n. -ment, image; an idea proposed as exhibiting the likeness of something. Rep resent a' tion, n. -td shun [F. — L.]: the act of describing or showing; a respectful declaration; that which exhibits by resemblance, as a picture or a statue; a plan; a map; a model: the act of representing others, as by deputation; a collective body of representatives (see Representation, in Politics): perform- ance, as of a play on the stage. Rep'resent ative, n. ~a-tlv, one who exhibits the likeness of another; an agent; a deputy; a substitute; one who represents another or others; in nat. hist., that which represents the full character of the type of a group: Adj. bearing the character or power of another; conducted by the agency of delegates chosen by the people. Rep'resent' atively, ad. -II. Rep resent' - ativeness, n. -nes, the state or quality of being represent- ative. — Syn. of ' representation ': resemblance; exhibition; likeness; description; show; delineation; portraiture; sight; spectacle. REPRESENTATION, in Politics: function of the delegate of a constituency in a legislative or other public assembly. The principle of R., even where not directly recognized, must be presumed to have existed to some extent in all governments not purely democratic, so far as the sense of the whole nation was considered to be spoken by a part, and the decisions of a part to be binding on the whole. The constitution of ecclesiastical councils, in which an express or implied R. is necessarily involved, doubtless conduced to the application of a similar prin- ciple to national assemblies; but it is in the exigencies of feudalism that we trace the beginnings of an avowed and regulated system of political R. The feudal superior who had to levy aid from his vassals, summoned a limited num- ber of them to attend him, and confer regarding the re- quired aid. The earliest complete system of representative institutions is found in the parliament of the Sicilies under Hie Swabian kings; but Britain is the only country in which a representative feudal assembly ripened into a legis- lative. As early as the reign of Henry III., we find the knights of the shire elected by the ' men of the country ' probably the king's military tenants, to consider in the stead of each and all of them, what aid would be granted to th