973«7L63 Indiana Lincoln Union EIn2^ Lincoln Memorials, LINCOLN ROOM UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY MEMORIAL the Class of 1901 founded by HARLAN HOYT HORNER and HENRIETTA CALHOUN HORNER )l\jf "2 Jersey, which attracts visitors from far and near. Unveiled iqii. -lMmlii I'V I'ndcrwootl & I'nderword ■4 ' h -Photo by Chicago Historical Society St. Gaudens well'l{nown memorial, adorns Lincoln Par\, Chicago and is greatly admired. manity, his simplicity, his lack of self-seeking, his extreme honesty, in a word, those plain virtues, enjoined on all men, but exemplified by so few, that have made him the universal hero. Memorials to Lincoln take all shapes and forms. Not only splendid temples in classic pre portion and line, not only monuments and shafts, marbles and bronzes, but parks, and schools, colleges and universities, trails and roads, motor cars and hotels, libraries and lodges, and the ubiquitous stamps and one-cent pieces, perpetuate his name. Not all of these uses of the name Lincoln can be freed from a selfish purpose. Not all of them represent a shrine. Not all invite the visitor from afar. But they do show the hold that Lincoln has on the popular imagination. They do show that neither usage nor age stale the interest in the subject. They do prove, whatever rank history may give to George Washington, human affection has given first place to Abraham Lincoln. This is sufficient reason why his memorials outnumber those of any other American, that is why any spot truly associated with his life becomes a shrine which increasing thousands will want to know and visit. That is why remote places, which can not claim any connec- tion with his actual life, still perpetuate his memory in bronze and marble, and men and women come from afar to see and to admire them. The life of Abraham Lincoln falls broadly into four divisions : His birth and childhood, spent in Kentucky; his youth and early manhood, spent in southern Indiana; his grown- <{ifr -Photo by Commission Fine Arts. Washington, D. C. The nation s memorial to Lincoln, built in Washington at a cost of $3,000,000. life and professional career, spent in Illinois; and the years of service and statesmanship, spent in Washington, D. C. One would expect the leading memorials to be at these points, and they are, with the exception that nothing but a couple of small stone markers yet dis' tinguish his Indiana haunts and that spot sacred to him, the burial place of his mother. But Lincoln memorials are not confined to those states. Including Kentucky and Illinois, a partial list shows fourteen states and more than thirty cities and towns in this country and at least three cities in Europe, where have been erected memorials, of sufficient merit to cause persons to visit them from afar. These have ranged in cost from $15,000 to $3,000,000. Equally as interesting is the democracy from which funds for them have come. The very first contribution on record was from a slave, given the day after the assassination. Old soldiers have given, of course, school children, probably numbering at least a million, have by pennies, nickels and dimes, added in the aggregate large sums. The several state legisla- tures and the federal Congress have supplied other large sums. Particularly have men of wealth and vision with substantial contributions shown their desire to keep alive the memory of Lincoln. Most of the truly great statues of Lincoln have some such connections. Intriguing is the range of artistic talent that has found expression in the many public monuments to Lincoln. Practically every great sculptor of the last half-century has done a Lincoln and many have essayed the task, who but for that effort, would never have been handed down to posterity. ■4 3 1> The outstanding, great memorials are at Washington, on the banks of the Potomac, a work of such impressive beauty and magnitude that any casual effort at description is quite futile; the memorial at Hodgenville, Kentucky, near which point Lincoln was born, and the tomb at Springfield, Illinois. These three are utterly dissimilar. The Washington memorial is in the form of a Greek temple, done in white marble, and having as its central object of interest, an heroic bronze of Lincoln by Daniel Chester French. The building is by Kenry Barnard. This temple has a magnificent approach. This memorial outranks all the other memorials in the nation's capital, with the possible excep- tion of the Washington monument. It was erected at a cost of $3,000,000. In addition, the city has at least four other recognized Lincoln memorials. At the birthplace there are, in fact, two memorials. One is a seated figure of Lincoln, done by Adolph A. Weinman. This stands in the public square. The other is a temple of white marble, having some slight resemblance to the one in Washington, and covering a log cabin, believed to be the one in which the President was born. This memorial, which cost in excess of $400,000, was paid for by friends throughout the nation, as the result of a movement inaugurated by Collier's magazine. It was dedicated in 1909. Springfield, which prepared to receive its honored dead, shortly after the assassination, has an imposing monument on the top of a knoll in the principal cemetery. While there are decorative and symbolical bronzes and a figure of Lincoln, it is the tall, white shaft, a true obelisk, that is the out' standing feature. Lincoln G. Mead designed this monument which was dedicated in 1871. A very large portion of the cost of this memorial was borne by Union soldiers. Copy of the Chicago St. Gaudens statue of Liw coin, which the English have erected in the shadow of Westminster Abbey, London. In addition, Springfield has a fine bronze of Lincoln near the State House, a recent effort by Andrew O'Connor. It is one of the few beardless Lincolns that have been done. Chicago, where Lincoln was nominated for the presidency, divides with Wash' ington the honor of having the largest number of Lincoln memorials. Two are of outstanding importance. Both are by Augustus St. Gaudens, whom most authorities assign to the position of America's greatest sculptor of the last half-century. -•-Photo by Underwood & Underwood < 4 It- The earlier, placed in Lincoln Park, unveiled in 1887, at a cost of $40,000 shows Lincoln risen from a chair, as about to address a multitude. This memorial owes its existence to the generosity of Eli Bates. An exact copy of this, except for the semi-circular base, stands in the shadow of Westminster Abbey, London — a testimonial to England's good- will. The second St. Gaudens 1 Lincoln is in Grant Park, a colossal figure, designated as the "Seated Lincoln" to distinguish it from the other. This, too, was a gift. It was provided for by John Crerar, at a cost of $100,000. Another Chicago memorial that attracts visitors' attention is one in Garfield Park, by Charles J. Mulligan, called "The Rail Splitter," erected in 1911. It is one of the few figures which shows the President as a youth. One at the Stock Yards was purchased largely from funds given by school children. As Lincoln, in life, was the subject of continual criticism, so his statues, after his death, have continued to invite caustic comment. Of none was this more true than the heroic figure done by George Grey Barnard. The original stands in a public park at Cincinnati, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Charles P. Taft. Its cost was $50,000. It was to have gone to London, England, but London preferred a St. Gaudens. Manchester, however, was glad to have a replica of the Cincinnati figure and quite recently a second replica has been erected at Louisville. To the Louisville and Hodgenville memorials, Kentucky adds a third, a more than life-size figure done in bronze, which adorns the rotunda of the State House at Frankfort. This is a second Wein- man work — standing, while the former is sitting. No listing of Lincoln memorials would be even half way complete unless it included one done by that stormy petrel of sculpture, Gutzon Borglum. His Lincoln is at Newark, New Jersey. It shows the Presi- dent seated, his tall hat beside him on the bench. It is very generally admired. It was erected in 1911, at a cost of $25,000. Another Borglum Lincoln, in marble, is in Wash- ington. More than twenty-five sculptors are listed as having an accredited Lincoln among their works. Many The seated Lincoln by St. Gaudens, which adorns Grant Par\, Chicago. Unveiled May, 1926, at a cost of $100,000. Photo by Chicago Histori -=4 5 l!=" — Photo by Underwood & Underwood The obelis\, which surmounts the tomb of Lincoln at Springfield, Illinois. ■4 6 {a- —Photo by Underwood & Underwood Interior of the beautiful memorial to Abraham Lincoln, at Washington. Figure by French. -cfl 7 fa- Proposed memorial to Abraham Lincoln for the scene of the burial of his n k r in southern Indiana, as conceived by the architect, Thomas Hibben. — Photo by Indiana Lincoln Union Only marker Indiana has ever raised to the memory of Lincoln s mother, buried in Spencer County. have been duplicated, or copied. The one designed by Charles H. Niehaus, for Buffalo, has been repeated for Muskegon, Michigan. Henry K. Brown did one Lincoln for New York City, where it is almost lost in the swirl of traffic about Union Square, and another at Brooklyn, where its setting brings it many admirers. Daniel French, whose work in Washington has won the world's admiration, has a second Lincoln in front of the State Capitol at Nebraska, in the city which by its name also perpetuates the memory of the Great Emancipator. And this memorializing of Lincoln, this recognition of every place he has been — saving always Indiana — and some he never visited, still goes on. There are at the moment, four Lincoln memorials under way. One at Urbana, Illinois, will show what Lorado Taft, the great living authority on sculp- ture, believes and feels about Lincoln. A second will occupy a commanding corner park in the heart of Cleveland. A third will be in Jersey City. The fourth is at San Francisco. It will adorn the new civic center. These movements have all been financed, but the actual work has not been completed. To make the list anything like comprehensive, would go beyond the scope of this effort. Boston is matched by Berkley; Hartford by Tacoma. The battlefield of Gettysburg where the famous oration was delivered; Edinburgh, Scotland, where he never set foot — both have beautiful bronzes. Columbus, Ohio, where he twice spoke and had many political supporters, and Omaha, Nebraska, which he never visited, both have marble figures, that have brought visitors from afar, although neither ranks with those men- tioned earlier. And what about Indiana? This question, dodged for a number of years has of late so pressed on the hearts of a number of the leading citizens of the state, that they have resolved that Indiana, which did as much to shape the career of Abraham Lincoln as any other, shall not be without its shrine to his memory. Those hills, sacred to the boyhood dreams of the Emanci- pator; those fields and woods where his body gained its giant strength and commanding stature, where he got his first knowledge of the great literature of the world, and — Photo by Indiana Lincoln Union Existing marker which shows location of cabin where Lincoln lived four' teen years in southern Indiana. ■4 J °fc- Detail of Indiana memorial, showing imposing and massive tower rising from its center. -4 1 1 \a- where he first knew joy and sorrow, ambition and achievement, have an appeal that ranks them with the finest opportunities for a Lincoln memorial in all the world. Already at the site of the original Lincoln farm seventy acres have been acquired. Land- scape artists, engineers, architects, and artists are combining their talent in a proposal that will be worthy of Lincoln and the great state of Indiana. It will constitute such an object ot beauty and interest that people will come from all the world to see it. Close to the Ohio River, and on main artery highways, reached by railroads and midway between Evansville and French Lick; the spot seems to have been especially endowed by Nature with every attribute that should mark a popular shrine. The Indiana Lincoln Union which is the name under which the citizens of the Hoosier State are operating, invited for counsel and guidance Frederick Law Olmsted of Brookline, Massachusetts, nationally known landscape artist, and Thomas Hibben of New York, an architect of equal renown, to suggest plans and design for the shrine to Lincoln and his mother, which will be erected in Spencer County. Lincoln, as Charles Mulligan pictures him. One of the few statues which shows Presi- dent as a youth. This memo- rial is in Garfield Par\, Chicago. In explaining the landscape treatment appropriate to the Lincoln Memorial, Mr. Olmsted expresses himself thus: "From the beginning, it was plain to us that the main area, the sanctuary which includes the site of Lincoln's cabin and his mother's grave, should be freed of every petty, distracting, alien, self-assertive object. For that reason, the present state highway should be carried south and east of the sanctuary. The branch railroad now bisecting it should be carried east and north of it. South then of the new highway will be placed the service area, a tract of land perhaps twenty or thirty acres which ministers to the comfort of the visitors, a spot con- taining an elaborate edifice for the purpose of holding patriotic, civic or religious meetings and also provisions to take care of the ever- increasing automobile traffic. All vehicular traffic within the sanctuary, of course, is excluded. "Furthermore, in this spot, provisions will be made for the occasional assembly out of doors under dignified and satisfactory conditions of crowds of varying size, up to several thousands, to listen to addresses and take part in exercises appropriate to the locality. "The state highway thus deflected will serve not only as a physical but also a spiritual approach to the shrine. For that reason, at a dis- tance of several miles in each way, strips of land of varying width will have to be acquired and these strips so far as they are bare now, must be replanted." In the development of this plan, points of historic interest contiguous to the shrine will be suitably marked and even trees, shrubs, and wild flowers will be selected with a view to their historic and botanical correctness. -Photo by Underwood & Underwood -4 ■ * h- Vista which the landscape artists will provide, looking from the central plaza, towards the grave of J^ancy Han\s Lincoln, just beyond the gates. 4 ' 3 ► — Photo by Louis A. Warren The marble memorial erected at Hodgenville, Kentucky, to cover log cabin where Lincoln is believed to have been born. Cost over $400,000. Mr. Hibben, who was originally a product of the state of Indiana, in describing the Memorial Building, which is to be part of the shrine, says that he has attempted to convey in line and material Lincoln's character as the world knew it. "Such a monument" he says, "must be simple and pure truth of structure, expressing in its form all that we may of the man Lincoln. We have, therefore, conceived this memorial as such a monument as may be made in the same simple truth of structure and grandeur of scale as was the character of Lincoln. In no way is any material or any form warped from its natural use and the entire structural function of all parts is immediately apparent and sound. The building takes the form of a series of four quadrangular courts which surround the main structure, from which rises a carillon tower. These courts are bounded by open cloisters, which connect through the aerial pylons. Within each court is a pool with flowers and ivy on the walls. Above the arches of the cloister, there runs a band of low relief sculpture, which takes its definition out of the natural structure of the wall itself and in which is portrayed the birth and development of a race. The vaulted ceilings and the walls of the cloister are treated with frescoes. Through the arches of these cloisters are countless vistas of the other courts, of the pools, and of the tower which rises about one hundred and fifty feet above them. "The tower is pierced with long, vertical openings, and within hang great chimes that, when played, will fill the whole surrounding area with music and fall like a benediction on all within. Under the chimes is placed an organ for those occasions of celebrating in music the memory which we here symbolise. On each side of the tower is an enclosed hall with high, clear windows lighting it from both sides and on the walls and ceiling are mural paintings in character with the building. The whole group, which is about two hundred feet in each direction and of sufficient size to care for about two thousand people in the courts, is so arranged that large groups of people may come here, and in the peace and gentle beauty it is our hope to create, receive new in- spiration from its contact." -=i( I4ll=- H I P/dn5 by Frederic^ Law Olmsted /or the /andscapmg 0/ the shrine at the grave of J^ancy Han\s Lincoln in Spencer County. -4 ' 5 h -Photo University of Illinois The plans contemplate raising the sum of $1,265,000. This will provide for the additional land, including part of Thomas Lincoln farm and site of the log cabin, the landscap- ing, the design and erection of the memorial building, necessary roads and also the moving of a railroad, which at the present time almost bisects the land which is to be parked. The fame of Lincoln mounts year by year. Literature in- creases almost daily. The Library of Congress advises that its list of Lincolniana published in 1906 contained 1,062 entries. In 1924, the books and pamphlets relating to Lincoln numbered 1,450. Many new titles have been added since that date. Joseph B. Oakleaf, in 1925, published a bibliography of Lincoln, showing 1,576 entries. Comparing Lincoln with Washington, the Library of Con- gress says: "We find that up to 1907, the literature about Washington was greater than Lincoln, but since the cen- tenary in 1909 the amount of Lincoln literature produced each year has been far greater than that devoted to Wash- ington." ' At the present time, Lincoln leads all Americans in the records of America's greatest library. The newest Lincoln by Lorado Taft at Urbana near University of Illinois Paintings, bronzes, plaques and medals in great numbers have been devised. The mimic arts have paid their tribute. Plays and motion pictures have brought the great statesman to those who may take their history and their patriotism lightly. They must still know Lincoln. And they do know Lincoln. In no state is there greater interest than in Indiana. Never has there been so much interest in the state, as now. The time, the place, and the object seem to con- spire together for success. To the time, the place, and the object, there has now come a tremendous popular will and incentive. The hour has struck when the objective is to be accomplished. Indiana, which has contributed so much to the total sum of Lincoln's great- ness, is about to take its place with the other states which have shared that privilege and like them to do herself honor in honoring Abraham and his mother, Nancy Hanks Lincoln. Lincoln, as George Grey Barnard conceived him. This bronze stands in Cincinnati, with copies in Louisville, and Manches- ter, England. - wood & Underwood *J I 6 \ fl - Done for the Indiana Lincoln Union in the interest of its work to perpetuate worth' ily the fame of Abraham Lincoln and his mother. Printed in Indianapolis in September 1927 BOOKWALTER-BALLGRSATHOUSE PRINTING CO INDIANAPOLIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 973 7L63EIN2L CD01 LINCOLN MEMORIALS . IND 3 0112 031811646 V -,