II B RAR.Y OF THE UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS 9772 Ir\2 v. l€ cop. 4 iSIil/iiMl swWflf Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/fromgreenevillet163smit '2 .2 6 3 A FROM GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS July 28-September 14, 1794 Edited By Dwight L. Smith Indianapolis INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1952 LIBRARY OF THE StP 9 1963 V flF I! I MM* The Price of this Publication is One Dollar. Members of the Indiana Historical Society are entitled to one copy of each of its Publications without charge. The Publications are available at the Office of the Society, 408 State Library and Historical Building, Indianapolis. INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS VOLUME 16 NUMBER 3 FROM GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS /J potrtsuU off the IVcuftte, GamfiaujH, July 28-September 14, 1794 Edited By Dwight L. Smith Indianapolis INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1952 no • 3 cc p . 4r INTRODUCTION The journal in the following pages, by a man whose identity is unknown, is an account of the military expedition of Anthony Wayne against the Indians in the Old Northwest. It is the most detailed and complete record of the campaign yet to be discovered ; and it is the work of a ranking officer whose position gave him an excellent over-all view of the army, its movement and operation. Further, the journal is a valuable addition to the growing literature of the strained relations be- tween the commander of the army and his first subordinate, James Wilkinson. Major efforts under Josiah Harmar in 1790 and Arthur St. Clair in 1791 having failed to end hostilities with the Indians on the frontier of the Old Northwest, Wayne was assigned the task. The autumn months of 1792 found him at Pittsburgh organizing and drilling the Legion of the United States, as the army was officially designated. Winter quarters were established at Legionville, a short distance down the Ohio River. More rigorous training awaited the troops after the army moved to Cincinnati in early May, 1793. After five months there, camp was broken and the legion marched north- ward, by way of a chain of forts, into Indian country. These forts, Hamilton, St. Clair, and Jefferson (present day Hamil- ton, Eaton, and Fort Jefferson, Ohio) had been established at about twenty- five-mile intervals to be sources of supplies and reinforcements. At the end of the road which he had been following, about six miles beyond Fort Jefferson, Wayne selected a site and ordered the erection of a fort as a winter base. Fort Greene Ville (present day Greenville, Ohio) became the most formidable in the chain, the base for subsequent advance into the heart of the Indian country, and the scene of peace negotiations that followed his Fallen Timbers victory. In December the scene of St. Clair's defeat, some twenty-five (239) 240 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY miles to the north and west, became the location of still another base, Fort Recovery (present day Fort Recovery, Ohio). A premature attempt by the Indians against this base in late June was costly and unsuccessful. This failure led to a division within their ranks that contributed to their defeat at Fallen Timbers. The strength of the legion was considerably augmented by the arrival at Greene Ville of the Kentucky Volunteers under Major Gen. Charles Scott. Shortly thereafter, on July 28, 1794, the combined forces under Wayne headed northward. Marches averaged between ten and a dozen miles a day over a varied terrain of woods, prairies, thickets, and swamps. The movement of the army was a difficult process, and was further complicated by the necessity of surveying and blazing its own way over relatively uncharted stretches of frontier wilderness. On the second day out from Greene Ville camp was made within sight of Fort Recovery. After bridging a swamp which delayed them a day, they reached the St. Marys River on August 1. There, a short distance out of the present town of Mercer, Ohio, was constructed Fort Randolph, later designated Fort Adams. The march was resumed after three days, con- tinuing in a northeasterly direction into the tributary system of the Auglaize River. That river itself was reached on the morn- ing of August 7 and was followed, through evacuated and deserted Indian villages and fields, to its juncture with the Maumee River (present day Defiance, Ohio). This location was characterized by Wayne as "the grand Emporium of the hostile Indians of the West/' A week was spent here constructing Fort Defiance. Then the legion and volunteers moved down the Auglaize towards their objective. They paused briefly to erect Fort Deposit where excess baggage and equipment was stored so as to allow maximum maneuverability for battle. On August 20, 1794, Wayne engaged the Indians at Fallen Timbers. The tide of battle turned against the Indians, and haven was refused them GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 241 at the near-by British Fort Miamis. After the exchange of some rather strong notes with the British commander and after the area had been carefully reconnoitred, the army returned to Fort Deposit on August 23 and four days later to Fort De- fiance. Here they stopped for rest, strengthening the fortifica- tion, repairing equipment, and consolidating their supplies. Three weeks later the army marched up the Maumee to the Indian stronghold at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Marys and erected Fort Wayne (present day Fort Wayne, Indiana). From thence Wayne returned once more by way of Fort Defiance to headquarters at Greene Ville. The Indian confederation and its hold on the Old Northwest had been broken by Wayne's campaign. This fact was acknowledged by the Indians in the Treaty of Greene Ville in the summer of 1795. The present account concerns the legion from its departure from Greene Ville until its return to Fort Defiance after Fallen Timbers. Entries are extensive and contain information and comments on a number of subjects. A very clear picture of the relative positions of the dragoons, riflemen, spies, volunteers, baggage, sentinels, and officers on the march, in camp, cere- mony, and battle is presented. Food, medical, and quarter- master supply problems are given considerable attention. The nature of the country over which the army moved, woods, swamps, prairies, rivers, and terrain, is noted. Personnel, matters of rank, chain of command, discipline, and clash of personalities are reported. The importance of morale is treated at some length. These and other topics are not only factually reported but also become subjects of a running commentary by the journalist. The manuscript is a veritable mine of in- formation on the Wayne campaign. That this account is that of an officer with a position of responsibility, possibly on the general staff, is supported by a study of the journal itself. The reporting indicates not only his powers of observation but also a practiced knowledge of mili- 242 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY tary science gained from long experience. He was in constant company with Wilkinson. His opinions were respected and he was consulted on matters of importance. His association with the leaders of the expedition was social as well as official. There is evidence that he had been with Wayne since the organization of the legion in 1792. With this information about the writer we must be content for nowhere is his name or position indicated ; it is not recorded in the manuscript. Nor does the rather limited known history of the document furnish a hint. Whether or not deliberate, the identity of the journalist remains unknown. The half hundred personal references do not even reveal his position. Mention is made of one letter to friends in Philadelphia and another to the Secretary of War, but these have not been found. It is possible to eliminate a number of names and positions by the circumstances in which they are mentioned or hinted at in the manuscript. Handwriting is often valuable in cases of this sort but has been of no help in the present instance. Besides, military practice of the time makes it entirely possible that the script is that of a clerk or noncommissioned officer to whom the journal was dictated. Physically the manuscript is much the same as most of the orderly books of the campaign. It is written on what probably was a government-issue blank book but has lost the usual heavy cardboard cover and eight leaves in the front. From tattered remnants of these pages there is evidence that at least one contained some writing. From a statement made in the August 22 entry another probably had a sketch of Fort Miamis on it. Possibly the missing pages or covers contained the writer's name. It is likely that no entries have been lost on the missing pages because the journal starts with July 28, 1794, the de- parture date of the expedition from Fort Greene Ville, a logical beginning place for such an account, and the one chosen by both William Clark and John Bowyer to commence their journals. The journal consists of one hundred and twenty-nine manu- GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 243 script pages. It is written in ink and is generally legible. Some entries were recorded hastily. Most were made at the close of the day, but others, apparently, as the army halted for rest at various times. In the account for August 18, 1794, a page was cut out from the manuscript. The narrow margin that is left shows writing on both sides. This was probably removed de- liberately by the scribe, for, without the page, the text is a continuous one. As already noted this document is the product of one of the pro-Wilkinson faction. Although a man of ability who commanded the respect and friendship of those in high places and who served his country for many years, Wilkinson is one of the more controversial figures in early United States history. Ever desirous of bettering his position, he was seemingly obsessed with the notion that intrigue and scheming would gain him his desired ends. His success as a plotter was modified, however, by his vain, impetuous, and impulsive character. Jealousy worked against him too because he was never satisfied playing a subordinate role. Never did he perfect or bring to a satisfactory conclusion a scheme or plot in which he was involved. When the Wayne expedition was organized, Wilkinson, who was already in the western country, was promoted to brigadier general and assigned to Wayne's command. Upon receipt of this news Wayne sent a note of congratulations. "I feel a singular pleasure, in having with me, a Gentleman who I have always esteemed as a friend, and who I know to be a brave, and an experienced Officer. . . m 9n This warm ex- pression of esteem and regard did not stand in the way of plain- spoken Wilkinson when he became displeased or angry with his superior. Wilkinson was jealous and did what he could, openly and secretly, to undermine and discredit the plans, campaign, and success of Wayne until his death in 1796. Those officers 'Wayne to Wilkinson, Pittsburgh, June 16, 1792, Wayne MSS, XX, 27. The Anthony Wayne Papers are in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (microfilm, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society). 244 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY who opposed Wayne for any reason usually received Wilkin- son's sympathy and support, so that the line between the pro- Wayne and the pro-Wilkinson factions was rather clearly drawn. In the summer of 1792, in an effort to gain information concerning the hostile Indians, Wilkinson had dispatched one of his soldiers "in quality of a deserter to explore the Waters in Their Country and make what observations he could." 2 Wilkinson complained to the Secretary of War that Wayne made public knowledge the return of the soldier and the in- formation he had gathered. This was unfortunate, he main- tained, because, "it not only destroys this agent's future utility in the same line, but will bar the door against our Emissaries from every quarter." 3 Not satisfied with this, Wilkinson com- plained to Wayne that this means of obtaining intelligence had been instituted and had operated effectively long before Wayne had received command of the army and that it had been done so with the full knowledge and approval of the Secretary of War. In the future, he added, it would be most helpful if the commander would co-operate on the appearance of "secret agents" employed by Wilkinson and "take immediate measures effectually" to insure the confidential status of both the in- formant and his information. 4 In the same letter other grievances were aired with the same bluntness. He was cautious, however, to assure Wayne that he did not wish to transcend his authority nor to "incur the imputation of contumacy" by taking matters into his own hands where he had not been delegated specific authority, or when his ideas and opinions clashed with those of Wayne. A fortnight later, in a letter marked "Private, personal & Confidential," Wilkinson's opposition was open and very Statement of Sgt. Ruben Reynolds, Philadelphia, October 19, 1792, Wayne MSS, XXII, 74. 3 Wilkinson to Knox, Fort Washington, November 3, 1792, Wayne MSS, XXII, 110. * Wilkinson to Wayne, Fort Washington, November 13, 1792, Wayne MSS, XXIII, 14. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 245 plainly stated. He did not hesitate to express his dissatisfaction with what he considered to be errors of omission as well as com- mission of the commander. Instead of polite petitions as before, he now made bold requests. He also expressed his increasing feeling that his talents and abilities were not being utilized or recognized as they should be. If but permitted, he could present Wayne with "a few Brilliants to lay at the feet of our Presi- dent." 5 When disciplinary cases arose, as personal jealousies and feuds developed, and as Wayne by one means or another ex- pressed favor to some of the army personnel, Wilkinson could usually be found in the opposite camp. To be sure there were occasional honest differences of opinion, but these situations usually provided excuses for expression of mutual dislike, dis- trust, and disdain, openly or by implication. Wayne was well aware of the state of affairs and repeatedly referred to it in his correspondence. That Wilkinson's feelings against him grew stronger is evidenced, for example, in a report of the Fallen Timbers phase of the campaign to an influential friend. 6 William Clark gives much evidence of the cleavage in his journal. The present account is of the same type. It is a worthwhile addition to the available sources of the Wayne campaign. There are other journals which have been important sources of information though not as complete and detailed as the present one. The most valuable and extensive, also pro-Wilkin- son, was kept by William Clark. 7 Another, by John Bowyer, 5 Wilkinson to Wayne, Fort Washington, November 28, 1792, Wayne MSS, XXIII, 53. 6 Wilkinson to John Brown, Camp at the confluence of the Auglaize & Miami Rivers [Fort Defiance], August 28, 1794, in Mississippi Valley His- torical Review, XVI (1929-1930), 81-90. 7 Draper MSS, 5U33-92. The Draper MSS are in the State Historical Society of Wisconsin (microfilm, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society). This journal has been edited by Reginald C. McGrane and printed as "William Clark's Journal of General Wayne's Campaign," in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, I (1914-1915), 418-444. 246 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY is average reporting as an average soldier might observe and record the movement of the army in which he was serving. 8 Bowyer's account has been mistakenly accredited to Isaac Paxton. 9 A third useful record by Thomas Taylor Underwood has been accredited to Thomas Posey. 10 In the Connecticut State Library is a manuscript journal of the campaign with entries for August 18-21, 1794. 11 It has not been published and has received little attention. A Wayne biographer referred to it as the account of the "Unknown 8 This was first published in the American Pioneer, I (1842), 315-322, 351-357, as "Daily Journal of Wayne's Campaign." It was attributed to Lieutenant Boyer (John Bowyer). See letter of George Will, who owned the manuscript of the journal, to John S. Williams, publisher and editor of the American Pioneer, May 25, 1842, in ibid., I, 293-294. It was also published as A Journal of Wayne's Campaign . . ., by Lieutenant Boyer (Cincinnati, 1866). It appeared as a separate and also bound with John J. Jacobs, A Biographical Sketch of the Life of the Late Captain Michael Cresap (Cin- cinnati, 1866). John Bowyer was from Virginia, a lieutenant in the Third Sub-Legion. Francis B. Heitman, Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army from Its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903 (2 vol- umes. Washington, D. C, 1903), I, 235. The 1866 edition of the journal is cited hereafter as Bowyer, Journal. 9 See C. W. Williamson, History of Western Ohio and Auglaize Coun- ty . . . (Columbus, 1905), pp. 89-110 passim. 10 Draper MSS, 16U115-146. The calendar of the Draper MSS labels the manuscript as a "journal of an army officer (Thomas Posey?), 1792- 1800." Reuben G. Thwaites (ed.), Descriptive List of Manuscript Collec- tions of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin . . . (Madison, 1906), p. 30. Its authorship has been corrected in Louise Phelps Kellogg, "The Under- wood Journal," in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, II (1915-1916), 117- 118. The manuscript was later published. Lee Shepard (ed.), Journal, Thomas Taylor Underwood, March 26, 1792 to March 18, 1800, An Old Soldier in Wayne's Army (Cincinnati, 1945). 11 This journal is in the Capt. John Pratt Collection. Pratt was con- cerned with recruiting and quartermaster affairs; for reasons of health he resigned his commission in 1793 and retired to a farm in Connecticut. He continued to correspond with friends who served in the balance of the cam- paign. See, for example, Lockwood Barr (ed.), "Letters from Dr. Joseph Strong to Captain John Pratt," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, "LI (1942), 236-242. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 247 Diarist." 1- ' A passing statement gives the only hint as to the identity of the journalist. "One of Wayne's Orderly Sergeants, whose name and identity are unknown, but who was obviously one of Wilkinson's well tempered tools, kept a Diary of the campaign. . . . " 13 Years later, in an account of the early army of the United States, the same manuscript was mentioned. In connection with the narrative of Fallen Timbers it was said that "Wilkinson wrote at least two accounts of the battle, both of which are highly critical of Wayne. One of these, unpublished, is in the John Pratt Collection. . . . " 14 No further mention is made of the journal, nor is any explanation offered why the author concluded it to be a Wilkinson account. The Pratt manuscript is a verbatim copy of the entries for August 18, 19, 20, and 21 of the present journal. The copyist took editorial liberties and employed an occasional contraction, abbreviation, change of punctuation, substitution or omission of a word where needed for clarity, and omitted one short phrase and reworded another. Otherwise the account of the "Unknown Diarist'' is identical, for those days, with the present one. Any material difference in the two texts, although of minor import to the sense of the entries, has been noted. The keeper of this journal composed his entries much as one would the rough draft of a letter. Words, repeated words, or an occasional phrase are lined out, sometimes replaced by others. Usually this is done only to omit or reword to make a passage more readable. In editing, if the deletion adds to or clarifies the sense of the journal entry, then notation of it is indicated in a footnote. Once or twice the crossed-out portion seems to alter a situation. These likewise are noted. Other- 12 John Hyde Preston. A Gentleman Rebel : The Exploits of Anthony Wayne (New York, 1930), p. 359. 1S Ibid., 305. Tn his acknowledgments Preston makes reference to a "fruitless attempt to identify the Unknown Diarist by means of his hand- writing . . . ." Ibid., p. viii. 14 James Ripley Jacobs, The Beginning of the U. S. Army, 1783-1812 (Princeton, 1947), p. 176. note 48. 248 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY wise no notice is made in the transcription and editing of the more than three-score times in which this occurs. In a few instances the editor has taken the liberty of breaking some of the extremely long paragraphs in two, but otherwise every effort has been made to print as faithfully as possible the journal as it was written in 1794. The manuscript of this journal was acquired in 1947 by the Indiana Historical Society. I wish to thank Howard Peckham, secretary of the Society, and Miss Caroline Dunn, librarian, for calling the journal to my attention and for making available to me the full facilities of the Society's library. I wish also to thank the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Historical Society of Wisconsin, the Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society, the Detroit Public Library, the Filson Club, and the Connecticut State Library for their assist- ance in providing me with original and microfilm copies of manuscripts, newspapers, and other materials. Especial ac- knowledgment is due James H. Rodabaugh, head, Division of Research, the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, for obtaining literally dozens of rolls of microfilm of Wayne and other pertinent manuscripts that have been most useful. Two persons deserve special mention. Miss Gayle Thorn- brough, editor of the Indiana Historical Society, made the original transcript and did considerable research on the journal before I received it. This rendered my task manifestly easier. And to her fell the additional chore of prepublication editing. To Henry Caren, associate editor of the Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Society, I am deeply indebted for his personal interest and professional advice which were available at all times during the research work and the preparation of the manuscript. Dwight L. Smith Ohio State University JOURNAL Greene Ville July 28th 1794 Agreably to the preceeding order of March 1 with this single exception, that the whole Body of volunteers moved in the rear; the army this day advanced from the Cantonment at 8 O'Clock a m, about 2000 strong in Legionary Combatants and seven hundred and twenty Mounted Volunteers, Brigr Genl Barbee 2 with 800 of that Corps being left behind to bring up the heavy ordnance and public Stores — The transport consisted of [blank] Waggons and [blank] Packhorses, and the best esti- mate of provisions that could be procured, amounted to thirty Days Subsistence for the whole army including the Detachment under Genl Barbee — Brigr Genl Wilkinson 8 led the right Column of the Legion composed of the 3d & 1st Sub Legions over 4 ground closely timbered covered with undergrowth and in many places deep and swampy — the day was severely warm — Major Shay lor 5 1 The details of the order of march as well as signals, order of encamp- ment, and order of battle, are in Wayne's general order, July 21, 1794. Wayne MSS, XXXVI, 97. 2 Thomas Barbee was born in a Virginia family which later moved to Kentucky. He and five brothers served in the Revolution and in the Indian wars. In Wayne's campaign Barbee served with the Kentucky volunteers. As Wayne advanced from Greene Ville he was left behind with about eight hundred volunteers and some supplies. He later joined the main group at Fort Adams. Draper MSS, 37J 94-98, pp. 112-113. See entry for August 3. 3 For a brief sketch of the military career of James Wilkinson, see Heitman, Historical Register, I, 1037. The most satisfactory biography is James R. Jacobs, Tarnished Warrior : Major-General James Wilkinson (New York, 1938). James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times (3 vol- umes. Philadelphia, 1816), is of some value. In this journal, Wilkinson is frequently referred to as "Genl. W.," and Wayne as the "C. in C.," Commander in Chief. 4 The words "very thick" appear in the manuscript at this point but are lined out. 'Joseph Shaylor. infantry officer from Connecticut. Heitman, Histori- cal Register, I, 878. (249) 250 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY who commanded the 3d S. L. several times reported to the Genl, that our flank-guards could not keep up and that the men were falling back — Lieut Webb 6 who commanded the right Cavalry- flankers also reported that Capt Springer 7 who led the Right flank of Riflemen, had fallen entirely in the rear; and that he himself was unable to keep up with his Cavalry — About this time Capt Thos Lewis 8 who acted as Extra Aid de Camp to the Commander in Chief, called on Genl Wilkinson ; the Genl mentioned this circumstance to him — he said the C. in C. had been informed of it but did not think we marched too fast — 9 the Signals were given from the main road in the centre, in which the C. in C. marched and which was cleared and free from all impediments — we halted about 12 O'Clock having marched eight miles — moved again about 1. O'Clk to Still Water three miles ; where arrived at 2 O'Clock p. m 10 here we made the usual fortification for the night, i. e. a kind of Brush fence — X1 Genl Wilkinson expressed himself this day much alarmed at the effect of our order of March — our flank and advanced guards are little better than a Chain of Sentinels — the Dragoon horses, laden with Corn are led by the Dragoons, 8 John Webb, Jr., was a light dragoons officer from Virginia. He was promoted to captain by general order of April 15, 1795, with the promotion effective from August 20, 1794. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 1011 ; Wayne MSS, XL, 53. T Uriah Springer, infantry officer from Virginia, was a member of the Third Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 913. 8 Thomas Lewis, infantry officer from Virginia, was a member of the Third Sub-Legion. Ibid., I, 631. 9 The Kentucky volunteers likewise had considerable difficulty keeping up with the pace set by Wayne. Entry for July 28, 1794, Gen. Charles Scott Journal, MS, Thruston Collection, The Filson Club, Louisville, Kentucky (microfilm, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society). This jour- nal is erroneously attributed to Charles Scott ; its authorship has not yet been determined. 10 Clark and Bowyer give twelve miles as the distance marched. The latter records that the army halted at half -past three. Entry for July 28, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U33 ; Bowyer, Journal, p. 3. 11 Clark describes the encampment as being "secured by falling trees which formed breast works, about six hundred yards square." Entry for July 28, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U33. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 251 who with boots, spurs, and Sabres make a bad hand at travelling thro prickly-ash thicketts, fern bottoms, and deep swamps — These guards could offer no resistance to a vigorous assault from any quarter, and the Wing frittered up into rear and flanking parties could not fight 500 men; and to bring these seasonably into action on any terms of advantage, regularity or order, would be impossible as the men are generally scattered for at least a mile and a quarter — We heard of no Scouting parties of observation sent to the flanks and it is my belief that 1000 Indians might have approached our right flank, within half a mile, undiscovered — we have not changed front during the day and of consequence the rear Battalions are much more fatigued than those in front — this day Capt Miss Camp- bell 12 observed, "that he thought a Board of the ablest officers in Europe or in the world, were they employed for the purpose, could not have designated an order of March, more absurd feeble and defenceless" — the Baggage came up about four hours after the halt — the Bullocks are turned loose within the fortifications and in case of an attack must create great confusion — two companies of the left Wing were this day lost for some time — 13 July 29th Marched at 5 O'Clock a m and reached the height beyond Fort Recovery about 11 a m., having halted once for 20 minutes — the distance 12 miles — 14 the Day bright and hot — from the report of Dr Carmichael 15 and several other gentlemen the Baggage was 3 or 4 miles in rear of the troops of the 12 Robert Mis Campbell, from South Carolina, commanded a troop of light dragoons. He was killed in action at Fallen Timbers. Muster roll, "Casualties of Battle of Fallen Timbers," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI (1932), 527-530; post, entry for August 20; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 279. 11 It is interesting to compare this account of the day's activity with Bowyer's brief comment that "nothing occurred worth noticing.'' Entry for July 28, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 3. 14 Bowyer calculated the day's march as fifteen miles, bringing them to a point one mile in advance of Fort Recovery. Entry for July 29, 1794, ibid. 15 John Francis Carmichael. from New Jersey, served as surgeon in the r: rurth Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 283. 252 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Legion — Genl Scott 16 with 6 or 800 volunteers marched in the rear of the whole — Major Hughes 17 who commands the 1st S. L. reports his men much fatigued and that he had great difficulty to prevent their falling out of the line — Dr. Car- michael reported to Genl Wilkinson that Genl Scott in the rear said it would never do to march in such order — The C. in C. had been informed by Lieut Harrison 18 one of his Aids de Camp and by Genl Scott, of the extent of the line of Baggage, but he laughed at them — when we halted Genl Wilkinson rode to him for Orders and was told by him that we should rest here an hour and an half and then proceed — about two O Clock we were ordered to prepare to incamp for the night — the pack- horses had all this time remainded under their loads and the rear of the Baggage did not get up untill four O Clock p. m. — several horses died to day on the road and the transport in general is exceedingly fatigued — Col. O Hara 19 the Quarter Master General expressed serious apprehensions that the trans- port of his department would be destroyed by the precipitancy of the March — 20 the Militia now with us, about 720 under genls Scott and Todd — 21 Genl Barbee still in rear with about 800 and cannot come up for a day or two — The division with us are much opposed to proceeding forward untill Barbee comes l6 Maj. Gen. Charles Scott was born in Virginia. He saw service with Washington in the Braddock campaign of 1755 and in the Revolution, after which he settled in Kentucky. He was with St. Clair and on other expedi- tions in the Indian wars. In Wayne's campaign he commanded the Kentucky volunteers. William B. Allen, A History of Kentucky . . . (Louisville, 1872), p. 77. "Thomas Hughes, infantry officer from Virginia. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 553. 18 William Henry Harrison, infantry officer from Virginia, was a mem- ber of the First Sub-Legion. Ibid., I, 505-506. 19 James O'Hara, from Pennsylvania. Ibid., I, 757. 20 The light infantry and dragoons which flanked the army on the march also "sustained considerable fatigue & injury from the thickness of the woods & brush through which they passed . . . ." Entry for July 29, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U33. M Brig. Gen. Robert Todd, from Kentucky, commanded a brigade of Kentucky mounted volunteers under Scott. Draper MSS, 16U passim. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 253 up — The disordered circumstances of the March, originating in the rapidity of our movements, seem to excite general dis- content and apprehension among the officers of the Legion — Genl Wilkin [son] expressed his sentiments on the subject to the Adjt Genl 22 and others; but it was agreed that it was in vain for him to speak to the C. in C. as he will hear no mans Opinion — he knew of no object for pricipitating the march nor was he apprised of the intentions of the C in C, who he says makes no communications to him — even Indian Wells 23 complains of the manner in which we march and says if we do not alter it we shall be most undoubtedly whipped — 24 The Bullocks are this night again turn loose in the Encampment — The volunteers are encamped on our right about half a Mile distant — The Quarter Master Genl this day complained of the rapidity of the march and the failure of his horses, the C in C replyed "it was the shortest march he had ever made" and added that "the Waggons were too heavy loaded." this the Q. M. G. peremptorily denied and told the C. in C that he had submitted to him the exact weight of each load, to wit, 1600 lb. before they moved — Wednesday July 30th — Marched at 45 minutes after 5 O'Clock — having now no road before us, a detachment of Pioneers are turned out — in the course of last night many " Major John Mills, infantry officer from Massachusetts, was a member of the Second Sub-Legion. He succeeded Capt. Edward Butler as adjutant and inspector of the army, May 13, 1794. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 269, 713. 23 William Wells was taken captive by the Miami Indians when a boy and was adopted by Little Turtle. He was with the Indians in action against Harmar and St. Clair. Changing allegiance he volunteered his services to the American cause. Wells joined with Wayne and served very ably in charge of a group of spies. "A Sketch of the Life of Captain William Wells of Gen. Wayne's Army, in 1794." in John McDonald, Biographical Sketches of General Nathaniel Massie, General Duncan McArthur, Captain William IV ells, and General Simon Kenton . . . (Cincinnati, 1838), pp. 183-196. 24 There was some evidence to suspect that enemy intelligence had been observing the movement of the army. Entry for July 29, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 3. 254 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY shot were fired by our Centinels, particularly at the Militia Camp and Major Price 25 of the volunteers reports that ten shot were fired by the Enemy upon his Centinels and that small parties of the Enemy had been heard on different quarters of his Encampment — After marching about a mile Genl Wilkin- son came up to the C in C and "observed that he was persuaded we should certainly have to fight the enemy and therefore it was necessary his movements should be to such time as would enable him to take any disposition which should become neces- sary, with promptitude and celerity" — the C in C. replyed "that he should move slowly and that he was informed, a party of the enemy had been upon his left flank a short time be- fore" — Our progress this day from the circumstance of having the road to cut, was attended with frequent halts, & good order was preserved in the line of march — the C in C. attended in person to the pioneers and occasionally rode to the front with a few attendants beyond the advanced guards — this is highly imprudent but he will receive no advice — the course of the route was twisted from East to West 26 and at half after 3. O'Clock p. m we struck a boggy creek at 11/4 miles from Fort Re- covery, 27 where we halted untill 10 minutes after 5 O Clk at which time we received orders to incamp — 28 this halt was oc- casioned by a search for better Ground — the Pack horses stood 12 hours under their Loads, lacking 35 minutes — 20 William Price of the Kentucky volunteers. Draper MSS, 16U12. 26 Clark's description of the terrain over which the army marched that day explains the difficulties encountered in moving forward. "We proceeded, with usual velocity, through thickets almost impervious, through morasses, defiles, & bends [?] of nettles more than waist high & miles in length; & on the left flank, crossed the water course on which Fort Recovery stands, more than a dozen times . . . [with] great labor both to men and horses in plung- ing through the muddy bed of said creek." Entry for July 30, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U35. 27 Clark's estimate of about a twelve-mile march for the day would put the army thirteen miles in advance of Fort Recovery. Entry for July 30, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U35. 28 Camp Beaver Swamp, as designated by Bowyer. Entry for July 30, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 3. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 255 July 31st — This day was employed in building a bridge over the Bog which intercepted our march — 29 at the same time a party of pioneers were ordered forward to open the road towards the St. Mary's [River] under a guard of 120 mounted volunteers — it was supposed we should be able to march in time to overtake them, as it had been asserted that the bridge might be completed in three hours — but about noon it was discovered that it could not be accomplished in season for us to reach the St Mary's 30 and therefore the party advanced would be exposed during the night — the Pioneers 52 in num- ber 51 were armed and these with the volunteers and a few Artificers constituted the whole force of the party — The C. in C. had conceived that Capt Miller 32 of the 2d S. L. with one of the Camp guards had also been ordered for this service and accordingly dispatched an express with a letter for Capt Miller directing him to fortify himself and stand his ground after having cut the road as far as the Day would permit — 33 But as Miller had received no orders to march, he was still on his Post at our encampment & Lieut Vance 34 who commanded the Pioneers, received opened & read the letter, and returned for answer that his orders should be obeyed — Genl Wilkinson this day urged the C. in C. on the subject of precaution and told him that his advanced parties and Scouts did not perform their duty, so as to give him security against a surprise — * The bridge was seventy yards long and five feet "deep." Entry for July 31, 1794, ibid., p. 4. The creek was described as having "no current full of grass and mud about 100 yds wide . . . ." Entry for July 30, 1794, Scott MS journal. 30 The bridge was completed about sunset. Entry for July 31, 1794, Scott MS journal. 31 Bowyer says the pioneers numbered one hundred. Entry for July 31, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 4. 32 Edward Miller, infantry officer from Connecticut. Heitman, Histori- cal Register, I, 710. 3: Wayne to Miller, Beaver Creek, July 31, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVI. 117. 34 Samuel C. Vance, infantry officer from Pennsylvania, was a member of the Third Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 981. 256 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY "that Capt Springer who commanded the right flank riflemen had reported to him, that these Scouts never extended beyond his line of march" — he recommended to the C. in C, the sending out two select parties of mounted volunteers, to make an exten- sive detour to the right and left and to cross his proposed Route at 18 or 20 miles distance in order to discover whether or no the Enemy were approaching — he also recommended light parties to his front and flanks, six or seven miles advanced, to give him reasonable notice of the appearance or approach of the enemy — he received this advice well & said he had or would take every necessary precaution — Genl Wilkinson this evening spoke to the C. in C. on the subject of signals for action, as it was possible, in case of attack, that Col. Hamtramck 88 (who commanded the left Wing of the Legion) and himself might not act under similar impressions and that some confusion might thereby ensue — he observed at the same time, that all general operations he conceived should be by signal from the centre under the particular order of the C in C and mentioned the discharge of Cannon ; to which the C in C appeared to assent and said he would make the necessary arrangements — Some difficulty was at the same time mentioned respecting Captains Brock 36 & Gibson 87 as they were ordered to encamp together and Gibson who was the junior Officer had the command of a Battalion assigned to him, whilst Brock was left with his com- pany only, and insisted that when in Camp he would command Gibson — the C. in C. said he would issue an order to remedy the difficulty — August 1st — Marched at y 2 after 4 O Clk a m. and pro- ceeded over a flat Country without water in some places open 35 Lt. Col. John Francis Hamtramck, a native of Canada and a resident of New York. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 496. Hamtramck is fre- quently referred to in this manuscript as "Col. H." "Joseph Brock, from Virginia, commanded a company of infantry in the Fourth Sub-Legion. Ibid., I, 246 ; muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 529. " Alexander Gibson, infantry officer from Virginia, was a member of the Fourth Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 453. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 257 and in others close, to a large and very extensive prairie, through which we marched two miles to the St Mary's River — the Pioneers had fortified on the Margin of this Priarie [sic] — while in it Genl Wilkinson came up to the C. in C. who had halted near the Centre, and paying his respects observed that he might now at one view take in the March of his whole Army — he answered that he should and desired him to halt with him — here they remained, untill Genl Wilkinson, becoming uneasy for the front who were near two miles advanced, passing the River and entering a deep wood — observed to the C in C "if you will permit me Sir I will go forward to the front for we know not what may be in that Wood" he replied "certainly"' and they both pushed off — Genl Wilkinson gained the front long before him, and with his Wing crossed the river, and at the signal halted in an almost impervious thickett of Brambles, shrubs and small growth, at J / 2 past 11. O'Clk a m. having marched 12J4 miles — Genl Wilkinson went immediately in quest of the C. in C. but could not find him, while on the search, he met two of his Aids de Camp & the Adjt Genl who were also in quest of him — at 2 O'Clk p. m. the Sub Legionary Quarter Masters, without Genl Wilkinson 38 orders or per- mission, but agreably to General orders, marched off the Sub Legions of his command for the ground of Encampment — by which means the Wing was divided the right marching by the right and the left by the left — and in a few minutes a scene of Confusion ensued, such, I believe, as was never before ex- perienced by military men — the numerous lines or Columns in which the army moves were broken, deranged & intangled — the Cavalry of the right were lost from the Wing — the light Infantry, embarrassed and pushed in upon the Column by the Rifle men of the left flank who had found their way to the right of the right — in short our situation was such as to have afforded the whole Army an easy prey to 500 Indian warriors — Genl Wilkinson appeared to be in painful apprehension " The word "any" in the manuscript was lined out by its author and replaced by "Genl Wilkinson." 258 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY for the moment and laboured to effect some degree of order which was at last accomplished about 3 O'Clk — and it was not untill then that he could find the C. in C — he met him I am told in the woods with Capt Miss Campbell and his servant : — having taken a partial view of the ground of Encampment he requested him to recross the river with him in order to determine upon a Spot on which to erect a Post — they pro- ceeded up the river about Ya of a mile accompanied by Lt Col. Hamtramck and were absent from the Army about 1 y 2 hours — this act of incaution and the confusion which had recently been observed, seem to have determined Genl Wilkinson to speak to the C in C. without reserve, be the consequences what they might — he therefore observed to him that it was impossible he could act with too much circumspection — that he might now hourly expect the Enemy would feel for him, — that they were reduced to a state of despair & might probably make a bold and desperate attempt — that if they did not gain advantage in the attack, he was certain we should beat them, but if otherwise the consequences might be different and very serious — he urged the sending out select parties to the flanks and front of the volunteers and that parties of scouts should be sent forward to lie on, and ambuscade the Paths leading from the Enemy, to discover if any heavy body, 39 or to cut up any of their light parties which might be approaching our Camp — Genl Scott was immediately sent for, as was Capt Kibby 40 who commands a Company consisting of 65 Scouts or Spies & these measures w r ere ordered and I believe carried into effect — altho' Genl Scott made some Objection on the score of his best men being behind with Genl Barbee — to this advice of Genl Wilkinson and the measures consequent thereon if adopted we may prob- ably owe the safety of the Camp and of the Legion — yet not 39 The phrase "of the Enem[y] were about us" appears at this point in the manuscript but was lined out. 40 Ephraim Kibby, a pioneer settler at Columbia, eight miles up river from Cincinnati, was in charge of the principal company of rangers or spies. McDonald, Biographical Sketches, 183. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN* TIMBERS 259 withstanding the zeal and promptitude hitherto displayed by him, in his public character, in offering honestly & chearfully every aid, information & advice in his power on all occasions where opportunity offers, yet I say, it would appear, because of his personal dislike to the C. in C. and his disapprobation of many of his former measures, that he is suspected by him of entertaining a disposition & wishes adverse to all his actions — altho' nominally appointed to command the Right Wing of the Legion, to which his rank gives him the title, yet all orders and details are sent directly to the adjutants of Sub Legions, and men detailed and detached from his command without his knowledge or privity — how then can he be responsible ? — how govern a Corps subject to be torn to pieces without his knowl- edge? but he is silent and appears determined to submit to every disgrace and every indignity rather than oppose or cross any arrangement of the C. in C. be it ever so improper or irregular — About 4 O'Clk this afternoon, the Camp being pitched and fortified and the transport unloaded, the C. in C. suddenly determined to change his position and recross the River which was accordingly accomplished about sun-set and the troops again encamped on ground much preferable to the other and in two lines, agreably to the order of Battle for receiving the enemy in front — by this arrangement the Wings are divided to the right & left of the two lines, one half of each line being one half of a Wing — and a question has arisen where the Com- mand or Post of the Brigadier is — whether with the front or the rear line ; as it is not determined by the Genl Order prescrib- ing the form — & this is one among many of its imperfections — it is to be observed here that the Disposition of the troops has been altered since the last Campaign the third Sub Legion being trans fered to the right Wing and the fourth to the Left, without any obvious cause or reason assigned — it is not uncharitable to presume that this arrangement, as well as that which deprives the Commanding officers of Wings of their right to dessemi- nate all orders which can affect their commands, has originated 260 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY in a tender regard to the feelings of the favourite Captain Butler 41 of the 4th S Legn who, knowing 42 that Genl Wilkinson is apprised of the villainy of his principles and his disposition, would feel uneasy under his immediate observation; and at the same time his High Spirit cannot brook the indignity of taking orders from the Aid de Camp of the Left Wing — Col. O'Hara this day made several observations on the temper of the C. in C. which he said would neither brook advice or suffer any person to do any thing but himself — he is at once the C. in C. — pioneer — scout. Quarter master, and adjutant — Mr. Elliot 43 one of the Contractors for supplying the Army with Provision informs that the C. in C. will not allow him a guard for his cattle, which are to feed in the Prairie; during the night a small party of the enemy might either drive them off, or by firing a few shot so frighten them as to put them to the route and scatter them in such manner as might render it impossible for the C. in C. ever again to recover them — It now appears to be the intention of the C in C to take his route from here to the old Tawa town on the Au Glaize River distant 15 miles — the direct route to the Enemy being he informs us over a Country without water — The Contractor also informs that Genl Barbee with the volunteers in the rear were ordered to leave the artillery & Waggons at Greene Ville & also 400 Bullocks, and to advance as rapidly as possible with the packhorses — late in the evening we have accounts that Genl Barbee is to leave Greene Ville tomorrow morning — We have lost a man to day, either killed 41 Edward Butler, from Pennsylvania, commanded a company of infantry in the Fourth Sub-Legion. He served as adjutant and inspector of the army, July 18, 1793 to May 13, 1794, and was succeeded by John Mills. Muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 529; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 269, 713; ante, note 22. 48 The phrase "that we are apprised" originally followed at this point in the manuscript but was lined out. ** Robert Elliot was one of the contractors for the expedition. He was killed by Indians near Fort Hamilton, October 6, 1794. Wayne to Henry Knox. Miami Villages, October 17, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 91. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 261 or taken by the Enemy a Mr Newman 44 in the imploy of the Quarter Master — Wells is to proceed on a Scout this evening — August 2d 1794 — Wells was not sent out yesterday as ex- pected — but was detached this morning with two others to reconnoitre or take a prisoner — 45 A small stockade work with two Blockhouses is laid out here on the Bank of the River, which is about 60 yards wide, a slow turbid stream and the water very offensive — Wells returned in the evening — he had been ordered to reconnoitre the direct path to Au Glaize and reports favourably both as to Water and ground — consequently that will now be our route — and the C in C abandons that by his old Tawa towns which he had previously determined on — August 3d 1794 — Genl Wilkinson informs that he called on the C in C this morning to know what was his command in case of an attack upon our front? he told him the right wing — the other said it was impossible as one half the Wing would be formed in the front line and the other half in the rear — the C in C observed that the part which formed in the rear line would soon be ordered up to support the first — Genl Wilkinson replyed that this would depend on the nature of the action, perhaps the stress might lay to the left, in which case the whole second line might be ordered to support that point — the C in C said this would not happen and the other was obliged to 41 Robert Newman of the Kentucky volunteers deserted to the British "in hope of getting to Detroit where, as he had been informed by another prisoner who escaped, his brother now lived." Clark also states that New- man disappeared on this date, while Bowyer says it was August 2. The British were not sure whether he was a deserter or a spy. Statement, New- man to Alexander McKee, August 4, 1794, in Ernest A. Cruikshank (ed.), The Correspondence of Lieut. Governor John Graves Simcoe .... (5 volumes. Toronto, 1923-1931), II, 351-352; Simcoe to McKee, August 13, 1794, ibid., V, 103; entry for August 3, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U39; entry for August 2, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 4. 46 According to Clark, Wells and Kibby were both dispatched with parties in different directions. Entry for August 2, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U37-38. 262 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY wave[?] the subject and must be content with the command of one Sub Legion on the right of the front line — The C in C, he says this morning shewed him the examination of a Pat- tawattamie Indian Prisoner, taken about the begining of June last by Capt Gibson, in which he mentions that the enemy are assembled in great force at Roche de Bout or Au Glaize, and that they intended to come forward and attack him at Greeneville, about the latter end of June or begining of July — this examina- tion was dated the 7th June 1794 — 46 The Work now on hand is called fort Adams — 47 it is to be finished this day and we are told, that we are to march to morrow, Genl Barbee being expected up this evening — a party of 52 pioneers have been sent to open a Road, under a covering party of Kibby's Corps, — Schrim's 48 Spies and some others — p About 3 O'Clk this afternoon a tree fell upon the tent of the C in C and that of his ADC. Capt De Butts, 49 both being in their beds — the escape of each was miraculous, the Bed of the aid being crushed to pieces and the C in C escaped, by about six inches, being mashed to Death by the Body of the tree — he was draged out of his tent, having received a severe stroke on his left leg & ankle — his pulse was gone. — but by the applica- tion of a few volatile drops he was soon restored to good spirits and comfort — about 6 O' Clock Majr Mills, the Adjutant General, called upon Genl Wilkinson and Col Hamtramck by order of the Commander in Chief and desired them to turn out every officer off Duty, to proceed to the Fort now erecting 48 Statement of the Potawatomi prisoner, Wayne MSS, XXXV, 87. 47 The original name was Fort Randolph and it was still being designated as such in official dispatches as late as August 15. Underwood refers to it as Adams, while Clark calls it Randolph. Underwood journal. Draper MSS, 16U130; entry for August 3, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U39-40; Wayne MSS, XXXVI, 121, 123, 124, XXXVII, 8. 48 Capt. George Shrimes (Schrim) commanded a detachment of spies. General order, November 14, 1794, in Clarence M. Burton (ed.), "General Wayne's Orderly Book," in Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections, XXXIV (1905), 566. See also post, entries for August 18 and September 4. 49 Henry De Butts, infantry officer from Maryland, was a member of the Fourth Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 363-364. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN' TIMBERS 263 and lend every assistance to forward the Works — this order was executed and the lines of the Encampment and the Evening Parade for Roll Call left with out Officers; about dark I rode down to the Fort where the Officers of the Legion were assembled to superintend a fatigue, which had been before regularly detailed with the necessary Officers, say 200 men — Capt Peters 50 who was of the fatigue assured me the men had not eat any thing since the morning and that they were ordered to finish the work — This evening Genl Barbee arrived with the rear of the Kentucky Volunteers — The day on which we halted at this place Genl Wilkinson I am told suggested to the C in C the Idea of a Sham Battle in the prairie, in order that our own troops as well as the militia might have an opportunity to. see the several parts they are to perform — he promised him that the thing should be done the next day — but it was not done — August 4th 1794 — We marched this morning 45 minutes after 5 O'Clk. a m and proceeded over a Country covered with Brushy Wood for some miles — then found several prairies in our course & some high handsome and open ground — we marched ten miles, 51 making many short halts & encamped at 4 O'Clk p. m on good ground — but we find no water except in stagnant pools and in the Bed of a small branch, which is foul and disagreable to the taste — the Camp is this evening well fortified — the C in C is stiff and store [sic] from the stroke which he received from the tree — a Body of volunteers were 50 William Peters from New York commanded a company of infantry in the First Sub-Legion. He was promoted to major and transferred to the Fourth Sub-Legion, by general order of April 15, 1795, with the promotion effective from July 1, 1794. Ibid., I, 786 ; Wayne MSS, XL, 53 ; muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 528. 31 Although Bowyer states the day's march was ten miles, the entry for the day indicates they were thirty-one miles in advance of Fort Recovery which would make it eight miles. Clark estimated the distance as being about twelve miles. Entries for July 30, August 1 and 3, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, pp. 3, 4, 5: entry for August 4, 1794, Clark journal. Draper MSS, 5U40. 264 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY ordered to our front but the troops marched before they gained their position — the pack horses have stood this day 10)4 hours under their loads and without water — the Au Glaize river is now 8 or 9 miles to our right running in a direction nearly paralel with our route — no Scout has been ordered to recon- noitre beyond that river and I verily believe the country is no where reconnoitred two miles to our flanks — the C in C. gives orders or thinks he does and no regard is paid to their execu- tion — were the army of the Enemy to march up on the opposite side of the Au Glaize, gain our rear and fall upon the volunteers who halt two miles short of us, they might put that Corps to flight and capture all their horses with certainty which would defeat the Campaign — Lieut Underhill 52 of the 4th S. Legn is left in Command of Fort Adams 53 with 40 Invalids and cripples — 54 his situation is such as to excite the sympathy of those who feel — 55 the Block-houses are neither chunked or roofed, without doors cut in them — 56 the Stockade not half finished — the timber on the opposite side of the river and at a considerable distance — he is left without one team and has not more than a dozen men capable of active exertion — the Commandant of Artillery in- formed me that he had received no orders to make a deposit of ammunition for this Post but knowing the necessity of the measure — he had prepared it of his own accord — Should the enemy reconnoitre our abandoned Camp in the course of the Day (than which nothing is more common) Underhill and his party must be sacrificed, as the Fort stands on the ground of 52 James Underhill, infantry officer from Vermont. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 978. "Wayne to Underhill, Fort Randolph, August 4, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVI, 123. 54 Bowyer states that one hundred men were left with Underhill. Entry for August 4, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 4. "Underhill to Wayne, Fort Randolph, August 5, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVI, 124. M The phrase "and the picketts not up" appears at this place in the manu- script but has been lined out. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 265 Encampment — this officer is so sensible of his forlorn situa- tion, that he expressed in despair to Major Burbeck 57 & Dr Carmichael a wish that the Indians would immediately come and tomahawk himself and his detachment, to prevent him from cutting his own throat — the meat part of the provision left for the Garrison consists of Rations on the hoof — these must be subsisted by grazing and of consequence are liable to be driven off or destroyed by a light party of the Enemy — the water course on which we encamp is a tributary of the River Glaize — the C in C computes the distance to the Upper Delaware Town to be 15 miles & to Grand Glaize 27 — August 5th 1794 we marched at l / 2 past 5 O'Clk & having gained twelve miles we halted at 1 O 'Clock, 58 the packhorses the whole of this time under their loads, we remained two and an half hours in this situation before the Ground of Encampment was pointed out — had the Q. M. Gl. come forward or a recon- noitring party examined the ground in season, this delay might have prevented — Genl Wilkinson this day urged, I am in- formed, to the C in C the necessity of reconnoitring his right flank and beyond Au Glaize — also to have his front well covered at several miles distance — he observed to him that his Aids or some confidential Officers ought to attend to the execution of these arrangments, on which our safety very much depended — the C in C assured him that these objects should be attended to — Genl Wilkinson expressed his apprehensions lest the Enemy should make a stroke upon the volunteers who were in our rear every night and without fortification — the C in C said he had thought of it and in future would make them fortify adjacent to the Legionary Camp* — the ground this day is in general deep and swampy & in my opinion will be utterly im- passable in the Winter — we struck the bed of a stream about " Henry Burbeck, artillery officer from Massachusetts. Heitman, His- torical Register, I, 262. 58 Four o'clock was the time of arrival according to Bowyer. Entry for August 5, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 5. 266 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 1. pole in Width — the water stagnant and muddy, but better tasted than that which we have had for three of four days — 50 we have now 18 days provision on hand only, the pack horses are daily failing in great numbers, from the injudicious move- ments of the army and we are momently increasing our distance from every source of supply — the reflections naturally excited on such occasion are seriously alarming to the thinking part of us — but the total want of confidence which the officers of the highest rank have ever experienced from the C. in C and the temper with which he receives advice or opinions prevent their speaking to him — General Wilkinson has however given his sentiments to the Q. M. G to be delivered to the C in C and has apprised him of our very critical situation as to provisions — Genl Wilkinson says when we reach Grand Glaize his duty to the public and the station he holds will compel him however unavailing to give his free opinion to the C in C on the subject of his situation and the public trust committed to his charge — The volunteers did not this evening come within our Encamp- ment nor did they fortify but encamped on our right — I cannot discover that any scout or reconnoitring party has been sent to our right flank, much less to the Au Glaize — the C in C and the Q M G both say that we are now about seven miles from the Upper Delaware Towns on the Au Glaize River — in the Eve- ning Wells declared the distance to be further than he expected and McClelland 60 returned from an excursion of 8 miles on the Path & saw no signs of a Town — Mr Benham 61 (the Pack- horse master) this day assured me that the packhorses are falling off rapidly and that not 100 will ever get back to Fort Recovery — Major Price who commands the advanced party of volunteers and took the front yesterday at noon assures me 59 The water supply problem was serious and one of constant concern to the army. See ante, entries for August 1, 2, and 4 ; also, entries for July 28, 30, August 1, 4, 5, and 6 ; Bowyer, Journal, pp. 3, 4, 5. 80 Robert McClelland was a scout under William Wells. McDonald, Biographical Sketches, 184. 91 Captain Benham was packhorse master of the Legion. General order, September 20, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 51. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 267 this evening that he has not as yet received any orders but to go forward — August 6th 1794 — Marched at Y / 2 after 6. O'Clk a m and encamped at l /z past 2 O'Clk — ll*/2 miles — the first seven or eight of which was through a thick swampy country — 62 frefquent] halts made and the horses under their loads the whole time, say until y 2 after 3 O'Clk. p. m, as it always require one hour at least to bring up the rear, after a halt is made in front — this day frequently crossed the same creek on which we lay last night and are now encamped on it, near the 56 mile- tree from Recovery — 63 Genl Wilkinson this day mentioned to the C. in C the necessity of Limiting the Batmen per Company as the number employed in this way very much weakened the line — and also that the small guards of the Legion did not fall into the ranks when on the march, as had been ordered — the C in C. promised him that an order for the purpose should be issued, and rode to the troops the next morning to rectify these abuses — Wells went forward this morning and about 2 O'Clk p m returned and reported that he had been in the vicinity of the nearest town — and from several circumstances, particularly the trace of a party which had returned the moment before him, he was satisfied the Enemy had not received any previous intelligence of our movements and proposed that a light or mounted Party should be pushed forward to strike them during their confusion — Lieut Harrison Aid to the C in C. gave this information to Genl Wilkinson at the head of his Column — he enquired for the C in C, Mr H said he had gone forward to order a party of 150 volunteers and Kibby's party of 65 * 2 This is in contrast to Bowyer's description : "Our march this day has been through an exceeding fine country. ..." Entry for August 6, 1794, Bovvyer, Journal, p. 5. M After marching nine miles, according to Clark, the army "reached a considerable stream called Upper Delaware Creek — proceeded three miles down the Same, and there Encamped on its banks." Entry for August 6, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U41. 268 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY under Major Price to execute Wells project — 64 Genl Wilkinson observed, that if it was truly a surprise important service might be performed if the whole Body of volunteers were ordered forward with directions not to make any longer halt than to refresh man and horse untill they ravaged the settlements as low as the foot of the rapids ; a sudden blow at this moment pushed with vigour, would exasperate their panic and disperse the Enemy in such disorder and so widely that they establish a future rendezvous or decide upon any plan of operation — this would secure us against their enterprise and give us time to bring up provision and make our establishment without molesta- tion — that many of their wives and children might fall into our hands and an important disunion might be accomplished — warmed by these reflexions, he put spurs to his horse to find the C in C but after riding a mile in vain, he judged it expedient to give over the chase and return to his command ; but he begged Mr Harrison to deliver his sentiments and wishes to the C in C — he objected to the partial stroke proposed, but the detach- ment was unequal to a safe conflict with the force which he knew the enemy could collect in four hours if the towns were not abandoned and as they were alarmed no advantage could be gained over a small party would certainly abandon the place aimed at before the Detachment could reach it of consequence the risk would be great and the advantage could be naught — Alarmed for the fate of the expedition, which is threatened with destruction by the defective arrangment for provision and in order to call the attention of the C in C to the danger which threatened him from that quarter as he was fearful his im- petuosity and sanguine spirit might hurry him forward to Roche de Bout before he had taken measures to bring up the necessary supplies — Genl Wilkinson this evening spoke to the Q M G on the subject, (who seemed seriously impressed with the delicacy of our situation) and requested him to take oc- casion the next day to observe to the C in C that he had heard c * Clark says the party was composed of "Our Spies & about 300 Volun- teers." Entry for August 6, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U41. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 269 him (Genl W) say "if the C in C advanced beyond the con- fluence of the Glaize and Tawa Rivers, before he brought up a supply of provision, he would be compelled to retire from the enemy and would be ruined" and added "that the C in C could not by every exertion at that moment secure the troops against half -allowance" — previous to this conversation Genl Wilkinson had seen the C in C who informed him that "the enemy were flying and that he had made a detachment to strike a town 65 exactly six miles distant where twenty or thirty fellows lived" — Genl Scott was at that time near the C in C ; and Genl Wilkin- son observed to the C in C. that "a glorious opportunity now offered for operating with the great body of the volunteers, — let them loose & they may drive the Enemy into the Lakes before they will have time to recollect or collect themselves" he replyed "we will be about that" — in the evening Genl W. called upon C in C, Major Price had returned and saw no Indians, but found an old Town about six miles distant and which had been long evacuated — while at the tent of the C in C. Genls Scott & Todd with in council with him — Genl Wilkin- son when he observed on the good effects which might result from pushing forward the volunteers at this critical moment, also addressed himself to Genl Scott (with whom he had not before been on terms of conversation) on the same subject — his only reply was "that it was the wish of his heart ["] — August 7th 1794 — Genl W. this morning called on the C in C, who informed him "he had wished to speak with him" and desired him to dismount which he did and was then informed by the C in C (by way of consultation) "that he intended to march forward to the first evacuated town, there to fortify, deposit his waggons and heavy baggage under a guard of 250 Men and proceed rapidly to Grand Glaize" — his resolution was taken, but the policy of the step could not be developed — the motive is obvious however — the Old man unfortunately " This was "supposed to be the upper Delaware town" on the Auglaize River. Entry for August 6, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 5. 270 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY cannot consent to divide the smallest portion of reputation with any officer; he is therefore unwilling to make respectable de- tachments or to suffer any officer of Rank to precede him at any point of his march — to be first every where, even at an Indian Cabbin, Corn-Crib or Vine-patch, he deems absolutely essential to the glory of a Commander in Chief and considers every mite of reputation acquired by a subordinate as so much ravished from his rightful pretensions — We marched this morning about six O'Clock and struck the Au Glaize at four miles distance where it is about 150 paces wide and at the efflux of the Creek which we had descended — Genl Wilkinson received an order by Capt De Butts' A D C to cross the River and march down on the opposite — we found the water deep and a flat smooth Rock at bottom — the bank on either side steep and covered with close Wood — no recon- noitring party had been sent over to examine the Country previous to our crossing — we had been reconnoitred by an horseman who fled at our approach by a path which led down the river — we arrived at the first Town about half after 11 O'Clock a m and halted one hour to bring up the baggage without fortifying then proceeded down the river untill 3 O'Clk p. m when we halted an hour to give time for laying out the Camp, then sat down for the night — the right wing this day consisted of the battalion men of the 1st & 3d S Legns in the whole under arms 353 — the Light Infantry & Cavalry of the right flank — the Rifle Companies of do — y 2 the front rifle- men and Yi the rear Cavalry making total about 700 men — 66 during the march this day passed over much close brushy ground and many old Indian settlements now grown up in 64 Clark mentioned this splitting of the forces a number of days later. "From the time of our first striking the Au Glaze River . . . the right divi- sion crossed the river, and marched on the East side ; the left division and baggage on the west side, and at many times the two divisions were not less than two or three miles of each other — so fthat] little support could either wing give the other." Entry for August 14, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U48-49. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 271 weeds briars & shrubs almost impervious — these combined with the meanders of the river and the heights which here and there jutted in not only threw us beyond the reach of the Signals from the Centre, but I do verily believe seperated the wings of the Army more than a mile on the opposite Banks of a river in many places unfordable — and of consequence had the enemy attacked the conflict must have been determined before any cooperation or support could have been given or received — at the Delaware Town, (i.e. the first we saw) I am informed several small scouts of militia were sent over to 67 the front of the right Wing, but without the knowledge of Genl Wilkinson who commanded it — Capt Springer this day discov- ered the traces of two light parties on his flank — about noon the C in C received Intelligence that the Enemy had retired from their Towns and had burnt several houses — I was in- formed that he immediately left the front of his army and was absent 4 hours — he had followed a party of volunteers 4 or 5 miles down the river to a town which had been recently evacu- ated, here he found Corn, Vines & root-patches, poultry &c — the C in C returned just as the troops had taken their ground of Encampment — he proposed sending this night a Detach- ment of volunteers to strike a town about 15 miles from the confluence of the Glaize and Miamis Rivers upon the north side of the Tawa — Genl Wilkinson understanding that the measure was determined upon and feeling extreme anxiety for the issue, took occasion to observe to Capt De Butts the C in C's confidential aid "that it appeared to him, the C in C had the game safe if he played it well, that he understood the C. in C intended making a Detachment of the Volunteers, he expressed 07 The words "my front, but without my" appear in the manuscript at this place but are lined out. Inserting them back into the sentence and delet- ing those which were put in their place by the journalist, a very interesting statement evolves: "I am informed several small scouts of militia were sent over to my front, but without my knowledge." This is one of the few instances in which the author has let down his objectivity in presentation. It could be used as a possible clue in building a case to prove Wilkinson as the writer of this journal. 272 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY his solicitude for the occasion & observed that he did not see any advantage which could be gained and that a great hazard was involved — that in case of misfortune to the Detachment, which was not impossible, the consequences might be destructive to our views — he spoke of the danger of feeling for an Enemy who was visible or invisible as he pleases, and adverted to the fate of Genl Harmars detachment" — 68 the intention I believe succeeded as about 1 1 O'Clock at night the order was counter- manded — we had an alarm from the militia this evening about sun-set — the Legionary troops stood to their arms instantly and appeared in good countenance. August 8th 1794 — this morning it began to rain and we marched about six O'Clk a m — the right Wing resumed its route on the East side of the river and was reinforced by a Brigade of mounted volunteers under Genl Todd whom Genl Wilkinson disposed of on his right flank — As his route neces- sarily removed him from the signals of the March and as he was put beyond the distance at which he could receive seasonable support, he prepared to fight the Enemy on independent prin- ciples and therefore changed the General order of March and made such disposition of his force as might enable each part to act independently or to support the whole as occasion might render necessary — It rained violently without intermission untill 12 O'Clk — Our march was over heights and rich low lands in high cultivation, with Indian Villages interspersed — the Crops of Corn, pulse & vines are extensive and luxuriant — these Crops and Villages are extended about six miles on each side the River from its confluence with the Miami — The confluence of these Rivers forms the Tawa & furnishes an handsome Site — they are about 150 yards wide, the Miami 68 This reference is to the expedition of Josiah Harmar in 1790 against the principal Indian towns on the Maumee River. A day-by-day account of this expedition is given in [William H. Denny (ed.)L Military Journal of Major Ebenezer Denny (Philadelphia, 1859), 140-149. Other first hand ac- counts are to be found in Basil Meek, "General Harmar's Expedition," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XX (1911), 74-108. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 273 being rather the widest tho the Au Glaize at the point and for an half mile is the deepest — the Tawa runs a course about N. by E. and we look down about a mile to the head of an Island — It is about 200 yards wide — we find no Indian settlement ex- cept a Cabbin on the Miami within a J4 of a mile of the con- fluence i. e. on the Banks which embrace us — two or three trading houses had stood here but were burnt the day before our arrival — the cultivation of Corn &c extends up the Miami and down the Tawa on both sides, we know not how far — The Indian Guide, Miller, 69 this day brought to Genl Wilkinson an order from the C in C. to cross the river at a ford which he would shew him — however indignant and improper this pro- cedure, he obeyed it, considering himself subject to the com- mands of a Despot who consults no consideration of delicacy, of propriety, of justice or of professional principles — We en- camped at the angle formed by the junction of the Au Glaize and Miami, at 1. O'Clk. — the distance from Fort Recovery to this place is found by actual mensuration to be 74*4 miles — 70 notwithstanding all the assurances of the C in C founded on his researches and enquiries at an expence I imagine of at least $2000 Dollars to scouts that it did not exceed 40 or 45 miles — here we are ; without seeing an Enemy or firing a shot and with 18 days provision at the distance of 76 & 150 miles from sup- plies — What may be our future operations I know not — this evening the loaded arms were discharged and an order issuing against firing — the C in C in his order of the day congratulates the federal army on their arrival "at the grand Emporium of the m Henry Miller and a younger brother Christopher had been taken cap- tive by the Indians when boys. Henry escaped to friends in Kentucky and served as a scout under William Wells in the Wayne expedition. In June, 1794, a group of scouts, including the elder Miller, were sent out from Greene Ville to take an Indian as prisoner for interrogation purposes. By coincidence the person they captured turned out to be Christopher Miller. McDonald, Biographical Sketches, pp. 184-188 ; post, entries for August 13, 16, and 17. 70 The distance reported by Bowyer was seventy-seven miles. Entry for August 8, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 5. 274 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY hostile Indians of the West" — 71 but thanks nobody — The abundant quantity of vegetables we find will extend the sub- sistence of the army and if we move rapidly will save us from danger on the score of provision i. e. if precaution is taken to bring up supplies from the rear in season — August 9th 1794 — this morning we are informed a work is to be erected here and a fatigue party is turned out 72 (the C in C had apprised Genl Wilkinson of this intention at the second encampment in the rear, where Genl W had observed to him that he was leaving a large vacancy between his posts — he replied that this route would never be used but once, for the purpose of bringing up a supply of provision) the fatigue turned out about 1 1 O' Clock & the C in C laid out the Work about noon — the Commandant of Artillery informs, that the waggons for hauling the Timber did not parade till 1. O'Clk — an order is given for cutting down the banks of the Miami to facilitate the passage of the army — this indicates a progressive movement towards Roche de Bout — I this morning enquired of the OMG what was to be done, whether we should proceed or halt and bring up provision he said he believed the Genl had not determined — August 10th 1794 this morning the fatigue paraded early the C in C mounted and rode down to the Works in apparent wrath — he scolded and swore hard — and passed Genl Wilkin- son's tent within ten steps three times without looking at him altho' he was at breakfast and in full view — after riding about half an hour he returned to his tent and ordered an extra fatigue by Wings in such force as might be necessary to finish the pickiting of the Curtains — to which the Commanding officers of Wings were to attend — 73 thus are they obliged to enter upon 71 These congratulations are also quoted in Mills Orderly Book, I, 139. The John Mills Orderly Book MSS (2 volumes. April, 1794— January, 1795) are in the Indiana Historical Society Library. "General order, August 9, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVI, 130. 78 General order, August 10, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXYIT, 1. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 275 details although they have no roster and are deprived of that right in every other instance — Mr Elliot the Contractor in- forms that the C in C has determined to detail a Brigade of Volunteers to go for Provision but has not decided whether to do it now or when he reaches Roche de Bout — for which he is to march so soon as the Work is finished — the indelicacy of the C in C's treatment has determined Genl W not to call upon him, except on points of duty — Wells is this day sent out to reconnoitre Roche de Bout or to take a prisoner — August 11th 1794 — the works progress as rapidly as possible — our duties are such that the Guards for the night fatigue during the day — it is said we are to advance to morrow morning — about noon Lieut Harrison ADC came to inform Genl Wilkinson that the C in C wished to speak with him — he attended and found Genl Scott with him — the C in C informed them, he had it in contemplation to send a flag to the Enemy with offers of peace and repossession of their Towns and fields if they would come in for the purpose — he expressed a desire for their opinions and Genl Wilkinson promised his in writing when he should have duly weighed the question — the C in C at this interview confirmed the information of Mr Elliot respect- ing the detachment for provision — he at the same time in- formed that he had 20 days flour and 30 days meat — Genl Wilkinson suggested the idea of putting the troops to half- allowance of flour as they were abundantly furnished with green Corn & pulse — the C in C declared against it with a violent Oath — said it might transpire to the enemy and would expose our situation or words to that effect — he said also that we must advance at all events ; and it appeared from the same motive, that is, to masque the suspicion of our being short of provision — Why then does he halt at all — why give the Enemy time to collect their force, to recover their surprize & prepare for his reception — he should not have halted here more than one night 276 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY August 12th 1794 — this morning Genl W. sent to the C in C. his opinion in writing — 74 the works progress and are so far complete as will enable us to march tomorrow — about noon Wells returned with two Shawanee prisoners, a Man and Woman — himself and another of his party, McClelland, were wounded by a party of the Enemy with whom they fell in after they had taken the prisoners — Wells reports the Enemy en- camped at the foot of the Rapids on the River — The Shawanee informs us that a man named Newman who was missed on the 1st instant had deserted to the Indians and given them the first information of our approach — he had come to this place, and was sent to the rapids and from thence to Detroit — he had given them many particulars respecting the Army — 75 he rated our force at 1500 Regulars, 1500 mounted volunteers and 200 Dragoons — that we had 22 small pieces of Cannon and two large ones and that we were to march to Roche de Bout — he described the dress of our officers and advised the Indians not to attack us when encamped but on our march — The Indians of the settlements in this vicinity are at the foot of the rapids, about 600 Warriors with their wives and families — The British occupy a regular fort about two miles below on the North side, defended by cannon — 76 McKee 77 is at the rapids — Elliot 78 his partner is gone to Detroit and was expected back yesterday with 1000 regulars and militia — 400 Wyandots and Tawas were also 74 Wilkinson to Wayne, Fort Defiance, August 12, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 4. 75 British uncertainty as to whether Newman was a spy or deserter had changed. Information he had divulged proved to be accurate and he was given preferential treatment by the British officials. Richard G. England to Simcoe, Detroit, August 17, 1794, in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, II, 387-388. 7S This information was recorded a few days earlier in another account. Entry for August 8, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 6. " Alexander McKee, a renegade American, was a deputy Indian agent for the British. Biographical sketch in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, I, 36n. 18 Matthew Elliott, a renegade American, was an assistant agent of Indian affairs for the British. Biographical sketch, ibid., I, 157n. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN' TIMBERS 277 expected and it was their determination to fight us in the neighbourhood of the rapids — this is the substance of the Shawanee's information — he adds that the Indians talked of stepping on one side and letting the army go on to the British or that if the British did not now come forward to assist them they would join the Americans — 79 August 13th 1794 — the fort not being finished we do not march to day — the C in C has been confined to his tent since the 10th inst — he says he is better, tho' he still looks ill and has the gout in one of his feet — he lies in bed generally throughout the day — Genl W. called on him this morning and they had the Indian under examination during which the following interesting facts were communicated — "that the body of In- dians who attacked fort Recovery had been sent forward by McKee to cut up our convoys and Detachments — that he had directed them not to go near any fort — but the northern tribes when they came to Kettle Town said they could certainly take such a place as Recovery — the Delawares and Shawaness laughed and told them to try it — accordingly the Chippeways, Pattawatamies & Tawas made the attack ; — the Delawares and Shawanese keeping back — and that after the affair they im- mediately returned to their several homes — that he understood they had 20 killed in the attack and 20 more had died of their wounds — he denied positively that any British troops or matrosses 80 were on the expedition but says there were 14 white men and mentions the names of 9, among whom are Elliot, the Girty's, 81 and McKee's son — 82 he says that no demand had been made for cannon for the expedition — The C. in C. about noon dispatched Miller, (who had been taken a prisoner last winter from the Shawaness [with] whom 79 Statement of the Shawnee prisoner, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 4. 60 Soldiers who assisted in the firing of artillery. 81 Simon Girty, a renegade American, participated in the June attack on a part of Wayne's forces at Fort Recovery. Consul W. Butter field, History of the Girty s . . . (Cincinnati. 1890), pp. 282-283. 82 Thomas McKee. Ibid., pp. 282-283. 278 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY he had lived 12 or 14 years,) and the Indian taken by Wells, with a peace talk to the Indians assembled below — 8S Miller's attachment to us is doubted by some — as is also the policy of the measure at this moment — it is to be feared that it will carry with it an aspect of diffidence on our part and will be mischievously interpreted by the British — should Miller prove treacherous he will give information that we have no cannon with us and may expose us in other respects — we dread the consequences — but implore heaven for the best — we are told we shall march tomorrow, but no order is yet issued — a detail for sixty men to garrison this post is made — the pioneers are sent forward to clear the road in front — and a morning order mentions that the waggons and heavy baggage are to be de- posited under the charge of the Garrison — 84 A Mr Cooper 85 the Surveyor of our Route from some suspicious circumstances of a connexion with Newman is put under guard — Dr Allison 86 the Senior Surgeon, informs that the C in C is very ill this morning — the gout which he has had for several days, has risen to his knee and he is in agony — August 14th 1794 — Rain and the C in C illness prevent our marching to day — the pretext is a fear of losing ammunition — to day the militia Generals dined with him and the Adjt Genl informs that it has been determined to put the troops to half allowance of flour, altho' the C in C so solemnly disclaimed 83 Message to the Indians, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 5. 84 Mills Orderly Book MSS, I, 143-144. 85 Daniel C. Cooper. Cooper to Wayne, Fort Defiance, September 3, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 34. "in consequence of a note dropd in the road giving encouragement to deserters and found to be in the hand write of Mr Cooper the surveyor he was put under guard and supposd to be an accomplis of Newmans — " Entry for August 13, 1794, Scott MS journal, Thruston Collection, The Filson Club. 88 Richard Allison, from Pennsylvania, was senior surgeon of the Legion. He had served with both Harmar and St. Clair. Virginius C. Hall, "Richard Allison, Surgeon to the Legion," in Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophi- cal Society of Ohio, IX, no. 4 (October, 1951), 283-298; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 160. GREENE VILLI: TO FALLEN TIMBERS 279 the idea to Genl Wilkinson a few days ago — such is the consistency of his conduct — August 15th 1794 — Crossed the Miami this morning, and commenced our march at 6 O'Clock a m in the following order — the left wing — the front and rear dragoons and light Infantry, the artillery and Baggage and the right Column on the north side of the River The Dragoons light Infantry and Riflemen of the right wing with one Brigade of volunteers on the south side, the other Brigade of volunteers flanked the Rifle Men on the left — the C in C was so ill this morning, that it became necessary to lift him on his horse and in the course of the march appeared to be deranged & incoherent — certain it is our disposition was as dangerous 87 as could have been devised — the troops marching on the south side of the River removed from all succour and support for some miles as the river was not fordable and is here two hundred yards wide — indeed at any point of the march it would be difficult to sup- port at the distance of from J4 to an whole mile, with the inter- vention of a water course 200 yds wide and in most places very steep banks — it is this day the opinion of the faculty that the debility and irritability of the C in C would in case of attack distract him or perhaps produce a fit — happy situation this for the army ! we are in high spirits & sanguine in the expectation of the return of the flag with a deputation for peace I fear it is a delusion, but hope I may be disappointed — the march this day has been disorderly the right Column marching on the north Bank of the River was crowded by that of the centre with which it became of necessity frequently intermixed — the disorder in leaving our Camp and fording the river immediately in front was such that I am persuaded 1000 of the Enemy posted in our rear and attacking at the moment would have "The words "and disorderly" appear in the manuscript at this place but are lined out. 280 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY defeated the army in a few minutes — 88 we halted at 10 O'Clock & as is customary waited an hour for the ground of Encamp- ment — Capt Butler S. L. Majr of the 4th has now taken the compass as surveyor of the road and in laying out our incamp- ment has made an Error of 150 yds in each side — this man is the favourite and has such an high sense of professional pride as to wave his command in an active and honorable station to succeed a traitor in his office as surveyor of the road — 89 The militia encamp on the South side of the River as also 90 the Riflemen & light Infantry of our right flank — small parties of the Enemy have been discovered in our front four or five miles distant this evening — General Wilkinson informs, that, alarmed at this days disposition of march and anxious for the issue of the Campaign, he this evening spoke to the C. in C. and observed that the militia on the South Side, in case of attack being seperated from the main Body would make little resist- ance, and that his light troops in that quarter would be sacri- ficed — he said he would change his disposition on the morrow and march the whole of the troops on the same side of the river — This day an order is issuing limiting the troops to half allowance of flour — 91 this measure has become neces- sary — but alas ! why was it not earlier adopted — we have this day marched from the cultivated country & tomorrow the men will have neither corn or pulse to feed upon — our situation becomes hourly more alarming — it is indeed fearful — but the C in C will receive no advice, and the state of his health exasperates his naturally bad temper — 88 Crossing the Maumee River was "not without the greatest confusion and disorder, for no rule was ever laid down, or manner pointed out. by which the troops should pass the river, and every man seemed to be for himself, and I at once saw dragoons, several pieces of artillery, infantry, and riflemen, with several waggons, numbers of pack-horses, all huddled together in the river." Entry for August 15, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U49. 89 See ante, note 85. 90 The words "80 of" appear in the manuscript at this place but are lined out. 91 Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 7. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN' TIMBERS 281 August 16th 1794 — marched this morning the whole army on the same side the river — the main Body of the Volunteers on the left with strong parties of this Corps in our front and rear — the C in C's health is better but he is still feeble and indis- posed — we marched a considerable distance on the margin of the River and the wing was frequently crowded upon the centre column — a soldier of the 1st S. L is absent without leave sup- posed to have deserted yesterday — and to day it is supposed another was made prisoner on the South side of the River, where he crossed in quest of Corn and pulse — the C in C has not even a Spy on that side the river to day, altho' absolutely necessary to guard against the stratagems of the Enemy and to prevent their reconnoitring us — Genl W suggested this idea to the C in C — he acknowledged the necessity of the measure but would not order it to be carried into effect — we saw no corn to day except one small field on the South side of the River — About noon Miller who had been sent with the flag and speech, met us with a memorandum from the Indian army at the foot of the rapids acknowledging the receipt of the message at a time when they were on their feet to meet us — they request the request [sic] the C in C to stay where he was ten days and to build no forts in their Towns — that they would stay where they were and at the expiration of that time he should see them coming with a flag as he desired — 92 the messenger was unat- tended and the memorandum was not signed by any body — the British are posted about a mile below the foot of the rapids and declare they will hold their ground — particular Enquiry was made of Miller whether we had any heavy cannon, and the C in C was requested in the memorandum to send back an answer by him — the C in C observed "that if he had not moved he would have halted" — Genl Wilkinson said, "not the ten "According to a British official the message was designed to help the Indians. "It is entirely calculated to gain a few days time in hopes that the Poutewatomis and Indians about Detroit may increase their strength so as to enable them to meet him [Wayne] with a prospect of advantage." Alex- ander McKee to Richard G. England, Maumee Rapids, August 17, 1794, in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, II, 387. 282 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY days sir"? [sic] he answered "no"but that he would soon halt and send them an answer — Genl Wilkinson reflecting on our situation a few minutes rode up and proposed to him, to send forward the mounted militia, instantly, to deliver a Message in the course of the night — he meant to feel the old man and intended to add the light Infantry and dragoons to the detach- ment — the first to be mounted on the best horses of the army — the C in C. replyed "it would be a breach of faith" — the other said he did not think so as no treaty was pending ; or obligation of inaction rested upon him — that he had proffered them terms of mercy, to which they had no fair title, and that they had answered him in prescriptive terms — he then said we were not within striking distance — (he had always contended that the distance from Grand Glaize to the foot of the rapids was 35 miles and we had then reached the 16 mile tree of our measure) Genl Wilkinson told him he could not judge of that circum- stance, but that his object was to march in season to reach the camp of the enemy about 3 or 4 O'Clk a. m. it was now about y 2 after 12 O'Clk — failing in this desireable object he proposed to the C in C the embodying his dragoons and light Infantry and marching them between the Columns as a Corps of re- serve — he peevishly replied, that this was already done, that they were kept as a reserve to be employed whenever an open- ing presented — and yet, strange to tell! they are frittered up and march on the front flanks and rear of the army, scattered over an extent of ground of at least 3 miles — we are dragged headlong upon the Enemy and nothing but victory decisive or a treaty can save us from disgrace and ruin — if the enemy should shun us and attend to our rear we are ruined — it is a singular spectacle to see an army 100 miles removed from its magazines and near 300 from any auxiliary force, advancing at half allowance of provision upon an enemy whom they have not yet seen — the C in C says he will send a speech to them this evening — which will bring them to their senses — that his forward move was not expected and that it would open their eyes — alas poor man ! alas poor army ! — the 0. M. G. is clear GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 283 for sending an answer to the Indians — Genl Wilkinson is decidedly against it and opposes it all in his power — August 17th 1794— marched at y 2 after 7 O Clk our ground much diversified sometimes open and even then close and broken, I understand that the C in C notwithstanding his public assurance yesterday has wisely determined not to send the Enemy an answer to the memorandum received by Miller — this is thought judicious and the Conduct of Genl Wilkinson is supposed to have induced the determination — we have now ten days flour and are thoughtlessly in high spirits — the enemy are to vanish on our approach, say the sanguine and ignorant — we had a good encampment and for the first time it was ready for the troops when we gained it which was about 4 O Clk p m. — the C in C is this day fitter in health, tho' much dis- ordered and unable to mount or dismount his horse or indeed to stand, alone — An affair of singular and delicate nature has occurred between a Captain of the line and an artificer, between whom a fracas had ensued — the officer made a stroke at him which did not succeed and by which he lost his sword, the artificer drew his Dirke 93 and put it to the breast of the other, threatening his life — he was confined and is released by the C in C who declared that he ought to have put the Officer to death — no enquiry is ordered and the officer is menaced by the drivers of the Q. M Dept — this tends to happy consequences and bids fair to establish a species of Club Law, from which the C in C and his favourites alone are to be exempt — It is now found that the distance from Au Glaize to the foot of the Rapids will be near 50 miles although the C in C has obstinately contended with Genl W. who knew the distance, that it was not more than 30 or 35 miles — the C in C. this evening gave the Adjt Genl to understand that he should fortify here and deposit his baggage and then strike at the enemy — we are at the head of the rapids and about 18 miles from the enemy — a light party of the enemy this evening fired upon our advanced party about M Dirk, a dagger or short sword. 284 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY three miles in front and immediately fled — a horse was wounded. August 18th 1794 — Marched at % after 7 O'Clock the Adjt Genl was dec[e]ived — it is frequently the case with those who converse with the C in C — he seldom has fixed opinion and acts generally under the caprice 94 of the moment — Genl Wilkinson this morning again exhorted him to incorporate the Dragoons — he said our first object in case of attack would be to fortify and then the disposition would be made — he was not explicit but gave him reason to expect they would be em- bodied — we passed the place called Roche de Bout 95 about nine miles from the foot of the rapids and encamped about three miles below it in a good position at Yz after 1. O'Clk p m. 96 Genl W yesterday suggested to the C in C the necessity of having the opposite side of the river reconnoitred as low down as the British stores, that he might avail himself of the best ground, in case it should be found necessary to cross the river — he said it should certainly be done "that he would take care of that" — yet we do not find that any step has been taken to accomplish this interesting object — the C in C informs that we are seven miles from the Camp of the Enemy and that the whole way is prairie and open wood Land — his health is better he begins to stand alone tho he cannot yet mount or dismount his horse without the aid of two strong men — we have now nine days complete allowance of flour for the troops, but are on half allowance — God knows what will be the result — but certainly no army was ever before brought wilfully into such despererate [sic] circumstances — we continue perfectly ignorant of the C in Cs plan for the Campaign and are at a loss for the principles 94 The word "impulse" has been lined out and replaced by "caprice" in the manuscript. M Roche de Boeuf (Buffalo Rock) "is a small island of craggy rocks of considerable height; the top of it is only accessible by one Small point — its summit is covered with small growths of Cedar." Entry for August 18, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U52. M According to Clark the army encamped at Roche de Boeuf. Entry for August 18, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U52. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 285 on which he acts — the protection of providence may save him — nothing else can — this afternoon a party of observation was sent out under the C in C's confidential scout Schrim — they pursued the main road toward the enemy and were ambuscaded by a heavy party — all of whom were mounted — one man (the celebrated May) 07 whose horse failed was taken prisoner — in consequence of which and of Schrim's report, who said he had seen the Indian lincampment — the C in C sent for Genl Wilkinson & Col Hamtramck — told them the enemy were prepared to fight us — that he should tomorrow erect a strong work here ; deposit his baggage provision &c and advance upon them — he said we should feel them in the course of the night and that being desperate they might perhaps attack our Camp — the troops therefore must be held in great readiness — Genl W observed that it had not been usual but it might be proper on this occasion that they should sleep in the accoutrements and upon their arms — he replied certainly and ordered accordingly — he ob- served to them at the same time he had been informed by Capt. Kibby of the Ky Spies that the ground in front was close and brushy within musquet shot of the River — that the ground down to the enemy must be well reconnoitred and that Genl Scott (who was present) should detach a heavy body for the purpose say 4 or 500 — and that another body of equal force should follow to support or cover them — Some fears were started by Genl Scott about bringing on a general Engage- ment — the C. in C told him with an heavy Oath, that he did not understand him ! that this should not be by God ! — that he might detach 250 — he wanted to know *he nature of the intermediate ground, and the position of the enemy — things were repeated 20 times, and Col. H when they left the tent swore M William May served as a spy under Kibby. Tn 1793 he had been sent to Detroit as a spy from Fort Washington and succeeded in returning. Underwood refers to the man as George May. Statement of John Smith, a deserter from Wayne's army to the British, May 16, 1793, in Cruikshank fed.). Sitncoe Papers, I, 330; Underwood journal, Draper MSS., 16U130-131, 132. 286 IXDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY "the Old man was mad." — thus it seems we have now to reconnoitre and form a knowledge of the Country and it seems we are in perfect ignorance ignorance [sic] of the form size and defences of the British Post — Major Price who commands the advance of the army, consisting of 180 select men of the volunteer Corps, had proceeded down the river near to the Indian Encampment and had discovered a point where a large body of the Enemy had been out in the morning and had formed a line as with design to receive our Army — the Major forms his conclusions from the extent of the line and the nature of the ground, and he assured the C in C that they would fight him the next morning on that spot — Here then we are within 6 or 8 miles of an Indian army or post, and altho' we have every description of troops, with seventeen hundred mounted volun- teers no attempt is made to interprize upon them or to take advantage of an Enemy, who do not understand a single prin- ciple of defence, whose great power consists in their invisibility, who now for the first time within the memory of Man, present themselves a fair object, or Station, to the attack of a superior force — August 19th 1794— this morning about 7 O Clk the C in C mounted and laid off his Citadel upon which the troops began to work — the Camp last evening, notwithstanding the C in C's prediction was remarkably quiet — he has delighted us by an assurance given this morning to Genl W. (in consequence of his reiterating the old subject of the Dragoons and Light Infantry and mentioning the changing his order of march) — that we would march in two lines by Companies from the right — the Dragoons and Light Infantry embodied and between the lines as a reserve to support or penetrate as occasion might render necessary — Genl W mentioned to him his fears that the men would not have time after finishing the work, to examine and put their arms in a proper state for action if they marched to day and that they would also be fatigued — the C in C told him he had no idea of moving before the morning — this happened GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 287 about 9 O Clk a m — about 11 O'Clk, Major Price returned from reconnoitring as low as the British stores — they are abandoned — he pursued a party of the Enemy within two miles (as he supposes) of the British Post and heard as he approached that point 30 or 40 guns discharged as signals, he thinks — the Indians had left their Camp opposite the British Stores — he could not reconnoitre the British Fort by reason of a point of land — in consequence of this information an opinion has obtained that the British and Indians are all flying and we are told at 12 O'Clk that the C in C has determined to march this afternoon — about 5 O Clk p. m the Adjt Genl by permission of the C in C called to inform Genl Wilkinson that we should march in the course of the afternoon — the whole Right Wing has been on fatigue since morning and are now at work — the men almost exhausted and their arms and ammunition unex- amined — in this situation they cannot act with vigour or vivacity — Genl W called on the C in C — stated to him these circumstances and finding it was his intention to move a few miles only and encamp, he mentioned to him as his opinion that he would receive material advantage by resting his troops in their present position untill the morning, rather than expose them to labour on a new encampment to night — that, being within eight miles of the British Fort, he would gain that point by 9 O Clk in the morning in case the enemy did not fight him and would have before him the whole day for observation — he agreed to the proposition and the troops were apprised of his determination — in the mean time without regularity, but in vast disorder, the baggage stores Waggons horses &c &c are crowded into the Citadel one side of which is unfinished — Genl W apprised the C in C of this circumstance and he replyed that the garrison could finish it — thus we are to leave the whole of our provision stores and baggage in an unfinished work, guarded by 100 regular troops & 100 volunteers — the circum- stance of the C in C's plan of march promised this morning had been mentioned through the Camp and filled all ranks with joy as our select Corps would act in collected force and the 288 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY whole army could be almost instantly brought to act at any point — Capt Miss Campbell of the Cavalry rejoiced in a par- ticular manner — as the imbodying the Dragoons gave him a brilliant command and a force able to pierce any object which he might be ordered to attack — but strange to tell ! and to the mortification and disappointment of all a General order came out about Dark directing that the troops should be ready to march at 5 O Clk. in the morning and (contrary to promise) in the same order by which they had heretofore advanced except that the Columns are to double their files and move in close order — 98 the face of this order evinces the jealousy of the C in C, lest the alteration proposed should be imputed to any other cause than his own free will — Genl W was this evening four times ordered and counter-ordered respecting the depositing and taking up the mens knapsacks — this afternoon we have certain information that British Union-flag is flying at the fort below us — and the C in C informs that his intelligencer Hickman" had reconnoitred the fort and is of opinion that the walls of the barracks constitute the curtains of the place — August 20th 1794 — marched this morning about 7 O'Clk instead of the hour prescribed — the troops divested of every species of baggage except their blankets — the strength of the right Column was precisely 368 non commissioned-officers and privates — say of the 3 S Legn 250 and of the 1st S L. 118. the C in C ordered that the files should be doubled, and an interval of at least 200 yards from the centre column to be observed — Capt Springer who led the right flank Rifle Men was ordered to observe an equal distance from the Column — the old Man has forgot the Columns of Cavalry and light Infantry which must be between the main right Column and the Riflemen — the regulation gives the right wing a front of 800 yards — this however is a pardonable — but his total deviation from the promise made yesterday to Genl W. to alter his dis- 98 Mills Orderly Book MSS, I, 144-145. l>a Mr. Hickman served as a scout under Wells. McDonald, Biographical Sketches, p. 185. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 289 position of march, is in every view unpardonable — now if we had an enemy of military sagacity to contend with, he might with facility turn either our right or left flank, neither of which I am well assured have been examined more than two or three miles, and when we reach the extent of our march fall suddenly upon our baggage and provision, and by destroying them not only defeat the expedition but actually destroy the army, as we take but two days provision with us — the face of the Country as we leave our encampment is agreable — the day hot and clear — the river bubbling over a Rocky sheet is bordered by a luxuriant prairie from J4 of a mile to 600 yards wide — then we have a regular swell rising to the height of 80 or 100 feet covered with timber of various denominations which is sparse on the brow of this height, runing almost paralel with the River but inclining to the left — the surface is flat — the wood thickens — becomes swampy and in some places almost im- pervious from the underwood and small growth — r it may be necessary to add that the high ground before spoken of which flanks the river in a direction nearly paralel, — is cut by many deep, steep and short ravines, runing nearly at right angles to the general course of this height — having advanced about 4 miles I rode to the brow of this height with Genl W. who wanted to examine the position of his flank column and to get a view of McKees house on the East side of the river, and of the British Post with the flag flying below — Genl W made report of this to the C in C in the centre whose aid de Camp Capt De B and Mr E. 100 the Contractor returned with him to take a view of the fort — when we reached the brow of the height, our attention was called by Dr Hey- ward 101 to some horsemen who were pushing rapidly across the prairie about J4 of a mile in our front — it was first supposed they were a part of the volunteers in quest of plunder but ob- serving them to alter their direction for our front and hearing 100 Robert Elliot. 101 Nathan Haywarc4, from Massachusetts, served as surgeon in the Third Sub-Legion. Hcitman, Historical Register, I, 517. 290 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY at the same moment a few shot — Genl W rode up to Capt De B and requested him to hasten to the C in C and apprize him that our advance was attacked and retreating — he had scare [e]ly made this observation when 40 or 50 of the mounted volunteers were discovered to be retreating directly toward us, in great confusion and before a faint fire of the enemy — 102 the moment was critical as the troops had not yet received orders to form — Genl W. hailed and halted the retreating party — reminded them of their name fame & Country and exhorted them to turn and oppose the Enemy who were runing forward and throwing their shot at random and were by this within 1 50 yards — several agreed to try and fight — but the Generals presence being necessarily called to the command of his wing — the moment his back was turned they broke and resumed their flight thro the 1st Sub Legion then forming — the Genl having brought up Gaines' 103 Light Infantry and formed them in advance to check the enemy, repaired immedi- ately to his left which was pressed by the Enemy — they were almost formed, 104 tho in order, much too close — this defect was soon remedied and the troops stood with shouldered arms — 102 This occurred at eleven o'clock, according to Bowyer. Entry for August 20, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 7. First contact was made with the enemy about nine o'clock according to Clark when "our spies and advanced guard discovered the Enemy, and re- ceived their fire; but with inconsiderable loss were driven back, and joined the main body of the army." Entry for August 20, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U55. 103 Lt. Bernard Gaines, infantry officer from Virginia, was a member of the First Sub-Legion. He was promoted to rank of captain by general order of April 15, 1795, with the promotion effective from June 30, 1794. The effective date was further back dated to April 1, 1794 by general order of July 17, 1795. List of promotions and appointments, April 15, 1795, Wayne MSS, XL, 53; Burton (ed.), "Orderly Book," in Michigan Pioneer and His- torical Collections, XXXIV, 628-629 ; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 442. 104 The portion of the manuscript reading "repaired immediately to his left which was pressed by the Enemy — they were almost formed" reads in the MS journal in the Pratt Collection, Connecticut State Library, "repaired to the 3rd Sub Legion on his left which was almost form'd." Entry for August 20, 1794 (photostat, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical So- ciety). GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 291 when we reached the extreme left of the 3d S Legn we found Capt Miss Campbell, retreating with his troop in good Order — and also that Capt H Lewis 101 who commanded the advanced light Infantry & Rifle Men had fallen back and was mixed with the left of the right wing — we were at this time under a scattered fire of the Enemy at 100 yards distance — Genl W enquired of Capt Miss Campbell "what was the matter in front" he answered "every thing is confusion" and asked the Genl what he should do, who observed to him, that he not being under his command he could give him no orders, but recom- mended to him to fall back & form squadron in his rear — the Genl then pushed towards the right, when we gained the right of the 3d S. L. then commanded by Cap Kingsbury, 100 found the Enemy within 80 yards, Mr Gaines in the interim having changed his position by order from some person unknown and firing as warmly as the smallness of their number would per- mit — Kingsbury applied to the General for permission to charge but he having no orders or authority for that purpose forbid him & commanded him to stand his ground — he then 107 ordered a Serjeant of Dragoons (neither of aids being near to him) to ride to Capt Springer & inform him it was his desire that he should push forward and flank the Enemy on their left — returning to the centre Kingsbury again asked leave to charge, which was refused, as no order had been received or signal heard to that effect — at this instant Miss Campbell ordered the charge and dashing forward, passed the 1st Battn of the 3d S L. before the Genl could speak to him ; in making this charge he was obliged to cross a steep ravine in our rear and to ascend a narrow point across which the troops of the 106 Howell Lewis, infantry officer from Virginia, was a member of the Third Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 630. 106 Jacob Kingsbury, from Connecticut, commanded a company of in- fantry in the First Sub-Legion. Ibid., I, 601 ; muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 528. 107 The portion of the manuscript reading "commanded him to stand his ground — he then" was omitted by the copyist of the MS journal in the Pratt Collection. Entry for August 20, 1794. 292 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY right were formed — the ground in front was open and smooth and the Enemy at 80 or 100 yards distance — Genl W seeing the peril to which this movement exposed Miss Campbell, instantly (and without orders) directed a general charge — but being immediately informed that the height and strength of the grass in the prairie prevented the Riflemen from getting for- ward he sent his A D. C. Capt Shaumburgh 108 to Capt Springer with directions to bring him into action on the high ground — and as the light Infantry under Gaines were similarly circum- stanced, he presumed tho without authority to give similar orders to him — he also ventured to form Lieut. Webb with the first troop in his rear, with orders to follow the line at 150 yards distance — the charge succeeded as directed, the enemy making little or no resistance, but fell back from ravine to ravine loading & firing at a considerable distance as we advanced — the fire was truly so light and the resistance so feeble, that we began to ap- prehend a deception and that the enemy had sent forward light parties to harrass and disorder us, and to draw us in that Condi- tion into the hands of their main body — under this impression Genl W rode to the C in C whom he found in the centre and suggested to him his apprehensions and the propriety of halting and forming — he told him, to do so — but the intention was defeated by an increased fire from the enemy on the left — the charge was therefore renewed after a momentary and partial halt which had not given time to form the line — during the pause the Genl sent his extra aid de Camp, Lieut C. Smith 109 with a message to the C in C — he sought but could not find him and returning received a shot in his right breast which by the faculty is deemed to be mortal — this affair had lasted nearly an 108 Bartholomew Schaumburgh, infantry officer, a native of Germany and a resident of Pennsylvania, was a member of the First Sub-Legion. He was promoted to captain by general order of April 15, 1795, with the promo- tion effective from June 30, 1794. List of promotions and appointments, April 15, 1795, Wayne MSS, XL, 53; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 863. 1W> Campbell Smith, infantry officer from Maryland, was a member of the Fourth Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 894-895. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 293 hour — the artillery were left behind, the light Infantry and Rifle Men could not get up into the action and the troops were much disordered — the charge still continued & the fire of the enemy began to slacken — At this moment Lieut Covington 110 of the Dragoons was observed in our front charging from the left to our right with 6 or 8 Dragoons, and the ground being even and the wood open, having gained our right near the brow of the height he wheeled to the left and was charging to the front, the enemy being then in view and retreating — Genl W sent his A. D. C. Mr Shamburgh to order Lieut Webb to charge — and called to Covington to halt, but as his voice could not reach him and seeing him rushing upon destruction — (as he would with 6 or 8 men have been in with the Enemy long before Webb could get up) in order to save him, he determined to make a decisive tho not very justifiable attempt — he clapped spurs to his horse & runing at full speed about 250 yards in front of his line and close upon the rear of the Enemy, passed and halted Covington for a moment — this gave time for Webb to shew himself and support — in making this movement the Genl had thrown himself between Covington and a Savage who presented his piece at him but did not fire, altho' he passed within a few paces of him — Covington seeing his danger, charged this son of the woods, sword in hand and killed him on the spot — the Genl having accomplished his purpose which was to save or to give a fair chance to a gallant officer and an amiable man, wheeled and rejoined his command which was still advancing — mean time Covington & Webb kept up the charge and we saw no more of the Enemy — Covington killed two and Webb one Indian with their own hands — the retreat soon after beat, when we halted and formed in one line — x11 110 Leonard Covington was a light dragoon officer from Maryland. He was promoted to captain by general order of April 15, 1795, with the promo- tion effective from June 16, 1794. Ibid., I, 330; list of promotions and ap- pointments, April 15, 1795, Wayne MSS, XL, 53. m "+ nos[ ?]" is written between the lines at this point in the manuscript. It is apparently of no significance other than as a notation of or a reminder to the writer. 294 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY in the commencement of the action Capt Shamburgh (whom the Genl had left at the head of his Column to receive orders for him while he road to the right) having heard a firing in front, rode to the centre and apprised the C in C of our being attacked — who replyed, "Yes, I heard it, there was 6 or 8 Guns" — the other rejoined in surprise "6 or 8 Sir! I have heard at least 150 shot" and turned off in disgust — at this instant the Militia were discovered to be flying in front — some person near the C in C then observed that they were runing and asked what was to be done after a short pause — the C. in C. bawled out "prepare to receive the Enemy in front in two Lines" — but his voice could not be heard 150 yards at which distance each Column was from the centre and this was the only order we received from him prior to or during the action — Col. H informs also, that he received no order during the action, or for forming — Genl W formed in one line — he in two — consequently the 2d S L. scarcely got into the action and the 4th S L was at one period nearly out flanked — the light Infantry & Dragoons who were selected and reserved for the C in C's special command, acted I am well assured, without orders from him — notwithstanding the wise precaution which have been taken by frittering up the army, into guards & Detach- ments, we were fairly surprised, & the Enemy within Gun-Shot of us before we were formed — it is unquestionable with me, that if the Enemy had struck with their whole force at any point of our army — instead of attempting with 900 men to form a line of two miles they would have penetrated and if they pleased passed thro us, making great havock at least — all the pompous and prolix orders of battle, heretofore issued and re- ceived, were here entirely neglected, not a word was uttered about forming the square — the light Infantry, Rifle Men & Cavalry attacked immediately — fell back to the Columns and were not fixed upon total extirpation — neither of these Corps were embodied and they were in general left to exercise their own discretion — yet when I saw the C in C he appeared tran- quil — no attempt was made to profit by our victory — altho' GREENE VILLE TO FALLEX TIMBERS 295 very few of the volunteers had been engaged — 112 and a great proportion of our Dragoons were in vigorous plight — instead of letting loose 1700 men upon the disordered rear of the dismayed fugitives, we made a dead halt the moment the fire of the enemy ceased and they were not pursued one single step, except by the Dragoons under Covington and Webb — the Command of whom Genl W. had assumed — this looks more like unto a drawn battle than a victory — if Miss Campbell charged by order, he was sacrificed — if of his own accord he threw away his life — his loss is to be regretted as he was a good officer — this affair which does not deserve the name of a Battle began at 10 O Clk 113 and the troops halted at 5 minutes after 11 O'Clk — we remained on the ground untill 4 O'Clk — no order was given by the C in C to collect and bury the dead or to recover the axes and mens blanketts, which had been dropt in the begining of the fight — Individuals sought for their wounded friends — and Genl W. without order, made a small detachment for this purpose — these when collected were ordered back to deposit Camp under the Escort of a Body of volunteers and the army moved forward at [blank] O'Clk to encamp on the Bank of the Miami in sight of and about one mile distant from the British fort — several of the wounded who were left with the volunteers, were brought back into Camp after dark, & about 8 O'Clk this evening Genl Todd brought in a wounded man who had been found on the field by the militia — the C in C seems disposed to confer the honor of the day upon the left Wing or rather 4th Sub Legion — a small number only of the volunteers got into the action on the left and behaved well — a partial and impolitic issue of whiskey was made after the affair was over, of which the volunteers were excluded from partaking — the C in C this evening swore that "he had seen in front of the 4th S Legn at one view, 400 112 A dispatch circulated in some newspapers gave the impression that the Kentucky volunteers alone engaged the Indians at Fallen Timbers. Phila- delphia General Advertiser, September 24, 1794. us See ante, note 102. 296 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Savages as naked by by [sic] the eternal God ! as they came out of their mothers Wombs" — a french man, painted and dressed, as a Savage, was found after the affair terminated, conceal near the river bank armed with a double barrelled fusee — he is recognised by Col. Hamtramck as a former resident of Ouit- tanon — 114 he says he is a trader — that he arrived at the British Fort, the evening before — that his boat had been taken to bring up provision from Cedar Island and that he had been forced to go into the Battle tho' he had not fired his gun — which from examination appeared to be true — he informs that the Body opposed to us consisted of 900 Indians about 40 White men — 118 that the Indians were averse to the action but that Elliot & McKee who were engaged in person dragged them into it — telling them, they need but make a trial of what they could do — he says the Women & children had been removed a con- siderable distance below the fort and that he expects the Indians will draw off and wait the issue of an attack upon that place — he adds that messages had been sent to all the nations to assemble — that the Chippiways had refused to come and he 114 Antoine Lasselle, Indian trader. A brief autobiographical sketch is in his statement to his captors, August 28, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 14. 115 Clark says Lasselle reported that "about nine hundred Indians, and one hundred & fifty Canadians" were in the action at Fallen Timbers. Entry for August 20, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U60. "As to the number of the enemy engaged in this action," Bowyer re- corded, "opinions are so various that I am at a loss to know what to say ; the most general opinion is one thousand five hundred, one-third of which are supposed to be Canadians; I am led to believe this number is not over the mark." Entry for August 20, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 8. Another report said Wayne took seven prisoners "in Red Coats, and ordered them to the Gallows." Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Ad- vertiser, September 23, 1794. The British admitted of whites fighting on the side of the Indians in the action at Fallen Timbers. See, for example, Richard G. England to Simcoe, Detroit, August 23, 1794, in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, II, 413-415. Another report, supposedly from an American captured and taken to Detroit, tells of "several white people [who] were with the Indians . . . [who] were wounded [and] brought into Detroit." Philadelphia Dunlap and Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, September 24, 1794. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 297 did not know what might be the determination of the other Nations — he further says that an express had been sent to Niagara for a reinforcement to the Garrison — that [t]he whole force of the British Garrison is 250 and that 50 of these are sick — It is worthy of remark here that this evening after the army halted, the C in C got into a violent passion with Capt Ford, 116 whose men warm with fatigue & nearly exhausted had pulled off their Coats — in the course of his ravings, he ad- dressed himself to a drummer who happened to be present and said — "I have fought under the hotest and the coldest suns and such a thing never was permitted nor shall it now be done — it is damned cowardly" — Without disparagement to any person the Individual act of greatest Gallantry this day exhibited on the right, was per- formed by Lieut. Shamburgh A D C to Brg Genl Wilkinson — this officer being sent by his Genl with an order to the light troops of the right flank — and perceiving as he led on part of the light Infantry under Ensign Claiborne, 117 a party of savages firing from a Covert of Bushes and high grass on the Margin of the Prairie — he, sword in hand dashed into the thickett, gained the rear of an Indian warrior and the pursuit actually actually [sic] forced him upon the bayonets of Claiborne's party — It is also a tribute due to Mr R Elliot the Contractor to declare — that he so far participated in the action, as to lead two companies of the Kentucky volunteers, who were lost and flying, up to the fire of the enemy — an office which few men in his Station would have undertaken. 116 Mahlon Ford, artillery officer from New Jersey. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 429. 1,7 Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne, from Virginia, was a member of the First Sub-Legion. He was promoted to lieutenant by general order of April 15, 1795, with the promotion effective from June 30, 1794. The effective date was further back dated to April 1, 1794, by general order of July 17, 1795. Ibid., I, 302; list of promotions and appointments, April 15, 1795, Wayne MSS, XL, 53; Burton (ed.), "Orderly Book," in Michigan Pioneer and His- torical Collections, XXXIV, 628-629. 298 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY August 21st 1794 — The C in C this morning informs that the British Fort is too strong to be stormed and that he had not provision to enable him to carry it by regular approaches — and we expected and indeed it was intended to move back to our Deposit Camp in the afternoon — 118 a flag arrived about 12 O'Clk from the British Fort with a letter 119 from Major Camp- bell 120 the Commandant to the C in C. demanding to know the motives of the march of the army under his command or in what light he was to consider it — 121 this letter was brought out by Capt Spears of the 24th Regt 122 and the C in C promised to send an answer — he put the letter into the hands of Genl W and asked his opinion of it — he told him he considered it impertinent and that it merited no answer — the C in C said he had promised an answer and to the astonishment of Genl W, put pen ink & paper into his hand, saying "let us see how you would answer" — Genl W. again observed that he thought it did not merit a reply — but took up the pen and wrote off in a minute or two a short answer which he put into the hands of the C in C — who to his astonishment seemed pleased with it and I believe it was sent — 123 just as it was about to be sent Capt De B called Genl W to the C in C, who asked him what he thought of continuing on this ground for a day or two — he replyed "that this question like all others had two sides — if the state of his provision would justify the measure he thought it 118 Clark says they "remained in camp the whole day, all full with ex- pectation and anxiety of storming of the British garrison . . . ." Entry for August 21, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U60. m Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 16. 120 William Campbell was commanding officer of Fort Miamis. Bio- graphical sketch in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, III, 177n. m As early as mid-July the British had expressed the opinion that Wayne would probably attack Fort Miamis. Simcoe to Richard G. England, Ni- agara, July 16, 1794, in ibid., II, 320-321. 122 Campbell narrated this incident in a letter to Richard G. England, Fort Miamis, August 21, 1794, in ibid., II, 398-399. 123 If it was the same letter as drafted by Wilkinson, it was at least rewritten by Wayne. Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 17. The correspondence between Campbell and Wayne is printed in the Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, LX, 453-56 (July, 1952). GREEXE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 299 politic" — the C in C made light of the objection on the score of provision and made arrangements to bring down two days rations from Deposit Camp immediately — the idea of Genl W. was that a precipitate retreat might give room to the British to make interpretations to our disadvantage, either on the ground of provision or loss sustained in the action — yet our situation on the other hand with respect to provision is truly alarming as we have not at this moment more than 10 days allowance — Col. H informs that the Officer who brought the flag expressed a wish to see the C in C. & to deliver the letter in person — he had been stopped at the picket of the right and the request brought in by Mr Harrison one of the C in C's A D Cs — the C in C sent for answer that the letter might be delivered to his A D C. — but if the officer had orders to deliver it to himself he would go down to him for it in person — degrading conde- scension ! but the pure result of Ignorance — Genl W. had asked permission this morning to pass to an Island opposite the British Fort, to reconnoitre it — The C in C said Capt T Lewis, his extra ADC had reconnoitred it & that he was perfectly satisfied about its strength — Genl W however in the afternoon was permitted to reconnoitre it and found it weaker than he ex- pected tho' a respectable work — when he returned he gave this information to the C in C and lamented that he had not a stock of provision & in the course of the evening determined to take the place by Sup [rise] or by storm or by both — this day some of the militia report a wounded man, to be still lying alive on the field of battle — no measures are yet taken to bury the dead — to find the wounded or to recover the axes &c lost in the action — a Court of Inquiry is ordered to sit, to enquire whether the frenchman taken yesterday in arms & in a savage dress does not come under the denomination of a Spy — 124 the Court re- ported — the proceedings were sent back for further delibera- tion — they reported again and we hear no more about it, except that the C in C regrets to Col H that the frenchman has been suffered to wash his face — for Says he "if the Court had seen 121 Mills Orderly Book MSS, I, 145. 300 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY him while he was painted they would have had no doubt of his being a Spy 1 ' — 125 a Drummer, a deserter from the British 24th Regt came in to us this morning — he says they heard the ac- tion — that the Indians ran by the fort and were below it — he believed there [sic] intention was if we surrounded the fort to attack us in the Rear — he mentions 4 nine-pounders — 6 Howitzers & 4 six pounders in the Fort — he says the Garrison consists of 4 Companies of the 24th, 35 each — some of the Queens Rangers and a number of Detroit militia who are at work on the fortification — he says the garrison have no Inter- course with the Savages — 126 August 22d 1794 — One deserter left us the night before last, and two last night — this morning we are informed the C in C. means to reconnoitre the fort — the Dragoons, light Infantry and volunteers are ordered as a guard on the oc- casion — Genl W. asked permission to accompany the C in C and was indulged — the Camp was left without any particular orders — they reconnoitred the British post closely and on every point — a sketch of it is laid down in the front of these notes — 12T the C in C, in viewing the front of the work dis- covered that it was very weak and said he could take it by runing two lines — he eagerly inquired of the Q. M. Gl how many entrenching tools he had brought on — he answered 300. — the C in C appeared sanguine and determined — Genl W., aware of the imprudance of the undertaking in this our situation without artillery provision or men to spare, and with- out any, the least accommodation for a large Body of wounded men, more than 140 miles removed from his Arsenal, & in a 125 General order, August 21, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 10. 126 "Drumer [John] Bevan deserted from us this morning about Eight O'Clock, He went down to the River to wash his shirts and crept through the Abatis by the Water Side." Campbell to Richard G. England, Fort Miamis, August 21, 1794, in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, II, 398-399; Bevan's statement, August 26, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 20. 127 This sketch is no longer a part of the manuscript and its whereabouts are not known. Wilkinson mentions a sketch of the fort in an account of the campaign. Wilkinson to Brown, in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XVI, 81-90. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 301 wilderness ; asked the C in C how he would guard against the Effect of the British Cannon in his intrenchment — he said "his Rifle men would kill every bugger of them who shewed his face" — the other asked him how he would guard against their howitz — he said he could send them 3, for one and that his granades were as powerful as 10 inch-shells — Genl W. asked where he would make his Bomb battery — he said in his trenches — W. replied that the Cannon of the British would tear them to pieces and opposed the idea — after reconnoitring the place the C in C produced and read a letter addressed to the Commandant in which he required him to abandon the Post — and asked Genl W's opinion as to the propriety of sending it — he said the consequences would be personal and might expose him to insult and was therefore against the measure — the old man however determined to send it — W. had before expressed a wish that he would make his visit as short as possible as he was apprehensive they would be ordered off by the Commandant — he also suggested to him the fatal consequences which must en- sue if he should have 3 or 400 men wounded — the C. in C. said this reflexion had weight with him — Genl W returned to Camp, whither the C in C, from an appearance of rain, soon followed and shortly after a letter came out from the British Comman- dant observing upon the reconnoitring party & forbiding and [sic] future approach within the reach of his cannon — 128 the C in C answered it and demanded an abandonment of the place — 129 the Command [ an ]t replied that he would not abandon his post, unless by order from his superior officer, or the fortune of War compelled him — 130 he added that the propriety 128 Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 20. 129 Ibid., 19. 130 A rumor was circulated and reported in a number of newspapers that "Wayne, has (since the defeat of the Savages) attacked the British garrison at the Miamis, commanded by the vincible Major Campbell, which he took at the point of the bayonet." Philadelphia Gazette of the United States & Daily Evening Advertiser, October 29, 1794. The identical dispatch appeared also in Philadelphia Dunlap and Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser, No- vember 1, 1794; and Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, October 30, 1794. 302 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY of his position would come more properly before the Ambassa- dors of the two nations — 131 this day a party was sent out to bury the dead — they found Sergt Edmonson 132 of the 4th S L who had just expired of his wounds — one man of the 1st S L was found alive and brought to Camp but expired a few minutes after — O ! Humanity, where art thou — the wounded are this morning removed under a small guard to Deposit Camp — the C in C walked this evening to the guard which had charge of the frenchman — " where is this fellow" says he as he ap- proached — "there Sir" replied one of the guard — "you damned infernal Villain" said the old man, sword in hand "I'll cut off your head" — how truly magnanimous this, and how becoming a commander in Chief ! — August 23d — this morning an order of thanks issued to the army in which neither the volunteers or any other Corps are particularized and a funeral ceremony is ordered to be per- formed at noon — 133 the dead march is to beat and 3 times 3 shells to be discharged from the Granade mortars — after which we are to commence our retreat in inverted order — all this was performed in full view of the British Garrison without any other accident than the burning 3 artillerists badly — and con- stituted a pageant so truly ridiculous as to excite the derision of every person of observation or candor — 134 what must the British think of it and of our retreat immediately after — we retired to the field of Battle, formed the army in line to sweep 131 Campbell's conduct in this matter received the approbation of his superiors and was characterized as being "judicious, prudent, and firm." Duke of Portland to Simcoe, Whitehall, November 7, 1795, in Cruikshank (ed.), Simcoe Papers, IV, 131; also letters to Campbell from John Mac- donell and Peter Russell, speakers of the Assembly and Legislative Council of Upper Canada, respectively, and resolution of the Legislative Council, all dated August 10, 1795, in ibid., IV, 59. 132 Quartermaster sergeant Eli Edmondson, Fourth Sub-Legion. Under- wood journal, Draper MSS, 16U131 ; "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeo- logical and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 530. 133 Text of this order, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 10. 134 This is by way of contrast to Bowyer's entry concerning the occasion. "The ceremony," he wrote, "was performed with the greatest solemnity." Entry for August 23, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, pp. 9-10. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 303 the ground for axes Blankets &c — the C in C marched on the left and undertook to direct the march in doing which he in- clined So far to the Westward as to get lost and it was two hours before we could hear of him — the right wing under Genl W. in the mean time was kept in good order — the C in C finding himself bewildered, strived for the river and struck it in rear of the right wing — a happy attack of 7 or 800 Savages at this time, would have done our business in all probability — while the C in C and left wing were wandering, a firing com- menced at Deposit Camp which w r as taken by some for an at- tack and was announced as such to Genl Wilkinson, by Capt T. Lewis, A D C. — he replied, if it was so he would support it and pushed forward, at the same requesting Genl Barbee who was on his right with the volunteers to dash on and he would support him — we halted at the verge of the Camp for the C in C to come up with us and moved in his rear — the firing had been intended as a salute to the C in C, but was by mistake paid to the Qr. M. Gl. who was in front — & it was again repeated — before the troops gained their position the Adjt Genl informed Genl. W. that it was the C in C's direction, they should not be dismissed before they gave three Cheers — which was accordingly done, by signal from our Chief himself — the C in C. before we reached Camp observed to Genl W, in my hearing, "that he had in just passing thro the ground of action discovered 10 dead Indians, one of whom" (he swore by the eternal God!) "was one of the finest figures and most super- lative looking fellows he had ever beheld and that he had left a paper record on his breast" — he said the enemy must have suffered much and that a great body had been opposed to him — he asserted this evening, (I am told) publickly, "that 2000 Indians and the whole Detroit militia had been opposed to us and that the Enemy had left 400 dead on the field" — what an idle Gasconade — he this evening, called, for the first time, to visit Lieut C Smith 13 " who was supposed to have been mortally 135 Campbell Smith, extra aide to Wilkinson. See entry for August 20, 1794. 304 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY wounded in the fight, and apoligized for his barbarous and un- gentlemanly neglect, by saying that "his feelings would not permit him to see him while his life was despaired of" — alas what hypocrisy, and how barefaced! — for when Mr Smith was supposed to be at his worst, he spoke slightly of him to Genl W. and brutally observed that "he had got his wound out of the line of his duty" — and this too when he was under the impres- sion, that the wound had been received in a charge on the enemy with Covington — had this even been the case, the observation was most uncharitable, — but the fact is that Mr Smith was looking for him, who was poking about by himself in the Woods during the height of the action, and not being able to find him, was returning to Genl W. by whom he had been sent with a message for orders ; when he received a ball in his right breast which, traversing in an oblique direction made its exit under his left Shoulder — The purpo[r]t of the Message was "that Genl. W. had received no orders, that he was about to halt & he wished to Know, from the C. in C. what disposition he was to take, or what service perform" Aug 24th 1794 — Marched this morning at 8. O Clock a m. the Contractors being obliged to furnish transport for the ammunition and military stores — we march by the rear as yes- terday — the Dragoons and Light Infantry being embodied, improperly in my opinion, bring up the rear, covered by 150 volunteers under Major Price — the C in C. marches or says he will march at the head of this Corps and that the movement of the army will be regulated by signals from him — this [is a] new plan and must involve great disorder — Price forms the rear guard, the light Infantry, next in his front, following the Dragoons — Capt C. 136 who commands the last Corps informs that the C in C called to him in much wrath and observed "that the Dragoons were mad" — C. said "they obeyed his orders" — the C in C replied "that they were entirely out of place" — C. rejoined, "that they were where the Adjt Genl had ordered " 8 Probably Leonard Covington. See ante, note 110. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 305 them to march" — the C in C. said "you shall take no orders from the adjt Genl, you are to take orders from me only" — "Well, Sir, says C. where am I to march ["] — "you are to dress by the Light Infantry" — "Why Sir they are they are [sic] in my rear and I cannot see them without looking behind me" "No matter, replied our Caesar, you are to dress by them & are to take no orders from any person but myself" — the order of March was this day loose and negligent — we had rain in the afternoon — several deserters left us and a party of Savages in the vicinity of our Camp made a prisoner — we took up the same ground which we had occupied as we had advanced — I found several wounded men of the 3d S L. at the Camp we left this morning, who had not been dressed since the day of ac- tion — the C in C promised to adhere to the centre and to give the signals, but this did not last long, he soon abandoned his post in quest of Indian Cabbins, Corn fields & the River road which is most pleasant — he halted at Roche de Bout, the army about a mile in front of him — & went to the island with the Dragoons who were employed in cutting down Corn — Aug. 25th 1794 — It rained this morning, we however ad- vanced about 7 O'Clk — the C in C was intent upon reaching his first encampment from fort Defiance — the day continued showry — our order of March the same as yesterday and of consequence our line is exceedingly disordered — sometimes the centre, sometimes the right and sometimes the left in front — we halted at our second encampment at 10 O Clk, the sky lower- ing, with thunder and an impending storm, yet we advanced at 2 O [C]lk for the next incampment as I was informed — the clouds thickened, the rain poured, the roads became almost im- passable, and near night we had gained 4 miles, that is. the waggons and columns — the wounded, the packhorses &c who were posted in front had generally gone forward 3 or 4 miles further — the Camp was ordered at the first point, the wounded &c were obliged to retrograde much disorder ensued, and they did not get into Camp untill after dark nor the troops to their 306 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY position before 8 O'Clock — 137 long after dark signals were given and horns blowing for information — the rear Corps had gained the front and the front the rear — in short every thing was confusion and if 500 Indians had attacked us in this situa- tion, the consequences in my opinion would have proved fatal — Capt H Lewis was I am informed entirely in front — and it is said that Brock at a late hour did not know his station — still fortune, the blind goddess favours us — heaven grant a con- tinuance — for in her smiles consists our main dependence — for as to order, regularity, system, plan, or principle we have none — this day unfortunate wounded men with broken limbs were put into a waggon jolted, jostled, and overset — these poor wretches have great cause to lament the day on which they engaged to serve their country — This morning Major Price of the volunteers ambuscaded our last night's encampment and killed one Indian and wounded two of a party of eight who had approached to reconnoitre it — Genl W. heard the firing, rode to the C in C and mentioned it — he said it was the damned militia discharging their Guns — August 26th 1794 It rained violintly last night and untill the morning, by the severity of yesterdays march, our poor wounded, were neglected, unnecessarily harrassed and put to great torture — Lieut Smith 138 was very faint and wet — and almost exhausted — he observed to me, "that he believed the C in C had determined to try what stuff the wounded were made of" — 139 the late hour of the last nights encampment, made 137 Clark agrees and says that it was "night ere we formed the Encamp- ment." Bowyer's entry asserts, however, that encampment was made at three o'clock. Entry for August 25, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U67; entry for August 25, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 10. 138 Campbell Smith had been wounded in action. See entry for August 23, 1794 ; return of casualties at Fallen Timbers, American State Papers (38 volumes. Washington, D. C, 1832-1861), Indian Affairs, I, 492. 139 «-Q r Carmichael, through neglect, had the wounded men of the artil- lery and cavalry thrown into wagons, among spades, axes, picks, etc., in con- sequence of which the wounded are now lying in extreme pain, besides the frequent shocks of a wagon on the worst of roads." Entry for August 26, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 10. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEX TIMBERS 307 it necessary to defer the issue of provision till this morning, which delayed our march untill 7 O'Clk — the same disorder continued, the C in C absented himself from his army, for hours together in quest of Girty's Corn fields, and the troops gained the Camp at our first position two hours before him — the wounded are this day sent forward to Fort Defiance under the escort of a Brigade of Volunteers at the request of Doctor Allison the Senior Surgeon — this is a good arrangement and merits commendation in every view — we have left a large field of Corn behind us undisturbed — this evening at the tent of the C in C much defamation ensued — the Q M. G. intro- duced the name of Mr J. B. 140 Senator in Congress — called him a puppy, a liar scoundrel & a Coward, Capt T L. 141 ADC took up the Q. M G and a fracas had nearly ensued, between them — yet the C in C made no attempt to check the illiberality & impropriety of the Q M G.'s conduct — Capt B. 142 too, abused Mr of Lexington — it is said the abused parties are held in great hatred by the C in C and hence the indecency practised by his creatures — Aug 27th 1794 — resumed our march about 7 O'Clk this morning in the usual order — we missed the Rifle Men of the right flank — the C in C seemed this day to regard Genl W as a cypher & sent by his A's D. C. and by the field officer of the day several orders to Capt Peters who led the Column and which were not communicated to the Genl but by Capt Peters — we gained the point opposite Fort Defiance at 8. O Clk and as the C. in C approached the miamis River, Capt D B his A D C rode forward and desired Majr Hunt 143 to salute him, which was done from the little Howitzers — the right wing were 140 John Brown, member of the United States Senate from Kentucky, 1792-1805. Biographical Directory of the American Congress, 1774-1949 (Washington, D. C, 1950), 900. 141 Thomas Lewis. 143 Probably Edward Butler. See ante, entry for August 1. 148 Thomas Hunt, infantry officer from Massachusetts, was a member of the Second Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 557. 308 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY ordered to halt for an hour — this order was delivered to Capt Peters by the Officer of the day — and was not communicated to Genl W — we continue on our ground untill 3 O'Clk and were then led about Z A of a mile up the Miami River to our incamp- ment where the troops changed front and took the position in which they had advanced — the ground high & dry, but cut with ravines on the right and in front and rear — this evening Capt Springer command [an] t of the right rifle Corps called on Genl W to know where he should encamp — he enquired of him where he had marched during the day — he said on the south side of the river — the Genl asked by whose orders — and he said by those of Capt D B. the Genl then observed that as this arrangement had been made without his knowledge, he could give him no orders, as he did not consider him under his com- mand and refered him to the C in C ; who directed him to occupy a point on the East side of the Glaize River Ya of a mile above its confluence with the Miami & near \y 2 miles from our encampment — Genl W. has thus in one day been deprived of the Command of part of the troops 144 annexed to his wing in Genl orders, without any motive assigned — and has been in- sulted in his feelings and wounded in his dignity, by being obliged repeatedly on the March to receive the orders of the C in C thro his inferior Officer, who sends them to him from motives of courtesy & by having his Column subjected to the orders of the officer of the day — he would remonstrate on the occasion, but is sensible that the only consequence would be insult & imputations of sedition & an incendiary disposition — he submits to his heavy lot with patience and waits with resigna- tion the hour of redress — the disposition of the army at this moment betrays evidences of the most dangerous security and subjects us to be cut to pieces, had the Enemy either firmness, enterprize or judgment — the mounted volunteers are removed beyond the Army 2 l / 2 [miles] up the Auglaize — the right Rifle Corps are detached beyond all support — the Camp is 144 The word "assigned" was first written, but has been lined out and replaced by "annexed." GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 309 badly fortified and our guards except one small piquet [ ?], are confided to the light Corps — who in general trust to their Serjeants and these Guards profess themselves independent of the officer of the day — within the square we have between 6 & 700 musquetry, besides the Dragoons & artillery to defend a line of 900 or 1000 yards- August 28th 1794 — the C in C had heretofore held out the idea that he would proceed to the Miami Villages and fortify — but he has changed his plan and now determines to continue here untill the return of a Convoy of provisions for which Genl Todd with a Brigade of volunteers as an escort is to march tomorrow morning — this is judicious, for if the Con- voy had met him at the Miami Villages as proposed it would have been hazardous to have supplied this post from thence — the troops are to be reviewed on the 30th 14 "' the British Drum- mer who deserted to us has this day been examined by the C in C — he says, the army opposed to us consisted of 2000 Indians & 4 or 500 Detroit militia — that the garrison of fort Miamis consists of 4 companies of the 24th Regt — 50 strong — a party of the Queens Rangers & a number of Canadians in all 450 — yet this drummer when he first came out declared that the Indians were not allowed to go into the fort & that no inter- course was permitted between them and the Garrison — that the Companies of the 24th were 35 strong and that he did not know the numbers of the Canadians as they were always going & coming & that the Queens Rangers of a subaltern and 20 men — Monsieur Lascelles has likewise been under examina- tion — he says, that the Shawanese held out ideas that their strength was 1200, but that the little Turtle 146 the morning of the action told him they were beat, as he had but 900 men which with 47 white men he believes to be the true number, this "■General order, August 28, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 14. 14 * Little Turtle, a Miami chief, was the leader of the Indian forces against Harmar and St. Clair. He was also one of the principal leaders against Wayne. 310 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY was interpreted by Col H. to the C in C. yet the Old Man who is fond of the marvellous had made the drummer to say, by questioning him as to the strength of the Indians that there were 1450 in the action and it is presumed this and other accounts equally exaggerated will be imposed on the public — 147 August 29th 1794 — the Convoy marched this morning with the Contractors horses and waggons & the infirm horses of the Q. M. Dept — the C in C ordered Genl Todd to give no protection to the teams, 148 as I am informed by N. — our situation grows perilous — the troops half [sic] been on half allowance of flour since the 16th inst. — the Corn and vegetables which have hitherto supplied the deficiency are failing and will soon be exhausted — the Dragoon & other horses of the army are declining fast and in ten days more we shall not have a particle for them except the grass and herbage of the woods and prairies — the consequences are obvious both to the Cavalry and army transport our provision is reduced to about 12000 lbs flour and 8 days beef — should any misfortune happen to the depending convoy either from the enemy or from the weather, the army must dissipate and find the way to their magazines — On what precarious grounds does the issue of the Campaign depend, and how perilous a situation for an army to be wilfully or with out accident placed in — but it is expected the enemy are vanquished and must sue for peace — they are silent and invisible ; yet light parties, hover around us — heaven only knows what may be the result — if we do right it must be by accident — and should the British persist in urging a continu- 147 Text of this examination, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 14. 14g There is disagreement on this point. Bowyer commented that the convoy was "escorted" by Todd's brigade. Entry for August 29, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 12. Clark wrote that Todd "with the command . . . [of] four or five hundred — set out this morning for Fort Recovery, and the . . . Qr Master General, and contractor, accompanied him. As the existence of this army depended on the safe and Speedy return of this escort . . . ." Entry for August 29, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U69. GREENE \ ILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 311 ance of the war, the event may be calamitous — Capt Slough 149 & Van Renssalaer, 1 "' wounded & Lieut Younghusband 151 worn down with liquor & debauch, are furloughed — that the C in C should furlough this last character is to all who know him extra- ordinary, and it is certainly injurious to the service and a wrong done to the meritorious officer — lM the Q. M. G. and Mr E. 15S left us this morning — E. says he has received orders the execu- tion of which would ingross the Contract of next year — wrote to my friends in Philada by express giving a detail of operations and authorise the publication if necessary or political — 154 A party of Indians this day fired upon, on Au Glaize about 3 miles above Springer — no damage done — they are recon- noitring — a deserter intercepted going to the Enemy and brought back by Major Price — August 30th 1794 — Express not yet started — the C in C is busy making up his dispatches — reviewed the troops, ranks thin and appearance foul and rather feeble — this day Monsieur 149 Jacob Slough, a member of the Fourth Sub-Legion, was wounded in action at Fallen Timbers. Return of casualties at Fallen Timbers, American State Papers, Indian Affairs, I, 492. 150 Capt. Solomon Van Rensselaer, from New York, commanded a troop of light dragoons. He was wounded in action at Fallen Timbers. Ibid., I, 492; muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 530 ; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 983. 151 Isaac Younghusband, infantry officer from Virginia, was a member of the Second Sub-Legion. He died October 16, 1794. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 1068. 152 Bowyer felt that if Younghusband never returned he would "not be lamented by the majority of the army." Entry for August 30, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 12. 1M Robert Elliot. See ante, note 43. 154 This letter was not published in the Philadelphia Gazette and Universal Daily Advertiser, General Advertiser, Gazette of the United States & Daily Evening Advertiser, or Dunlap and Claypoole's American Daily Advertiser. Wilkinson made a similar statement in a report of Fallen Timbers to a friend, "you may ... be assured that my Facts are correct, & I give you leave to publish such parts of them as the official detail when it appears, may render necessary, or as may in sound policy be judged expedient . . . [butl always guarding me against any imputation of Vanity or malice." Wilkinson to Brown, in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, XVI, 81-90. 312 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Lascelles informs Col H and myself that the Indians who at- tacked fort Recovery were sent out by McKee to cut off Convoys between Fort Washington and Green Ville, but the Chippiways who had the command from courtesy insisted on attacking the fort — this was providential for us for if they had prosecuted the first Object, they would have cut up our grand convoy, taken the transport of the Army and 400 Bullocks — he says the Au Glaize will soon be navigable to the Old Tawa town where Bird landed, 155 but that the portage is 12 Leagues — he says the Miami is now navigable to the site of the old towns, for pirrogues carrying 2000 lbs & navigated by two french- men — that the frost shuts up the rivers in December and they open in February — that it is now time for the rainy season to begin & is surprised at the dry weather we have — that it is usual for these rivers to rise at every change of the moon — this morning an heavy firing commenced at the Camp of the mounted volunteers — our Camp was alarmed and the Right Wing ordered to stand their arms — much hurry every where ensued but in a minute or two we were informed that it was nothing more than a discharge of loaded arms, done by order of the C in C — thus it happens that he alarms his own Camp — what says Baron Steuben? 156 August 31st 1794 — Express not yet started — wrote to Genl Knox 157 with a rude sketch of the Miami Fort and adjacent country a partial view of the Order of Battle &c — 158 the C in C this day graciously asked Genl W. to dine with him and 155 Col. Henry Bird led an expedition from British Detroit in 1780 against Kentucky. Draper MSS, 29 J passim. 158 Friedrich von Steuben, Prussian officer, trained and drilled the Con- tinental army in the American Revolution. Clark's comment on the same occasion was: "Vide the rules and articles of war." Entry for August 30, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U71. 157 Henry Knox, secretary of war, March 8, 1785 to December 31, 1794. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 607. 158 This letter has not been located in The National Archives or in Knox MSS in the Maine Historical Society and the Massachusetts Historical Society. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 313 ungraciously insulted Col H by turning his back on him when he saluted him — such caprices are unfortunate for himself and the service — Capt Kingsbury yesterday lost three men deserted or captured — and Capt Armstrong 159 one — a fatigue party of 300 men is to day ordered for tomorrow to work on the fort, to add to its strength — 160 this Detachment will leave the Camp with less than 300 men — we do not hear of any scout or reconnoitring party sent to our rear — the position of the army is annexed, the disposition bespeaks perfect security — the distribution however is not the less faulty — Major Price who reconnoitred to the Eastward and rear yesterday, informs that he crossed several trails of light parties of the enemy making up the Au Glaize, but the course and distance of his route being fixed he could not pursue them — Sept. 1st 1794 — the C in C preaches vigilance and caution but practises none — dined with him to day — the conversation as usual turned on the Battle which seems an inexhaustible subject — the C in C attempted to impute the merits of the action to the left wing; this Genl W contradicted and objected to by observing that more blood was spilled upon the right as the returns would manifest — after some conversation in which he had been compelled to take certain dispositions with the 4th S L. he asserted that the great weight of the fire fell immedi- ately in his front — this day an artificer was confined by Capt Tilton 161 for insolent behaviour — the C. in C. rode to the Capt's Tent and in a violent rage in presence of the soldiery repri- manded and abused him in gross terms — where are our rights — where the honor of our profession where our dignity ? — 1M Hamilton Armstrong, from Pennsylvania, commanded a company of infantry in the First Sub-Legion. Muster roll, '"Casualties,'' in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XI J, 527; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 170. 180 Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 26. 161 Daniel Tilton, infantry officer, was a member of the Second Sub- Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 962. 314 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY September 1st 1794 — the plan for strengthening Fort Defiance is this [day] laid out and the work is commenced — the C in C observed at dinner that he would make it proof against 12 pounders & that a couple of traverses would secure the Garrison against 10-Inch shells — to the astonishment of all present he added "indeed they are [at] best but harmless things" — this observation after he had been for two years harp- ing upon the irresistible effects of his Granades, was truly surprising if any thing from a man who deals in inconsistencies can be so — an order issued yesterday regulating foraging parties — the C in C spoke this day of sending Genl Scott and his command across the country 24 miles to a settlement on the St Joseph's of the Miami — he talks of extensive operations with great confidence & security — says we must destroy a settlement of Pattawattamies called the Elk's-heart on the waters of St Joseph of Lake Michigan, which he observed was 45 miles from the Miami villages — Genl W. told him it was much further — he replied, we could at any rate get to it — he does not reflect upon the approaching season and its conse- quences — his Cavalry on the decline and daily falling off, must be defeated so soon as the Indian Corn fields are destroyed, and these cannot last longer than ten days — the horses of the volunteers and the transport of the army, must follow as the frosts early next month will destroy the grass of every species — the supply of the army horses by the transportation of Corn from the Ohio, is deemed impracticable — indeed the subsistence of the troops moved from 150 to 200 miles from our magazines will be found as the season advances to be a difficult task — the situation is sufficient to perplex the ablest general, yet our Solomon exults and has no difficulties it ap- pears — we had this evening & during the night very much rain, a day or two more may prove fatal to the Convoy — September 2d 1794 — When the fatigue and foraging party went out to day, the Camp was left in so weak a Condition as GREENE VILLE TO EALLEX TIMBERS 315 to give them 102 sensible alarm, and we are apprised of no Scouts sent either to our flanks or rear — the right wing had not 120 Combatants left to defend their lines more than 600 yards in extent — the troops were removed beyond the River and at a mile distance — Genl Wilkinson attended by Col H. & Capt C. 163 rode round to examine the out guard i.e. the only Guards of the Camp, furnished without any general arrangement at the discretion of the officers commanding certain light & Rifle Corps — they found a loose chain of centinels furnished from non commissioned officers guards, established by the Officers of the before mentioned Corps — these guards do not hold themselves subject to the orders of the Officer of the day — I f _Q C "P 164 omit mentioning one pickett from the line ^ ~ "oia which aids the formation of the Camp guards and which alone is sub- ject to the officer of the day — this arrangement tends vitally to affect every thing like vigilance and caution and is I believe without example — these Corps and the pickett are posted from right to left, the river and an high bank covering the left flank — Bradley's 165 light Infantry furnish 5 Sentinels — Bines' 166 Rifle 5— Gaines' L I. 7— pickett guard 11— H Lewis' L I. 5 & T Lewis' Rifle 6 sentinels — these sentinels have been furnished by adjustment between the officers of the Light Infantry and Rifle Corps — Springer with two Com- 182 In the manuscript the word "me" was written at this point and "them" was written over it, perhaps another slip in the author's objectivity. 193 See ante, note 110. 164 One captain, one "sub," two corporals, and thirty- four privates. It was customary to denote guard and fatigue details in this manner in the general orders. Usually, however, more symbols were employed than here used. For examples, see Company Order Book MSS, Burton Historical Collection, Detroit Public Library (microfilm, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society), passim. 165 Capt. Daniel Bradley, infantry officer from Connecticut, was a mem- ber of the Second Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 238. 166 Capt. Maxwell Bines, from Pennsylvania, commanded a company of infantry in the Fourth Sub-Legion. Ibid., I, 218; muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 529. 316 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY panies of Rifle Men still continues on post beyond Au Glaize — Brock's L. I. & Gibson with two Cos. of Riflemen are on the Banks of the River opposite to the left flank and on the South side — the volunteers have moved from au Glaize and are now on the South side of the Miami about Z A of a mile above our Cairn} — Kibbys Corps of ab[ou]t 60 men are posted in the point made by the Miami & Bean Creek, a stream 8 or 10 poles wide which empties into the former opposite the militia Camp — Wells has reported the route to the Miami villages impracticable for Carriages — the C in C. laughs at this information — I have omitted to mention that the Corps which furnish the Chain of sentinels around the Camp are to fatigue in making the fascines 167 and that we found the men scattered about the woods without arms on this business — the situation of our convoy interests the reflecting officers of the Army — the Adjt Genl proposed to the C in C to circumscribe his Camp, fortify, make a deposit of baggage &c and advance with 1000 or 1500 men to cover the Convoy — he replied, that he would send the remainder of the volunteers to meet them on their last days march — this precaution will be of no avail, for if the escort should be attacked it will be in the neighbourhood of the St. Mary's, say from ten to twenty miles on this side — we dread the consequences — the Adjt Genl likewise proposed calling the light Corps, to join their respective Sub Legions and giving out a regular detail of Camp guards, but this was rejected — our flour is nearly exhausted — Capt D B, A D C ordered Capt Kibby with his scouts to have a quantity of Corn daily provided for the C in C's horses while we are paying one dollar pr bushell to the militia — the adjt genl this day informed me — that when the enemy approached on the 20th the C in C in the Centre gave the word of command to the army extended in Columns at least a Mile to his right & left to ''prepare to receive the enemy in front" — 167 Bundles of sticks used to fill ditches, strengthen ramparts, and for other purposes around fortifications. GREENE \ ILLE TO FALLEN' TIMBERS 317 September 3d 1794 — fine agreable day — a man of the 3d S Leg. is absent since yesterday reported deserted — the works of fort Defiance proceed and the C in C. assures us that it shall be rendered impregnagable [sic] — we hear of no precaution taken to secure Genl Todd and his convoy nor of any scouts to reconnoitre to our rear or flanks — September 4th 1794 — this day a curious order made its ap- pearance, constituting a Court of Enquiry contrary to Law and precedent — we hang or shoot under the presidency of a Captain — but to determine the property of an old horse a Lieut. Col. Command [an] ts judgment is found necessary and essen- tial — 16S strange caprice! — this day that great and good man Schrim the C in C's confidential Scout is sent out to reconnoitre beyond the Au Glaize to the South and East — yet this Mr Schrim is pronounced by many officers to be a poltroon and no woodsman — yet I believe he receives his two dollars pr day merely because he accompanied Bird as a private soldier some 16 or 17 years ago in an excursion from Detroit against Kentucky — 169 no party yet detached to cooperate with Todd nor we know of any scout sent to our rear or flanks Sept 5th 1794 — the Genl continues his assiduity at the repairs or addition to the fort — he is a man of great industry and is ably seconded by his favourite Capt B. 170 who being a man of Herculean limbs and inured to manual labour from his youth is as adroit with the ax, the spade or the pick as he is in calumniating his superiors, tyranizing over his subordi- nates, or in recommending himself where favor may be profit- able, by every act of sycophancy, meaness servility and hypocrisy — This morning Major Price of the volunteers, with a detached Corps of 150 men is ordered to meet Genl Todd by the main road as I am informed — Schrim returned to day and reports that he has made an extensive excursion, without other 188 General order, September 4, 1794, Mills Orderly Book MSS, I, 154-155. 1TO See ante, note 155. 170 Probably Edward Butler. See ante, entry for August 1. 318 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY discovery than an horse-track supposed to be that of an Indian hunter and hearing one Gun — the C in C credits him — but no other person except D B 17i or B — Kibby and his party I am told are this day ordered on an excursion up Bean Creek for 4 or 5 days — this is to our right — but no scout has been sent to our rear, that we can discover — we are blessed with such weather as must greatly favour Genl Todds route with the Convoy of provision, now much wanted as we are almost re- duced to the last morsel — tho' the troops have been on half allowance since the 16th Ult. — the men are becoming very sickly owing to the too free use of unripe vegetab[l]es & great fatigues — poor beef and half allowance of flour — debility seems to be the general predisposing cause — agues, fevers & fluxes, the prevailing disorders — the court of enquiry have this day reported a state of facts — they are ordered to sit again and give an opinion — great work this about an old horse — half the respects has not been paid to the feelings or the honor of a field & indeed a general officer — Providence certainly has taken the C in C under its partic- ular protection — he advanced without making any calculation upon the provision to be derived from the Enemy — indeed no calculation was possible as we were unacquainted with the state or extent of their cultivation and could [not] decide in what situation they would have their fields — yet, but for the aid derived from them, the horses of the army would long since have been destroyed and the troops with out bread ten days since — Happy man, whose folly and incapacity, is remedied by a concurrence of fortunate contingencies, equally improbable and unexpected! — and who without discernment providence principle & system — without enterprise regularity or order is by a concatenation of accidents to enjoy unmerited reputation and unmerited favor — When Genl W. on a former occasion observed to the Q. M. Gl. "that if the C in C crossed the Miami crossed the Miami [sic] before he secured a convoy of 171 Capt. Henry De Butts, aide to Wayne. GREEXE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 319 provisions from his rear, he would be ruined," the calculation was made without reckoning upon the subsistence to be derived from the Enemy and on that ground the observation would have been verified — this day visited Fort Defiance and it appears to me that the addition proposed will be a real injury to the strength of the place — the plan is original, and such I verily believe as was never before contemplated by Man — a ditch & a parapet thrown up against the stockade on the outside, (both of which might be gained by two leaps of an active man) constitutes the impregnegable addition — the C in C this evening ordered Capt Springer to cross the Au Glaize and take post in the S. W. redoubt of our old Camp — September 6th 1794 — this morning Capt D B A D C called and enquired Genl W.'s ADC whether the foraging parties of the right Wing had gone out the Genl replied that he could not tell, as no details went through him to the Wing — he went then to the Sub Leg of Majr Pike 172 for information — what humili- ation this for a Genl Officer, yet he is determined to bear it without a murmur — rain this morning — The favourite's daily and voluntary labours it is generally presumed are now directed to the office to the D. Q. M. Gl. post, which is become vacant by the resignation of Mr Belli — 173 it is further presumed that he may succeed for if falsehood, treachery and baseness can recommend his title is unquestionable — added to this the desperation of his fortune makes it necessary that he should have a finger in the public purse — Col H this day informs, the C in C means to send another peace talk to the Indians by an old Squaw who is a prisoner with us — from the best ac- counts to be got from this Squaw and Mr Lascelles, it appears 172 Capt. Zebulon Pike, infantry officer from New Jersey, was a member of the Third Sub-Legion. He was not promoted to major until March 21, 1800. He was the father of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, the famous explorer. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 792. 173 John Belli, deputy quartermaster general, from Kentucky. Samuel Henley to Wayne, Fort Washington. September 17, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVTI, 48; Heitman, Historical Register, I, 209. 320 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY that the Indians had determined to abandon the Country, sooner than make peace, and take post on the Illinois River and beyond the Mississippi — Wells has assured the C in C that Lascelles is a good man — that he has known him frequently to ransom and also Cloath [clothe] unfortunate Captives in the hands of the Indians — in one instance, he says, he knew him to offer a reward of 200 Dollars to have the mode of a man's death changed from the stake to the tomahawk — notwithstanding these assurances the C in C says he is a damned rascal and keeps him in Irons and without Clothes — this information is from Mr T F. — September 7th 1794 — the C. in C this day after dinner did Genl W. the honor of a visit — the first since we encamped here — the weather has cleared off and the day is fine, but cool, with a strong aspect of autumn — in the evening Genl W received a letter from Major Price who had joined Genl Todd at the St Marys — he reports their joint force less than 500 and that the whole convoy consists of 240 Bullocks & 260 pack- horses from the Contractor one 4th of which he thinks may fail by the way — in consequence of this hint Genl W felt it his duty to suggest to the C in C as he was about to send an express, the propriety of desiring Todd to hurry on the Cattle & to take up the flour which might be dropped by the contractors horses, upon those of his command — he replied that this would follow of course and treated the suggestion rather contemptuously — but after a little while he said he would direct Todd to bring on every particle at any expence; this will have a good effect if accomplished; but it will depend upon the disposition of the men and the condition of their horses — the supply is so far short of the C in C calculation, that I expect the troops must be continued on half allowance, which be hard fare as the vegetables must fail when we march from this ground — what will be the result we know not — nor can we divine what may be the C in C's plan — tho' we foresee vast difficulties without the intervention of any enemy, which may possibly be sur- GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN' TIMBERS 321 mounted but will most probably oblige him to return to Greene Ville — the volunteers have received no flour since the 4th the Legion none since the 6th the latter have drawn beef to the 8th — the former to the 6th inclusive — and the whole stock of Contractors stores are 900 lbs flour — 2000 lbs beef, 9 Kegs of salt & 10 Boxes Soap — Critical indeed is our situation, em- bosomed in a wilderness impracticable to land transport in the Winter and 170 or 80 miles distant from the source of sup- plies — the C in C's mind is much engaged on his new fortifica- tion or rather defiance improved — which he says will defy all the artillery of Canada — suppose four Block houses each 22 feet square, connected by curtains of Pickets sixty five long — the pickets 12 feet above ground a Ravelin projected from one of the Curtains 90 feet — this was the original structure, but in order to pass away time since our return from the foot of the Rapids and to afford an excuse for the halt at this place, the C in C has employed the troops in throwing up a Parapet against the pickets and around the Block houses, six feet high & 10. feet thick — in opening a Ditch 14 feet wide at top & 8. at bottom and 8 feet Deep with a kind of fraising projected over the Ditch from the Berm at an elevation of \2y 2 degrees — this is the impregne gable work — in the construction of which the C in C has made engineers of all his artillery officers — Note, an eminence on the opposite side of the miami within 300 yards of the centre of the work is viewed from it at an angle of at least 15 degrees and the ground on the same side of the river at 150 yards from the gate overlooks the pickets — yet we shall hear much of this same fort — Lieut. Pope 174 of the artillery being unfairly detailed for post in this Garrison, ad- dressed the C in C for relief, but has received no answer — September 8th 1794 — An express is sent to Genl Todd directing him to take up any flour which may be dropped on the way by failure of the Contractors horses and to send on the "* Piercy Smith Pope, artillery officer from Virginia. Heitman, His- torical Register, I, 798. 322 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Cattle by Major Price — the C in C is so enamoured with his post Defiance that he told Major Hunt the Commandant, to day, that "if the British came to see him he would only have to turn up his breech to them" what then says the Major "why tell them to kiss your arse" replied the old man (G D) — This day the C in C met Lieut Pope and asked him "how he felt" — he replied, "very well, but injured" — "come, come, says the chief you must not mind this, it was I who detailed you & I did it that you might not go to the Miami Villages and be subject to the command of Porter" — what dignified conduct this for a commander in chief! attempting to justify an impropriety at the expence of truth and to reconcile a subaltern at the expence of a Captain — alas ! alas ! — Sept 9th 1794 — this day Major Price arrived with the Cattle — and we are told that Barbee's Brigade is to march to- morrow for Recovery to bring flour from thence on their own horses and to meet us at the Site of the Miami Villages — for this, I understand, it is stipulated, that they shall receive six dollars for each load and be discharged so soon as this service is performed — the volunteers we are told make many objec- tions, but it is to be hoped they may acquiesce, as this is the only resource to prevent our sudden retreat — the operation however involves several circumstances of great delicacy — it will diminish our force 700 men, at a time when we know not where the enemy are or what meditating — should we be attacked on the advance to the Miami Villages the consequences may prove fatal — on the other hand with out provision we cannot keep the field and this is our only mode of procuring it seasonably, the transport of the Contractors and Qr Mr Departments being exhausted — at the same time should the enemy fall in with this Detachment the worst of consequences may ensue from their defeat — we tremble for the event — the C in C is said to be sanguine confident and happy — this evening it is said Barbee will not march till the 11th — GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 323 September 10th 1794 — this afternoon Genl Todd arrived with the rear of the Convoy — also Capt Preston, 175 with three other officers of the Legion 176 and about sixty men — the pro- vision falls so short that altho' the Legion has not drawn any flour since the 6th & the volunteers none since the 4th or beef since the 6th — it is found expedient to continue the half allow- ance of the first article — this must produce bad effects as the pulse and vegetables are almost exhausted — two men deserted from the artillery yesterday — from them the enemy will cer- tainly learn our situation, which will suggest the true policy to be pursued by them — this evening Genl Barbee called on Genl W for information of the route from Recovery to the Miami Villages and he gave him a sketch thereof and a written description of the road — he marches at at [sic] 6. O Clk tomorrow morning and we on the 13th — we are informed that much pillage and abuse was committed on the late convoy — the Contractors much [sic] lose money — this day the C in C hearing that a volunteer had accidentally wounded a Legionist, imprudently declared before Major Price, that he had rather six of the militia had been shot ; what levity, irritability and want of circumspection does this little great man daily betray — Sept 11th 1794 — Genl Barbee marched this morning — 177 Col Hamtramck is informed by the C in C that he is to command the fortress to be erected at Miami Villages — no scout yet sent to our front [or] our rear — we remain stupidly secure this 175 William Preston, from Virginia, commanded a company of infantry in the Fourth Sub-Legion. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 806 ; muster roll, "Casualties," in Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, XLI, 529. 176 Ensign Henry Bowyer, from Virginia, a member of the Fourth Sub- Legion, and Ensigns Thomas Lewis and George Strother, from Virginia, members of the Third Sub-Legion. Entry for September 10, 1794, Bowyer, Journal, p. 15; entry for September 10, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U73; Heitman. Historical Register, I, 235, 631, 933. 177 See ante, entry for September 9. 324 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY day Dr Jones 178 (Chaplain) and Major Cushing 179 arrived, 180 the latter experienced an uncivil & ungenteel reception from the C in C. who when the Major presented himself neither rose to salute or asked him him [sic] to sit down — the C in C forgets in the bitterness of his resentments to his subordinate the duty which he owes to his own station & to his character as a gentleman — September 12th 1794 — No order for march and it is now said that the C in C has miscounted one day ; and that we shall not march untill the 14th — the fort is not yet finished and in taking a view of it this day a lodgment is discovered within pistol shot under the Banks of the River, which embraces three sides of the places, for five hundred men — our situation be- comes hourly more critical and alarming — ignorant of the plan or disposition of the enemy we are to march towards the point at which the greatest force may be assembled most con- veniently — impaired in our strength from 1000 to 1200 men — to speak to the C in C would be to incur insult — the parole and countersign in which our C in C [blank] those who have gone before him, was last night — Late Hour, in compliment it is supposed to Major C — how narrow is this conduct for a great man, it gives distinction to the subordinate and disgraces the superior — 2 Serjeants & 1 private of the 3d S Legn and 3 privates of the 1st S L. deserted last night — it is said that one of the Serjeants was informed by the British drummer (whose acct the C in C has taken of the strength of the British Post) of his brother's being at that fort and also of the bounty given there to recruits — this added to other circumstances induces a belief that this Drummer is a Spy — a party was sent after the deserters but without success — 178 David Jones from Pennsylvania. Heitman, Historical Register, I, 580. 179 Thomas Humphrey Cushing, infantry officer from Massachusetts, was a member of the First Sub-Legion. Ibid., I, 348. 180 These men "arrived from Fort Washington [and] brought dispatches for the Commander in-Chief." Entry for September 11, 1794, Clark journal, Draper MSS, 5U74. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 325 September 13th 1794 — Orders out this morning for the march tomorrow at 7 O'Clock a m. in the usual form — 181 how strange is this — altho' the left flank is protected by the River, altho' the right is the point most exposed — we are [to] march in the same order as when every point was equally exposed — this argues great professional ignorance — as all the march orders should be regulated by the ground or the position or disposition of the Enemy — if an attack takes place it will be on the right flank and it will follow that the fate of the Day must be determined before the troops on the left can be brought into action — I think the chance will be against us unless the enemy conduct as absurdly as they did on the 20th Ult. — the transport of the army is so short, that it is feared much of the Baggage must be left behind — September 14th 1794 — the army marched this morning about 8 O Clk it had rained the whole night and short after moving from our encamped it again commenced and continued steadily till night — the march very disorderly and loose the baggage at least three miles from the front, the militia, the rifle Corps and Lt Infantry of the right wing were lost for a con- siderable time — what would have been the effect of an attack under such circumstances? Genl W has done all in power to induce the C in C to vary his order of march and to accom- modate it to the ground the situation of the Enemy &c. but in vain — he urged him on this subject last evening and point out the defect of the present disposition of the Light Infantry, Cavalry & Rifle Men — he was inflexible — and at this inter- view, speaking of flanking the enemy, observed, "that in the affair of the 20th he had a few minutes before ordered Gl Scott to b[r]eak off from the federal troops altogether, to take direc- tion from their fire, and to gain the rear of the Enemy before he dismounted to fight" — why was not this order executed? or why the neglect thereof passed over in silence? — he is a creature, a sycophant, and a mean supporter of the Chief in all 1M Mills Orderly Book MSS, II, 2. 326 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY his excesses — Major C. yesterday as commanding Officer of the 1st S L. Signed a return for axes — the C in C rejected and ordered it to be sent back with directions for his inferior officer (Capt P.) 182 to report for those tools — the major had been prevously announced as field officer of the Day — the C in C. order'd him to be relieved and sent him a written order to repair instantly to fort Defiance and put himself under the command of Major Hunt — 183 thus the 1st S L acting on the Campaign is deprived of a Field [officer] 182 William Peters. See ante, note 50. 183 Wayne to Cushing, Fort Defiance, September 13, 1794, Wayne MSS, XXXVII, 46. INDEX INDEX Allison, Richard, 278, 278n. 307. Armstrong, Hamilton, 313, 313n. Auglaize River, 272-73, 312. Barbee, Thomas, 249, 249n, 252, 258, 260, 262, 263, 303, 322, 323. Bean Creek, 316, 317. Belli, John, 319, 319n. Benham, Capt. , 266, 266n. Bevan, John, 300, 300n, 309, 324. Bines, Maxwell, 315, 315n. Bird, Henry, 312, 312n, 317. Bowyer, Henry, 323n. Bowyer (Boyer), John, sketch, 24on ; Journal, 242, 245-46; Journal cited, 250n, 261 n, 263n, 267n, 296n, 302n, 306n, 310n, 31 In. B.radley, Daniel, 315, 315n. British army, 310-11, 322; relations with Indians, 240-41, 277, 300, 309; deserters from Wayne's army join, 261, 276n ; estimated strength, 276, 300, 309 ; participation in Indian attack on Fort Recovery, 277 ; pos- sible interpretation of Wayne's peace talk sent to the Indians, 278 ; location of, 281 ; in Battle of Fal- len Timbers, 296n, 297, 309; com- munications with Wayne, 298, 299, 301-2; deserters from, 300, 309, 324. See also Fort Miamis (British). British flag, 288, 289. British stores, 284, 287. Brock, Joseph, 256, 256n, 306, 316. Brown, John, 307, 307n. Burbeck, Henry, 265, 265n. Butler, Edward, 260, 260n, 280, 307, 307n, 317, 317n. Camp Beaver Swamp, 254. Campbell, Robert Mis. 251, 251n. 25$, 288, 291-92, 295. Campbell, William, 241, 2<)X, 298n, 301-2, 302n. Canadians, in British Army, 296n, 309. Carmichael, Dr. John Francis, 251, 251n, 252, 265, 306n. Cedar Island, 296. Cincinnati (Ohio), 239. Claiborne, Ferdinand Leigh, 297, 297n. Clark, William, Journal of cam- paign, 242, 245 ; Journal cited, 250n, 254n, 261 n, 263n, 267n, 268n, 270n, 290n, 296n, 298n, 306n, 310n. Cooper, Daniel C, 278, 278n. Covington, Leonard, 293, 293n, 295, 304n, 315. Cushing, Thomas Humphrey, 324, 324n, 326. Dc Butts, Henry, 262, 262n, 270, 271, 289, 290, 298, 307, 308, 316, 318, 318n, 319. Defiance (Ohio), 240. Detroit (Mich.), 276, 317. Diarist, identity of, 241-42, 246-47; characterizations of Gen. Wayne, 266, 269-70, 273, 274, 280, 284, 288, 297, 302, 304-5, 307, 313, 317, 322, 323, 324. Eaton (Ohio), 239. Edmondson (Edmonson), Eli, 302, 302n. Elk's Heart Indian village, 314. Elliot, Robert, 260, 260n, 275, 289, 297, 311. Elliott, Matthew, 276, 276n, 277, 296. Fallen Timbers, Battle of, 239, 240, 241, 245, 247; account of, 289-93. Ford, Mahlon, 297, 297n. Fort Adams, see Fort Randolph. (329) 330 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Fort Defiance, 241, 274, 305, 307, 313, 314, 317, 319, 322, 324, 326; building of, 240, 274, 275, 276, 277; garrison, 278 ; description of, 321. Fort Deposit (the Citadel), 240, 241, 283, 285, 286, 287, 295, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305. Fort Greene Ville, 239, 240, 241, 242, 249, 260, 262, 312, 321. Fort Hamilton, 239. Fort Jefferson, 239. Fort Miamis (British), 241, 276, 281, 286, 287, 288, 289, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 309, 324; sketch of, 242, 300n, 312. See also British army. Fort Randolph (Fort Adams), 240, 261, 262, 262n, 263, 264; condition of, 264-65. Fort Recover}-, 240, 251, 254, 266, 267, 273, 277, 312, 322; attack on, 277, 312. Fort St. Clair, 239. Fort Washington, 312. Fort Wayne, 241. See also Indian villages. Gaines, Bernard, 290, 290n, 291, 315. Gibson, Alexander, 256, 256n, 262, 316. Girty, Simon, 277. 277n, 307. Greene Ville, Treaty of, 241. Greenville (Ohio), 239. -, 288, 288n. Hickman, — Hughes, Thomas, 252, 252n. Hunt, Thomas, 307, 307n, 322, 326. Illinois River, 320. Indian villages, 240, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275, 281; Elk's-heart, 314 ; Kettle Town, 277 ; Miami vil- lages (Fort Wayne), 309, 314, 316, 322, 323; Old Tawa Town(s), 260, 261, 312; Upper Delaware Town(s), 265, 266, 269n, 271. Indiana Historical Society, 248. Indians, attack Fort Recovery, 240, 277, 312; relations with the Brit- ish, 240-41, 277, 300, 309; in Battle of Fallen Timbers, 240-41, 289-97, 303, 309-10; movements and in- tentions of, 254, 271, 276-77, 280. 283-84, 285, 287, 310, 311, 313, 319- 20; taken prisoner, 262, 276, 277, 319 ; estimated number of, 276, 296, 303, 309-10; answer to Wayne's peace offer, 281 ; casualties, 303 ; Chippewa, 277. 296, 312; Dela- ware, 277; Potawatomi, 262, 277, 281, 314 ; Shawnee, 276, 277, 309 : Tawa, 276, 277 ; Wyandot, 276. Jones, David, 324, 324n. Journals, of Wayne's campaign, 239, 241-42, 242-43. 245-47. See also Bowyer, John and Clark, William. Hamilton (Ohio), 239. Hamtramck, John Francis, 256, 256n. 258, 262, 285-86, 294, 296, 299, 310, 312, 315, 319; relations with Gen. Wayne, 313 ; to command at Fort Wayne, 323. Harmar, Josiah, 239, 272 ; expedi- tion, 272n. Harrison, William Henry, 252, 252n, 267, 268, 275, 299. Hay ward (Hey ward), Nathan, 289, 289n. Kentucky, 317. Kentucky Volunteers, 240, 252, 254, 255. 256. 263, 267, 268. 269, 271, 272, 281, 286, 289, 290, 295, 300, 303. 307, 308, 309, 317, 322. Kettle Town, see Indian v Kibby, Ephraim, 258, 258n 285, 316, 318. Kingsbury, Jacob, 291. 291 Knox, Henry, 242, 244, 31 249. : 250n, 265, 266, 276, 279, 295n, 297, 312, 314, illages. , 262, 267, !n, 31; 3. 12. 312n. GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 331 Lasselle (Lascelles), Antoine, 296, 296n, 299-300, 302, 309, 312. 319-20. Legion of the United States, make- up and organization, 239, 241, 259- 60. See also Sub-Legion. Lewis, Howell, 291. 291n, 306, 315. Lewis, Thomas. 250. 250n, 299, 303, 307, 315, 323n. Little Turtle, 253n, 309, 309n. McClelland, Robert, 266, 266n, 276. McKee, Alexander, 276, 276n. 277 296, 312; house of, 289. McKee, Thomas, 277, 277n. Maumee River ( Miami f si, Tawa[sl), 240, 241, 271, 272-73. 280n, 281, 312. May, William, 285, 285n. Mercer (Ohio), 240. Miami villages (Fort Wayne), see Indian villages. Miller, Christopher. 273n. Miller, Edward, 255, 255n. Miller, Henry. 273, 273n, 277-78, 281, 283. Mills. John. 253. 253n, 257, 260n, 262, 278, 287, 303, 304, 316. Mississippi River, 320. Xevvman, Robert. 261, 261 n, 276, 276n, 278. Niagara (N. V.), 297. O'Hara, James. 252. 252n. 260. Ohio River, 239, 314. Old Tawa Town(s), see Indian vil- lages. Ouiatenon (Ouittanon), 296. Packhorses, use of, 249, 250, 310, 314; treatment of, 252, 254, 264, 265 ; loss of, 252, 266. Paxton, Isaac, 246. Peters, William, 263. 263n, 307. 308. 326. Philadelphia (Pa.), 242, 311. Pike, Zebulon, 319, 319n. Pittsburgh (Pa.), 239. Pope, Piercy Smith, 321, 321n, 322. Porter, Capt. , 322. Posey, Thomas, 246. Pratt, John, 246n. Preston, William, 323, 323n. Price, William, 254, 254n, 266-67, 268, 269, 286, 287, 304, 306, 311, 313, 317, 320, 322, 323. Provisions, see Subsistence and stores. Rapids (of the Maumee), Foot of the, 268, 276, 281, 282, 283, 321. Roche de Boeuf (Roche de Bout, Buffalo Rock), 262, 268, 274, 275. 276, 284, 284n, 305. St. Clair, Arthur, 239. St. Joseph River, 241, 314. St. Joseph River (of Lake Michi- gan), 314. St. Marys River, 240, 241, 255, 257, 316, 320. Schaumburgh (Shaumburgh, Sham- burgh), Bartholomew, 292, 292n, 293, 294, 297. Scott, Charles, 240, 252, 252n, 258, 269, 275, 285, 314, 325. Scouts and spies, use of, 256, 258, 261, 264, 266, 267, 271, 273n, 281, 285, 299-300. 313. 315, 317, 318, 323. Shaylor, Joseph, 249-50, 249n. Shrimes (Schrim), George, 262, 262n, 285, 317. Slough, Jacob, 311, 31 In. Smith, Campbell, 292, 292n, 303-4, 303n, 306, 306n. Spears, Capt. , 298. Spies, see Scouts and spies. Springer, Uriah, 250, 250n, 256, 271, 288, 291, 292, 308, 311, 315-16, 319. Steuben, Friedrich von, 312, 312n. Strother, George, 323n. Sub-Legion, First, 249, 252, 252n, 332 INDIANA HISTORICAL SOCIETY 263n, 270, 281, 288, 290, 290n, 291 n, 292n, 297n, 302, 31 3n, 324, 326; Second, 253n, 255, 294, 307n, 31 In, 313n, 315n; Third, 249, 250, 255n, 259, 270, 288, 289n, 290n, 291, 291n, 305, 317, 319, 324; Fourth, 251n, 256n, 259, 260, 260n, 262n, 264, 280, 294, 295, 302, 311n, 313, 315n. Subsistence and stores, quantity, 249, 266, 275, 321 ; left behind on march, 260, 265 ; scarcity, 268-69, 273, 274, 278, 280, 283, 284, 298-99, 310, 316, 318, 320-21, 323; forage from In- dian fields, 272, 274, 275, 305, 310, 314, 318, 319 ; convoy sent to Fort Recovery to bring up additional, 309, 310, 320, 321-22. Tilton, Daniel, 313, 313n. Todd, Robert, 252, 252n, 269, 272, 295, 309, 310, 317, 318, 320, 321, 323. Underhill, James, 264, 264n, 265. Underwood, Thomas Taylor, 246. Upper Delaware Creek, 267n. Upper Delaware Town(s), see In- dian villages. Vance, Samuel C, 255, 255n. Van Rensselaer, Solomon, 311, 31 In. Volunteers, see Kentucky Volun- teers. Washington, George, 245. Water, condition and scarcity, 256, 263, 266. Wayne, Anthony, 239-326 passim; prepares for campaign against In- dians, 239-40; relations with Gen. Wilkinson, 243-45, 253, 255-56, 258-59, 263, 274, 275, 307, 308, 312, 320; reaction to Wilkinson's pro- posals, 256, 257, 258, 261-62, 263, 267, 269, 275, 281, 282, 284, 285, 287, 288-89, 292, 298, 300-1, 320, 325; injured by falling tree, 262; plan of attack on Indians, 269-70, 271, 285, 287-88; visits abandoned Indian towns, 271 ; sends peace talks to Indians, 275, 278, 279-80, 281, 319; health, 277, 278, 279, 281, 283, 284 ; in battle of Fallen Tim- bers, 292, 294 ; correspondence with British commandant, 298, 299, 301- 2; reconnoiters British fort, 300; proposes to attack British fort, 300-1 ; treatment of Lasselle, 302, 320; relations with Col. Ham- tramck, 313; characterized by Col. O'Hara, 260; characterized by di- arist, 266, 269-70, 273, 274, 280, 284, 288, 297, 302, 304-5, 307, 313, 317, 322, 323, 324. See also Wayne's army. Wayne's army, 239-326 passim; strength, 240, 249, 252, 286, 288; route taken, 240-41, 254, 260, 261 : line of march and organization for attack, 249, 250-51, 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 270, 272, 279, 281, 286. 287-88, 288-89; nature of terrain covered in march, 249, 251, 254n, 256, 263, 265, 267, 270-71, 272, 283, 284, 289, 308; vulnerability of troops to Indian attack, 251, 255- 56, 257, 264-65, 271, 279, 282, 284- 85, 289, 303, 306, 308-9, 314-15, 321, 322, 324, 325; friction be- tween junior officers, 256, 283 ; deserters, 260, 281, 300, 305. 311, 313, 317, 324; obtains information re enemy from prisoners, 262, 276 ; sick and wounded, 264, 295, 299, 302, 305, 306, 306n, 307; informa- tion regarding given to Indians and British by deserter, 276-77 ; attacks Indians at Fallen Timbers, 289-97; casualties, 292, 295, 302; forms for retreat from Fallen Timbers, 302-3 ; order of march on return from Fallen Timbers, GREENE VILLE TO FALLEN TIMBERS 333 304, 305, 307; order of march to site of Fort Wayne, 325. Webb, John. Jr.. 250, 250n, 292, 293, 295. Wells, William, 253, 253n, 261, 266, 267, 268, 273n, 275, 276, 278, 316, 320. Whisky, distributed to troops, 295. Wilkinson, James, 239-326 passim; relations with Gen. Wayne, 243- 45, 253, 255-56, 258-59, 263, 273, 274, 275, 307, 308, 312, 320; com- mand and position in Wayne's army, 249, 259, 261, 266, 272, 308, 319; observations on order and rapidity of march and plans of attack,' 250. 253. 254, 257, 267, 268, 269, 271-72, 284, 285, 287, 325; ap- prehension re order of march and vulnerability of army to attack, 250-51, 254. 255-56, 257-58, 265, 280, 281, 282; apprehension re failure of provisions, 268-69, 318- 19; relations with Gen. Scott, 269; proposes attacking Indians, 282, 283; in Battle of Fallen Timbers, 290-94, 297 ; advises re message from British, 298 ; reconnoiters British fort, 299, 300-1; observa- tions on proposal to attack British fort, 300-1 ; report on campaign, 311, 311n, 312. Younghusband, Isaac, 311, 31 In.