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 L I B RARY 
 
 OF THE 
 U N I VERS ITY 
 or 1 LLl NOIS
 
 

 
 A CHAKGE 
 
 DELIVERED BY 
 
 THE RIGHT REV, 
 
 EDWARD RALPH JOHNSON; D. D., 
 
 BISHOP OF CALCUTTA; METROPOLITAN IN INDIA AND CEYLON. 
 
 AT HIS 
 
 PRIMARY VISITATION 
 
 IN 
 
 I. ^aiirs Catlirtrnl, CalrnttE; 
 
 On Wednesday, the 12th. of January, 1881. 
 
 CALCUTTA : 
 
 OXFORD MISSION PRESS. 
 
 1881.
 
 A CHARGE. 
 
 Introductory. 
 
 TT is now almost four years since I was summoned to preside over this 
 J- Diocese and Province, but I have hitherto abstained from delivering 
 any formal Address or Charge feeling very deeply the responsibility of 
 undertaking thus to express myself. It seemed to me that I must make 
 myself, at least to some extent, acquainted with the facts and cu'cumstan- 
 ces connected with my duties, before I could presmue to speak with any- 
 thing like the needful confidence and authority, I regret to know that I 
 have still to visit the Punjab, Ceylon, and the interesting districts of 
 Tinnevelly and Travancore, before I shall have completed my Primary 
 Visitation through the Province ; but having thoroughly ^dsited my own 
 Diocese and most of the important stations in the Dioceses of Madras and 
 Bombay,and thinking it desirable that we should meet in Conference before 
 I again leave Calcutta, I have considered that I could not be justified 
 in neglecting to embrace this opportunity of addressing you. 
 
 Review of the Past. 
 
 In doing so, my first duty must be to lay before you, and where neces- 
 sary to comment upon, all that has been brought to us dming the period 
 with which I have to deal iu connexion with the Church at home. This 
 period has been far from uneventful ; indeed, to us members of the 
 Church of England, a more eventful four years can scarcely be named, 
 since the first introduction of om- Episcopate into the country. And as 
 the subject which comes first before us for notice concerns the increase 
 of the Episcopate, I shall commence with a review of its past history as 
 it has been developed up to the present time. 
 
 History op the Indian Episcopate. 
 
 The act of Parliament, which in the year 1813 renewed the Company's 
 Charter, cast aside to some extent at least, the caution and indifference 
 which up to that date had discouraged the full exhibition of our 
 Christian Faith and Constitution in the presence of the natives of this 
 land and provided for the "creation of one Bishoprick for the whole of
 
 *' British territories in the East Indies and other parts within the limits 
 ■" of the Company's Charter, one Archdeaconry for the Presidency of 
 " Fort William in Bengal, one Archdeaconry for the Presidency of Fort 
 »*S. George on the coast of Coromandell, and one Archdeaconry for the 
 "Presidency and Island of Bombay on the Coast of Malabar." Under 
 the provisions of the subsequent Act of 1832 these Archdeaconries of 
 Madras and Bombay became Bishoprics. The Island of Ceylon was 
 constituted a see in the year 1845 and the territory was thus divided 
 into Dioceses of fairly equal extent. The acquisition however of the 
 Punjab in 1849, of Pegu in 1852, and ten years afterwards, of the whole 
 of British Burmah, entirely altered the proportions ; and the Diocese of 
 Calcutta, to which these newly acquired districts were attached, became 
 as extensive as it had been previously to the severance of the Presidencies 
 ■of Madras, and Bombay, and of the Island of Ceylon. 
 
 In 1869 the Straits Settlements were transferred to the jm'isdiction of 
 Labuau ; and in the same year, in reply to urgent appeals, first from 
 Bishop Cotton and then from Bishop Milman, it was suggested, that a 
 Bill might be brought before Parliament for the creation of tluree 
 additional Archdeaconries, and for a redistribution of the existing 
 Dioceses. Bishop Milman however, considered that such an arrangement 
 would afford no material relief, and he expressed the strong opinion 
 already m*ged by Bishop Cotton, that nothing short of an increase of the 
 Episcopate would meet the requirements of the case. 
 
 It is not necessary to detail further the various proposals and counter- 
 proposals which were made during the Episcopate of my predecessor, 
 with a view to accomplishing what he desired : it is enough that I 
 should record my sense of the readiness on the part of the Government 
 to deal with the matter in any way tliat might be practicable, and state 
 the fact that at the time of Bishop Milman's death no solution of the 
 legal and other difl3.culties which presented themselves had been 
 discovered. 
 
 Concurrently with this question which mainly affected the Diocese of 
 Calcutta, another special question relating to the increase of the Episco- 
 pate had been under discussion. This concerned the Diocese of Madras, 
 and the possibility of securing the consecration of a Bishop or Bishops 
 for the large native Christian population in South India. The Society 
 for the Propagation of the Gospel and the Church Missionary Society, 
 in the interests of their respective missions, were equally anxious upon 
 this subject, and had earnestly pressed it upon the attention of the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury and the Secretary of State at home, as well as 
 
 % 
 
 UIUC ^ I 
 
 "•crtui^
 
 upon the Metropolitan and the Bishop of Madras out here. The 
 difficulty however, which seemed to stand in the way of any scheme for 
 the division of the Diocese of Calcutta applied with equal force to any 
 plan for dividing the Diocese of Madras, and there were insuparab le 
 objections to anything like creating a see within a see ; but after much 
 consideration and correspondence extending over several years, it was 
 proposed that two Bishops should be consecrated as assistant Bishops to 
 the Bishop of Madras. This arrangement, though not exactly what any 
 of the parties concerned had desired, seemed to be the only arrangement 
 practicable : it was therefore adopted ; and nothing was wanting to 
 complete it but the arrival of the commission issued by the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury upon the Royal Licence, when Bishop Milman, to whom 
 as Metropolitan of this Province the commission would have been 
 addressed, was called away to his rest. 
 
 The arrangements then for the consecration of the veteran missionaries 
 Dr. Caldwell and Dr. Sargent, to act as assistant Bishops to the Bishop 
 of Madras, were completed though not consummated, during tlie 
 Episcopate of my predecessor, and it became my duty as one of the 
 first acts of my Episcopate to perform the act of consecration. The 
 consecration took place in this Cathedral on the 11th. day of March, 
 1877, when I was assisted by the Bishops of Madras, Bombay, and 
 Colombo. 
 
 At the time of Bishop Milman's death, any hope of relief for the 
 Bishop of Calcutta seemed to be as remote as ever. But it may be most 
 truly said, that, if not for himself, at any rate for us who were to survive 
 him, a settlement of the question was brought about by him, and that, 
 even by the sacrifice of himself in the discharge of the overwhelming 
 amount of duty with which he was so cruell}' bui'dened. I am not 
 competent to speak of the effect produced in this country by the news of 
 his death, and I am perhaps the last person to be able to form a true 
 estimate of his character, or to weigh in a just balance all the items of 
 accomplished work which marked his laborious life and Episcopate. 
 But I do know something of the effect produced at home ; and I am, I 
 venture to think, in a position to remind you, that his work and influence 
 it was that paved the way for that development of diocesan and 
 provincial organization which we have been permitted to witness and to 
 take our part in securing. 
 
 The influence of Bishop Milman's life and character was such that the 
 hearts of all men, native and European, seem to have been drawn by 
 him to a higher appreciation of the true aims of life, and that all
 
 4 
 
 Churchmen were aroused to a fuller realizing of their duties and 
 privileges as members of Christ, bound to be ever zealous for the extension 
 of His Kingdom. And if this was the character of the influence 
 exercised by him in his life, it was assuredly an influence powerfully felt 
 as emanating from him in his death. The heart and conscience of the 
 Church here and at home was roused, and responded to his summons ; 
 the difficulties surrounding the subject of lightening the labours of the 
 occupant of the see ot Calcutta were overcome, and arrangements were 
 made, and provision found for the division of the Diocese by the creation 
 of the sees of Lahore and Eangoon. Tlie main diflBculty was met by the 
 legal opinion that the new sees might be formed out of those territories 
 which had been acquired in the North West and East since the creation 
 of the sees of Madras and Bombay, territories therefore not within the 
 purview of the Act of 1832. The arrangement made upon tliis was that 
 two senior Chaplaincies should be devoted to the providing these two 
 Bishoprics ; upon condition that an equal amount of income could be 
 added by voluntary contributions as an endowment, and that no 
 additional charges should be laid upon the revenues of India. The 
 needful sum for meeting this condition was promptly raised by the 
 liberality of Churchmen in this country and in England, £40,000 was 
 subscribed, and in two years from the date of Bishop Milman's death, 
 Dr. French and Dr. Titcomb were selected and consecrated, the one for 
 the Lahore Diocese and the other for Eangoon. 
 
 As regards the sources from which the fimds were drawn, I need hardly 
 recall to your memory what took place here. But I may surely say, 
 that the common desire of all, headed by the Viceroy, to give expres- 
 sion to their affection and esteem for the Bishop by a contribution to 
 the fund, seems to justify the assertion that he it was who moved the 
 hearts of all to take this matter in hand. And at home the same in- 
 fluence was soon at work. In the Diocese of Oxford the memory of 
 Bishop Milman was precious, as I am weU able to testify, and the 
 Bishopric of Lahore was specially adopted by it for a memorial to him, 
 the Diocese of Winchester with noble emulation adopting the Bishopric 
 of Eangoon. I must not leave this subject without expressing our 
 grateful acknowledgements to these our brethren at home, and also 
 to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, the Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel, and to the trustees of the Colonial Bishoprics 
 Fund. Nor must I omit to mention our respectful acknowledgements 
 to the Archbishop of Canterbury and to the Grovernment at home and in 
 India, for the readiness with which all possible assistance was rendered
 
 by them towards the removing of difficulties and the comi)leting 
 of the complicated arrangements. 
 
 I have now to mark another important step in connexion with the 
 increase of the Episcopate in this Province, which leads me to explain 
 the circumstances under which more recently the Bishop of Travancore 
 and Cochin has been consecrated. 
 
 The foimdation of this Bishopric formed always a part of the ori- 
 ginal design as contemplated and m-ged by the Bishop of Madras and 
 the Church Missionary Society, and as entertained by Bishop Milman ; 
 but the circumstances^ of the district in question were so different 
 fi-om those affecting the district of Tinnevelly, that it was found 
 necessary to deal with this case separately and some unavoidable delay 
 was thereby occasioned. 
 
 Travancore and Cochin being independent States, the English Epis- 
 copate could not be introduced by any such means as might be employed 
 in dealing with British territory. But it was decided that a Bishop might 
 be consecrated under the provision of the Act V. of Victoria, commonly 
 called the Jerusalem Act, the Bishop however to take an oath of obedi- 
 ence to the Metropolitan of this Province, and in respect of all Govern- 
 ment Chaplains stationed within the limits of the proposed Diocese, an 
 oath of obedience also to the Bishop of Madras. Upon these terms the 
 licence from the Crown was granted, and the Rev. John Martindale 
 Speechley was duly consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury on the 
 Feast of St. James, July 25th. 1879. I cannot but be aware that some 
 doubts have been expressed as to the wisdom of the course adopted 
 in this case ; but it appears to me that under existing circumstances, I as 
 Metropolitan am bound to welcome any proposal which may provide 
 episcopal supervision for the native members of the Church, jDrovided 
 always that the Unity of the Province is respected and preserved. x\nd 
 this is fully secured by the oath of obedience to the Metropolitan. 
 
 The Bishop of Travancore and Cochin takes his place, therefore, 
 amongst us, as the fifth Bishop added to om* Indian Episcopate in the 
 short space of three years, the total number of Bishops being thereby 
 raised fi'om four to nine. 
 
 The Lambeth Conference. 
 
 My next duty is to lay before you the Reports and Recommendations 
 forwarded to me by the Archbishop of Canterbury as the result of the 
 great Conference held at Lambeth in the month of July 1878. 
 
 Of the vast importance and interest attaching to such an Assembly
 
 6 
 
 of Bishops (one hundred in number) in communion with our Anglican 
 branch of the Church of Christ, I need say but little. If the yearning 
 of our hearts has been for some advance towards the Union of Christen- 
 dom, this event, following upon a similar Conference held ten years 
 before, may be regarded as an answer to our prayers and an encourage- 
 ment to our hopes. Alas ! The East is still severed from the West, and 
 the Western Church is torn by unhappy divisions ; but the exhibition of 
 unity and mutual confidence displayed in all things connected with that 
 assembly, may surely strengthen us to believe that these longings for 
 Unity are in harmony with the Will of our Divine Head, and may give 
 fresh encouragement to our hope that the Church of England may yet 
 be permitted to contribute something towards the attainment of that 
 blessed result. 
 
 To us here in India, so widely separated fi'om om* home centre, as 
 yet so imperfectly organized as a province, and surrounded by so many 
 peculiar circumstances as regards our relation with the State and with 
 our native members, it is a special cause for thankfulness that this 
 Conference so widely and fully representative should have been allowed 
 to meet at the time it did ; and we may be specially thankful that the 
 subject of the means to be adopted for maintaining union amongst the 
 various branches of the Anglican Communion formed one of the chief 
 subjects of deliberation. 
 
 The Conference adopting the recommendations of its Committee, 
 recognises first the fundamental truth " that the basis of our union 
 "primarily rests upon oui' fellowship under our DiWne Head in the one 
 " Catholic and Apostolic Church, our holding the one Faith revealed in 
 " the Holy Writ, defined in the Creeds and maintained in the Primitive 
 " Church, our receiving of the same Canonical Scriptures, partaking of 
 " the same Divinely ordained sacraments through the ministry of the 
 " same Apostolic orders," and then proceeds to meet the desire which 
 has of late been so largely felt and expressed that some practical methods 
 should be adopted in order to guard against possible sources of disunion 
 in the future, and at the same time to manifest and cherish that true 
 and substantial agreement which exists among these increasingly 
 numerous Churches. To this end, ever ready as the Church of England 
 has always been to resort to a true General Council, which, however in 
 the present condition of Christendom is unhappily but obviously impos . 
 sible, and in the face of all the difficulties which must attend an attempt 
 to assemble even a Synod of all the Anglican Churches, the hope is 
 expressed that such gatherings in Conferences called together from time
 
 to time by the Archbishop of Canterbury, may in the future assume a 
 more definite character ; but in the meantime certain principles are laid 
 down as of great importance for the maintenance of union among 
 Churches of our Communion. 
 
 The principles first laid down are those which relate to the indepen- 
 dence of Provinces, the association of Dioceses in Provinces, aud 
 Diocesan Provincial organization — and we then come to. a very practical 
 recommendation in a proposal to establish a system of intercommunion 
 by means of commendatory letters to be given to our members on the 
 occasion of their moving from one Diocese or Province to another. 
 
 You, my brethren, are for yourselves already accustomed to apply 
 for a bene decessit or letters testimonial when you proceed either per. 
 manently or temporarily from one Diocese to another: but we are 
 altogether unprovided with any recognized system under which com- 
 mendatory letters may be supplied to lay members of the Church 
 when about to move fi'om one Diocese or country to another. 
 
 The value of such letters under our circumstances in India must 
 be apparent whether for our Native or European members. When 
 a member goes to reside in another station, or district, or Diocese, 
 it may be long before he becomes known to or acquainted with the 
 resident Pastor; and on the other hand the Pastor may have no 
 personal knowledge of a stranger until he presents liimself at the 
 Holy Table as a communicant. Moreover for want of some such 
 introduction as commendatory letters would give, much valuable 
 sympathy and support is often lost : one willing and accustomed 
 to help in Church work but unwilling to intrude his oflFer of help in 
 a strange place, may remain for long unwelcomed and unemployed, 
 and the consciousness of union in the body as an element of strength 
 lies dormant and undeveloped. And if this be true of Church members 
 moving from one statiou from another in the same Diocese, from one 
 Diocese to another in the same Province, how much more true is it, 
 and how much more does the serious defect call for a remedy, when 
 a humble but faithful Churchman goes from one part of the world to 
 another? I hope that we may be able to devise some satisfactory 
 means of providing for this want, and that the laity will assist us 
 in establishing the habit of applying for and presenting some such 
 letters as we shall adopt. 
 
 In order to secure the satisfactory working of a system of the kind 
 we must have the cooperation of our brethren at home and when
 
 we have decided upon the measures to be adopted I shall lay the sub- 
 ject before the Bishops at home. 
 
 Another practical recommendation in connexion with this subject 
 of union is one regarding the observance ot a special day of Inter- 
 cession for the unity of Christendom, and the Committee, as you know, 
 have recommended that these Intercessions should be combined with 
 the Intercession for Missions, and that the day to be thus set apart should 
 be the Tuesday before Ascension day or any of the seven days that 
 follow that day. 
 
 Since the announcement of this recommendation, I have invited you, 
 to observe this day thus specially named, and to combine these sub- 
 jects of Intercession with that which belongs to the Rogation Days. 
 Some discussion has arisen as to the propriety of this combination, 
 but I have not been able to admit the force of any of the objections 
 that have been offered. If the Rogation Days are primarily days of 
 special prayer and supplication for the bestowal of the gifts of the 
 fi-uits of the Earth, om* thoughts surely must be carried on beyond 
 the mere provision for the needs of the body to the supply of the true 
 Bread of Life, the partaking of which involves union amongst those 
 who being many are one bread an d one body, being partakers of that 
 one Bread: and then, as is forcibly urged by the Committee, om- 
 divine Lord having so closely connected the unity of His followers with 
 the world's belief in His own mission from the Father, this intercession 
 for unity forms a natural basis upon which may rest our intercessions 
 for missions. He prays " that they all may be one as Thou Father art 
 in me and I in Thee, that they also may be one in us that the world 
 may know that Thou hast sent me." Again, as regards the con- 
 nexion with Ascension Day, that day should not be selected for the day 
 of Intercession because it is a Festival with its own special subject ; 
 but the Day of Intercession observed on the Tuesday preceding should, 
 I think, prepare us all the more thoroughly for the observance of the 
 Festival. For if we regard the Rogation Days as a preparation for the 
 observance of Ascension Day, the supplications and intercessions of the 
 Rogation season rise natm-ally to Him Who ascending up on high received 
 gifts for men. Moreover, it will be well if the observance of this day 
 tends to a better observance of the too-commonly neglected Rogation 
 Days. To us out here in India, filled as we are year by year with 
 anxiety, by reason of the peculiar conditions of cKmate, lest drought 
 should come upon us, the precursor of famine, the prolific parent of 
 plague and pestilence, the Rogation Days should be specially valuable
 
 9 
 
 aud appropriate ; aud our prayers for the gracious rain may well mingle 
 with our prayers for showers of the Divine Spirit of Unity upon 
 ourselves, and for the Spirit of Illumination upon all flesh. Let 
 nie remind you that prayers and intercessions on behalf of others 
 can have no avail unless we are at the same time seeking- that the 
 Spirit of Purity and Unity may so fulfil ourselves as to cause om" light 
 to sliine before those whom we desire to influence ; that the exhibition 
 of the beauty and power of His grace, in the united body is an essential, 
 indeed it is the only convincing, commentary on the word we preach. 
 
 Another recommendation, bearing upon the subject of unity, urges 
 Communion in "Worship, upon which I shall have to speak presently, so 
 far as it relates to om'selves : at present, therefore, I shall only allude to 
 it as it bears upon the subject of Unity amongst the scattered branches 
 of our Communion, connecting it with that part of the report of the 
 Committee on the relations between Bishops and missionaries which 
 deals with the very difficult matter of providing Forms of Common 
 Prayer suitable for the special wants of converts in various countries. 
 For the formularies of the several branches of the Church must embody 
 that which supplies the link in this respect, these being, in our Anglican 
 Communion, contained in our Book of Common Prayer. 
 
 That the universal use of the offices contained in our Book of Com- 
 mon Prayer does form a precious bond of union, all members of om* 
 Church settled in far distant lands can testify ; but this bond must 
 not be based upon mere sentiment and the power of association ; 
 there must be, as the foundation of this sentiment, an intelligent con- 
 viction, first : — that all the true principles of Divine Worship upon 
 which the soul of man may now draw near to worship and hold com- 
 munion with God, are in them set forth : and secondly : (as neces- 
 sarily implied in this) — that the worship to be truly common must be 
 the expression of a common Faith ; or, in other words, that the Formu- 
 laries must be in harmony with the Ci'eeds. I take it then, that the 
 elasticity which varying circumstances demand, may be permitted, 
 so long as these principles are maintained and the fulness of the com- 
 mon Faith is embodied. 
 
 If recently much anxiety was felt as we watched the discussions 
 in the Synod of the Church of Ireland on the revision of the Prayer 
 Book ; it was, lest there should be any such tampering with these 
 essential principles, any such slight cast upon the Articles of the Faith, 
 as might mar the union of that branch with the other branches of 
 our communion : and if in England there has always been a strenuous
 
 10 
 
 opposition to any proposals for the disuse of the creed, commonly called 
 the creed of Saint Athanasius, in our public worship ; such opposition 
 has been roused by the fear that such a disuse of the creed must seem 
 to cast a slight upon the Doctrines of the Holy Trinity and of the 
 Incarnation therein set forth ; perhaps I ought to say, that it has 
 been roused by the suspicion, that the desire to make less frequent 
 use of it betrayed some secret germs of unfaithfulness towards those 
 fundamental Articles of the Faith. 
 
 For ourselves this subject is not without its importance, as it touches 
 us in the shortening of the services for ourselves, and in the providing 
 for the wants of our native Christian brethren in the matter of forms 
 of worship. I trust that in regard to these, and especially the latter, 
 the recommendations of the Committee of Conference may be faith- 
 fully acted upon. The recommendations say, "It is expedient that 
 Books of Common Prayer suitable to native congregations should be 
 framed, that the principles embodied in such books should be identical 
 with the principles in our Book of Common Prayer, and that the devia- 
 tions from the same in point of fonn should only be such as are 
 required by the circumstances of particular Churches." So important 
 do they consider the whole subject to be, that they recommend the 
 creation of certain Boards to which proposed modifications of our 
 forms of service should be submitted. For a Province such as this, 
 which is under English rule, the Board would consist of the Archbishops 
 of England and Ireland, the Bishop of London, the Primus of tlie 
 Scottish Episcopal Church, together with two Bishops, and four clergy, 
 men selected by them ; to which Board any proposed new Prayer 
 Book should be communicated by the Metropolitan of the Province, 
 after it has been approved by the Bishop or Bishops under whose autho- 
 rity the book is intended to be used, and by certain clergymen, not 
 less than three where possible, from the Diocese or Dioceses or district. 
 
 Several other subjects are dealt with by the Committees of the Con- 
 ference, to some of which I shall have occasion to refer. But the only 
 other set of recommendations upon which I need speak at length, is 
 that in which the Committee takes notice of a communication received 
 from myself as Metropolitan of this Province. It is right that I 
 should acquaint you with the subject matter of those communications 
 and with the circumstances under which they were forwarded by me 
 to the Conference. 
 
 In accordance with the terms of one of the Resolutions passed at 
 the Conference of the Bishops of this Province held in Calcutta in
 
 11 
 
 1877, it became my duty to submit to the liambeth Conference the 
 whole body of these Kesolutions. Accompany mg the letter formally 
 submitting these, I sent another letter in which, not being able to 
 attend the Conference in person, I explained the circumstances which 
 had led to the passing of the Resolutions, together with my own- 
 opinion upon the main points at issue. I stated, what I may now 
 repeat, that the passing of those Resolutions arose out of my strong 
 conviction that the difficulties which had arisen in this Province upon 
 the subject of the relations between certain missionaries and the 
 Bishop of the Diocese could not be regarded as mere matters of local 
 interest, and so as difficulties to be met by arrangement on the spot; 
 but that they arose from a difference of opinion upon questions of 
 fundamental principles which in the then stage ot the developement 
 of the Chiu*ch of Christ in this Province had become prominent and 
 demanded careful consideration. 
 
 The difficulties to which I allude are, of course, those which had arisen 
 in the Diocese of Colombo. Had I felt it possible to regard them 
 as arising from mere matters of detail in Diocesan organization, 
 I should have considered that they came under the category of dif- 
 ficulties which, as both the Missionary Societies have expressed it^ 
 " can only be settled by arrangement according to the circumstances 
 of each Diocese," and that there was no occasion either for Provincial 
 interference, or for reference to the Lambeth Conference. But being 
 of opinion that questions of principle were involved, I gladly met the 
 very natural desire of the Bishop of Colombo to obtain some expres- 
 sion of opinion on those difficulties from the Bishops of the Province 
 assembled at Calcutta for the consecration of Dr. Caldwell and Dr. 
 Sargent, by embracing that opportunity for giving a joint expression of 
 opinion upon the main principles which seemed to be at stake. I was 
 the more ready to adopt this course knowing that we should have the 
 great advantage of laying the results of our deliberations before the 
 influential gathering of Bishops expected to assemble at Lambeth in 
 the following year. 
 
 I very confidently believe that this was the proper way to meet our 
 responsibilities in regard to that matter, and I am also tliankful to 
 know that the principles then laid down by us in those Resolutions 
 have been in no respect corrected by any of the recommendations of 
 the Conference. The qualifying recommendations, suggested as de- 
 sirable in the application of ilutse principles, are only such as we should 
 all desire to adopt ; indeed such qualifying recommendations were not
 
 12 
 
 obscurely expressed in the Resolutions themselves, especially in that 
 in which we expressed our desire to submit questions that might arise 
 to the judgement of informal courts. 
 
 In my letter addi-essed to the Conference I further expressed the 
 opinion that though our Resolutions dealt mainly with the nature and 
 limits of Episcopal authority in such matters as the withdrawing of 
 licences &c., the real question at issue concerned rather the nature of 
 the Episcopate by which the authority was to be exercised ; in other 
 words, the difference of opinion lying at the root of the difficulties 
 appeared to relate to the principles and conditions upon Avhich the 
 increase of the Episcopate, as it concerned the native Christian com- 
 munity, should be effected. The Church Missionary Society in a 
 minute dated 22nd July 1873, had expressed the desire to see "the 
 Episcopal Office conferred on leading missionaries or native Clergymen 
 with a view to their exercising Episcopal functions in the native Chm-cli, 
 indejiendently of the existing Diocesan Bishop." The Society for the 
 Propagation of the Gospel alluding to the same subject in a letter to 
 myself express their desire that " each large and flourishing Mission 
 should have at its head a Bishop, subordinate to the Metropolitan , 
 having a Diocese co-extensive with the Mission." These views, either 
 of them, if carried into effect would create a Diocese within a Diocese, 
 and an Episcoi^ate for different races, a condition of things unpre- 
 cedented in the history of the Chm'ch, and incompatible with recog- 
 nized principles of Church order. 
 
 The recommendation of the Committee of the Lambeth Conference 
 is to the effect that " for the present, the appointment of Assistant 
 Bishops whether native or European, subordinate to the Bishop of the 
 Diocese would meet the special needs of India in this matter and would 
 offer the best security for order and peace." I accept this recommen- 
 dation most heartily, and the method suggested has received the 
 sanction of the Crown. 
 
 In accepting this recommendation I do not omit to note the im- 
 portant words " for the present." I am very far from regarding this as 
 the final stage of the question; but I do regard this arrangement as, 
 under all the circumstances of the case, the wisest, and the one most 
 likely to lead eventually to that which all equally desire to see. Tlie 
 future Episcopate for India must grow out of the existing Episcoiiatc, 
 and I trust that we the European Bishops of the Province shall always 
 be found ready to welcome and consecrate, with the sanction of the 
 Crown, competent native Suffragans when such can be found. The
 
 13 
 
 appoiutmeiit of these might pave the way for what may some day be 
 In-ought about, as in other Departments, the appointment of Natives 
 to the sees of Calcutta, Madras, or Bombay, under a native Metropolitan. 
 
 I may now dismiss this subject. You are aware that the Bishop 
 of Colombo, after full consultation with me and with my eoncm'rence, 
 took couusel with five of the English Prelates (the two Archbishops, 
 and the Bishops (if London, Winchester, and Durham ;) and I am most 
 thankful to be able to add that subsequent interviews with the Church 
 Missionary Society at home have brought about a satisfactory arrange- 
 ment of all difficulties. 
 
 We may I think believe that all has been indeed overruled for good. 
 Such difficulties must he expected to arise from time to time, and 
 it would be foolish to suppose that they can be easily settled. They 
 are the natural consequence of the fact that the Church, as an organized 
 body, is in the present day resuming the duties which, having 
 been neglected by her in times past, individual members of the body, 
 banded together in Societies, have been endeavouring to perform for 
 her. I hope that we shall be doing right if, instead of passing these 
 difficulties b}' or smoothing them over, we resolve to meet them and 
 dispose of them. T believe that they merely mark the steps by which 
 real progi-ess is being made, and that in overcoming them we are promot- 
 ing the interests of our Divine Master's kingdom and providing for its 
 further extension. 
 
 To promote the interests of our Master's Kingdom ! Yes ! this it is 
 to which we are all called, and under circumstances which, by common 
 consent, have no parallel in history, and may well be fruitful in difficulties. 
 
 Position of the Church in India. 
 
 Let me now proceed to speak of the jiosition which we occupy, and of 
 the duties which devolve upon us, sent forth, as we have been, into this 
 country in these latter days by the Spirit of God, through that Branch 
 of Christ's Holy Catholic Church, which has been rooted and bearing 
 fruit in England from a i)eriod so remote that we are left to conjecture 
 as to the hands by which it was originally planted. 
 
 Now this our position as Bishops, Priests, and Deacons, officers of the 
 Church in this Indian Empire, is quite peculiar, (I must be understood 
 to be speaking of the Province exclusive of Ceylon where the position is 
 somewhat different,) and this is often alluded to as involving anomalies and 
 inconsistencies which render tiiat position altogether indefensible. But 
 I venture to say that whatever there is of peculiarity in our position, 
 arises only from the peculiar conditions attending the position of the
 
 14 
 
 Euglish nation itself in its occupation of this vast Empire. We, the 
 Bishops and Clergy, are here in the first instance specially connected 
 Avith that body of Englishmen serving in civil and military capacities 
 under the British Goverment, appointed specially that we may provide 
 for them the ministrations of the Church to which they for the most part 
 belong, and which is recognized as the Established Church in our own 
 country. There are also some, Chaplains under our Additional 
 Clergy Society, appointed with the countenance and recognition of the 
 State, to minister to those who, being officially connected with 
 Government, are stationed in small numbers in less important 
 places ; and others there are, receiving no support from the State, but 
 working, (in connexion with Societies at home,) with the permission 
 of the State granted to you individually through me. As regards then 
 those of us who are in the service of the State, directly or indirectly, no 
 grievance can be fairly alleged against our presence here which is not 
 equally applicable to the presence of the English as the paramount power. 
 This is not an occasion upon which I should comment at large upon the 
 subject of the English occupation of this country, but I must be allowed 
 to say that I can only satisfy my conscience, in the matter of my position 
 as Bishop and Metropolitan in India, upon the same grounds as enable 
 me to justify my position as an Englishman. 
 
 I am able to do this beause I do believe that England has been led or 
 drawn into her present relations with this country by a force of circum- 
 stances which could not have been ignored, and which we must regard 
 as mysterious and providential. Believing this, I also hope that we as 
 Englishmen, all of us as we are here this day, would repudiate the notion 
 that our retention of this position is persisted in fi'om purely selfish 
 motives, but rather that it is founded upon the consciousness that' a work 
 has been entrusted to us to perform in this Eastern land ; and that 
 therefore, without the hypocrisy of pretending that we desire no benefit 
 for ourselves, we do believe that, as in all such cases, the benefit ought 
 to be mutual; the task imposed upon us, if we can but perform 
 it faithfully, is intended to promote the best interests of those with 
 whom we are brought into contact, and through them the best interests 
 of mankind at large. 
 
 These are thoughts surely calculated to inspire all Englishmen with 
 life and energy, tempered however by a deep sense of shortcomings in 
 the past, and of great responsibility in the time to come. 
 
 I take it then that all Englishmen have a common share in the 
 responsil tility of this work, given us as a nation to do ; and it is a very
 
 15 
 
 special part of your duty to lielp to keep alive in the hearts of your 
 fellow countrymeu this sense of responsibility which rests upon all, all 
 \\'lio in the various walks of life are spending their days, or a portion of 
 them, as sojourners in this country, the whole official staff", civil, 
 military, and ecclesiastical, residents of every class, pursuing their own 
 commercial, or industrial, or philanthropic avocations. Amongst these 
 workers then, we, the Clergy of the Church of England, find our place ; 
 and I feel sure that you will derive strength and courage and patience 
 from the thought that you are linked with all our fellow-countrymen by 
 this common bond, this fellowship in all your labours and responsibilities. 
 
 It may seem to some that I am straining this idea of our commuu 
 fellowship, if I thus link together the whole European community. But 
 so far trom admitting this, I consider it to be a matter of great impor- 
 tance, as well for the laity as for yourselves. The influence of the 
 dominant power must be felt for good or evil in the sphere of public, 
 social, and domestic life, in legislation, legal procedure, literature, and 
 education ; and it is manifest that no class is excluded, or can be excused, 
 from taldng its share in the good work which may be done, or from 
 bearing its share of the responsibility of neglecting it. J'or as regards 
 the sphere of public and official life, the framing of laws upon the 
 highest principles, the administration of the law in the spirit of truth 
 and justice, the conducting of all that relates to questions of peace and 
 war upon principles of right and of humanity, the exposure, denunciation, 
 and correction, of all that is corrupt in commercial and kindred relations 
 one with another; all that is done in these departments of life must 
 have its influence upon those who are about us. And so also as regards 
 social and domestic life ; the exhibition of a high standard of personal 
 character, with the purity and affection of domestic life, these ought to 
 be, and, I trust it may be said, are, however imperfectly, offering no 
 inconsiderable contribution towards the fulfilment of the duties imposed 
 upon us in this country. 
 
 And yet further, you will recognise the fact, that this common work in 
 which we are all engaged, must necessarily draw attention to our 
 Christian Faith, under the influence of which our own national life has 
 grown to be what it is. For it is true, though some may be unconscious 
 of the fact, and others may desire to ignore it, that the principles upon 
 which all our national life, public as well as private, is based, and upon 
 which our Government is conducted, have been mainly drawn by us firom 
 the Christianity which we have professed through the past centuries 
 of our national existence.
 
 16 
 
 These considerations may help us to understand the nature of the 
 neutrality which we profess to observe iii all that concerns our Faith. 
 For it must be in all honesty confessed, that to be absolutely neutral, 
 in the sense of exercising no influence whatever, is in tlie very nature of 
 things impossible. Neutral certainly all must be in the ja'oper sense of 
 the word ; that is, using no unworthy means, official or otherAvise, for 
 bringing our Christian Faith to bear ; yet surely not neutral in the sense 
 of hiding the talent which has been committed to us. 
 
 No true Christian can avoid the making of his Christian influence to 
 be felt even in the strictest official intercourse; many a native of this 
 country has by this unconscious influence been made to feel that there is 
 a power, a beauty not to be resisted in all that English people have 
 brought to their notice, and which they know well to be the outcome of 
 our religion. 
 
 If then our position as Engiislunen, holding the position of rulers in 
 this country can be defended, and if it be true that so much depends 
 upon the nature of the influence which we bring to bear upon the 
 people of this country in all departments of life ; it cannot, I think, be 
 difficult to defend our position, employed as we are by the State interes- 
 ted in the character and welfare of its servants; certainly no defence is 
 required for those of you who, enlisted by the voluntary zeal of Church- 
 men, take up the special work of proclaiming to those, who have ears to 
 hear, that all we have and all wc are flows from One Who is the Way, 
 the only Way by which man cometh to the Father of all, the Wa}' open 
 to all the human race without respect of persons. 
 
 These considerations as to yom* position will have helped you to realize 
 the important but too often forgotten fact that the ordained ministers 
 of Christ are not alone the propagators of the Gospel, but that the 
 propagating energy lies iu the Christian body as a whole, the Christian 
 body acting like leaven through all the departments of public and 
 private life, you the Clergy acting, in Divinely appointed ways, for and 
 upon the body with a view to its nourishment and gi'owth ; they will, 
 I hope, have fiirther helped you to see that it is therefore a sadly fatal 
 mistake to regard the works entrusted to the chaplains as entirely 
 distinct from that undertaken by the missionary, so that the chaplain 
 lias no direct interest in the results of missionary effort, and the mis- 
 sionary no interest in the work of the chaplain. It is surely a mistake 
 from a missionary point of view, inasmuch as the fundamental prin- 
 ciple upon which the extension of Christ's Kingdom should be based is, 
 that the exhibition of the fruits of the Spirit of Christ should be
 
 17 
 
 chief means of attracting others to the Faith, and that therefore, con- 
 tact with the life of the Christian body, shoidd be specially sought for. 
 Tf however it be the case, as alas ! it too often is, that the influence 
 of evil example in the members of the Christian body seems to make 
 it necessary to avoid all such contact, then the answer must be, that 
 this rather goes to establish the importance of recognizing a common 
 interest in the work of sustaining the spiritual life of the Christian 
 body, as a primary condition of all Missionary success. And if we 
 look at the subject in the interest of the European Christian, surround- 
 ed as he is by so much that assails the stedfastness of his own faith i 
 nothing should more tend to the strengthening of it, than the wit- 
 nessing the results of Missionary work going on around him ; so that 
 to withdraw this from him, is to deprive him of one of the most 
 valuable helps which as a Christian he ought to enjoy. 
 
 Another link which should unite the interests of the two bodies of 
 workers is supplied by the native Christian community. To the question, 
 are these our brethren, tellow members in the mystical body of Christ ? 
 no answer but one could be given ; but there are many influences at 
 work rendering it difficult to appreciate the fact, or give expression to 
 it in the intercourse of daily life. Your endeavour must always be to 
 minimise these difficulties, and at least to beware lest you yourselves 
 erect unnecessary barriers which tend to weaken the sense of our com- 
 mon fellowship in Christ. 
 
 Our Duties as Churchmen. 
 
 Having then guarded myself against the appearance of recognizing 
 any essential division of interests between the Chaplains and Missionaries^ 
 I may direct your attention to what undoubtedly involves a division of 
 labour, though not of interest, and speak of your duties as they must 
 be directed, first, towards those that are within the Christian body, 
 secondly, towards those that are without ; that is, towards the cherishing 
 the life that is in yourselves and your fellow members in the body, the work 
 entrusted mainly to you Chaplains, and towards the drawing others into 
 fellowship with us in the same, through the accepting of the Faith by 
 which yom* own lives and the life of the body of which we are members 
 are sustained, the work for which you Missionaries have been called 
 and sent. 
 
 Your duty to those that are within, cannot be better expressed than 
 by the one word " edify "; the " edifying of the body of Christ" embraces 
 all.
 
 18 
 
 As you devise plaus for work in your station, as you conduct the 
 public services of the Church, preach the Word, and administer the Holy 
 Sacraments ; as you Adsit your schools and give instruction to the young ; 
 as you rebuke vice, and encourage the virtuous, as you comfort the 
 afflicted and distressed, as you restore the penitent, exhort the sick, and 
 commend the dying, the end is, " building up, " edifying the body of 
 Christ as represented by those members of His body committed to your 
 care. 
 
 This being so, you will next remember how the Apostle connects this, 
 the end of your labours, with the gifts bestowed for the efficient 
 discharge of them ; so that if you would discharge your duties to edifica- 
 tion, your first thought must be to seek for and to cultivate in yourselves 
 the needful gifts. 
 
 Practically then your labours begin with your own selves. You will 
 begin with a strong effort of faith to believe in the promise which 
 assures to you, in the body of Christ, the bestowal of these gifts, This 
 will bring you into direct commimion with Him Who made the promise 
 and distributes the gifts, making you more and more conscious thai 
 the work is His and not your own, drawing you on to the study of 
 all that may help you to a knowledge of His Will revealed in Holy 
 Scripture, and to the study of all that can be brought to bear upon your 
 work with a view to edifSnng, and lastly, you will with all your powers 
 of mind and body apply what you have thus acquired, in active inter- 
 course with your people through the means authoritatively appointed, 
 and through means devised by yourselves. 
 
 Of the need of faith and of commimion with God through Christ I 
 need hardly say much on the present occasion ; the conscience of each 
 one will doubtless press the demand for a great increase of the former, 
 and much more diligence in the latter ; the will of each one will I trust 
 record a vow of greater earnestness in the exercise of both : but I would 
 say a word on the subject of study, and I may apply to this what I 
 have already said concerning your duties generally ; that is, begin with 
 yourselves ; your own edification is the first point ; if you would edity 
 others you must be yourselves well built up, firm in your own faith, 
 clear in your convictions, and strong in pursuing the course thereby 
 marked out for you. 
 
 " Out of the abundance of the heart the mouth speaketh," " we believe 
 and therefore speak," these and such like words touch the point which 
 I would urge ; and it implies that you do not merely store up knowledge 
 and learn how to reproduce it, but that you make it your own, digesting
 
 19 
 
 and assimilating it so as to make it part of yourself. All the result 
 of your study, if delivered as so much matter taken in, in order to be 
 poured out again, will fail to have convincing power. It is only wiieu 
 1 he word has been cast in the mould of your own individuality that it 
 can touch the inner self of your hearers. 
 
 Next I would urge that yoiu' studies should be mainly directed towards a 
 deeper acquaintance with all that bears upon the Christian faith. In 
 these days there is some danger of your beiug over anxious to make 
 yourselves acquainted with all that is pom*ed forth by the feverish intellect 
 of the age, in order that you may be able to understand and sympathise 
 with the troubled minds of those around you ; but to be yourself tho- 
 roughly furnished in all that concerns your own faith, is the qualifica- 
 tion which best fits you for the task of discriminating between wliat is 
 sound or unsound, helpful or misleading in the opinions of others. And 
 this is the more worthy of note, inasmuch as it will be found to be 
 almost invariably the case, that they who are shaken by the strange 
 opinions which they come across, are sadly ignorant of the rudiments 
 of the Christian faith : the help therefore which they really need i'rom 
 you is not so much to be supplied with answers to their doubts, as to 
 1 )e instructed in the Faith, upon which, if you can teach them to build, 
 the floods and storms rai.<ed hy intellectual speculations may beat harm- 
 lessly. 
 
 The same caution is needed for missionaries. So much has of late 
 1 leen brought to light concerning the religions of this country, that 
 there is some danger lest the study of these should crowd out those 
 studies which should build you up in the knowledge of all that concerns 
 your owii Faith. Your aim should be mainly to be able to spread out 
 attractively all the precious wares with which you have been entrusted. 
 The Truth attractively exhibited will so arrest the attention of those 
 who are honest seekers after Truth, as to di'aw them away from all 
 that is false ; and it is by this process rather than by argument ihat 
 the false will be compelled to relax its hold upon them. 
 
 I shall myself on the present occasion act upon the advice I have 
 given ; I shall direct my efforts towards edification by speaking of mat- 
 ters which concern our own faith, and our own work, rather than in any 
 attempt to guide you over the boundless sea of speculation which seems 
 for a time to have ahuost covered the whole face of the earth. I may 
 however just say this. Surely no assault that has yet been offered, 
 need make us ashamed of our Gospel of Christ ; the higher criticism has 
 about done its work ; it has added something to our knowledge, but
 
 20 
 
 has in no degree shaken the fabric of truth as revealed in Holy Scrip- 
 ture ; science has added vastly to our acquaintance with the mar- 
 vels and beauties of natural phenomena, but it has added nothing, 
 it has taken away nothing, from our knowledge of the mysteries of life 
 itself, whether physical, moral, or spiritual ; and the experience of those 
 who have gone forth from the ark in search of a new resting place, 
 seems only to have ended in their finding no rest for the sole of their 
 foot. If agnosticism is the latest resort, surely we may think that the 
 search can liardly be carried any further, but that the weary searcher 
 must be disposed to return into the Ark. Oh ! that the Church, and 
 we as members of it, may be ready to put forth the hand and pull them 
 in. 
 
 Means of Grace. 
 I have spoken of the means by which all that you have received is 
 to be brought to bear upon your people, as consisting of means appoin- 
 ted by authority, and means devised by yourselves. Now clearly, 
 of the means appointed, we must first think of the means of 
 grace provided by our Blessed Lord Himself for the building up and 
 growth of His body, then next of those appointed by the authority of 
 the Church; but I have associated with these even the means devised 
 by yourselves, for I would have you to regard even the very hmnblest 
 agencies of your own devising, as being linked with what has been 
 specially ordained by Christ Himself; and then, as we know for 
 certain that in the due use of His own appointed means we have the 
 assurance of His presence and co-operation, so will you also learn to trust 
 that He co-operates with you in the use of your own means, making 
 them to be effectual to edification and so to His honour and glory. It 
 is in this way that we identify ourselves with Him, and our work ivith 
 His. 
 
 Administration of the Means of Grace. 
 In calling attention to some matters connected with the administration 
 of the appointed means of grace, I am but reminding you of your promise 
 given at your ordination : that you would give your faithful diligence to 
 the subject ; and I shall only touch upon those points which, for various 
 reasons, seem to require notice at the present time. 
 "'•■"rCon^cerning the administration of the Sacrament of Baptism, there 
 at-e circumstances attending life in this country and climate, which seem 
 to lead people to desire that Baptism may be administered in private.
 
 21 
 
 and you may have some difficulty in securing that it be only administered 
 (except as specially provided in the case of sickness,) in the presence of 
 an assembled congregation. You will be careful not to give way on this 
 point, except upon good reason shewn ; making it clear however, that 
 you are not actuated by considerations of mere personal convenience. 
 The reception of a new member into the body, is a matter of interest to 
 all, and does not merely affect the individual baptized. I also desire 
 that the rite should be administered, at least occasionally, as the Rubric 
 directs, " when the most number of people do come together," that is, 
 upon a Sunday or Holy Day, and not always at a thinly attended week- 
 day service. I have already taken counsel with some of you, upon the 
 subject of providing a certificate which the guardians of the child or the 
 baptised adult should be told to keep, and deliver to the child or produce? 
 when he or she is presented to be examined for confirmation. It is 
 sometimes by no means eacy to procure evidence of the Baptism, but 
 yon will see the importance of satisfying your minds upon the point 
 before you present candidates to me for Confirmation. During the four 
 years of my Episcopate, I have had the satisfaction of confirming no less 
 than 7132 persons, viz. 2129 Europeans, and 5003 natives. And I must 
 express to you my sense of the care, which is evidently given to the work 
 of pre})aring candidates. I have had almost always the comfort of 
 marking the reverent bearing of those presented to me, and my impres- 
 sions have been confirmed by the fact that a very large majority have at 
 once become regular communicants. T will therefore only add, that I 
 hope special efforts are made to help and support the newly confirmed in 
 their endeavom* to walk worthy of their vocation. 
 
 I find from your half yearly returns that many of you have Bible 
 classes or Communicant classes, and I should be glad if this might- 
 become universal. Other plans may l)e devised of a more definite kind, 
 such as forming them into associations or guilds of various kinds, to 
 meet the special needs of special circumstances and conditions of life. 
 
 For soldiers, who nee.I all our sympathy and support, the Guild of the 
 Holy Standard supplies a helpful bond of union, and I commend it to all 
 chaplains in military cantonments. I cannot help adding however, that 
 care should be taken not to allow any enrolment in any association to 
 supersede, or even, 1 think, to precede, in point of time, the rite of 
 Confirmation, which confirms us in our membership in Christ. 
 
 Special vows whether of Total Abstinence or of any other nature, if 
 based upon the Christian vow made in Baptism and ratified at Confir- 
 mation, may tend to edification ; but those not as yet confirmed should
 
 22 
 
 be taught that the strength they need shoukt first be sought in that 
 Apostolic Rite. 
 
 Concerning the administration of the Holy Communion yoiu" half 
 yearly returns show a fairly satisfactory condition of things in respect 
 to the frequency of the celebrations. Out of 74 stations 33 have a 
 celebration weekly or more fi'equently, 19 have a celebration every 
 fortnight, and in no station is it less frequent than monthly. Consi- 
 dering that to these 74 stations 119 outstations are attached, for 
 which services and celebrations have to be }>rovided, it is in some places 
 impossible to have celebrations more frequently than once a month, so 
 that I have no request to make on this head. 
 
 As to the way in winch the office is performed it is not easy for 
 me to judge, because ou the occasions of my visit to a station I am 
 always myself the celebrant, but I have reason to think that all is con- 
 ducted with reverence ; and with but few exceptions, the furniture and 
 arrangements are suitable and according to order. On one subject 
 however, I have some remarks to make, namely, the offertory and the 
 placing of the Elements on the Holy Table. The directions given in 
 the Rubric have their significance, and should be carefully followed. And 
 as regards the collecting of the offertory, this ought to be accompanied 
 ])y the reading or singing of the offertory sentences. I have sometimes 
 found it to be the practice to omit the sentences and subsitute a 
 Hymn ; but apart from the violation of the Rubric, I much doubt 
 whether this arrangement tends to edification. The sentences should 
 not be omitted altogether ; and I am the more disposed to press this, 
 because the reading of the sentences should help to the better under- 
 istanding of the true principles of almsgiving, upon which subject 
 a great deal has to be learnt. We hear too much of the Clergyman 
 having a collection, instead of the people making their offerings ; and 
 the idea of offering, in the sense of making direct offerings to God, is 
 lost in the idea of collecting money for certain specified objects. This 
 false notion is, I am afraid, too often fostered by the practice of collect- 
 ing only from those members of the congregation who are supposed 
 to be able to afford something substantial ; a practice fatal to the true 
 prmciple of almsgiving, and especially when the offering of our sub- 
 stance is a definite part of the worship rendered to God in the Holy 
 Communion. 
 
 It might I think be shewn that the practice is a mistake as a matter 
 of financial policy ; but the serious matter is, that it really involves 
 false teaching on the subject of almsgiving.
 
 23 
 
 The duty of almsgiving is as incumbcut ou the poor as ou the 
 rich ; and, to take another view of it, if you neglect to give the poor 
 man or the widow an opportunity of making an offering, you are indeed 
 depriving them of a privilege, I might even say, a right. The devout 
 soldier may have a desire to make his offering, and no one has the 
 right to pass him by, and say " we don't expect you to give." 
 
 I must also object to the custom of collecting no offerings at cele- 
 brations on week days, or when the number of communicants is 
 small. It may be, that out of only three or four communicants, there 
 may be one to whom the day, though only a week day, is a ver}- 
 special day, the anniversary of some day on which God's mercy in time 
 past evokes the annually recurring sense of thankfulness ; or it may 
 be, that some vow of self-denial is being recorded of which the offering 
 is the definite expression. It is sometimes pleaded that it seems to 
 compel people to give, they not liking to pass the alms bag ; but surely 
 the true remedy is to teach that God looks to every man to do as he 
 is disposed in his heart, and to be merciful after his power, and that 
 it is a false shame which calls up the feeling pleaded. This teaching 
 will at least be given if the offertory sentences are read. 
 
 As regards the amount collected I am concerned to find by the 
 returns that the offertories for our Diocesan Societies have fallen from 
 Rs. 19,800 in 1878, to 15,800 in 1879. I know that this may be 
 largely accounted for; the reductions of establishment grants has 
 thrown a great additional burden upon congregations : but I do think 
 that the subject of almsgiving on principle is one but very imperfectly 
 understood by many. 
 
 Ritual. 
 
 I must now refer to the very delicate questions arising out of the 
 controversy on the subject of ritual ; but in dealing with it, I shall 
 only allude to what has taken place in England so far as to enable me 
 to speak upon the subject as it affects us here. 
 
 The present most painful position of the controversy arises from a 
 conscientious inability on the part of some, to accept the judgements 
 of certain Courts to which jurisdiction in matters ecclesiastical has 
 been given by the State, without the consent of the Church, in viola- 
 tion, as it was felt, of that ancient principle of the constitution, that 
 matters ecclesiastical should be dealt with by the Sovereign, through 
 the spirituality. 
 
 The trouljle began when tlio jurisdiction in such matters was trans- 
 ferred from the High Com-t of Delegates to the Judicial Committee
 
 2-1 
 
 of the Privy Couucil ; it has beeu, recently aggravated by the Public 
 Worship Regulation Act, under which the ecclesiastical functions of 
 the Dean of Arches have beeu absorbed by the Judge appointed under 
 the provisions of that Act. Unquestionably the original transfer of 
 jurisdiction involved very important questions; and as regards the 
 Public Worship Regulation Act, I have seen no reason to change my 
 mind since, as a member of the Convocation of the Northern Province, 
 I strongly opposed the measures thereby introduced, the tendency of 
 which, as it seemed to me, were in a direction exactly opposite to that 
 which should have been followed. 
 
 At the same time it was greatly to be regretted that so much atten- 
 tion given to the elaboration of obsolete ritual was not devoted to the 
 remedying the evils of the original transfer of jurisdiction. 
 
 As to the nature of the remedy, I have always thought that the real 
 root of the matter is only reached when we observe that the primary 
 cause of the trouble lies in the annomalies arising out of the altered 
 position occupied by the State in her relations with the Church ; and 
 that these can only be met by a new form of Diocesan and Provincial 
 organization. But I must not presume to make suggestions to wiser 
 men at home. Only may God in His mercy restore to them calmness, 
 and moderation, and mutual confidence. As all this affects us, I have 
 to remember that I have undertaken at my consecration to " adminis- 
 ter this Diocese and Province according to the ecclesiastical laws of 
 England." I am therefore brought face to face with the question : am 
 I to recognize recent Judgements, or am I to ignore them ? To this 
 question I must answer that I cannot ignore them. But I do hope 
 sincerely that they may be to us practically a dead letter, in this sense, 
 that we resolve to arrange all such matters by a reference not to mere 
 law, but to that which, looking at the case from all sides, is likely 
 to tend to edification. Reference to mere law would mean a lifeless 
 uniformity, by means of levelling up and levelling down ; I hope that 
 instead of this, we shall become a law to ourselves, dealing with 
 matters in a loving spirit and thinking of the edification of the 
 whole body. 
 
 Now there will be always three parties concerned ; the Chaplain, 
 the congregation, and the Bishop, the Bishop however not concerned 
 as an individual, but as the authorized representative of the whole body 
 of the Church over which he presides, and as responsible to the Holy 
 Catholic Church tor what is done in liis Diocese : and if there be in 
 all three parties a readiness to forget self, and not to please ourselves,
 
 25 
 
 to avoid the risk of discord, and bitterness, and schism, though it l)e 
 at the cost of tolerating some things which we do not like, or of sacri- 
 ficing some things which we personally value, (short of com-se in either 
 case of what appertains essentially to the Truth) we may, I hope, be 
 able to arrange all diflBculties with the concun-ence of all : but if this 
 cannot be, I must endeavour to fulfil my obligation and apply the 
 law as it stands, without any question as to whether the law is good 
 law, or the Court exactly that I should have desired it to be. 
 
 One or two considerations, I must pre^s upon your attention. Your 
 appointment to a station is not permanent, as in the ca.se of an incumbent 
 at home, and the exigencies of the public service, may require a fre- 
 quent change of Chaplains ; this might result in a constant change of 
 ritual which could not tend to edification. 1 am bound therefore to 
 require that no important changes in respect to ritual be made without 
 reference to me ; nor should important alterations of furniture or orna- 
 ments be made without like reference ; and from what I have said, 
 you will expect that I shall desire to ascertain thi'ough the Church 
 Committee what may be the feelings of the congregation. But here 
 again, congregations are bodies constantly changing, and while the 
 congregation at a station one year may desire one thing, the congi-ega- 
 tion next year may prefer thy very opposite. I must therefore ask you 
 to believe that I am the person to weigh all these consideration^, and 
 that in any decision I may give, I have endeavom-ed to look at the case 
 from every point of view. 
 
 Our streng-th lies in our confidence that Cod's Holy Spirit is with 
 His Church on earth, and with us His humble servants ; so that, when 
 we are seeking only His guidance we shall sm-ely have it. Some 
 there are who think that no discretion should be left to any body, that 
 all should be laid down clearly ; but I consider that you cannot discharge 
 the functions of your office without using your discretion at every turn 
 and I know not how, either your pastoral duties, or my episcopal duties, 
 can be performed efficiently for a single day without it. I therefore not 
 only desire to leave much to your discretion, but I charge you to use it. 
 I am afraid some men become mere machines simply because they shirk 
 this responsibility. You cannot avoid this responsibility and be guiltless, 
 for it is a responsibility which accompanies the solemn office which 
 you are called to fill. 
 
 But it may be said that certain matters of ritual must be definitely 
 either desirable or objectionable, as giving expression to views which 
 must be either right or wrong ; that therefore any varieties of practice
 
 26 
 
 must mean unfaithfulness on the one side or the other ; that either 
 the absence of certain points of ritual means discredit cast upon certain 
 views dear to one party, or that the presence of them means the intru- 
 sion of views repudiated by the other. This is a serious point, and I 
 must not omit to touch upon it. I have already guarded the plea for 
 forbearance and self sacrifice by the qualifying words " short of course 
 in either case of what pertains essentially to the Faith." To this I now 
 must add, that in the matter of right or wrong views we have great need 
 to be less confident in our judgement upon our owu views, and upon the 
 views lield by others. 
 
 Language is sometimes used and a line of action adopted, which can 
 only be justified upon the assumption that the person speaking or acting, 
 is in absolute possession of the whole truth, and that it is impossible that 
 any other view can have any truth in it at all. Is it not however almost 
 universally the case, that every truth needs to be balanced by another 
 truth, and that it is only true when taken in connexion with the other ? 
 Take tor instance the two truths declaring the one the Goodness of God, 
 the other His Severity. The mind cannot grasp the two at the same 
 moment, but the one must balance the other if we would hold the ful] 
 truth. The present age dwells upon the Goodness of God and almost 
 forgets that there is Severity also, this perhaps being a reaction 
 from a period when men's minds were too exclusively influ- 
 enced by thoughts of His Severity. Or again, Faith and Reason 
 seem to be rival guides, contending in the present day, as they have 
 ever done, for exclusive right to guide the world : but rhe truth is 
 tliat neitlier can be trusted alone, they must combine as either a 
 reasonable Faith or a faithful Reason, and then we may foiLiw them 
 thankfully. So as regards the Holy Communion. Does any one really 
 think that he so embraces all the many aspects of this wondrous ordi- 
 nance as to feel sure that the aspect presented to the mind of another 
 has positively no place amongst the endless combinations ? Take the 
 ubjective and subjective view of the Real Presence, the two are each 
 of them true, but each one needs to be balanced by the other if we would 
 see the truth concerning the doctrine complete. Clearly, the sacrificial 
 aspect is a tnie view if rightly understood and held in due relation to 
 other views ; and if it has become in these days prominent it is only 
 because it has in a previous time been too much excluded, aud a re- 
 action has taken place. When then I ask for forbearance, aud modesty, 
 and advocate freedom within an area bounded by what is edifying 
 to the whole body, and consistent with our communion \a the
 
 27 
 
 Church of Christ ; it is not on grounds of expediency or ixdicy, 
 lint because different minds are open to different impressions n])on 
 such things, and l)ecause all combined are needlul to secure the 
 true balance ; this being essential for us if we would be saved 
 from those oscillations from one pole to another, which have so 
 characterized former periods of our Church's history. I conclude 
 my remarks on this subject wath a paragraph in the report of the 
 Committee of the Lambeth conference. " While they consider that 
 such large elasticity in the forms of Worship is desirable as will gi\'e 
 scope to all legitimate expressions of devotional feeling, they would 
 appeal on the other hand to the apostolic precept that " all things be 
 done unto edifying," and to the Catholic principle that drder and obe- 
 dience, even at the sacrifice of personal preferences and tastes, lie at 
 tlie foundation of Christian unity, and are even essential to the succes- 
 fnl maintenance of the Faith." 
 
 I have said all this not so much because I have any reason to antici- 
 })ate serious troubles in this Diocese, but because I have felt that you 
 must naturally desire to know my miuil upon the subject. 1 ha.e 
 great reason to feel thankful for the readiness with which my ndvive 
 and direction on these delicate matters have been hitherto received 
 by you, and T trust that we may never lose that mutual confidence 
 which can alone enable us to hold the faith in unity of spirit and in 
 the bond of peace. 
 
 Confession. 
 
 Another means sanctioned by the authority of the Church is that 
 of special confession of sin, a subject upon which much difference of 
 opinion also prevails. 
 
 It cannot, I think, be doubted that there are circumstances under 
 which such an opening of grief must tend to edification, and every 
 faithful minister of Cod must have received such confidences in some 
 form or other ; but it is also quite clear that it may be so used as to 
 tend towards a weakening rather than a (tracing of the spiritual IieaUh 
 and vigour; and the question is what is to be recommended as regards 
 the frequency and manner of its use. Practically this is a matter 
 which can only be decided by the discretion of each individual ; but 
 the Lambeth conference has given a very decided expression of opinion 
 as it concerns what you are to teach on the subject. " Having no desire 
 to limit in any waj' the provisions made in the Book of Common Prayer 
 for the relief of troubled c(msciences," it is laid down " that no minister 
 " of the Church is authorized to require private confession previous to
 
 28 
 
 *' receiving the Holy Communion, or to enjoin, or even encourage the 
 " practice of habitual confession to a priest, or to teach that such practice 
 " of habitual confession, or the being subject to what has been termed 
 " the direction of a priest is a condition of attaining to the highest spi- 
 " ritual life." These are weighty words, and, coming from such a body, 
 should be unhesitatingly received. 
 
 Education. 
 
 Passing over other subjects- which I might have touched upon had 
 time permitted, I come to that of Education. The Diocese is fairly 
 well provided in the matter of schools, thanks to Bishop Cotton and 
 those who have gone before us. In the hills, the boys school and the 
 Cainville school for girls at Mussuri under the immediate management 
 of our Board of Education, the school for boys and girls at Naini Tal 
 in connexion with the Board, toggther with the St. Paul's school at 
 Darjeeling for boys, which is under separate cont!-ol, are all doing excel- 
 lent work ; and the girls school at Darjeeling more recently established 
 is, I hope, now in a fair way to take its place witli the similar institu- 
 tions at Naini Tal and Mussuri. 
 
 Some steps however need to be taken in order to make the syste i 
 more complete ; and I specially desire to see in these hill schools the 
 establishment of an upper and lower department. I trust that the 
 Government may feel disposed to give more liberal grants towards this 
 object, and towards the effecting other improvements which might 
 soon place these schools on a level with schools of the same class at 
 home. Already the results, (and I would specially mention the boy's 
 school at Mussuri) show that olficers and gentlemen of moderate 
 means may secure for their sons an education to fit them for almost 
 any position in life. The schools in connection with the Board in 
 other parts of the Diocese are also in a fairly satisfactory state, but 
 the most serious want is felt in the small stations where the number 
 of children of a school going age is too small to support a satisfactory 
 school. 
 
 The older children may be sent away from home to the schools in 
 the hills or at the large centres ; but parents will not, and I think 
 cannot reasonably be expected to, part with their younger children at 
 Euch an early age as is absolutely necessary if they are to receive any 
 thing like that early training which is so essential for the forming of 
 their character and developing their powers. 
 
 It must, be I think, generally admitted that some plan needs to be 
 devised for training teachers. For the smaller schools some system
 
 29 
 
 analogous to the pni3il teacher system at home might easily be made 
 to supply the want ; but any one acquainted with the subject at home 
 must I think agree with me that no such system could be made to 
 supply teachers for the more important .schools. As far as my expe- 
 rience goes, nothing short of a thorough systematic training can produce 
 the quality of teacher required, for all educationists at home know well 
 the diflFerence between a trained certificated teacher and one certificated 
 only after a pupil teacher apprenticeship. - 
 
 You are of course aware of the work in which the Archdeacon has 
 been engaged at the request of the Grovernment of India in connexion 
 with this subject. The scheme proposed presents some difficulties and 
 is not approved by all, especially as regards the proposal to establish a 
 training college in connexion with the boys school at Naini Tal ; but I 
 have not heard of any alternative plan which would really give us the 
 high class teachers we require. I should welcome any suitable scheme 
 which would save us the expense and risk (I might even say the dis- 
 credit) of having to send home to England whenever we want a supe- 
 rior trained teacher. 
 
 The subject of education with reference to Missionary work has been 
 much discussed of late, and the Societies have resolved to withdraw, 
 at least to some extent, from the work of instructing non-Christian 
 natives for the higher standards. 1 think that considering the ample 
 provision now made by the Government, this step is both justifiable 
 and wise. The missionaries were the pioneers of education, but the 
 claims of education are now so universally recognized that they may 
 well in future confine themselves to the more definite object 
 which they have ever before them, the education and training of the 
 children of their native congregations, the training of those to be em- 
 ployed as mission agents, and the closer dealing with the many non- 
 Ciiristians who in these days are anxious to hear about the truths of 
 Christianity. ■ - 
 
 Bishop's College. 
 
 I may here very suitably allude to the serious step which has been 
 taken in the disposing of Bishop's College, a step taken 1 hope with a 
 full sense of its importance. It is, I do feel, only to be justified on 
 very straig grounds; but I also feel that those strong grounds existed, 
 mainly in the fact that such wonderfiil progress has been made in all 
 that relates to the subject of education in this Province, that the imme-
 
 30 
 
 diate eucls which the College was iuteuded to serve, have beeu long 
 ago otherwise met. 
 
 Bib-hop Middleton's design was grand and indeed far seeing, for, 
 writing as long agaas the year 1818, his ideas were far beyond those of 
 his time. "Writing home to explain his views, he says " the College is 
 designed partly with a view to teaching the elements of useful know- 
 ledge and the English language to natives," and he expresses opinions 
 upon the subject which seemed to be new when enforced by Dr. Duft'. 
 But no power of vision could enable him to foresee the course which events 
 would take, aud which would lead to the accomplishment of his designs. 
 For some time previous to our parting with the College, it had ceased to] 
 do all that it was expected to do, but that, only because Avliat in the year 
 1818 could only be done in one centre, is now done in many centres in 
 different parts of the country. It is indeed a showing true respect 
 to him, a real following of his footsteps, when we endeavour to survey 
 the pt)sition and re-model the institution to meet our altered conditions 
 
 I 
 
 Religious Instruction. 
 
 We are to discuss in Conference the subject of religious instruction. 
 and I shall therefore, only say generally to you the chaplains, that I 
 should like to secm'e more definite and systematic religious instruction iu 
 our schools. Visiting and examniing the military and other schools Id 
 the Diocese, I have been led to think tliat tlie knowledge possessed isofteiu 
 bnt of a scrappy and uncertain character. A plan should, I think, bei 
 worked out, under which a general acquaintance with Holy Scripturel' 
 and Church teaching should be combined with an intelligent and clos^ 
 acquaintance with essential portions. In military schools the chaplai 
 has full control over the instruction given to the children of th 
 Church of England, and the responsibility of superintending it can. 
 not be handed over to the schoolmaster. Moreover it should be re 
 menibered that teaching tb.e children in a Sunday school does nofi 
 fully meet the requirements of the Government regulations. 
 
 A most interesting and ditficult, but very important question ha^ 
 been raised with reference to imparting religious knowledge to Christians 
 and non-Christians in mission schools, and the instructing those adultsi 
 who offer themselves as enquirers. I am strongly of opinion that a 
 decided distinction should be made in teaching Christian and nou-i 
 Christian children. I hardly think it possible to teach the two 
 classes together withotit injury to either the one or the other: anc 
 as regards the instruction to be given to adults, all uiust I thini 
 depend upon- the position occupied by the individual as to intel- 
 
 i
 
 31 
 
 Uc^ence, moral standing, and previous circumstances of life and edu- 
 cation; but it seems to mc that to some extent the pnnople o 
 Reserve must be applied if only to provide agamst the real danger ol 
 giving strong meat to babes. 
 
 Church Accommodation. 
 Of the amount of Church accommodation provided, it may be said 
 that there would probably be sufficient if it could be re-distributed accord- 
 mg to the changes that take place in the occupying of st^ations. In some 
 stations, once strongly occupied but now almost deserted a large Chu.-ch 
 stands receiving a congregation numbering but very few mdeed : whilst in 
 •a lar^^e and important cantonment like Allahabad, there is no Chm-ch at 
 'll ^^Durin. the period we are reviewing, 12 Churches have been 
 cousecrated';nd 15 have been licensed; these last not ^-clucling «ome 
 verv humble structures erected by the planters m the Cachar district 
 and set apart as places in which the Chaplain when he makes his rounds 
 "av hold serviceL The zeal and perseverance of the laity in the matter 
 of iuilding Churches and ensuring services is often most noteworthy; 
 manvhav^been instrumental in building Churches in veiy ^emo ^ ta- 
 tion; ; some have taken their share in such work at several different stations 
 as they have been removed from place to place ; and m ahnost all such 
 cases, the services given by the chaplain visiting from his centre, are 
 carri don in his absence by faithful men who voluntarily conduct ei- 
 : •;." and take charge of ail tlnngs belonging to the Ch^ch Several of 
 diese have received from me formal licenses to act as Readers or bub- 
 deacons, and 1 shall always be glad to receive any persons whom you 
 think it desirable to present and recommend. I am not altogether 
 satisfied with the position and functions assigned to these minor orders ; 
 hut I do not see my way as yet to maldng any alterations. I mvi ted 
 the attention ot the Lambeth Conference to the subject, feehng that it is 
 a subject upon which some general principles should be laid down, and 
 [hope to consult the Ri^hops of the Provmce, and it need be the 
 Convocations at home. 
 
 Xeed of Additional CLERGy. 
 But of all the subjects requiring immediate attention, no one is moi^ 
 pressing than the need of additional Clergy for the many places at which 
 Churches have been built and the residents desire to have a resident 
 
 I re^-et to sav that as t!ie number of places is on the increase, the 
 funds have been very muc. ou the decrease ; and it is mainly m con.e
 
 ?!2 
 
 quence of this, that I have asked you to discuss with me the subject of 
 Church Finance. I believe that funds would be forthcoming, both here 
 and at home, if some system could be devised for soliciting and collecting 
 offerings. I have been greatly strengthened in this belief by the fact 
 that a strong association has recently been formed at home, for the 
 l)urpose of raising special funds for Church wants in India. My commis- 
 sary, the Rev. E. Jacob, and the Rev. Mr. Bromehead, are secretaries to 
 the committee, and several retired chaplains and retired Indian officers 
 are associated with them. Our grateful thanks are due to them for their 
 sympathy and desire to help us. Many other tokens of sympathy have 
 been received from various quarters. Thus the Archdeacon obtained a 
 short time ago from the proprietors of the East India Railway a sum 
 amounting to close upon =£2,800. My commissary, Mr Jacob, obtained 
 ^300 from shareholders in one ot the large tea Companies, and gentle- 
 men in Calcutta interested in the same trade have recently given Rs. 1700 
 towards the passage, outfit, and other expenses, incurred in bringing out 
 a fresh Chaplain for Cachar. 
 
 The Oxford Mission. 
 We have great reason also to be specially encom'aged by the arrival 
 of a band of men from the University of Oxford, who have devoted them- 
 selves to Missionary work amongst the educated natives of this city^ 
 their fi-iends and supporters at home having secured =£600 per annum 
 for 5 years towards the support of their work : so that we may altogether 
 begin to hope that Churchmen in England have turned their minds and 
 hearts with earnestness of purpose to the great and responsible duty 
 which is laid upon them in our occupati(»n of this country. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 I began with an account of tlie means by which our Episcopate had 
 been more than doubled ; I end with these encouraging signs of a 
 settled interest felt at home in the really stupendous work we have 
 to do. 
 
 It only remains that Wu who are for the present the immediate actors, 
 perform our part with faith, with zeal, and with charity, until we 
 also retire from the scene. 
 
 I have spoken of those who have retii-ed from the service, and who, 
 at home, are thinking what they can do to help us. During the past 
 four years 29 have thus completed their time of service ; and to these 
 I am sure you will allow me to add the name of one who though not
 
 33 
 
 actually in the service has been intimately associated with us, and 
 who has ever been, as he still will be, a valuable helper to myself, and 
 I think I may add to you the Clergy of the Diocese also, Mr. Sanderson 
 who, having left the country, has resigned the post of Registrar. 
 
 Others there are who have retired fi'om the service in a higher sense, 
 having completed the appointed time of their service here on earth, 
 but who are still of us, and still serve their Master and think of us. 14 
 have thus passed away fi"om us ; and if I mention tAvo names fi-om 
 amongst the Chaplains it is because in the one case, the manner of liis 
 departure was so special (we have all been saying, so specially awful, 
 but why not, so specially merciful ?) and in the other case, because the 
 intelligence of his departure after a lingering illness is so fresh upon 
 om- minds, and the esteem in which he was held by all, in the place in 
 which he last laboured, was so marked. I allude, as you will understand, 
 to om* brethren Robinson and Belu'. From amongst the Missionary 
 band I must mention Welland who served so ably and so faithfully in 
 the double capacity of Pastor at the Old Church and Secretary to the 
 Church Missionary Society. 
 
 BrethrcQ, whether our time to retire come soon or late, may we be 
 found endeavouring to be faithful stewards, ministering to the members 
 of the body of Christ their meat in due season, for " Blessed is that 
 '' servant whom his Lord when He cometh shall find so doing." 
 
 PRINTED AT THE OXFOBD MISSION FBESS, OALOUTTA.
 
 
 
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