UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN ILLINOIS HISTORICAL SURVEY THOMAS HUTCHINS A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA, MARY- LAND, AND NORTH CAROLINA Reprinted from the original edition of 1778 EDITED BY FREDERICK CHARLES HICKS cleveland The Burrows Brothers Company 1904 COPYRIGHT, IC)04 THE BURROWS BROTHERS COMPANY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 CONTENTS PAGE Biographical Sketch of Thomas Hctchixs 7 A List of the Works of Thomas HUTCHENS .... 53 A Topographical Description, Etc., . G7 Index ..... 139 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE Hutchins's Commission as Captain-Lieuten- ant . . . facing 21 Facsimile of Original Title-Page . 69 A Plan of the Rapids in the River Ohio facing 80 A Plan of the Several Villages in the Illinois Country . . facing 112 A Table of Distances Between Fort Pitt and the Mouth of the River Ohio facing 134 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THOMAS HUTCHINS THE first and only civil "geographer of the United States," Thomas Hutchins, was a man whose life and works are full of inter- est. Yet no extended account of him has ever been published, and only scant recognition has been given to his work. There is evidence of the high esteem in which he was held by his contemporaries, both as an indi- vidual and in his public capacities. Hazard, writ- ing to Belknap on July 13, 178!), says that he was "a man of good character, of polite manners, of great integrity, who made a regular profession of religion. He joined Dr. Rodger's church some time ago."* Belknap volunteered + to write an account of Hutchins's life to be placed in his Amer- ican Biography, but unfortunately did not ful- fill his promise. Had he done so, the labor of this fragmentary account would have been materially lessened. Belknap, however, could not have fore- seen the extraordinary results that were to come from Hutchins's work while geographer of the United States. The importance of this work has become apparent only through the enormous growth of the public land system of the United ♦Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, ser. 5, vol. iii., p. 139. \Ibid., p. 136, 143. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH States, now applied to an area many times larger than the whole federal territory in 1780, and under the administration of a special office of the Depart- ment of the Interior. The system of land platting now used by the Commissioner of the General Land Office is supposed to have been the invention of Thomas Hutchins. A little more than three years before his death, his survey of public lands in Ohio was commenced. At the time of his death, he had surveyed four of the "seven ranges," and had put in practice the rectangular system of dividing lands in squai'es of one mile with meridian lines, marking on the corner-posts the number of the section, town, and range. The only part of this system that has been changed in the surveys of today is the method of numbering the sections. So simple and effective has this system proved that no one other circumstance has so facilitated the settlement of the West. It has enabled large tracts to be platted with accuracy and despatch, opened them to systematic settlement on a sound basis, and reduced to a minimum vexatious suits over boundary lines. While the question of the authorship of this system may never be settled absolutely, it is certain that to no one belongs a greater meed of praise than to the man who first applied the system in the "seven ranges" from which has spread out the great network of western surveys. Were this Hutchins's only achievement it would justify an examination into the events of his life. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH But his ceaseless activity and great ability repay this attention regardless of his position as official geographer. By his travels in the western country he contributed to one of the greatest influences in American history, namely, the influence of move- ment. His pioneer work, and his surveys of roads and of land tracts, when recorded in his books and maps, showed, first, what there was to be attained, and, second, how it might be reached. Almost from boyhood his life took on the pioneer charac- ter, and his work was largely done in an official capacity. Thomas Hutchins was born in Monmouth County, New Jersey, in ll'.W. "His parents dying while he was young, an uncommon diffidence and modesty would not permit him to apply for pro- tection or employment from his relatives, who were very respectable, at New York, and would have been very ready to assist him; but rather chose to seek some business; and accordingly before he was sixteen, went to the Western Country, where he was soon appointed an ensign, and paymaster-general to the forces there."" Hutchins says in his memo- rial to Franklin^ in 1780 that he has served "as a British officer more than twenty-two years." This statement is supported by the official records. He did not. however, commence his military ex- perience as an ensign. When troubles prelimin- ary to the French and Indian War began to be *New York Daily Gazette, May 20, 17811. fSee post, \<. 24. y A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH fomented, the colonies were called upon to raise, at their own expense, troops for the protection of their western frontier. In 1755, England had in America only one thousand regular soldiers. The colony of Pennsylvania raised a regiment in which Hutchins received a commission as lieutenant on December 18, 1757.* In less than a year, June 7, 1758, he was promoted to the position of quar- termaster in Col. Hugh Mercer's battalion.^ It was just at this juncture that General Forbes was assembling his army at Carlisle. Undismayed by General Grant's defeat of September 14, General Forbes pressed forward toward Fort Duquesne, within one day's march of which he arrived on November 24, 1758. The French, fearing his ap- proach, burned and abandoned the fort. On the next day, Forbes occupied the deserted site, which he garrisoned with the provincials under Colonel Mercer, while he marched on to Lancaster, Read- ing, and Philadelphia. Hutchins was in this gar- rison at Fort Duquesne, thenceforth to be called Fort Pitt, serving as lieutenant and quartermaster. At the death of General Forbes in 1759, General Stanwick succeeded him. In the list of officers stationed at Fort Pitt on July 9, 1759, we find the name "Lieutenant Hutchins; "+ so that he was present during the building of the formidable fort undertaken in August by General Stanwick. That * Pennsylvania Archives, ser. 1, vol. iii , p. 337; ser. 2, vol. ii., pp. 545, 558. ^Ibid., ser. 2, vol. ii., p. 563. %The Olden Time, edited by Neville B. Craig, vol. i„ p. 195. 10 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH he was still in Fort Pitt on August 0, 1759, is shown by the fact that on that date he addressed a letter to "Capt". James Young, Paymaster to the Pennsylvania Troops," in which he (motes informa- tion concerning Indian affairs which had been received by Colonel Mercer on August 4 and 5. The letter is endorsed by "Lieut. Hutchins." Hutchins's name does not appear in the "List of the officers of the Pennsylvania regiment, for the year 1700."* Having acquired a taste for military service, he evidently determined to adopt it as a profession. Accordingly we find in "A list of officers who served in the Pennsylvania reg't of 3 batt'ns, A. D. 1758 & '51), with their ranks they were promoted to after that time," that Hutchins has entered the "Regular Service.''^ The name "Thomas Hutchinson" appears in the official British army-lists for the years 1703 and 1704, among the ensigns in the (50th or Royal American regiment of foot under the command of Sir Jeffery Amherst. The date of Hutchinson's first connec- tion with the army, and of his commission as en- sign is given as "2 Mar. 1702." In the lists for 1705, 17GG, 1707, and 1708 is given the name "Thomas Hutchins" in the same relative position in the list of ensigns, and with the same date of commission. "Hutchinson" is therefore probably a misprint for "Hutchins," so that it seems likely that Hutchins's connection with the regular British * Pennsylvania Archives, ser. 2, vol. ii., p. 563. \lbid., p. 609. 11 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH army as an officer did not commence until 1762.* The acceptance of a rank subordinate to that which he had previously held is explained by the fact that the commissions of provincial officers were rated lower than those of the lowest rank of reg- ular British officers. There is no record of how Hutchins acquired his knowledge of engineering, except in the experi- ences which have just been narrated. Nor is it possible to state upon what missions he was em- ployed prior to the year 1700. The earliest record of his travels in the western country is contained in "A journal of a march from Fort Pitt to Venango — and from thence to Presqu'Isle," which is presumed to have been kept by Hutchins himself. The march, probably in the detachment of troops led by Colonel Bouquet, was made from July 7 to July 17, 1700. This journal is the earliest account we have of the country traversed after it came into English hands. It is the only one of the Hutchins papers that has been printed.t *Winthrop Sargent in his The History of an Expedition against Fort Die Quesne in IJ55 (Pennsylvania Historical Society, vol. v., p. 123, note), says, "It is believed that the famous geographer Thomas Hutchins, the historian of Bouquet's expedition, on this occasion re- ceived his first commission as ensign in the King's South Carolina In- dependent Company." The "occasion" referred to by Mr. Sargent is une recorded in Historical Records of the Life Guards (London, 1835), where at page 154, note, it appears that "Thomas Hitchins," formerly in the Life Guards, was, on December 25, 1746, given a commission as "Ensign in an Independent Company, South Carolina." There is no evidence, except the similarity of names, in support of Mr. Sargent's conjecture. ^Pennsylvania Magazine of History, vol. ii., pp. 149-153. 12 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH In the year 1763, the Indians under Pontine formed a general plan to capture simultaneously all the forts held by the English. Forts Le Boeuf, Venango, Presqu'Isle. La Bay, St. Joseph's. Miamis, Ouiatenon, Sandusky, and Michillimackinac imme- diately fell. Forts Pitt and Detroit were sur- rounded and placed in a very critical situation. At Fort Pitt there were only three hundred and thirty soldiers, tradesmen, and woodsmen, under the command of Captain Ecuyer. With this gar- rison, he held out gallantly until the arrival of reinforcements. In this resistance, Hutchins, who had been in the garrison almost continuously since 1759, took an important part. On March 19, 17G3, he left the fort on a mission that had been ordered by Colonel Bouquet.* He returned on May 29, bringing with him six much needed re- cruits. From June i to October 17. there is men- tion of his having been on guard, serving on courts martial, and performing important services at the fort. Pent up in the enclosure, and constantly em- ployed in repairing the ravages of a destructive flood, the garrison was very much overworked. Of Hutchins in this connection. Captain Ecuyer writes to Colonel Bouquet on June 10, 1763, "No one has offered to help me but Mr. Trent, to whom I am much obliged, as well as to Mr. Hutchins. who has taken no rest. He oversaw the works and did *For this and following references, see Darlington ( Mary Carson |, Fort Pitt and Letters from the Frontier ' Pittsburg, 1892 ) . The data are taken from the manuscript Bouquet Papers in the British Museum. 13 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH his duty, at the same time, that is praiseworthy and he merits recompense." For the relief of the beleaguered garrison, Col- onel Bouquet and his army were detached from Carlisle, and after the decisive battle at Bushy Run, August 5 and G, arrived at Fort Pitt on Au- gust 9. Hutchins was not in this engagement, since, on August 4, he sat as a member of a court martial at Fort Pitt. His survey of the battle- ground was made at a later date, and the situation of the troops indicated from information furnished him. On October 17, 1763, Colonel Bouquet des- patched from Fort Pitt to Fort Ligonier a detach- ment under Captain Stewart. In the orders for this march appears, "Ensign Hutchins is to do adju- tant's duty, and all orders received from him are to be obeyed." Of Hutchins's services on this expedition, Captain Ecuyer writes, "I must not neglect to recommend to you Mr. Hutchins as a worthy officer. He has given himself all imagin- able trouble and has been of great use to Captain Stewart and the detachment. His diligence and good will merits more than I can tell you." At Fort Pitt, Hutchins laid out the plans for new fortifications and later executed them under the direction of Colonel Bouquet. The redoubt built at this time is still standing, the only relic of British activity in Pittsburg. Hutchins's plan of Fort Pitt and the surrounding country is preserved in the library of the Pennsylvania Historical So- ciety. In 1764, Colonel Bouquet set out with his 14 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH army for the total reduction of the western Indians. Hutchins accompanied him on this expedition as assistant engineer. They left Fort Pitt on October 3, arriving at the forks of the Muskingum on No- vember 18. Here conferences were held with the Indians, resulting satisfactorily for the British con- tention. The expedition then retraced its steps to Fort Pitt, where it arrived on November 28. An account of this expedition, with an introduc- tory account of the campaign of 1 703, was published anonymously in Philadelphia in 1765, and Hutch- ins's maps which he had drawn upon the ground, marking the route and camping-places, formed part of the work.* Rich, Allibone, and others state that Hutchins was the author of the text of this volume; but a manuscript letter in the Force collection in the Library of Congress seems to prove that Dr. William Smith prepared it from notes furnished him by General Bouquet. Never- theless, there is contemporary evidence that Hutch- ins, during his lifetime, was known as the author of this work; for in his obituary notice published in the JVew York' Daily Gazette, Wednesday, May 20, 1789, is mentioned his connection with "Gen- eral Boucquett, an account of whose transactions and campaigns was drawn up and published by him in this city, about the year 1758 [sic]." A discussion of the authorship of this work is con- tained in an article by Col. Charles Whittlesey on the "Origin of the American system of land sur- *For editions of this work, see "List of Works," post. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH veys. Justice to the memory of Thomas Hutch- ins."* He takes the ground that Smith, not being on the expedition, was merely the editor; that Bouquet could not have written the account since in many parts it would have been self-laudatory; and that Hutchins, having made the maps, was the officer who naturally would write the notes accompanying them. He therefore claims that the credit for the information contained in the work is due to Hutchins. A letter in the Bouquet Papers, British Mu- seum, copied in the Canadian Archives, Series A, vol. xxi., p. 296, throws some light on Hutchins's connection with this book. From Fort Loudoun, on April 1G, 1765, he writes to Colonel Bouquet that he set out from Fort Pitt on March 29, arriv- ing at Fort Loudoun on April 13; that he has "measured the Road very exact following its wind- ings;" and that he is busily engaged in drawing plans of the road and of the "Field of Battle" (Bushy Run), which he will forward in a few days. "Your very friendly & generous Proposal," he says, "is too much and you'll please allow me to assure you that if any profits arises from the sale of the Plan, it must go to defray the expense that may attend it. A Work set on foot purposely for my credit and advantage leaves me no room to Hesi- tate." It thus appears that the plans illustrating the campaign of 1763, were made by Hutchins, at ♦Association of the Engineering Societies, Journal, vol. iii., pp. 275-280. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Bouquet's orders, in April, 170.5, while on a special expedition from Fort Pitt for that purpose. In the year 17<>u, Hutchins was sent in com- pany with Capt. Henry Gordon, chief engineer in the Western Department of North America, and George Croghan, Deputy Indian agent, on an ex- pedition down the Ohio River. This trip was an official investigation of the territory acquired hy the treaty of Paris, 17<>3, by which Great Britain gained all the territory of France east of the Mis- sissippi River, except the tract in which New Or- leans lies. "I proceeded to Philadelphia with Ensign Hutchins, assistant engineer," on the 13th of May, 17<;<'>, says Captain Gordon. They left Philadel- phia on the 23rd, reaching Pittsburg on June 14, where they were joined by Mr. Croghan. After engaging the necessary boats and battoemen they embarked on June 18, on the Ohio River. At the present site of Louisville, Kentucky, Hutchins drew "on the spot," July 19-23, a plan of the rapids at that point.* At the mouth of the Ohio, August 7, they were joined by a detachment of troops from Fort Chartres, with whom they ascended the Mis- sissippi River to that fort near the St. Louis of to- day. They remained in this neighborhood, repair- ing the fort and making reconnaissances, from Au- gust 20 until September 18, when they commenced the trip down the Mississippi. They had reached * Topographical Description of Virginia, p. |10|, note. 17 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH the Ibberville River on October 10,* and New Or- leans on October 14. Thence they proceeded through Lake Pontchartrain to the sea, and coast- wise to Pensacola, Florida. Here they embarked on November 12 for Havana, Cuba, arriving on the 17th, to join the troops stationed there. Gordon kept a journal of this trip, from which we learn of Hutchins's movements.^ Hutchins left no journal but his Topographical Description of Virginia, and his Louisiana and West Florida consist to some extent of observations made on this expedition. The next record of Hutchins finds him "At a conference held at Fort Pitt, on Tuesday the twenty-sixth day of April, 1708, with the chiefs and principal warriors of the Six Nations, Dela- wares, Shawanese, Munsies and Mohicons, residing on the waters of the Ohio."* "Ensign Hutchins" is mentioned among the officers present. From November, 1708, to October, 1770, Hutch- ins's base of operations was Fort Chartres in the Illinois country. On November 15, 1708, he wrote General Haldimand, announcing his arrival at Fort Chartres, and enclosing a Journal from Fort Pitt to the Mouth of the Q/iio. In the [/car 1768.tt ♦Hutchins, Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana, p. 61. |For Gordon's Journal, see "List of Works," post, and Pownal (Thomas), A Topographical Description of North America, Appen- dix iv., pp. 2-5. Gordon's MS. map of the Ohio River is in the Map Division, Library of Congress. It is reproduced in Hulbert (A. B.), Historic Highways of America, vol. ix., between pp. 48 4!). JRupp (I. D.), Early History of Western Pennsylvania, Appen- dix xix., p. 181; also The Olden Time, vol. i., p. 344. ^Indiana Historical Society, Publications, vol. ii., pp. 417-421. 18 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH In this year also he drew A sketch of the Ouabache & .from Post Vincent to the Ohio, which is preserved in the British Museum.* From September, 17<>!t, to September, 1770, he compiled his Remarks on the Country of the Illinois. September 24., to Oc- tober 20, 1770, he sat as a member of a court of inquiry at Fort Chartres to settle certain matters of "personal abuse," complained of by one Richard Bacon against George Morgan.^ Patrick Kennedy, a witness before this court, was the writer of the Journal up the Illinois River, in 1773, i-eprinted in this volume. The army-list for 1772 shows that Hutehins was made a lieutenant in his regiment on August 7, 1771. November 28 of the same year he was at Philadelphia, from which place he addressed a let- ter to "Robert Lettue Hooper Esq." concerning the publication of his map of the western country which was already in preparation. His scientific ability had undoubtedly by this time brought him to the favorable notice of the learned men of his day. The American Philosophical Society at Phil- adelphia was already the rendezvous of many such men. To this society was presented at a meeting on December 20, 1771, Hutchins's An Account of the Countrey of the Illinois which he had communi- cated in a letter to Mr. Ewing.* Early in 1772, at General Haldimand's request, ♦Reproduced in Hulbert (A. B.), Historic Highways of America' vol. \ iii., p. 35. |Cliica<;o Historical Society, Collections, vol. iv„ pp. 420-485. %F.arly Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 19 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Hutchins was transferred to the southern depart- ment. Until the year 1777, he was prominently identified with all the important engineering works in West Florida.* On March 16, 1772, he was at Pensacola, where he was engaged in the con- struction of military barracks.* During this year, also, he visited the Chandeleur Islands on the coast of Louisiana. * His absence from Philadelphia did not prevent the election to membership in the American Philosophical Society of "Lieut. Thomas Hutchins of the 60 th . Regiment." This event took place on April 17, 1772; tt and on July 18, 1773, he donated to the society^/ draught of Chester § Mid- dle rivers in W. Florida. W Hutchins's extensive travels in the South, re- corded in his published work, in his Remarks on the River A /nit, and Remarks relating to the Rivers Mississippi, IbbervUle, A wit § Lakes Maurepas <$ Pontchatrain, had evidently impressed him with the wisdom of acquiring lands in that region. Accordingly we find him taking steps to this end by sending a party to survey a tract of land for him. This expedition is recorded in a Journal of a Surveying Party in Employment of Capt: John- son, Thos: Hutchins, A lex. Macullough and Hall ♦See Brymner's Report on Canadian A re hives— copies of Bou- quet and Haldimand Papers. tlllinois State Historical Library, Collections, vol. i., p. 291: Hal- dimand to Gage. JHutchins, Historical Narrative and Topographical Description of Louisiana, p. 59. \\Early Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. XXXIbid. 20 r.< HUTCHINS'S COMMISSION AS CaPTA [From the Original in the Library of the Pennsylv -Lieutenant i Historical Society.] A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Bay, Esq. 26 th . July to 17"'. Sept. 1774. From this journal we learn that Hutchins came upon the surveying party on September 7, 1774., having in his charge a party of prisoners on his way from "Manshac," and took passage upon a schooner be- longing to the expedition. Tracts were surveyed upon the rivers Amite and Comite, Hutchins's tract on the Comite including two thousand acres.* The army-list for 177<» gives Hutchins as "Cap- taint-lieutenant and Capt.," and the date of his commission, September 21, 1775. Later editions of the list say September 24. Hutchins was then in the second battalion of the 60th or Royal Amer- ican regiment. His parchment commission bear- ing the royal seal and addressed "To Our Trusty and Wel-heloved Thomas Hutchins Esq r .," with the date September 24, 1775, is preserved in the library of the Pennsylvania Historical Society. In 1775, he was at Pensacola, Florida. In his Louisiana and West-Florida^ he says, "The town of Pensacola is of an oblong form, and lies almost parallel to the beach. . . . The present fort was built by the writer of this narrative in 1775." His frankness in speaking of his own work is illustrated as he continues. The fort "can be of no great serv- ice towards the defence of the place, in case an attack be made on it, either by the natives or a civilized enemy." On November l.'J, 177<>, Hutchins was promoted *Cnncerning Hutchins's land, see American State Papers. Pub- lic lands, vol. i„ pp. 602, 832, 885. TFage 11- 21 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH to a captaincy.* The army-list for 1777 shows him to have been transferred from the second to the fourth battalion of the GOth regiment, in which bat- talion he remained until his connection with the army was severed. His name appears for the last time in the army-list for 1782, when he was third in rank of the captains of his battalion. His con- nection with the army, however, had ceased on February 11, 1780, when he resigned ;t and his name must have remained in the list due to the confusion of the Revolution. Hutchins was in London on May 8, 1777, where, as acting engineer, he submitted "An Estimate of the Expence it will take to finish compleatly, as well the Works already begun, as those originally intended to be made at Pensacola, by Order of the Commander in Chief of North America." In the next year, November 1, 1778, he published in Lon- don his A new Map of the Western parts of Vir- ginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and NortJi Caro- lina, with the accompanying Topographical Des- cription, t In this worktt he states that he has personally surveyed the whole territory west of the Alleghany Mountains, and upon the rivers Ohio and Mississippi, "during all the campaigns of the last war, in several of which I acted as an engineer, and since in many reconnoitring tours, which I *Hinsdale in his The Old North-West, p. 262, erroneously states that Hutchins was a Captain when he was with Bouquet in 1764. fSee post, p. 24. JFor editions of this work, see "List of Works," post. MPage i. 22 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH made through various parts of the country, be- tween the years 17t>4 and 1775." The outbreak of the war between Great Britain and the United Colonies while he was in London brought upon Hutehins the crisis of his life. He had risen to a post of honor in the British army solely through merit. He had hitherto exerted himself in a cause with which he sympathized. Now he was called upon either to relinquish the fruits of his life's endeavors, or to accept honors for fighting against the country of his birth. In this exigency he sacrificed himself unfalteringly at the patriotic shrine. The persecutions to which he was subjected and the fortitude with which he bore them are related in the memorial which he pre- sented to Benjamin Franklin, taking up the narra- tive in August, 177!>: *To his Excellency, Benjamin Franklin, minister plenipotentiary from the United Stati - ol America, at tin- Court of France; The memorial of Thomas Hutehins, a native of New Jersey, in i, and late a captain and engineer in tin- British King's service, humbly sheweth, That your Excellency's memorialist was, in the month of August last, taken into custody bj virtue of a warrant (rum Sir John Fielding, of the city <>( London, in which your memorialist was charged with high to ,is, in, [or ha\ ing Conveyed information to, and corresponded with, the friends of the United States of America in France. That your memorial- ist was committed to and kept in Clerkenwell prison, upwards of seven weeks, loaded with irons, put among felons, and treated with every kind ol -, i erity and insult, and forbidden to see or write to his friends. That, after several long examinations at the Board of Trade, the British ministers thought proper to discharge him from prison; and being redui edtogn at di>tress by his pay both as captain and engineer being stopped, and being also refused payment of an account which the British government owed him (to the amount of eight hundred and *The Works of Henjamin Franklin, edited by Jared Sparks, vol. viii., pp. 436-438. 23 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH sixty-nine pounds, nineteen shillings sterling), he was obliged to take lodgings in a garret, within the verge of the court. Your memorialist was offered two thousand guineas for his captain's commission; but, although he had frequently petitioned to sell it from the beginning of the war between the United States and Great Britain, he was as often refused; and, about three weeks before he was committed to prison, he was offered a majority in one of the new regiments then raising, which he would not accept, as he would not bear arms against his country- men. Therefore, on the 11th of this month, (February,) rinding him- self treated with contempt by the British officers, and despairing of obtaining liberty to sell his commission, he sent his resignation to Lord Amherst, both as captain and engineer, and in a private manner with- drew from Great Britain and came into France entirely destitute of money; choosing rather to abandon his commission (though the whole of his fortune ) and incur a loss of two thousand nine hundred and sixty-nine pounds, nineteen shillings sterling, (exclusive of his appoint- ment as engineer), than continue in a service altogether irksome and painful to him. Your memorialist begs leave further to represent, that he has served with reputation as a British officer more than twenty-two years, (eighteen whereof lie was constantly employed as an engineer,) and that he is most anxiously solicitous of entering into the army of the United States. For these considerations, your memorialist humbly hopes that your Excellency will be pleased to recommend his request, sufferings, and losses to the honorable Congress of the United States, and your memorialist as in duty bound, shall ever pray, &c. Thomas Hutchins. Franklin's opinion of him is shown by the let- ter in which he introduces Hutchins to the Presi- dent of Congress: Passy, Hi March, 1780. Sir; The bearer of this, Captain Hutchins, a native of New Jersey, but many years in the English service, has lately escaped from England, where he suffered considerably for his attachment to the American cause. He is esteemed a good officer and an excellent engineer, and is desirous of being serviceable to his country. I enclose his memorial to me, a great part of which is consistent with my knowledge; and 1 beg leave to recommend him to the favorable notice of Congress, when any affair occurs in which his talents may be useful. I have the honor to be, &c. B. Franklin. The friendly relation existing between Hutch- ins and Franklin is further shown by the language 24 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH used by Hutchins in his Topographical Descrip- tion,* where he says, "I am obliged to a worthy Friend, and Countryman, for the following just, and judicious observations. They were addressed to the Earl of Hillsborough, in the year 1770, — When Secretary of State for the North-American depart- ment." The "worthy Friend" referred to is Ben- jamin Franklin, and the quotation is taken from the Observations and Remarks made by Franklin in pamphlet form and appended to the Report of the Lards Commissioners for Trade and Plantations mi the petition of the Honourable Thomas Walpole, Benjamin Franklin, John Sargent, and Samuel Wharton, Esquires, and their Associates; for A ii runt of Lands on the River Ohio, in North Amer- ica; for the purpose of Erecting a new Government. (London. J. Almon. MDCCLXXIIi. The portions quoted by Hutchins are found on pages <>(>-i>8 of this pamphlet. + The Earl of Hillsborough, who ♦Page [15], note. fAlthough, as Hutchins states, the observations of Franklin were addressed to Hillsborough in 1770, they wire not issued in pamphlet form until 177J. That Hutchins's quotation is from the 1772 pamphlet is shown by the insertion in the quotation of die date,_1772. (See Topographical Description, page [16].) The quotation is not verba- tim, and that part commencing with "It may not, perhaps, be amiss. to observe," and extending to the end, must have been added from personal correspondence with Franklin. Due to the influence of this protest, submitted in 177", action was taken contrary to Hillsborough's recommendation, whereupon he resigned. Franklin's pamphlet was just issuing from the press, when he learned of the above event. He immediately discontinued sale of the pamphlet when only five I had been sold. One of these copies is in the Library of Congress. It is reprinted in Almon (John), biographical, Literary, and Political Pamphlets (London, 1797); and in Sparks's edition of the works of Franklin. The same quotation, evidently copied from Hutchins, ap- pears in Filson ( |ohn ) , The Dis, ovet i , Settlement and Present State of Kentucky (London, 1793), pp. 17-18. 25 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH wrote this report on the famous "Walpole Grant," was bitterly opposed to the scheme and to its advo- cates. Possibly, for this reason, Hutchins, at that time a British officer, refrained from using Frank- lin's name. But the quotation was easily recog- nizable, and undoubtedly helped to direct suspicion toward him, and to intensify the antagonism that had been aroused. Hutchins was still in France in August, 1780. This appears from the fact that in that month he attested the correctness of copies of nineteen letters at L'Orient.* He doubtless was employed by Franklin up to this time in the service of the United States, and was in a position to supply most valuable information. "He then sailed from l'Orient to Charleston, where he joined the south- ern army under general Green," says the New York Daily Gazetted Green took command of the southern department, succeeding Gates, on De- cember 3, 1780, so that it must have been about this time that Hutchins reached Charleston. Whether he was connected with the American army prior to presenting his letter of introduction to Congress, or on what date this event took place does not appear; but on May 4, 1781, Congress "Eesolved, That Thomas Hutchins be appointed geographer to the southern army, with the same pay and emoluments as are allowed to the geog- *Lincoln (C. H.),A Calendar of John Paul Jones Manuscripts in the Library of Congress. fVol. i., p. 490, Wednesday, May 20, 1789. 26 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH rapher of the main army."* On July 11, 1781, "A letter of this day from Thomas Hutchins was read, signifying his acceptance of the office of geographer to the southern army," and it was "Re- solved, That the geographer to the main army, and also the geographer to the southern army, he stiled 'geographer to the United States of America,' and commissioned and considered as such."t The letter of acceptance referred to was written in Phil- adelphia. In this letter, Hutchins said that he had hoped his title might read "Geographer to the United States," instead of "to the southern army." His suggestion was therefore immediately acted upon. And upon July 19, writing at Philadel- phia, he signs himself "Geographer United States." The emoluments of this office were exceedingly modest. The pay for the geographer to the main army, and for the geographer to the southern army were identical. The resolve of Congress of No- vember 12, 17K2, determined "That the geog- rapher to the main army, and the geographer to the southern department, he each of them allowed sixty dollars per month, three rations per day, for- age for two saddle horses, one two horse covered wagon, six dollars and two thirds of a dollar per month for a servant, for whom they shall be en- titled to draw one ration per day. and the clothing allowed to a private soldier."+ ^Journals of Congress, vol. vii., p, \'i. ■\Ibiii., pp. 145-146. \Id., vol. viii., p. 10. 27 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH No more meritorious appointment than this has ever been made in the annals of American history. It did not err on the side of generosity, was a re- ward for unexcelled patriotism, and placed in a position which was to become of the first impor- tance, a man whose scientific ability was unques- tioned. Hutchins is not the only person who bore the title "Geographer to the United States;" for from December, 1780, to November, 1783, Simeon De Witt was geographer to the main army, and his title was changed with that of Hutchins. But De Witt became surveyor-general of New York in 1784, leaving Hutchins to support the title. Con- gress thereafter refers to Hutchins as the geog- rapher; and in its resolve of June 10, 1785,* on the method of settling Hutchins's accounts, it changes his salary from "four dollars and four rations a day" to "four dollars a day" commencing on November 3, 1783, showing that the military element was considered as having been eliminated at that time.^ Of Hutchins's official acts as geographer prior to the year 1783, practically no record remains. The field of his labors was wide, and not confined to the perfunctory performance of duty. His early travels in Pennsylvania, which had now become the main thoroughfare to the western country, had to some extent identified him with that state. He *Joitrnals of Congress, vol. x., p. 208. tJustin Winsor in his Westward Movement, p. 266, erroneously states that "Congress had in connection with the Ordinance of May 20, 1785, created the office of Geographer of 'the United States." 28 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH bore a considerable part in tbe competition between Virginia and Pennsylvania for the best highway to the West. His maps, drawn while on the Bouquet expedition, definitely marked one military route. He was now called upon in time of peace to con- tinue the work in which he had been engaged un- der the stress of war. In 1783, the General Assembly of Pennsylvania took up the question of improving communications within the state. On September 15, 178."},* a re- solve was passed, "First, — To view the different roads leading from Susquehanna to Reading and Philadelphia, and point out the most practical mode of improving and repairing the same, and to consider the most probable way of opening a com- munication between the rivers Susquehanna and Schuylkill; Second, — To receive the proposals of such person or persons as may offer lands to the public for the purpose of building a town or towns on the east bank of the Susquehanna; Third, — To examine the Susquehanna; and. Fourth, — To view the Delaware River." September 20, the Assem- bly elected by ballot "for performing the duties mentioned in the first and second of the aforesaid resolutions," David Rittenhouse, Thomas Hutch- ins, and Nathan Sellers. 1 For their labors the commissioners jointly received the sum of "ninety- five pounds, one shilling and one penny specie."* *Pennsylvania Archives, vol. x., pp. Iii8-129. ilbitL, pp. 129-180. \Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, vol. xiii., p. 442. 29 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH This important work, containing eminent pos- sibilities for American development, was doubtless pi-osecuted in such time as the duties of Hutehins's office would allow. Meanwhile, Congress had en- tered upon the perplexing question of fixing upon a city or cities in which to erect buildings for the use of Congress. A situation near the falls of the Delaware being urged, it was resolved,* on Octo- ber 7, 1783, "That a committee of five be ap- pointed to repair to the falls of Delaware, to view the situation of the country in its neighborhood, and report a proper district" for erecting buildings. Hutchins, in his capacity of geographer, was directed by this commission to make a survey of the proposed site. In a letter dated Annapolis, December 26, 1783, referring to their commands, he submits to the "Hon.' le Commissioners for viewing the ground near to Trenton for a Federal town," a survey of the "ground above and below the Falls of Delaware." On April 16, 1784, Hutchins was in Philadel- phia, where he presented to Congress forty pamph- lets that he had collected. His presence there is probably accounted for by the publication of his book entitled. An Historical, Narrative and To- pographical Description of Louisiana and Wiest- FloridaA In the preface to this work he says, "Several years residence in the Province of West- Florida, during which I entered into a minute ex- amination of its coasts, harbours, lakes, and rivers, * Journals of Congress, vol. viii., p. 424. |See "List of Works," post. 30 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH having made me perfectly acquainted with their situation, bearings, soundings, and every particular requisite to be known by Navigators, for their ben- efit I am induced to make my observations public." This declaration is sustained by the immense amount of information contained in the book. It succinctly states the history of the territory, nar- rates its possibilities, and gives directions for its commercial conquest. Hutchins points out very clearly the importance of controlling the naviga- tion of the Mississippi. "Is it not amazing," says he, "true as it is, that few amongst us know this to be the key to the northern part of the western con- tinent? It is the only channel through which that extensive region, bathed by its waters, and enriched by the many streams it receives, communicates with the sea."* Recognition of Hutchins's scientific ability had come on September 11, 17H:$, in his appointment as one of the commissioners to run the western end of the boundary line between Virginia and Penn- sylvania.^ This was the completion of the historic Mason and Dixon's line. The great difficulty was to fix, by astronomical determinations, its western end. To do this, some of the most brilliant scien- tists of the time were employed. On the part of Virginia they were the Right Reverend James Madison, Bishop of Virginia; Reverend Robert Andrews, John Page, and Andrew Ellicott of Mary- *Page 23. ^Minutesoi the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, vol. xiii 31 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH land. On the part of Pennsylvania they were the Reverend John Ewing, Provost of the University of Philadelphia; David Rittenhouse, Treasurer of the state; John Lukens, Surveyor-General of the state; and Thomas Hutchins. "An anxious Desire," they say, "to gratify the astronomical World in the per- formance of a problem which has never yet been attempted in any country, by a Precision and Ac- curacy that would do no Dishonor to our Charac- ters, while it prevents the State of Pennsylvania from the Chance of Losing many hundred Thous- ands of Acres, secured to it by our agreement of Baltimore, has induced us to suffer our Names to be mentioned in the accomplishment of the Work."" The undertaking was not commenced until 1784. On May 29 of that year an advance of £100 each was made to Ewing and Hutchins by the Pennsylvania Council, preparatory to their leaving Philadelphia. + Hutchins and Ewing set out for the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania to make as- tronomical observations, arriving there after much difficulty about the middle of July. They con- cluded their observations on September 20. Mean- while, Rittenhouse and Lukens had completed a like task at Wilmington. The commissioners then came together, compared observations, and jointly ran the southern boundary of Pennsylvania. They finished it on November 18, 1784, at which date they were in Washington County, Pennsylvania, * Pennsylvania Archii'es, vol. x., p. 236. \Ibid., p. 269. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH where their report was written. They agreed to meet at the southwestern corner of Pennsylvania on May 1<>, 1785, to finish their task by running the western boundary line of Pennsylvania.* Hutchins had reached Philadelphia by Decem- ber 15, 1784, for Jacob Hiltzheimer in his diary under that date says, "Thos. Hutchins, just from the backwoods, who has been running the line be- tween Virginia and Pennsylvania, drank tea with us." + He made his report to Congress on March 7, 1785, writing in New York. For his services in connection with this boundary line up to Decem- ber 2.'5, 1784, Hutchins received as compensation ,'{(>5 pounds, 15 shillings.? In preparation for the continuation of this survey, Hutchins being ac- countable to Congress for his time, writes from New York on April 21, 1785, informing Congress through its President, Richard Henry Lee, that the executive of Pennsylvania has asked him to run a boundary line "from the termination of the southern boundary of Pennsylvania as far as the River Ohio, which is to be the line of Division be- tween the citizens of Pennsylvania and those of Virginia," and asks permission to accept. Presi- dent Dickinson had written Hutchins on April 9, 1785, XX and Congress on April 11, 8t concerning the * Pennsylvania Archives, vol. x., pp. 373-378. ^Pennsylvania MagaSine of History and Biography, vo\. xvi.,p. K>'.>. IMinutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania,! >< t. 20, 1784, and Jan. IT, 1785. ^Pennsylvania Archives, vol. x., p. 438. t&Jiid., p. 440. S3 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH resumption of the work. Here, however, Hutch- ins's connection with this survey seems to have ceased. Ewing had resigned on March 26, 1785. Instructions for the survey of July 2!), 1785,* do not name Hutchins as a commissioner, and the reports of the commissioners of August 23, 1785,+ when they had reached the Ohio, and of October 4, 1786,1 when the line was completed, are not signed by Hutchins. He was evidently prevented from run- ning this line by the events of the month of May, 1785, which marked out the work which was chiefly to occupy the remainder of his life. The events of this month were largely brought about by the Ohio Company of Associates organized for the settlement of the western territory. In the year 1783, General Rufus Putnam be- came interested in a plan, proposed by Colonel Timothy Pickering, for creating a new state west of the Ohio River. In June of that year he for- warded to the President of Congress, through Gen- eral Washington, who recommended it, a petition signed by two hundred and eighty-eight officers of the army asking that their bounty lands be located in the present state of Ohio, east of the Scioto River. Congress took no action on this petition. A cession to Congress of practically the whole western territory was made by the states holding claims upon it, an ordinance for its government * Pennsylvania Archives, vol. x., p. 489. ■\Ibid., p. 506. %Id„ vol. xi., p. 69. 34 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH being drawn up by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by Congress on April •_':?. 1784. The Ordinance of May 20, 17H.5. provided a method of survey and sale of this land. Upon Hutchins, by virtue of his office of geographer, fell the duty of directing this work. Hazard, writing to Belknap on June 13, 17N0. relates the following anecdote concerning Huteh- ins's early connection with this survey. "The Ohio Company purchased their tract on condition of pay- ing .500.000 dollars at the time of signing the con- tract, and the remaining 500,000 upon a return of the survey being made. The payments were to be made in certificates, which, you know, bear an in- terest of 6 per cent. Of course the Ohio Company drew an interest of 6 per cent on .500.000 dollars till the return of survey is made. Captain Hutchins at- tended to this, and intimated it to Congress, as a reason why he should be sent, without delay, to make that survey. I mention this as a proof of fidelity in office. He went to do the business, and died before it was accomplished."* Hutchins's sur- vey paved the way for the sale of land to this com- pany, which made the first purchase after the In- dian titles had been extinguished. The contract had not been concluded until November 27, 1787, so that the commencement of Hutchins's survey was a prerequisite to the contract. The land actually acquired was not included in the tract surve yed by Hutchins. It touched the ♦Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, ser. 5, vol. iii., p. 139. A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH "seven ranges" only at their southwestern extrem- ity; but if Hutch ins had lived to complete the sur- vey he would have covered this region. Before completing the contract, Doctor Cutler, agent for the company, sought the advice of Hutch- ins. On July 7, 1787, writing from New York, where he was negotiating with Congress, Cutler says, "Paid my respects this morning to Dr. Hol- ton, and several other gentlemen. Was introduced by Dr. Ewing and Mr. Rittenhouse to Mr. Hutch- ins, geographer to the United States. Consulted him where to make our location."* And on July 9, "Waited this morning very early on Mr. Hutch- ins. He gave me the fullest information on the western country, from Pennsylvania to the Illinois, and advised me, by all means, to make our loca- tion on the Muskingum, which was decidedly, in his opinion, the best part of the whole of the west- ern country. "t Hildreth* remarks concerning this advice, "Had the counsel of Mr. Hutchins been strictly followed, and the purchase selected from lands on the Muskingum above the mouth of Lik- ing Creek, at the forks of the Muskingum, a coun- try with which Mr. Hutchins was familiar having visited that region in 1764, as engineer for the army of General Bouquet, the selection would have been far superior to that at the mouth, and along the margin of the Ohio." Further than this, it is plain *Ufe, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LL. D., p. 230. ■\Ibid., pp. 236-238. \Pioneer History, pp. 209-210. 36 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH that Hutchins was a man whose knowledge was valuable to the Ohio company from its inception; for Col. Timothy Pickering writing to Mr. Hodg- don, on April 14, 178:5, says, "General Putnam is warmly engaged in the new-planned settlement on the Ohio. He is very desirous of getting Hutch- ins' map. Mr. Aitken had them to sell. If pos- sible, pray, forward me one."* Among the books intended to induce settle- ment in the Ohio country was one by Doctor Cut- ler, entitled. An explanation of the map which dc- lineates that purl of the Federal hands compre- hended between Pennsylvania West Line, t/ie rivers Ohio and Scioto, and Lake I'hic. Salem, 17H7. + This book was not issued until Hutchins's approval had been obtained. It is printed on the second page of the book, bearing the date, "New York, 28th October. 1787." In this approval Hutchins states that he has resided "upwards of ten years" in the western country. The parts of the famous ordinance of May '20, 1785, which are interesting for this sketch, are quoted below: {An Ordinav i foi ascertaining the mode oi disposing of lands in the Western Territory. Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the territory ceded by individual states to the United States, which has been purchased of the Indian inhabitants, shall be disposed of in the following manner: — *Ltfe, Journals and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler, 1. 1.. />., p. 149. tA Copy of the map referred to is in the Map Division, Library of Congress. \Journah of Congress, vol. x., p. 167. 37 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH A survey ofrrom each state shall be appointed by Congress or a Committee of the States, who shall take an oath for the faithful dis- charge of his duty, before the geographer of the United States, who is hereby empowered and directed to administer the same The geographer, under whose direction the surveyors shall act, shall occasionally form such regulations for their conduct, as he shall deem necessary; and shall have authority to suspend them for miscon- duct in office, and shall make report of the same to Congress or to the Committee of the States; and he shall make report in case of sickness, death, or resignation of any surveyor. The surveyors, as they are respectively qualified, shall proceed to di- vide the said territory into townships of six miles square, by lines running due north and south, and others crossing these at right angles, asnear as may be, unless where the boundaries of the late Indian purchases may render the same impracticable, and then they shall depart, from this rule no farther than such particular circumstances may require. . . . The first line running north and south as aforesaid, shall begin on the river Ohio, at a point that shall be found to be due north from the western termination of a line which has been run as the southern boun- dary of the state of Pennsylvania: and the first line running east and west, shall begin at the same point, and shall extend throughout the whole territory; provided that nothing herein shall be construed, as fix- ing the western boundary of the state of Pennsylvania. The geog- rapher shall designate the townships or fractional parts of townships, by numbers progressively from south to north; always beginning each range with No. 1; and the ranges shall be distinguished by their pro- gressive numbers to the westward. The first range extending from the Ohio to the lake Erie, being marked No. 1. The geographer shall personally attend to the running of the first east and west line; and shall take the latitude of the extremes of the first north and south line, anil ol the mouths of the principal rivers The plats of the townships respectively, shall be marked by sub-divisions into lots of one mile square, or 640 acres, in the same direction as the external lines, and numbered from 1 to 36; always beginning the succeeding range of the lots with the number next to that with which the preced- ing one concluded As soon as seven ranges of townships and fractional parts of townships, in the direction from south to north, shall have been surveyed, the geographer shall transmit plats thereof to the board of treasury, who shall record the same with the report in well bound books to be kept for that purpose. And the geographer shall make similar returns from time to time of every seven ranges as they may be surveyed Done by the United States in Congress assembled, the twentieth 38 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH day of May, in the year of >>ur Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, and of our sovereignty and independence the ninth.* Richard h. Lee, P. Charles Thomson, Sec'y. This ordinance has been quoted at length, first, because it is an official statement of the present land system of the United States, having been changed only in the method of marking; and, sec- ond, because it shows how intimately Hutchins was connected with this great event. He is given entire charge of the survey; and his influence is seen many times in the ordinance. The fixed point due north from which the survey was to commence, Hutchins had assisted in determining, in 1784, and being at the seat of government when the ordi- nance was framed, he doubtless was consulted con- cerning this detail. He is instructed personally to run the east and west line upon which the survey of the whole territory depended. As to the origin of the system of surveying set forth in this ordinance there has been much discus- sion. The credit for inventing it has been vari- ously given to Gen. \V. H. Harrison, 1 Gen. Ftufus Putnam.* first surveyor-general, 17 ( .>7-180.'J; Jared Mansfield,^ surveyor-general, 180:$-1812, and Ed- ward Tiffin,^ surveyor-gener al, 1815-1825. Col- *An ordinance supplementary to the above was; passed mi July 9, 1788, removing the element "f "states rights" in connection with the west( in laud-. Journals of Congress, vol. xiii., pp. 62-63. \Ohio Institut ' i itt\ p. 15, 16. {See f>ost, p. 42. \%Ohio Arch&ological and Historical Quarterly, vol. iii., p. 110. 40 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Continuing the necessary preliminaries to the survey, on May '27. 1785, Congress "Resolved, That the geographer of the United States be continued in office for a term not exceeding three years; and that he be allowed during his continuance in office, six dollars per day, for his services and expenses."* On the same day the surveyors from the various states were elected. On June 1), the sum of seven hundred dollars was ordered advanced to Hutchins to apply on his salary, and the sum of six thousand dollars to be used by him in the prosecution of the survey. + On June 10 it was "Resolved, That in settling the accounts of Mr. Thomas Hutchins, ge- ographer to the United States, he be allowed four dollars and four rations a day, from the time of his accepting his commission, to the .'3d day of Novem- ber, 178.'}, and that he be allowed four dollars a day from that period to the 27th day of May, 178.5. de- ducting therefrom the time he was employed and paid by the state of Pennsylvania. "1 And on June 30, Hutchins was empowered "to employ three or four Indians to accompany him" in the prosecution of the survey. ++ Hutchins lost no time in setting about his ap- pointed work. On September 15, 1785, he writes to the President of Congress that he reached Pitts- burg on September .'1, and there met the surveyors from Massachusetts. New York. Xew Jersey. Mary- *Journals of Congress, vol. \., \>. 185, t //tals of Congress, vol. xii., p. 34. tSee ante, p. 44. JSee ante, p. 42-43. JJSee ante, p. 36. 46 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH pointed in May, 17H5, having expired. Congress, on May '20, 17H8, ! "agreeably to the order of the day, proceeded to the election of a geographer of the United States, whose commission shall con- tinue for two years, unless sooner revoked, and the ballots being taken. Mr. Hutchins was elected; having been previously nominated by Mr. Wil- liamson." Following the reduction in his salary and his re-election to office, the work of Hutchins 's department increased rather than decreased; but he was given greater latitude in the appointment of subordinates. He is directed "to ascertain by himself, or by a deputy duly appointed for the purpose, the boundary line between the United States and the States of New- York and Massachu- setts, agreeably to the deeds of cession of the said states."* He set about the preparation for execut- ing this resolution by obtaining the needed sanc- tion from Lord Dorchester, Governor of Canada. t He is directed to make surveys for the sale of a tract of land to Mr. Morgan and his associates; ++ to survey the lands set aside for the satisfaction of Revolutionary bounty claims; *+* and he is author- ized "to appoint such surveyors as he shall think best qualified," "without any reference to former appointments. "++++ In spite of these numerous be- * Journals of Congress, vol. xiii., p. 30. t/Wrf'., p. 34. \Pennsylvania Archives, ser. 1, vol. xi., pp. 314-315. XXJnurnals of Congress, vol. xiii., p. 44. XH'oid., pp. H2-63. XXXXlbid., p. 71. 47 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH hests, he writes Congress on August 15, 1788, at New York, that he is about to set out for the west- ern territory, "on Monday next." to continue the survey of the seven ranges. He had started by September 2, 1788.* Following his departure. Congress further directed him to survey "the three tracts of Gnaden-hutten, Schoenbrun, and Salem, on the Muskingum, " + which had been reserved to the Moravian Indians by the Ordinance of May 20, 1785. The survey of these tracts was not accom- plished until the year 1797, when it was done by "W m . Rufus Putnam, Deputy Surveyor." The plats of the Salem and Schoenbrun tracts are pre- served in the United States General Land Office. Arriving at Pittsburg, he proceeded in com- pany with the Rev. John Heckewelder to Mari- etta.t Here, however, Hutchins's work was cut short by an illness which is described as "a gradual failing of the nerves, and an almost insensible waste of the constitution." He returned to Pitts- burg, where he died on April 28, 1789. Says the Gazette qfthe United States. May 27, 1789,« under date of Pittsburg. May 2, "He was in a country where he had been early known, and to which he had a particular attachment; in the house of his particular friend, John Ormsby.+++ He was daily visited during his indisposition by those of this *: Massachusetts Historical Society. Collections, ser. 5, vol. iii., p. 60. \fournals of Congress, vol. xiii., p. 131. JRondthaler (Edward), Life of John Heckewelder, p. 108. ftPage 52. JJJFor notice of John Ormsby, see The Olden Time, vol. ii., pp. 1-5. '48 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH place, and by gentlemen occasionally resident or passing through from different parts of the conti- nent. His funeral was attended by a considerable concourse of people, and the service read at his obsequies by Mr. Heekenwelder, a Moravian clergy- man, accidentally present, and who had long known the deceased. His merit is well known; a man greatly amiable; and integrity his predominant quality. "His map early laid the foundation of American geography, and his services since his appointment under the United States, have been universally acknowledged. "He has measured much earth, but a small space now contains him." For many years his remains lay in the church- yard of the First Presbyterian Church of Pittsburg. His tombstone bore the inscription: IN MEMORY OF THOMAS HUTCHINS, GEOGRAPHER OF THE UNITED STATES, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE APRIL 28 th ., 178!). The present resting-place of his ashes seems a question of doubt; four years ago the cemetery was vacated to make room for an addition to the church. In surveying the events of Hutchins's life, one cannot fail to be impressed with the variety of his A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH experiences. His activities were connected with important events in the history of America. The steel of his nature was well tempered to withstand the sudden and prolonged strains that were put upon it. A man of affairs, busy with practical things, he yet found time for scientific and literary performance. A man of principles which he main- tained under the most trying circumstances, he gave unmistakable evidence of his patriotism. Having played an honorable part in rescuing the western wilderness from the Indians, having suf- fered from his love of American liberty, having fought for it in the army of Green, it still remained for him to perform an inestimable service in mak- ing this new-won land habitable for its owners. With his band of hardy surveyors he marked off the West in determinate areas, capping off his life's work while pursuing the arts of peace. Discovery, Conquest, Civilization. He became the associate of the foremost scientific men of the country. He held the esteem of Ewing, Rittenhouse, Ellicott, Franklin, and Washington. He assisted in per- forming undertakings which commanded the at- tention of the scientific world. His geographical works formed the basis for the famous American Geography of Jedidiah Morse, whose name was for half a century a household word. Yet with diffi- culty the name of Thomas Hutchins has been res- cued from oblivion. An unassuming gentleman, always a quiet though powerful force, he did not seek the lime-light of publicity. Yet after more 50 A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH than a century has elapsed, as we investigate his life, examining him as a pioneer, soldier, patriot, surveyor, litterateur, and scientist, we find him to have been one of the great influences toward prog- ress; a man who justly is entitled to a place among the great American civilizers. Frederick Charles Hicks. Washington, 1). C, July, 1!>04. uwvttsrw of tunas A List of the Works op Thomas Hutchins, Including Notes on the Map and Book Reprinted by Frederick Chari.es Hicks A LIST OF THE WORK'S OF THOMAS HUTCHINS, INCLUDING XOTES ON THE MAP AND HOOK REPRINTED THE map at the end of this volume is reproduced in almost its orig- inal size, which is 35 ' 4 \4'J < 4 inches. A reduced copy, 19^x24^ inches, was published in Paris, in 1781, by Le Rouge in connec- tion with the French edition of the Topographical Description. This reduced copy has the following title: Partie occidentale I de la Virginie, Pensylvanie, I Maryland et Caroline Sept 1 '-. I la Riviere d' ( »hio, el toutes celles qui s'y jettent I partie de la Riviere Mississippi I tout le corns de la Riviere des Illinois | le Lac Erie, partie des Lacs Huron I et Michigan, A: I Toutes les contrees qui Bordent I ces Lai - el Rivieres, 1 Par Hutchlns Capitaine Anglais. | A Paris, I chez le Rouge. Rue des grands Augustins | 1781. The experiences of Hutchins's life prior 1" 1778, the date of publi- cation of his map, by which he was enabled to collect the requisite geographical information, are narrated iii the preceding biographical sket< h ami in the prei.i. e to the Topographs al Description. Hutchins was acquainted with all the important maps, journals, and descriptions ahead) published; and was indebted to Fry and Jefferson's map of Virginia, 17.M. revised by J. Dalrymple, 1755, and republished with cor- rections, in 177. r >; and to Lewis Evans's "General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America," 1755, revised and corrected by Thomas Pownall, 177(1. In his Louisiana and West Florida, p. 57, Hutchins gives the date Of publication of his book and map as "January, 1778;" but this must be a misprint for "November, 1778." The maps were sold at a guinea apiece, and were for sale in America by Robert Aitkin, of Philadephia. For special references to the map in this volume, see ante, pp. 19, 22, :i7, 49. As ,iu explanation of this map, Hutchins published on the same date the Topographical DeSi ription which is here reprinted. The title and text of this reprint are reproduced in facsimile from a copy in the Bur- rows brothers collection, which differs in several respects from an other copy in the Library of Congress. These differences, 1 believe, have not been previously noted in bibliographies. An examination of the variant copies establishes the fact that there was a second corrected 55 LIST OF WORKS impression of die book in the year 1778. On the title-page reproduced, there is a typographical error, the letter "1" being substituted for the letter "i" in the phrase "Captain in the 60th Regiment." Also at the back of page [67] are the words, "Entered at Stationers Hall," fol- lowed by a list of "Errata." In the second impression of the book, all these errors are corrected, sometimes requiring the respacing of a par- agraph. Also, the words, "London, Published according to Act of Parliament Novembr. ye 1st, 1778, by Thos. Hutchins," are omitted from the bottom of the two plans. An extensive correspondence has shown that a considerable number of copies of the second impression are in existence. I have been unable to find a copy of the first impres- sion without the list of errata at the back. Of this book there have been two editions subsequent to 1778, and one partial reprint. EDITION OF 1781 Description | topographique | ile la Virginie, de la Pensylvanie, I du Mary land et de la Caroline I Septen trionale : | Contenant I les Rivieres d' Ohio, Ken hawa, Sioto, | Cherokee, Wabash, des Illinois, du | Mississipi, &c. ; | le climat lc sol, les productions, taut I animates que vegetales on minerales; | les mon tagnes, les rivieres, chemins, distances, I latitudes, et de toutes les parties repre sentees | dans les cartes ci-jointes; | Publiee par Thomas Hutchins, I Capitaine du soixantieme Regiment d'Infanterie : | Accompagnee d'un Plan des Sauts de l'Ohio, d'un autre | de tous les Villages du Canton des Illinois; une Table des | distances en milles entre le Fort-Pitt & l'embouchure de | l'Ohio dans le Mis- sissipi; | Plus, un Supplement, qui contient le Journal de Patrice I Kennedy's, sur la Riviere des Illinois, & un Etat veritable des | ditferentes Nations & Tribus des Indieus, avec le nombre des Com- | battans. | Traduit de l'Anglois. | A Paris. | chez le Rouge, tjeographe, rue des Grands-Augustins | M.DCC- L.XXXI. | Avec Approbation, et Privilege du Roi. I2i>n\ 68 pp., it., 2 maps, i tab. EDITION OF 1787 The title of this edition is identical with that . >f the 1778 edition, except for a slight difference in spacing. The imprint is: Boston: | Printed and Sold by John Norman, in Marshall's 1 Lane near the Bos- ton Stone j MDCCLXXXVII. i2mo,jo-\-2 pp., 2 maps, I tab. RKPRINT OF 1797 This reprint is Appendix 4, to Imlay (Gilbert), A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America. Third edi- tion. London, 1797. Pp. 485-511. The reprint retains Kennedy's Journal, but omits the table of distances, the two plans, and Appendix 3. Hutchins's book was for many years one of the important guides for travel and settlement in the western country. It is now prized as a 56 LIST OF WORKS historical document, and is classed among the rare and valuable Americana, having been sold at prices ranging from twelve to twenty dollars. Henry Stevens, Son S: Stiles in their Catalogue of Books and Pamphlets relating to America, No. LX.WV'I, June, l'.HM, pau'e 1!)(JS, offer a copy of the book and map together at £lb. The following are biographical notes and references explanatory of the persons mentioned by Hutchins in the text of his work at the pages indicated: Page i: Captain Urchin. Lieut. Diederick Brehm, Communicated by C. 1). Scull, Esq., of Oxford, Eng. [In New England (The) Historical an,/ Genealogical Register, 8vo., boston. 1883. Vol. xxxvii., pp. 21-26.] Pages ii. [7]: Mr. Lewis Evans. National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. xi., p. 427. Page [2]: The late Mr. Gist, of I 'irginia. Christopher Gist's journals with Historical, Geographical and Ethnological .Votes and Biographies of his contemporaries. li\ Will- iam M. Darlington, Pittsburgh, J. R. Weldin & Co., 1893. Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. ii., p. 662. Pages [10], [13]: Colonel Cordon. See ante, pp. IT, IS, and post, p 63. [For the pans of Gordon's Journal quoted by Hutchins, see Pow- nall (Thomas)..-/ Topographical Description of Sue h Parts oj Vorth America as are Contained in the (Annexe,/) Map. London, for j. Almon, 177ti. Appendix 4, pp. 2 5.] Page[llJ: Doctor Hunter. See post, p. 64. Page [15]: A worthy Friend, and Countryman : [i. e., benjamin Franklin. J See ante, p. '-■'■ _'i>. Page [51]: Patrick Kennedy. Patrick Kennedy, the author of the journal contained in Appen- dix I of Hutchins's book, was one of the earliest inhabitants of Kas- kaskia, then the capital of the Illinois country and the center of trade and influence. For many years the citizens of Kaskaskia had believed that there were copper mines in the upper Illinois country, as speci- mens of the metal had frequently been brought in by the Indians. The expedition chronicled in Kennedy's Journal was in search of these mines. 57 LIST OF WORKS Kennedy was one of the framers of a petition of the English mer- chants of Kaskaskia, addressed on April 10, 1777, "To His Excellency, General Carleton, Governor of the Province of Canada, etc., etc., etc., Residing at Quebec." This petition prayed redress for the unjust dis- crimination in favor of French settlers, of Mons. Phillippe de Roche- blave, the new governor of the post.* Kennedy is mentioned as one of the witnesses at an examination of one Henry Butler, at Post Vincennes before Governor Rocheblave, on February 15-16, 1778. This examination was to obtain information concerning the operations of the Revolutionary army in the east. When the expedition of George Rogers Clark for the "conquest of the Illinois" from the British was planned, Kennedy joined Clark's forces. He is mentioned in the manuscript journal of Major Bowman (Feb. 17, 1779), as commissary of the expedition. This was before the taking of Post Vincennes. And when Clark, on March 20, 1779, set out from Vincennes for Detroit, "Patrick Kennedy, Quartermaster," was one of the officers left in charge of the garrison. Under the acts of Congress granting donations of four hundred acres of land each to heads of families in the district of Kaskaskia, Kennedy's claim for his allotment was approved by the board of com- missioners, he having cultivated and improved land prior to 1788.+ OTHER PUBLISHED WORKS? Accounts transmitted by Col. Bouquet to Sir Jeffery Amherst. [In Gentleman's {The) Magazine ; and Historical Chronicle. By Sylvanus Urban. 8vo., London, for D. Henry and R. Cave, 1768. Vol. xxxiii., pp. 487-489.] The above is attributed by Col. Charles Whittlesey to Thomas Hutchins. There seems to be little foundation for his conjecture. Description of a remarkable rock and cascade, near the western side of Youghiogeny river, a quarter of a mile from Crawford's ferry, and about twelve miles from Union-Town, in Fayette county, in the state of Pennsylvania. By Thomas Hutchins. *For this and following references, see Illinois Historical Collections, vol. i. The data are taken from manuscripts in the Canadian Archives. ^American State Papers: Public Lands, vol. ii., p. 163. JThe three articles in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vols. lxv. (1775). lxvi. (1776), lxxiii. (1783) which have frequently been attributed to Hutchins, were written by a Thomas Hutchins who was governor of Albany Fort, on Hudson Bay. Hon. H. W. Beckwith in Illinois Stale Historical Library. Collections. 1903 vol. i. Appendix, page 46, attributes to Hutchins the authorship of "A plan of Cascaskies" in Pittman's The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, 1770. The copy of the plan in the Library of Congress is by "Thos. Kitchin," the famous English geographer. 58 LIST OF WORKS [In American Philosophical Society, Transactions, Quarto. Phil- adelphia, the Society, 17>6. Vol. ii., p. 50.] Idem. [In Annual ( The) Register or a View of the History, Tolitics, and Literature for the year 1787. 8v( >., L< mdon, for J. Dodsley, 1789. Vol. xxix., "Natural History," pp. 55-50.] Idem. [In Imlay ( Gilbert ), A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America. Third edition, Svo., London, J. Debrett, 1797, pp. 304-305.] An historical account of the expedition against the Ohio Indians, in the year 1764. under the command of Henry Bouquet, Esq., colonel of foot, and now brigadier general in America, &C, including his trans- actions with the Indians, relative to the delivery of their prisoners, and the preliminaries of peace. With an introductory account of the pre- ceeding campaign and battle of Bushy-Run. To which are annexed military papers, containing reflections on the war with the savages; a method of forming frontier settlements; some account of the Indian country, with a list oi nations, fighting men. towns, distances and dif- ferent routs. The whole illustrated with a map and copperplates. Published from authentic documents, by a Lover of his Country. Philadelphia. W. Bradford, M.DCC.LXV. Quarto, xiii.-\-Jl pp., 1 map, 2 plans. For the reasons stated in the biographical sketch, mite. pp. 16. 16. 40, ami for reference purposes, this book is included in the lis! of Hutchins's works. Idem. Philadelphia printed: London, reprinted for T. Jeff eries, M.DCC.LXV 1. Quarto, xiii.Yy PP-, ' >" a P* - plans, 2 pi. Plans on reduced scale. Additional plates engraved by Grignon, from the earliest drawings of Benjamin West. Idem. [In French. | A Amsterdam: chez Marc-Michel Key, M.DCC.LXIX. Svo, half-title, title, vi.-xvi., ijy, ix pp., 4 folded plans, 2 pi. Translated by C. Ii. V. 1 Mimas. Contains biography of Bouquet Idem. Dublin: printed for John Milliken, 1709. i2mo., xx+QQ pp., maps, pi. Idem. [In Olden [The) Time. 8vo., Pittsburgh, 1846-1848. Vol. i., pp. 203-221, and 241-261.] Without the maps and plates. LIST OF WORKS Idem. Cincinnati, O., R. Clarke & Co., 1868. Svo., xxiii.-\- 162 pp., I map, 2 plans, 2 pi. Preface by Francis Parkman. Reprinted from London edition, 1766, with translation of Bouquet biography from French edition. No. 1, in "Ohio Valley Historical Series." An historical narrative and topographical description of Louisiana, and West-Florida, comprehending the river Mississippi with its princi- pal branches and settlements, and the rivers Pearl, Pascagoula, Mobille, Perdido, Escambia, Chacta-Hatcha, &c, the climate, soil, and produce, whether animal, vegetable, or mineral; with directions for sailing into all the bays, lakes, harbours and rivers on the north side of the Gulf of Mexico, and for navigating between the islands situated along the coast, and ascending the Mississippi river. By Thomas Hutchins, geographer to the United States. Philadelphia: printed for the author, and sold by Robert Aitken, M.DCC.LXXXIV. Svo., iz>.-\-Q4 pp., /I. Idem. [In Imlay (Gilbert), A Topographical Description of the Western Territory of North America. Third edition, 8vo., London, J. Debrett, 1797. Appendix I., pp. 388-458.] Carte des environs du fort Pitt et de la nouvelle province Indiana, dediee a M. Franklin. 9x12. [In Hutchins (Thomas), Description Topographique de la Vir- ginia l'2mo., Paris, le Rouge, 1781. At end.] A map of the country on the Ohio & Muskingum rivers shewing the situation of the Indian towns with respect to the army under the command of Colonel Bouquet. By Thos. Hutchins, ass', engineer. 9&xl2j£. [In Historical (An) Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians in the Year 1764. 8vo., Philadelphia, 1765. Front.] Same map in all the editions and reprints of this work except that in Ohien Tune. Idem. 9^x12^. [In Jefferys (Thomas), A General Topography of North America and the West Indies. Folio, London, for R. Sayer & T. Jefferys, 176S. No. 52.] Idem. 9'_• x h%. [In Historical {An) Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians in the Year 1764. 8vo„ Philadelphia, 17tio. Between pp. 24-25.] Same plan in all the editions and reprints of this work, except that in Olden Time. Idem. hUxhX. [In Jcfferys (Thomas), A General Topography of North America and the West Indies. Folio, London, for R. Saver and T. Jcfferys, 1768. No. 53.] Idem. A#xiX. | In Winsor (Justin), Narrative and Critical History of America. Folio, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1888. Vol. vi., p. 693.] Idem. 1U16K. [InRupp (Israel Daniel), Early History of Western Pennsylvania 8vo., Pittsburgh, 1848. Facing p. 145.] A plan of the rapids in the river Ohio, by Thos. Hutchins. I. Cheevers sculpt. 5#x7#. [1766.] [ lit his.4 Topographical Description of 'Virginia. 12mo., London, 1178. Between pp. 8-9.] "See annexed plan. It is a correct description of these Rapids, made by the editor, on the spot in the year 1766." Idem. 2Xx4}i. [In Filson (John). The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of Kentucky. 8vo., London, for J. Stockdale, 1793. Inset to Filson's map of Kentucky. Between pp. 8-9.] Idem. Engraved for Imlay's American Topography. T. Con- der, sculpt. Published Feby. 1st., 17. 61 LIST OF WORKS [In his A Topographical Description of Virginia. 12mo., London, 1778. Between pp. 4041.] Idem. T/ 2 x\'/ 2 . [In Parkman (Francis), History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac. 8vo, Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1855. Between pp. 512-513.] Idem. h%sZU. [In Winsor (Justin), Narative and Critical History of America. Folio, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1888. Vol. vi., p. 700.] Idem. T/ixi'A. [In Ontario and Manitoba. Matter of the Boundary between the Provinces of Ontario and Manitoba. Copies of maps produced on be- half of Ontario. Map "A".] A survey of that part of the Indian country through which Colonel Bouquet marched in 1764. By Thomas Hutchins, assistant engineer. 4M"xl2K. [In Historical (An) Account of the Expedition against the Ohio Indians in the Year 1764. 8vo., Philadelphia, 1765. Front.] Same map in all the editions and reprints of this work, except that in Olden Time. Idem. 4UxV2'/ 2 . [In Jefferys (Thomas), A General Topography of North America and the West Indies. Folio, London, for R. Sayer & T. Jefferys, 1768. No. 52.] Idem. 4^x12^. [In Hildredth (Samuel Prescott), Pioneer History. 8vo., Cincin- nati, H. W. Derby & Co., 1848. Between pp. ii-iii.l UNPUBLISHED WORKS MANUSCRIPTS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA A folio volume with cover title, Papers of Thos. Hutchins, Geog- rapher General U. S., 1771-84. These papers were presented to the Society in 1876 by Prof. W. S. Cooley. There is no record of how they came into his possession. Besides many miscellaneous notes, sketches, etc., the volume contains the following items. Those marked with an asterisk (*) are not Hutchins's own work. Beginning at the Shawanoe River the 16th. Aug st ., 1769 and pro- ceeded down the Kiver. Folio, 8 pp. Courses of the Kaskaskia River. Folio, iS pp. 62 LIST OF WORKS Courses of the Shawanoe River from the mouth upwards. Folio, ,3 PP. A. Description of part "f the Country westward of the River Ohio with the Distances Computed from Fort Pitt to the several Indian towns by Land and Water. t8 pp. andj maps. A Description of Several Parts of the Western Country. Folio, /..- PP. A Description of the Sea Coast, Harbours. Lakes, Rivers, & c ., of the Province of West Florida. Quarto, /i pp. [Descriptive notes, field notes, etc., relating to Lower Mississippi and the lakes near the Gulf.] 37 pp.-\-!2 pp. An Estimate of the Expence it will take to finish compleatly, as well the Works already begun, as those originally intended to be made at Pensacola, by Order of the Commander in Chief of North America. [Dated], London, May 8">. 17T7. [Signed], Tho: Hutchins, Acting Engineer. Folio, //. First Expedition of the French into X. America. Folio, 16 pp. Journal from Susquehannah to the Ohio. Folio, 2S pp. A Journal of a march from Fort Pitt to Venango and from thence to Presqu'Isle. Folio, j pp. Printed in Pennsylvania Magazine of Hillary, vol. ii. pp. l4tM53. ♦Journal of a surveying party in employment of Capt: Johnson, Thos: Hutchins, Alex. MaCullough and Hall Hay, Esq. 26th. July to 17t*>. Sept. 1774. Pensacola, James Xowland. Copied by Right Rev'd Geo: Uppold, I). D. Ward, Librarian, Binder. [Cover Title.] Quarto, 23 II. Copy made at Pittsburg, December 4, 1846, from the original in possession of David T. Morpan. ♦Journal of Capt. Harry Gordon down the Ohio River, 17tiK. Incomplete copy ending with October 28, 1766. *.\ lonrnal of Gen. Sullivan's Campaign to the Susquehannah & a Draft of the same. Folio, hi pp. Locations ol _ d Lands on the Waters ol the Monongahela, Little Canhawa, in the Traders Tract iV on the Great Canhawa. Folio, 3pp. I tilers To Capt». James Voung, Paymaster to the Pennsylvania Troops. I Dated], Pittsburgh, Aug'. 6">., 1759. Folio, 2 pp. 63 LIST OF WORKS To Mr. George Morgan, Merchant, Kaskaskia. [Dated], Ft. Char- tres, 13th Septr., 1770. Folio, 2 pp. To Robert Lettue Hooper Esq. [Dated], Philada., 28th., Novr. 1771. Folio, 3 pp. Maps Course of the Tage River. 13xlH. [Map of "Fort at Pittsburgh" and "Fort Duquesne."] Colored, 10&"xl4. Insets, "Profile for Fort Duquesne," and "Profile for Pittesburgh." Has explanatory legend. [Map of Kentucky river.] 12x7. [Map of the Lower Mississippi.] 7x11. [Map of the River Apelousa and bay.] 11x9. "Drawn from memory from Dr. Lorimer who has the original manuscript from draft taken by a Frenchman." [Map of the Wabash River.] 15x12. [Map of the White River and part of the Mississippi.] 13x8. Shows "Fort Gabriel," "White River," "Mississippi," "Sneake Bluff," and "New Fort." *[Map showing Gen. Sullivan's route.] 18x13. Gives "Senica Lake," "Cayuga Lake," and route from "Chenissee River" to "Coharo" at head of "Cayuga Lake," and thence to "F"ort Read" and "F. Sullivan." Notes on Tuscarawas (Ohio) country, with map. ♦Observations on the Bones commonly supposed to be Elephants Bones which have been found near the River Ohio in America. By William Hunter, M. D., F. R. S. Quarto, 18 pp. Copied from Philosophical Transactions, 1768. See also note to Topographical Description, p. [11]. ♦[Parchment commission of Thomas Hutchins, Esq., appointing him "Captain Lieutenant to that company in the Second Battalion of Our Sixtieth or Royal American Regiment of Foot, commanded by Our Right Trusty and Wel-beloved Councillor, Sir Jeffery Amherst." Dated September 24, 1775.] Politicks of the Ohio Country. Folio, j> pp. Remarks on the country of the Illinois, &c. &c. [ending with], An account of the Exports from the Illinois, from Sepf. 1769 to Sep- tember, 1770. Folio, S pp. 64 LIST OF WORKS Remarks on the River Amit. Folio, 1 I. Remarks relating to the Rivers Mississippi, Ibbcrville, Amit & Lakes Maurepas & Pontchatrain. Folio, 2 11. The Rout from Fort Pitt to Sandusky, and thence to Detroit, [and] The Rout by land from Fort Pitt to Venango; and from thence to Le Boeuf, and I'resqu'isle. Folio, 12 />/>. Of the second item, there is also a separate copy, ft pp. Some Remarks on Georgia and South Carolina. Folio, ig pp. Topographical Description of Virginia, Carolina and Georgia. Folio, j pp. MANUSCRIPTS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, I). C. A folio volume with cover title, "The papers of the Continental Con- gress. Letters of J. Carleton and T. Hutchins." Plans. Vol. lx., pp. 1 to 453. Hutchins's letters commence with page 160, where they are headed, "Letters. Thomas Hutchins, geographer. From July 11, 1781, to 15 Augt., 1788 inclu." This volume contains thirty letters written by Hutchins to the Presi- dent of Congress concerning matters pertaining to the office of geo- grapher. Accompanying one of these is a paper entitled, "A brief ac- count of the soil and timber in that part of the Western Territory through which an east and west line has been surveyed — agreeable to an ordinance of congress of the L'niii. of May 1785. Beginning on the North bank of the Ohio River at a point due North from the Western termination of a line which has been run as the southern boundary of the state of Pennsylvania." Folio, 8 pp. MANUSCRIPT PLATS IN THE DRAFTING DIVISION, UNITED STATES GENERAL LAND OFFICE, WASHINGTON, D. C. In this Division are seventy-nine manuscript plats of the seven ranges surveyed in Ohio. Each is mounted upon a board 20x16 inches in size, the plats themselves being each 12x12 inches. The scale is 40 chains to one inch. They indicate the survey only upon exterior lines, although in many instances the section lines are drawn. The sections sold have been indicated bv a later hand, the date of sale being given. Each plat is signed by the surveyor who ran the lines. Plats for townships 4, 5, 9, 15 and 16, in ranges 2, 5, 7, 7 and 7, respectively are wanting. The plats of the thirt) eight townships in ranges one to four were surveyed and drawn under the direction of Thomas Hutchins. See "Biographical Sketch," page 46. 65 LIST OF WORKS MANUSCRIPTS IN THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY Two letters written by Hutchins to Hon. John Montgomery. [Dated], Philadelphia, May 19 and May 26, 1784, respectively. These letters are printed in Magazine of Western History, vol. iv, May-Oct., 1886, p. 684. MANUSCRIPTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM {Transcripts in Canadian Archives^ Eleven letters to Colonel Bouquet, and one to Major Gates, written in the years 1759-1765. [Bouquet Papers.] Eighteen letters to Brigadier Haldimand, one to Captain Sowers, one to Lieutenant Cambel, and one to Alexander Macullogh, written in the years 1766-1774. [Haldimand Papers.} A sketch of the Ouabache & c . from Post Vincent to the Ohio. By Tho: Hutchins. [1768]. [Haldimand Papers, 21,686, p. 23.] Reproduced (6^2 x 6 in.) in Hulbert (A. B.), Historic Highways of America. Quarto, Cleveland, O., The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1903, vol. viii., page 35. Shows "Path from Kaskasquias to Post Vincent." THOMAS HUTCHINS A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION OF VIRGINIA, PENNSYLVANIA, MARY- LAND, AND NORTH CAROLINA LONDON. Printed for the Author, 1778 Text and plates reproduced from a copy of the ori- ginal edition in possession of the Publishers; large map photolithographed from the original in the Library of Congress A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION O F VIRGINIA, FENNSTLVANIJi MARYLAND, and NORTH CAROLINA, COMPREHENDING THE RIVERS OHIO, KENHAWA, SIOTO, CHEROKEE, WABASH, ILLINOIS, MISSISIPPI, &c. THE CLIMATE, SOIL and PRODUCE, WHETHER ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, or MINERAL; THE Mountains, Creeks, Roads, Distances, Lati- tudes, Sec. and of every Part, laid down in the an- nexed Map. Publifted by THOMAS HUTCHINS, Captain In the 6oth Regiment of Foot. WITH A Plan of the Rapid3 of the Ohio, a Plan of the feveral Villages in the Illinois Country, a Table of the Distances between Fort Pitt and the Mouth of the Ohio, all Engraved upon Copper. AND An APPENDIX, containing Mr. Patrick Kennedy's Journal up the Illinois Rivbr, and a correct Lift of the different Nations and Tribes of Indians, with the Number of Fighting Men, Sec. L O N DON: Printed for the AUTHOR, and Sold by J. Aim ox, oppoCfe Burlington licuiV, in Piccadilly. MDCCIXXVIH. THE PREFACE. TH E Map, which the following fheets are intended to explain, com- prehends almoft the whole of the country, lying between the 34th and 44th degrees of latitude, and the 79th and 93d degrees of longitude, and defcribes an extent of territory, of about 850 miles in length, and 700 miles in breadth; and one, which, for healthfulnefs, fertility of foil, and va- riety of productions, is not, perhaps, fur- pafled by any on the habitable globe. Thofe parts of the country lying weji- ward of the Allegheny mountain, and upon the rivers Ohio and Mi/Jijippi, and upon molt of the other rivers; and the lakes (laid down in my Map) were done from my own Surveys, and corrected by my own Oblervations of latitudes, made at different periods preceding, and during all the campaigns of the lajl war (in feveral of which I adted as an Engineer) and fincc in many reconnoitring tours, which I made through various parts of the country, be- tween the years 1704 and 1775. I have compared my own Obfervations, and Surveys, refpedting the lakes, with thofe made by Captain Brehm, of the 00th A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION [ii] Regiment of Foot (who was for many years employed as an Engineer in North America) and I find, that they correfpond with more exa6tnefs than Surveys ufually do, which are made by different perfons, at different times; — and I am happy in this opportunity, of exprefling my obligations to this Gentleman, for the cheerfulnefs with which he furnifhed me with his Surveys and Remarks. It is fit alfo, that I mould take notice, that in the account which I have given of feveral of the branches of the Ohio, and Alleghany rivers, I have adopted the words of the late ingenious Mr. Lewis Evans, as I found he had properly defcribed them in the Analyfis to his Map of the Middle Colonies. — And as to that portion of my Map, which reprefents the country lying on the eq/iern fide of the Allegheny moun- tain, — I take the liberty of informing my Readers, that my reafon for inferting it was to fhew the feveral communications that are now made, and others which may be hereafter, eafily, made, between the na- vigable branches of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers, and the rivers in Virginia and Penn- fylvania, which fall into the Atlantic ocean, from the weft and north-weft. London, Nov. 1, 1778. A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Topographical Description, &c. r^l^ H E lands lying on a wefterly line, between the Laurel Mountain and the Allegheny River, and thence northerly up that River for 150 miles, on both fides of the fame, tho' not much broken with high mountains, are not of the fame ex- cellent quality with the lands to the fouth- ward of Fort Pitt. They confift chiefly of White Oak, and Chefnut ridges; and in many places of poor Pitch Pines, interf- perfed with tracts of good land ; and low meadow grounds. The lands comprehended between the River Ohio, at Fort Pitt, and the Laurel Mountain, and thence continuing the fame breadth from Fort Pitt to the Great Kan- hawa River, may, according to my own [2] obfervations, and thofe of the late Mr. Gift, of Virginia, be generally, and juftly defcribed as follows. 73 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION The vallies adjoining to the branches or fprings of the middle forks of Youg- hiogeny, are narrow towards its fource, — but there is a confiderable quantity of good farming grounds on the hills, near the largeft branch of that River. — The lands within a fmall diftance of the Laurel Mountain (through which the Youghiogeny runs) are in many places broken and ftoney, but rich and well tim- bered ; and in fome places, and particu- larly on Laurel Creek, they are rocky and mountainous. From the Laurel Mountain, to Mo- nongahela, the firft feven miles are good, level farming grounds, with fine meadows ; the timber, white Oak, Chefnut, Hick- ory, &c. — The fame kind of land con- tinues foutherly (12 miles) to the upper branches or forks of this River, and about 15 miles northerly to the place where the Youghiogeny falls into the Mo- nongahela. — The lands, for about 18 miles [3] in the fame Courfe of the laft-men- tioned River, on each fide of it, tho' hilly, are rich and well timbered. — The trees are Walnut, Locuft, Chefnut, Pop- 74 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION lar, and Sugar or fweet Maple. — The low lands, near the River, are about a mile, and in feveral places two miles wide. — For a confiderable way down the River, on the eaftern fide of it, the intervals are extremely rich, and about a mile wide. The Upland for about 12 miles eaftwardly, are uncommonly fertile, and well tim- bered ; — the low lands, on the weftern fide, are narrow; but the Uplands, on the eaftern fide of the River, both up and down, are excellent, and covered with Sugar trees, &c. Such parts of the country which lie on fome of the branches of the Mononga- hela, and acrofs the heads of feveral Ri- vers, that run into the Ohio, tho' in general hilly, are exceedingly fruitful and well watered. — The timber is Walnut, Chefnut, Alh, Oak, Sugar trees, &c— and the interval or meadow lands are from 250 yards to a quarter of a mile wide. [4] The lands lying nearly in a north- wefterly direction from the Great Kanhawa River to the Ohio, and thence north- eafterly, and alfo upon Lc Tort's Creek, Little Kanhawa River, Buffaloe, Fijhing, 75 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Weeling, and the two upper, and two lower, and feveral other very conliderable Creeks (or what, in Europe, would be called large Rivers,) and thence eaft, and fouth-eaft to the River Monongahela, are, in point of quality, as follows. The borders or meadow lands, are a mile, and in fome places near two miles wide; and the Uplands are in common of a molt fertile foil, capable of abundantly producing Wheat, Hemp, Flax, &c. The lands which lie upon the Ohio, at the mouths of, and between the above Creeks, alio confift of rich intervals and very fine farming grounds.- -The whole country abounds in Bears, Elks, Buff aloe. Deer, Turkies, &c— An unqueftionable proof of the extraordinary goodnefs of its foil! * [5] Fort Pitt Hands at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers; in latitude 40° 31' 44"; and about five degrees we/tward of Philadelphia. —In the year 1760, a fmall town, called Pitt f burgh, was built near Fort Pitt, and about 200 families * Indiana, as may be feen in my Map, lies within the territory here delcribed. It contains about three millions and an half of Acres, and was granted to Samuel Wharton, William Trent and George Morgan Elquires, and a few other perlbns, in the year 1768. 76 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION refided in it; but upon the Indian war breaking out (in the month of May 1763,) They abandoned their houfes, and retired into the fort. In the year 1705 the p relent town of Pittfburgh was laid out. It is built on the Eaftern bank of the River Monongahela, about 200 yards from Fort Pitt. The junction of the Allegheny and Mo- nongahela rivers, forms the River Ohio, and this difcharges itfelf into the MiJJiJippi. (in latitude 36° 43) about 1188 com- puted miles from Fort Pitt. The Ohio in its paffage to the Mijffijippi, glides thro' a pleafant, fruitful and healthy coun- try;— and carries a great uniformity of breadth, from 400 to 000 yards, except at its confluence with the Mijffijippi, and [6] for 100 miles above it, where it is 1000 yards wide. The Ohio, for the greater part of the way to the MiJJiJippi, has many meanders, or windings, and rifing grounds upon both fides of it. The reaches in the Ohio are in fome parts from two to four miles in length, and one of them, above the Mujkingum River, called the Long Reach, is fixteen 77 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION miles and a half long. The Ohio, a- bout 100 miles above, or northerly of the Rapids, (formerly called the Faffs) is in many places 700 yards wide ; and as it ap- proaches them, the high grounds on its borders gradually diminiih, and the coun- try becomes more level. Some of the banks, or heights of this River, are at times overflowed by great fireflies, yet there is fcarce a place between Fort Pitt and the Rapids (a diftance of 705 computed miles) where a good road may not be made; and horfes employed in drawing up large barges (as is done on the margin of the River Thames in England, and the Seine in France) againft a ftream remarkably gentle, except in high frelhes. The heights of the banks [7] of the Ohio admit them every where to be fettled, as they are not liable to crum- ble away. And to thefe Remarks, it may be proper to add the following obfervations of the ingenious Mr. Lewis Evans, as publifhed in the Analyns to his Map of the Middle Colonies of North America, in the year 1755.— He fays, that the " Ohio River, as the winter fnows " are thawed, by the warmth or rains 78 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION " in the fpring, rifes in vaft floods, in " fome places, exceeding 20 feet in " height, but fcarce any where overflow- " ing its high and upright banks. Thefe " floods, Mr. Evans adds, continue of " fome height for at leaft a month or " two, according to the late or early break- " ing up of the winter.- -Veffels from " 100 to 200 tons burthen, by taking " the advantage of thefe floods, may go " from Pittlburg to the Sea with fqfety, as " then the Falls, Rifts, and Shoals are " covered to an equality with the reft of " the River;— and tho' the diftance is up- wards of 2000 miles from Fort Pitt to [8] the fea, yet as there are no obftructions, to prevent veflels from proceeding both day and night,— I am perfuaded, that this extraordinary Inland Voyage may be performed, during the feafon of the floods, by rowing, in fixteen or feven- teen days. The Navigation of the Ohio in a dry feafon, is rather troublefome from Fort Pitt to the Mingo town, (about feventy-five miles) but from thence to the Mijjifippi, there is always a fuflicient depth of water 79 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION for barges, carrying from 100 to 200 tons burthen, built in the manner as thofe are which are ufed on the River Thames, be- tween London and Oxford; — to wit, from 100 to 120 feet in the keel, fixteen to eighteen feet in breadth, and four feet in depth, and when loaded, drawing about three feet water. The Rapids, in a dry feafon, are difficult to defcend with loaded boats or barges, without a good Pilot;— it would be ad- vifeable therefore for the Bargemen, in fuch feafon, rather than run any rilk in palling [9] them to unload part of their cargoes, and l'efhip it when the barges have got through the Rapids. It may, however, be proper to obferve, that loaded boats in frejhes, have been eafily rowed againft the ftream, (up the Rapids) and that others, by means, only, of a large fail, have afcended them. In a dry feafon, the defcent of the Ra- pids, in the diftance of a mile, is about 12, or 15 feet, and the paffage down, would not be difficult, except, perhaps, for the following reafons. Two miles above them, the River is deep, and three quar- ters of a mile broad ; — but the channel is 80 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION much contracted, and does not exceed 250 yards in breadth; (near three-fourths of the bed of the River, on the fouth-eaftern fide of it — being filled with a flat Lime- ftone rock, fo that in a dry feafon, there is feldom more than 6 or 8 inches wa- ter) it is upon the northern fide of the River, and being confined, as above- mentioned ; the defcending waters tumble over the Rapids with a confiderable degree of celerity and force. The channel is of different depths, but no where, I think, lefs than 5 feet ; — It is clear, and upon [10] each fide of it are large broken rocks, a few inches under water*. The Rapids are nearly in Latitude 38° 8' ; — and the only Indian village (in 170(3) on the banks of the Ohio River between them and Fort * Colonel Gordon, in his Journal down the Ohio men- tions, " that thefe Falls do not deferve that Name, as the " Stream on the north fide has no hidden pitch, but only " runs rapid over the ledge of a flat rock;— feveral boats, he " fays, paffed it in the dryejl feafon of the year ; unloading " one third of their freight. They palled on the north fide, " where the carrying-place is three quarters of a mile long. " On the fouth-eafl fide, it is about half that diflance, and is " reckoned the fafefl pafl'age for thofe, who are unacquainted " with it, but it is the mofl tedious, as during par; of the fum- " mer, and Fall, the Battoemen drag their boats over the 81 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Pitt, was on the north-weft fide, 75 miles below Pittjlmrgh, called the Mingo town; it contained GO families. Moft of the Hills on both fides of the Ohio are filled with excellent coal, and a coal [11] mine was in the year 17G0 opened oppo- fite to Fort Pitt on the River Monongahela, for the ufe of that Garrifon. Salt Springs, as well as Iron Ore, and rich Lead 3Iincs, are found bordering upon the River Ohio. One of the latter, is opened on a branch of the Sioto River, and there, the Indian, natives fupply themfelves with a confidera- ble part of the lead, which they ufe in their wars, and hunting. About 584 miles below Fort Pitt, and on the eaftern fide of the Ohio River, a- bout three miles from it, at the head of a fmall Creek or Run, where are feveral large and miry Salt Springs, are found numbers of large bones, teeth and tufks, com- monly fuppofed to be thofe of Ele- " flat rock. The Fall is about half a mile rapid water, which " however is paflable, by wading and dragging the boat " againft the ftream, when lowejl, and with flill greater " eafe, when the water is railed a little." — See the annexed Plan. It is a corrett Delcription of thefe Rapids, made by the Editor, on the l'pot in the year 1766. A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION phants: — but the celebrated Doctor Hunter of London, in his ingenious and curious Obfervations on thefe bones, &c. has fup- pofed them to belong to fome Carnivo- rous animal, larger than an ordinary Ele- phant *. On the North-Weftern fide of Ohio, about 11 miles below the Cherokee River, on a high bank, are the remains of Fort [12] MaJJ'ac. built by the French, and in- tended as a check to the Southern Indians. It was deftroyed by them in the year 1763. This is a high, healthy and delightful fitu- ation. A great variety of Game; Buffa- loe, Sear, Deer. &c. as well as Ducks, Geefe, Swans, Turkies, Pheafants, Part- ridges, &c. abounds in every part of this country. The Ohio, and the Rivers emptying into it, afford green, and other Turtle, and fifh of various forts; — particularly Carp, Stur- geon, Perch, and Cats; the two latter of an uncommon fize, viz. Perch, from 8 to 12 pounds weight, and Cats from 50 to 100 pounds weight. * Set Philofophical TranfaSlions, 1768. A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION The lands upon the Ohio, and its branch- es, are differently timbered according to their quality and fituation. The high, and dry lands, are covered with Red, White and Black Oak, Hickory, Walnut, Red and White Mulberry and Afh Trees,— Grape Vines, kc. The low and meadow lands are filled with Sycamore, Pop- lar, Red and White Mulberry, Cherry, Beech, Elm, A [pen, Maple, or Sugar Trees, Grape Vines, &c. And below, or fouth- wardly of the Rapids, are feveral large [13] Cedar and Cyprefs Swamps, where the Cedar and Cyprefs trees grow to a re- markable fize, and where alfo is a great abundance of Canes, fuch as grow in South Carolina. The country on both fides of of the Ohio, extending South-eafterly, and South-wefterly from Fort Pitt to the Mif- fifippi, and watered by the Ohio River, and its branches, contains at leaft a million of fquare miles, and it may, with truth, be affirmed, that no part of the globe is bleffed with a more healthful air, or climate ; — * watered with more naviga- * Colonel Gordon, in his Journal, gives the following Description of the foil and climate. " The country on the 84 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION ble rivers and branches communicating [14] with the Atlantick Ocean, by the ri- vers Potoxvmack, James, Rappahannock, Mijfijippi, and St. Lawrence, or capable of producing with lefs labour and ex- pence, Wheat, Indian Corn, Buck-wheat, Rye, Outs, Barley, Flax, Hemp, Tobacco, Rice. Silk, Pot-q/h, &c. than the country under coniideration. And although there are confiderable quantities of high lands for about 250 miles (on both fides of the river Ohio) fouthwardly from Fori Pitt, yet even the fummits of moft of the Hills are covered with a deep rich foil, fit for the culture of Flax and Hemp, and it may alio be added, that no foil can pof- " Ohio, &c. is every where pleafant, with large level fpots of " rich land, remarkably healthy.— One general remark of " this nature may ferve for the whole tract of the Globe, " comprehended between the Weftem fkirts of the Alle- " gheny mountains, beginning at Fort Legoxier, thence " bearing South-weflerly to the diftance of 500 miles oppo- " lite to the Ohio Falls, then eroding them Northerly t<> the " heads of the Rivers, that empty themfelves into the Ohio; " thence Eafl along the ridge, that leparates the Lakes and " Ohio's Streams to French Creek, which isoppofite t<> " the above-mentioned Fort Legoxier, Northerly. — This -:. A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION fibly yield larger crops of red and white Clover, and other ufeful grafs, than this does. On the North-weft and South-cajl fides of the O/iio, below the Great Kanhawa River, at a little diftance from it, are exten- five natural meadows, or Savannahs. Thefe [15] meadows are from 20 to 50 miles in cir- cuit. They have many beautiful groves of trees interfperfed, as if by art in them, and which ferve as a lhelter for the innu- merable herds of Buffaloe, Deer, &c. with which they abound *. " country may, from a proper knowledge, be affirmed to be " the moft healthy, the moll pleafant, the mofl commodious, " and mofl fertile (pot on earth, known to European people." * I am obliged to a worthy Friend, and Countryman, for the following jufl, and judicious obfervations. They were addrefi'ed to the Earl of Hilllborough, in the year 1770, — When Secretary of State for the North-American depart- ment. " No part of North-America, he fays, will require lei's " encouragement for the production of naval flores, and raw " materials for manufactories in Europe; and for fupplying " the Weft-India illands with Lumber, Provifions, &c. than " the country of the Ohio; — and for the following reafons: A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION [16] Having made thefe Obfervations,— 1 proceed to give a brief Account of the fe- veral Rivers and Creeks which fall into the River Ohio. " Firft, The lands are excellent, the climate temperate, •' the native urapes, (ilk-worms, and mulberry trees, abound " everywhere: hemp, hops, and rye, grow (pontaneoufly in " the valleys and low lauds, lead, and iron ore are plenty in " tin- hills, fait Springs .ire innumerable ; and no Soil is bet- " ter adapted to the culture of Tobacco, Flax and Cotton, " than that of the Ohio. ■• Second, The country is well watered by feveral navi- " gable Rivers, communicating with each other; by which, " and a lhort land carriage, the produce of the Lands of the " Ohio can, even now, (in the year 1772) " be Cent cheaper " to the Sea-port Town of Alexandria, on the River PotO- " mack in Virginia (where General Braddock's Tranrports " landed his troops) than any kind of Merchandise, is lent " from Northampton to London. " Third, The River Ohio is at all feafons of tin- year. " navigable with large Boats, like the Weft Country Barges, " rowed only by four or live men; and from the month of " February to April large Ships may be built on the Ohio, " and lent to Sea laden with Hemp, Iron, Flax, Silk, Tobacco, " Cotton, Pot-afli, &c. " Fourth, Flour, Corn, Beef, Ship Plank, and other ufe- " ful articles, can be lent don'it the Stream of Ohio to Well- A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION [17] Canawagy, when raifed by frefhes, is paffable with fmall Battoes, to a little Lake " Florida, and from thence to the Wefl-India iflands, much " cheaper, and in better order, than from New York or Phil- " adelphia, to thefe iflands. " Fifth, Hemp, Tobacco, Iron, and fuch bulky articles " may alfo be Tent down the dream of the Ohio to the Sea, " at leafl 50 per cent, cheaper than thefe articles were ever " carried by a Land Carriage, of only 60 miles in Pennfyl- " vania ; — where waggonage is cheaper, than in any other " part of North-America. " Sixth, The Expence of tranlporting European Manu- " factories from the Sea to the Ohio, will not be fo much, as " is now paid, and mufl ever be paid, to a great part of the " Counties of Pennfylvania, Virginia, and Maryland. " Whenever the Farmers, or Merchants of Ohio, ihall prop- " erly underftand the bufinefs of tranfportation, they will " build Schooners, Sloops, &c. on the Ohio, fuitable for the " Wefl-India, or European Markets ; or, by having Black- " Walnut, Cherry-tree, Oak, &c. properly fawed for foreign " Markets, and formed into Rafts, in the manner, that is now " done by the Settlers near the upper parts of Delaware " River in Pennfylvania, and thereon flow their Hemp, Iron, " Tobacco, &c. and proceed with them to New Orleans. " It may not, perhaps, be amifs, to obferve, that large " quantities of Flour are made in the diflant (ivefiem) Coun- " ties of Pennfylvania, and Cent by an expeniive Land Car- 88 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION at its [18] head; — from thence there is a portage of 20 miles to Lake Erie, at the mouth of Jaddghque. This portage is fel- dom ufed, beeaufe Canawagy has fcarcely any water in it in a dry feafon. Bughaloons, is not navigable ; but is re- markable for extenfive meadows bordering upon it. [19] French Creek affords the neareft paf- " riage to the City of Philadelphia, and from thence fliipped " to South Carolina, and to Eafl and Well Florida, there " being little, or no Wheat railed in thel'e Provinces. The " River Ohio Teems kindly deiigned by nature, as the Chan- " nel through which the two Floridas may be lupplied with " Flour, not only for their own Confumption, but alio for the " carrying on an extenfive Commerce with Jamaica and the " Spanilh Settlements in the Bay of Mexico. Millflones in " abundance are to be obtained in the Hills near the Ohio, " and the country is every where well watered with large, and " conflant Springs and Streams, for Grift, and other Mills. " The paff'age from Philadelphia to Pennl'acola, is leldom " made in lefs than a Month, and lixty lhilings fterling per " ton, freight ( confiding of fixteen barrels) is ufually paid " for Flour, &c. thither. Boats carrying 800, or 1000 barrels " of Flour, may go in about the fame time from the Ohio, " (even from PitiJ 'burgh) as from Philadelphia to Pennfa- " cola, and for half the above freight, the Ohio Merchants A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION fage to Lake Erie. It is navigable with fmall boats to Lc Beuf, by a very crooked Channel ; the portage thence to Pre} quite, from an adjoining Peninfula, is 15 miles. This is the ufual Route from Quebec to Ohio. Licking and Lacomic Creeks do not afford any Navigation ; but there is plenty of coals, and ftones for building in the Hills, which adjoin them. Toby's Creek is deep enough for Batteaus for a confiderable way up, thence by a fhort portage to the Weft branch of Sufque- hunnalt, a good communication is car- ried on between Oliio and the eaftern parts of Pennfylvania. MoghulbughMtum, is paffable alfo by flat bottom boats in the fame manner as Toby's " would be able to deliver Flour, &c. there, in much better " order, than from Philadelphia, and without incurring the " damage and delay of the Tea, and charges of infurance, &c. " as from thence to Pennfacola. " This is not meer Speculation ; for it is a fact, that about " the year 1746 there was a great ("carcity of provifions at " New Orleans, and the French Settlements, at the Illinois, " fmall as they then were, fent thither in one winter, upwards " of eight hundred thoui'and weight of Flour." 90 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Creek is to Sufquehanna, and from thence to all the Settlements in Northumberland county, &c. in Penni'ylvania. Kijhheniinetas, is navigable in like man- ner as the preceding Creeks, for between 40 and 50 miles, and good portages are found between Kifhkeminetas, Juniatta, and Poto- mac Rivers. — Coal and Salt are difcovered in the neighbourhood of tliefe Rivers. [20] Monongahela is a large River, and at its junction with the Allegheny River ftands Fort Pitt. It is deep, and gentle, and nav- igable with Battoes and Barges, beyond Red Stone Creek, and ftill farther with lighter craft. At fixteen miles from its mouth, is Youghiogeny ; This River is navigable with Batteaux or Barges to the foot of Laurel Hill. Beaver Creek has water fufficient for flat bottom boats. At Kijhlcujkes (about 1G miles up) are two branches of this Creek, which fpread oppofite ways ; one interlocks with French Creek and Cherage, — the other with Mvjkingum and Cayahoga; on this branch, about thirty-five miles above the Forks, are many Salt-Springs. — Cayahoga A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION is practicable with Canoes about twenty miles farther. Mujkingiim is a fine gentle River, con- fined by high banks, which prevent its floods from overflowing the furrounding Land. It is 250 yards wide at its conflu- ence with the Ohio, and navigable, with- out any obftru£tions, by large Battoes or Barges, to the three Legs's, and by fmall ones to a little Lake at its head. [21] From thence to Cuyahoga, (the Creek that leads to Lake Erie) The Mufkingum is muddy, and not very fwift, but no where obftru6ted with Falls or Rifts. Here are fine Uplands, extenfive meadows, oak and mulberry trees fit for Ship building, and Walnut, Chef nut, and Poplar trees fuit- able for domeftic ferv\ces.---Cayahoga fur- nifhes the belt portage between Ohio and Lake Erie; at its mouth it is wide and deep enough to receive large Sloops from the Lake. It will hereafter be a place of great importance. Mufkingum in all its wide-extended branches, is furrounded by molt excellent land, and abounds in Springs, and conve- niences particularly adapted to fettlements 92 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION remote from Sea Navigation; ---fuch as Salt Springs, Coal, Clay and Free Stone. — In 1748 a Coal mine oppofite to Lamen/hi- cola mouth took fire, and continued burning above twelve months, but great quanti- ties of coal ftill remain in it. Near the fame place are excellent Whetftones, and about 8 miles higher up the River, is plenty of White and Bine Clay for Glafs works and Pottery. [22] Hockhocking is navigable with large flat bottom boats between feventy and eighty miles ; it has fine meadows with high banks, which feldom overflow, and rich Uplands on its borders. Coal, and quarries of Free/tone are found about 15 miles up this Creek. Big Kanhawa falls into the Ohio upon its fouth-eaftern fide, and is fo confiderable a branch of this River, that it may be mil- taken for the Ohio itfelf by perfons af- cending it. It is flow for ten miles, to little broken Hills,--the low land is very rich, and of about the fame breadth (from the Pipe Hills to the Falls) as upon the Ohio. After going 10 miles up Kanhawa the land is hilly, and the water a little rapid for 50 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION or 60 miles further to the Falls, yet Bat- teaus or Barges may be eafily rowed thither. Thefe Falls were formerly thought im- pqffable; but late difcoveries have proved, that a waggon road may be made through the mountain, which occafions the Falls, and that by a portage of a few miles only, a communication may be had between the waters of Great Kanhawa and Ohio, and thofe of James River in Virginia. [23] Tottery lies upon the fouth-eaftern fide of the Ohio, and is navigable with Bat- teaux to the Oua/ioto mountains. It is a long River, has few branches, and interlocks with Red Creek, or Clinche's River (a branch of the Cuttawa).-- And has below the mountains, efpecially for 15 miles from its mouth, very good land. Here is a perceptible difference of Climate between the upper and this part of Ohio. Here the large Reed or Carolina Cane grows in plenty, even upon the Upland, and the win- ter is fo moderate as not to deftroy it. The fame moderation of climate continues down Ohio, efpecially on the fouth-eaft fide to the Rapids, and thence on both fides of that River to the Mijfijippi. 94 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Great Salt Lick Creek, is remarkable for fine land, plenty of Buffaloes, Salt Springs, White Chtii. and Lime Stone. Small Boats may go to the eroding of the war Path with- out any impediment. The Salt Springs render the waters unfit for drinking, but the plenty of frefh fprings in their vici- nity, make fuffieient amends for this in- convenience. Kentucke is larger than the preceding Creek; it is furrounded with high clay [24] banks, fertile lands, and large fait Springs. Its Navigation is interrupted by fhoals, but paffable with final] boats to the gap, where the xeur path goes through the Ouajioto mountains. Sioto, is a large gentle River bordered with rich Flats, or Meadows. It over- flows in the fpring, and then fpreads about half a mile, tho' when confined within its banks it is fcarce a furlong wide. If it floods early, it feldom retires within its banks in lefs than a month, and is not fordable frequently in lefs than two months. The Sioto, befides having a great extent of molt excellent land on both fides of the River, is furnithed with Salt, on an eaftern 95 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION branch, and Red Bole on Necunjia Skeintat. The Stream of Sioto is gentle and paflable with large Battoes or Barges for a confider- able way, and with fmaller boats, near 200 miles to a portage, of only four miles to Sandufky. Sandujky is a confiderable River abound- ing in level land, its Stream gentle all the way to the mouth, where it is large enough to receive Sloops. The Northern Indians crofs [25] Lake Erie here from Ifland to Ifland, land at Sandujky, and go by a di- rect path to the lower Shawanoe town, and thence to the gap of the Ouafioto Moun- tain, in their way to the Cuttawa country. Little Mineami River is too fmall to na- vigate with Batteaux. It has much fine land and feveral Salt Springs; its high banks and gentle current prevent its much over- flowing the furrounding lands in frefhes. Great Mineami, AJfereniet or Roeky River, has a very ftony Channel ; a fwift Stream, but no Falls. It has feveral large branches, paflable with boats a great way; one extending weftward towards the Quia- ghtena River, another towards a branch of Mineami River (which runs into Lake A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Erie) to which there is a portage, and a third has a portage to the weft branch of Sandvjky, befides Mad Creek where the Frenelt formerly eftablifhed themfelves. Rifing ground, here and there a little ftony, which begins in the northern part of the Pe- ninfula, between the Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan and extend acrofs little Mineami River below the Forks, and fouthwardly a- long the Rocky River, to Ohio. [26] Buffaloe River falls into the Ohio on the eaftern tide of it, at the diftance of 025 computed miles from Fort Pitt. It is a very confiderable branch of the Ohio; is 200 yards wide, navigable upwards of 150 miles for Battoes or Barges, of 30 feet long, 5 feet broad, and 3 feet deep, carrying a- bout 7 tons, and can be navigated much farther, with large canoes. The Stream is moderate. The Lands on both fides of this River are of a moft luxuriant quality, for the production of Hemp, Flax, Wheat, Tobacco, §c. They are covered with a great variety of lofty, and ufeful timber; as Oak, Hickory, Mulberry, Elm, §c. Se- veral perfons who have afcended this River, fay, that S
w &.4rfsfftr&*neuJTc/t, <§c, and finding " fome pieces of coal, I was induced " to walk up the river a few miles, thd > " not far enough, to reach a coal mine. In " many places I alfo found clinkers, which " inclined me to think that a coal mine, not " far diftant, was on fire, and I have fince " heard, there was. --The laud is high on the " eaftern bank of the river, but on the " weftern are large plains or meadows, ex- A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION " tending as far as can be feen, covered " [57] with fine grafs. This river is 195 " miles from the MiJJiJippi. " Auguft 7, The morning being very " foggy, and the River overgrown with " weeds along its fides, we could make " but little way. About 12 o'clock we " got to the old Pioria Fort and village on " the weftern fhore of the River, and at " the fouthern end of a lake called the II- " linois Lake; which is 19 miles and a half " in length, and three miles in breadth. " It has no Rocks, Shoals or perceivable " Current. We found the ftockades of " this Pioria Fort deftroyed by fire, but the " houfes Handing. The fummit on which " the Fort flood, commands a fine prof- " pe6l of the country to the eaftward, and " up the lake to the point, where the Ri- " ver comes in at the north end ; — to the " weftward are large meadows. In the lake " is great plenty of fifh, and in particu- " lar, Sturgeon, and Pieannau. On the " eaftern fide of the lake, about the mid- " die of it, the chain of Rocks, that ex- " tends from the back of Kajkq/kias, to " [58] Cahokia, Piafa, the mouth of the 128 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Illinois River, &c terminates. — The coun- try to the weftward, is low and very le- vel, covered with Grafs, Weeds, Flaggs, kc. — Here is abundance of Cherry, Plumb and other fruit trees. — This lake is 210 miles from the Miffi- " Auguft 8, The wind being fair we made a fail of our tent, and reached the upper end of the lake by fun-fet; and the wind continuing fair we afcended the River, and about 4 o'clock paffed Crows Meadows River, which comes from the eaftward, and over againft it. on the weft fide, are the mea- dows juft mentioned, 240 miles from the Mijffijippi. This River is twenty yards wide, and navigable between 15 and 18 miles. The land on both fides of the Illinois River, for 27, or 80 miles above the lake, is generally low and full of Swamps, fome a mile wide, bordei'ed with fine meadows, and in fome places, the high land comes to the River in points, or narrow necks. [59] " Auguft 9, At 10 o'clock, we paffed the Riviere de 1'IJlc de Pluye, or Rainy A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION I/land River, on the fouth-eaft fide it is 15 yards wide, and navigable nine miles to the rocks.— After palling this River, which is 255 miles from the Miffijippi, we found the water very ihallow, and it was with difficulty that we got for- ward, though we employed feven oars, ; and our boat drew only three feet water. ' The grafs which grows in the interval ' or meadow ground, between the Illinois ' River and the Rocks, is finer than any ' we have feen, and is thicker and higher ' and more clear from weeds, than in any ' of the meadows about Kq/kq/kias or Fort ' Chartres. The timber is generally Birch, ' Button, and Paccan. — The wind conti- ' nuing fair, about 10 o'clock we paffed ' the Vermillion River, 267 miles from ' the Miffijippi. It is 30 yards wide, but " lb rocky as not to be navigable.— At the " diltance of a mile further, we arrived " at the little rocks, which are 60 miles " from the Forks, and 270 miles from the " [60] Miffijippi." The water being very " low, We could get no further with our " boat, and therefore we proceeded by land " to the Forks. We fet out about two 130 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION o'clock on the weftern fide of the River, but the grafs and weeds were fo high, that we could make but little way. " Auguft 10, We crofted the high land, and at ten o'clock we came to the Fox River (or a branch of it) after walking twenty-four miles. It falls into the Illinois River, thirty miles beyond the place where we left our boat. — The Fox River is '25 yards wide, and has about five feet water ; its courfe is from the weftward by many windings through large meadows. At three miles diftance, after croifing this river, we fell in with the Illinois River again, and kept along its bank ; here we found a path. About fix o'clock we arrived, after walking about 12 miles, at an old encampment, fifteen miles from the Fork. The land is ftoney, and the mea- dows not fo good as fome which we for- [61] merly paffed; — from hence we went to an ifland, where feveral French traders were encamp'd, but we could get no intel- ligence from them about the copper mine which we had fet out in fearch of. At 131 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION " this ifland we hired one of the French " hunters to conduct us in a canoe to our " boat. " Auguft 11, We fet off about three " o'clock, and at night got within nine " miles of our boat. We computed it to " be 45 miles from the ifland we laft de- " parted from, to the place where we left " our boat. " Auguft 12, We embarked early, and " proceeded three miles down the Illinois " River.---On the north-weftern fide of " this river is a coal mine, that extends " for half a mile along the middle of the " bank of the river, which is high. --- " On the eaftern fide, about half a mile " from it, and about the fame diftance be- " low the coal mine, are two fait ponds, " 100 yards in circumference, and feveral " feet in depth ; the water is ftagnant, and " of a yellowifh colour; but the French, " [62] and natives make good fait from it. " We tafted the water, and thought it falter " than that which the French make fait " from, at the faline near St. Genevieve. " At nine o'clock we arrived at our boat. " From the ifland, where we found the 132 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION " French traders, and from whence we era- " barked in a canoe to go to our boat, " there is a coniiderable defeent and Ra- " pid all the way. Here it is, that the " French fettlers cut their mill Hones.— " The land along the banks of the river is " much better than what we met with, " when we croffed the country on the 10th " of this month. On the high lands, and " particularly thofe on the fouth-eaftern " fide, there is abundance of red and white " Cedar, Pine trees, &c. — We embarked " about two o'clock, and proceeded till " nine at night. " Auguft i:3. We lay by half this day, " on account of wet weather. " Auguft 14, Embarked early, and af- " ter crofting the Illinois lake arrived late " in the evening, at the Pioria Fort. " Auguft 15, Rowed very conftantly " [03] all day, and arrived at the Mine Ri- " ver in the evening.---Here I met with Mr. " Janifte, a French gentleman, and pre- " vailed on him to accompany me, in an " attempt up this River, to difcover the " Copper Mine. 133 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION " Auguft 16, Embarked early, and af- " cended the Mine River in a fmall canoe, " about 6 miles, but could get no further, " as the river was quite dry a little higher " up. It runs the above diftance, through " very high grounds, is rocky and very " crooked ; the banks of the river are much " broken, and the paffage choaked with "timber; —-Mr. Janefte fays, that " the current is fo ftrong in floods, " nothing can refill it. The bottom " is fand, green in fome places, and " red in others ; it is faid, that there " is an allum hill on this river; " As I thought that it was impoffible " to get to the mine by land at this " feafon of the year, on account of the " rocky mountains, weeds, briars, &c. " I determined to return to Kqfkqfkias, " and accordingly we went back to our " [64] boat, embarked about one o'clock, " and continued rowing day and night un- " til 12 o'clock the 18th, when we entered " the river Miffijippi on our way to Kaf- " kq/kias village." 134 './.J tU^ T UM/»T 2. FortFu/ . -Log* Town 18X •' JjujJJeaver (reek 10% 29% between ZtftfcBaner Gisak 13% 24% 42*4 FonT Prrr, Yetton' Gve/c 11 % 26% 36 54* ,/nc/ fk Mouth of the Two (ree&f 21% 33 'i 4 7 57<% 76% LongHeaek 53h 75% 07% 100% iiih 130 UniiZonff Ktadi 16% 70% 92 103%. 127% 128 146* Kivbr Ohio Mush/ii/i/m* 25% 42 95% 117% 129% 242 J 4 163 1 172 XHtk JTanA/nra.- 12% 38 54% 108 4 , 130 141% 155% 166 184% JTocXJuxAvuf 16 sM -54 70% J24k 146 167 *" lp% 102 20(4 J3u?£a7lfan'tT' 82 * 98 i in 136% 153 ■jo6 j 4 228s 240k 263% 264* 283 Guyundat 43 3 i 226% 142 4 <&4% l80 4 196*4 ?6oi 272% 284 29/ 'i 308% 326% Sam.- CheA i4i 685 140% 266% 161/4 194 3 4 221% 2 65 ?86$ 2j?8t 312 322 3 4 34i% Sick 4H 63% 107 189 i 205h 2l8 243* 200 313*4 336' 347k 360k 371 i 390 Zrftk Miami 12('t 176 i89h 233% 326% 331% 344% 369*t 386% 440 46/ i 473 i 487 497% 5i6% XuA/zu? 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(hve 42 '% 240 2i?-ii 3&>k 437% 482 6J4i 641% 549% ~ft\ 724% 730% tf?* 866 Mi dm .919 935% .9&& 1011 2022-1 10364 1047 loffSK SAaw/moe Itiver 52 'i 95 J -> jy£ 267 41?*t 4004 634$ 667 693% 6oi$ 4 r-* nti 791$ 836 9*7% 933$ 946 971H 988 1041% 1063? 1075% IO08-', wggb 1118 Cftsiv/ceeli/irr 13 m M#b ?06$ 2/0 425*4 6034 547% 58o 606% 6-14% 7 m.% 804% 848 930h 948i 959 <)84i 2001 j<&4 10762 1088. 1/024 l//2t 1131 Mafiar 11 24 76% 1194 2Z6'$ 202 43&k 6H% &&8h 6f)i 617% #26-4 76 ' 800% 816% ■869 Q4l'j 957% 970 996% 1012 10664 7o8fb 10/794 Jin 3 * 1123% 1142 fa/fy>/"\ 4t> 67 7 a 722 v j65' 4 282% 327 402% 6$04 604% 637 6634 671% M 26 lOJli 1068 1121*4 #33* 146% aJ84 a6oi ll88 Isn&nJid'lvAeJdi-z-rrr&iiQ fo^it&ef'Jiirtit. mtJ^tnvmt^J^Jjdfy'Vt/j^iaJkinf A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION [65] APPENDIX, No. III. A Lift of the different Nations and Tribes of Indians in the Northern Diftrift of North America, with the number of their fighting Men, &c. &e. Names. Numbe of eacl Their dwelling grounds. Theirhunting grounds. Mohocks t Inolldagl lU'S Cayugas Aughquagas Nanticokes Mohickons Conoys Munfays Sapoones Delawares I' Mohock river !aft fide of Onida lake, and "ii tlu* head wa- tersofthe eafl branch of Sufquehannah. Between the Onidas and i Inandagoes, Near the Onondago Lake. ( )n two fmall lakes cal- led the Cayugas, near the north branch of Sufquehannah. Seneca country, on the waters of Sufque- hannah, the waters of lake ( Ontario, and on the heads of Ohio River. Kail branch of Sufque- hannah River, and on Aughquaga. [Jtfanango, Chaghnet, Ol'wego, and on the eafl branch of Suf- quehannah. At Diahago and other villages up the north branch of Sufque- hannah. 135 l'n tween the Mohock river and lake George In the country where they live. Between Oneida Lake and Lake Ontario. Between tliel Inondago Lake, and the mouth of the Seneca river, near Ol'wego. Near the north branch of Sufquehannah. Their chief hunting country, where they live. On the eafl branch of Sufquehannah, and on Aughquaga. Where they refpec- tively relide. Where they refpec- tively relide. A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION [66] Number of eacli. Their dwelling grounds. Their hunting grounds Delawares Shawanoes Wayondotts j Mohickons J- Coghnawagas] Twightwees Kickapoos ~| Pyankelhaws I Mufquitons Ouiatanons Kafkafkias Piorias [■ Mitchigamas I Wiyondotts I Ottawas f Putawatimes J Che pa was & ) Ottawas S Kickapoos Chepawas ~) Mynomanies y Saukeys Putawatimes Ottawas Kickapooies Outtagomies Mui'quatons Milcotins Outtamacks Mini|u.iki-y< 300 300 250 400 150 400 ■{ 200 150 Between the Ohio and "] Lake Erie and on the branches of Beaver \- Creek, Mufkingum, I and Guyehago. On Sioto and a branch of Mufkingum. In villages near San- dufky. Miami Ri Miami. er near Fort On the Wabalh and its | branches. Nearthefettlements in j the Illinois country, i Near Fort Detroit. On Saguinam bay, a part of Lake Huron. Near the entrance of ~| Lake Superior, and not far from St. ( Mary's. Near bay Puan, a part of Lake Michigan. Near Fort St. Jolephs. On Lake Michigan and between it, and the Miffilippi. 136 Between the Ohio Ri- ver and Lake Erie. Between the Ohio Ri- ver and Lake Erie. On the head branches of Sioto. On the ground, where they refide. Between the mouth of the Wabalh and the Miami Rivers. In the Illinois country. About Lake Erie. On Saguinam bay, and Lake Huron. About Lake Superior. About bay Puan, and Lake Michigan. The country between Lake Michigan and the Miami Fort. Where they reflec- tively reilde A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION [67] Ofwegatches Connei'edagoes / Coghnawagoes \ Orondocks \bonakies Uagonkins Chepawas Number of each. 100 -; I 300 100 I 150 !• 100 10,000 '200 1000 Their dwelling grounds. At Swagatchey in Ca- nada, and on the Ri- ver St. Lawrence. Near Montreal. Near Trois Riviers. Weflward of Lake Su- perior and the Mif- fifippi. On the eaft fide of Lake Michigan, 21 miles from Michili- mackinac On Lake Superior, and the lllands in that Lake. Theirhunting grounds. Near where they live. Near where they live. Near where they live. In the country where they relide. In the country between the Lakes Michigan and Huron Round Lake Superior. FINIS. 137 A TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION Entered at Stationers Hall. ERRATA. Page 3, in the 24th line, inflead of hi, read A/Ji. Page 20, in the 17th line, dele " Cuyahoga" and infert, It Page 21, in the fecond line, inflead of " Mufkingum", read Cayahoga. Page 23, in the fixth line, inflead " of a branch of the Cut- tawa", read a branch of the Cherokee. Page 25, in the 15th line, inflead of " Quiaghtena", read Wabajh. Page 45, in the note at the bottom of the page, inflead of [See " annexed plan for a Delcription of the Illinois Country"] read See the annexed plan of the villages in the Illinois Country. Page 50, in the fixth line, inflead of " Heron", read Huron. 138 INDEX [References are to numbers at bottom of pages] Aitkex, Robert, 37, 55. Alexandria, Va., 87. Alleghany mountains, 22, 71. 72. Alleghany river, 72. 73, 7(*>, 77, 91. Allibone, 15. Almon, John, 25. American Biography, 7. American Philosophical Society, 19, 20, 43. Am'herst, Sir Jeffery, 11. Amit river. 20, 21. Andrews, Robert, 31. Army, Geographers to, 26, 27. Assereniet river, 90. Atlantic ocean, 85. Bacon, Richard, 19. Bay, Hall. 21. Beaver creek, 91. Belknap, Jeremy, 7, '■',■>. Board of Trade, Great Britain, 23. Boundary lines, Virginia-Pennsylvania. 31. Massachusetts-New York, 42, 46, 47. Bounty claims. Revolutionary, 47. Bouquet, Colonel, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 36. Bouquet expedition. 1.".. 29. 40. Bouquet papers. L3 mile, 16, 20 note. Bowman. Major, 58. Braddock. General, 87. Brehm. Captain, 57. 71. British army-lists, 11. 19. 21, 22. Buffaloe creek, 75, 97, 102. Bughaloons creek, 89. Bushy Run 14, 16. Butler, Henry, 58. Cahokia village, 109, 128. Canadian Archives, 16, 20. Canawagy creek, 88, 89. Cape au Gres, 112. US. Oarleton, General, 58. Carlisle, Penn.. 10, 14. Carolina cane, 94. Cattle, 100, 108, 110, 120. Chandeleur islands, 20. Chartres. Fort. 17. 18, 19, 108, 110, 130. Cherage creek, 91. Cherokee river, 83, 102, 103, 104, 138. Chester river, 20. Chicago river. 113. Chota, town 104. Clark. George Rogers, 58. Clinche's river, 94, 103. Coal mine, 127, 132. Convito river, 21. Congress, Buildings for, 30. (', er mines, 57. 122, 131, 133, 134. Crawford's ferry, 43. Croghan. George, 17. Crows Meadows river, 129. Cutler, Kev. Manasseh, 36, 37, 46. Cuttawa country. 96. Cuttawa river. 94, 138. Cuyahoga creek, 91, 92, 119, 138 |i \i i:v Mi'i.E, J., 55. Darlington. Mary Carson, 13 note. Deer, 76. Do la March river, 127. Delaware Indians. 18. Delaware river, 29, 88. Delaware river, Falls of, 30. Demi-Quian, Lake, 126. 139 INDEX Demi-Quian river, 125. Detroit, Fort, 13, 58, 101, 119, 120. Detroit river, 119. De Witt, Simeon, 28. Dickinson, President, 33. Donaldson, T., 39 note. Dorchester, Lord, 47. Duquesne, Fort, 10, 12 note. Ecuyer, Captain, 13, 14. Elephants' bones, 83. Ellicott, Andrew, 31, 50. Erie Lake, 37, 89, 90, 92, 96, 97, 98, 11G, 117, 118. Evans Lewis, 55, 57, 72, 78, 79. Ewing, John, 19, 32, 34, 36, 42, 46, 50. Fayette county, Pa., 43. "Federal town," 30. Fielding, Sir John, 23. Filson, John, 25. Fish. 83, 115, 118, 12S. Fishing creek, 75. Florida, East, 89. Florida, West, 20, 30, 88, 99, 104. For'bes, General. 10. Forty-first parallel, 44. Fox river, 131. Franklin. Benjamin, 9, 23, 24, 25, 50, 57, 86. Franklin, Letter of, 24. Franklin, Memorial to, 23. French and Indian war, 9. French Broad river, 104. French creek, 85, 89. 91. Fruits, 100, 115. 129. Fry and Jefferson map, 55. Gage, General, 20. Game, 76, 83. 86. 95, 106, 108, 112, 115, 119, 124, 126. Gates, General. 26. Geographer of the U. S., 7, 27, 28, 35, 38, 41, 47, 49. Geographer, Main army, 27. Geographer, Southern army, 26. Gist, Christopher, 57 Gnaden-hutten, 48. ?3. Gordon. Capt. Henry, 17, 18, 57, 81, 84. Gordon, Capt. Henry, map, 18, 81, 84. Grain, 76, 85, 87. 97, 100, 105, 114, 115, 120. Grant, General, 10. Great Britain, Army lists, 11, 19. 21, 22. Great Britain. Board of Trade,23. Great Britain, Life Guards, 12 note. Great Kanawha river, 73, 75, 86, 93. Great Miami river, 96. Great Salt Lick creek, 95. Green, General, 26, 50. Haldimaxd. General, 18, 19. Haldimand papers, 20 note. Harrison. Gen. W. H., 39. Havana. Cuba, IS. Hazard, 7, 35. Heckewelder. Rev. John, 4S, 49. Highwasee river, 103. Hildreth, 36. Hillsborough, Earl of, 25, 86. Hiltzheimer. Jacob, 33. Hinsdale, 22 note. Hockhocking creek, 93. Hodgdon. Mr., 37. Holton, Dr.. 36. Hooper, Robert Lettue. 19. Hulbert, Archer Butler, 18, 19. Hunter, Doctor, 57, 83. Huron, Lake, 97, 116, 120, 121, 138. Hutchins, Thomas, Birth, 9; lieutenant, Penn. regiment, 10; Quartermaster, 10; At Fort Duquesne, 10; In "Regular Ser- vice" as ensign, 11; At Fort Pitt, 13, 14, IS; Assistant en- gineer. 15, 17; Expedition down Ohio, 17; Lieutenant, 19; At Fort Chartres, 19; At Pen- sacola, 20; Captain-Lieutenant, 21; Captain, 22; In London, 22; Memorial to Franklin, 23; In France, 26; At Charleston, S. C, 26; Geographer, 26, 27, 140 INDEX 28, 35, 38, 41. 47; Pennsylvania commissioner. 29; Boundary commissioner. 31, 12. 46, 47; Ohio survey, 35; Death, 48, 49. Imir.RVii.LE river. 18, 20. Illinois country, li). 99, Ml. 104, 114. 116, 122. Illinois. Lake. 128, 133. Illinois river, 19. 1(14. 110-113, 122-127. 129-132, 138. Indiana. 76. Indian languages. 45. Indians, 18, 42, 44, 48, 50, 101, nil. 108, 109, 110, 12:;. L35, 136, 137. Jadaghqtk river, 89. Jamaica, W. I., 89. James river. S5. 94. Janiste, Mr., 133, 134. Jefferson, Thomas, 35. Johnson, Captain. 20. Juniatta, creek, 91. Kaskaskia, 111.. 57, 58, 106, 107, ins, HO, L22, 128, 130, 134. Kaskaskias river, 105. 106, 107. Kennedy. Patrick. 19, 57, 58, 122. Kentucky creek. 9:.. Kishkeminetas creek. 91. Kishkuskes, Town, 91. LaBat. 13. Lacomic creek, 90. Lafayette, Marquis de, 45. Lami'tishicola mouth. 93. La prairie du Rocher village, 108. Laurel creek. 74. Laurel Mountain, 73, 74. 91. 103. Le Boeuf, Fort. 13. 90. Lee, Richard Henry. 33, 39. Legonier, Fort. 85. Le Tort's creek, 75. Licking creek, 36, 90. Life Guards. Great Britain. 12 note. L-igonier, Fort. 14. Lincoln, C. II.. 26. Little Miami river. 96, 97. Little Kanawha river, 75. Long Island, Cherokee river, 104. Long Point. 117. I oudoun, Fort. 16. Louisiana, 18. Louisville, Ky., 17. Lrtikens, John, 32. M-ACOPIN river, 123. Macullough, Alexander, 20. Mad creek, 97. M.nli-on. Rt. Rev. James, 31. Mansfield, Jared, 39. Manshac, 21. [Marietta, Ohio, 48. Martin, Captain, 44. Maryland, 88. Mason and Dixon's line, 31. Massac, Fort. 83, 102. Massachusetts boundary, 42, 46, 47. Mauropas. Lake, 20. Mteroer, Col. Hugh, 10, 1 1. Mexico, Culf of, 89. Miami carrying place, 98, 99. Miami. Fort. 13. \li ■ i iii i river. 101. Miami village, 98. Michigan. Lake, 97. 113, 116. Michillimackinac. Fort, 13. Michillimackinac river, 127. Middle river. 20. Millstones, 89. Mine river. 124. 133, 134 Minerals, 57, 82. 91, 93. 95, 96. 97, 99, 106, 107. 111. L15, 122, Il'T. K'.l. 132. Mingo town. 79, 82. Miseire village, 110. Mississippi river. 17. 20, 22, 31, 71. 77. 79. SI. 85, 91. 102, 105, M7. 108, 109. 1PM11, 112, 113, 123. 124. 125, 126. 12S. 129, 130, 134. Missouri river. 107, 110, 111, 112. 122. Mbghulbughkitum creek, 90. Monongahela river, 74, 75, 76, 77, S2, 91. 141 INDEX Moravian Indians, 48. Morgan, George, 19, 45, 47, 76. Morris. WUlliam, 43. Morse, Jedidiah, 50. Muscle shoals, Cherokee river, 102, 103. Muskingum river, 15, 36, 48, 77, 91, 92, 138. Necunsia Skeintat creek, 96. Negroes, 108, 110, 111. "New England idea," 40. New Orleans, La., 17, 18, 88, 90. New York, Boundary, 42, 46, 47. New York city, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 88. Niagara Falls, 116. Niagara, Fort, 116, 117. Northampton, England, 87. North Carolina, 104. Northumberland Co., Penn.. 91. Ohio company, 34, 35, 37. Ohio county, Va., 44. Ohio river, 17, 18, 22, 37, 71-79, 83-89, 92-94, 97-105. Ohio river, Rapids, 17, 78, 80, 81, 82. Ohio survey, 41, 43, 46. Ontario. Lake, 116. Ordinance of 1784, 35. Ordinance of 1785, 35, 37, 40, 42, 44, 48. Ordinance of 178S, 39 note. l'Orient, France, 26. Ormsiby, John, 48. Ouasioto mountains, 94, 95, 96. Ouiatenon, Fort, 13, 98, 99, 101. Page. John, 31. Paris. Treaty of, 17. Pennsylvania, 28, 29, 31, 32, 41, 72, SS. 90. Pennsylvania, roads in, 29. Pennsylvania, Southern bound- ary, 31, 32, 33. Pennsylvania. Western bound- ary, 33, 34. Pensaoola, Fla., 18, 20. 21, 22, 89. Philadelphia, Pa., 17, 19, 27, 30, 33, 45, 76, 88, 89. Piasas, 122, 128. Pickering, Colonel Timothy, 34, 37. Piere island. Illinois river, 124. Pioria, Fort. 128, 133. Pipe Hills, 93. Pitt, Fort, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 84, 85, 91, 97, 98. Pittsburg, Pa., 17, 41, 42, 44, 48, 49, 76, 77, 79, 82. S9. Pittsburg, Pa., British redoubt at, 14. Pittsburg, Pa.. First Presbyter- ian Church, 49. Pontchartrain, Lake, 18, 20. Pontiac. 13. Potomac river, 85, 87, 91. Pownal, Thomas, 18. Presqu' Isle, 12, 13, 90. Public land system, 7, 8, 38, 39. Public land system. Origin of, 8, 15, 39, 40. Putnam, General Rufus, 34, 37, 39, 48. Quebec, 90. Quiaghtena river, 96, 138. Rainy island river, 129, 130. Rappahannock river, 85. Reading, Pa., 29. Red creek, 94. Red Stone creek, 91. Rich, 15. Rittenhouse, David, 29, 32, 36, 42, 46, 50. Rocheblave, Phillippe de, 58. Rocky river, 96, 97. Rodgers, Dr., 7. Rondthaler. Edward, 48. Roval American Regiment of Foot, 11, 21. Rupp, I. D., IS. Russia, Empress of, 45. Sagamond river, 125. St. Clair, Lake, 119, 120, 121. St. Clair strait. 119, 120. St. Genevieve village, 110, 111, 132. 142 INDEX St. Joseph, Fort, 13. St. Lawrence river, 85. St. Louis. Mo.. 17. 109, 110, 111. St riniip's WUag«, 109. Sah-m, 48. Saline village, 110. Salt springs, 91, 95, 111. Sandusky. Fort, 13. Sandusky river. 96, 97. Sargent. Winthrop, 12 note. Sehoenbrun, 48. Schuylkill river, 29. Scioto river, 34. 37, 82, 95, 96. Seine river. France, 78. Sellers, Nathan, 29. Seseme-Quian river, 12G, 127. "Seven ranges," Ohio, 8, 35, 36, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48. Shawanese Indians, 18. Shawanoe river, 101, 102. Shawanoe town. on. Sherman, Colonel, 44. Silk, 114. Simpson, Mr., 44. Smith. Dr. William. 15, 16. South Carolina. 84, 89. South Carolina Independent Company, 12 note. Sparks, Jared, 23, 25 note, 45. Sproat. Colonel, 44. Stanwick, General, 10. Stewart, Captain. 14. Superior, Lake, 116. Surveyors, 38, 41, 44, 47. Susquehanna river, 29, 90, 91. Swamps, 84, 125, 129. Tennessee river, 103, 104. Thames river, England, 78, 80. Thomson, Charles, 39. Tiffin, Edward, 39. Timber 7:'.. 74, 75, 84, 87. 88, 92. 97, 98. 103, 105. 113, 114, 1 19, 121, 12:;. 124, 127, 130, 133. Toby's creek, 90. Tottery creek, 94. Trent. William, 13, 7fi. Trenton, N. J., 30. Tupper, General. 44. Union Town. Pa., 43. United States, General Land Of- Bee, 8, 46, 48. United States, Geographer of the 7. 27. 28, 35, 38, 41. 47, 49. United States army. Geographers to. 26, 27. Universal Dictionary, 45. Vase river. 106. Venango, Pa., 12, 13. Vermillion river, 130. Vincenn.es, 19, 58, 99, 101. Virginia, 29. 31, 72, 88, 104. "Virginia idea." 4o. Waiianii river. 19, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 138. Walpole Grant, 25, 26. Washington. Pres. George, 34, 40, 15, B0, Washington county. Pa., 32. Western territory, 34, 37, 43. West Indies, 86, 88. Wharton, Samuel, 76. Wheeling creek, 76. Whetstones, 93. Whirl, The. Cherokee river, 103. White Potato river. 123. Whittlesey, Col. Charles, 15, 39, 40. Williamson. Mr., 47. Wilmington, 32. Winsor, Justin, 28. Wisconsin river, 110. Youghiogeny river, 43, 74, 91. Young, Capt. James, 11. 143