_L 
 
 "^FRStTYjW l 
 
 ANNOUNCEMENT 
 
 OF THE OPENING OF THE 
 
 aw 
 
 VETERINARY DEPARTMENT 
 
 
 — OF THE — 
 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 / 
 
 OCTOBER 2d, 1884. 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS 
 
 — BY — 
 
 RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER, 
 
 Dean of the Veterinary Faculty. 
 
 New York : 
 
 Holt Brothers, Printers, 119 and 121 Nassau Street. 
 
 1884. 
 
 wrrrrnrrrr-rr" • 
 
 Administrative 
 
 
PEOVOST OF THE UNIVERSITY: 
 WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., LjL.D. 
 
 President pro tempore of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 TRUSTEES ■ 
 
 THE GOVERNOR OF PENNSYLVANIA, Ex-officio President of the Board. 
 Rev. HENRY J. MORTON, D.D. 
 
 FREDERICK FRALEY, LL.D. 
 
 Rev. CHARLES W. SCHAEFFER, D.D. 
 
 JOHN WELSH, LL.D. 
 
 ♦ALEXANDER HENRY. 
 
 Rt. Rev. WILLIAM BACON STEVENS, D.D., LL.D. 
 
 JOHN ASHIIURST. 
 
 WILLIAM SELLERS. 
 
 Rev. RICHARD NEWTON, D.D. 
 
 ELI K. PRICE, LL.D. 
 
 J. VAUGHAN MERRICK. 
 
 F AIRMAN ROGERS. 
 
 RICHARD WOOD. 
 
 S. WEIR MITCHELL, M.D. 
 
 GEORGE WHITNEY. 
 
 JOSHUA B. LIPPINCOTT. 
 
 CHARLES C. HARRISON. 
 
 JAMES H. HUTCHINSON, M.D. 
 
 Rev. GEORGE DANA BOARDMAN, D.D. 
 
 WILLIAM HUNT, M.D. 
 
 HORACE HOWARD FURNESS, LL.D. 
 
 WHARTON BARKER. 
 
 SAMUEL DICKSON. 
 
 WHARTON BARKER, Secretary , 
 20 South Third Street, Philadelphia. 
 Rev. JESSE Y, BURK, Secretary, 
 University. 
 
 Chairmen of Standing Committees for the Year 1884-’85 
 
 Ways and Means- Hon. John Welsh, LL.D., - - 304 Walnut Street. 
 Buildings, Estates and Property— J. B. Lippincott, Esq., - 715 Market Street. 
 Library — H. H. Fop. ness, LL.D., - - - 222 South Seventh Street. 
 
 Department of Arts — Frederick Fraley, LL.D., - - 1000 Walnut Street. 
 
 Department of Medicine— S. Weir MItohell, M.D., - 1524 Walnut Street. 
 
 Department of Laic— Eli K. Price, LL.D., - 709 Walnut Street. 
 
 Department of Science— J. Vaughan Merrick, Esq., - - - Roxboro’. 
 
 Department of Finance and Economy — Wharton Barker, Esq., 28 So. Third St. 
 
 Deceased. 
 
ANNOUNCEMENT 
 
 — OF THE OPENING OF THE — 
 
 VETERINARY DEPARTMENT 
 
 — OF THE — 
 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 OCTOBER 2d, 1884. 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS 
 
 — BY — 
 
 RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER, 
 
 Dean of the Veterinary Faculty. 
 
 New York: 
 
 Holt Brothers, Printers, 119 and 121 Nassau Street. 
 
 1884. 
 
VETERINARY DEPARTMENT 
 
 FACULTY : 
 
 WILLIAM PEPPER, M.D., LL.D., 
 
 Provost of the University and ex-officio President of the Faculty. 
 
 RUSH SHIPPEN HUIDEKOPER, M.D., Y.S., 
 j Dean of the Faculty, Professor of Internal Pathology, and pro tempore Professor 
 of Veterinary Anatomy. 
 
 JAMES TYSON, M.D., 
 
 Professor of General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy. 
 
 HORATIO C. WOOD, M.D., LL.D., 
 
 Professor of Materia Medica, Pharmacy and General Therapeutics. 
 
 THEODORE G. WORMLEY, M.D., LL.D., 
 
 Professor of Chemistry and Toxicology. 
 
 HARRISON ALLEN, M.D., 
 
 Professor of Physiology. 
 
 JOSEPH T. ROTHROCK, M.D., B.S., 
 
 Professor of Botany. 
 
 ANDREW J. PARKER, M.D., Ph.D., 
 
 Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Zoology. 
 
 ROBERT MEADE SMITH, M.D., 
 
 Professor of Comparative Physiology. 
 
 Professor of Surgical Pathology and Obstetrics. 
 
 DEMONSTRATORS: 
 
 HENRY F. FORMAD, M.D., 
 
 Demonstrator of Pathology and Morbid Anatomy , 
 
 H. HORACE HOSKINS, V.S., 
 
 Demonstrator of Anatomy. 
 
 ALEXANDER GLASS, Y.S., 
 
 Demonstrator of Therapeutics,, Materia Medica and Pharmacy. 
 
 Farrier, Demonstrator of Forging and Horseshoeing. 
 
 Pkof. R. S. HUIDEKOPER, 
 
 Dean of the Faculty, 
 
 36th and Pine Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 The appointments necessary to complete the Faculty will be made during the year. 
 
CFOT=m 
 
 'P^DOrCtn- 
 
 
 :!Hd 
 
 
 BUILDINGS OF THE VETERINARY DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Phila, 
 

 
36 th STREET 
 
ANNOUNCEMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 Department of Veterinary Medicine. 
 
 This department aims to give instruction, both theoretical and 
 practical, in all branches pertaining to the scientific study of the 
 elements of medicine, and the practical application of these ele- 
 ments to the domestic animals, in the preservation of their health, 
 in their employment as useful aids to man, and in the diseases to 
 which they are subject. 
 
 THE GROUNDS, 
 
 at Thirty-sixth and Pine streets, in Philadelphia, occupy a space 
 some two squares in extent, adjoining the medical and other de- 
 partments of the University. They are located in one of the 
 most beautiful parts of Philadelphia, within twenty minutes of 
 the Broad street railroad station and the centre of the city, from 
 which they can be reached by several lines of horse-cars. 
 
 THE BUILDINGS 
 
 at present erected, occupy a street frontage of over 250 feet, con- 
 sisting of a commodious amphitheatre and museum, anatomical 
 room 66x21 feet, lighted from both sides, histological laboratory 
 40x21 feet, blacksmith shop with eight forges, pharmaceutical 
 laboratory and four private laboratories. The floors are all laid 
 in cement, with the most approved drainage. Ample water, both 
 hot and cold, gas and heat are supplied in each room. Large 
 stables for hospital purposes will be erected by the opening of the 
 second year, and dormitories for students, cattle stables and other 
 buildings are in prospect. 
 
4 
 
 ADMISSION. 
 
 Candidates for admission are required to pass a preliminary ex- 
 amination. Those who have received a collegiate degree, or who 
 have a certificate from a recognized normal or high school, cov- 
 ering the required subjects, may enter without examination. 
 
 COURSE OF INSTRUCTION. 
 
 The course extends over three years, commencing the 1st of 
 October and ending the last of June. It includes the following 
 subjects : 
 
 FIEST YEAR 
 
 Chemistry, Materia Medica and Pharmacy, Physiology, Histol- 
 ogy, Applied Botany, Zoology, Yeterinary Anatomy, and Forging. 
 
 SECOND YEAR 
 
 Medical Chemistry, Physiology, Therapeutics, General Path- 
 ology and Morbid Anatomy, Yeterinary Anatomy, Surgical Path- 
 ology, Internal Pathology and the Contagious Diseases, Applied 
 Botany, Zoology and Practical Farriery. 
 
 THIRD YEAR. 
 
 Therapeutics, General Pathology and Morbid Anatomy, Sur- 
 gical Pathology and Operative Surgery, Internal Pathology and 
 the Contagious Diseases, Sanitary Police, Obstetrics, and Zoo 
 technics. 
 
 In the second year the student will attend clinics, and will 
 serve as aid in the hospital. In the third year he will be placed 
 in charge of sick animals, and be required to prepare clinical 
 reports and make autopsies. He will also make regular visits to 
 breeding and dairy farms, and to slaughter-houses, in order to 
 familiarize himself with the races of animals, the economical 
 means employed in their care, and the varieties of butcher meat. 
 
 The immense number of horses in Philadelphia, the large car 
 and sale stables in the immediate neighborhood of the University, 
 and the fine agricultural country lying just outside the city, which 
 
5 
 
 can be utilized for the study of cattle and other food animals, will 
 afford the students of this school especial opportunities. 
 
 During the session of 1884-’85 only the first year’s studies are 
 taught ; 1885-’86, first and second; and in 1886-’87 the full course 
 and the first diplomas will be granted. 
 
 EXAMINATIONS. 
 
 At the end of the first year — General Chemistry, Histology, 
 Materia Medica, Pharmacy and Forging. 
 
 At the end of the second winter — Anatomy, Physiology and 
 Medical Chemistry. 
 
 At the end of the second year — Zoology and Botany. 
 
 At the end of the third year — Therapeutics, General Pathology 
 and Morbid Anatomy, Internal Pathology and the Contagious 
 Diseases, Surgical Pathology, Obstetrics, Zootechnics and Sani- 
 tary Police. 
 
 FEES. 
 
 Matriculation Fee (paid once only), ------- $ 5.00 
 
 Tuition Fee (each year), ----------- 100.00 
 
 DIPLOMA. 
 
 Upon completing the full course of study and passing satisfac- 
 torily all the examinations, the student receives the University 
 degree of Veterinary Surgeon (V. S.) 
 
 For further information, address 
 
 Pkof. B. S. HUIDEKOPEK, M.D., Y.S., 
 Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
INTRODUCTORY ADDRESS 
 
 At the Opening of the Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 October 2nd, 1884, 
 
 By Rush Shippen Huidekopek, 
 
 Professor of Internal Pathology and Contagious Diseases (pro tempore of Anato- 
 my), and Dean of the Veterinary Faculty, University of Pennsylvania ; Doctor 
 of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Veterinary Surgeon, Alfort, 
 France; Major and Surgeon, 1st Brigade, N. G. of Pennsylvania; 
 
 Fellow of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia ; Member of 
 the U. S. Veterinary Medical Association; Ex-Coroner’s 
 Physician of Philadelphia, etc., etc. 
 
 • 
 
 “ 11 poco e niun conto in cui b tenuta la Veterinaria presso di noi, b cagione 
 de gravissimi danni, non dico alia scienza ma agli interessi economici di tutto il 
 paese. Onde me parve de non errare, prefiggendomi lo scopo di aiutare i giovani 
 cultori la Veterinaria, a comprendere l’importanza della loro scienza, ed a presen- 
 tire i luminosi destini a cui b chiamata nell ’avvenire.” — Eroolani. 
 
 Mr. Provost and Gentlemen : 
 
 I have to-day the honor to deliver the first address of this new 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania for the instruction 
 of Veterinary Medicine. I feel that I have a right to the pleas- 
 ure and pride I take in the position you have awarded me, as a 
 Pennsylvanian, an alumnus of this university, and as a member 
 of the family of the founder of its Medical Department, which 
 for one hundred and nineteen years has stood at the head of 
 medical teaching in the United States; but I am awed by the 
 responsibility which it places upon me. At the founding of the 
 Medical Department the country was new, any advance given to 
 the people for their education was a boon, which they welcomed 
 no matter how small it was. The physician and surgeon were so 
 needed, thaf they rose rapidly to a position which was socially 
 better than it had been in the mother-country ; every addition to 
 the ranks of medicine was regarded as a public benefaction, for 
 life is always man’s greatest care. 
 
7 
 
 In founding a veterinary school we have much to labor 
 against. While a few people fortunately look upon the philan- 
 thropic side of veterinary medicine, the majority only employ a 
 veterinary surgeon as a means of saving or of utilizing so many 
 dollars and cents in the form of a domestic animal. Popular 
 prejudice has classed the “ horse doctor ” and the “ cow leech” 
 with the most ignorant farrier, and has tainted him with the repu- 
 tation for dishonesty of the proverbial horse dealer ; medical men 
 have classed him the least educated empiric of their own cast, 
 and, with the exception of a few individuals, no one has thought 
 for a moment that the responsibility of the average ignorance 
 was upon himself and his government. Happily there are always 
 men enterprising beyond their fellows, and throughout the country 
 are many practitioners who have had the diligence to labor, and 
 the intelligence to appreciate what their experience has shown 
 them ; the want of journals and the small demand for and high 
 price of veterinary books, except of the “ Universal Stock Book 
 and Yeterinary Compendium” order, has prevented these men 
 from being known outside their own locality. Medical publishers 
 hesitate to print the work of a veterinary surgeon unless it is of 
 exceptionable merit, and books of technical worth are only bought 
 by the few physicians whose personal tastes interest them in 
 animals, as a pastime, or for laboratory research ; books which are 
 within the scope of the layman’s understanding are of little accu- 
 racy and value, and are apt to condemn the author in the eyes of 
 the scientific man. 
 
 In establishing an institution for the advancement of veter- 
 inary knowledge, and in asking intelligent and reputable men to 
 select it for a profession, whereby they may gain a reputation and 
 livelihood, we have to contend with the prejudice which ignorance 
 has attached to veterinary surgeons as a class, and with the re- 
 luctance which the aspirants for this title feel, in offering to 
 devote a long period of hard work to gain that which their neigh- 
 bor, the farrier^ acquired the day he opened a suppurating corn in 
 a lame, horse and sent it home sound, or the cow-leech took to 
 himself when he gave some chance herb to a cow down with the 
 milk fever and she recovered, as they sometimes do by the aid of 
 nature. Before entering upon the causes which led to the foun- 
 
8 
 
 elation of this department of the university andjits aims for the 
 future, I will give a short review of the development of veterinary 
 medicine in other countries and in our own. 
 
 Veterinary medicine derives its name from the Latin “ veter- 
 inarium,” “ veterinaria,” veterinary medicine, “ veterinarius ” a 
 veterinary surgeon, these terms coming from the “Yeterinse’i or 
 “Veheterinse,” the general term used by the Romans for beasts 
 of burden or pack animals, from “ vehere ” to carry. Lenglet, 
 however, claims that the term is of much older and of Celtic 
 origin, being derived from u vee” or “vieh” cattle, and the verb 
 “teeren” to be sick. Nearly all languages employ words from 
 this same root; French “ veterinaire,” Italian “ veterinaria, ” 
 South Germany, Hungarian and Russian “ veterinar,” but in 
 North Germany “ thierarzt” and “thier-medizin” (animal doctor 
 and animal medicine) are more generally used. 
 
 V eterinary medicine comprises not only the study of anatomy, 
 physiology, chemistry, materia medica and diseases in their re- 
 lationship to animals, but includes with equal importance the laws 
 of breeding animals and of raising and training them to be of 
 greatest service to man, whether as motors or as machines for the 
 production of milk, food and clothing ; these uses in turn necessi- 
 tate a knowledge of farriery and the inspection of meat when 
 used* as food. 
 
 The earliest references to the diseases of animals are found 
 contemporaneously with the first medical writings. Aesculapius 
 in mythological history includes a knowledge of horses, which he 
 derived from Chiron, the Centaur. Hippocrates (160-377 B. C.) 
 described the symptoms of diseases and the remedies to be used 
 in animals. Zend Avesta, the Arab, and Charaka, the Hindoo, 
 mention several of their maladies. Ebers shows that dissection 
 was carried on during the earliest Egyptian dynasties, and prob- 
 ably much more frequently in animals than in man, on account of 
 the rigid religious rules in regard to the dead. The Egyptians 
 had as many specialties as a medical school of to-day, and distinct 
 mention is made of doctors for fowls. Numerous references are 
 made in the Bible to diseases of animals and to herbs used in 
 curing their troubles, and in the Mosaic laws we have clear orders 
 for the inspection of meat and the division of animals into the 
 
9 
 
 pure and impure. Diodes (360 B. C.) derived most of his knowl- 
 edge of anatomy from animals, and Xenophon (445 B. C.) in his 
 treatise on cavalry describes some of the ailments of horses and 
 especially speaks of founder. Aristotle (384-322 B. C.) wrote a 
 work of some size on animal medicine which has been translated 
 with great care by Doctors Anbert and Wimmer. Pamphylus of 
 Alexandria (200 B. C.) Florentius, and Magon of Carthage at 
 about the same date wrote works which were complete for the 
 time; the latter was translated by Dionysius of Utica. 
 
 In early times the practice of animal medicine was almost ex- 
 clusively confined to the shepherds and farriers, who rarely raised 
 themselves above the common ignorance of the day. The sur- 
 gical operations were limited to castration of the male of all 
 species, and to the castration of female swine, which was also 
 done by the earliest nomad races, and at the beginning of the 
 Christian Era was a well known operation in Italy and Gaul. In 
 the prime of the Grecian rule of the world, we find accounts of 
 doctors for horses, who had, however, but a summary knowledge 
 of diseases and blemishes, but who kept in accord with the spirit 
 of the age in proposing great numbers and varieties of curative 
 medicines. The writings of these men, composed almost entirely 
 of letters, were collected in the 10th century by order of the 
 Greek Emperor, Constantine Porphyrogennetors, and were printed 
 in the 16th century in both Greek and Latin text. The Homan 
 Emperors employed veterinary surgeons in their armies and the 
 Emperor Augustus ordered the erection of hospitals for sick 
 animals, styled “ Yeterinarium,” in contradistinction to the “vale- 
 tudinarium” or hospital for sick soldiers. The Homan writers on 
 agriculture described numerous diseases of sheep, goats and 
 swine, but their works are only of historical interest. Cato (234 
 149 B. C.), Yarro (116 B. C.), in his “De re rustica” and Celsus 
 (40 B. C.) are full of the superstitions of the age and ascribe to 
 the stars, to the moon and the various natural phenomena the 
 greatest influence on diseases of animals and the remedies to be 
 used in healing them. Columella (40 A. D.) in volumes six and 
 seven of his twelve volume “De re rustica,” treats extensively of 
 animals ; he recommends bleeding, describes castration and the use 
 of the hot iron, and splints for fracture. Pedanius Dioscoridius, 
 
10 
 
 20 years latter, gives an account of hydrophobia. Pliny the 
 younger and Galen speak of the scab in sheep. In the middle 
 of the 4th century Apsyrtus established the diagnosis of strangles 
 from glanders, gave a description ^f moon blindness, founder, 
 tetanus, cough, tuberculosis and several of the contagious diseases, 
 and he proposed curative means of extreme common sense. At 
 latter end of the same century Vegetius Renatus, a Latin, col- 
 lected most of the known writings of his predecessors and com- 
 piled a work of veterinary medicine. From the 7th to the 13th 
 centuries we find scarcely a trace of literature on veterinary 
 subjects, except from the pens of Abu Bekr, Avicenna (980-1037 
 A.D.) and Ibu el Beilhar (1248 A.D.), all of them Arabs. Then 
 as now among the Arabs the art of healing a horse was regarded 
 as a gift of God, belonging to special families and transmitted by 
 them to their descendants. To offer them pay would be an insult, 
 and their only reward is the most profuse hospitality from their 
 neighbors. 
 
 During the early days of the Middle Ages the rulers of states 
 were, with a few exceptions, too much occupied with wars to 
 devote any thought to the advancement of science or to the pro- 
 motion of agriculture. Under Frederick II, however, Jordanus 
 Ruffus (1194 to 1250 A. D.) wrote a book of considerable value, 
 in which spavin is described, among other blemishes, with great 
 credit. In 1270, Theodoric, Bishop of Servia, also wrote a book 
 of value. The superstition of the Greek and Roman days, which 
 perverted the symptoms of diseases and rendered all study of a 
 rational nature futile, was in the Middle Ages replaced by a 
 superstition more deleterious still to the advancement of any 
 knowledge of animal diseases. The epidemics of the contagious 
 diseases were considered a visitation and punishment of God, and 
 it was thought improper to treat such sick beasts or to dissect 
 their dead bodies. During the 15th century a school of cavalry 
 was established in JNaples and from it developed men with con- 
 siderable veterinary attainments. Carraccioli, Grisone and others 
 have left us books in quantity. 
 
 The 16th century is the real commencement of a practical 
 Veterinary Era. At this time the wars of Europe were at per- 
 fection, the warriors had learned to protect their horses with 
 
11 
 
 heavy armor and required good horses to carry it, the gentler 
 amusement of tournaments was indulged in alike by warriors and 
 the secular and ecclesiastical princes and nobles, and required 
 horses of spirit and speed to satisfy their ambition ; hawking, 
 other sports and the advancing refinement of civilization which 
 brought ladies, priests, scientific men and the artist followers into 
 the amusements and travels of the courts, demanded palfreys and 
 hinnies for their use. All this led to the breeding of better ani- 
 mals and produced numerous writers concerning the raising and 
 care of the horse, his diseases and blemishes, the mode of curing 
 them and equitation. The breeds of horses at this period in Italy 
 had attained such a reputation that popes, cardinals, princes and 
 all the greater nobles had their special brands and marks, and 
 most of the books contained cuts of them, with a description of 
 the peculiar merits of the animals. 
 
 In 1590 the Senator Carlo Buini of Bologna, a celebrated 
 teacher of medicine in several of the North Italian universities 
 and one of the discoverers of the circulation of the blood, published 
 a large and valuable work in folio on the anatomy and blemishes 
 of the horse. He founded in the university at Bologna the first 
 and to-day the greatest veterinary museum in the world. In 
 the 17th and 18th centuries horses had acquired a relatively 
 high value and the numerous works which appeared on Hippology 
 contained additional chapters on the diseases of animals. Some 
 attention was at this, the so-called “Stable-master’s period,” paid 
 to dogs, hawks and other sporting animals ; officers of the army 
 and officials of the breeding studs were obliged to apply them- 
 selves to the cure of their ailments. In the 18th century the 
 rinderpest ravaged over the most of Europe, princes and govern- 
 ments commissioned the celebrities in medicine of the day to 
 search for a remedy for the treatment or prevention of this per- 
 nicious disease. Several of the governments recognized the ne- 
 cessity for institutions for veterinary studies, but the jealousies of 
 the stud masters on one hand and the military and epidemic police 
 authorities on the other, prevented the accomplishment of any 
 definite plan. 
 
 In 1762 Claude Bourgelat, a French advocate, who was a 
 lover of horses, and as an amateur had attained considerable 
 
12 
 
 knowledge of animals and of medicine, placed the fruits of his 
 labor and his extraordinary intellect to use. He founded from 
 his own resources, which were limited, a school for teaching vet- 
 erinary medicine, at Lyons, in the centre of France; the only 
 qualification demanded from scholars was a good character ; the 
 course extended over one year and treated principally of the 
 horse. The success and fame of this school was immediate and 
 great; not only were a large number of French scholars attracted 
 to it, but most of the neighboring governments sent students to 
 learn the merits of it. The French government, which has always 
 been the foster mother of science, now assumed the responsibility 
 of the institution, enlarged it, and in 1765 called Bourgelat to 
 Paris to establish a second school. This was placed at Alfort on 
 the site of the .Royal Menagerie, and special attention was paid 
 to cattle and sheep. There was at this time in Paris a private 
 school, rich in the teaching of Lafosse the younger, but from 
 unfortunate personal and political differences between Lafosse 
 and Bourgelat no fusion of their teaching could ever be accom- 
 plished. While Austria, Prussia and the greater German States, 
 England, Denmark and Italy resolved at once to profit by the 
 example of France, the realization of their plans differed greatly 
 and was not everywhere immediately completed. Italy and the 
 Teutonic races were the first to follow with success; their institu- 
 tions were started under two distinct plans, one the founding of a 
 complete veterinary faculty, the other the addition of a single 
 veterinary chair to the existing universities. The university 
 plan suffered from being unable to furnish sufficient clinical ma- 
 terial ; enough instruction in anatomy and the teaching was allied 
 too closely to that of human medicine, too little practical instruction 
 was given in the elementary parts of proper veterinary training 
 and in the study of animal epidemics. The co-education of vet- 
 erinary and medical students was strongly urged in a memoir of 
 Cothenius, the body physician of Frederick the -Great; he also 
 argued that medical students should have a knowledge of animal 
 epidemics so that they might afterwards officiate as veterinary 
 inspectors. The first veterinary school to follow those in France 
 was in Turin in Piedmont, under Charles Emanuel III, King of 
 
13 
 
 Sardinia, 1769; that at Copenhagen, Denmark, was founded in 
 1773 with Abildgaard in charge. 
 
 In Vienna, Austria, an advanced farrier’s school, where a few 
 operations were performed, existed from 1767 to 1777. Vienna 
 had long been renowned for its guild of farriers, of whom a 
 monument stands to-day in the Graben, in the form of a tree 
 stump converted into a column of iron by the horse shoe nails 
 which each smith drove into it on becoming a member of the 
 guild. In 1764 the Empress Maria Theresa sent a soldier named 
 Scotti, an apothecary named Mengman, and a certain Haller to 
 Lyons for two years, who upon their return gave a limited course 
 of instruction with success. In 1769 the Empress sent a surgeon 
 named Wolstein, accompanied by a smith, to Alfort, where they 
 remained two years taking advantage also of Lafosse’s clinic in 
 Paris; they then travelled through England, Holland, Denmark and 
 Germany and returned in 1775, having spent six years in preparing 
 themselves for their work. This complete training entitled Wol- 
 stein to the consideration he received in the hands of the Emperor, 
 who granted him his demands for a course of two years, embracing 
 anatomy, exterior anatomy, diatetics, breeding, shoeing, practice of 
 medicine, materia medica, botany and chemistry, also a stable for 30 
 horses, 6 to 8 cows and swine and 15 to 20 smaller animals. The 
 result of this foundation has always been one of the most method- 
 ical schools of Europe. The teachers for other schools were 
 mostly recruited from surgeons and smiths who were sent by 
 their governments to the French schools, and a number of insti- 
 tutions were rapidly founded in Hanover, 1778, Dresden, 1780, 
 Milan, 1787, Berlin and Munich, 1790, London, 1791, Madrid, 
 1793, Giessen, 1798, Petersburg, Russia, 1808, Naples, 1815, 
 Berne, 1816, Zurich, 1819, Skara in Sweden, Stutgart and Utrecht, 
 1821, Edinburgh and Toulouse, 1825, Alexandria in Egypt and 
 Lisbon, 1830, Cureghem, near Brussels, 1832, Warsaw, 1840, 
 Constantinople, 1842, and others. 
 
 In England the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was 
 founded in 1791 by a number of noblemen and rich cattle owners, 
 at the instigation of a French veterinarian, Vial de Saint Bel, 
 who became the first director. It never received government aid, 
 but has been supported by subscriptions of members of the society 
 
14 
 
 by scholars’ fees, by an annual subscription from the Agricultural 
 Society and by the board of the animals in its hospital. Two 
 institutions of a similar nature have been undertaken in recent 
 years in London, by Ainslie and Gamgee, but they were short 
 lived, though the latter did much to awaken an interest in scien- 
 tific training. The Dick College in Edinburgh, Scotland, 
 founded in 1825, has furnished many teachers and practitioners of 
 renown, and by recent rich bequests promises to take on renewed 
 vigor. The New School in Edinburgh, under Prof. Williams, 
 has just been re-established in fine buildings. Dublin and Glasgow 
 have each a school. In Italy the schools of Turin, Milan and 
 Naples draw the largest number of students, while there are also 
 institutions rich in their museums, libraries and laboratories, at 
 Bologna, Pisa, Parma and Modena, with secondary schools at 
 Perugia and several smaller towns. The teachers are all govern- 
 ment officers. 
 
 In Germany many of the veterinary chairs in the universities 
 have disappeared, or are little known, but that of Giessen has 
 always held a well deserved reputation, and in Halle Professor 
 Putz is making a name for his chair through his valuable scien- 
 tific work on the contagious diseases. The Berlin school is the 
 great clinical school of Germany, while Dresden and Munich are 
 well known for their work in anatomy and laboratory research. 
 
 In addition to the schools of Warsaw and Petersburg, in 
 Russia, others have been founded in Cracow, Dorpat in Livonia 
 and in the Kassan ; these schools are attached to the medical and 
 surgical faculties and require five years study. The course is 
 most thorough and from each graduating class are selected, by 
 competitive examination, two students, who under pay and at the 
 expense of the government, are sent to the other schools of 
 Europe to perfect themselves in special branches; on their return 
 they pass an examina ion, which, if satisfactory, attaches them to 
 the faculty, which they enter when a vacancy occurs. The pro- 
 fessional and military standing of veterinary surgeons in Russia 
 is probably the highest rank attained in any country. In Italy 
 the graduates rank as doctors, and the diploma is a university 
 degree. In Austria the faculty must possess both the veterinary 
 diploma and that of doctor of medicine. In France and Ger- 
 
15 
 
 many the faculties are recruited from among veterinary surgeons, 
 but while the military veterinary surgeons enter as officers in 
 France, they only attain that grade in Germany on becoming 
 senior veterinary surgeon of a regiment, but it must be remem- 
 bered that military surgeons in Prussia were non-commissioned 
 officers in 1840. In Holland the faculty was composed entirely 
 of medical men until 1851, when veterinary surgeons were ad- 
 mitted as teachers. In England the position of a veterinary sur- 
 geon has much improved in recent years ; while the military vet- 
 erinarian became an officer in the early part of the century, the 
 position of the practitioner kept steadily in the background of the 
 medical man, who in turn remained an apothecary until the med- 
 ical profession was entered by men with titles to their names. It 
 has been mainly due to the efforts of Mr. Fleming, the Chief of 
 the Veterinary Department of the army, that a great improve- 
 ment has taken place in the profession, and the last ostracism 
 was removed in June, 1888, when he obtained for the military 
 veterinary surgeon the entr6e to Court. 
 
 The course of study in the European schools, while every 
 where thorough, varies considerably in its details. It is shortest in 
 England, where three partial years only are demanded. These are 
 devoted essentially to making practitioners, and during the long 
 vacations the students are supposed to be serving with preceptors. 
 For many years English instruction was too exclusively devoted 
 to the horse, but recently much more attention has been paid to 
 cattle and other animals, and laboratories for practical teaching 
 are being added, which promise a greater amount of scientific 
 medical education. The Veterinarian , a monthly journal, was 
 established in 1828, and has continued uninterruptedly since ; 
 there are many veterinary books in English, but unfortunately 
 too many of them are of a routine character, and better suited to 
 the stable man than to the medical man. There are, however, 
 numerous exceptions, and the names of Bracy Clark, Percivall, 
 Williams, Fleming and others will always be honored. French, 
 German and Italian books are comparatively limited in numbers, 
 but are of scientific value. The oldest of veterinary journals, the 
 Receuil de Medecine Veterinaire , was established in 1824, and the 
 oldest German journal, the Vierteljahrschrift fur Wissenschaft - 
 
16 
 
 liche Veterintirkunde , in Vienna in 1851. The Austrian and 
 Hungarian Institutions teach for three years, with a two years’ 
 course for higher grade farriers. In these there is much more 
 laboratory work. The magnificent new institution at Buda-Pesth 
 has just been built on ample ground, and fitted with every facility 
 for theoretical and practical work. At its side the Agricultural 
 School is in course of construction, and many of the chairs will be 
 common to both. The German schools teach for three and a 
 half years, while the Belgian, Italian and French cover four 
 years in their course of study. The school at Alfort, near Paris, 
 is par excellence the greatest clinical school, where a hundred ani- 
 mals can be seen each day. Berlin, Lyons, Vienna have large 
 clinics and do more laboratory work. The Toulouse and Swiss 
 schools, with that at Utrecht, have the greatest reputation for cattle 
 practice, and at Munich special attention is given to diseases of 
 the eye in the lower animals, and for this branch a journal is 
 now published. 
 
 While there have often been individual veterinary surgeons 
 well known outside of their own profession, it has been within 
 very recent years that we can count with pride enough scientific 
 men to show a marked elevation in the standing of our colleagues. 
 But recently we have lost Ercolani of Bologna, who was known 
 throughout the scientific world for his researches in comparative 
 anatomy, histology of the organs and animal parasites ; greater 
 perhaps to an Italian was his reputation as a patriot and states- 
 man in aiding the consolidation of Italy. Gurlt also was a vet- 
 erinary teacher ; Thiernesse, the late Director of the Cureghem 
 School, was Secretary of the Academy of Medicine, in Brussels; 
 Bouley, to-day Vice-President of the Academie des Sciences in 
 Paris and professor at the side of Milne-Edwards in the Museum, 
 was the greatest veterinary clinician ever known. Chauveau, the 
 anatomist and physiologist, is Director of the Veterinary School 
 in Lyons, and professor in the Medical Faculty, in which posi- 
 tions he preferred to remain when he refused the chair of Claude 
 Bernard; Bollinger, Siedemgrotszky, Heusinger, Goubaux and 
 others, whose names are well known in scientific journals, are vet- 
 erinary surgeons. In the staff of assistants who accompanied 
 
17 
 
 Pasteur to Egypt to study the cholera was Nocard, a veterinary 
 teacher in Alfort. 
 
 While preparing myself for my position here I had the op- 
 portunity of visiting many of the schools of which I have just 
 spoken, arid working in several of them, and I beg to be allowed 
 this occasion to publicly testify my thanks and gratitude for the, 
 almost universal courtesy, politeness and aid,, which I received.. 
 It was first shown me as your representative, although in many 
 cases it developed into warm personal friendships, and you will 
 allow me to especially mention M. Bouley, M. G-oubaux and the 
 Faculty of Alfort, M. Chauveau, and the Faculty of Lyons, M. 
 Marey, the Faculty of the Vienna school, Professors JDieck- 
 erhoff at Berlin, and Leisering at Dresden, Lanzillotti Buonsanti 
 at Milan and Mr. Fleming and Professor Williams in England 
 and Scotland. To the memory of Ercolani I can only add the 
 feeling of reverence which everyone had who knew him per- 
 sonally. 
 
 In America the advance in veterinary medicine has been far 
 from keeping pace with our national reputation for energy and 
 self-preservation. 
 
 In 1806 Dr. Benjamin Bush, of this University, who had just 
 been in Europe, and had seen the success of the institutions then 
 a few decades old, wrote a letter to the Agricultural Society of 
 Philadelphia, and urged the importance of adding a Veterinary 
 Department to the University. He called attention to the agricul- 
 tural prospects of the country, and his letter was discussed before 
 the Society in 1807, but nothing practical was done. Our do- 
 mestic animals have steadily increased in number and in value 
 since that time. We had in 1852, horses, 5,000,000; cattle, 17,- 
 000,000 ; sheep, 22,000,000 ; swine, 30,000,000 ; value, $600,- 
 000,000 ; and to-day we have in the United States, horses, 10,- 
 838,111; value, $765,041,308 ; mules, 1,871,079 ; value, $148,- 
 732,390; milch cows, 13,125,685 ; value, $396,575,405 ; oxen, 
 &c., 28,046,477 ; value, $611,549,109. Total cattle, 41,171,762 ; 
 value, $1,009,114,514 ; sheep, 49,237,291 ; value, $124,365,835 ; 
 hogs, 43,270,086 ; value, $291,951,221 — a total of 176,488,329 
 animals, representing a value of $2,338,215,268 ; and there are, 
 perhaps, in the United States only some 500 veterinary surgeons 
 
18 
 
 who hold certificates showing that they are properly qualified to 
 practice. An importation of the Russian rinderpest into the port 
 of New York would probably be followed by the destruction of 
 thirteen millions of cattle, or three hundred million dollars’ worth 
 of property in twelve months. 
 
 Valuable breeds of animals have been imported and developed 
 here until individual horses, cows and sheep reach the enormous 
 value of thousands of dollars. With the increase in the number 
 of animals, the ordinary accidental and sporadic diseases have of 
 course increased in the same ratio, but with the augmented num- 
 ber of valuable animals wanted here and there over the country 
 for breeding purposes, with the increased number of horses sent 
 to the large cities for motors, and the thousands of cattle shipped 
 for food in dirty, non-disinfected cars and boats, the increase of 
 traumatic and contagious diseases have been in much greater pro- 
 portion. Our Government has not done the first thing toward 
 furnishing men capable of combating these scourges ; even in the 
 army, the handful of veterinary surgeons are not recognized as 
 officers, and have so little authority, that on an outbreak of glan- 
 ders, they have not the power to condemn or sequestrate an animal, 
 if the Colonel thinks it has the disease, in what his ignorance 
 calls, a non-contagious stage. The still smaller number of officers 
 appointed by the Treasury Department to establish quarantine, in 
 order to protect us from imported diseases, has been composed of 
 competent men, but too few in number, and without sufficient 
 means and law at their disposal to take proper precautions. The 
 contagious diseases are left for the States to cope with 
 alone, each protecting itself as it sees fit, regardless of its 
 neighbors. 
 
 The first veterinary record made in the Uriited States 
 was made in Philadelphia, 1818, when we find in the 
 registry of the Clerk of the Eastern District that, ‘‘James 
 Carver hath deposited in this office the title of a book 
 the right whereof he claims as author, in the words follow- 
 ing : ‘The Farriers’ Magazine; or, Archives of Veerinary 
 Science,’ containing the anatomy, physiology and pathology of 
 the horse and other domestic animals.” Nine years later John 
 Rose, a Prussian graduate, settled in New York, about the same 
 
19 
 
 year the well known Mr. Michener began practice in Pennsylva- 
 nia. In 1851 a Mr. (x. H. Dadd, a self-named veterinary sur- 
 geon, started a veterinary journal in Boston which, lived but a 
 year, to be revived again in 1855 as the American Veterinary 
 Journal , and the same year Mr. Dadd and several associates 
 formed the first veterinary school in the country which, however, 
 soon disappeared. The New York College of Veterinary Sur- 
 geons was chartered in 1857, and up to 1875 led a feeble exist- 
 ence, during which time it issued some eighteen diplomas. The 
 Pennsylvania College, chartered in 1866, has continued its organi- 
 zation, but without a regular course of instruction. Two years 
 later the Illinois Industrial University and Cornell added Dr. 
 Prentice and Professor James Law to their faculties and have 
 given regular lectures. They were followed by Amherst (1869), 
 the Ohio Agricultural College (1870), and Ames, Iowa. In 1875 
 the American Veterinary College was formed in New York from 
 the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, with Professor 
 Liautard, a French graduate, at its head. This school has steadily 
 increased in value and number of students. It was the first med- 
 ical school in the State of New York to require a matriculation 
 examination. It has issued diplomas to 183 of its students, many 
 of whom are in Pennsylvania. In 1862 a school was established 
 in Toronto which, like the New York school, demands but two 
 years’ study. The Montreal school, founded in 1866, and directed 
 by Mr. MacEachran, requires three winters. .Recently a new 
 school has been established in Chicago, and one in Minneapolis. 
 These schools are dependent on scholars’ fees for support, and 
 with the precedents of the medical schools of the country, find 
 that two winters are all that can, with pecuniary profit, be de- 
 manded for forcing into the heads of young men, often with but 
 little previous education, the elements of medicine with its vast 
 amount, of practical details, and the long row of diseases with 
 their variations in half a dozen widely differing species of animals 
 — less time than it takes for a shoemaker’s apprentice to learn to 
 cobble shoes, a clerk to become a book-keeper, or a farrier’s boy 
 to be trusted to put ordinary shoes on a horse. Harvard Uni- 
 versity established a veterinary department last year and has a 
 hospital of some size. It requires three years’ study and gives a 
 
20 
 
 thorough course of instruction. The school is in charge of Pro- 
 fessor Lyman. The American Yeterinary Review, published 
 in New York since 1877, has continued a journal of scientific 
 merit. The United States Yeterinary Medical Association, 
 formed in 1863, is composed of the leading veterinary surgeons 
 throughout the country and has held semi-annual meetings at 
 New York and Boston until the present autumn, when the meet- 
 ing was held in Cincinnati. In 1870 the late Dr. S. D. Gross, 
 with a keen appreciation and ready heart for the demands of 
 medical education, framed and presented the following resolu- 
 tions to the American Medical Association, but his noble attempt 
 to advance our profession failed — was lost by a large majority. 
 
 “ Whereas , We regard the cultivation of veterinary science of 
 the most vital importance, not only to the advancement of hu- 
 man medicine, but also for reasons of political economy and agri- 
 cultural interest, 
 
 “ Resolved , First. — That we recommend the State and County 
 Medical Societies to use their influence in the establishment and 
 support of veterinary schools in their respective States. Second. 
 — That they ask the Governors of their respective States to re- 
 commend in their messages to their Legislatures the importance of 
 establishing veterinary colleges, and that appropriations be made 
 to support them. Third. — That they recommend the Governor 
 and the State Legislature when organizing Boards of Health to 
 appoint one or more thoroughly educated veterinary surgeons to 
 be associated as commissioners with other medical officers. 
 
 “ Resolved , That we recommend the employment of veterinary 
 surgeons in the army, and one in the Agricultural Department, 
 with rank and pay of other medical officers.” 
 
 Our Yeterinary Department has been contemplated for some 
 time, and was rendered practicable through the acquisition by the 
 university of this piece of land from the city of Philadelphia, 
 and the liberality of Mr. J. B. Lippincott and Mr. Joseph E. 
 Gillingham, who have furnished the means for these substantial 
 buildi gs and outfit. Unfortunately a veterinary school cannot 
 be ordered and completed like a primary school house, and we 
 have but the corner stone of what I believe will be a great insti- 
 tution. 
 
21 
 
 We open to-day with the veterinary course of the first year 
 only ; our matriculates, twenty in number, have been required to 
 show a sufficient previous education or have passed a preliminary 
 examination equivalent to that of the Medical Department. This 
 requirement is too little for men who should be qualified to un- 
 dertake the mathematics needed in a problem of chemical analy- 
 sis, electricity, or the value of a muscular movement in the physi- 
 ological study of an animal, or to handle easily the technical 
 terms derived from Greek and Latin, which medicine has found 
 it proper to employ for nomenclature, but it is sufficient to guar- 
 antee that the student has enough education to appreciate what 
 will be taught him, with great diligence and labor on his own 
 part. i 
 
 Our students will learn this year, on the same footing as those 
 of the medical department, the study of chemistry with its 
 practical courses under Professor Wormley; they will follow the 
 course of materia medica and pharmacy under Dr. Miller and 
 Dr. Alexander Glass, V.S., in order to familiarize them with the 
 specialties required in compounding veterinary medicines ; they 
 will have the full course of physiology from Professor 
 Allen, and where this is inadequate for veterinary instruction, as 
 it is necessarily prepared for the students of human medicine, 
 there will be supplementary lectures by Professor Smith, who 
 will also direct them in practical work with special reference to 
 the domestic animals; the elementary course in general pathology 
 under Professor Tyson will be the same for the veterinary and 
 medical student. Professor Pothrock will not only give them 
 general botany, but will pay special attention to the plants used 
 for forage and their nutrient value. Professor Parker in his 
 course of zoology, after giving them the general laws of the de- 
 velopment and classification of animals, will dwell upon the 
 helminths and animal parasites ; the course of anatomy will em- 
 brace the horse, cow, sheep, goat, hog, dogs, cats and poultry, 
 and in the course of histology, the tissues of these animals will 
 be used ; from the microscope the student will go to the black- 
 smith shop, where he will learn to forge and to shoe the horse’s 
 foot. This last course has never been practically carried out in the 
 English speaking schools, but is essential to the veterinary sur- 
 
22 
 
 geon ; he will never be a farrier and in practice will avoid even 
 taking off a shoe when he can get anyone else to do it for him, but 
 shoeing is the cause of nine-tenths of the surgical evils in the 
 horse, and without a thorough practical knowledge of it, it is im- 
 possible to obtain from, or show to a blacksmith what one wants. 
 
 In the second year, medical or organic chemistry will be 
 taught and examinations will be held ; the course of physiology, 
 botany, zoology and anatomy will be finished ; the students will 
 commence their lectures in therapeutics, with practical demon- 
 strations of the effects of drugs on the domestic animals ; they 
 will continue the course of general pathology ; with the second 
 year will commence the lectures on surgical pathology, internal 
 pathology and the contagious diseases or practice of medicine. 
 These same lectures will be continued the third year with the ad- 
 dition of lectures on obstetrics and zootechnics, or the laws of 
 breeding and raising animals, and the modes employed for obtain- 
 ing th^, greatest use from them, as they may be destined for animal 
 motors or machines for the production of milk, wool or flesh. 
 A cou rse will be given on the preparation of butcher meat, show- 
 ing the most humane methods for slaughtering animals for food, 
 the preparation of the meat and the signs of unhealthy or dis- 
 eased flesh in the living or dressed animal ; there will also be lec- 
 tures on sanitary police, familiarizing students with the inade- 
 quate laws of this country and those of other countries which 
 they may use as models when called upon to consult in these 
 matters. With the commencement of the second year the stu- 
 dent will enter the hospital and during it and the following year 
 will have direct charge of the sick animals ; they will keep the 
 clinical records, administer the medicines, perform minor opera- 
 tions, and in case of death make the autopsies. Each in turn will 
 serve in the hospital pharmacy, and prepare all medicines re- 
 quired in the institution. 
 
 Such, gentlemen, is the plan of study which we have laid out 
 for making veterinary surgeons. This training thoroughly car- 
 ried out will give us men fully capable of being the scientific 
 peers of any doctor off medicine ; it will form men completely 
 fitted for any trust in an animal epidemic or in the minor details 
 of a routine practice. A man with this education will hold his 
 
23 
 
 head up among his fellows, and when a stableman calls for the 
 “ horse doctor” will feel that he is called out as a respected pro- 
 fessional man to do good, and that he is beyond the suspicion of 
 being asked to use his knowledge to share in a deception or a 
 fraud. 
 
 For the instruction of the first year we are as fully equipped 
 as a school can be at its beginning, with but a small museum and 
 the rough edges of the various parts of this educational machine 
 still unworn. 
 
 For the second and third years we are not yet prepared, and 
 we depend upon your generosity and that of your neighbors to 
 complete this department. We have here such a piece of ground 
 as is unobtainable in any other large city in the United States, 
 and if we take advantage of it before it is appropriated to other 
 needs we will have an establishment equal to any in Europe. We 
 need stables for at least fifty sick horses at once, which should be 
 built with the prospect of enlarging in the future. In this hos- 
 pital we will take sick animals to board, and it in part will be self- 
 supporting, but there will be many animals with diseases tedious 
 to treat, which will be abandoned by their owners, and we need a 
 fund for the support of such cases. There are many cases of 
 disease among the horses of poor carters, which are readily cura- 
 ble, but the owner cannot afford the fees of a veterinary 
 surgeon, nor the expense of an animal standing idle and eating 
 the food which its work should be paying for ; these are the cases 
 which furnish many of the examples of misery that the Society 
 for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is called upon to alleviate. 
 In many cases the driver is not naturally brutal, but at home 
 there are wife and children to be supported, and the suffering 
 beast is the best he can afford. We need a fund for the support 
 of such animals, which will be judiciously sent us by the agents 
 of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 
 and by the practicing veterinary surgeons of the town. 
 Such a fund will be a double charitv — the suffering 
 animal will be relieved, and the knowledge that it 
 can be done without depriving a poor owner of his daily 
 bread will induce the latter to be more charitable himself. We 
 need a cattle dairy of at least fifty cows. This should be largely 
 
24 
 
 self-supporting after once established ; it will enable us to teach 
 the student practical obstetrics and many of the details of cattle 
 practice of which the usual veterinary graduate is absolutely igno- 
 rant. We need dormitories for the students, where those from 
 away can be comfortably lodged, and learn that their alma mater 
 is their home for the time. For our veterinary students who are to 
 give personal supervision to the animals in the hospital, it is es- 
 sential ; for the entire University, it is a necessity. Harvard, 
 Yale or Princeton alumni meet each other like Free Masons, and 
 though otherwise strangers, they become rapidly intimate over 
 the past, present and future of their college, because they roomed 
 in the same building, messed at the same table, and had the same 
 associations; this feeling is absent in the alumni of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, except, perhaps, among the medical 
 graduates, who had their small cliques in their boarding houses. 
 Dormitories will do much to make the university popular, they 
 will tie the graduate’s memories to his student life and induce 
 him to take an interest in the future of the institution. We need 
 a botanical garden, and with ample frontage for all our buildings 
 on the sides of this triangle, a beautiful spot is ieft in the centre 
 for its construction ; there exists already a small fund for this 
 purpose left by the late Dr. George B. Wood. We need endow- 
 ments for the chairs. The chair of surgery must be filled be- 
 fore the next year, and we should be untramelled in our choice 
 and be able to select the best talent without being influenced by 
 the pecuniary value of so many students. 
 
 In fino, gentlemen, we need, and I am sure we will have, your 
 support for this undertaking. 
 
Apeldorn, Theodore W 
 
 Bennett, John 
 
 Biddle, Spencer F. B.... 
 
 .Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 ....Johnsville, “ 
 Philadelphia, u 
 
 Bignell, L. M ■“ ‘ 
 
 Birch, William A . “ ** 
 
 Boon, George W “ u 
 
 Brenner, John C ** “ 
 
 Oullen, Charles M “ 
 
 Davis, William E WestChester, “ 
 
 Eves, H. P Lima, “ 
 
 Flower, Richard F Ashbourne, “ 
 
 Form ad, Robert Philadelphia, “ 
 
 Greene, Abraham “ “ 
 
 Haehnlen, W. F. (M.D., Ph.D.) “ “ 
 
 Harger, Simon Hecktown, “ 
 
 Kinney, J. B. (M.D.) Philadelphia, “ 
 
 Marlin, Edgar “ “ 
 
 MoAnulty, James T West Philadelphia “ 
 
 McLean, James F Philadelphia, “ 
 
 Montgomery, W. B Chestnut Hill, “ 
 
 Ross, James T Frankford, “ 
 
 Sellers, A. T Philadelphia* “ 
 
 Sullivan, Dennis O r West Chester, “ 
 
 Toml anson, William 
 
 Vandegrift, John F Langhorne, “ 
 
 Webster, Richard G Glen Riddle, “ 
 
 Weber, George J Philadelphia, “ 
 
 Wkrntz, W. B 
 
 Williams, Charles 
 
 Fellowship, N. J. 
 
MATERIA MEDICA: 
 
 H. C. Wood ; Finley Dunn. 
 
 ANATOMY: 
 
 Chauveau ; Strangeway ; Liautard ; Steel. 
 
 
 
 HISTOLOCY: 
 
 Klein; Schaeffer, or Satterth waite. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY: 
 
 Kirke; Yeo; Foster. 
 
 i 
 
 CENERAL PATHOLOGY: 
 
 Rindfleisch’s Elements of Pathology; Tyson’s Cell Doctrine, 
 
 BOTANY : 
 
 Bessey’s Botany ; Gray’s Manual of Botany, •% 
 
 ZOOLOGY. 
 
 Nicollson’s Manual. 
 
 HORSESHOEING: 
 
 Fleming: Russell, 
 
 3 0112105661059